text:
Talk:Integrated development environment

Neutrality
I'd dispute the neutrality of this article.

It's very telling that anjuta and emacs are the only IDE's featured in photos. While either can be used as an integrated development environment so can almost any scriptable editor.

There should be more focus on the historical (past and present) major players.

On the dominant desktop platform that would be Visual Studio. For the dominant tablet that would be XCode. On Linux, there are many choices.

Not to mention non C/C++ IDE's. It might be nice to talk about the old SmallTalk environments. Especially given the connection to Objective-C. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:B817:82A0:D454:726E:5AFE:C47E (talk) 06:08, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

what about Java IDEs?
I made a few tweaks to the article. Also, I would like to list some Java IDEs. I do nearly all my Windows programming in Java, so I'd like to see some mention of Borland's JBuilder, Sun's Forte, IBM's VisualAge, et al. Ed Poor 13:46, 5 April 2001

Watcher (Talk) (replaced 'text editor' with 'source code editor')
The editing component in every IDE I know serves as a general purpose editor, for editing not just source code, but also configuration files, XML files, documents, README and LICENSE files, etc. This includes Microsoft Visual *, KDevelop, etc. -- SamRolken

 * In other words, it's a full text editor not just a source code editor. -- Derek Ross

 * Isn't every source code editor also a normal text editor? -- Panzi 12:29, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I think a "source code editor" is more advanced than a "text editor." That is, a source code editor is a specific kind of text editor.  Of course a source code editor can be used to edit text, since source code is text.  But a source code editor has advanced features as opposed to a text editor, such as syntax highlighting and (some have) things like "IntelliSense."  IMHO, "source code editor" is more specific than "text editor." :-)   — Frecklefoot | Talk 14:16, Aug 12, 2004 (UTC)

 * According to that definition Microsoft Word is a "source code editor". After all it has syntax checking, Intellisense, and other advanced features. But then any sufficiently advanced text editor can be configured with syntax highlighting, etc.  The term, "source code editor", may be more specific than "text editor" but is the program that it refers to really something fundamentally different ? -- Derek Ross |  Talk

IDE
command line? ==

I think in modern terms, and IDE is considered something beyond command line tools. The History section seems to compare IDEs to keypunch type programming, and implies that command line tools are a rudimentary form of IDE. While that may be true, technically (depending on your definition of "integrated" and "environment"), I think that in the minds of most programmers, and IDE is something for developing software that is more integrated than a bunch of command line tools. I'd put something to this effect in, but am afraid of it coming off too POV in the classic text editor vs. IDE flamewar (a war in which I favor the text editor side).

 * I think the I should be emphasized in IDE. While command-line tools may comprise part of one's development environment, they certainly aren't "integrated."  I think that discussion should be removed, or modified to emphasize the fact that such a setup isn't integrated.  Just MHO.   — Frecklefoot | Talk 18:35, Apr 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * Command-line development tools can be integrated right into the command environment. From the user's point of view, it was difficult to tell where the command-line ended and the development environment began with a menu driven OS like the UCSD p-System or with a completely command-based system like the DTSS. Such a system can be so seamlessly integrated that the command environment is the development environment. What really counts with integration is whether a group of development tools have been designed to work together and just how compatible their files and user interface are. If they have been designed to work so that they appear modeless (ie you don't have to leave "text editor mode" in order to enter "execute mode" or "debug mode" -- and vice-versa) they are definitely integrated. -- Derek Ross | Talk 00:06, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, well I guess that, historically and theoretically speaking, command line programs and an OS could be considered integrated (or used to created an integrated environment). The point I was making is that if you say "IDE" to a programmer, 9 times out of 10, they will say Visual C/Delphi/Eclipse/Netbeans/etc, and maybe 1 time out of 1000, they will say "make, vi and cc".  I'm not saying get rid of the historical section, but it probably needs to be expanded so it doesn't sound like it was written in 1974.  I may take a stab at it if I get time (obviously that would make clear what I'm saying). User:Davetron5000

 * I would have difficulty in thinking of "make, vi and cc" as an integrated environment because they are not modeless. In particular vi has modes within modes. In contrast, DTSS, because of its seamlessness seems closer to the concept of a modern Visual Studio type IDE than the original Turbo Pascal IDE which resembles a p-System menu for starting a Wordstar edit mode, or for compiling or running programs. -- Derek Ross | Talk 02:38, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there a real definition of IDE around? Otherwise, I'll have to come down on the side of command-line suit of GNU programming tools as a primitive but commonly used IDE. And the emacs/VIM environments (which are more than just text editors and command-line interfaces) would be a somewhat more sophisticated IDE on top of that. The lack of multiple modes doesn't sound like an essential criteria for IDEs. -- KarlHallowell 07:37, 21 May 2006 (UTC)

 * As a traditional Unix programmer, I have to say that neither the article nor this discussion helps me understand the definition of an IDE. If we say "an IDE is what programmers think of when they hear the word", then I guess it's a monolithic, traditional GUI which wraps all the tasks necessary for writing a working program — anything that derives from Turbo Pascal.
 * I also cannot see what vi's modes has to do with anything, or why noone ever mentions Emacs as an IDE, for example in the List of integrated development environments. JöG 09:19, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Emacs is not an IDE, it's a source code editor. So is vi. I know this article is in a sorry state (not MY fault), but an IDE is a GUI that integrates a suite of tools into one combined whole.  For example, the environment you write your code in is the same one you use to debug in, which is also the same environment you use to check source code into a SCM, etc.  The best thing I can suggest is to use Microsoft Visual Studio for a while to see what an IDE offers (not available on Unix, sorry). — Frecklefoot | Talk 16:46, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Late response to the 'Emacs is not an IDE' notion above. Emacs is a GUI that integrates a suite of tools (in elisp and external) into one whole. Many people write code, debug and handle source control within the Emacs environment. What more does it take to make it an IDE, then? (I suspect the answer is simply: if people think of it as an IDE, it is an IDE.) JöG 17:12, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * The only truly GUI IDE that I've come across is the LEGO Mindstorms programming system which deals with programs as diagrams. Most other IDEs are text editor based. Visual Studio is a menu-driven text-based system even if it is implemented on Windows. Sure it lets you drag and drop form elements to design your user interface but then so did the VB for DOS IDE and that works on an 80 x 25 character screen. Hardly GUI. And the QuickBASIC and original Turbo Pascal IDEs didn't even do that. Yet all of these have their place on the IDE development path that leads to today's Visual Studio, Eclipse, NetBeans, etc. -- Derek Ross | Talk 06:46, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Your point that an IDE doesn't have to have a GUI is correct. Today's IDE's usually do have GUIs, but historical ones did not.  And they didn't need one to be IDEs.  I stand corrected.  :-) — Frecklefoot | Talk 15:40, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

My Edits
Having just realized I provided no edit notes, I'll put them here. I reworded the History section, maintaining the information there and discussing what the term currently means (per my pervious comment). I also changed the "Tile-based" to "Visual Programming", which the more common term (tile-based makes me think of Ultima III) and slightly reworded the intro paragraph, although I think if it were re-done to communicate what features an IDE provides rather than specific tools, it might eliminate the "text editor" vs. "code editor" debate above. I considered putting in a "IDE vs. text editor Flamewar" bit, but I don't know how interesting that really is.

 * Looks good. Cheers -- Derek Ross | Talk 02:42, Apr 27, 2005 (UTC)

Python IDEs
I would like to start python IDE list or comparision, but as long as I'm Eric Python IDE developer it might be threatened as advertisement. What do you think? countryhacker 18:54, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Visual Studio
How in the world can you have an article about IDEs and not include probably the most used and influential, Visual Studio, and the history of, starting with Visual Basic? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

That's easy. It didn't bring anything new. And it is not influencing anyone. Unlike Smalltalk, which is misisng from the story. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.101.206.228 (talk) 21:25, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

 * LOL! that's just open source cult bullshit! BTW smart guy, Smalltalk is a programming language, not an IDE ! With best regards, a junior Software Engineering student ;) 60.51.94.253 (talk) 07:11, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Different commenter here. The previous dude was right, Visual Studio should have been mentioned.  Off the top of my head I can think of 3 major contributions. It is a major player and like it or not, they innovate.  KDevelop, MonoDevelop, Eclipse, XCode, and many others have been heavily and visible influenced.

1. Edit & Continue for statically compiled languages. 2. Numerous advancements in intellisense. Arguably the first of its kind. Yes I'm aware of smalltalk. 3. Document Overview scroll bar (now integrated into Sublime Text and many others). Started as the research project Rock Scroll. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:B817:82A0:D454:726E:5AFE:C47E (talk) 06:18, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

Multi language IDE
Added a few lines to give the user an idea of what a multi language IDE could implement. I used the Eclipse IDE as the example. IchBin 04:37, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Arguments
Someone should fix the section with said title. Are the arguments for or against Integrated development environment? I wouldn't know because I am not versed on the issue and only found this article looking up information on adobe flash player.REscano 00:46, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I first read it as a review of the quarrels between IDE and Unix people, but then the section morphs into a review of the popularity of IDEs on different platforms. More than a title change is needed. JöG 08:56, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Visual programming?
What does this section do here? As far as I can tell, it's orthogonal to the IDE concept, although I assume most programming environments for those are IDEs. I suggest removing the section entirely. JöG 09:00, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Continuous Integration
I work with a linux IDE environment with C++ (vi editor, gcc, gdb and bash scripts toolchain). Could you put continuous integration as an optional extra in the IDE definition because for large scale software this technology is essential. Indeed continuous integration may be more valuable than version control! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Assembler IDEs
Assember IDEs exist where the microprocessor is simulated and the program built. For example I used an inhouse HC11 microprocessor IDE which displayed the memory and registers, and programs could be stepped through. I do not know how common they are but they exist. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Move to Integrated Development Environment
"Integrated Development Environment" is taking me here i.e. "integrated development environment". IDE is a technical terminology and therefore it should be the former instead of latter. Maybe a move should be considered to show the world that geek's know english? :) Hassanfarooqi 18:30, 5 November 2007 (UTC)
 * No, WP:CAPS reserves that form for proper names (and trademarks, &c.), which category the title of this article does not fall under. Incidentally, technical term; the latter; geeks; English. EdC 23:18, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, it should stay here. IDE does not imply that the proper non-acronym version should all be capitalized.  The guidelines are pretty clear on this.  This page should stay where it is. — Frecklefσσt | Talk 17:47, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

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Category:Integrated development environment
(sorry for posting this here, but I imagine no one is watching the category talk page).

Wouldn't it make sense to also organize this category into subcategories based on which programming language a given IDE is for? For example, have subcategories like Category:Integrated development environments for Python/C++/R/etc.; a page like, for example, Dev-C++ could be in both Category:Open source integrated development environments and Category:Integrated development environments for C++. IDEs that are not specific to any one language could just be in the big category. r ʨ anaɢ talk/contribs 17:37, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

references, accuracy
The article currently contains the sentence: """However, because an IDE is by its very nature a complicated piece of software, this high productivity only occurs after a lengthy learning process.""" This needs references. Please reference why an IDE *must be* a complicated piece of software, and why the UI must take a long time to learn. Provide convincing evidence that current IDEs are as intuitive and well designed as any future IDE may possibly be. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.239.45.4 (talk) 15:59, 15 September 2010 (UTC)

Software Development Environment
why does "Software Development Environment" redirect here when there's a statement at the top of the article explicitly saying that they're not the same thing? 157.130.20.218 (talk) 20:17, 31 August 2011 (UTC)

Wrong template at the bottom of the page
The nav template at the bottom of this page Template:Integrated development environments for C and C++ is specifically for C/C++. A template that includes other languages besides C/C++ is needed. A number of other comments have mentioned this. I would like to fix it if nobody has objections. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alexamies (talk • contribs) 14:39, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

I changed the navigation template at the bottom of the page from to the newly created, which combines the  list for C/C++, Java, and .NET. That was all the IDE templates that I could find. There are other IDE's for more languages that it would be good to add to enhance the template. Alex Amies (talk) 15:29, 23 June 2012 (UTC)

Lead section
What happened here? It's too much for describing what an IDE is in general. Galzigler (talk) 18:57, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * This happened: (ip edit). I reverted it since it looks not like an improvement at all and doesn't have any change note at all. --JonnyJD (talk) 21:25, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

Integrated vs. Interactive
Why does the article start with "integrated or interactive"? The remainder of the article doesn't mention "interactive" at all. Should we drop this term? Are there any arguments in favour of or against the term "interactive"? It looks like this article is about the Integrated and not about the Interactive Development Environment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xtalkprogrammer (talk • contribs) 23:10, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

I find this an interesting comment. I have been programming since 1963, and I never remember an IDE being called anything but Interactive Development Environment until I read this article. Admittedly, I rarely hear it called anything other than an IDE. 50.206.176.154 (talk) 03:43, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

Gosling
I don't think that the "Gosling quotation" adds anything to the History section. The quotation doesn't provide additional information about the history of IDE's. The quotation doesn't even refer to any IDE and is in no way related to the preceding statement about creativity. The quotation should be deleted from the article. Xtalkprogrammer (talk) 22:37, 18 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Agree. I thought it was awkward and out of the place the first time I saw it. I vote to remove unless some manner of context can be added. — Frεcklεfσσt | Talk 14:10, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

 * I have removed the quotation today. --Xtalkprogrammer (talk) 11:49, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

Dead link
At location ref #5 (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment#cite_note-5), the link https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/Developing-with-Emacs.html behind ""Use Emacs with Microsoft Visual C++ ... use Emacs as an IDE"" is dead. Should it be https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_mono/ede.html ?

Cnemuodc (talk) 22:51, 11 November 2015 (UTC)

Popular vs Prevalent
In the section on History, the phrase graphical IDEs prevalent in 2015 has been replaced with graphical IDEs popular as of 2015. I don't think "popular" is the correct word here. Integrated Development Environments are currently dominating the word of software development. If you want to develop for mainstream platforms like Android, iPhone, Windows, OSX and Linux, you're more or less forced to use an IDE at some stage of the development process. Perhaps you could use a text editor and a separate compiler for some time, but when you try to submit your app to a market place or if you want to distribute your code in a way that is easily accessible to other developers, you're almost forced to use an IDE. Therefore, I'd say IDE's are dominant, or prevalent if you want, rather than popular. Whether or not IDE's are popular simply isn't the issue here. --Xtalkprogrammer (talk) 22:22, 22 January 2016 (UTC)

Program development environment
Program development environment redirects here, I categorized it as synonym. If it's not, kindly correct it. Happy editing, Paradoctor (talk) 01:53, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

Introductory IDEs
The article starts by saying that IDEs aim to maximise programmer productivity.

A major barrier to programmers, and especially people new or rusty in their programming, like me, is finding a simple IDE that provides access to useful but not vast amounts of functionality.

There is educational software with similar aims to this.

Could there be a section that briefly discusses some easy to access and use IDEs, primarily for self education. Then provide a few links to relaxant information for more detail.

IDEs are good for people who are dedicated to spending a lot of time developing and are prepared to spend a lot of work on using a good IDE because they will get a lot of benefit from it.

I am looking for something that gives possible users a taste of what is available and allow them to do something useful quickly and simply, with little initial learning overhead.

I expect there will be quite a few language dependent IDEs that meet this criteria. I wonder if there are many more flexible ones as well. I would guess most will be web based. Some comments on such easy to use IDEs that work offline on tablets and smart phones would be great.

I believe this could help increase the number of people who get back into some real programming. CuriousMarkE (talk) 05:16, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Integrated development environment


text:
Gloucestershire

Gloucestershire (, ; abbreviated Glos.) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is bordered by Herefordshire to the north-west, Worcestershire to the north, Warwickshire to the north-east, Oxfordshire to the east, Wiltshire to the south, Bristol and Somerset to the south-west, and the Welsh county of Monmouthshire to the west. The city of Gloucester is the largest settlement and the county town.

The county is predominantly rural, with an area of 3150 km2 and a population of 916,212. After Gloucester (118,555) the largest distinct settlements are Cheltenham (115,940), Stroud (26,080), and Yate (28,350). In the south of the county, the areas around Filton and Kingswood are densely populated and part of Bristol built-up area. For local government purposes Gloucestershire comprises a non-metropolitan county, with six districts, and the unitary authority area of South Gloucestershire. South Gloucestershire Council is a member of the West of England Combined Authority.

Gloucestershire is bisected by the river River Severn, which enters the county near Tewkesbury and forms a wide valley down its centre before broadening into a large tidal estuary. The hills to the east form the majority of the Cotswolds AONB, and the uplands to the west are part of the Forest of Dean and the Wye Valley AONB, which stretches into Wales.

Gloucestershire was likely established in the tenth century, and expanded to approximately its current borders in the eleventh. The county was relatively settled during the late Middle Ages, and contained several wealthy monasteries such as Tewkesbury, Gloucester, Hailes, and Cirencester; the Forest of Dean was also a major iron-producing region in this period. The city of Bristol became an independent county in 1373, by which point it was the third-largest city in England. Gloucestershire was not heavily industrialised during the Industrial Revolution, but the Port of Gloucester was expanded with new docks and the small Forest of Dean coalfield was exploited.

History
Gloucestershire is a historic county mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in the 10th century, though the areas of Winchcombe and the Forest of Dean were not added until the late 11th century.

Gloucestershire originally included Bristol, then a small town. Members of local rural communities moved to the port city (as Bristol was to become), and Bristol's population growth accelerated during the industrial revolution. Bristol became a county in its own right, separate from Gloucestershire and Somerset, in 1373. It later became part of the administrative County of Avon from 1974 to 1996. Some northern parts of the county, including Long Marston and Welford-on-Avon, were transferred to Warwickshire in 1931. Upon the abolition of Avon in 1996, the region north of Bristol became a unitary authority area of South Gloucestershire and is now part of the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire.

In July 2007, Gloucestershire was subject to some of the worst flooding in recorded British history, with tens of thousands of residents affected. The RAF conducted the largest peacetime domestic operation in its history to rescue over 120 residents from flood-affected areas. The damage was estimated at over £2 billion.

Geography and environment
Gloucestershire has three main landscape areas, a large part of the Cotswolds, the Royal Forest of Dean and the Severn Vale. The Cotswolds take up a large portion of the east and south of the county, The Forest of Dean taking up the west, with the Severn and its valley running between these features. The Daffodil Way in the Leadon Valley, on the border of Gloucestershire and Herefordshire surrounding the village of Dymock, is known for its many spring flowers, orchards, and woodland, which attracts many walkers. In the west, the Wye valley borders Wales.

Governance
Gloucestershire is a ceremonial county in South West England. Gloucestershire County Council's 53 seats are majority-controlled by the Conservatives, though the Liberal Democrats have a sizeable presence on the council. The Council Leader is Mark Hawthorne. The County Council shares responsibility with six district councils: Tewkesbury, Forest of Dean, City of Gloucester, Cheltenham, Stroud and Cotswold.

The southernmost part of the county, South Gloucestershire is governed by South Gloucestershire Council, which is a unitary authority council independent of the county council but the unitary authority is still part of the ceremonial county. Previously, the area of South Gloucestershire was part of the county of Avon. Although Avon was abolished in 1996, some services in South Gloucestershire are still provided in conjunction with other former parts of Avon county, such as the Avon Fire and Rescue Service. Since 2017, South Gloucestershire has been part of the West of England Combined Authority, which is under the directly elected mayor Dan Norris.

There are six parliamentary constituencies in Gloucestershire, all of which are Conservative controlled as of the 2019 general election. Due to the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, Gloucestershire will be combined with Wiltshire for parliamentary boundary purposes, allowing cross-county electoral divisions.

Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Gloucestershire at current basic prices published (pp. 240–253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of Pounds Sterling.

The following is a chart of Gloucestershire's gross value added total in millions of Pounds Sterling from 1997 to 2009 based upon the Office for National Statistics figures

The 2009 estimation of £11,452 million GVA can be compared to the South West regional average of £7,927 million.

Secondary schools
Gloucestershire has mainly comprehensive schools with seven selective schools; two are in Stroud, Stroud High School for girls and Marling School for boys, one in Cheltenham, Pate's Grammar, and four in Gloucester, Sir Thomas Rich's for boys (aged 11–18) and girls (aged 16–18, in the sixth form), and Denmark Road High School and Ribston Hall for girls and The Crypt which is mixed. There are 42 state secondary schools, not including sixth form colleges, and 12 independent schools, including Cheltenham Ladies' College, Cheltenham College and Dean Close School. All but about two schools in each district have a sixth form, but the Forest of Dean only has two schools with sixth forms. All schools in South Gloucestershire have sixth forms.

Higher and further education
Gloucestershire has two universities, the University of Gloucestershire and the Royal Agricultural University, and four higher and further education colleges, Gloucestershire College, Cirencester College, South Gloucestershire and Stroud College and the Royal Forest of Dean College. Each has campuses at multiple locations throughout the county.

The University of the West of England also has three locations in Gloucestershire; an associate faculty (Hartpury College) specialising in animal behaviour and welfare, agricultural and sports-related courses in Hartpury, Gloucestershire; a regional centre at the Gloucester Docks, Alexandra Warehouse, specialising in Adult and Mental Health Nursing; and Frenchay Campus in South Gloucestershire.

Towns and cities
Gloucestershire has one city and 33 towns:

Cities

 * Gloucester

Towns
The towns in Gloucestershire are:

 * Berkeley
 * Bradley Stoke
 * Cheltenham
 * Chipping Campden
 * Chipping Sodbury
 * Cinderford
 * Cirencester
 * Coleford
 * Dursley
 * Emersons Green
 * Fairford
 * Filton
 * Kingswood
 * Lechlade
 * Lydney
 * Minchinhampton
 * Mitcheldean
 * Moreton-in-Marsh
 * Nailsworth
 * Newent
 * Northleach
 * Painswick
 * Patchway
 * Quedgeley
 * Stonehouse
 * Stow-on-the-Wold
 * Stroud
 * Tetbury
 * Tewkesbury
 * Thornbury
 * Winchcombe
 * Wotton-under-Edge
 * Yate

Suburban town of Stroud: Town in Monmouthshire with suburbs in Gloucestershire:
 * Cainscross
 * Chepstow

Green belt
The county has two green belt areas, the first covers the southern area in the South Gloucestershire district, to protect outlying villages and towns between Thornbury and Chipping Sodbury from the urban sprawl of the Bristol conurbation. The second belt lies around Gloucester, Cheltenham, and Bishop's Cleeve, to afford those areas and villages in between a protection from urban sprawl and further convergence. Both belts intersect with the boundaries of the Cotswolds AONB.

Railways
Gloucestershire once had a much larger railway network than it does now with over 100 stations in the county, the vast majority of which were closed during the Beeching cuts. Nowadays, only 15 remain within the county, mostly concentrated on the CrossCountry NE-SW route and around the North Fringe of Bristol. Some stations have been re-opened in recent years; Cam and Dursley railway station opened in 1994, with Ashchurch for Tewkesbury opening three years later in 1997. Local campaign groups are also seeking to reopen several disused stations, including Charfield railway station in South Gloucestershire.

Antiquities
There are a variety of religious buildings across the county, notably the cathedral of Gloucester, the abbey church of Tewkesbury (which is over 500 years old and has the tallest Norman tower in England), and the church of Cirencester. Of the abbey of Hailes near Winchcombe, founded by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, in 1246, little more than the foundations are left, but these have been excavated and fragments have been brought to light.

Most of the old market towns have parish churches. At Deerhurst near Tewkesbury and Bishop's Cleeve near Cheltenham, there are churches of special interest on account of the pre-Norman work they retain. There is also a Perpendicular church in Lechlade, and that at Fairford was built (c. 1500), according to tradition, to contain a series of stained-glass windows which are said to have been brought from the Netherlands. These are, however, adjudged to be of English workmanship.

Other notable buildings include Calcot Barn in Calcot, a relic of Kingswood Abbey. Thornbury Castle is a Tudor country house, the pretensions of which evoked the jealousy of Cardinal Wolsey against its builder, Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, who was beheaded in 1521. Near Cheltenham is the 15th-century mansion of Southam de la Bere, of timber and stone. Memorials of the de la Bere family appear in the church at Cleeve. The mansion contains a tiled floor from Hailes Abbey. At Great Badminton is the mansion and vast domain of the Beauforts (formerly of the Botelers and others), on the south-eastern boundary of the county. Berkeley Castle at over 800 years old and the ruins of Witcombe Roman Villa at Great Witcombe are also notable heritage features.

There are several royal residences in Gloucestershire, including Highgrove House, Gatcombe Park, and (formerly) Nether Lypiatt Manor.

An annual "cheese-rolling" event takes place at Cooper's Hill, near Brockworth and the Cotswold Games occurred within the county.

Places of interest
Places of interest in Gloucestershire include:

 * Badminton House, residence of the Dukes of Beaufort HH icon.svg
 * Berkeley Castle, an example of a feudal stronghold. [[File:CL icon.svg]]
 * Beverston Castle [[File:CL icon.svg]]
 * Chavenage House HH icon.svg
 * Cheltenham Town Football Club
 * Clearwell Caves
 * Dean Forest Railway HR icon.svg
 * Dyrham Park HH icon.svg NTE icon.svg
 * Edward Jenner's House HH icon.svg Museum icon (red).svg
 * Gloucester Cathedral AP Icon.svg
 * Gloucester Rugby
 * Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway HR icon.svg
 * Hailes Abbey AP Icon.svg [[File:EH icon.svg]]
 * Newark Park HH icon.svg NTE icon.svg
 * Owlpen Manor HH icon.svg
 * Rodborough and Minchinhampton Commons UKAL icon.svg
 * Snowshill Manor HH icon.svg NTE icon.svg
 * Sudeley Castle, burial place of Queen Catherine Parr, 6th wife and consort of King Henry VIII. [[File:CL icon.svg]]
 * Stanway House HH icon.svg
 * River Thames UKAL icon.svg
 * Rodmarton Manor HH icon.svg
 * Severn Bore UKAL icon.svg
 * Tewkesbury Abbey AP Icon.svg
 * Tewkesbury Medieval Festival
 * Tyndale Monument UKAL icon.svg
 * Wildfowl and Wetland Trust, Slimbridge
 * Westbury Court Garden
 * Woodchester Mansion HH icon.svg

Areas of countryside in Gloucestershire include:

 * Forest of Dean UKAL icon.svg
 * Wye Valley UKAL icon.svg

Scenic Railway Line:

 * Gloucester to Newport Line

Media
Gloucestershire's only daily newspaper is the Western Daily Press, while The Citizen, which covers Gloucester, Stroud and the Forest of Dean, and the Gloucestershire Echo, which covers Cheltenham, Tewkesbury and the Cotswolds, were published daily but since October 2017 have been weekly publications. All three, along with free weeklies The Forester, Stroud Life, The Gloucester News and The Cheltenham and Tewkesbury News, are published by Local World. The Stroud News & Journal is a weekly paid-for newspaper based in Stroud. It is published in a tabloid format by Newsquest. Newsquest also produces the weekly Wilts and Gloucestershire Standard newspaper, which covers the southern and eastern parts of the county as well as the weekly Gloucestershire Gazette, which covers the south of the county and much of South Gloucestershire.

Gloucester News Centre is an independent news website with news and information for Gloucestershire.

Radio stations in Gloucestershire include BBC Radio Gloucestershire and Heart West, Sunshine Radio and Greatest Hits Radio Gloucestershire. There are also several community radio stations including Gloucester FM, Radio Winchcombe, Forest of Dean Radio, North Cotswold Community Radio, and Severn FM.

Local TV for the county is provided by BBC West and ITV West Country from Bristol, although in the northern extremes of Gloucestershire, BBC Midlands and ITV Central (West) from Birmingham covers this area. Some eastern parts of the county (Cirencester and parts of the Cotswolds) receive BBC South and ITV Meridian from Oxford.

In popular culture
There are two well-known accounts of childhood in rural Gloucestershire in the early 20th century, Laurie Lee's Cider With Rosie and Winifred Foley's A Child in the Forest. Part of Mrs. Craik's novel John Halifax, Gentleman is set in Enderley, a thinly disguised Amberley, where she lived at the time of writing. Most of the book is set in Nortonbury, easily recognisable as Tewkesbury.

The county has also been the setting for a number of high-profile movies and TV series, including Die Another Day, the Harry Potter films and the BBC TV series Butterflies.

"A Girl's Best Friend", the pilot for the proposed Doctor Who spin-off K-9 and Company, was filmed in Gloucestershire. The setting is the fictional town of Moreton Harwood. The fictional town of Leadworth in Doctor Who is in Gloucestershire. It is the home of companions Amy Pond, Rory Williams and River Song in their childhoods and young adulthoods. Additionally, the 2020 episode "Fugitive of the Judoon" was set and filmed at Gloucester Cathedral.

A fictional Brimpsfield was the village, home of Peter and Abby Grant, in the 1970s BBC TV series Survivors, with a railway connection to London.

Witcombe Festival is an annual music festival held in Brockworth. As well as music, the three-day festival has it roots deep in cider. The festival consists of four stages and has been headlined by Dizzee Rascal, Plan B, Sigma, Ella Eyre, Example, Wiley, Heather Small, Lethal Bizzle and Tinchy Stryder.

The Romano/Celtic temple ruins in Lydney Park contributed to J.R.R. Tolkien's description of The Shire in his Middle-earth Legendarium.

Animals
The famous Gloucestershire Old Spots pig is named for Gloucestershire and is historically associated with the county. Sheep roam widely in the Forest of Dean. The Forest of Dean and the Wye Valley also have wild boar.

Gloucester cattle, a rare breed, can still be found in and around Gloucestershire. They can be recognised by the white stripe that runs down the centre of their backs to the tip of their tails. The cattle are famous for producing milk for both Single Gloucester and Double Gloucester cheeses.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gloucestershire


text:
Domesday Book

Domesday Book (the Middle English spelling of "Doomsday Book") is a manuscript record of the Great Survey of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 at the behest of King William the Conqueror. The manuscript was originally known by the Latin name Liber de Wintonia, meaning "Book of Winchester", where it was originally kept in the royal treasury. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that in 1085 the king sent his agents to survey every shire in England, to list his holdings and dues owed to him.

Written in Medieval Latin, it was highly abbreviated and included some vernacular native terms without Latin equivalents. The survey's main purpose was to record the annual value of every piece of landed property to its lord, and the resources in land, labour force, and livestock from which the value derived.

The name "Domesday Book" came into use in the 12th century. Richard FitzNeal wrote in the Dialogus de Scaccario (c. 1179) that the book was so called because its decisions were unalterable, like those of the Last Judgment, and its sentence could not be quashed.

The manuscript is held at the National Archives at Kew, London. Domesday was first printed in full in 1783, and in 2011 the Open Domesday site made the manuscript available online.

The book is an invaluable primary source for modern historians and historical economists. No survey approaching the scope and extent of Domesday Book was attempted again in Britain until the 1873 Return of Owners of Land (sometimes termed the "Modern Domesday") which presented the first complete, post-Domesday picture of the distribution of landed property in the United Kingdom.

Content and organisation
Domesday Book encompasses two independent works (originally in two physical volumes): "Little Domesday" (covering Norfolk, Suffolk, and Essex), and "Great Domesday" (covering much of the remainder of England – except for lands in the north that later became Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland, and the County Palatine of Durham – and parts of Wales bordering and included within English counties). Space was left in Great Domesday for a record of the City of London and Winchester, but they were never written up. Other areas of modern London were then in Middlesex, Surrey, Kent, and Essex and have their place in Domesday Book's treatment of those counties. Most of Cumberland, Westmorland, and the entirety of the County Palatine of Durham and Northumberland were omitted. They did not pay the national land tax called the geld, and the framework for Domesday Book was geld assessment lists.

"Little Domesday", so named because its format is physically smaller than its companion's, is more detailed than Great Domesday. In particular, it includes the numbers of livestock on the home farms (demesnes) of lords, but not peasant livestock. It represents an earlier stage in processing the results of the Domesday Survey before the drastic abbreviation and rearrangement undertaken by the scribe of Great Domesday Book.

Both volumes are organised into a series of chapters (literally "headings", from Latin caput, "a head") listing the manors held by each named tenant-in-chief directly from the king. Tenants-in-chief included bishops, abbots and abbesses, barons from Normandy, Brittany, and Flanders, minor French serjeants, and English thegns. The richest magnates held several hundred manors typically spread across England, though some large estates were highly concentrated. For example, Baldwin the Sheriff had one hundred and seventy-six manors in Devon and four nearby in Somerset and Dorset. Tenants-in-chief held variable proportions of their manors in demesne, and had subinfeudated to others, whether their own knights (often tenants from Normandy), other tenants-in-chief of their own rank, or members of local English families. Manors were generally listed within each chapter by the hundred or wapentake in which they lay, hundreds (wapentakes in eastern England) being the second tier of local government within the counties.

Each county's list opened with the king's demesne, which had possibly been the subject of separate inquiry. Under the feudal system, the king was the only true "owner" of land in England by virtue of his allodial title. He was thus the ultimate overlord, and even the greatest magnate could do no more than "hold" land from him as a tenant (from the Latin verb tenere, "to hold") under one of the various contracts of feudal land tenure. Holdings of bishops followed, then of abbeys and religious houses, then of lay tenants-in-chief, and lastly the king's serjeants (servientes) and thegns.

In some counties, one or more principal boroughs formed the subject of a separate section. A few have separate lists of disputed titles to land called clamores (claims). The equivalent sections in Little Domesday are called Inuasiones (annexations).

In total, 268,984 people are tallied in the Domesday Book, each of whom was the head of a household. Some households, such as urban dwellers, were excluded from the count, but the exact parameters remain a subject of historical debate. Sir Michael Postan, for instance, contends that these may not represent all rural households, but only full peasant tenancies, thus excluding landless men and some subtenants (potentially a third of the country's population). H. C. Darby, when factoring in the excluded households and using various different criteria for those excluded (as well as varying sizes for the average household), concludes that the 268,984 households listed most likely indicate a total English population between 1.2 and 1.6 million.

Domesday names a total of 13,418 places. Apart from the wholly rural portions, which constitute its bulk, Domesday contains entries of interest concerning most towns, which were probably made because of their bearing on the fiscal rights of the crown therein. These include fragments of custumals (older customary agreements), records of the military service due, markets, mints, and so forth. From the towns, from the counties as wholes, and from many of its ancient lordships, the crown was entitled to archaic dues in kind, such as honey.

The Domesday Book lists 5,624 mills in the country, which is considered a low estimate since the book is incomplete. For comparison, fewer than 100 mills were recorded in the country a century earlier. Georges Duby indicates this means a mill for every forty-six peasant households and implies a great increase in the consumption of baked bread in place of boiled and unground porridge. The book also lists 28,000 slaves, a smaller number than had been enumerated in 1066.

In the Domesday Book, scribes' orthography was heavily geared towards French, most lacking k and w, regulated forms for sounds and  and ending many hard consonant words with e as they were accustomed to do with most dialects of French at the time.

Similar works
In a parallel development, around 1100, the Normans in southern Italy completed their Catalogus Baronum based on Domesday Book. The original manuscript was destroyed in the Second World War; however, printed copies survive.

Name
The manuscripts do not carry a formal title. The work is referred to internally as a descriptio (enrolling), and in other early administrative contexts as the king's brevia ((short) writings). From about 1100, references appear to the liber (book) or carta (charter) of Winchester, its usual place of custody; and from the mid-12th to early 13th centuries to the Winchester or king's rotulus (roll).

To the English, who held the book in awe, it became known as "Domesday Book", in allusion to the Last Judgment and in specific reference to the definitive character of the record. The word "doom" was the usual Old English term for a law or judgment; it did not carry the modern overtones of fatality or disaster. Richard FitzNeal, treasurer of England under Henry II, explained the name's connotations in detail in the Dialogus de Scaccario (c. 1179):

"The natives call this book 'Domesday', that is, the day of judgement. This is a metaphor: for just as no judgement of that final severe and terrible trial can be evaded by any subterfuge, so when any controversy arises in the kingdom concerning the matters contained in the book, and recourse is made to the book, its word cannot be denied or set aside without penalty. For this reason we call this book the 'book of judgements', not because it contains decisions made in controversial cases, but because from it, as from the Last Judgement, there is no further appeal."

The name "Domesday" was subsequently adopted by the book's custodians, being first found in an official document in 1221.

Either through false etymology or deliberate word play, the name also came to be associated with the Latin phrase Domus Dei ("House of God"). Such a reference is found as early as the late 13th century, in the writings of Adam of Damerham; and in the 16th and 17th centuries, antiquaries such as John Stow and Sir Richard Baker believed this was the name's origin, alluding to the church in Winchester in which the book had been kept. As a result, the alternative spelling "Domesdei" became popular for a while.

The usual modern scholarly convention is to refer to the work as "Domesday Book" (or simply as "Domesday"), without a definite article. However, the form "the Domesday Book" is also found in both academic and non-academic contexts.

Survey
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that planning for the survey was conducted in 1085, and the book's colophon states the survey was completed in 1086. It is not known when exactly Domesday Book was compiled, but the entire copy of Great Domesday appears to have been copied out by one person on parchment (prepared sheepskin), although six scribes seem to have been used for Little Domesday. Writing in 2000, David Roffe argued that the inquest (survey) and the construction of the book were two distinct exercises. He believes the latter was completed, if not started, by William II following his accession to the English throne; William II quashed a rebellion that followed and was based on, though not consequence of, the findings of the inquest.

Most shires were visited by a group of royal officers (legati) who held a public inquiry, probably in the great assembly known as the shire court. These were attended by representatives of every township as well as of the local lords. The unit of inquiry was the Hundred (a subdivision of the county, which then was an administrative entity). The return for each Hundred was sworn to by 12 local jurors, half of them English and half of them Norman.

What is believed to be a full transcript of these original returns is preserved for several of the Cambridgeshire Hundreds – the Cambridge Inquisition – and is of great illustrative importance. The Inquisitio Eliensis is a record of the lands of Ely Abbey. The Exon Domesday (named because the volume was held at Exeter) covers Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, and one manor of Wiltshire. Parts of Devon, Dorset, and Somerset are also missing. Otherwise, this contains the full details supplied by the original returns.

Through comparison of what details are recorded in which counties, six Great Domesday "circuits" can be determined (plus a seventh circuit for the Little Domesday shires).

 * 1) Berkshire, Hampshire, Kent, Surrey, Sussex
 * 2) Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Wiltshire
 * 3) Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, Middlesex
 * 4) Leicestershire, Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire
 * 5) Cheshire, the land Inter Ripam et Mersham ("between Ribble and Mersey", now much of south Lancashire), Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, Worcestershire – the Marches
 * 6) Derbyshire, Huntingdonshire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland, Yorkshire

Purpose
Three sources discuss the goal of the survey:
 * The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells why it was ordered:

"After this had the king a large meeting, and very deep consultation with his council, about this land; how it was occupied, and by what sort of men. Then sent he his men over all England into each shire; commissioning them to find out 'How many hundreds of hides were in the shire, what land the king himself had, and what stock upon the land; or, what dues he ought to have by the year from the shire.' Also he commissioned them to record in writing, 'How much land his archbishops had, and his diocesan bishops, and his abbots, and his earls;' and though I may be prolix and tedious, 'What, or how much, each man had, who was an occupier of land in England, either in land or in stock, and how much money it was worth.' So very narrowly, indeed, did he commission them to trace it out, that there was not one single hide, nor a yard of land, nay, moreover (it is shameful to tell, though he thought it no shame to do it), not even an ox, nor a cow, nor a swine was there left, that was not set down in his writ. And all the recorded particulars were afterwards brought to him."
 * The list of questions asked of the jurors was recorded in the Inquisitio Eliensis.
 * The contents of Domesday Book and the allied records mentioned above.

The primary purpose of the survey was to ascertain and record the fiscal rights of the king. These were mainly:
 * the national land-tax (geldum), paid on a fixed assessment;
 * certain miscellaneous dues; and
 * the proceeds of the crown lands.

After a great political convulsion such as the Norman Conquest, and the following wholesale confiscation of landed estates, William needed to reassert that the rights of the Crown, which he claimed to have inherited, had not suffered in the process. His Norman followers tended to evade the liabilities of their English predecessors. Historians believe the survey was to aid William in establishing certainty and a definitive reference point as to property holdings across the nation, in case such evidence was needed in disputes over Crown ownership.

The Domesday survey, therefore, recorded the names of the new holders of lands and the assessments on which their tax was to be paid. But it did more than this; by the king's instructions, it endeavoured to make a national valuation list, estimating the annual value of all the land in the country, (1) at the time of Edward the Confessor's death, (2) when the new owners received it, (3) at the time of the survey, and further, it reckoned, by command, the potential value as well. It is evident that William desired to know the financial resources of his kingdom, and it is probable that he wished to compare them with the existing assessment, which was one of considerable antiquity, though there are traces that it had been occasionally modified. The great bulk of Domesday Book is devoted to the somewhat arid details of the assessment and valuation of rural estates, which were as yet the only important source of national wealth. After stating the assessment of the manor, the record sets forth the amount of arable land, and the number of plough teams (each reckoned at eight oxen) available for working it, with the additional number (if any) that might be employed; then the river-meadows, woodland, pasture, fisheries (i.e. fishing weirs), water-mills, salt-pans (if by the sea), and other subsidiary sources of revenue; the peasants are enumerated in their several classes; and finally the annual value of the whole, past and present, is roughly estimated.

The organisation of the returns on a feudal basis, enabled the Conqueror and his officers to see the extent of a baron's possessions; and it also showed to what extent he had under-tenants and the identities of the under-tenants. This was of great importance to William, not only for military reasons but also because of his resolve to command the personal loyalty of the under-tenants (though the "men" of their lords) by making them swear allegiance to him. As Domesday Book normally records only the Christian name of an under-tenant, it is not possible to search for the surnames of families claiming a Norman origin. Scholars, however, have worked to identify the under-tenants, most of whom have foreign Christian names.

The survey provided the King with information on potential sources of funds when he needed to raise money. It includes sources of income but not expenses, such as castles, unless they needed to be included to explain discrepancies between pre-and post-Conquest holdings of individuals. Typically, this happened in a town, where separately-recorded properties had been demolished to make way for a castle.

Early British authors thought that the motivation behind the Survey was to put into William's power the lands, so that all private property in land came only from the grant of King William, by lawful forfeiture. The use of the word antecessor in the Domesday Book is used for the former holders of the lands under Edward, and who had been dispossessed by their new owners.

Custodial history
Domesday Book was preserved from the late 11th to the beginning of the 13th centuries in the royal Treasury at Winchester (the Norman kings' capital). It was often referred to as the "Book" or "Roll" of Winchester. When the Treasury moved to the Palace of Westminster, probably under King John, the book went with it.

The two volumes (Great Domesday and Little Domesday) remained in Westminster, save for temporary releases, until the 19th century. They were held originally in various offices of the Exchequer: the Chapel of the Pyx of Westminster Abbey; the Treasury of Receipts; and the Tally Court. However, on several occasions they were taken around the country with the Chancellor of the Exchequer: to York and Lincoln in 1300, to York in 1303 and 1319, to Hertford in the 1580s or 1590s, and to Nonsuch Palace, Surrey, in 1666 for a time after the Great Fire of London.

From the 1740s onwards, they were held, with other Exchequer records, in the chapter house of Westminster Abbey. In 1859, they were transferred to the new Public Record Office, London. They are now held at the National Archives at Kew. The chest in which they were stowed in the 17th and 18th centuries is also at Kew.

In modern times, the books have been removed from the London area only rarely. In 1861–1863, they were sent to Southampton for photozincographic reproduction. In 1918–19, prompted by the threat of German bombing during the First World War, they were evacuated (with other Public Record Office documents) to Bodmin Prison, Cornwall. Likewise, in 1939–1945, during the Second World War, they were evacuated to Shepton Mallet Prison, Somerset.

Binding
The volumes have been rebound on several occasions. Little Domesday was rebound in 1320, its older oak boards being re-used. At a later date (probably in the Tudor period) both volumes were given new covers. They were rebound twice in the 19th century, in 1819 and 1869 – on the second occasion, by the binder Robert Riviere and his assistant, James Kew. In the 20th century, they were rebound in 1952, when their physical makeup was examined in greater detail; and yet again in 1986, for the survey's ninth centenary. On this last occasion Great Domesday was divided into two physical volumes, and Little Domesday into three volumes.

Publication
The project to publish Domesday was begun by the government in 1773, and the book appeared in two volumes in 1783, set in "record type" to produce a partial-facsimile of the manuscript. In 1811, a volume of indexes was added. In 1816, a supplementary volume, separately indexed, was published containing
 * 1) The Exon Domesday – for the south-western counties
 * 2) The Inquisitio Eliensis
 * 3) The Liber Winton – surveys of Winchester late in the 12th century.
 * 4) The Boldon Buke (Book) – a survey of the bishopric of Durham a century later than Domesday

Photographic facsimiles of Domesday Book, for each county separately, were published in 1861–1863, also by the government. Today, Domesday Book is available in numerous editions, usually separated by county and available with other local history resources.

In 1986, the BBC released the BBC Domesday Project, the results of a project to create a survey to mark the 900th anniversary of the original Domesday Book. In August 2006, the contents of Domesday went online, with an English translation of the book's Latin. Visitors to the website are able to look up a place name and see the index entry made for the manor, town, city or village. They can also, for a fee, download the relevant page.

Continuing legal use
In the Middle Ages, the Book's evidence was frequently invoked in the law courts. In 1960, it was among citations for a real manor which helps to evidence legal use rights on and anchorage into the Crown's foreshore; in 2010, as to proving a manor, adding weight of years to sporting rights (deer and foxhunting); and a market in 2019.

Importance
Domesday Book is critical to understanding the period in which it was written. As H. C. Darby noted, anyone who uses it

"can have nothing but admiration for what is the oldest 'public record' in England and probably the most remarkable statistical document in the history of Europe. The continent has no document to compare with this detailed description covering so great a stretch of territory. And the geographer, as he turns over the folios, with their details of population and of arable, woodland, meadow and other resources, cannot but be excited at the vast amount of information that passes before his eyes."

The author of the article on the book in the eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica noted, "To the topographer, as to the genealogist, its evidence is of primary importance, as it not only contains the earliest survey of each township or manor, but affords, in the majority of cases, a clue to its subsequent descent."

Darby also notes the inconsistencies, saying that "when this great wealth of data is examined more closely, perplexities and difficulties arise." One problem is that the clerks who compiled this document "were but human; they were frequently forgetful or confused." The use of Roman numerals also led to countless mistakes. Darby states, "Anyone who attempts an arithmetical exercise in Roman numerals soon sees something of the difficulties that faced the clerks." But more important are the numerous obvious omissions, and ambiguities in presentation. Darby first cites F. W. Maitland's comment following his compilation of a table of statistics from material taken from the Domesday Book survey, "it will be remembered that, as matters now stand, two men not unskilled in Domesday might add up the number of hides in a county and arrive at very different results because they would hold different opinions as to the meanings of certain formulas which are not uncommon." Darby says that "it would be more correct to speak not of 'the Domesday geography of England', but of 'the geography of Domesday Book'. The two may not be quite the same thing, and how near the record was to reality we can never know."

title: Domesday Book


text:
Philippa of Hainault

Philippa of Hainault (sometimes spelled Hainaut; Middle French: Philippe de Hainaut; 24 June 1310 (or 1315)  – 15 August 1369) was Queen of England as the wife and political adviser of King Edward III. She acted as regent in 1346, when her husband was away for the Hundred Years' War.

Daughter of Count William of Hainaut and French princess Joan of Valois, Philippa was engaged to Edward, Prince of Wales, in 1326. Their marriage was celebrated in York Minster on 24 January 1328, some months after Edward's accession to the throne of England and Isabella of France's infamous invasion. After her husband reclaimed the throne, Philippa influenced King Edward to take interest in the nation's commercial expansion, was part of the successful Battle of Neville's Cross, and often went on expeditions to Scotland and France. She won much popularity with the English people for her compassion in 1347, when she successfully persuaded the King to spare the lives of the Burghers of Calais. This popularity helped maintain peace in England throughout their long reign.

Childhood
Philippa was born on 24 June c.1310/15, in Valenciennes, Low Countries. She was one of eight children and the second of five daughters born from William I, Count of Hainaut, and Joan of Valois, granddaughter of King Philip III of France. The Royal House of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, also known as the House of France.

King Edward II decided that an alliance with Flanders would benefit England and sent Bishop Stapledon of Exeter on the Continent as an ambassador. On his journey, he crossed into the county of Hainaut to inspect the daughters of Count William of Hainaut, to determine which daughter would be the most suitable as an eventual bride for young Prince Edward. The bishop's report to the King describes one of the Count's daughters in detail. A later annotation says it describes Philippa as a child, but historian Ian Mortimer argues that it is actually an account of her older sister Margaret. The description runs: "The lady whom we saw has not uncomely hair, betwixt blue-black and brown... Her face narrows between the eyes and its lower part is more narrow than her forehead. Her eyes are blackish-brown and deep. Her nose is fairly smooth and even, save that it is somewhat broad at the tip and flattened, and yet it is no snub-nose... Her lips are full, especially the lower lip... Her lower teeth project a little beyond the upper; yet this is but little seen... All her body is well set and unmaimed; and nought is amiss so far as a man may see. Moreover, she is brown of skin all over, much like her father. And she will be of the age of nine years on St. John's day next to come, as her mother said. She is neither too tall nor too short for such an age; she is of fair carriage. The damsel is well taught in all that becometh her rank and highly esteemed and well beloved by her parents and of all her meinie, in so far as we could inquire and learn the truth. In all things, she is pleasant enough, as it seems to us."

Growing up in the Low Countries in the period when this region was growing into a major trading centre, Philippa was well versed in finances and diplomacy. Her older sister Margaret succeeded their brother William II, Count of Hainaut, upon his death in battle. The counties of Holland, Zeeland and the seigniory of Frisia were devolved to Margaret after agreement between the sisters. Geoffroy G. Sury, Bayern Straubing Hennegau: la Maison de Bavière en Hainaut, XIVe – XVe s., Edit. Geoffroy G. Sury, Bruxelles, © 2010 (2e éd.), p. 66 : – Un chirographe sur parchemin daté du 17 October 1346 à Ypres (Ieper), dont le sceau est détruit, énonce un accord conclu entre l’impératrice Marguerite II comtesse de Hainaut (épouse de Louis IV de Bavière, empereur germanique) etc., et sa sœur Philippe (Philippa de Hainaut), reine d’Angleterre (épouse du roi Edouard III) touchant la succession de leur défunt frère, Guillaume II comte de Hainaut, etc. Philippa, renonçant à ses prétentions sur le Hainaut, la Hollande, la Zélande et la Frise. In, G. Wymans, « Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut », aux A.E. Mons, n° d’ordre (cote) 869, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 190.; – Un parchemin daté du 7/09/1346 à Francfort (Frankfurt am Main), dont le sceau est détruit, énonce que Louis IV de Bavière empereur du St.-Empire Romain Germanique s’engage pour lui-même et ses héritiers, et au nom de son épouse, l’impératrice Marguerite, à ne jamais céder, diviser ni engager les comtés de Hainaut, de Hollande, de Zélande et de la seigneurie de Frise, qui appartiennent à la dite Marguerite (Marguerite II (d’Avesnes) comtesse de Hainaut) et à ses héritiers, sauf les droits de ses sœurs, et, après le décès de cette dernière, à leur deuxième fils, Guillaume (futur Guillaume III comte de Hainaut) duc (I) de Bavière, et, celui-ci décédé, à Albert (futur Albert Ier comte de Hainaut), duc (I) de Bavière, leur troisième fils. ''In, G. Wymans, « Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut », aux A.E. Mons, n° d’ordre (cote) 868, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 190. (Or. sur pch.; dét. (Frankfurt am Main, 7/09/1346.)''; – Un autre parchemin daté du 8/09/1346 à Geertruidenberg, d’après une traduction latine de l’allemand datée du 16 March 1347 (date nouv. st.), énonce que Marguerite II comtesse de Hainaut (épouse de Louis IV de Bavière, empereur germanique) etc., commet son fils Guillaume (futur Guillaume III comte de Hainaut) au gouvernement des comtés de Hainaut, de Hollande, de Zélande, et de la seigneurie de Frise durant son absence. In, G. Wymans, « Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut », aux A.E. Mons, n° d’ordre (cote) 868, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 190.

Four years later, in the summer of 1326, Isabella of France, the Queen of England, arrived at the court of Hainaut to seek aid from Count William in order to depose her husband, Edward II, from the throne. Prince Edward had accompanied his mother to Hainaut, where she arranged the betrothal to 13-year-old Philippa in exchange for assistance. As the couple were second cousins (as great-grandchildren of Philip III of France), a papal dispensation was required; and sent from Pope John XXII at Avignon in September 1327. Philippa's retinue arrived in England in December, escorted by her uncle John of Hainaut. On 23 December, she reached London where a "rousing reception was accorded her".

First years
In October 1327, Philippa married Edward by proxy through the Bishop of Coventry in Valenciennes. The official marriage was at York Minster on 24 January 1328, eleven months after Edward's accession to the English throne; although the de facto rulers were Queen Mother Isabella and her lover, Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March, who jointly acted as his regents. Soon after their marriage, the couple retired to live at Woodstock Palace in Oxfordshire. Unlike many of her predecessors, Philippa did not alienate the English people by retaining her foreign retinue or bringing large numbers of foreigners to the English court. In August, her dower was fixed. She became a patron of the chronicler Jean Froissart and owned several illuminated manuscripts, one of which currently is housed in the national library in Paris. Froissart began to describe her as "The most gentle Queen, most liberal, and most courteous that ever was Queen in her days."

As Isabella did not wish to relinquish her own status, Philippa's coronation was postponed for two years. She was crowned queen on 18 February 1330 at Westminster Abbey, when she was almost five months pregnant. She gave birth to her first son, Edward, the following June. In October 1330, King Edward commenced his personal rule by staging a coup and ordering the arrest of the regents. Shortly afterward, Mortimer was executed for treason and then the Queen Mother was sent to Castle Rising in Norfolk, where she spent a number of years under house arrest but with her privileges and freedom of movement eventually restored.

She was invested as a Lady of the Order of the Garter (LG) in 1358.

Political influence
Philippa proved to be the model of a queen and worked tirelessly for the crown, maintaining balance between royal and familial duties admired in tumultuous times. She was widely loved and respected as a queen who managed to have a successful marriage with Edward.

As the financial demands of the recent Hundred Years' War were enormous, Philippa wisely advised the King to take interest in the nation's commercial expansion as a different method of covering the expenses. She established the textile industry in Norwich by encouraging Flemish weavers to settle there and promoted coal mining in Tynedale.

She was appointed to serve as regent in 1346, while her husband was away for the Hundred Years' War.

In 1364 or 1365, Edward III demanded the return of Hainaut and other inheritances which had been given over to the dukes of Bavaria–Straubing in the name of Philippa, but he was unsuccessful as the custom in those regions favoured male heirs. Geoffroy G. Sury, Bayern Straubing Hennegau, XIV – XVe s.: la Maison de Bavière en Hainaut, Edit. Geoffroy G. Sury, Bruxelles, © 2010 (2e éd.), p. 128: – Les 12–18 mai 1364, Albert de Bavière, bail et gouverneur des comtés de Hainaut, etc., sollicita les Etats généraux de Hainaut, de Hollande, de Zélande et de Frise, de donner leurs avis sur les prétentions du roi Edouard (III) d’Angleterre, du chef de son épouse Philippa de Hainaut, à la succession des dits pays de Hainaut, de Hollande, de Zélande et de Frise. Ces quatre Etats déclarèrent que la coutume de ceux-ci réservait cette succession aux hoirs mâles, par primogéniture, et s’opposait au dénombrement desdits pays. ''In, G. Wymans, « Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut », aux A.E. Mons, n° d’ordre (cote) 1052, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 223. (Or. sur pch.; 8 sc. ébréchés et brisés, 16 sc. disp.)''; – Réponse opposée, (en 1364) après consultation des Etats des pays concernés, par le duc de Bavière (Albert Ier), bail et gouverneur des comtés de Hainaut, etc., aux prétentions du roi Edouard III d’Angleterre évoquées précédemment. ''In, G. Wymans, « Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut », aux A.E. Mons, n° d’ordre (cote) 1053, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 224. (Minute sur parchemin, (Sans date (mai 1364.)''; – A Westminster, le 6 décembre 1365, le roi Edouard (III) d’Angleterre accorde un sauf-conduit au duc Albert de Bavière et à 120 suivants pour venir traiter à la Cour d’Angleterre du différend relatif au douaire de la reine Philippa (de Hainaut), son épouse, à la condition qu’il soit accompagné de membres des Etats de Hainaut, de Hollande, de Zélande, et de Frise, et muni de lettres de pleins pouvoirs délivrés par ces mêmes Etats pour parvenir à un accord définitif. ''In, G. Wymans, « Inventaire analytique du chartrier de la Trésorerie des comtes de Hainaut », aux A.E. Mons, n° d’ordre (cote) 1061, Editions A.G.R., Bruxelles, 1985, p. 225. (Or. sur pch.; sc. disp.)''

Military campaigns
Philippa served as regent of England during the absence of her spouse in 1346. Facing a Scottish invasion, she gathered the English army, fought the Scots at the Battle of Neville's Cross near Durham, and rallied the English soldiers on horse before them prior to the battle. This event resulted in an English victory and the Scottish King David II being taken prisoner, and held captive for eleven years.

Philippa accompanied her husband on expeditions to Scotland and the rest of Europe in the early campaigns of the Hundred Years War, where she won acclaim for her gentle nature and compassion. She was also remembered for persuading her husband to spare the lives of the Burghers of Calais, whom he had planned to execute as an example to the townspeople following his successful siege of that port.

Death
On 15 August 1369, Queen Philippa died of an illness similar to edema in Windsor Castle. She was given a state funeral six months later on 9 January 1370 and was interred at Westminster Abbey. Her alabaster effigy was executed by sculptor Jean de Liège. Her tomb was placed on the northeast side of the Chapel of Edward the Confessor and on the opposite side of her husband's grandparents, Edward I and Eleanor of Castile. Eight years later, Edward III died and was buried next to Philippa. By all accounts, their forty-year marriage had been happy.

The Queen's College, Oxford was founded by her chaplain Robert de Eglesfield in her honour.

Issue

Philippa and Edward had thirteen children, including five sons who lived into adulthood. Three of their children died of the Black Death in 1348. The rivalry of their numerous descendants would bring about the long-running and bloody dynastic wars known as the Wars of the Roses in the 15th century.

In popular culture
Philippa is a character in The Accursed Kings, a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. She was portrayed by Françoise Burgi in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Marie de Villepin in the 2005 adaptation.

In 2003, she was voted as 5th on the list of 100 Great Black Britons. However, the decision to include her on the list has been criticised, with many historians noting that there was no evidence that suggested Philippa has any African ancestry.

title: Philippa of Hainault


text:
List of small groups

The following list in mathematics contains the finite groups of small order up to group isomorphism.

Counts
For n = 1, 2, … the number of nonisomorphic groups of order n is
 * 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 5, 2, 2, 1, 5, 1, 2, 1, 14, 1, 5, 1, 5, ...

For labeled groups, see.

Glossary
Each group is named by Small Groups library as Goi, where o is the order of the group, and i is the index used to label the group within that order.

Common group names:
 * Zn: the cyclic group of order n (the notation Cn is also used; it is isomorphic to the additive group of Z/nZ)
 * Dihn: the dihedral group of order 2n (often the notation Dn or D2n is used)
 * K4: the Klein four-group of order 4, same as Z2 × Z2 and Dih2
 * D2n: the dihedral group of order 2n, the same as Dihn (notation used in section List of small non-abelian groups)
 * Sn: the symmetric group of degree n, containing the n! permutations of n elements
 * An: the alternating group of degree n, containing the even permutations of n elements, of order 1 for n = 0, 1, and order n!/2 otherwise
 * Dicn or Q4n: the dicyclic group of order 4n
 * Q8: the quaternion group of order 8, also Dic2

The notations Zn and Dihn have the advantage that point groups in three dimensions Cn and Dn do not have the same notation. There are more isometry groups than these two, of the same abstract group type.

The notation G × H denotes the direct product of the two groups; Gn denotes the direct product of a group with itself n times. G ⋊ H denotes a semidirect product where H acts on G; this may also depend on the choice of action of H on G.

Abelian and simple groups are noted. (For groups of order n < 60, the simple groups are precisely the cyclic groups Zn, for prime n.) The equality sign ("=") denotes isomorphism.

The identity element in the cycle graphs is represented by the black circle. The lowest order for which the cycle graph does not uniquely represent a group is order 16.

In the lists of subgroups, the trivial group and the group itself are not listed. Where there are several isomorphic subgroups, the number of such subgroups is indicated in parentheses.

Angle brackets show the presentation of a group.

List of small abelian groups
The finite abelian groups are either cyclic groups, or direct products thereof; see Abelian group. The numbers of nonisomorphic abelian groups of orders n = 1, 2, ... are
 * 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 5, 1, 2, 1, 2, ...

For labeled abelian groups, see.

List of small non-abelian groups
The numbers of non-abelian groups, by order, are counted by. However, many orders have no non-abelian groups. The orders for which a non-abelian group exists are
 * 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, ...

Classifying groups of small order
Small groups of prime power order pn are given as follows:
 * Order p: The only group is cyclic.
 * Order p2: There are just two groups, both abelian.
 * Order p3: There are three abelian groups, and two non-abelian groups. One of the non-abelian groups is the semidirect product of a normal cyclic subgroup of order p2 by a cyclic group of order p. The other is the quaternion group for p = 2 and a group of exponent p for p > 2.
 * Order p4: The classification is complicated, and gets much harder as the exponent of p increases.

Most groups of small order have a Sylow p subgroup P with a normal p-complement N for some prime p dividing the order, so can be classified in terms of the possible primes p, p-groups P, groups N, and actions of P on N. In some sense this reduces the classification of these groups to the classification of p-groups. Some of the small groups that do not have a normal p-complement include:
 * Order 24: The symmetric group S4
 * Order 48: The binary octahedral group and the product S4 × Z2
 * Order 60: The alternating group A5.

The smallest order for which it is not known how many nonisomorphic groups there are is 2048 = 211.

Small Groups Library
The GAP computer algebra system contains a package called the "Small Groups library," which provides access to descriptions of small order groups. The groups are listed up to isomorphism. At present, the library contains the following groups:
 * those of order at most 2000 except for order 1024 (423 164  062 groups in the library; the ones of order 1024 had to be skipped, as there are additional 49  487  367  289 nonisomorphic 2-groups of order 1024 );
 * those of cubefree order at most 50000 (395 703 groups);
 * those of squarefree order;
 * those of order pn for n at most 6 and p prime;
 * those of order p7 for p = 3, 5, 7, 11 (907 489 groups);
 * those of order pqn where qn divides 28, 36, 55 or 74 and p is an arbitrary prime which differs from q;
 * those whose orders factorise into at most 3 primes (not necessarily distinct).

It contains explicit descriptions of the available groups in computer readable format.

The smallest order for which the Small Groups library does not have information is 1024.

title: List of small groups


text:
Talk:Warwickshire

Untitled
Also see Talk:Warwickshire/Archive

Removed the description of the M42 as the the Birmingham circular motorway. Funny circle. --JBellis 15:53, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

External link
I'm re-adding the link to Warwickshire online. The site does not require registration to brows, only to post and has an interesting gallery of Warwickshire images including Towns in flood, it also has a news feeder that brings up Warwickshire news from several sources. Therefore I feel it's relevant to the article and not spam. Madhatter1uk 18:26, 9 March 2007 (UTC)
 * It is wiki policy to avoid links to discussion forums. see External links. 84.13.139.114 21:42, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

If a link is usefull and the site is more than a discussion forum, which this is then it shouldn't be removed. see External links What should be linked to 4 Sites with other meaningful, relevant content that is not suitable for inclusion in an article, such as reviews and interviews. The gallery is relevant. The fact that a site contains a discussion forum does not mean that it should automaticaly be removed. 80.42.175.20 03:03, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Not only that, Warwickshire Online provides an interactive map of the area, a large links database(Ironically something Wiki refuses to do) exclusively for warwickshire Web sites. An article section focusing on local organisations, and a news portal of Warwicksire Related News. This is FAR more then a forum.

WikiProject Warwickshire?
Just a quick suggestion to see if it is viable to send in a proposal for WikiProject Warwickshire. So, who'd be interested? - Erebus555 20:28, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't say no. G-Man  * 00:40, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd be interested in that. Madhatter1uk 12:28, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I might also be up for that. AlexOUK 14:36, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd also be interested. Nudges 03:00, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

Ok have made a very basic start on this but there will be a lot of work to do to it. WikiProject_Warwickshire Nudges 17:05, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Project now active. Snowman (talk) 20:37, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Alright, all you people who thought that the Wikiproject would be a good idea, please go to the page a join up and start really contributing to it. De Mattia (talk) 01:17, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

Pronunciations
Four different pronunciations a bit over the top, IMHO. Removed ˈwɔːɹɪkˌʃə and ˈwɔːɹɪkˌʃɪə -- never heard either of these in my puff. -- Picapica 12:04, 7 July 2007 (UTC) (Warwickshire lad)
 * Both ˈwɔːɹɪkˌʃə and ˈwɔːɹɪkˌʃɪə are given in the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. LDHan 23:37, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

I bet you say ˈwɔːɹɪkˌʃə Pica Pica. Do you actually say the "r" at the end, or do you say "Wariksheh"? BNS —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.252.24.48 (talk) 21:06, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I support Boynamedsue's comments on User talk:Lfh.

rhotic |ˈrōtik| adjective Phonetics of, relating to, or denoting a dialect or variety of English, e.g., Midwestern American English, in which r is pronounced before a consonant (as in hard) and at the ends of words (as in far). DERIVATIVES rhoticity |rōˈtisətē| noun ORIGIN 1960s: from Greek rhot-, stem of rho (see rho ) + -ic . (Courtesy of Apple dictionary)'' Reverted addition of 'r'. --Kudpung (talk) 03:03, 31 December 2009 (UTC)--Kudpung (talk) 02:58, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Let’s get Warwickshire featured
The Article on Dorset has recently been featured. Come on Warwickshire folk. We’re proud of our county. Let’s see if we can get Warwickshire featured.Barbara Shack (talk) 12:50, 22 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Why not put your name for a WikiProject Warwickshire, what can start when it has five supporters? Snowman (talk) 21:04, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Red links
I ran a wiki tool to find red links in the pages in the Warwickshire category. It is possible that relevant pages have already been made with a different name. Pages with more than three red link are listed: Snowman (talk) 12:31, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

working towards ga status
to help get the article to GA staus i am going to turn the 3 columed list of places into 1 and add small bit of info to each one

De Mattia (talk) 08:08, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

 * What might be useful is converting the list into a table similar to that in Greater Manchester. The settlements could be arranged by local authority and it would eliminate the hassle of saying something for each settlement. Nev1 (talk) 09:14, 25 February 2009 (UTC)

Places of Interest
University of Warwick should not be listed as a place of interest in Warwickshire, as it is in Coventry, West Midlands.

University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK (from www.warwick.ac.uk)

Only one town in south Warwickshire?
The only town in the south of Warwickshire is Shipston-on-Stour

Stratford is in south Warwickshire according to the NHS and the Warwickshire LEA's. Cls14 (talk) 10:55, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

New flag
The Flag Institute has just listed a flag for Warwickshire in their flag registry. The flag is for the historic county, i.e. including Coventry, (the east of) Birmingham, etc. The flag currently shown in the infobox is the council's flag. Can the new flag be somehow worked into the article? --Inops (talk) 13:09, 25 August 2016 (UTC)
 * May be best to put something into the sections dealing with the historic county rather than the infobox which deals with the present boundaries of the county. May be the "Historic boundaries" section rather than the "History" section as that already has a few images, though could add a new sub-section there giving details of both flags. Keith D (talk) 12:21, 4 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130420124714/http://iccoventry.icnetwork.co.uk/nuneaton-tribune/nuneaton-news/2011/04/15/teachers-in-warwickshire-threaten-strike-action-in-protest-over-academy-plans-50003-28526770/ to http://iccoventry.icnetwork.co.uk/nuneaton-tribune/nuneaton-news/2011/04/15/teachers-in-warwickshire-threaten-strike-action-in-protest-over-academy-plans-50003-28526770/

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Proposed changes to guidelines on UK counties
If anyone is interested, there is a discussion taking place here. All comments are welcome. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 23:07, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warwickshire


text:
User talk:Grasso~enwiki

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title: User talk:Grasso~enwiki


text:
Hitchhiking

Hitchhiking (also known as thumbing, autostop or hitching) is a means of transportation that is gained by asking individuals, usually strangers, for a ride in their car or other vehicle. The ride is usually, but not always, free.

Signaling methods
Hitchhikers use a variety of signals to indicate they need a ride. Indicators can be physical gestures or displays including written signs. The physical gestures, e.g., hand signals, hitchhikers use differ around the world:
 * In some African countries, the hitchhiker's hand is held with the palm facing upwards.
 * In most of Europe, North America, South America and Australia, most hitchhikers stand with their back facing the direction of travel. The hitchhiker typically extends their arm towards the road with the thumb of the closed hand pointing upward or in the direction of vehicle travel.

Legal status
Hitchhiking is historically a common practice worldwide and hence there are very few places in the world where laws exist to restrict it. However, a minority of countries have laws that restrict hitchhiking at certain locations. In the United States, for example, some local governments have laws outlawing hitchhiking, on the basis of drivers' and hitchhikers' safety. In Canada, several highways have restrictions on hitchhiking, particularly in British Columbia and the 400-series highways in Ontario. In all countries in Europe, it is legal to hitchhike and in some places even encouraged. However, worldwide, even where hitchhiking is permitted, laws forbid hitchhiking where pedestrians are banned, such as the Autobahn (Germany), Autostrade (Italy), motorways (United Kingdom and continental Europe, with the exception of, at least, Lithuania) or interstate highways (United States), although hitchhikers often obtain rides at entrances and truck stops where it is legal at least throughout Europe with the exception of Italy.

Community
In recent years, hitchhikers have started efforts to strengthen their community. Examples include the annual Hitchgathering, an event organized by hitchhikers, for hitchhikers, and websites such as hitchwiki, which are platforms for hitchhikers to share tips and provide a way of looking up good hitchhiking spots around the world.

Decline
In 2011, Freakonomics Radio reviewed sparse data about hitchhiking, and identified a steady decline in hitchhiking in the US since the 1970s, which it attributed to a number of factors, including a greater lack of trust of strangers, lower air travel costs due to deregulation, the presence of more money in the economy to pay for travel and more numerous and more reliable cars. A marked increase in fear of hitchhiking is thought to have been spurred by movies such as The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), The Hitcher (1986), and a few real incidents involving imperiled hitchhikers, including the kidnapping of Colleen Stan in California. See, below.

Some British researchers discuss reasons for hitchhiking's decline in the UK, and possible means of reviving it in safer and more-organized forms.

Public policy support
Since the mid-2010s, local authorities in rural areas in Germany have started to support hitchhiking, and this has spread to Austria and the German-speaking region of Belgium. The objectives are both social and environmental: as ride sharing improves mobility for local residents (particularly young and old people without their own cars) in places where public transport is inadequate, thus improving networking among local communities in an environmentally friendly way. This support typically takes the form of providing hitchhiking benches (in German Mitfahrbänke) where people hoping for a ride can wait for cars. These benches are usually brightly coloured and located at the exit from a village, sometimes at an existing bus stop lay-by where vehicles can pull in safely. Some are even provided with large fold-out or slide-out signs with place names allowing hitchers to clearly signal where they want to go. Some Mitfahrbänke have been installed with the help of the EU's LEADER programme for rural local development

In Austria, Mitfahrbänke are especially common in Lower Austria and Tyrol, and are promoted by the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Regions and Tourism under its klimaaktiv climate protection initiative. In 2018 the Tyrolean MobilitäterInnen network published a Manual for the Successful Introduction of Hitch-hiking Benches.

Safety
Limited data is available regarding the safety of hitchhiking. Compiling good safety data requires counting hitchhikers, counting rides, and counting problems: a difficult task.

Two studies on the topic include a 1974 California Highway Patrol study and a 1989 German federal police (Bundeskriminalamt Wiesbaden) study. The California study found that hitchhikers were not disproportionately likely to be victims of crime. The German study concluded that the actual risk is much lower than the publicly perceived risk; the authors did not advise against hitchhiking in general. They found that in some cases there were verbal disputes or inappropriate comments, but physical attacks were very rare.

Recommended safety practices include:
 * Asking for rides at gas stations instead of signaling at the roadside
 * Refusing rides from alcohol impaired drivers
 * Hitchhiking during daylight hours
 * Trusting one's instincts
 * Traveling with another hitchhiker; this measure decreases the likelihood of harm by a factor of six

Cuba
In Cuba, picking up hitchhikers is mandatory for government vehicles, if passenger space is available. Hitchhiking is encouraged, as Cuba has few cars, and hitchhikers use designated spots. Drivers pick up waiting riders on a first come, first served basis.

Israel
In Israel, hitchhiking is commonplace at designated locations called ( in Hebrew, derived from the German ). Travelers soliciting rides, called, wait at , typically junctions of highways or main roads outside of a city.

Poland
Hitchhiking in Poland has a long history and is still popular. It was legalised and formalised in 1957 so hitchhikers could buy booklets including coupons from travel agencies. These coupons were given to drivers who took hitchhikers. By the end of each season drivers who collected the highest number of coupons could exchange them for prizes, and others took part in a lottery. This so-called "Akcja Autostop" was popular till the end of the 1970s, but the sale of the booklet was discontinued in 1995.

United States
Hitchhiking became a common method of traveling during the Great Depression and during the Counterculture of the 1960s. Warnings of the potential dangers of picking up hitchhikers were publicized to drivers, who were advised that some hitchhikers would rob drivers and, in some cases, sexually assault or murder them. Other warnings were publicized to the hitchhikers themselves, alerting them to the same types of crimes being carried out by drivers. Still, hitchhiking was part of the American psyche and many people continued to stick out their thumbs, even in states where the practice had been outlawed.

Today, hitchhiking is legal in 44 of the 50 states, provided that the hitchhiker is not standing in the roadway or otherwise hindering the normal flow of traffic. Even in states where hitchhiking is illegal, hitchhikers are rarely ticketed. For example, the Wyoming Highway Patrol approached 524 hitchhikers in 2010, but only eight of them were cited (hitchhiking was subsequently legalized in Wyoming in 2013).

title: Hitchhiking