text:
Talk:Race and intelligence

Removal of Quillette quote
I reverted the good-faith edit that added a quote from Quillette to the section "This article has been mentioned by multiple media organizations" at the top of the talk-page. Note that Quillette is listed at RSP as generally unreliable. Not surprisingly, part of the quote is untrue -- the part claiming that RS were replaced by newspaper articles. However, it's reasonable to criticize citations of media sources that should be looked at and possibly removed. I removed a citation to a piece in Vox, and other ac editors are of course welcome to remove other inappropriate uses of media sources if you find any. NightHeron (talk) 18:53, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

 * @NightHeron, I added it and I disagree with your removal. The Press template is a talk-page thing, it says nothing more than "This coverage exists." WP:RS does not apply (not that you said it did). That an opinion piece writes what it writes is not a reason to exclude. There is no demand that Press stuff are "right" or "WP-nice." My view is that Quillette is "press/media organization" and fits the talkpage template hand-in-glove. If it helps as a compromise, we can have the template without a quote. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 19:02, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree to that compromise. The problem with giving the quote is that there is no place there for any commentary or refutation of something that is factually incorrect. But your suggested compromise avoids that problem. Thanks. NightHeron (talk) 20:04, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, you can always start a discussion like "Quillette says there are WP:BLOGS used as sources in this WP-article, are they correct and if so, should we do anything about it?" Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 21:10, 11 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The Quillette piece appears to have been authored by a person who was banned from Wikipedia for his obsessive, relentless promotion of white racial superiority. While his views may make him a median contributor to Quillette, they were a poor fit for Wikipedia. It seems a bit dishonest of him not to disclose this history in the Quillette piece (or maybe he did and I missed it—the article was quite long and unfocused).This person wasted literally thousands of hours of constructive volunteer time pushing racist nonsense. So I guess the argument against including the piece in our header is that it's a continuation of his obsessive litigation by other means, and we shouldn't play along. In fact, its inclusion directly undermines the "DON'T FEED THE TROLLS!" banner at the top of the talk page. And his endorsement of Justapedia is pretty telling. But in the end... whatever. MastCell Talk 18:43, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Do we editorialize like this with similar sections in general? I don’t think we should. Zanahary (talk) 19:17, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * When I add (or expand) these templates on talkpages, my habit is to add something on-topic from the media in the |quote= parameter, if that's what you meant. Not if none of the previous items had quotes, but that wasn't the case here. Editorializing? Well, I picked the quote from what was available, so if you like.
 * My general opinion is that this is an interesting template to have on talkpages when content is available, and if it contains stuff I disagree with that is fine (that is the nature of "media") and sometimes it even adds a bit of interest. It has some potential value for editors to know what kind of coverage is out there, and the stuff in them may inspire good edits, warn of something (and explain a recent view-spike) or make someone think "Cool, CNN noticed the article I was working on" or "Wow, that pseudonymous writer really feels neglected about their previous Quillette article."
 * Fwiw, had I found the BBC, CNN and SP articles first I would have added those here too. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 19:49, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Correction, I wouldn't have added the BBC, that article doesn't mention this article. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 19:55, 14 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm with MastCell. And I don't think I'd ever want to use something with an anonymous author taking sides of Wikipedia. Too likely it will be a banned editor or LTA. Doug Weller  talk 20:06, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Quillette is a fervent promoter of race pseudoscience and is, by admission of founding editor Claire Lehmann an hereditarian publication. Nancygerette (talk) 18:02, 27 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, we know. Gråbergs Gråa Sång's position appears to be that we should be including all media coverage of the topic, regardless of quality. Like MastCell and Doug Weller, I find that argument problematic, since we do need to draw the line somewhere. There is after all no shortage of butt-hurt Nazis complaining about this topic online, some of them in the pages of "magazines" like Quillette. Given the likelihood that the author of this piece is one of a handful of banned long-term abusers, providing them with a permanent perch on our talk page header seems counterproductive. Unless someone can provide a policy-based rationale for inclusion, I'm seeing a rough consensus here to remove. Generalrelative (talk) 00:52, 29 January 2024 (UTC)
 * There's no "policy-based rationale" for the bizarre claim that the press template is "providing a permanent perch". Perhaps you are mistakenly referring to a different template, Permanent perch for media coverage that not only exists but is true and correct about everything and we agree with it and we think the author is not only correct in their claims but also a good person? The documentation of the press template is itself pretty clear (not to mention based on an actual consensus that isn't just three people saying they think a website suxxxxx). jp×g🗯 04:39, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I think it’s helpful to see that an article has received media attention; the template shouldn’t be treated as an endorsement. Zanahary (talk) 04:49, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I cannot imagine why it would be helpful. I doubt anyone who comes to this talk page and navigates to a collapsed media mention template would be surprised to learn that such nonsense exists somewhere out there on the Internet. This particular Quillette article doesn't seem special as an example. So who, exactly, is helped by linking to it? Linking to the article does editorially indicate that it is worth someone's attention to actually click on the link and read it. Otherwise, what even would the point be? In that sense, a link is form of endorsement, regardless of whether or not we agree with its specific contents. Grayfell (talk) 05:56, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * In what sense, the sense where cats have fins?
 * Yes, it's worth someone's attention to see what people are saying about us on another website, regardless of whether we agree with it or we think they are a good person. It's especially relevant if a bunch of people start coming here from the other website, in which case we can see what information they've been given before hand. If you really, genuinely think that acknowledging the existence of something is an endorsement (rather than just making this argument out of personal distaste for the website in question), I will wait here while you go open AfDs for "murder", "indigestion", "tax fraud" and "Ku Klux Klan", or remove all mention of the subjects from their talk pages, et cetera, and we can see how that shakes out. jp×g🗯 02:03, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Arguing with this level of disrespect and incivility is 1) disrespectful and uncivil (wow!), and 2) never going to convince anyone. Zanahary (talk) 02:36, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * If attempts to explain something diplomatically are ignored, there is little alternative but to phrase it directly. The press template does not require that sources are reliable. There's no basis for the claim that it does. This has been litigated again and again and again; outside of truly egregious situations like harassment sites that dox editors, it has been repeatedly determined that there's no benefit to policing talk page header press mention templates. The documentation for the template, which was determined after an attempt to gain broad consensus over a period of months, confirms this. Our policies confirm this. If you know of a way of explaining this that is less offensive, let me know. jp×g🗯 04:59, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * To me it's helpful for the same reason that any media alert is helpful. On Wikipedia, we cite all sorts of primary and secondary sources that most editors certainly have no interest in endorsing. That's the nature of the encyclopedia; we get all the information. That spirit extends to the talk page. If an article's reception of media attention is significant (and there is apparent consensus that it is, since this template exists and is in wide use across the project), then this instance of media attention ought to be included. Zanahary (talk) 02:41, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Zanahary, thanks for demonstrating that reasonable minds can disagree respectfully on this matter. Generalrelative (talk) 16:39, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * When making changes like it would be useful to consider not just whether local consensus can support such a change, but also whether it's the type of change that will likely cause a public embarrassment for Wikipedia. In the past year, Wikipedia's coverage of everything related to human intelligence has become a laughingstock among professional psychologists and also on social media. The removal of the link to the Quillette article is exactly the type of change that probably would produce such mockery. In fact, the Quillette article has a section about unjustified removals from Wikipedia articles related to intelligence. When that is part of its subject matter, how could anyone be unaware of how absurd it looks to un-ironically remove the Quillette article itself?
 * if you've read the two Quillette articles from last December and from July 2022, you'll possibly have some understanding how how things turned out this way, and my comment here described another similar incident. I'm mentioning the background just in case some of the uninvolved editors showing up in this discussion care enough to address the broader issues that cause incidents like this current one. But I won't hold it against you if you'd rather just acknowledge the problem and then move on to other things, which is what ArbCom usually has done when these situations are brought to them. tickle me 12:15, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The right wing in the U.S. frequently attacks and ridicules Wikipedia, and I don't see why this should cause us to be upset and change the way Wikipedia does things. If the right wing did not attack Wikipedia, we'd have reason to worry. Over the years the U.S. far right has increasingly been promoting fringe POVs, including white supremacist views of intelligence. Treating such views as fringe and sources that promote them as unreliable was not the result of "local" consensus, but rather was the conclusion of two widely-publicized RFCs within the last four years. NightHeron (talk) 12:33, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * + 1 to this. Becoming impervious to PROFRINGE media is precisely how Wikipedia has increased its reputation for reliability among both subject-matter experts and the general public, and how it maintains its status as the Last Good Place on the Internet. Generalrelative (talk) 16:39, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * (reply to Grayfell) I'll quote my view from earlier in this thread: "It has some potential value for editors to know what kind of coverage is out there, and the stuff in them may inspire good edits, warn of something (and explain a recent view-spike) or make someone think "Cool, CNN noticed the article I was working on" or "Wow, that pseudonymous writer really feels neglected about their previous Quillette article."" Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 18:06, 3 February 2024 (UTC)

I have literally no idea what you guys are talking about. What do you think is the point of the press template? It's not an endorsement of the things that get linked in it. The main purpose is to indicate -- to us editors -- when our editorial processes and discussions have been the subject of attention by the media. It is to indicate, to the editors of the encyclopedia who comment on talk pages, if there is some high-traffic website that mentions the talk page, which is likely to be the origin of many people reading it and coming here to leave comments about it. Why are you acting like it's some kind of trophy that we should take away from people to punish them? It makes no sense. jp×g🗯 04:34, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Much of the press we are getting in recent years is treating Larry Sanger as some kind of topic expert, or treating vandalised bio articles as major topics, regardless of how fast they were corrected. It is not a trophy, nor a badge of honor when the press turns its attention to Wikipedia. Dimadick (talk) 14:41, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

Press on this article exists. Existence ought to be sufficient to list an item with the press template. But no. WP:NONAZIS! This episode is some amazing meta-level commentary on the ideological corruption rampant in these parts of Wikipedia. Jweiss11 (talk) 07:16, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Of course! What we needed all along was some ideologically pure editors to come along and waggle their fingers about how NONAZIS is corrupting the youth.
 * But seriously, y'all linking press seem to have missed the paragraph where it explicitly urges us to Use common sense when assessing inclusion. Sure, the normal rules for reliability do not necessarily apply, but this is far from a blanket call for the indiscriminate inclusion of any and all coverage. You may reasonably disagree with where MastCell, Doug Weller and I draw the line –– that linking an article by someone we've almost certainly banned from Wikipedia for disrupting this topic area goes against common sense –– but please don't pretend that our views are somehow beyond the pale, or that our arguments are of the "this suxxx" variety. The arguments we've presented are only compounded by the low editorial standard of Quillette; I see only one (very inexperienced) user arguing for exclusion solely on that basis. Generalrelative (talk) 23:57, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * To this I'll just add WP:PROFRINGE as another decidedly common-sense reason for exclusion that goes well beyond mere reliability. Generalrelative (talk) 17:06, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * That is a view. Mine is that as Unwarranted promotion of fringe theories goes, it's very weak such (and fwiw, not why I added it). And that guideline, like WP:RS, is about article content. Basically, we are in personal taste territory (and that was an essay I just linked). Removal of "annoying" media/opinion like this from appears to me like bowdlerization. Quillette is also media. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 22:15, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm glad that we're able to disagree in a civil manner on these points. You and I really do have different ideas about what Use common sense entails in this instance, and that's fine. Frankly the only thing I find "annoying" is the mischaracterizations and uncivil behavior of some of our colleagues here. But that too is no big deal. Perhaps additional voices will care to weigh in and a consensus for inclusion will become clear. Otherwise, WP:ONUS will prevail and the link will go. Either way the encyclopedia will be served if we remain committed to civility, as you've done. Generalrelative (talk) 22:57, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * WP:ONUS and the policy of which it is part is also about mainspace. What we can get here is WP:CONSENSUS, like in a discussion about which of 2 relatively equal pics should be used as leadimage. If the discussion dies down a bit, shall we ask for closure at WP:RFCL? Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 23:20, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Look, I'm not going to edit war over it, but WP:ONUS is policy and it makes no special reference to mainspace : The responsibility for achieving consensus for inclusion is on those seeking to include disputed content. If you believe strongly in maintaining the link, you'll have to persuade others. I too am persuadable. And yes, I would support requesting closure at WP:RFCL.Generalrelative (talk) 23:24, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * "While information must be verifiable for inclusion in an article, not all verifiable information must be included. Consensus may determine that certain information does not improve an article. Such information should be omitted or presented instead in a different article." My emphasis. Also, part of WP:V. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 23:29, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I stand corrected on the explicit language of ONUS. See below, however, regarding its common-sense applicability to the present dispute. Over and out. Generalrelative (talk) 23:38, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * One final comment on the substance of your argument, Gråbergs Gråa Sång: press explicitly calls for us to Be mindful of guidelines when assessing inclusion, and even suggests the Reliable Sources Noticeboard as a venue for discussing this. So even if the standards for inclusion in a press header are lower than for inclusion in article space, considering other guidelines like WP:PROFRINGE makes perfect sense.
 * I'm going to take a step back from this thread now to make room for others. If anyone would like to discuss on my talk page or by email, feel free. Cheers, Generalrelative (talk) 23:28, 3 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Here is, in full, what the documentation says:
 * This template automatically adds articles to Category:Wikipedia pages referenced by the press. Oftentimes, the purpose of this is to contextualize talk page discussions about ongoing coverage of editorial disputes, and press coverage listed here may come from sources otherwise considered unreliable.
 * Use common sense, and do not use this template to link to outing of Wikipedia editors (e.g. forum threads where people are trying to dox users). Be mindful of guidelines such as WP:LINKLOVE and WP:ELBLP, as well as the biographies of living persons policy (which applies to all pages, including talk pages). When in doubt, discuss the appropriateness of the template and sources on the article's talk page, or consider seeking input at the Biographies of Living Persons Noticeboard or the Reliable Sources Noticeboard.
 * This specific wording is the product of discussion at Template talk:Press following a series of incidents in which people claimed that the template was somehow required to be curated to exclude bad (i.e. bad for mainspace) sources. jp×g🗯 22:18, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * JPxG, I hear you, and I understand why you might be frustrated after a hard-fought consensus at Template talk. Indeed, I was unaware of that background before this discussion. But I do think that my reading of the consensus text at press is reasonable –– even if reasonable minds can disagree. And I am very keenly aware of some other background pertinent to this contentious topic area which I feel is equally important to consider. We'll have to leave it to others, and ultimately to the closer, to determine how much weight to give to each of our positions. Generalrelative (talk) 18:14, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Cosigned! Zanahary (talk) 03:23, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * It's absurd to accuse editors of "ideological corruption" in response to not wanting to link to a badly-written troll article on a talk page. It would be an WP:AGF violation if it weren't so silly. Grayfell (talk) 22:42, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, "ideological corruption" is... not nice. Or helpful. "badly-written troll article" is not that nice either, but I've read it, and I see how one can arrive on that conclusion. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 10:34, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, "ideological corruption" is... not nice. Or helpful. "badly-written troll article" is not that nice either, but I've read it, and I see how one can arrive on that conclusion. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 10:34, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Personally I can see very little merit in including the Quillette piece in the 'mentioned' header. It is clearly editorialising and written to further the writer's own personal agenda. It should be noted that Quillette solicits for and accepts submissions from "Interested authors" and that the author appears to have only ever written for the website on the one topic. I see nothing to suggest that their views are even those of Quillette itself - this is essentially no more significant than a blog post from an anonymous individual. AndyTheGrump (talk) 03:40, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This does have a whiff of blocked users slooooowly forum-shopping an op-ed. Quillette is a recent minor site with prolific fringe-y opinion pieces, which I wouldn't normally class as "media" in the sense of the template. A pseudonymous piece from it feels disproportionate alongside the BBC and CNN. Even the SPLC summary is borderline, but that's at least a named writer from a 400-person organization with a clear editorial practice and global audience. The Quillette piece is not "a random [annoying] article that got social media attention", it is by a pseudo that exclusively publishes on this topic and on alleged biases of Wikipedia, giving extensive positive attention to the work of the editors sanctioned in the AC case originally affecting this topic. With minimal benefit from inclusion, I'd leave it out. – SJ + 03:55, 4 February 2024 (UTC)   TLDR: What Andy said (beat me to it!). – SJ +  03:56, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Fwiw, I added the item under discussion when I found it on google. Nobody told/asked me to, on or off WP. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 10:16, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * That was clear! The "forum shopping" comment referred to the author getting that [pair of] piece[s] published in Quillette. If an actual journalist w/ topical expertise wrote something similar in a piece on the topic in, say, Newsweek (to pick a long-standing media outlet not considered generally reliable anymore), I could see an argument for its relevance. But this seems like the same small community that was edit-warring about this a decade ago continuing to do so in opinion pieces and entire forks of wikipedia; it may be an indicator that flame wars are eternal, but not an indicator that "media organizations" are talking about this. – SJ + 23:18, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * What counts as media-org/press for our purposes in this day and age can be disagreed on by reasonable people. My view is that Quilette fits the description, my December thinking was something like "Quilette? Never heard of it. Ah, it has a non-awful-looking WP-article that doesn't say "blog", then it fits the talk-page." Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 05:53, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Quillette only publishes opinion; in this case it's the opinion of someone with no relevant expertise, which immediately makes WP:DUE weight a hard sell. On top of that it's a WP:BIASED group whose biases reflect fairly out-there views (they wear their rejection of the academic consensus on the issues they weigh in as a badge of pride, but it's an obvious problem when considering due weight on Wikipedia.) In the right situation, biased sources can be used, and opinion pieces can be included, especially when they come from respected subject-matter experts; but we have to measure all these things together when weighing due weight, and in this case it all adds up to something that is obviously WP:UNDUE as opinion without substantial secondary coverage. --Aquillion (talk) 11:11, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I was thinking of mentioning WP:NPOV myself, in my view excluding the item goes a little, maybe, perhaps, against the spirit of NPOV in this context. But like almost every PAG etc that's been linked in this thread, NPOV/DUE is about mainspace. IMO personal taste is much more on point than DUE. Consensus will be what it will be. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 12:21, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * For the article, or for the auto-collapsed expandable eighth box out of ten in the header on the talk page of the article? jp×g🗯 22:22, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Per Aquillion and AndyTheGrump, this is not a source that bears mention alongside the likes of BBC and CNN. It is clearly problematic, as articulated above, and the selection of this source for curation is (quite unintentionally) not a neutral action. Curation itself can be POV unless carried out under clear guidelines, and WP:UNDUE is an appropriate guideline here. This one should not have been selected. Sirfurboy🏄 (talk) 11:38, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

I've asked for closure of this discussion at Closure requests. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 21:40, 6 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Note to closer: Folks in the "exclude" camp have been cagey about the evidence that the author of the Quillette article is a community-banned LTA. That has been both to avoid WP:OUTING and to avoid giving the LTAs tips for block evasion. Please email me if you have any questions or to request additional background. Generalrelative (talk) 16:37, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

Side discussion on removing non-academic sources from article

 * If it's closed can we then go back to 's constructive beginning to this thread before the distraction? The Vox piece was removed and the remaining seems to be confined to "note a" cites to New Statesman, The Guardian, and The Independent. I would just remove the entire note along with the text in the "Test Bias" section. It's a bit of cherry-picking from Reeve and Charles. The most appropriate text in their paper for this article is probably the paragraph at the end of section 4.2 which is weaker and more cautioning. Dump the lot and problem solved. fiveby(zero) 18:27, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Generalrelative (talk) 19:14, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This article still includes citations to various other non academic sources, which violate the restriction to only cite "peer-reviewed scholarly journals and academically focused books by reputable publishers." For example, in the "Health and nutrition" section sources 86 through 91 all are to articles published in The Guardian. But I don't know if this is the right time to try to make the article comply with that restriction.
 * Do you not find it contradictory that you have modified this article based on the Quillette article's criticism of its citations to newspaper sources, yet also you do not want that article linked to in the talk page header? It would be one thing if the Quillette article's criticism were baseless and we were disregarding it. But we are already giving the Quillette article exposure indirectly, by removing some of the newspaper sources that it criticizes this article for citing. When we are already doing that, it is not really giving the article more exposure to link to it in the talk page header, as a way to identify the origin of the criticism that these edits were based on. tickle me 01:42, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Apologies for not finding those. I think the ground here is covered by p. 101 and elsewhere of Nisbett and it looks like those Guardian articles, which reference papers and a conference presentation, were probably added in an effort to improve the sourcing. What is this restriction you're referring to? I'm not sure Intelligence and How to Get It would pass the bar? It's from a prominent author but written for a general audience and not academics. Probably some improvement in the citations could be made here but not sure what needs done. I see the ArbCom ruling "Correct use of sources" in the talk headers, but not anything about this other restriction you mentioned. fiveby(zero) 03:23, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * fiveby: there's a header when you edit the article that stipulates Only high quality sources may be used, specifically peer-reviewed scholarly journals and academically focused books by reputable publishers. That's what's being referred to.
 * I'm not sure when those Guardian sources were added. I don't think anyone would object if someone wanted to replace them with the actual studies they're reporting on. They are all, as far as I can tell, reporting on peer-reviewed studies that would pass muster. We just have to cite them directly.
 * As to tickle me's argument: the Quillette article's criticism was indeed baseless because it claimed that editors were "replacing" higher-quality sources with journalistic ones. They were not. Generalrelative (talk) 04:43, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Update: I went and substituted out all the Guardian refs for relevant peer-reviewed sources: . I also cut the citation of Nisbett's book in that paragraph. It didn't seem necessary in that case. Elsewhere the book is cited where it's being quoted by Mackintosh (IQ and Human Intelligence, Oxford University Press, 2011), a secondary source, so I think that's appropriate. Generalrelative (talk) 06:30, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Generalrelative, you are not looking carefully enough at the sources you cite. This study is about how early childhood deprivation reduced intelligence in Romanian children, this study is about how green space affected intelligence in Belgium, and this study is about how air quality affected intelligence in China. These sources say nothing about African Americans or about the topic of race and intelligence. Your citing these sources to support the statement "The African American population of the United States is statistically more likely to be exposed to many detrimental environmental factors" misrepresents the sources. The support for this sentence from its other citations also is dubious, but those three sources are misrepresented the most egregiously. It also is an action prohibited by another part of the sourcing restriction: "Anyone found to be misrepresenting a source, either in the article or on the talk page, will be subject to escalating topic bans." tickle me 12:58, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * That's probably my fault for trying to get rid of the news sources, and i was not objecting Nisbett at all, just trying to understand the source restriction. The content is i think on very solid ground and Nisbett's work covers all the bases and should address any kind SYNTH concerns. The goal here should be to improve the citations so that editors agree they support the text and to serve the read (if any actually bother to look). In my opinion Nisbett is excellent citation for readers, and it's unproductive for editors to demand shrubbery or play gotcha games with the source restrictions. What exactly would you like to see for citations for this passage? fiveby(zero) 14:55, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks fiveby, but I'll hand it to tickle me: this is an effective gotcha. I was obviously trying to help by going back to the Guardian articles and substituting in the studies they were reporting on. But given that there are LTAs like the Quillette author who are obsessed with finding fault with editors in this topic area, and if I were to self-revert I would technically be replacing peer-reviewed sources with journalistic ones, I'll go ahead and remove the offending sentence for now. If anyone has time to work collaboratively and ensure that the refs are supporting what they're supposed to (or wants to argue for the Nisbett book being allowable), please feel free to add back in an appropriately referenced sentence. Generalrelative (talk) 15:04, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Happily, the section reads just fine without this sentence: . If anything, it was a bit redundant. Generalrelative (talk) 15:09, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

Lede's prose on scientific consensus
I think that modern science has concluded that race is a socially constructed phenomenon rather than a biological reality, would be better reworded to match the section on race further into the article.

From this article's 'Race' section:

The majority of anthropologists today consider race to be a sociopolitical phenomenon rather than a biological one, a view supported by considerable genetics research. The current mainstream view in the social sciences and biology is that race is a social construction based on folk ideologies that construct groups based on social disparities and superficial physical characteristics...

This wording, which present race's social construction as a consensus view among scientists, rather than something which has been shown or concluded by science, is more in line with the wordings and contexts of reliable sources, like the consensus reports by National Academies of Science (here) and the American Association of Biological Anthropologists (here), which present arguments to support their consensus, but not scientifically-derived conclusions that would be appropriately reported with the modern science has concluded... verbiage. Similarly, this SciAm piece presents race's social construction as a consensus view, again presenting arguments to support it, rather than as a scientific finding per se:

Today, the mainstream belief among scientists is that race is a social construct without biological meaning.

From Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics:

Results demonstrate consensus that there are no human biological races and recognition that race exists as lived social experiences that can have important effects on health.

From Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias:

Most scholars in the biologic and social sciences converge on the view that racism shapes social experiences and has biologic consequences and that race is not a meaningful scientific construct in the absence of context.

All of these sources report race's social construction as a consensus view held broadly by scientists, and not as a finding that has been shown or concluded by science. None of them report it as a something that science has found, shown, or concluded. Among all of these, the current lede prose stands out—which, given that Wikipedia's role is to follow consensus of reliable secondary sources, it shouldn't.

I propose the following options, or similar:

...modern scientific consensus regards race to be a socially constructed phenomenon rather than a biological reality,

...modern scientific consensus considers race to be a socially constructed phenomenon rather than a biological reality,

...the consensus in modern science is that race is a socially constructed phenomenon rather than a biological reality,

...the prevailing view in contemporary science is that race is a socially constructed phenomenon rather than a biological reality,

...scientists generally agree today that race is a socially constructed phenomenon rather than a biological reality, Zanahary (talk) 23:44, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I'll start by pointing out to anyone who may just be stumbling on this thread that Zanahary and I (and ) have already discussed this sentence. My view is that the sources do indeed present the view that race is a social construct rather than a biological reality as a finding or conclusion reached in the genomics era, rather than a mere convention. Here's how Ewan Birney et al. explain it:
 * Yes, convention also plays a role because of garbage-in/garbage-out concerns, as is emphasized by the 2023 consensus report I suggested in our previous conversation on this language. But the basic fact that race serves as a "weak proxy for genetic diversity" was a genuine discovery that had to wait for the era of DNA sequencing to become settled science. That's why I stand behind "...modern science has concluded..." as a perfectly accurate way to phrase this.
 * I do thank you, though, for pointing out that the body needed to comport better with the lead. It really was out of date, so I've made an effort to update it. Cheers, Generalrelative (talk) 01:15, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I think the update you've made to the Race section is great! The new verbiage is specific and contextualizes the view as one of consensus. I hope that the lede can follow it, even verbatim or nearly so.For ease, the new verbiage in the Race section: The consensus view among geneticists, biologists and anthropologists is that race is sociopolitical phenomenon rather than a biological one, a view supported by considerable genetics research.For anyone stumbling upon this now, I've started this discussion with a more specific aim (matching reliable sources), and with sources to support my proposed verbiage, than my previous started discussion, which I'd initiated with less context and editing experience. Zanahary (talk) 02:47, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks Zanahary. I contemplated a more thorough revision (not sure if we really need more than the first two paragraphs of the "Race" section to convey the necessary information to the reader of this article), but for the time being decided not to be so BOLD. I'd be curious to hear what you think of that suggestion though.
 * Wrt the lead sentence on scientific consensus, it may be that you and I just have slightly different intuitions about how best to summarize the sources. Let's see what others have to say, and if no one else here wants to weigh in there is always the option of posting at WP:NPOVN. The best thing about Wikipedia (in my view) is being able to tap into the wisdom of crowds –– in our case, thankfully, crowds of very well informed editors who have been doing this for a while. Generalrelative (talk) 03:12, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The Race section, in my opinion, is definitely sufficient to convey the necessary context for unfamiliar readers to understand what follows. Zanahary (talk) 04:26, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah, I wasn't clear. My idea is to cut all but the first two paragraphs of the section. Those two paragraphs are where we highlight the consensus statements from the major scientific organizations. The rest of the section seems to get into the weeds in a way that I'm not sure is especially helpful. Maybe it's best to just leave it to readers who want to learn more to click through the "Main articles" header to Race (human categorization) or Race and genetics?
 * I'm not especially committed to this idea. It's just something that occurred to me when reading through the section with fresh eyes. Generalrelative (talk) 04:53, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Ah, gotcha. In that case, I think it should stay. The self-report is an important piece of context for the reader to interpret all the statistical references that follow. The clustering part is good too, though I'm going to go ahead and switch its place with the self-report paragraph, since I think it more naturally belongs after paragraphs about scientific conceptions and treatments of race than a paragraph about collection methods. Zanahary (talk) 05:38, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I like what you did there. You're right: the section does flow much better now.
 * The one part that still strikes me as muddled is the final bit: everything from Hunt and Carlson disagreed... onward. I'm not sure what an ordinary reader is meant to take away from this. And is it really DUE to mention a disagreement among psychologists about how to read a genetics paper? In any case, if others think it is DUE, it should probably be revised for clarity. Generalrelative (talk) 16:32, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Unsure why the philosophers Jonathan Kaplan and Rasmus Winther get some much space, they seemingly argue "both Lewontin and Edwards are right", but the article hasn't yet introduced Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy to the reader (who might wonder who they could be) and probably not the place to do that? fiveby(zero) 17:53, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Wow, good catch. I've made some edits, and marked a confusing sentence for clarification. Zanahary (talk) 19:14, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Since it looks like the party's all here, would anyone care to give their input on the conclusion/finding/consensus/etc. verbiage question? @Sj @Gråbergs Gråa Sång @Generalrelative @NightHeron @Steve Quinn @Fiveby (Apologies if it's considered ugly to ping) Zanahary (talk) 17:59, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't have an informed opinion. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 20:13, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I like that wording much better, including for the lead - DFlhb (talk) 10:25, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I am reading the linked sources that are provided above. I'll have to get back to you on this. I will say, however, that saying  modern scientific consensus says such and such , is the same as saying  modern science has concluded such and such .
 * I am reading the linked sources that are provided above. I'll have to get back to you on this. I will say, however, that saying  modern scientific consensus says such and such , is the same as saying  modern science has concluded such and such .

 * A mainstream consensus is the position that  science  takes on an issue. This  position  seems to be the same as reaching a  conclusion  on an issue — especially on an issue such as this, where the scientific consensus is probably overwhelming. I am not sure the wording needs to be changed, but I will get back to you on this - hopefully within a few days, after I explore the material. ---Steve Quinn (talk) 23:58, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

 * So, saying "modern science has concluded that race is a socially constructed phenomenon rather than a biological reality," appears to be succinct, clear and accurate, There is no need to try to water down the message here or muddy the waters. And as I said, let me get back to you on this. ---Steve Quinn (talk) 00:13, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I didn't see it as a watering down, if anything it seemed stronger; but I'm interested in your thoughts - DFlhb (talk) 00:24, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Another issue with the use of the term "consensus" is that on controversial topics, there can be significant differences between public and private views. Publicly stating an unpopular opinion on a controversial race issue can have disastrous consequences for a scientist's career. The Wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_IQ_Controversy,_the_Media_and_Public_Policy is not referenced in this article but probably should be, as it surveyed intelligence researchers anonymously. Below is a relevant two-paragraph excerpt:
 * The question regarding this in the survey asked "Which of the following best characterizes your opinion of the heritability of black-white differences in IQ?" Amongst the 661 returned questionnaires, 14% declined to answer the question, 24% said that there was insufficient evidence to give an answer, 1% said that the gap was "due entirely to genetic variation", 15% voted that it was "due entirely to environmental variation" and 45% said that it was a "product of genetic and environmental variation". According to Snyderman and Rothman, this contrasts greatly with the coverage of these views as represented in the media, where the reader is led to draw the conclusion that "only a few maverick 'experts' support the view that genetic variation plays a significant role in individual or group difference, while the vast majority of experts believe that such differences are purely the result of environmental factors."
 * In their analysis of the survey results, Snyderman and Rothman state that the experts who described themselves as agreeing with the "controversial" partial-genetic views of Arthur Jensen did so only on the understanding that their identity would remain unknown in the published report. This was due, claim the authors, to fears of suffering the same kind of castigation experienced by Jensen for publicly expressing views on the correlation between race and intelligence which are privately held in the wider academic community.[unreliable source?] Bws92082 (talk) 14:20, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * You've left out that Snyderman and Rothman's results are themselves largely rejected by the relevant experts. 'Everyone secretly agrees with me but won't say so' is sometimes used as a debate tactic by scientific minorities, but it as unconvincing here as it is everywhere else it is used. MrOllie (talk) 14:27, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Your entirely dismissive response is not justified by the content of that Wikipedia entry. If Wikipedia felt it was worthy of an entry of its own, then clearly it would be relevant to the 'Race and intelligence' article, and should be referenced. Bws92082 (talk) 14:49, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia also thinks that Modern flat Earth beliefs deserve an entry of their own, but you will find they are not mentioned on articles about astronomy. MrOllie (talk) 14:56, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If Modern flat Earth beliefs were shown to be largely accepted in a poll of published astronomy researchers, then it most certainly should be mentioned in articles about astronomy. Bws92082 (talk) 15:05, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If there were flaws in the polling, we'd probably mention it in its own article, and perhaps in a history article (like, say, History of the race and intelligence controversy). We wouldn't (and per WP:GEVAL could not) use it to try to undercut higher quality sources. MrOllie (talk) 15:17, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * There are other sources that support Snyderman and Rothman's view that there is no real consensus among intelligence researchers on the cause of the Black/White IQ gap. For example, see https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289619301886?via%3Dihub
 * In closing, I will note that the 'Race and Intelligence' article's quote that "genetics does not explain differences in IQ test performance between groups, and that observed differences are environmental in origin" is truly an extraordinary scientific claim (which would require extraordinary evidence to confirm). It rules out any genetic contribution to group differences allowing only for a 100% environmental effect. All human groups, in other words, have identical native intelligence. This may well be true, but any suggestion that researchers are anywhere close to demonstrating this as a scientific fact would be highly questionable. Bws92082 (talk) 16:44, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Rindermann's survey has been discussed extensively in the talk pages archives. It's not surprising that he got the results that he did, since he surveyed the members of ISIR, who we knew very well would give the results he was looking for. Then he published it in a journal known for publishing racist pseudoscience. MrOllie (talk) 17:07, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Like it or not, ISIR's flagship publication 'Intelligence' is a leading journal in its field. The world-renowned behavioral geneticist Robert Plomin, for example, publishes papers here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160289624000278 . Again your totally dismissive attitude is unwarranted. Excluding all ISIR opinions cannot be justified. Bws92082 (talk) 17:41, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * That journal isn't immune to publishing papers that are controversial and contested, something the Intelligence (journal) article already points out. Harryhenry1 (talk) 17:59, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Being "immune to publishing papers that are controversial and contested" is not an appropriate requirement for a truth-seeking scientific journal. Bws92082 (talk) 19:09, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Perhaps, perhaps not. Keeping white supremacists off the editorial board is an appropriate requirement, though. MrOllie (talk) 21:18, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

I recently added a source which should clear up any uncertainty as to where the scientific consensus stands on the matter: Generalrelative (talk) 16:37, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Many parts of the world
In the lead there is this sentence: "Pseudoscientific claims of inherent differences in intelligence between races have played a central role in the history of scientific racism in many parts of the world." I think there is no need to for the added phrase "...in many parts the world." The phrase seems to make this lead sentence too wordy and detracts from conciseness. Any agreement on this matter? ---Steve Quinn (talk) 00:54, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree. Even if there are sources that will allow us to expand the scope of this article, the phrase seems unnecessary. Generalrelative (talk) 01:14, 10 February 2024 (UTC)

Article scope
I think this article should contain content about the well-covered stereotypes relating to race and intelligence, and social notions relating to race and intelligence. As it stands, the article seems to be ~only about the notions and controversies in science and pseudoscience relating to race and intelligence. Would these proposed additions be out of scope? Zanahary (talk) 23:52, 1 March 2024 (UTC)
 * By the way, I remember seeing another editor raise an idea like this earlier. Sorry if this is redundant; I can't find the earlier discussion. Zanahary (talk) 23:54, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

Piffer (2015)
Piffer (2015) found differing frequencies of cognition and IQ-enhancing genes in different racial populations:

https://gwern.net/doc/iq/2015-piffer.pdf

Wiki Crazyman (talk) 23:39, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

 * See Intelligence (journal) for some well-sourced commentary on the merits of that particular publication. AndyTheGrump (talk) 23:53, 13 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The criticism appears to be sourced to a journalistic piece in a progressive political magazine and another in a pop-sci magazine. 'Well-sourced commentary' such as this doesn't weigh heavily when it comes to a highly-regarded, peer-reviewed scientific journal. Elisha'o'Mine (talk) 01:42, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * 'Highly regarded' went out the window when they had white supremacists on the editorial board. MrOllie (talk) 01:51, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Even the two critical sources stated describe it as 'one of the most respected in its field' and 'a more respected psychology journal'.
 * If any experts in the field of intelligence research have made a case against the journal's reputation, then its reliability could be questioned. As it is we have mixed criticism from two journalists of a well regarded peer-reviewed publication. Elisha'o'Mine (talk) 02:11, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Nah. We can discard a source without needing to meet your personal standard, which doesn't have any relation to Wikipedia's policies so far as I can tell. It is worth mentioning, though, that the SPLC (noted experts on racism) published an article that spends multiple paragraphs on this specific paper and how it shouldn't be used as a source. A sample quote: Piffer’s credentials, affiliations and the scientific merit of the paper itself are suspect - MrOllie (talk) 02:54, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Based on which Wiki policy are you discarding it as a source? It's used several times in articles related to intelligence research.
 * Not than an advocacy organization's opinion really is of note when it comes to population genetics, I do note that these several SPLC paragraphs go into no more detail than to state that scientific merit of the paper itself are suspect (no reasons for this assessment or counterarguments given, at all), to question the author's credibility and to state that there are no reliable sources to dispute it. Which adds up to nothing in particular from an organisation with absolutely no standing in scientific matters. Elisha'o'Mine (talk) 03:38, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If this Piffer article is used several times, please point those usages out specifically because those definitely need to be removed. MrOllie (talk) 04:10, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * As per my original comment and your response to it, I'm referring to the journal Intelligence. Which seems to have somehow achieved the status of a 'pick-and-choose' source.
 * The argument against mention of the Piffer paper, whether it's flawed research or not, requires something more than commentary from a civil rights organisation. Elisha'o'Mine (talk) 04:30, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Contrary to what you might imagine, we rely on editor judgement for evaluating source reliability all the time, and Piffer is definitely a fringe source per our guideline. This would be ascertainable even without explicit debunking in a scholarly source. Some pseudo-scholars are too insignificant to draw that kind of attention. That said, here is a fine peer-reviewed source that explains in no uncertain terms what is so profoundly unscientific about Piffer's methodology. No matter how you squirm, you will get nowhere with this line of argumentation. Generalrelative (talk) 06:38, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * A preprint is not a fine peer-reviewed anything.
 * Our guideline places Piffer as a fringe source based on his conclusions, or is it his associations?
 * I'm aware that a past RFC prematurely declared the suggestion that genetics plays a role in population group IQ differences to be 'fringe' rather than merely minority. As RFCs aren't binding and consensus can change at any time, hopefully this will be rectified at some point. Though a consensus against it is emerging, the idea hasn't been conclusively refuted and research is ongoing. Elisha'o'Mine (talk) 08:10, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Please also read OpenPsych concerning the journal co-founded by Davide Piffer. NightHeron (talk) 23:57, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Race and intelligence


text:
Open system (computing)

Open systems are computer systems that provide some combination of interoperability, portability, and open software standards. (It can also refer to specific installations that are configured to allow unrestricted access by people and/or other computers; this article does not discuss that meaning).

The term was popularized in the early 1980s, mainly to describe systems based on Unix, especially in contrast to the more entrenched mainframes and minicomputers in use at that time. Unlike older legacy systems, the newer generation of Unix systems featured standardized programming interfaces and peripheral interconnects; third party development of hardware and software was encouraged, a significant departure from the norm of the time, which saw companies such as Amdahl and Hitachi going to court for the right to sell systems and peripherals that were compatible with IBM's mainframes.

The definition of "open system" can be said to have become more formalized in the 1990s with the emergence of independently administered software standards such as The Open Group's Single UNIX Specification.

Although computer users today are used to a high degree of both hardware and software interoperability, in the 20th century the open systems concept could be promoted by Unix vendors as a significant differentiator. IBM and other companies resisted the trend for decades, exemplified by a now-famous warning in 1991 by an IBM account executive that one should be "careful about getting locked into open systems".

However, in the first part of the 21st century many of these same legacy system vendors, particularly IBM and Hewlett-Packard, began to adopt Linux as part of their overall sales strategy, with "open source" marketed as trumping "open system". Consequently, an IBM mainframe with Linux on IBM Z is marketed as being more of an open system than commodity computers using closed-source Microsoft Windows—or even those using Unix, despite its open systems heritage. In response, more companies are opening the source code to their products, with a notable example being Sun Microsystems and their creation of the OpenOffice.org and OpenSolaris projects, based on their formerly closed-source StarOffice and Solaris software products.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Open system (computing)


text:
Charles Pierce (female impersonator)

Charles Pierce (July 14, 1926 – May 31, 1999) was one of the 20th century's foremost female impersonators, particularly noted for his impersonation of Bette Davis.

Life and career
Born in Watertown, New York, he began his show business career playing the organ and acting in radio dramas at station WWNY. He branched out into a comedy routine, attired in tuxedo, yet managing to evoke eerily convincing imitations of popular movie actresses. Eschewing the term drag queen, which he hated, he billed himself as a male actress.

Initially playing in small gay clubs, his fame spread. He took up residence in San Francisco, where his act became well known to Hollywood stars. As he toured, his costuming became more elaborate, initially adding small props, later full costume and makeup changes. His imitations were imitated by other female impersonators, and his roles included Bette Davis, Mae West, Tallulah Bankhead, Gloria Swanson, Carol Channing, Katharine Hepburn, and Joan Crawford, and these roles became the drag queen canon. His act was centered on wit rather than mimicry; however, it often was said that he looked more like Joan Collins than Joan Collins herself.

Carol Channing was one of two Hollywood celebrities Pierce "impersonated" who actually saw his act. She went backstage after a show at Gold Street in San Francisco (c. 1972) and said "Cheee-yarles: you do me better than I do!" The other star was Bette Davis who was snuck into the Studio One Backlot to see his show in the late 1970s. According to Pierce's longtime stage manager and dresser Kirk Frederick in his 2016 authorized Pierce biography, Davis was unimpressed with Pierce's portrayal and refused to go backstage after the show to greet Charles, saying "There is only one female impersonator who does me right, and his name is Arthur Blake." Pierce was never told Davis had attended the show. Shortly after the incident, Pierce was introduced to Davis at a private event through Geraldine Fitzgerald, a mutual friend. Frederick reports that Davis brushed off Pierce with the same reference to Blake but didn't mention attending the show.

He performed at many clubs in New York, including The Village Gate, Ted Hook's OnStage, The Ballroom, and Freddy's Supper Club. His numerous San Francisco venues included the Gilded Cage, Cabaret/After Dark, Gold Street, Bimbo's 365 Club, Olympus, The Plush Room, the Venetian Room at the Fairmont Hotel, Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall, and the War Memorial Opera House.

He was a guest actor on an episode of TV's Wonder Woman and played a cross-dressing villain in an episode of Laverne & Shirley ("Murder on the Moose Jaw Express"). Thanks in part to his good friend actress Dixie Carter, Pierce also appeared on an early episode of the sitcom Designing Women as a steward on a cruise ship. During the episode, he imitates Joan Collins (as the ship's waitress) and Bette Davis (as the ship's lounge entertainment). As Davis, he quips: "Was that Joan Collins hustling the tables? One bitch on this boat is enough!"

He died in North Hollywood, California, aged 72, and was cremated. His memorial service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park was carefully planned and scripted by Pierce before his death. Among those attending his memorial was his friend Bea Arthur, who closed with "I’ll See You Again." His ashes were interred in the Columbarium of Providence, Forest Lawn - Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, California.

In Bea Arthur's Tony Award-nominated one-woman show, Just Between Friends, which she played on Broadway and in London's West End, Arthur performed "A Mother's Ingenuity", Pierce's favorite joke. It can be heard in the cast recording.

Discography

 * For Pierce'd Ears (live San Francisco performance), Wanda Records MP2101
 * ''Les Natali presents Charles Pierce. Recorded live at Bimbo's, San Francisco- Blue Thumb Records- BTS-30  -1970

title: Charles Pierce (female impersonator)


text:
MFT

MFT may refer to:

Computers

 * Managed file transfer, a technology that supports secure transfer of files within and among organizations
 * Master File Table, an integral component of the NTFS file system
 * Media Foundation Transform, a media processing plugin filter model in Microsoft Media Foundation
 * Multiprogramming with a Fixed number of Tasks, an option of the OS/360 operating system
 * Quarterdeck Manifest, a DOS system diagnostics tool by Quarterdeck Office Systems

Other uses

 * Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
 * Marble Freedom Trust, an American non-profit organization
 * Marriage and Family Therapist
 * Mean-field theory, in physics and probability theory
 * Micro Four Thirds system, a lens mount for mirrorless interchangeable-lens digital cameras
 * Moral foundations theory, a social psychological theory

title: MFT


text:
Albrecht III Achilles

Albrecht III (9 November 1414 – 11 March 1486) was Elector of Brandenburg from 1471 until his death, the third from the House of Hohenzollern. A member of the Order of the Swan, he received the cognomen Achilles because of his knightly qualities and virtues. He also ruled in the Franconian principalities of Ansbach from 1440 and Kulmbach from 1464 (as Albrecht I).

Early life
Albrecht was born at the Brandenburg residence of Tangermünde as the third son of the Nuremberg burgrave Frederick I and his wife, the Wittelsbach princess Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut. His father served as governor in Brandenburg; a few months after Albrecht's birth, he was enfeoffed with the electorate at the Council of Constance by the Luxembourg emperor Sigismund.

After passing some time at the court of Emperor Sigismund, Albrecht took part in the Hussite Wars, and afterwards distinguished himself whilst assisting Sigismund's successor, the Habsburg king Albert II of Germany, against the Hussites and their Polish allies. In 1435, he and his eldest brother John went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

Reign in Franconia
On the division of territory which followed his father's death in 1440, Albrecht received the Principality of Ansbach, while John took over the rule of Brandenburg as its elector. Although Albrecht's resources were meager, he soon took a leading place among the German princes and was especially prominent in resisting the attempts of the towns to obtain self-government.

Nevertheless, Albrecht's plans to re-unite the former Duchy of Franconia under his rule failed: in 1443, he formed a league directed mainly against the Imperial City of Nuremberg, over which his late father had formerly exercised the rights of burgrave. It was not until 1448, however, that he found a pretext for attack. After initial military successes in the First Margrave War, he was defeated at the Battle of Pillenreuther Weiher, resulting in the Treaty of Bamberg (22 June 1450), which forced Albrecht to return all of the conquered territory and to recognize the independence of Nuremberg and its associated towns.

Albrecht supported the Habsburg emperor Frederick III in his struggle with the princes who desired reforms in the Holy Roman Empire, and in return for this loyalty received many marks of favour from Frederick, including extensive judicial rights which aroused considerable irritation among neighbouring rulers.

In 1457, Albrecht arranged a marriage between his eldest son John, and Margaret, daughter of William III, Landgrave of Thuringia, who inherited the claims upon Hungary and Bohemia of her mother, a granddaughter of Emperor Sigismund. The attempt to secure these thrones for the Hohenzollerns through this marriage failed, and a similar fate befell Albrecht's efforts to revive in his own favour the disused title of duke of Franconia.

The sharp dissensions which existed among the princes over the question of reform culminated in the Bavarian War from 1459 to 1463, when Albrecht was confronted with a league under the leadership of Elector Palatine Frederick I and his Wittelsbach cousin Duke Louis IX of Bavaria-Landshut. Though defeated in the struggle, Albrecht continued fighting against Prince-bishop Rudolf II of Würzburg and even forged an alliance with his former enemy, the Bohemian king George of Poděbrady, a step which caused Pope Paul II to place him under the ban. Albrecht permanently resided at Ansbach from 1460; he also inherited the Principality of Kulmbach upon the death of his brother John in 1464.

Brandenburg elector
In 1471, Albrecht became Elector of Brandenburg, owing to the abdication of his remaining brother, Elector Frederick II, the year before. Now sole ruler over the entire Hohenzollern estates, he was soon actively engaged in their administration. By the 1472 Treaty of Prenzlau he ended the War of the Succession of Stettin, bringing the Duchy of Pomerania also under his supremacy.

Having established his right to levy a tonnage on wines in the mark, he issued in February 1473 the Dispositio Achillea, which decreed that the Margraviate of Brandenburg should descend in its entirety to the eldest son, while the younger sons should receive the Franconian possessions of the family. After treating in vain for a marriage between one of his sons and Princess Mary of Burgundy, daughter and heiress of Duke Charles the Bold, Albrecht handed over the government of Brandenburg to his eldest son John Cicero, and returned to his Franconian possessions.

Albrecht's main attention afterwards was claimed by the business of the empire. Seriously ill, he took part in the imperial election of 1486 which selected Maximilian of Habsburg as King of the Romans at Frankfurt Cathedral. A few weeks later, in March, Albrecht died while still staying in Frankfurt; he was buried in the Heilsbronn Abbey church near Ansbach. He left a considerable amount of treasure.

Family and children
Albrecht was married twice. First, he married 12 November 1446 Margaret of Baden, daughter of Margrave Jakob I of Baden and Catherine of Lorraine. From this marriage he had following children:
 * 1) Wolfgang, born and died in 1450.
 * 2) Ursula (25 September 1450 – 25 October 1508, Breslau), married Duke Henry I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels.
 * 3) Elisabeth, (29 October 1451, Ansbach – 28 March 1524, Nürtingen), married Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg.
 * 4) Margareta (18 April 1453 – 27 April 1509), abbess of the Poor Clares convent at Hof.
 * 5) Friedrich, died young.
 * 6) John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (2 August 1455 – 9 January 1499).

Margaret died 24 October 1457 and in 1458 Albrecht married Anna, daughter of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony and Margarete of Austria. Their children were:
 * 1) Frederick I, (German: Friedrich II. von Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach or Friedrich der Ältere; 1460–1536), Margrave in Ansbach since 1486 and Bayreuth since 1495.
 * 2) Amalie (1 October 1461, Plassenburg – 3 September 1481, Baden-Baden), married Kaspar, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken.
 * 3) Anna, born and died in 1462.
 * 4) Barbara (30 May 1464, Ansbach – 4 September 1515, Ansbach), married:
 * 5) in Berlin 11 October 1472 to Duke Henry XI of Głogów;
 * 6) in Frankfurt (Oder) 20 August 1476 to King Ladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary.
 * 7) Albrecht, born and died in 1466.
 * 8) Sibylle (31 May 1467, Ansbach – 9 July 1524, Kaster), married Duke Wilhelm IV of Jülich and Berg.
 * 9) Siegmund, Margrave in Bayreuth, (27 September 1468, Ansbach – 26 February 1495, Ansbach).
 * 10) Albrecht, born and died in 1470.
 * 11) Georg (30 December 1472, Berlin – 5 December 1476, Kadolzburg).
 * 12) Dorothea (12 December 1471, Berlin – 13 February 1520, Bamberg), Abbess in Bamberg.
 * 13) Elisabeth (8 April 1474, Ansbach – 25 April 1507, Römhild), married Count Hermann VIII of Henneberg-Aschach (1470–1535)
 * 14) Magdalene (29 July 1476, Berlin – before 4 February 1480).
 * 15) Anastasia (14 March 1478, Ansbach – 4 July 1534, Ilmenau), married Count William IV of Henneberg-Schleusingen (1478–1559)

Dynastic marriages of his children
In 1474, Albrecht married his daughter Barbara to Duke Henry XI of Głogów, who left his possessions on his death in 1476 to his widow with reversion to her family, an arrangement which was resisted by Henry's kinsman, Duke Jan II of Żagań. Aided by King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, Jan of Żagań invaded Brandenburg, and the Pomeranians seized the opportunity to revolt. Under these circumstances Albrecht returned to Brandenburg in 1478, compelled the Pomeranians to recognize his supremacy, and, after a stubborn struggle, secured a part of Duke Henry's lands for his daughter in 1482.

title: Albrecht III Achilles