text:
Talk:Martial law

Military Commissions Act of 2006 and Boumediene v. Bush
The United States section reads: "The Military Commissions Act of 2006 possibly rescinds these limits by suspending habeas corpus, but the law is not clear on whether it applies to U.S. Citizens." I believe the provisions of the MCA suspending habeas corpus were declared unconstitutional in Boumediene v. Bush. Should this be noted after the quoted sentence, or should the sentence be deleted? Tayl1257 (talk) 17:34, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

I removed the sentence b/c the suspension of habeas corpus would not affect the Posse Comitatus Act's limits on the military's role in law enforcement, the sentence wasn't sourced, and Boumediene held that the MCA's suspension of habeas was unconsitutional. 72.66.50.88 (talk) 22:36, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Category
Shouldn't the Movies Category moved down to the bottom since it's least relevant to martial law?

Strange opening
"This happend in Tian Am Men Square." Quote needs cleaning up. pelling, and surely specific examples come later? 86.138.50.227 13:11, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

The following sentence contains a word that does not apply to all instances, and that word is granted. The sentence is: Usually martial law reduces some of the personal rights ordinarily granted to the citizen, This does not apply to the United States. The Constitution of the United States does not grant rights; the rights of the People of the United States are natural and inherent, not granted; the Constitution is really the marching orders granted to public servants by the People, not the reverse. Other countries have similar ideology, while others believe government does indeed grant people rights. How to avoid being bias to one or the other is my question. I think the sentence needs to be something like: Usually martial law circumvents some of the due process laws of the country and seeks to contain or limit personal rights ordinarily belonging to the citizen, or something similar. I don't think my suggested sentence has bias toward a country with natural/inherent rights or granted rights. I'll leave it for someone else to change. What do you think? Ol Murrani Kasale (talk) 23:38, 11 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Save for several amendments that say such silly things about the rights of one not being permitted to disparage the rights of another and all. Get into the 21st century, rather than the 19th!Wzrd1 (talk) 06:26, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Martial rule
It is not evident in the article, but it should be noted that martial law is usually simply martial rule. As pointed out in Ex parte Milligan, there is not a set of laws that come into play and the other laws are set aside (the article begins by stating martial law to be "''the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice.'" There is usually no set of rules which come into play - some countries may have such a set of "martial laws", but the U.S. doesn't, nor do many other countries - law is simply suspended. Martial law is usually the setting aside of the law in the place of military rule, but the article makes it seem otherwise - like we can look up somewhere the martial laws in some law book. - Matthew238 02:44, 10 February 2007 (UTC)

I have to agree as do many others. "Martial Law" simply means he/she with the most firepower gets to make the rules. That's why Americans are not so scared of Martial Law. (Well, maybe the Soccermoms would be) There are 80 MILLION Armed Americans....(with everything from Thompson Submachine guns, AK-47's, 50 cals, pistols and who know how many shotguns and high powered rifles), and they're not going to allow the "National Guard" abuse them. Period.

Martial Law means you will defend what you have with your life, even if it means having to kill a government agent(s).

 * OK, you are ABSOLUTELY RIGHT! Katrina proved it. ALL of the disaster zone had rights, nobody helping them out of poopzone was accepting of their rights.

As a correction of the previous mistake, we should correct by damming the Mississippi river totally, above the area. If nobody instantly suggests a "valid" defense, they die. Along with the REST of the "unfortunate, as they have zero means to support themselves in our survey. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wzrd1 (talk • contribs) 06:30, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

This article is very badly constructed. The topic is ostensibly martial law, but there are few examples of martial law given - most are states of emergency.203.184.41.226 (talk) 03:55, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

Miscellaneous
From the article:

 * Studies have been recently produced for an Internet martial law, in order to prevent or prosecute eventual dangerous crimes that could be committed on or through the Internet for war, guerrilla or terrorism purposes.

Removed until someone can provide a cite supporting this.

--

Dec, bhuston: From the article:

 * Martial law is the system of laws and rules that take effect (usually after a formal declaration) instead of ordinary laws when a particular situation requires that a military authority takes control of the normal administration of justice (and usually of the whole state).

This says "Martial law takes effect when required". This has been removed for NPOV reasons. How can it be said that every declaration of ML was necessary?
 * another, probably more important, thing to say is that Martial Law is generally not a "system of laws and rules that take effect (usually after a formal declaration) instead of ordinary laws", but a complete absence of law. It is better described as "military rule" - see U.S. Supreme Court cases regarding "Martial Law" in the U.S. - Matthew238 07:50, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

marshal law was also declared 4 days befor 9-11-0167.80.129.11 23:04, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Is this right?
"The United States has been in a declared state of national emergency since March 9, 1933 (see Senate Report 93-549"

My browser crashes when I try and search the contents of the .pdf that is linked to, so I'm having trouble checking it.

Is this right? The sentence makes it sound like the U.S. has been in a continuous declared state of emergency since 1933. Sdr 19:51, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Technically correct, but an entirely stupid statement to make in an article on martial law. FDR's 1933 declaration of a state of emergency was so he could take control of the country's finances, the ability to do that was later revoked by congress in the 70's, mooting the point. In any case, what FDR put down in an EO is entirely pointless to a discussion about martial law, especially when you consider that it's a mooted EO, one of a kind that can't happen again. It may have also been sunsetted by congresses actions, but not too sure. I'm going to remove it. --69.136.240.8 11:38, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

Canadian example false?
The article says, "For many years the Canadian government could institute martial law through a piece of legislation known as the War Measures Act." But the articles on the War Measures Act and the October Crisis explicitly say that War Measures Act is not an example of martial law.

 * I don't know much about this, but it is possible that the War Measures Act, while allowing for martial law, was nt used to the maximum degree that constitutes martial law. So while it made it possible for martial law, it wasn't used that way.

New Orleans
Has martial law ever been invoked in the US before the New Orleans incident? 198.45.23.220 19:56, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

Could someone point to an actual reference of martial law being declared in New Orleans? The only such references I've seen are from half-assed journalists who spell it "marshall" law, which hardly speaks to their credibility.

Troops have been deployed to assist civil authorities. A curfew is in effect in certain areas. Neither of those two things means that martial law has been declared.

If martial law has been declared, it should be a trivial matter to find out who exactly declared it. Usually, that's the President of the US. I'd think such an announcement would be easy to corroborate, and yet I can find no confirmation from the usual news services. Searching CNN, ferinstance, yields nothing.

I'm removing that claim. --- left unsigned by User:68.81.82.213

Since people can't seem to be bothered to go to the linked page and read the report from the Times-Picayune, I'm reprinting it here:

Martial law clarified Tuesday, 9:02 p.m.

The state Attorney General's office on Tuesday sought to clarify reports in some media that "martial law' has been declared in parts of storm-ravaged southeast Louisiana, saying no such term exists in Louisiana law.

But even though no martial law exists, Gov. Kathleen Blanco's declaration of a state of emergency gives authorities widespread latitude to suspend civil liberties as they try to restore order and bring victims to safety. Under the Louisiana Homeland Security and Emergency Assistance and Disaster Act of 1993, the governor and, in some cases, chief parish officials, have the right to commandeer or utilize any private property if necessary to cope with the emergency.

Authorities may also suspend any statute related to the conduct of official business, or any rule issued by a state agency, if complying would "prevent, hinder or delay necessary action'' to mitigate the emergency.

It also gives authority the right to compel evacuations, suspend alcohol and weapons sales and make provisions for the availability and use of temporary emergency housing.

The law gives mayors similar authority, except they do not have the right to commandeer private property or make provisions for emergency housing, according to a background brief prepared by the state Attorney General's office.[]

Peyna 01:33:20, (UTC)

Does this sound like an oxymoron or a contradiction to anyone else? The New Orleans stub begins by stating the imposition of Matial Law by General Andrew Jackson in 1812; then, the sub-stub, "Hurricane Katrina", seems to be bogged down by semantics "because no such term exists in Louisiana state law," regardless of "New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin nominally declar[ing] 'martial law' and sa[ying] that 'officers don't have to worry about civil rights and Miranda rights in stopping the looters.'" What's going on? It sounds like people are writing tax codes or something. Not only was there a presence of armed military personnel (unrestrained by domestic law, or regard for the general welfare of citizens), but there were non-governmental Mercenaries who could not be restrained even under military code. What occured may have set a modern precedent of a neo-Martial Law. I respect the clarity and the great deal of research that goes into Wikipedia; however, I believe people need to refer to actions as to what they are. For instance, if a federal, state, or local law does not describe the act, in detail, of cutting off or the removal of a man's testicals, then, regardless, the act is still considered castration or "the making of a eunich or steer." Likewise, what occurred in Louisiana during the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina was, at least, Martial Law. I would like the wording of the sub-stub to be considered for revision.

 * Martial law was not declared. A state of emergency was declared. This is very different. The military assisted the civil authorities, which they can do with or without declarations of states of emergency.  Why is there any confusion here?203.184.41.226 (talk) 03:58, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

Vandalism?
Right now the article starts by reading "Martial law is COOL". But when you try to edit/clean it, the "cool" sentence does not show up at all. Is that a hacker trick?195.70.48.242 11:45, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, there was vandalism, but was probably corrected before you click the edit button. Peyna 12:27, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

the vandalism is back, now the phrase is he he he boobies, but it does not appear on the edit page ((unsigned contribution))

Looks like a similar situation. Keep in mind that a lot of people monitor the "recent changes" section, especially from unregistered users, so a lot of vandalism is caught literally seconds after it occurs. Reverting it is quite simple as well; just look at the history, select the version that is the non-vandalised version and then when that version of the page comes up, click "edit", make a note in the edit summary of what you are doing and click save page. (It will have a warning that you are editting an old version of the page).

The history page is a great resource for getting to the bottom of these kinds of events; you can easily compare any two past versions. If you look at it now, you will see that the vandalism to which you refer was corrected in one minute. Peyna 17:26, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

Who...
Who can declare Martial Law ? The president can as Commander in Chief of the US military.

On the state level, the Governor can call out all National Guard units in his/her state

On the local level, the County Sheriff's Office can only call out the one unit that is in the local National Guard Armory for aid.

Next time you see on the news about some disaster hitting some state, you will see National Guard soldiers on patrol, and/or aiding people, and/or forcibly restoring law and order. Usually, troops who are enforcing protocol regarding Martial Law, have shoot to kill orders to quell criminal actvities, civil disturbances. See General Funston, who, with the mayor of 1906 San Francisco, initiated Martial Law to forcibly quell the disorder that resulted from a earthquake that hit the city. These troops had shoot to kill orders to put a stop to the chaos. Martial Law 01:01, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Answer
One user asked about Martial Law being declared in the US before what happened in New Orleans. The answer is YES. Civil War,yes, the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, yes, to forcibly restore law and order, to stop rampant crime and looters, Hawaii, yes, until 1944, after Pearl Harbor was attacked in 1941. Please see the article. Martial Law 03:05, 3 January 2006 (UTC) martial law is not Big text   Big text   Big text   Big text woooooooh    at all because it helps us in our living example; there would be no people outside the home or street in 12:00 because when the military caught them there will be punished.........

The Wikipedia article is a mess of misinformation
Martial law essentially means the exercise of legislative or judicial powers by a military force. It is an opposite of civil law. Much of what the article talks about fails to maintain the proper distinction.

In the U.S., implementation of martial law would require the suspension or violation of multiple provisions of the constitution, which is by definition unconstitutional. Neither the president nor congress nor any of the States has the authority to declare actual martial law under any circumstances.

Ex parte Milligan had nothing to do with martial law, it merely dealt with the suspension of habeas corpus. Suspension of habeas corpus does not imply martial law. Suspension of habeas corpus is rather a constitutional provision consistent with civil law. Nothing in President Lincoln's 1863 proclamation involved any assignment of legislative or judicial powers, over civil matters, to the military.

When, in accordance with the constitutional provision, habeas corpus is suspended during certain emergencies, that only gives law enforcement (whether civilian police, military forces, or other) the power to hold people without trial until the civilian courts are functional and constitutionally legitimate civil trials can resume. It should be noted that suspension of habeas corpus does not give law enforcement itself the power to try or to sentence civilians. Those are judicial powers that the constitution forbids the executive branch (which the military is part of) from ever usurping.

Nor was The Posse Comitatus Act about martial law. It was a prohibition on the use of the federal military to perform law enforcement tasks within the states. This, doesn't directly deal with martial law either; although it does make it a bit more difficult for martial law to become established.

Using the military for civilian law enforcement is quite arguably constitutional; the military is a part of the executive branch of government, and one legitimate power of the executive branch is to oversee the enforcement of the nation's laws. The deeper issue motivating the passage of The Posse Comitatus Act was that the U.S. has a federal system, with powers divided between the national government and the States. Using national military forces for local law enforcement was considered by a great many people to infringe upon the power of each State to oversee the enforcement of laws within its own borders. Later acts placed limitations on the powers of the F.B.I. and other federal police for the same reason of protecting State's rights.

Anyway, the fact remains that neither the President nor Congress nor any State has any power to declare martial law. An actual declaration of martial law is illegal in the US as it categorically violates the supreme law of the land. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.18.81.31 (talk) 03:18, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

It could happen the way things are today.-Boba fett 32 (talk) 14:45, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Another 9-11 attack..
IF the US were to be attacked again, it is a good bet that Martial Law will be declared, mainly to forcibly preserve law and order, and to keep innocent foreign nationals from being attacked in retaliation for the attack. The Patriot Acts are as CLOSE to declaring Martial Law with out actually declaring Martial Law. Martial Law 23:35, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

para sa akin maganda panga ang martial law kasi walang lalaban sa gobyerno sa ganoong paraan napag tutuunan ng gobyerno ang problema ng bawat pilipino... nanggugulo lang naman ang oposisyon dahil ang gusto nila sila ang malagay asa pwesto at magamit ang pamahalaan sa pang sarling inrteres. madami ding balimbing tulad ni drilon,cory,guingona, at marami pa na sabik sa kapangyarihan... sinasabi lang ng ga oposisyon na hindi makatarungan ang martial law kasi hindi sila makakapag salita ng kasinungalingan at paninira sa gobyerno.. napaka ganda nga ng pamamahala ni gloria. talagang mahirap lang ang buhay ngayon at huwag natin isisi sa gobyerno ang kahirapan dahil tayo na mismi ang may kasalanan,,, BY;; hero18rovy's'loren

The above paragraph appears to be Korean.

I support the vigorous removal of so-called 'conspiracy' kinda comments from Wiki. My favorite is that the whole U.S. might be under martial law after a dirty bomb or something similar. Imagine how many troops and police it would take to contain a 'nation-wide' panic of 330 million over 3 million square miles! Martial law is not lawlessness and snipers running amok. It's control over a specific area to stop crime, not a stoppage of regular life (except in the case of evac). *rolls eyes*

Issues with Related Links
Many of the related links seem very biased; a majority seem to be (outrageous?) conspiracy theories regarding 9/11, others are (propaganda?) about "concentration camps" in the United States (at the very least, this terminology is absurd, never mind if the "martial law" article is the best place for this type of link). A couple link to simple Google searches - I don't think a Google search qualifies as a good Related Link, as anyone is clearly capable of a Google keyword search. Sites tend to be vaguely related to martial law at best, totally irrelevant and distracting at worst. I can see one or two links for the sake of being well-rounded, but there really is a flood of these very partisan and often unprofessional sites. I'm fairly new to the Wikipedia community - are there any general guidelines for the links section? Would trimming some of those excessive links be justified? Maybe a See Also... section linking to other Wikipedia articles is a better approach? See the "Concentration Camp" Wikipedia article - no questionable links - and that is the section many of these would be better suited for.

User:Android79 may have some recomendations. Please sign your statements w/ 3 ~ or 4 ~s. Martial Law 05:08, 14 January 2006 (UTC) Please find on my Userpage a list of wikipedia resources. Martial Law 05:09, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Jeff Rense
Find on Jeff Rense's Homepage, material concerning Martial Law and that ilk from time to time. Martial Law 05:11, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Here is two items of this nature:

 * Protest anything, go to jail
 * Another If you protest, you go to jail article

If these links are malfunctioning, go to www.rense.com. and see these articles:

"Create An E-Annoyance...Go To Jail for A Federal Crime" and "Bush To Criminalize Protesters Under Patriot Act"

Martial Law 05:41, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

Northern Ireland
I've removed the section on Northern Ireland. Martial Law has never been declared in Northern Ireland in modern times.

Can we have some citations to prove that martial law was ever declared in Troubles period, c.1968-1995? My recollection is that the troops were basically enforcing normally-passed laws (although some, like Internment, were more severe than laws usually found in peaceful places). People detained (other than internees) were also brought in front of civilian courts, not military ones, even though the Diplock courts were structured differently from ordinary courts in the rest of the UK (no juries). -- Arwel (talk) 20:49, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

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The Examples in Movies beginning
Er, do we really want Movie examples right at the start of the article, talk about "clutching at straws". Shouldn't that sort of information be at the end of an article, In fact it doesn't even sound wiki-like, I don't know much about editing wikipedia, but that does look wrong. anyone? Ryan4314 05:27, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * That section by all means needs to be moved to the end of the article and heavily revised--Tabun1015 14:19, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * It looks bad and is totally unncessary. Id propose removing it altogether, it just makes the article look unprofessional. TSMonk 05:12, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Can't Believe this hasn't been sorted yet, this section was added by a guy called GamerSD on the 29th of January. I'm going to delete it, but if anyone else sees a reason while it should stay in please put it back. My point is, if I delete it and someone goes out of their way to put it back, then obviously there's at least some reason why it should stay. If no one puts it back I really don't think the article will suffer. Ryan4314 23:38, 26 February 2007 (UTC)

Shoot To Kill Orders
In the US and some other nations, when Martial Law is declared, the military and police forces do indeed have orders to kill anyone committing any crimes. In 1906, a General Funston exercised this order after San Francisco was destroyed in a major earthquake. For example, if people are seen looting a store, house, they are shot and killed on site by any police and/or military patrols in the area. Can this be placed ? Martial Law 20:30, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I remember watching a show about the San Francisco Earthquake, and I recall them stating that General Funston acted without orders, and that the shooting of looters (or bystanders who were in the way), was little more than a bunch of disorganized soldiers shooting at whatever moved. There was no declaration of martial law, although many people assumed that it had been declared, which is probably what you are thinking of.--Tabun1015 02:56, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Here is a link that shows what I'm talking about.--Tabun1015 23:11, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

I have removed an entry plagued with typographical errors and devoid of any capitalization and most sentence structure. Additionally, the removed paragraphs contained many more opinions than they did facts. Though the information presented in the entry was not completely incoherent, Wikipedia is a formal information source and, thus, such informal entries as that should not remain. Please make an effort to proofread all future entries for misspellings, grammatical errors, and informality.

Pakistan??? 11/03/2007
Should pakistan be added to the list? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.21.211.86 (talk) 19:13, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Section on India
The current content of the section on India is ridiculous and the same has no connection with the concept of Martial law. Such contents reflect poorly on the credibility of wikipedia. Sometimes such contents continue to remain on the Free Encyclopedia as other editors don't want to tread in the mess. --Bhadani (talk) 14:50, 4 November 2007 (UTC) -I agree. After a terrorist attack, a so called red alert is issued in order to launch a man hunt. It is in no way similar to martial law. The emergency clause of the Indian constitution cannot be invoked that easily. If emergency is declared according to this article, then how do you explain that there would be reporters on the scene and any and all kinds of political dissent is allowed? It wasn't even declared during the Indo-Pakistan and Indo-China wars since the war had been limited to the border areas and there was NO anarchy within the country.And HOW exactly are the actions of the British Raj and General Dyer (ie before 1947) be termed as the actions of the Republic of India??? Emergency was declared in India only ONCE between 1975 and 1977. The rest of the information is plain wrong.Andy anno (talk) 01:01, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

I second that. The whole section needs to be revamped. India has to mean the Republic in this context and the 'NOTE:-' is appallingly uncharacteristic of WP.--Sayitaintsojoe (talk) 19:01, 6 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I have surrendered, and have stopped effective editing of wikipedia! Kindly try to contact other editors who may be interested to show better spirit and courage, as I do not want to make myself indecent in the company of vested wikipedians. --Bhadani (talk) 17:15, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

I have taken the commented-out text on India out of the article, since it was confusing the sub-section on Egypt. It is repeated below: Keepitshort (talk) 14:25, 20 June 2009 (UTC)

<!-- ===India===

Martial law in India is different from the rest of the world. According to the Indian Constitution, during peacetime, governmental and the people's interests are under the control of the Prime Minister, Parliament, and the Supreme Court, but all armed forces (except police, which are under the control of the Home Ministry and the respective state governments) are under the direct control of the Department of Defence and the President (who also controls the national guard and paramilitary forces). In case of an Emergency being declared in accordance with article 352 of the Indian Constitution, all armed forces, reserve forces, and paramilitary forces, along with the Department of Defence, come under the strict orders of the President, while police, home ministry, law department, and government comes under strict control of the Prime Minister (without any intervention by Parliament and the Supreme Court). In such a crisis, solving an issue/problem, stabilizing the nation, and defence are considered higher priorities than the people's interest. In this situation, the Fundamental Rights may be suspended as well though in recent years, the Supreme Court has ruled that some of the rights may never be suspended.

In case of an environmental crisis, a limited terrorist attack, or limited war, the Indian government declares states of alert in the vicinity of the area in which the emergency relief forces of the Indian Armed Forces, the Home Guard, and the police are coordinated by the Government of India. However Fundamental Rights are NOT suspended.

The British Indian Colonial Government declared martial law many times in order to suppress the Indian freedom movement.
 * 1) April 13 1919 - After General Reginald Dyer fires upon a crowd of protesters in Amritsar, Punjab, where 379(official),>1000(unofficial and subsequent investigations) are killed, Martial Law is declared throughout Punjab.
 * 2) During the various points of the freedom struggle like the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Quit India Movement in 1942

So far, Indian government declared State of Emergency according to article 352 only once after independence:-
 * 1) 1975 - Indira Gandhi declared a state of emergency between 25 June 1975–21 March 1977.

There have been numerous 'states of alert' being declared in the history of Independent India NOTE:- Indian government declares state of emergency during any crisis that is administered as terrorist activity.
 * 1) 1984 December - Bhopal disaster caused by leak of methyl isocyanate gas. Thousands are killed immediately, many more subsequently die or are left disabled.
 * 2) 1999 October - Cyclone devastates eastern state of Orissa, leaving at least 10,000 dead.
 * 3) 2001 January - Massive earthquakes hit the western state of Gujarat, leaving at least 30,000 dead.
 * 4) 2004 December - Thousands are killed when tidal waves, caused by a powerful undersea earthquake off the Indonesian coast, devastate coastal communities in the south and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 * 5) 2005 July - More than 1,000 people are killed in floods and landslides caused by monsoon rains in Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra region.
 * 6) 2005 8 October - An earthquake, with its epicenter in Pakistani-administered Kashmir, kills more than 1,000 people in Indian-administered Kashmir.
 * 1) 2003 August - At least 50 people are killed in two simultaneous bomb blasts in Bombay. Also, bombs kill 62 people in Delhi.
 * 2) 2006 14 people are killed by bomb blasts in the Hindu pilgrimage city of Varanasi.
 * 3) 2006 May - Suspected Islamic militants kill 35 Hindus in the worst attacks in Indian-administered Kashmir for several months.
 * 4) 2006 11 July - More than 180 people are killed in bomb attacks on rush-hour trains in Mumbai. Investigators blame Islamic militants based in Pakistan.
 * 5) 2006 8 September - Explosions outside a mosque in the western town of Malegaon kill at least 31 people.
 * 6) 2007 18 February - 68 passengers, most of them Pakistanis, are killed by bomb blasts and a blaze on a train traveling from New Delhi to the Pakistani city of Lahore.

For further reading please browse through BBC Archives in South Asia section, relating to India. -->

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 11:29, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

"other countries"?
Other than what? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.126.248.156 (talk) 20:31, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

United states in martial law right now.
Read http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2008/06/20080626-4.html that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.92.216.106 (talk) 09:27, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Definition?
Where is the definition of martial law in the article?... WinterSpw (talk) 07:00, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Please visit Martial Law for a definition of the term and for several examples of it throughout history.

Schenectady, NY
True martial law is not something that the mayor of Schenectady, NY has the power to impose or invoke. The only one who might be able to do so would be the governor of the state, and even that is questionable. I think this is just political hype and I vote for it to be removed from this page unless anything more substantial or factual can be added. Mullaneywt (talk) 20:03, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

I'm having trouble finding anything about it on the times union (the large local newspaper). Seems like this comes from "slow newsday" type of report. I agree it is political posturing, hasn't happened, and is a diversion from the subject of the article. Remove. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.76.32.19 (talk) 17:01, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I thought the same thing when I read it. I'm removing it. Orange Suede Sofa  (talk) 18:15, 24 December 2010 (UTC)

Who is Norman Olsen?
And why is he being quoted in this article? All that is stated in this article tells me that he is one individual who made a statement to Congress -- possibly a fringe opinion which lacks any context or justification for being notable. Not even in American right-wing circles. This quotation even lacks a source -- which means it can be deleted simply for being an unattributed statement. -- llywrch (talk) 03:44, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Canadian Example in the opening paragraph
I feel as though the example given for Canada with the October Crisis is inaccurate. The War Measures Act was NOT introduced to stabilize the government after a Financial Crisis as the article would seem to imply.

It was introduced after a request from the Quebec Government (Using a mechanism QUITE different from the WMA) for help in dealing with a coming insurrection. I plan on changing this unless someone can tell me why this is worded this way? Dphilp75 (talk) 21:09, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * You can reorganize as you please, so long as these basic facts remain clear:

 * On October 15:
 * At 14:00, Robert Bourassa announces that he has requested the Canadian army to help the police protect politicians and public buildings. (He makes this request under the terms of the National Defence Act, not the War Measures Act.)
 * On October 16, at 4:00, the federal cabinet proclaims the existence of an apprehended insurrection and issues a decree granting exceptional powers to the police under the War Measures Act. The result is the temporary suspension of Quebecers' civil liberties, which is followed by a series of arrests and searches without warrant.
 * -- Mathieugp (talk) 15:39, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * My first thought is to sum all that up with a sentence along the lines of "In Canada in 1970 in response to a different mechanisim used by the Premier of Quebec" with links to the October Crisis page as it contains all of the above information? Dphilp75 (talk) 17:35, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * The sentence: "or stabilize government following economic crisis (The October Crisis - Canada 1970)." is plain wrong and can be just removed in my opinion. Besides, the War Measures Act was not the same as invoking martial law. Some of the effects are possibly the same, but the means is not the same. As for the army being in Quebec under the National Defence Act, that has even less to do with Martial law per se. I think anything we add to this page should go under the heading Canada. -- Mathieugp (talk) 19:32, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree the sentence can be removed; That was sorta what I was getting at! ;) And I think that simply using the phrase "different mechanism" is sufficent rather than explain that it was under the NDA, since, again, that is discussed on the October Crisis page (I would include a link to it) but I am happy to leave it in if you think it's that important..
 * But I wonder if you could explain how the War Measures Act *ISN'T/WASN'T* Martial Law in every sense but perhaps the name? It suspended Civil Liberties, gave the Government the ability to take direct control of the Army over from Quebec, thereby superseding the NDA statute and even allowed people in British Columbia to be arrested! Dphilp75 (talk) 23:51, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * What I suggested basically was to remove the sentence and replace it with... white space. :-) I agree that the proclamation of the WMA had the same effect as martial law from the perspective of citizens who were arrested. I am actually not informed about people in BC who were arrested. Where can I read more about this? -- Mathieugp (talk) 02:53, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Oxford, Mississippi
Need citation for this. Can't find any references to it on google.

Oxford, Mississippi during Civil Rights Era
During the US Civil Rights Era, after an African American was admitted to the University of Mississippi, a major riot broke out involving residents and students against the US Marshals who were protecting James Meredith. Residents knew the Army had been dispatched to assist, so they took down street signs to hinder the Army's progress. Once daylight came, the Army was able to navigate their way to the University and dispel the remaining rioters. As a result, Oxford was placed, by order of Congress and President John F. Kennedy under Martial Law for 1 year as a punishment and to allow the Army to enforce James' enrollment at the University. It was the only US city in the 20th Century to be placed under full Martial Law.

Roadrunner (talk) 23:42, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

Copyright problem
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2011 Egyptian Revolution
There is arguably a distinction between a civilian "state of emergency" which was put in place by the (formally) civilian Egyptian government in 1981 and in place for thirty years, versus the military state of "martial law" which was de facto declared by vice president Omar Suleiman, on behalf of the president, as the presidential powers were transferred from the former president Hosni Mubarak to the supreme military council of Egypt and thus concluded the 2011 Egyptian Revolution. The supreme council then dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution for at least six months or until general elections could be held. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.176.226.32 (talk) 19:43, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

A military council purporting to suspend the constitution - which it has no legal power to do - is simply a military coup. It has nothing to do with martial law.

Rewrite Article: Distinguish Martial Law from State of Emergency.
I agree with those saying that this article needs to be completely rewritten as it messes up the civillian notion of a "state of emergency" with the military notion of "martial law". Those two circumstances needs their own two different articles on wikipedia. As people have pointed out it is not even legal under the constitution of most countries to declare martial law. Rather, martial law is only used in the utmost extreme circumstances such as a Coup de Etat, within a Revolution or after a territorial takeover in a war. It basically means the complete cancellation of the entire civil governmental structure, including the civillian police forces, the courts, the parliamentary system with any written or custom laws including the constitution. This is extremely serious circumstances when the military framework expands to comprise the entire territory. In other words, this is when the Generals rule the land as they whish and delegate powers back and forth to former civilian institutions as they whish and making the rules as they go through military communiques. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.176.226.32 (talk) 20:29, 13 February 2011 (UTC)

"The War Measures Act was a Canadian statute that allowed the donkeys in the government"
"The War Measures Act was a Canadian statute that allowed the donkeys in the government"

That can't be right can it? Donkeys? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.163.250.68 (talk) 06:00, 18 September 2011 (UTC)

United State, section about NDAA 2012 is incorrect
This: ''At least two American lawmakers have stated on the record that, in their opinion, Section 1031 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 legalizes or authorizes martial law in the United States. Senator Mark Udall stated "These provisions raise serious questions as to who we are as a society and what our Constitution seeks to protect...Section 1031 essentially repeals the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878 by authorizing the U.S. military to perform law enforcement functions on American soil."[14]''

Is clearly outdated and / or incorrect. If you read the text of the bill that was signed into law you find that section 1031 concerns itself with requirements on SecDef for quarterly briefings to congress. As it stands, this paragraph pushes a fringe theory or just inaccuracies. I propose deleting it completely. Any objections?

SherwoodAndersson (talk) 16:52, 7 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Two and a half years have passed since the proposal above. I see that no objections were expressed. I also see that the content at issue is still present in the article. Was present, I should say; I have justt WP:BOLDly removed it. I'm no expert, but it does seem incorrect and/or outdated. I've also read some in NDAA 2013#Feinstein-Lee Amendment which appears to impact this. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 04:22, 28 July 2015 (UTC)

Boston 2013
Should the recent implementation of martial law in Boston be included in here? I'm having trouble finding sources that aren't spun in an asinine Infowars-style way, but a transcript of the 2013-04-17 Deval Patrick briefing from a reliable source would work fine. ExtremeSquared (talk) 17:14, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I was just looking here to see if there were any sources other than Infowars/Natural News/crazy websites that were calling it "martial law." I could find NONE with a Google search, probably because it wasn't martial law the way *I* have always understood martial law to be (IANAL).  I found no legal discussion on the internet of "martial law" in Boston, and you can bet if there were real martial law implemented, there'd be tons of lawyers arguing over it. But I'm going to keep looking, because I'm tired of crazies on the internet. (Futile pursuit, I know.)  98.230.21.139 (talk) 00:30, 24 April 2013 (UTC)

Martial law is a contradiction is any event - military rule in outside the law. The military in Boston may have behaved illegally - that would be martial law in practice. Incidentally why does the article on New Orleans state martial law was declared, then say it doesn't exist, but a state of emergency was declared? This article is about martial law, not states of emergency. The entire section should be deleted.203.184.41.226 (talk) 03:52, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

I've found no official sources or statements calling it martial law either. It seems to be a stretch to call it martial law, but it's a stretch that some appear willing to make in order to further a political message of government overreach. I'm in agreement that it should be deleted as, without sourcing, it does not contribute to the historical series of martial law instances and the Boston 2013 manhunt does not appear to fit the definition of martial law. Additionally the entry in its current form does not contain a full, or even a crude, explanation of the situation. I've tagged it with citation needed in the interim. Rbansley (talk) 16:04, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

I've removed the Boston martial law entry for the reasons I listed above. Should a reliable source be listed with a new entry, then it would likely make sense to include the entry, but it should not be sneaked in within the Katrina entry. Rbansley (talk) 23:32, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, somebody put the Boston statement back in, without any support whatsoever. At what point does dumping unsupported stuff into this article become vandalism? Poihths (talk) 02:54, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

 * The Gov Patrick briefing would probably be a valid source. In the briefing, measures are outlined which fall in line with the definition of martial law in the header of this article. The fact that de facto martial law was declared, rather than explicit martial law puts the Boston section in a grey area. It's going to be a touchy section to write encyclopaedically. ExtremeSquared (talk) 20:15, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

History of the term
I am disappointed that there is no description of the etymology, or history, of the Martial Law. When was the term first used? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.160.216.254 (talk) 02:02, 20 May 2013 (UTC)

The 1938 Maytag Strike
The Governor of Iowa declared martial law in Newton, Iowa in 1938 to allow reopening of the Maytag plant there. This was a historic labor dispute that was ultimately settled as a result of martial law. For background information see Franklin Bechly who was Iowa State Judge for this case. Eyeze (talk) 12:40, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

Precision of the Definition
It seems to me that the definition is imprecise; perhaps not up to the standards of precision some might wish for on Wikipedia. The definition assumes that the country where Martial Law is being implemented *has* executive, legislative or judicial branches in the first place. Clearly, Martial Law can be implemented in any country - not just in, for example, America.

68.197.52.34 (talk) 14:04, 2 January 2016 (UTC)

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Syria: martial law vs exceptional state
Martial law is sometimes confused with the state of emergency. There are conflicting information of Wikipedia for the status and history of these e.g. for Syria: Martial_law vs State_of_emergency. It should be revised. —Mykhal (talk) 19:07, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

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Martial law
Aren't certain provinces of Italy currently under martial law due to the Coronavirus? Alyssapa7 (talk) 13:47, 16 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Effectively, yes though I don't know if it's been stated as such by the government. --Hammersoft (talk) 14:00, 16 March 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 19 March 2022
Martial law definition;

Please change:

"temporary imposition of direct military control of normal civil functions **or** suspension of civil law by a government,"

To:

"temporary imposition of direct military control of normal civil functions **and** suspension of civil law by a government,"

Reason:

The current definition is leading users to believe that any temporary suspension of any civil law, without military involvement, is by definition "martial law". Canfacts (talk) 01:46, 19 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 12:34, 19 March 2022 (UTC)
 * The links provided at the end of the definition section of the article are authoritative and suit the purpose. Neither of those links indicates that a temporary suspension of civil law is necessarily martial law.
 * First, existing link from the definition section in the article (citation 1)
 * Second existing link from the definition section in the article (citation 2)
 * Numerous other sources make it plain the involvement of the military replacing normal functions of civil government is considered martial law, temporary suspension of civil law without involvement of the military is would not be martial law. The word "martial" in martial law refers to military involvement.
 * I feel the best citation to include would be the US Department of Justice description of martial law even though it is related to a specific country.
 * https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/martial-law-times-civil-disorder
 * https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/martial-law
 * https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/martial-law#:~:text=martial%20law-,noun,remains%20firmly%20under%20martial%20law.
 * https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100136805 Canfacts (talk) 15:56, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

Government
The take over of political control by armed forces is known as — Preceding unsigned comment added by 105.112.182.79 (talk) 13:00, 3 April 2022 (UTC)

What about Russia?
Nothing on martial law in Russia?

 * "Vladimir Putin may declare martial law in Russia. Here's what it would mean for Russians", USA Today
 * But "No plans to introduce martial law in Russia — Putin", March 5th, tass.com.

There are a number of recent examples of martial law in Ukraine, but aren't there similar recent examples in Russia? --Azurfrog (talk) 20:55, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

Poland - unsourced POV
Note: Since this is a request for removal of unsourced (and weaseled) POV, I believe it should be uncontroversial - especially given the absence of analogous 'current public-opinion povs' in other sections on this page. 86.132.54.27 (talk) 15:51, 12 August 2022 (UTC) 86.132.54.27 (talk) 16:35, 12 August 2022 (UTC)

Poland
currently concludes with three two sentences of unsourced POV/ claims (not, as far as I can see, imported from either of the 'main articles', Martial law in Poland / Polish People's Republic): "Contemporary Polish society is divided in opinion on the necessity of introducing martial law in 1981. It is viewed by some as a lesser evil that was necessary to stop a potential Soviet military intervention as the Warsaw Pact, which Poland signed in 1955, enabled other Eastern Bloc countries to intervene if they believed that communism was in danger." Imo, this content needs either to be reliably sourced or trimmed (especially, perhaps, given the absence of any such content on either of the much more extensive 'main articles'). If it were to be retained, please note the weasel expression, "viewed by some", as well as the lack of provision of any alternative pov. 86.180.70.10 (talk) 15:00, 11 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: While I agree with the intentions, I'm not sure how I should change it. This can fall under Unclear: X-Y. If you're also unsure you could start a consensus discussion. Aaron Liu (talk) 13:58, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

PR of Poland opposition
While its a fact that PR of Poland was an authoritarian regime, Solidarity movement was not the only democratic opposition. Alliance of Democrats (Poland) which was one of the only legal non-communist parties in an eastern bloc country had a relative mobility until martial law within the single-coalition regime. Comrade-yutyo (talk) 10:47, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Advanced Legal Research
— Assignment last updated by Simmsmls (talk) 18:08, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

Etymology
I just wanted to know where the term originated in an etymological sense. This page features no such section. For instance I thought original that it was "marshal" law named after some fellow named marshal. Similar to the term McCarthyism during the red scare but it is indeed "martial" which i've always thought of as a verb for example to "martial your troops". I guess the term martial law means to "martial the civilians" but i am curious if this conclusion is correct or if there is a different origin for this term. If someone sees this, i beleive this section would be a great contribution to this article. 2604:2D80:BA81:3C00:88C1:FC0:6027:64AC (talk) 01:59, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

 * From ChatGPT, FWIW:
 * The term "martial law" has its roots in the Latin language. The word "martial" is derived from "Mars," who was the Roman god of war. In Latin, "martialis" means "pertaining to Mars" or "warlike." The term "martial law" thus reflects a legal system that is associated with military authority and control.
 * Tfdavisatsnetnet (talk) 02:14, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 June 2023
Please add the Canadian liberal governments 2022 invocation of the emergencies act (formally war measures act) data to the Canadian history section of the page. Sources are current and plentyful as such I have no included specifics for wording or reference. That is for an editor to decide. 2605:8D80:420:7A41:CC6A:243:C11F:3F63 (talk) 07:48, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Actualcpscm (talk) 16:41, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

Cconstitutional right v. power
The article states: While many countries, the United States for example, do not have the explicit constitutional right to declare martial law, scholars often interpret the law of the United States to allow for the implementation of martial law in times of necessity.

The problem with this statement is that under US constitutional legal philosophy the Federal government has no rights, it only has powers. I see that the sentence begins with 'many countries' but it is mainly about the US. I propose that 'right' be changed to 'power'. Tfdavisatsnetnet (talk) 02:10, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Martial law


text:
Madison County

Madison County may refer to one of twenty counties in the United States, almost all of which are named for James Madison:

 * Madison County, Alabama
 * Madison County, Arkansas
 * Madison County, Florida
 * Madison County, Georgia
 * Madison County, Idaho
 * Madison County, Illinois
 * Madison County, Indiana
 * Madison County, Iowa
 * Madison County, Kentucky, originally Madison County, Virginia (1785–1792)
 * Madison Parish, Louisiana
 * Madison County, Mississippi
 * Madison County, Missouri
 * Madison County, Montana
 * Madison County, Nebraska
 * Madison County, New York
 * Madison County, North Carolina
 * Madison County, Ohio
 * Madison County, Tennessee
 * Madison County, Texas
 * Madison County, Virginia (established 1792)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Madison County


text:
Caroline of Ansbach

Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach (Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline; 1 March 1683 – 20 November 1737) was Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and Electress of Hanover from 11 June 1727 until her death in 1737 as the wife of King George II.

Caroline's father, Margrave John Frederick of Brandenburg-Ansbach, belonged to a branch of the House of Hohenzollern and was the ruler of a small German state, the Principality of Ansbach. After Caroline was orphaned at a young age, she moved to the enlightened court of her guardians, King Frederick I and Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia. At the Prussian court, her previously limited education was widened and she adopted the liberal outlook possessed by Sophia Charlotte, who became her good friend and whose views influenced Caroline all her life.

When she was a young woman, Caroline was much sought-after as a bride. After rejecting the suit of Archduke Charles of Austria, a claimant to the Spanish throne, she married George Augustus, who was third in line to the English throne (and subsequently the British throne) and heir apparent to the Electorate of Hanover. They had eight children, seven of whom reached adulthood. Caroline moved to Britain permanently in 1714 when her husband became Prince of Wales. As Princess of Wales she joined George Augustus in rallying political opposition to his father, King George I. In 1717, after a family row, George Augustus was expelled from court. Caroline came to be associated with Robert Walpole, an opposition politician who was a former government minister. Walpole rejoined the government in 1720, and George Augustus reconciled publicly with his father on Walpole's advice. Over the next few years Walpole rose to become the leading minister.

Upon her husband's accession in 1727, Caroline became queen and electress, and her eldest son, Frederick, became Prince of Wales. He was a focus for the opposition, like his father before him, and Caroline's relationship with him was strained. As princess and as queen, Caroline was known for her political influence, which she exercised both through and for Walpole. Her tenure included four regencies, which occurred during George II's stays in Hanover; she is credited with strengthening the House of Hanover's place in Britain during a period of political instability. After her death in 1737, Caroline was widely mourned by her political allies as well as by the King, who refused to remarry.

Early life
Caroline was born on 1 March 1683 at Ansbach, the daughter of John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, and his second wife, Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach. Her father was the ruler of one of the smallest German states; he died of smallpox at the age of 32, when Caroline was three years old. Caroline and her only full sibling, her younger brother Margrave William Frederick, left Ansbach with their mother, who returned to her native Eisenach. In 1692, Caroline's widowed mother was pushed into an unhappy marriage with the Elector of Saxony, and she and her two children moved to the Saxon court at Dresden. Eleonore Erdmuthe was widowed again two years later, after her unfaithful husband contracted smallpox from his mistress. Eleonore remained in Saxony for another two years, until her death in 1696. The orphaned Caroline and William Frederick returned to Ansbach to stay with their elder half-brother, Margrave George Frederick II. George Frederick was a youth with little interest in parenting a girl, and so Caroline soon moved to Lützenburg outside Berlin, where she entered into the care of her new guardians, Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg, and his wife, Sophia Charlotte, who had been a friend of Eleonore Erdmuthe.

Education
Frederick and Sophia Charlotte became king and queen of Prussia in 1701. The Queen was the daughter of Sophia, Dowager Electress of Hanover, and the sister of George, Elector of Hanover. She was renowned for her intelligence and strong character, and her uncensored and liberal court attracted a great many scholars, including philosopher Gottfried Leibniz. Caroline was exposed to a lively intellectual environment quite different from anything she had experienced previously. Before she began her education under Sophia Charlotte's care, Caroline had received little formal education; her handwriting remained poor throughout her life. With her lively mind, Caroline developed into a scholar of considerable ability. She and Sophia Charlotte developed a strong relationship in which Caroline was treated as a surrogate daughter; the Queen once declared Berlin was "a desert" without Caroline whenever she left temporarily for Ansbach.

Marriage
An intelligent and attractive woman, Caroline was much sought-after as a bride. Dowager Electress Sophia called her "the most agreeable Princess in Germany". She was considered for the hand of Archduke Charles of Austria, who was a candidate for the throne of Spain and later became Holy Roman Emperor. Charles made official overtures to her in 1703, and the match was encouraged by King Frederick of Prussia. After some consideration, Caroline refused in 1704, as she would not convert from Lutheranism to Catholicism. Early in the following year, Queen Sophia Charlotte died on a visit to her native Hanover. Caroline was devastated, writing to Leibniz, "The calamity has overwhelmed me with grief and sickness, and it is only the hope that I may soon follow her that consoles me."

In June 1705, Sophia Charlotte's nephew Prince George Augustus of Hanover visited the Ansbach court, supposedly incognito, to inspect Caroline, as his father the Elector did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he himself had. The nephew of three childless uncles, George Augustus was under pressure to marry and father an heir to prevent endangering the Hanoverian succession. He had heard reports of Caroline's "incomparable beauty and mental attributes". He immediately took a liking to her "good character" and the British envoy reported that George Augustus "would not think of anybody else after her". For her part, Caroline was not fooled by the prince's disguise, and found her suitor attractive. He was the heir apparent of his father's Electorate of Hanover and third-in-line to the English throne, then held by his distant cousin Queen Anne, after his grandmother Dowager Electress Sophia and his father the Elector.

On 22 August 1705, Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding to George Augustus; they were married that evening in the palace chapel at Herrenhausen. By May of the following year, Caroline was pregnant, and her first child Prince Frederick was born on 20 January 1707. A few months after the birth, in July, Caroline fell seriously ill with smallpox followed by pneumonia. Her baby was kept away from her, but George Augustus remained devotedly at her side, catching the infection himself. They both survived. Over the next seven years, Caroline had three more children, Anne, Amelia, and Caroline, all of whom were born in Hanover.

George Augustus and Caroline had a successful and loving marriage, though he continued to keep mistresses, as was customary for the time. Caroline was aware of his infidelities; they were well known and he told her about them himself. His two best-known mistresses were Henrietta Howard, later Countess of Suffolk, and, beginning in 1735, Amalie von Wallmoden, Countess of Yarmouth. Howard was one of Caroline's Women of the Bedchamber and became Mistress of the Robes when her husband inherited a peerage in 1731; she retired in 1734. In contrast with George Augustus and his mother, Sophia Dorothea, Caroline was known for her marital fidelity; she never made any embarrassing scenes nor did she take lovers. She preferred her husband's mistresses to be her ladies-in-waiting so that she could keep a closer eye on them.

After the union of England and Scotland in 1707, the succession of George Augustus's family to the united British throne was confirmed but insecure, since Queen Anne's half-brother James Stuart contested the Hanoverian claim, and Anne had fallen out with Dowager Electress Sophia. The Queen refused permission for any of the Hanoverians to visit Britain in her lifetime. Caroline wrote to Leibniz, "I accept the comparison which you draw, though all too flattering, between me and Queen Elizabeth as a good omen. Like Elizabeth, the Electress's rights are denied her by a jealous sister [Queen Anne], and she will never be sure of the English crown until her accession to the throne." In June 1714, Sophia died in Caroline's arms at the age of 83, and Caroline's father-in-law became Queen Anne's heir presumptive. Just weeks later, Anne died, and the Elector of Hanover was proclaimed her successor, becoming George I of Great Britain.

Princess of Wales
George Augustus sailed to England in September 1714, and Caroline and two of her daughters followed in October. Her journey across the North Sea from The Hague to Margate was the only sea voyage she took in her life. Their young son, Prince Frederick, remained in Hanover for the rest of George I's reign, and was brought up by private tutors.

On the accession of George I in 1714, George Augustus automatically became Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay. Shortly afterwards, he was invested as Prince of Wales, whereupon Caroline became Princess of Wales. She was the first woman to receive the title at the same time as her husband received his. She was also the first Princess of Wales in over two hundred years, the previous one being Catherine of Aragon in the 16th century. Since George I had repudiated his wife, Sophia Dorothea of Celle, in 1694 before he became King of Great Britain, there was no queen consort, and Caroline was therefore the highest-ranking woman in the kingdom. George Augustus and Caroline made a concerted effort to "anglicise" by getting to know England's language, people, politics and customs. Two separate and very different courts developed: the old king's court had German courtiers and government ministers, while the Wales's court attracted English nobles who were out of favour with the King, and was considerably more popular with the British people. George Augustus and Caroline gradually became centres of the political opposition to the King.

Two years after their arrival in England, Caroline suffered a stillbirth, which her friend the Countess of Bückeburg blamed on the incompetence of English doctors, but the following year she had another son, Prince George William, in November. At the baptism, George Augustus fell out with his father over the choice of godparents, leading to the couple's placement under house arrest at St James's Palace prior to their banishment from court. Caroline was originally allowed to stay with their children, but refused as she believed her place was with George Augustus. The couple moved into Leicester House, while their children remained in the care of the King. Caroline fell sick with worry, and fainted during a secret visit to her children made without the King's approval. By January, the King had relented and allowed Caroline unrestricted access. In February, Prince George William fell ill, and the King allowed both George Augustus and Caroline to see him at Kensington Palace without any conditions. When the baby died, a post-mortem was conducted to prove that the cause of death was disease (a polyp on the heart) rather than the separation from his mother. Further tragedy occurred in 1718, when she miscarried at Richmond Lodge, her country residence, after being startled by a violent storm. Over the next few years, Caroline had three more children: William, Mary and Louise. In July 1725, her 11th and final pregnancy ended in a second miscarriage.

Leicester House became a frequent meeting place for the ministry's political opponents. Caroline struck up a friendship with politician Sir Robert Walpole, a former minister in the Whig government who led a disgruntled faction of the party. In April 1720, Walpole's wing of the Whig party reconciled with the governing wing, and Walpole and Caroline helped to effect a reconciliation between the King and George Augustus for the sake of public unity. Caroline wanted to regain her three eldest daughters, who remained in the care of the King, and thought the reconciliation would lead to their return, but negotiations came to nothing. George Augustus came to believe that Walpole had tricked him into the reconciliation as part of a scheme to gain power. The prince was isolated politically when Walpole's Whigs joined the government, and Leicester House played host to literary figures and wits, such as John Arbuthnot and Jonathan Swift, rather than politicians. Arbuthnot told Swift that Caroline had enjoyed his Gulliver's Travels, particularly the tale of the crown prince who wore one high-heel and one low-heel in a country where the King and his party wore low heels, and the opposition wore high ones: a barely veiled reference to the political leanings of the Prince of Wales.

Caroline's intellect far outstripped her husband's, and she read avidly. She established an extensive library at St James's Palace. As a young woman, she corresponded with Gottfried Leibniz, the intellectual colossus who was courtier and factotum to the House of Hanover. She later facilitated the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence, arguably the most important philosophy of physics discussion of the 18th century. She helped to popularise the practice of variolation (an early type of immunisation), which had been witnessed by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Charles Maitland in Constantinople. At the direction of Caroline, six condemned prisoners from Newgate Prison were offered the chance to undergo variolation instead of execution: they all survived, as did six orphan children given the same treatment as a further test. Convinced of its medical value, Caroline had her children Amelia, Caroline and Frederick inoculated against smallpox in the same manner. In praising her support for smallpox inoculation, Voltaire wrote of her, "I must say that despite all her titles and crowns, this princess was born to encourage the arts and the well-being of mankind; even on the throne she is a benevolent philosopher; and she has never lost an opportunity to learn or to manifest her generosity."

Queen consort and regent
On George I's death in 1727, George Augustus ascended as George II and Caroline became queen consort. George II and Caroline's coronation was held at Westminster Abbey on 11 October that year. Though George II denounced Walpole as a "rogue and rascal" over the terms of the reconciliation with his father, Caroline advised her husband to retain Walpole as the leading minister. Walpole commanded a substantial majority in Parliament and George II had little choice but to accept him or risk ministerial instability. Walpole secured a civil list payment of £100,000 a year for Caroline, and she was given both Somerset House and Richmond Lodge. Courtier Lord Hervey called Walpole "the Queen's minister" in recognition of their close relationship. For the next ten years, Caroline had immense influence. She persuaded the King to adopt policies at the behest of Walpole, and persuaded Walpole against taking inflammatory actions. Caroline had absorbed the liberal opinions of her mentor, Queen Sophia Charlotte of Prussia, and supported clemency for the Jacobites (supporters of the rival Stuart claim to the throne), freedom of the press, and freedom of speech in Parliament.

Over the next few years, the King and Queen fought a constant battle against their eldest son, Frederick, Prince of Wales, who had been left behind in Germany when they came to England. He joined the family in 1728, by which time he was an adult, had mistresses and debts, and was fond of gambling and practical jokes. He opposed his father's political beliefs, and complained of his lack of influence in government. The Regency Act 1728 made Caroline rather than Frederick regent when her husband was in Hanover for five months from May 1729. During her regency, a diplomatic incident with Portugal (where a British ship had been seized on the Tagus) was defused, and the negotiation of the Treaty of Seville between Britain and Spain was concluded. From May 1732, she was regent for four months while George II was again away in Hanover. An investigation into the penal system uncovered widespread abuses, including cruel treatment and conspiracy in the escape of wealthy convicts. Caroline pressed Walpole for reform, largely unsuccessfully. In March 1733, Walpole introduced an unpopular Excise Bill to parliament, which the Queen supported, but it gathered such strong opposition that it was eventually dropped.

Caroline's entire life in Britain was spent in southeast England in or around London. As queen, she continued to surround herself with artists, writers and intellectuals. She collected jewellery, especially cameos and intaglios, acquired important portraits and miniatures, and enjoyed the visual arts. She commissioned works such as terracotta busts of the kings and queens of England from Michael Rysbrack, and supervised a more naturalistic design of the royal gardens by William Kent and Charles Bridgeman. In 1728, she rediscovered sets of sketches by Leonardo da Vinci and Hans Holbein that had been hidden in a drawer since the reign of William III.

Caroline's eldest daughter, Anne, married William IV of Orange in 1734 and moved with her husband to the Netherlands. Caroline wrote to her daughter of her "indescribable" sadness at the parting. Anne soon felt homesick and travelled back to England when her husband went on campaign. Eventually her husband and father commanded her to return to Holland.

Final years
In mid-1735, Prince Frederick was further dismayed when Caroline, rather than himself, again acted as regent while the King was absent in Hanover. The King and Queen arranged Frederick's marriage, in 1736, to Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Shortly after the wedding, George went to Hanover, and Caroline resumed her role as "Protector of the Realm". As regent, Caroline considered the reprieve of Captain John Porteous, who had been convicted of murder in Edinburgh. Before she could act, a mob stormed the jail where he was held and killed him. Caroline was appalled. George's absences abroad were leading to unpopularity, and in late 1736 he made plans to return, but his ship was caught in poor weather, and it was rumoured that he had been lost at sea. Caroline was devastated, and disgusted by the insensitivity of her son, who hosted a grand dinner while the gale was blowing. During her regency, Frederick attempted to start a number of quarrels with his mother, whom he saw as a useful proxy to irritate the King. George eventually returned in January 1737.

Frederick applied to Parliament unsuccessfully for an increased financial allowance that had hitherto been denied him by the King, and public disagreement over the money drove a further wedge between parents and son. On the advice of Walpole, Frederick's allowance was raised in an attempt to mitigate further conflict, but by less than he had asked. In June 1737, Frederick informed his parents that Augusta was pregnant, and due to give birth in October. In fact, Augusta's due date was earlier and a peculiar episode followed in July in which the prince, on discovering that his wife had gone into labour, sneaked her out of Hampton Court Palace in the middle of the night, to ensure that the King and Queen could not be present at the birth. George and Caroline were horrified. Traditionally, royal births were witnessed by members of the family and senior courtiers to guard against supposititious children, and Augusta had been forced by her husband to ride in a rattling carriage for an hour and a half while heavily pregnant and in pain. With a party including her daughters Amelia and Caroline and Lord Hervey, the Queen raced over to St James's Palace, where Frederick had taken Augusta. Caroline was relieved to discover that Augusta had given birth to a "poor, ugly little she-mouse", also called Augusta, rather than a "large, fat, healthy boy" as the pitiful nature of the baby made a supposititious child unlikely. The circumstances of the birth deepened the estrangement between mother and son. According to Lord Hervey, she once remarked after seeing Frederick, "Look, there he goes—that wretch!—that villain!—I wish the ground would open this moment and sink the monster to the lowest hole in hell!"

In the final years of her life, Caroline was troubled by gout in her feet, but more seriously she had suffered an umbilical hernia at the birth of her final child in 1724. On 9 November 1737, she felt an intense pain and, after struggling through a formal reception, took to her bed. Part of her small intestine had poked through the hernia opening. Over the next few days she was bled, purged, and operated on, without anaesthetic, but there was no improvement in her condition. George refused Frederick permission to see his mother, a decision with which she complied; she sent her son a message of forgiveness through Walpole. She asked her husband to remarry after her death, which he rejected saying he would take only mistresses; she replied "Ah, mon Dieu, cela n'empêche pas" ("My God, that doesn't prevent it"). On 17 November, her strangulated bowel burst. She died on 20 November 1737 at St James's Palace.

Caroline was buried in Westminster Abbey on 17 December. Frederick was not invited to the funeral. George Frideric Handel composed an anthem for the occasion, The Ways of Zion Do Mourn / Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline. George arranged for a pair of matching coffins with removable sides, so that when he followed her to the grave (23 years later), they could lie together again.

Legacy
Caroline was widely mourned. The Protestants lauded her moral example, and even the Jacobites acknowledged her compassion, and her intervention on the side of mercy for their compatriots. During her lifetime her refusal to convert when offered the hand of Archduke Charles was used to portray her as a strong adherent to Protestantism. For example, John Gay wrote of Caroline in A Letter to A Lady (1714):
 * The pomp of titles easy faith might shake,
 * She scorn'd an empire for religion's sake:
 * For this, on earth, the British crown is giv'n,
 * And an immortal crown decreed in heav'n.

Caroline was widely seen by both the public and the court as having great influence over her husband. A satirical verse of the period went:
 * You may strut, dapper George, but 'twill all be in vain,
 * We all know 'tis Queen Caroline, not you, that reign –
 * You govern no more than Don Philip of Spain.
 * Then if you would have us fall down and adore you,
 * Lock up your fat spouse, as your dad did before you.

The memoirs of the 18th century, particularly those of John, Lord Hervey, fed perceptions that Caroline and Walpole governed her husband. Peter Quennell wrote that Hervey was the "chronicler of this remarkable coalition" and that she was Hervey's "heroine". Using such sources, biographers of the 19th and 20th centuries credit her with aiding the establishment of the House of Hanover in Britain, in the face of Jacobite opposition. R. L. Arkell wrote "by her acumen and geniality, [Caroline] ensured the dynasty's rooting itself in England", and William Henry Wilkins said her "gracious and dignified personality, her lofty ideals and pure life did much to counteract the unpopularity of her husband and father-in-law, and redeem the early Georgian era from utter grossness." Although modern historians tend to believe that Hervey, Wilkins and Arkell have overestimated her importance, it is nevertheless probable that Caroline of Ansbach was one of the most influential consorts in British history.

Titles and styles

 * 1683–1705: Her Serene Highness Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
 * 1705–1714: Her Serene Highness The Electoral Princess of Hanover
 * 1714–1727: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales
 * 1727–1737: Her Majesty The Queen

Honours
Caroline County in the British Colony of Virginia was named in the Queen's honour when it was formed in 1727.

Arms
The royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are impaled with those of Caroline's father. The arms of her father were quarterly of fifteen, 1st, per fess gules and argent, within a bordure counter-changed of the same (for Magdeburg); 2nd, argent, an eagle displayed sable, crowned or; 3rd, or, a griffin segreant gules, crowned; 4th and 5th, argent, a griffin segreant gules; 6th, or, a griffin segreant sable; 7th, argent, an eagle displayed sable (for Crossen); 8th, per pale argent and gules within a bordure counter-changed of the same (for Halberstadt); 9th, argent, an eagle displayed sable; 10th, or, a lion rampant sable, crowned, within a bordure goboné argent and gules (for Nuremberg); 11th, gules, two keys in saltire or (for Minden); 12th, quarterly argent and sable (for Hohenzollern); 13th, the field gules, the figure argent; 14th, per fess gules and argent; 15th, plain field of gules (for right of regalia); overall an inescutcheon, argent, an eagle displayed gules (for Brandenburg).

Issue
Caroline's ten or eleven pregnancies resulted in eight live births, of whom one died in infancy, and seven lived to adulthood.

title: Caroline of Ansbach


text:
Warren County

Warren County is the name of fourteen counties in the USA. Some are named after General Joseph Warren, who was killed in the Battle of Bunker Hill in the American Revolutionary War:

 * Warren County, Georgia
 * Warren County, Illinois
 * Warren County, Indiana
 * Warren County, Iowa
 * Warren County, Kentucky
 * Warren County, Mississippi
 * Warren County, Missouri
 * Warren County, New Jersey
 * Warren County, New York
 * Warren County, North Carolina
 * Warren County, Ohio - The most populated county with the name.
 * Warren County, Pennsylvania
 * Warren County, Tennessee
 * Warren County, Virginia

title: Warren County


text:
Talk:Finite Mathematics

I want to redirect this page to discrete mathematics. Any objections? -- Miguel

Yes, I object. Finite Math is not the same as Discrete Math. On pages 7 and 8 of the following pdf, the "inventors" (Kemeny, Snell, and Thompson) of the term explain it's meaning:

A few years ago [1950's], the department of mathematics at Dartmouth College decided to introduce a different kind of freshman course, which students could elect along with [the] more traditional [pre-calculus] ones. The new course was to be designed to introduce a student to some concepts in modern mathematics early in his college career. While primarily a mathematics course, it was to include applications to the biological and social sciences and thus provide a point of view, other than that given by physics, concerning the possible uses of mathematics.

In planning the proposed course, ...[o]ur aim was to choose topics which are initially close to the students' experience, which are important in modern day mathematics, and which have interesting and important applications. To guide us in the latter we asked for the opinions of a number of behavioral scientists about the kinds of mathematics a future behavioral scientist might need. The main topics of the book were chosen from this list.

Our purpose in writing the book was to develop several topics from a central point of view. In order to accomplish this on an elementary level, we restricted ourselves to the consideration of finite problems, that is, problems which do not involve infinite sets, limiting processes, continuity, etc. By so doing it is possible to go further into the subject matter than would otherwise be possible, and we found that the basic ideas of finite mathematics were easier to state and theorems about them considerably easier to prove than their infinite counterparts.

So, the fact that Finite Math avoids concepts of infinity, does not mean that variables can only take on discrete values. One topic covered in Finite Math is Gaussian Elimination, to solve systems of linear equations. Here the variables are generally real numbers (not just integers), and so they are continous. While there are an infinite number of real numbers, the concept of the infinite need not be discussed to apply Gaussian Elimination, and hence it can be included in a Finite Math course.

--DavidUhland (talk) 12:28, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Finite Mathematics