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Marihuana Tax Act of 1937

The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937,, was a United States Act that placed a tax on the sale of cannabis. The H.R. 6385 act was drafted by Harry Anslinger and introduced by Rep. Robert L. Doughton of North Carolina, on April 14, 1937. The Seventy-fifth United States Congress held hearings on April 27, 28, 29th, 30th, and May 4, 1937. Upon the congressional hearings confirmation, the H.R. 6385 act was redrafted as H.R. 6906 and introduced with House Report 792. The Act is referred to, using the modern spelling, as the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act. It was overturned in 1969 in Leary v. United States, and was repealed by Congress the next year.

Background
Regulations and restrictions on the sale of Cannabis sativa as a drug began as early as 1906 (see Legal history of cannabis in the United States). The head of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN), Harry J. Anslinger, alleged, in the 1930s, the FBN had an increase of reports of people using marijuana. In 1935, he gained the support of president Franklin D. Roosevelt lobbying states to adoption the model Uniform State Narcotic Act to regulate of cannabis. The Marihuana Tax Act, according to Clinton Hester, the then-Assistant General Counsel to the United States Treasury Department, was itself based on the National Firearms Act and the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act:

""The primary purpose of this legislation must be to raise revenue, because we are resorting to the taxing clause of the Constitution and the rule is that if on the face of the fill it appears to be a revenue bill, the courts will not inquire into any other motives that the Congress may have had in enacting this legislation.

This bill is modeled on the Harrison Narcotics Act and the National Firearms Act. The Harrison Narcotics Act has been sustained by the Supreme Court, the first time by a 5-to-4 decision, and a second time by a 6-to-3 decision. The Supreme Court in March of this year [in Sonzinsky v. United States] sustained the constitutionality of the National Firearms Act, insofar as it related to the occupational tax.""

The total production of hemp fiber in the United States in 1933 decreased to around 500 tons per year. Cultivation of hemp began to increase in 1934 and 1935, but production remained low compared with other fibers.

Interested parties write that the aim of the Act was to reduce the hemp industry through excessive taxation largely as an effort of businessmen Andrew Mellon, Randolph Hearst, and the Du Pont family. The same parties argue that with the invention of the decorticator, hemp was an economical replacement for paper pulp in the newspaper industry. Newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst realized cheap, sustainable, and easily-grown hemp threatened his extensive timber holdings. Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury and the wealthiest man in the US, invested heavily in the Du Pont family's new synthetic fiber, nylon, to compete with hemp. 1916, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) chief scientists Jason L. Merrill and Lyster H. Dewey created a paper, USDA Bulletin No. 404 "Hemp Hurds as Paper-Making Material", in which they concluded this paper from the woody inner portion of the hemp stem broken into pieces, the 'hemp hurds', was "favorable in comparison with those used with pulp wood". Dewey and Merrill believed hemp hurds were a sustainable source for paper production. The concentration of cellulose in hemp hurds is generally around 35%. Manufacture of paper -- on equipment designed to use wood-pulp -- with hemp as a raw material shows hemp lacks the qualities needed to become a major competitor to the traditional paper industry. 2003, 95% of the hemp hurds in the EU were used for animal bedding, almost 5% were used as building material. Spokespersons from DuPont and many fiber manufacturers dispute a link between their promotion of nylon over hemp. They explain that the purpose of developing nylon was to produce a fiber competitive with silk and rayon.

The American Medical Association (AMA) opposed the taxation because the tax was imposed on physicians prescribing cannabis, retail pharmacists selling cannabis, and medical cannabis cultivation/manufacturing. The AMA proposed cannabis instead be added to the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act which would have been more efficient and created less burden on doctors. Dr. William Creighton Woodward, legislative counsel for the AMA, testified on behalf of the AMA. He stated that the claims about marijuana addiction, violence, and overdosage were not supported, and that the law should not burden further investigation into medical use.

After hearings with lawyers from Du Pont Chemicals and the Hearst Newspapers Group, the taxation was passed on the grounds of 'differing' reports and hearings. Anslinger also referred to the International Opium Convention from 1928 included cannabis as a drug not a medicine. All state legislatures approved laws against improper use of cannabis based on the model Uniform State Narcotic Act. By 1951, however, spokespeople from Du Pont, Hearst and others came up with new improved rationalizations, and the Boggs Act superseded the Marihuana Taxation Act of 1937. In August 1954, the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was enacted, and the Marihuana Taxation Act was included in Subchapter A of Chapter 39 of the 1954 Code.

Operation of the act
Shortly after the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act went into effect on October 1, 1937, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics and Denver City police arrested Moses Baca for possession and Samuel Caldwell for dealing. Baca and Caldwell's arrest made them the first marijuana convictions under U.S. federal law for not paying the marijuana tax. Judge Foster Symes sentenced Baca to 18 months and Caldwell to four years in Leavenworth Penitentiary for violating the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act.

After the Philippines fell to Japanese forces in 1942, the Department of Agriculture and the US Army urged farmers to grow fiber hemp. Tax stamps for cultivation of fiber hemp began to be issued to farmers. Without any change in the Marihuana Tax Act, 400,000 acre were cultivated with hemp between 1942 and 1945. The last commercial hemp fields were planted in Wisconsin in 1957.

In 1967, President Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice opined, "The Act raises an insignificant amount of revenue and exposes an insignificant number of marijuana transactions to public view, since only a handful of people are registered under the Act. It has become, in effect, solely a criminal law, imposing sanctions upon persons who sell, acquire, or possess marijuana."

In 1969 in Leary v. United States, part of the Act was ruled to be unconstitutional as a violation of the Fifth Amendment, since a person seeking the tax stamp would have to incriminate him/herself. In response the Congress passed the Controlled Substances Act as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, which repealed the 1937 Act.

Etymology
Although the spelling "marijuana" is common in current use, the spelling used in the Marihuana Taxation Act is "marihuana". "Marihuana" was the spelling used in Federal documents at the time.

In addition, the Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 legitimized the use of the term "marijuana" as a label for hemp and cannabis plants and products in the US and around the world. Prior to 1937, "marijuana" was slang; it was not included in any official dictionaries. The word marijuana is probably of Mexican origin. Mexico passed prohibition for export to the US in 1925 following the International Opium Convention. In the years leading up to the taxation act, it was in common use in the United States, "smoked like tobacco", and called "ganjah", or "ganja".

The La Guardia Committee Report
The only authoritative voice that opposed Anslinger's campaign against cannabis was that of New York Mayor, Fiorello La Guardia, who appointed in 1938 a commission of investigation, and in 1944 strongly objected to Anslinger's campaign with the La Guardia Committee.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Marihuana Tax Act of 1937


text:
Talk:Cultural genocide

Merge with Ethnocide
I read this page and Ethnocide, and it seems that these concepts are extremely similar, or even identical. I guess it would be better to merge them. Probably into this page, since it has much more content and more incoming links from articles (1100 vs. 850). The merged page should probably explain the similarities and differences (if there are any) between the concepts.

A similar merge proposal was discussed in 2014/2015, but the discussion was archived without reaching a consensus, as far as I can tell. — Chrisahn (talk) 10:23, 6 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I found an even older merge discussion (2007-2010) which remained unresolved. Lack of consensus mentioned here. — Chrisahn (talk) 10:41, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Disagree, since ethnicity and culture are not identical HudecEmil (talk) 19:10, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Sure, but that's not the point. Please read the (attempted) definitions of Ethnocide and Cultural genocide. There appears to be no discernible difference. If you can find a difference in these definitions, please explain it. — Chrisahn (talk) 19:23, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * This source Hall, Thomas D., and James V. Fenelon. "The futures of indigenous peoples: 9-11 and the trajectory of indigenous survival and resistance." journal of world-systems research (2004): 153-197. argues a distinction between cultural genocide and ethnocide: a separate ethnic identity stays, but distinct culture eliminated. Also discussed in The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism "The term 'ethnocide' has in the past been used as a replacement for cultural genocide (Palmer 1992; Smith 1991:30-3), with the obvious risk of confusing ethnicity and culture." Though it seems to me both articles could be clearer on the distinction. HudecEmil (talk) 20:19, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cultural genocide


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U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government, created in the aftermath of the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The primary purpose of the SEC is to enforce the law against market manipulation.

In addition to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which created it, the SEC enforces the Securities Act of 1933, the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002, and other statutes. The SEC was created by Section 4 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (now codified as and commonly referred to as the Exchange Act or the 1934 Act).

Overview
The SEC has a three-part mission: to protect investors; maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets; and facilitate capital formation.

To achieve its mandate, the SEC enforces the statutory requirement that public companies and other regulated entities submit quarterly and annual reports, as well as other periodic disclosures. In addition to annual financial reports, company executives must provide a narrative account, called the "management discussion and analysis" (MD&A), that outlines the previous year of operations and explains how the company fared in that time period. MD&A usually addresses the upcoming year, outlining future goals and approaches to new projects.

Quarterly and semiannual reports from public companies are crucial for investors to make sound decisions when investing in capital markets. Unlike banking, investment in capital markets is not guaranteed by the federal government. The potential for large gains needs to be weighed against that of sizable losses. Mandatory disclosure of financial and other information about the issuer and the security itself gives private individuals as well as large institutions the same fundamental facts about the public companies they invest in, thereby increasing public scrutiny while reducing insider trading and fraud.

In an attempt to level the playing field for all investors, the SEC maintains an online database called EDGAR (the Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval system) online from which investors can access information filed with the agency, such as reports. The same online system also accepts tips and complaints from investors to help the SEC track down violators of the securities laws, as well as offering publications on investment-related topics for public education. The SEC maintains a strict policy of refraining from commenting on the existence or status of any ongoing investigation.

Background
Prior to the enactment of the federal securities laws and the creation of the SEC, securities trading was governed by so-called blue sky laws. These laws were enacted and enforced at the state level and regulated the offering and sale of securities to protect the public from fraud. Though the specific provisions of these laws varied among states, they all required the registration of all securities offerings and sales, as well as of every U.S. stockbroker and brokerage firm. However, blue sky laws were generally considered ineffective. For example, as early as 1915, the Investment Bankers Association told its members that they could circumvent blue sky laws by making securities offerings across state lines through the mail.

Founding
The SEC's authority was established by the Securities Act of 1933 and Securities Exchange Act of 1934; both laws are considered parts of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program.

After the Pecora Commission hearings on abuses and frauds in securities markets, Congress passed the Securities Act of 1933, which federally regulates original issues of securities across state lines, primarily by requiring that issuing companies register distributions prior to sale so that investors may access basic financial information and make informed decisions. For the first year of the law's enactment, the enforcement of the statute rested with the Federal Trade Commission.

The subsequent Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates secondary markets for securities. The 1934 Act regulates secondary trading between individuals and companies which are often unrelated to the original issuers of securities. Entities under the SEC's authority include securities exchanges with physical trading floors such as the New York Stock Exchange, self-regulatory organizations, the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, NASDAQ, alternative trading systems, and any other persons engaged in transactions for the accounts of others. Section 4 of the 1934 Act transferred the FTC's enforcement authority under the 1933 Act to the newly created Securities and Exchange Commission and tasked the new Commission with enforcing both Acts.

In 1934, Roosevelt named his friend Joseph P. Kennedy, a self-made multimillionaire, financier, and leader among the Irish-American community, as chairman of the SEC. Roosevelt chose Kennedy partly based on his experience on Wall Street. Two of the other five commissioners were James M. Landis and Ferdinand Pecora. Kennedy added a number of intelligent young lawyers to the SEC staff, including William O. Douglas and Abe Fortas, both of whom later became Supreme Court Justices.

Kennedy's team defined four missions for the new Commission: (1) to restore investor confidence in the securities market, which had practically collapsed; (2) to restore integrity to securities markets by prosecuting and eliminating fraudulent and unsound practices targeting investors; (3) to end million-dollar insider trading by top officials of major corporations; and (4) to establish a complex and universal system of registration for securities sold in America, with a clear-cut set of deadlines, rules and guidelines. The SEC succeeded; Kennedy reassured the American business community that they would no longer be deceived and tricked and taken advantage of by Wall Street. He became a cheerleader for ordinary investors to return to the market and enable the economy to grow again.

Later SEC commissioners and chairmen include William O. Douglas, Jerome Frank, and William J. Casey.

Since 1994, most registration statements (and associated materials) filed with the SEC can be accessed via the SEC's online system, EDGAR.

In 2019, the Securities and Exchange Commission Historical Society introduced an online gallery to illustrate changes in the US securities market structure since the 1930s. The online gallery features a narrative history supported by dozens of documents, papers, interviews, photos and videos.

Commission members
The commission has five commissioners who are appointed by the President of the United States. No more than three Commissioners may belong to the same political party. Their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of each year. Service may continue up to eighteen additional months past term expiration.

The president also designates one of the commissioners as chairman, the SEC's top executive. However, the president does not possess the power to fire the appointed Commissioners, a provision that was made to ensure the independence of the SEC. This issue arose during the 2008 presidential election in connection with the ensuing financial crises.

Divisions
Within the SEC, there are six divisions, which is headquartered in Washington, D.C.

The SEC's divisions are:
 * Corporation Finance
 * Trading and Markets
 * Investment Management
 * Enforcement
 * Economic and Risk Analysis
 * Examinations

Corporation Finance is the division that oversees the disclosure made by public companies, as well as the registration of transactions, such as mergers, made by companies. The division is also responsible for operating EDGAR.

The Trading and Markets division oversees self-regulatory organizations (SRO's) such as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) and Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) and all broker-dealer firms and investment houses. This division also interprets proposed changes to regulations and monitors operations of the industry. In practice, the SEC delegates most of its enforcement and rulemaking authority to FINRA. In fact, all trading firms not regulated by other SROs must register as a member of FINRA. Individuals trading securities must pass exams administered by FINRA to become registered representatives.

The Investment Management Division oversees registered investment companies, which include mutual funds, as well as registered investment advisors. These entities are subject to extensive regulation under various federal securities laws. The Division of Investment Management administers various federal securities laws, in particular, the Investment Company Act of 1940 and Investment Advisers Act of 1940. This division's responsibilities include:
 * assisting the Commission in interpreting laws and regulations for the public and SEC inspection and enforcement staff;
 * responding to no-action requests and requests for exemptive relief;
 * reviewing investment company and investment adviser filings;
 * assisting the Commission in enforcement matters involving investment companies and advisers; and
 * advising the commission on adapting SEC rules to new circumstances.

The Enforcement Division investigates violations of the securities laws and regulations to bring legal actions against alleged violators. It is the largest division in terms of both headcount and budget, and its resources have been increased by more than half since the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The SEC can bring a civil action in a U.S. District Court, or an administrative proceeding which is heard by an independent administrative law judge (ALJ). The SEC does not have criminal authority but may refer matters to state and federal prosecutors.

The Economic and Risk Analysis Division (DERA) was created in September 2009 to integrate financial economics and rigorous data analytics into the core mission of the SEC. The Division is involved across the entire range of SEC activities, including policy-making, rule-making, enforcement, and examination. As the agency's "think tank", DERA relies on a variety of academic disciplines, quantitative and non-quantitative approaches, and knowledge of market institutions and practices to help the Commission approach complex matters in a fresh light. DERA also assists in the commission's efforts to identify, analyze, and respond to risks and trends, including those associated with new financial products and strategies. Through the range and nature of its activities, DERA serves the critical function of promoting collaborative efforts throughout the agency and breaking through silos that might otherwise limit the impact of the agency's institutional expertise. The Division's activities include providing detailed, high-quality economic and statistical analyzes, and specific subject-matter expertise to the Commission and other Divisions/Offices and developing customized, analytic tools and analyzes to proactively detect market risks indicative of possible violations of the Federal securities laws. Using data, DERA staff create analytic programs designed to detect patterns identifying risks, enabling Commission divisions and offices to deploy scarce resources targeting possible misconduct. DERA also houses the commission's Chief Economist.

The Division of Examinations conducts the SEC's National Exam Program. The Division's mission is to protect investors, ensure market integrity and support responsible capital formation through risk-focused strategies that: (1) improve compliance; (2) prevent fraud; (3) monitor risk; and (4) inform policy. The results of the Division's examinations are used by the SEC to inform rule-making initiatives, identify and monitor risks, improve industry practices and pursue misconduct.

Regional offices
There are 11 regional offices throughout the US, which are listed below along with the name of the respective regional director.

Among the SEC's offices are:
 * The Office of General Counsel, which acts as the agency's "lawyer" before federal appellate courts and provides legal advice to the Commission and other SEC divisions and offices;
 * The Office of the Chief Accountant, which establishes and enforces accounting and auditing policies set by the SEC. This office has played a role in such areas as working with the Financial Accounting Standards Board to develop Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board in developing audit requirements, and the International Accounting Standards Board in advancing the development of International Financial Reporting Standards;
 * The Office of Compliance, Inspections and Examinations, which inspects broker-dealers, stock exchanges, credit rating agencies, registered investment companies, including both closed-end and open-end (mutual funds) investment companies, money funds. and Registered Investment Advisors;
 * The Office of International Affairs, which represents the SEC abroad and which negotiates international enforcement information-sharing agreements, develops the SEC's international regulatory policies in areas such as mutual recognition, and helps develop international regulatory standards through organizations such as the International Organization of Securities Commissions and the Financial Stability Forum; and
 * The Office of Information Technology, which supports the commission and staff in information technology, including application development, infrastructure operations. and engineering, user support, IT program management, capital planning, security, and enterprise architecture.
 * The Inspector General. The SEC announced in January 2013 that it had named Carl Hoecker the new inspector general.  He has a staff of 22.
 * The SEC Office of the Whistleblower provides assistance and information from a whistleblower who knows of possible securities law violations: this can be among the most powerful weapons in the law enforcement arsenal of the Securities and Exchange Commission. Created by Section 922 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act amended the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the "Exchange Act") by, among other things, adding Section 21F, entitled "Securities Whistleblower Incentives and Protection". Section 21F directs the commission to make monetary awards to eligible individuals who voluntarily provide original information that leads to successful Commission enforcement actions resulting in the imposition of monetary sanctions over $1,000,000, and certain successful related actions.

Comment letters
Comment letters are issued by the SEC's Division of Corporation Finance in response to a company's public filing. This letter, initially private, contains an itemized list of requests from the SEC. Each comment in the letter asks the filer to provide additional information, modify their submitted filing, or change the way they disclose in future filings. The filer must reply to each item in the comment letter. The SEC may then reply back with follow-up comments. This correspondence is later made public.

In October 2001 the SEC wrote to CA, Inc., covering 15 items, mostly about CA's accounting, including 5 about revenue recognition. The chief executive officer of CA, to whom the letter was addressed, pleaded guilty to fraud at CA in 2004.

In June 2004, the SEC announced that it would publicly post all comment letters, to give investors access to the information in them. An analysis of regulatory filings in May 2006 over the prior 12 months indicated, that the SEC had not accomplished what it said it would do. The analysis found 212 companies that had reported receiving comment letters from the SEC, but only 21 letters for these companies were posted on the SEC's website. John W. White, the head of the Division of Corporation Finance, told the New York Times in 2006: "We have now resolved the hurdles of posting the information... We expect a significant number of new postings in the coming months."

No-action letters
No-action letters are letters by the SEC staff indicating that the staff will not recommend to the Commission that the SEC undertake enforcement action against a person or company if that entity engages in a particular action. These letters are sent in response to requests made when the legal status of an activity is not clear. These letters are publicly released and increase the body of knowledge on what exactly is and is not allowed. They represent the staff's interpretations of the securities laws and, while persuasive, are not binding on the courts.

One such use, from 1975 to 2007, was with the nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO), a credit rating agency that issues credit ratings that the SEC permits other financial firms to use for certain regulatory purposes.

Freedom of Information Act processing performance
In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the SEC was among the 5 lowest performers, earned a D− by scoring 61 out of a possible 100 points, i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade. It had deteriorated from a D− in 2013.

List of major SEC enforcement actions (2009–12)
The SEC's Enforcement Division took a number of major actions in 2009–12.

Regulatory action in the credit crunch
The SEC announced on September 17, 2008, strict new rules to prohibit all forms of "naked short selling" as a measure to reduce volatility in turbulent markets.

The SEC investigated cases involving individuals attempting to manipulate the market by passing false rumors about certain financial institutions. The commission has also investigated trading irregularities and abusive short-selling practices. Hedge fund managers, broker-dealers, and institutional investors were also asked to disclose under oath certain information pertaining to their positions in credit default swaps. The commission also negotiated the largest settlements in the history of the SEC (approximately $51 billion in all) on behalf of investors who purchased auction rate securities from six different financial institutions.

Regulatory failures
The SEC has been criticized "for being too 'tentative and fearful' in confronting wrongdoing on Wall Street", and for doing "an especially poor job of holding executives accountable".

Christopher Cox, the former SEC chairman, has recognized the organization's multiple failures in relation to the Bernard Madoff fraud. Starting with an investigation in 1992 into a Madoff feeder fund that only invested with Madoff, and which, according to the SEC, promised "curiously steady" returns, the SEC did not investigate indications that something was amiss in Madoff's investment firm. The SEC has been accused of missing numerous red flags and ignoring tips on Madoff's alleged fraud.

As a result, Cox said that an investigation would ensue into "all staff contact and relationships with the Madoff family and firm, and their impact, if any, on decisions by staff regarding the firm". SEC Assistant Director of the Office of Compliance Investigations Eric Swanson had met Madoff's niece, Shana Madoff, when Swanson was conducting an SEC examination of whether Bernard Madoff was running a Ponzi scheme because she was the firm's compliance attorney. The investigation was closed, and Swanson subsequently left the SEC, and married Shana Madoff.

Approximately 45 percent of institutional investors thought that better oversight by the SEC could have prevented the Madoff fraud. Harry Markopolos complained to the SEC's Boston office in 2000, telling the SEC staff they should investigate Madoff because it was impossible to legally make the profits Madoff claimed using the investment strategies that he said he used.

In June 2010, the SEC settled a wrongful termination lawsuit with former SEC enforcement lawyer Gary J. Aguirre, who was terminated in September 2005 following his attempt to subpoena Wall Street figure John J. Mack in an insider trading case involving hedge fund Pequot Capital Management; Mary Jo White, who later served as chair of the SEC, was at the time representing Morgan Stanley and was involved in this case. While the insider case was dropped at the time, a month prior to the SEC's settlement with Aguirre the SEC filed charges against Pequot. The Senate released a report in August 2007 detailing the issue and calling for reform of the SEC.

On September 26, 2016, Democratic senator Mark Warner sent a letter to the SEC, asking them to evaluate whether the current disclosure regime was adequate, citing the low number of companies' disclosures to date.

Inspector General office failures
In 2009, the Project on Government Oversight, a government watchdog group, sent a letter to Congress criticizing the SEC for failing to implement more than half of the recommendations made to it by its Inspector General. According to POGO, in the prior two years, the SEC had taken no action on 27 out of 52 recommended reforms suggested in Inspector General reports, and still had a "pending" status on 197 of the 312 recommendations made in audit reports. Some of the recommendations included imposing disciplinary action on SEC employees who receive improper gifts or other favors from financial companies, and investigating and reporting the causes of the failures to detect the Madoff ponzi scheme.

In a 2011 article by Matt Taibbi in Rolling Stone, former SEC employees were interviewed and commented negatively on the SEC's Office of the Inspector General (OIG). Going to the OIG was "well-known to be a career-killer".

Because of concerns raised by David P. Weber, former SEC Chief Investigator, regarding conduct by SEC Inspector General H. David Kotz, Inspector General David C. Williams of the U.S. Postal Service was brought in to conduct an independent, outside review of Kotz's alleged improper conduct in 2012. Williams concluded in his 66-page Report that Kotz violated ethics rules by overseeing probes that involved people with whom he had conflicts of interest due to "personal relationships". The report questioned Kotz's work on the Madoff investigation, among others, because Kotz was a "very good friend" with Markopolos. It concluded that while it was unclear when Kotz and Markopolos became friends, it would have violated U.S. ethics rules if their relationship began before or during Kotz's Madoff investigation. The report also found that Kotz himself "appeared to have a conflict of interest" and should not have opened his Standford investigation, because he was friends with a female attorney who represented victims of the fraud.

Destruction of documents
According to former SEC employee and whistleblower Darcy Flynn, also reported by Taibbi, the agency routinely destroyed thousands of documents related to preliminary investigations of alleged crimes committed by Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers, SAC Capital, and other financial companies involved in the Great Recession that the SEC was supposed to have been regulating. The documents included those relating to "Matters Under Inquiry", or MUI, the name the SEC gives to the first stages of the investigation process. The tradition of destruction began as early as the 1990s. This SEC activity eventually caused a conflict with the National Archives and Records Administration when it was revealed to them in 2010 by Flynn. Flynn also described a meeting at the SEC in which top staff discussed refusing to admit the destruction had taken place, because it was possibly illegal.

Iowa Republican Senator Charles Grassley, among others, took note of Flynn's call for protection as a whistleblower, and the story of the agency's document-handling procedures. The SEC issued a statement defending its procedures. NPR quoted University of Denver Sturm College of Law professor Jay Brown as saying: "My initial take on this is it's a tempest in a teapot," and Jacob Frenkel, a securities lawyer in the Washington, D.C., area, as saying in effect "there's no allegation the SEC tossed sensitive documents from banks it got under subpoena in high-profile cases that investors and lawmakers care about". NPR concluded its report:

"The debate boils down to this: What does an investigative record mean to Congress? And the courts? Under the law, those investigative records must be kept for 25 years. But federal officials say no judge has ruled that papers related to early-stage SEC inquiries are investigative records. The SEC's inspector general says he's conducting a thorough investigation into the allegations. [Kotz] tells NPR that he'll issue a report by the end of September."

SEC and cryptocurrency
On June 5, 2023, the SEC also filed 13 charges against Binance entities and Binance founder Changpeng Zhao. The next day, the SEC charged Coinbase for "operating as an unregistered securities exchange, broker, and clearing agency".

One major contention between the SEC and the crypto industry is based on the definition of what a security actually is. At this time the SEC is relying on a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1946 which dealt with investors in Florida orange groves owned by the W. J. Howey Company. In the case the court ruled that "an investment of money in a common enterprise with profits to come solely from the efforts of others," making it a security called an investment contract. Whereby, the value of digital assets, their associated blockchain systems and investor profits depended on the "efforts of others."

Whistleblower program
The SEC runs a whistleblower rewards program, which rewards individuals who report violations of securities laws to the SEC. The program began in 2011 with the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and allows whistleblowers to be given 10-30% of the penalties collected by the SEC and other agencies as a result of the whistleblower's information. As of 2021, the SEC had recovered $4.8 billion in monetary remedies as a result of information obtained through the whistleblower program and had paid out over $1 billion to whistleblowers. As part of the program, the SEC issues a report to Congress each year and the 2021 report is available online.

Relationship to other agencies
In addition to working with various self-regulatory organizations such as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC), and Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB), the SEC also works with federal agencies, state securities regulators, international securities agencies and law enforcement agencies.

In 1988 Executive Order 12631 established the President's Working Group on Financial Markets. The Working Group is chaired by the Secretary of the Treasury and includes the Chairman of the SEC, the Chairman of the Federal Reserve and the Chairman of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. The goal of the Working Group is to enhance the integrity, efficiency, orderliness, and competitiveness of the financial markets while maintaining investor confidence.

The Securities Act of 1933 was originally administered by the Federal Trade Commission. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 transferred this responsibility from the FTC to the SEC. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 also gave the SEC the power to regulate the solicitation of proxies, though some of the rules the SEC has since proposed (like the universal proxy) have been controversial. ' ' The main mission of the FTC is to promote consumer protection and to eradicate anti-competitive business practices. The FTC regulates general business practices, while the SEC focuses on the securities markets.

The Temporary National Economic Committee was established by joint resolution of Congress 52 Stat. 705 on June 16, 1938. It was in charge of reporting to Congress on abuses of monopoly power. The committee was defunded in 1941, but its records are still under seal by order of the SEC.

The Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board (MSRB) was established in 1975 by Congress to develop rules for companies involved in underwriting and trading municipal securities. The MSRB is monitored by the SEC, but the MSRB does not have the authority to enforce its rules.

The Asset Management Advisory Committee (AMAC) was formally established on 1 November 2019, to provide the SEC with "diverse perspectives on asset management and related advice and recommendations". Topics the committee may address include trends and developments affecting investors and market participants, the effects of globalization, and changes in the role of technology and service providers. The committee is composed of outside experts, including individuals representing the views of retail and institutional investors, small and large funds, intermediaries, and other market participants.

While most violations of securities laws are enforced by the SEC and the various SROs it monitors, state securities regulators can also enforce statewide securities blue sky laws. States may require securities to be registered in the state before they can be sold there. National Securities Markets Improvement Act of 1996 (NSMIA) addressed this dual system of federal-state regulation by amending Section 18 of the 1933 Act to exempt nationally traded securities from state registration, thereby pre-empting state law in this area. However, NSMIA preserves the states' anti-fraud authority over all securities traded in the state.

The SEC also works with federal and state law enforcement agencies to carry out actions against actors alleged to be in violation of the securities laws.

The SEC is a member of International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), and uses the IOSCO Multilateral Memorandum of Understanding as well as direct bilateral agreements with other countries' securities commissions to deal with cross-border misconduct in securities markets.

Related legislation

 * 1933: Securities Act of 1933
 * 1934: Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 * 1938: Temporary National Economic Committee (establishment)
 * 1939: Trust Indenture Act of 1939
 * 1940: Investment Advisers Act of 1940
 * 1940: Investment Company Act of 1940
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Forms

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title: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission


text:
Talk:Five Barbarians

Untitled
Seems like my ideas has been "stolen" and incorporated into other passages. I certainly don't mind redistribution of my ideas but it has to be done in a correct way. Some pages I read completely reversed or confused some of my ideas which I have strived to explain here. I also welcome any debate of my idea but those interpretations were completely off, contradicted with historical evidences. I felt like my ideas were being tainted and I just can't get over the frustration. So I'll just stop posting on this page from now on or at least waited until I got those ideas fixed.

It appeares that "Wu Hu" has to be clearly defined instead of summing it up in first paragraph......

Ktsquare

What do the different colors mean? And why are they so small? (Oh, and please sign talk entries if they have a specific "I"). Vicki Rosenzweig, Tuesday, June 18, 2002

Each color denotes a tribe of Wu Hu. The colors make their distinctive names more appealling to readers since Wu Hu consists of quite a few tribe. For example, Jie appears at the tope of the page and in the the last paragraph. As it will appear more frequently later, I thought make it blue will remind the readers of the name Jie. Maybe enlarging font size would make the specific terms of Wu Hu more appealling. I'll just let the readers decide which way will be better because they can change the color or font as they see fit.

Ktsquare

--

"Seems like my ideas has been "stolen" and incorporated into other passages. I certainly don't mind redistribution of my ideas but it has to be done in a correct way."

-- By contributing anything to Wikipedia you AUTOMATICALLY place it in the public domain and grant permision for everyone in the world to screw around with it. Really. :-)

 * That's prefectly true. I was just letting out my frustraton. Nothing more.

Also, based on past discussions, colored text is strong Wikipedia no-no. Have a good one.

 * I'll fixed that after I finish the tables on other pages on which I have spent more than 2 weeks. What do you suggust so the specfic terms and nomenclature stand out from the rest of the words? BTW May you also sign your entries if you don't mind? Ktsquare

-

Good Job! KT. But I am afraid sooner or later the article will become too long. Better start to consider making daughter articles. wshun 16:50, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * any idea to split? kt2 16:54, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Your layout is good. Each section consists of a link to related daughter article plus a brief introduction.  BTW, each section in this article is already a complicated research topic on its own. wshun 17:32, 6 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Xiongnu not a tribe?
"..Wu Hu were composed of five nomadic tribes: Xiōngnú (匈奴, sometimes identified with the Huns)..."
 * The Xiongnu article currently claims this was a group of different peoples rather than a single tribe. A-giau 01:27, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Broken image link
The external link to a map of Tan Shi Huai territory is no longer functional. Perhaps a public domain map image could be added? Kdau 11:55, 2004 Dec 18 (UTC)

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Talk:Fatwa

More on Violent Examples
Note added Feb. 2007: I wrote the few paragraphs below some time ago. The article now bears no resemblance to the article I was writing about; it is much improved! The paragraphs below are no longer relevant, seems to me.

This entry is a bit strange and conflicted, I am afraid. The article begins by admonishing that the extreme fatawa we have heard so much about are anomalous and "Such fatwas, however, have caught the attention of the western media and become widely renowned, especially among critics of Islam." This properly points out that the western media has likely gone overboard with reporting such things (they go overboard on most everything, e.g., the Michael Jackson trial). The latter part of this sentence seems odd - "critics of Islam"? Sounds rather defensive. Otherwise, perhaps an explanation, with examples, of how the critics of Islam have used the extreme examples of fatawa is in order; that would be relevant to a general understanding of fatwa.

The aim of the article should be to give curious, uninformed people (such as myself) a balanced description of fatwa and the issues surrounding them; it seems to me to fail to do that. I found the section describing how the various flavours of Islam sometimes do not agree on fatawa, together with the cases in which one fatwa might take precedence over another, to be most illuminating.

On the other hand, the entry goes on to list only examples of extreme, violent fatawa, including that of Mr. Bin Laden, together with a description of all the various reasons why Mr. Bin Ladin issued his fatwa. Come now, this is rather wandering off course, is it not? It starts to seem like propaganda, I am afraid; why is Mr. Bin Ladin's (& Co.) fatwa, widely recognized as extreme and deviant, even relevant here? (It is relevant on the Wiki page pertaining to Mr. Bin Ladin, to be sure.) The article gives most attention to the extreme/deviant fatwa, but complains about that sort of attention in its introduction. Surely in the history of Islam there must be more important fatawa than that of Mr. Bin Ladin's?

Perhaps the entry could have a section listing examples of normal fatawa, a section listing examples of fatawa important to the history of Islam, and another section listing extreme or extraordinary fatawa.

The article is in rather good shape just now and I recommend against messing with it except in one area - the examples. Sadly the fatwa against Rushdie remains famous and must be mentioned. It seems to me that no other political fatwa should be included. For one thing they rapidly become obsolete and irrelevent. Surely some one can find a few harmless fatwas to include as examples. 64.85.225.167 17:23, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The Arabic at the beginning reads [fata:wa:] with ya read as long [a:] (I forget what that's called). But this is commonly seen as fatwah, suggesting to me it's singular [fatwah] (with usually silent [h]) and the form given here looks like a broken plural.

I haven't got access to an Arabic dictionary and can't find anything reliable on the Web for now. Can someone more skilled in Arabic please check? Gritchka 14:07 27 Jun 2003 (UTC)
 * "ya" as long a is called "alif maqsura".--KASchmidt 05:11, 4 May 2005 (UTC)

Violent fatwas
I understand the reasoning that including several death- and war-related fatwas gives a skewed impression. Nevertheless, I hate to delete information that many people would find useful and important. What about restoring the links, and adding something in the article that would put them in context, along these lines: "A fatwa can call for the death of a named individual, or some similar act. Although these are very rare (compared with the vast majority of fatwas, which address more pedestrian subjects), they generally attract a disproportionate amount of public attention." Would that be accurate? JamesMLane 22:17, 22 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Removed part of sentence
Removed the "though the fatwa has not been lifted by Dar-al-Islam" part.

Dar-al-Islam is an extremely generic term, refering to the totality of lands where Islam is dominant, reminiscient of the term Christendom. The fatwa was issued by Khomeini and Khomeini alone, in an extended sense post-revolutionary Iran can also be viewed to be an caretaker of that fatwa.

"Dar-al-Islam" on the other hand can not lift or impose fatwas, only individual clerics can. Islamic clerics around the world have quite different views on many issues. It is hence non-sense to say that a certain cleric imposed a certain fatwa, and that "dar-al-islam" has never lifted it.

POV
The two examples are not exactly representative of what a fatwa is and really sends the wrong impression I believe. gren 08:43, 28 Apr 2005 (UTC)

More POV
We have two fatwa examples, both of which are "kill this person". Is this the usual tone of a fatwa? I have seen/heard of others that seemed to have a political manuevering aspect to them, cleric A denouncing public persona B.

Are fatwas always big sweeping proclamations? Are they always "thou shalts"? Are there more mundane fatwas in the spirit of "children should remain silent while daddy is trying to pay his bills on AOL"? If fatwas are sometimes less politically and socially charged, then one of these would be a better illustration of fatwa.

If, instead, they are generally a tool of politics, then these might have to suffice.

But the litany of persecution that Rushdie et al endured probably belongs elsewhere. Williamv1138 15:33, May 17, 2005 (UTC)

 * No, it is not at all the usual tone of a fatwa; the vast, vast majority of them are uninteresting proclamations like thou shalt pay thy employees promptly and thou shalt not charge interest even to unbelievers. The death sentences and declarations of war just tend to get more attention in Anglophone media, that's all. —Charles P. (Mirv) 15:50, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Since it has been repeatedly pointed out that the two examples given were not at all representative and writing so much about them here produces a profoundly distorted picture of what a fatwa is, I trimmed both drastically and moved the details to the articles on Salman Rushdie and Taslima Nasrin. I also removed category:Freedom of expression, because it's not applicable to the broad subject, but only to a few specific examples. —Charles P. (Mirv) 23:11, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

 * I've changed "most infamous" to "best known", as the former seems rather POV, accurate as it may be. --jpgordon∇∆∇∆ 02:42, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Sick
This article makes me sick. CoolGuy 03:40, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

stop the madness
How can we keep the scope of this article reasonable? Every time a "kill this person" fatwa hits the news, someone will want to add it here, as in the following text:

 * Mamuda Aliyu Shinkafi, the deputy governor of Zamfara state in Nigeria, issued a fatwa in November 2002 calling for the death of journalist Isioma Daniel for comments suggesting that Muhammad may have chosen a wife from one of the Miss World contest. Other Muslim authorities have questioned the validity of the fatwa.

. . .but this is a terrible way to write an informative article on the general topic, and (as has been repeatedly pointed out) creates a highly skewed picture. Perhaps a list of famous fatwas or somesuch is necessary? —Charles P. (Mirv) 14:21, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Hello, I'm the someone!

 * I think a list of famous fatwas is a good idea: it leaves this entry to discuss the generalities of fatwas, and another page can cover the nitty-gritty. Would you be able to do the honours? (I'm relatively new at this, so I'd rather someone more experienced with wiki code do this).

 * On a side note, I definitely think the fatwa about Isioma is noteworthy, as the journalist in question has moved to Norway as a result.

 * Thanks, Andjam 15:46, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't mean to call you mad; it's just that, as I explained, many people seem to think that any fatwa which makes the news should be covered in detail here. This has seriously messed up the article in the past, as evidenced by the fact that most of the discussion on this talk page focuses on this problem. Anyway, I'll work on spinning out the material on specific fatwas to a separate list, if everyone agrees that this is a good way to handle the issue. —Charles P. (Mirv) 17:31, 10 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I know you didn't mean to call me mad. I was trying to be funny. And disagreement with your proposal ... *crickets chirp* ... ok, sounds like a good idea. Andjam 13:17, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

It seems to me that Shiite (Shi'a Islam) muslims are more organized in dealing with their fatwas and their scholars. I mean they have criteria to go by on who issues a fatwa and who interprets it. I think maybe because their line of successive leaders was never broken (i.e. by the crusaders or monguls or western colonization). They say that their twelfth Imam is still alive, well, and in charge! Should this make sence because Allah promised to preserve his book until day of judgement? HAE

I've gone ahead and created a list of famous fatwas. I also added some info to the Salman Rushdie entry there (people associated with "The Satanic Verses" who were killed), and also some info you (Mirv) understandably culled from Taslima Nasreen.

What should be done to the fatwas currently listed in this article? Retain, strip down, or delete? Andjam 06:27, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I deleted the fatwas in the article except one. bin Laden's fatwa should work as an example. I'm not sure though if the article needs a "counter-fatwa." Regarding the Shiite way in dealing with fatwas, they indeed have a clearer way on who's authorized to proclaim a fatwa in the first place, which minimizes the "irresponsible" fatwas, like many, IMHO. -- Eagleamn 14:12, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

If fatwas are issued by "qualified Islamic scholars" only then Osama bin Laden's cited texts cannot really be fatwas. Even PBS describes bin Laden's text as "a fatwa, or declaration of war" -- although maybe they too have sloppy writers... Overall, this list is extremely biased to support the West's views that fatwas only serve to declare death sentences. 72.72.54.98 (talk) 00:45, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Fatwas and secular law
I read the bit about fatwas not being binding in some circumstances, but I'd be curious to know if fatwas can potentially still be binding even if they contradict secular law. I've heard that in Islam, there is no division between the secular and the religious, so maybe my question doesn't make sense.

Some historical background about fatwas may also be useful, eg what was the first fatwa, are fatwas a core part of Islam, and if not, why did they arise? Andjam 12:48, 11 September 2005 (UTC)

Who can issue a fatwa?
'(neitherr one is considrred a scholar qualllified to issue Fatwas, merely Jihadists'

How does this square with

'Because Islam has no centralized priestly hierarchy, there is no uniform method to determine who can issue a valid fatwa and who cannot.'

Doesn't this mean it's POV as to whether or not Mr. Bin Laden can issue a fatwa?

If there's uncertainty, would it be better if we listed as the main example the one against Rushdie? Andjam 13:35, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

I think it's misleading to say that "Islam has no centralized priestly hierarchy..." Example - Shi'a Ayatollahs, Grand Ayatollahs... I think to say that it has no "centralized" priestly hierarchy is understood by those who understand to be in direct contrast to a Christian idea of centralized priestly hierarchy which is organized in a very specific and strictly 'centralized' way, but I think it's important not to simplify the issue to such an extent as to be misleading in this way.

Who can issue a Fatwa:
Being born and raised Muslim Sunni and have been a Sufi of North African Tariqas for 12 years I think I can answer this, I can go to a Clerric and asskkk him a mundaane question about ritual purity and technically it's a Fatwa. More complicated issues like, is Sulman Rusdie attacking the religion therforee it's ok to kill him takes a scholar to answer. Now a Fatwa is merly an OPINON or an interpretation of a Qur'anic passage, an it iss NOT bindding. So when I watch a Jihadist on TV, he's no scholar or any of that, say: kill, you know where he's coming from. While he is entiteled to his opinion, which might Technically qualify as a Fatwa, he's no scholar, and the Fatwa has littlle impact if any. --The Brain 00:25, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

Binding Fatawa
I appreciate the situation being expressed, but I think it is improper to say "Contrary to what is believed by ... the majority of Muslims, a fatwa is not binding on all persons professing the Muslim faith."

If certain people hold something to be binding upon themselves, then clearly, it is.

Perhaps we should say something like "contrary... majority of Muslims, Muftis do not hold their fatawa to be binding on anyone but themselves and their own followers." (I would make this change myself, but I don't know if it's correct. Do all Muftis feel this way? Almost all Muftis, Most Muftis, Many prominent Muftis, I don't know...) Fool 17:20, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, claiming that "Muftis do not hold their fatawa to be binding on anyone but themselves and their own followers" is not quite true either. In fact, most Sunni Muftis claim that their fatwa is binding on every Muslim, which is clear in bin Ladin's fatwa for instance, in which he claims all Muslims must adhere to it, even though the majority disregard it. Shi'as' view is completely different, however, and your description may apply to it, since Shi'a's system clearly states that each fatwa is binding only to the follower of its source. AFAIK. -- Eagleamn 18:17, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I see (and that's why I didn't make the change myself). The Al-Azhar fellow cited seems to concur with the view presented. Can we cite a respected opposing view (other than Bin Ladin)? Fool 19:14, 31 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Basically the term "fatwa" is very broad. It includes from very faundamental concepts to very minor and sometimes even "trivial" matters. I can't think of any example right now, but perhaps this resembles a fatwa in the compelling form yet a bit trivial IMHO, and this  for a non-complling and minor, and the list goes on. All in all, I think there is a "rule of thumb" that Sunnis follow, I'm not sure about the Shi'a POV regarding this, that is, one is permitted to ask any source he follows and trusts, however, he may not ask another for an easier fatwa, for example. I guess the religious studies we had to take back in formal schooling finally paid off..! -- Eagleamn 20:39, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * P.S.: I just remembered now, Shi'a - in general - tend to stick to one and only one souce of their choice and take all their fatwas from it, and not anyone else.

 * May I request you add something to the article about this? Fool 15:00, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

 * See this: Marja -- Eagleamn 01:24, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I've added it myself. PS: What is the plural of Mufti? I wrote "Muftis". Fool 16:14, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I think Muftis should be fine. If you mean the literal Arabic form, it's "Muftieen". -- Eagleamn 20:39, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Fatwa against nukes
This doesn't need to be in both Fatwa and List of famous fatwas, does it? Andjam 07:05, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Nope. Removed. -- Eagleamn 09:11, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Other uses
I added a bit about extreme statements on religious or political subjects being called fatwas. I remember that Pat Robertson's statements on Chavez was called a fatwa, if you look on google there's some 42,000 articles that have the term "Pat Robertson" and fatwa in them. JesseG 03:24, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Many of the uses of the word fatwa for Pat Robertson's comments use the word as synonymous for "hit job". The consensus for this page is that this page should not give undue prominance to these kinds of fatwas. Also, do google hits alone equate to noteability? Andjam 04:00, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It's good in the context of describing word use. It would segue nicely from "are not at all representative, despite the attention they draw in media, but have become widely renowned" in fact. (Changed) Fool 16:01, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Let's not be coy
I moved to the 2nd paragraph the statements about how the overwhelming majority are mundane, and a few are death sentences or declarations of war. I mentioned the Salman Rushdie fatwa in this paragraph and was amazed that anyone had thought it was a good idea for the article to edit it out. When a Westerner hears "fatwa", that's the one that comes to mind, and it must be discussed.

I've been told that once a fatwa is issued, it's irreversible if the issuer of the fatwa dies, though this seems to be contradicted by the tone of this article. How often does this situation come up? Tempshill 04:25, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Because a Fatwa is an opinion, it can't be reversed after death. Of course more convincong opinions can override it. Angrynight 01:40, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

What fatwas ARE...
What Fatwas are: Legal opinions concerning Islamic law by Muslims (which Muslims is debatable). They are not blanket condemnations of people- but actions. Even Usama's (you know which Usama) fatwas are against "Those who...[insert action here]" Fatwas cannot be initiated against people because they are not warrants. They are used as such... but they are not. More importantly according to Islamic doctrine. no one can be judged until their death, and even then man's judgement is unimportant. Fatwas are very much like court rulings, they apply to everyone in the same situation-if they don't they are not true fatwas. So called "mundane" fatwas are in fact important to some- mundane is a POV word. Whether or not I should recite the Quran when someone dies may not be important to some but it may be important to me. Considering that this article is FIRST on a google search for the term, we have a responsibilty towards utmost accuracy. If we agree on nothing else it is that.Angrynight 04:03, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Fatwas: Awesome?
I think so.Exeunt 15:17, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Slang?
Do we really need a section on slang meaning of Fatwa? IMO this page discusses a profound concept within a religion, and it seems to dilute or "sillify" the page by adding a section on American slang. We're not Urban Dictionary after all. --Popoi 16:32, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Usage in Western Media
Removed the assertion that 'Western media frequently uses the term incorrectly'. There was no evidence provided for the claim and although it's probably true that Western media focuses on rulings such as the Rushdie case and similar, there's no evidence provided that there's a general misunderstanding. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cloudsoup (talk • contribs) 12:38, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Introduction
Could we have a better wording for the introduction, as at present it defines a fatwa as an "opinion" but goes on to discuss whether or not they are "binding". Opinions are not something that are "bound". DionysosProteus (talk) 13:25, 14 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Isn't the arabic term فتوى (fatwa) translated into English as "opinion"? 86.21.101.131 (talk) 19:19, 19 October 2008 (UTC)

Chronology of 'Some Contemporary Fatwa'
Suggest that this section lists contemporary Fatwa in order of proclamation (or reverse order if people prefer), in order not to privilege some over others. Including more fatwa in this section should give a more balanced view of the variety of fatwa. Nsa1001 (talk) 21:47, 1 December 2008 (UTC)

Scriptural Reasoning Fatwa
Contary to Gordonofcartoon's edit, the fatwa is question is issued by the Sharia Court/Committee of the Islamic Cultural Centre and London Central Mosque. The facsimile of the actual document is reproduced on the website of a registered charity, the Scriptural Reasoning Society, the organisation is question being referenced within the fatwa itself and so it is both also self-referring to the organisation about itself.

Gordonofcartoon's assertions of "not notable" are hardly valid given that the fatwa in question is adopted by the largest Scriptural Reasoning community in the UK, and referred to elsewhere.

Given the other website and blogs, fatwa blogs, etc on this article, the edit was clearly arbitary and prejudicial.

Cf. Wiki article Church of England which publishes canons from the cofe.anglican.org website, Yusuf al-Qaradawi which has a number of references linking to fatwa websites and blogs, etc.

--Scripturalreasoning (talk) 07:42, 19 February 2009 (UTC)
 * As I said elsewhere, this is just an organisation-to-organisation communication, self-published on the website of what appears to be the recipient. There is no sign of third-party reportage by significant sources outside the transaction (e.g. newspapers), raising problems of notability and sourcing, and it's undue weight to place it among the many well-sourced ones that have been notable enough to appear in regional and national news. Gordonofcartoon (talk) 13:37, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

I'm curious if fatwa is a cognate for the Latin Fata (origine of the word fate) the latin word meant "spoken by the gods." Cheers —Preceding unsigned comment added by Indiansummermh (talk • contribs) 21:01, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

English plural
The more common English plural appears to be "fatwas". Merriam Webster does not give the Arabic plural, and Google NGrams show much more usage for "fatwas". http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=fatwas,fatawa&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=0&smoothing=3 -- JHunterJ (talk) 12:07, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Also, the article is inconsistent on whether the Arabic plural is fatāwā or fatawā. Jpatokal (talk) 12:09, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

Contradiction under "Popular misconceptions"
Under the "popular misconceptions" section, it states that the scope of fatwas is generally not absolute in that Muslims may disagree with individual fatwas. However, the last sentence of the section says, "On the other hand, some fatwas are absolute." This is not explained and seems to contradict the rest of the section. Kansan (talk) 20:05, 25 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed, and removed. NW ( Talk ) 15:53, 12 September 2011 (UTC)

Controversial fatwas
Maybe this cource can be used for something in that section:. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 17:53, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

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Inappropriate tone?
"Egypt is host to thousands of ancient statues and drawings that do not seem to have bothered Muslims for the past 1400 years." This doesn't sound very encyclopaedic. Equinox (talk) 17:20, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

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Confusion Clarification or Correction
There appears to be confusion of what is a fatwa. This page refers to the verdict with respect to tobacco (also found on the Mirza Mohammed Hassan Husseini Shirazi: "(misunderstood as a fatwa)" implies that the verdict was NOT a fatwa, yet when following the link for 'fatwa' included in that article, this article (Fatwa article) uses this same verdict as an example of a fatwa!  There seems to be disagreement at to whether this verdict was or was not a fatwa.  But more importantly, if there is any question as to whether it was or wasn't, then it should NOT be used as an example of a fatwa on this page.  This needs to be corrected in order to avoid confusion, rather than attempting to resolve a disputed subject -- for both this page and the Mirza Mohammed Hassan Husseini Shirazi page.  Jdevola (talk) 14:14, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

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Page name
The word "fatwa" is in such common use that it does not need to be italicized in the page name. Similarly, we don't italicize mufti. Yoninah (talk) 18:19, 17 September 2019 (UTC)
 * That sounds correct. I've de-italicized the title, though perhaps, who italicized it, would like to elaborate. Eperoton (talk) 03:12, 19 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Some supporting reasoning/evidence. Per MOS:FOREIGNITALIC: Wikipedia uses italics for phrases in other languages and for isolated foreign words that do not yet have everyday use in non-specialized English.
 * One way to gauge if a word has become commonly used in English is to check a bunch of dictionaries. This website can do that. And it turns out that many mainstream English dictionaries have it, so I'd argue we don't italicize because it's functionally a word in English now. 104.232.119.107 (talk) 10:06, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fatwa


text:
Carnarvon National Park

Carnarvon National Park is located in the Southern Brigalow Belt bioregion in the Maranoa Region in Central Queensland, Australia. The park is 593 km northwest of Brisbane. It began life as a 26,304 ha reserve gazetted in 1932 to protect Carnarvon Gorge for its outstanding scenic values, its Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultural heritage, and its geological significance.

Rocks and landscapes
Situated within the Central Queensland Sandstone Belt, and straddling the Great Dividing Range, Carnarvon National Park preserves and presents significant elements of Queensland's geological history including two sedimentary basins, the Bowen and the Surat, and the Buckland Volcanic Province. The youngest rocks in the area are the igneous basalt rocks of the Buckland volcanic Province, which were laid down between 35 and 27 million years ago. Since that time, water and wind have eroded the park's landscapes into a network of sandy plains, valleys, and gorges separated by basalt-capped tablelands and ranges.

The park is rich in groundwater, numerous springs. The elevated areas protected within Carnarvon National Park have high value for above-ground catchments as well. Five major river systems rise within the park's boundary: the Comet, Dawson, Maranoa, Nogoa, and Warrego. The Warrego and Maranoa lie inland of the Great Dividing Range on the northern boundary of the Murray-Darling Basin.

Flora
Forty regional ecosystems are known to exist within the park and nine of them are listed as endangered, due to large-scale land clearing within the region. Twenty-three species of flora listed as rare and threatened (Under Queensland legislation) have been found in the park, including the iconic Livistona nitida (Carnarvon Fan Palm, Carnarvon Gorge section), Cadellia pentastylis (Ooline, Moolayember section), and Stemmacantha australis (Austral Cornflower, Mount Moffatt section).

Several plants occur in disjunct populations, or reach the limits of their distribution, within the Park such as the isolated colony of Angiopteris evecta (King Fern) found in Wards Canyon, Carnarvon Gorge. Artesian springs in the Salvator Rosa section of the park are considered amongst the most biodiverse in the state.

Fauna
Over 210 bird species have been recorded within Carnarvon National Park, along with about 60 species of mammals. This park is particularly rich in species of bats with at least twenty known to be there. The Ornithorhyncus anatinus, the platypus, is at its western limit of habitation in Queensland within this National Park, along with most of the park's gliding possums. Carnarvon Gorge has commercial night tours that take visitors into the park in search of gliders and other nocturnal life.

At least 90 species of reptiles call this park home, over half of which are either skinks or geckoes, and 35 species have their State distributional limits here. Twenty-two species of amphibians have been found in the park, including isolated populations of Litoria fallax (eastern Sedgefrog) and Adelotus brevis (Tusked Frog).

Over ten species of fish inhabit the park's waterways, the largest of which is Anguilla reinhardtii (long-finned eel). The park's invertebrate fauna is thought to be extremely diverse, and at least nine species are considered to be endemic to the Carnarvon Range, including two species of dragonfly, two species of stonefly, a dobson fly, and four species of land snail.

Feral animals are present within the National Park, the ones presenting the most serious problems being brumbies and pigs. In 2007, culling of both species began by riflemen in helicopters or airplanes. In 2008 the third phase of an aerial culling of Brumbies took place, by shooting 700 horses from a helicopter, in Carnarvon National Park. Such aerial culling is a contentious issue to some members of the public. However, there is little doubt that both species cause considerable alteration to the values the park is designed to protect. Through their grazing and their repetitious patterns of movement, feral horses alter the composition of the ground cover, and this can accelerate erosion through over-grazing and excessive hoof traffic. Feral pigs are thought to be responsible for the localised extinction of the Australian brush-turkey from some areas of this National Park.

History
Carnarvon National Park has grown significantly since its inception, and Carnarvon Gorge is now but one of its seven sections.

 * Goodlife
 * Salvator Rosa
 * Ka Ka Mundi
 * Buckland Tableland
 * Mount Moffatt
 * Carnarvon Gorge
 * Moolayember

In expanding the National Park, the Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service have sought to enhance the reserves catchment value and increase the diversity of regional ecosystems protected within its boundaries. The park's regional conservation importance is significant as its 298,000 hectares represents over half the total landmass of protected areas within the Southern Brigalow Belt bioregion.

Human history
Carnarvon National Park is significant to Bidjara, Karingbal, and Kara Kara people of Central Queensland. The park contains many reminders of Aboriginal cultural connection in rock art sites, burial places and occupation sites. Kenniff Cave, in the Mount Moffatt section, was the first Australian archaeological site to return carbon dates on occupational evidence that pushed human occupation of the continent into the Late Pleistocene at 19,500 years before present. Prior to D.J. Mulvaney's excavation of Kenniff Cave, it was thought that Australia had only been occupied during the Holocene, fewer than 10,000 years before present.

The indigenous stencil artists of Central Queensland, such as those who created sites such as the Art Gallery and Cathedral Cave in Carnarvon Gorge, are regarded by some researchers as the best in the world. It appears they developed complex stencilling techniques that have not been replicated elsewhere. Only one full adult body stencil is known to exist in the world; it can be seen publicly at the Tombs site in the Mount Moffatt section of the park. It is the largest known stencil, and a good example of the heights to which this form of human expression was taken in Central Queensland.

Contemporary Indigenous culture in the park is much changed from that of pre-colonial Central Queensland; however strong Indigenous links to the landscapes within Carnarvon National Park are maintained through traditional owner involvement in the protection and preservation of the Park's cultural sites.

The first European to traverse the future park was Thomas Mitchell, in the 1840s. Settlers followed in the footsteps of the explorers, lured by reports of the region's permanent water. Altercations with local Indigenous groups soon broke out and escalated into a state of mutual aggression that was maintained until the 1870s.

The remoteness of the area during early settlement attracted some interesting local characters, some of whom came to the area to avoid unwanted official scrutiny. The Ward brothers hunted fur in the Carnarvons year round at a time when there were restricted open seasons. The Kenniff brothers (Kenniff Cave's namesakes) became notorious local horse thieves, and later murderers.

Today, tourism, recreation, and conservation are the main human activities conducted on the park. The most popular section of the park is the Carnarvon Gorge section which receives an estimated 65,000 visitors per year. Mount Moffatt is the next most visited section, followed by Salvator Rosa and Ka Ka Mundi. The remaining sections of the park receive virtually no visitation at all, and are consequently high in wilderness values.

Carnarvon National Park offers a variety of recreational activities including four-wheel driving, wildlife watching, hiking along maintained tracks, and bush walking into remote areas. A ninety-kilometre-long trail is currently underway that will allow bush walkers to circumnavigate Carnarvon Gorge in around five days.

Access
The Carnarvon Gorge section is accessible from either Rolleston or Injune along the Carnarvon Highway. The Mount Moffatt section is accessible from either Injune or Mitchell. The Salvator Rosa and Ka Ka Mundi sections are accessible via the Tambo Road from either Tambo or Springsure.

title: Carnarvon National Park