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Cayuga County, New York

Cayuga County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 76,248. Its county seat and largest city is Auburn. The county was named for the Cayuga people, one of the Native American tribes in the Iroquois Confederation. The county is part of the Central New York region of the state.

Cayuga County comprises the Auburn, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Syracuse-Auburn, NY Combined Statistical Area.

History
When counties were established in the Province of New York in 1683, the present Cayuga County was part of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of the present state of New York and all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, and further on March 16, 1770, by the creation of Gloucester County, both containing territory now in Vermont.

On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion (and thus, since no western boundary was specified, theoretically still extended west to the Pacific). The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, and the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State. The county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada.

In 1784, following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery County in honor of the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec, replacing the name of the hated British governor.

In 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County. The actual area split off from Montgomery County was much larger than the present county, also including the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Steuben, Wyoming, Yates, and part of Schuyler and Wayne Counties.

Herkimer County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery County (the others being Otsego and Tioga Counties) in 1791.

Onondaga County was formed in 1794 by the splitting of Herkimer County.

Cayuga County was formed in 1799 by the splitting of Onondaga County. This county was, however, much larger than the present Cayuga County. It then included the present Seneca and Tompkins Counties.

In 1804, Seneca County was formed by the splitting of Cayuga County. Then in 1817, in turn, a portion of Seneca County was combined with a piece of the remainder of Cayuga County to form Tompkins County.

In the late 19th and early 20th century, this region attracted European immigrants who developed farms or took over existing ones, particularly from Italy and Poland.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 864 sqmi, of which 692 sqmi is land and 172 sqmi (20%) is water.

Cayuga County is located in the west central part of the state, in the Finger Lakes region. Owasco Lake is in the center of the county, and Cayuga Lake forms part of the western boundary. Lake Ontario is on the northern border, and Skaneateles Lake and Cross Lake form part of the eastern border. Cayuga County has more waterfront land than any other county in the state not adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean.

Adjacent counties

 * Oswego County – northeast
 * Onondaga County – east
 * Cortland County – southeast
 * Tompkins County – south
 * Seneca County – west
 * Wayne County – west
 * Prince Edward County, Ontario – north

Major highways

 * I-90.svg Interstate 90 (New York State Thruway)
 * US 20.svg U.S. Route 20
 * NY-3.svg New York State Route 3
 * NY-5.svg New York State Route 5
 * NY-31.svg New York State Route 31
 * NY-34.svg New York State Route 34
 * NY-38.svg New York State Route 38
 * NY-90.svg New York State Route 90
 * NY-104.svg New York State Route 104

National protected area

 * Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge (part)

2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 81,963 people, 30,558 households, and 20,840 families residing in the county. The population density was 118 /mi2. There were 35,477 housing units at an average density of 51 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 93.34% White, 3.99% Black or African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.88% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. 1.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 16.3% were of Irish, 16.0% English, 15.7% Italian, 11.3% German, 9.5% American and 6.3% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000. 94.9% spoke English, 2.0% Spanish and 1.0% Italian as their first language.

There were 30,558 households, out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.00% were married couples living together, 11.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.80% were non-families. 26.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.10% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 29.70% from 25 to 44, 22.60% from 45 to 64, and 14.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 102.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,487, and the median income for a family was $44,973. Males had a median income of $33,356 versus $23,919 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,003. About 7.80% of families and 11.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.90% of those under age 18 and 8.20% of those age 65 or over.

At 2.3%, Cayuga County has the highest share of Ukrainian Americans of any county in New York State. The Ukrainian-American population in Cayuga County is heavily concentrated in the Auburn area.

Government and politics

 * }

Cayuga County is considered a swing county in national elections. In 2000, Democrat Al Gore won Cayuga County with 50% of the vote to George W. Bush's 44%. In 2004, however, incumbent President Bush defeated John Kerry by a narrow margin of only 0.58%, or 49.22% to 48.64%. In 2008, it was won by Democrat Barack Obama, with 53% of the vote to Republican John McCain's 45%. In 2012, Obama won the county again by a slightly larger margin over Republican Mitt Romney.

However, like most of upstate New York, Cayuga County swung right in 2016. Republican Donald Trump carried it with 52.41% of the vote to Hillary Clinton's 40.76%, the largest Republican vote share since 1988 and the largest margin of victory for a Republican since 1984. In 2020, Trump carried the county again, this time taking 53.49% of the vote (the largest vote share for any Republican since 1984) to Joe Biden's 44.27%. Biden became the first Democrat to win the presidency without carrying Cayuga County since Jimmy Carter in 1976.

In statewide elections it has gone for Democrats: both Eliot Spitzer and Hillary Clinton won it in 2006 with more than 60% of the vote. In 2010, Democrat Andrew Cuomo defeated Republican Carl Paladino 53% to 40% for the governorship, with 3% going to Green Party candidate Howie Hawkins. Also in 2010, both Democratic U.S. Senators, Kirsten Gillibrand and Chuck Schumer, carried Cayuga County. Gillibrand won 54% of the vote, while Schumer won 61%.

The Cayuga County Legislature consists of 15 members, each of whom are elected from single-member districts.

Larger Settlements
† - County Seat

Towns

 * Aurelius
 * Brutus
 * Cato
 * Conquest
 * Fleming
 * Genoa
 * Ira
 * Ledyard
 * Locke
 * Mentz
 * Montezuma
 * Moravia
 * Niles
 * Owasco
 * Scipio
 * Sempronius
 * Sennett
 * Springport
 * Sterling
 * Summerhill
 * Throop
 * Venice
 * Victory

Hamlets

 * Kelloggsville
 * Sherwood
 * Westbury

Notable people

 * Charles Bogardus (1841–1929), politician and businessman
 * William H. Carpenter (1821–1885), United States Consul to Fuzhou during the American Civil War
 * Adam Helmer, (c. 1754–1830), American Revolutionary War hero
 * William H. Seward (1801–1872), United States Secretary of State and Governor of New York
 * Harriet Tubman (1822–1913), abolitionist and social activist
 * Harold Wethey (1902–1984), art historian and professor of art history at the University of Michigan

title: Cayuga County, New York


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Chautauqua County, New York

Chautauqua County is the westernmost county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 127,657. Its county seat is Mayville, and its largest city is Jamestown. Its name is believed to be the lone surviving remnant of the Erie language, a tongue lost in the 17th century Beaver Wars; its meaning is unknown and a subject of speculation. The county was created in 1808 and organized in 1811. The county is part of the Western New York region of the state.

Chautauqua County comprises the Jamestown–Dunkirk–Fredonia, NY Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is located south east of Lake Erie and includes a small portion of the Cattaraugus Reservation of the Seneca.

History
Prior to European colonization, most of what is now Chautauqua County was inhabited by the indigenous Erie people prior to the Beaver Wars in the 1650s. French forces traversed the territory beginning in 1615. The Seneca Nation conquered the territory during the Beaver Wars and held it through the next century until siding with the British crown, their allies for most of the 18th century, against the American revolutionaries in the American Revolutionary War.

Chautauqua County was organized by the state legislature during the development of western New York after the American Revolutionary War and the ratification of The Treaty of Canandaigua, between the United States and the Council of the Six Nations. It was officially separated from Genesee County on March 11, 1808. This partition was performed under the same terms that produced Cattaraugus and Niagara counties. The partition was done for political purposes, but the counties were not properly organized for self-government, so they were all administered as part of Niagara County.

On February 9, 1811, Chautauqua was completely organized, and its separate government was launched. This established Chautauqua as a county of 1,100 mi2 of land. Chautauqua has not been altered since.

The first New York Chautauqua Assembly, was organized in 1874 by Methodist minister John Heyl Vincent and businessman Lewis Miller in the county at a campsite on the shores of Chautauqua Lake.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1500 sqmi, of which 1060 sqmi is land and 440 sqmi (29%) is water.

Chautauqua County, in the southwestern corner of New York State, along the New York-Pennsylvania border, is the westernmost of New York's counties. Chautauqua Lake is located in the center of the county, and Lake Erie is its northern border.

Part of the Eastern Continental Divide runs through Chautauqua County. The area that drains into the Conewango Creek (including Chautauqua Lake) eventually empties into the Gulf of Mexico; the rest of the county's watershed empties into Lake Erie and via Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence Seaway into the North Atlantic Ocean. This divide, known as the Chautauqua Ridge, can be used to mark the border between the Southern Tier and the Niagara Frontier. It is also a significant dividing point in the county's geopolitics, with the "North County" being centered on Dunkirk and the "South County" centered on Jamestown each having their own interests.

The county is generally composed of rolling hills and valleys, with elevations ranging anywhere between 1100 and 2100 feet, although the land within a few miles of Lake Erie is generally flat and at an elevation of 1000 feet or lower. The lowest point in the county is Lake Erie, at 571 ft, and the highest point is Gurnsey Benchmark at 2180 ft.

Adjacent counties

 * Erie County - northeast
 * Cattaraugus County - east
 * Warren County, Pennsylvania - southeast
 * Erie County, Pennsylvania - southwest

2000 Census
As of the 2000 Census, there were 139,750 people, 54,515 households, and 35,979 families in the county. The population density was 132 /mi2. There were 64,900 housing units at an average density of 61 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 94.04% White, 2.18% Black or African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.73% from other races, and 1.23% from two or more races. 4.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In terms of ancestry, 17.3% were German, 15.1% were Italian, 11.6% were Swedish, 10.9% were English, 9.3% were Polish, 9.2% were Irish and 5.6% were of American ancestry according to Census 2000. 93.0% spoke English and 3.8% Spanish as their first language.

Of the 54,515 households 30.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.90% were married couples living together, 10.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.00% were non-families. 28.10% of households were one person and 12.60% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.99.

The age distribution was 24.50% under the age of 18, 10.30% from 18 to 24, 26.30% from 25 to 44, 23.00% from 45 to 64, and 16.00% 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.20 males.

The median household income was $33,458 and the median family income was $41,054. Males had a median income of $32,114 versus $22,214 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,840. About 9.70% of families and 13.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.30% of those under age 18 and 8.20% of those age 65 or over.

As of the 2010 Census, there were 134,905 people in the county. The population density was 127 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 92.57% (124,875 people) white, 2.37% (3,197 people) African-American, 0.51% (688 people) Asian, 0.51% (689 people) Native American/Alaskan, 0.03% (34 people) Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 1.98% (2,669 people) other, and 2.04% (2,751 people) two or more races. The Hispanic/Latino population of any race was 6.11% (8,241 people). In terms of ancestry, 25% were German, 16% were Italian, 12.8% were Swedish, 16% were English, 10.6% were Polish, 14.9% were Irish and 3.2% were of American ancestry according to the 2010 Census. 92.9% spoke English and 4.1% Spanish as their first language.

The age distribution was 21.83% of the population under the age of 18, 3.82% (5,155 people) ages 18 and 19, 7.50% (10,113 people) ages 20–24, 10.37% (13,985 people) ages 25–34, 18.83% (25,406 people) ages 35–49, 21.07% (28,419 people) ages 50–64, and 16.59% (22,381 people) over the age of 65. Of the population, 49.3% (66,509 people) were male and 50.7% (68,396 people) were female.

Government and politics
All of the county is in the 150th New York State Assembly district, represented by Andy Goodell, and the New York State Senate 57th district represented by George Borrello. The entire county is within the bounds of New York's 23rd congressional district which is represented by Nick Langworthy.

The 2012 redistricting process moved all of Chautauqua County into Goodell's assembly district, while the county also rejoined the former 31st (renumbered again as the 23rd) congressional district along with Cattaraugus and Allegany Counties. Prior to 2013, the county was part of New York's 27th congressional district. Prior to 2003, the county was part of New York's 31st congressional district, but it was controversially redistricted out of that district and into what was the 27th, and was replaced in the 29th district (the old 31st) by Rochester suburbs that had never before been part of the district. Chautauqua County, at the same time, joined southern Erie County and portions of the City of Buffalo in the 27th, areas that had also never been in the same district with each other. In both cases, the suburban additions had significantly more Democratic populations than before, leading to Democrats winning both districts, which led to accusations of cracking-based gerrymandering.

Though the Republican Party has historically been dominant in Chautauqua County politics, the county had been a perfect bellwether county from 1980 to 2008, correctly voting for the winner of each presidential election in all eight elections during that time. However, in 2012, it voted for Republican Mitt Romney even as Democrat Barack Obama won re-election, marking its first miss since 1976. In 2016 the county reverted back to being solidly Republican, as Donald Trump won the county by the largest margin since Ronald Reagan in 1984.

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Chautauqua County is one of nineteen “charter counties” in New York, which grants the county greater leeway in conducting its own affairs. A board of supervisors governed Chautauqua County until 1975, when a new county charter went into effect with provisions for a county executive and a 13-seat county legislature. The county council currently consists of 19 members each elected from single-member districts. As of 2024, there are 14 Republicans and 5 Democrats.

New York State Assembly
Prior to changes in representation of the New York State Assembly, each county had a given number of representatives. The following were representatives of Chautauqua County.

Education
Jamestown Community College has two campuses in the county at Jamestown and Dunkirk. The State University of New York at Fredonia is located in the northern part of the county. Jamestown Business College offered two year degrees, certificates, and a four-year degree in Jamestown, prior to its decision to cease new enrollments in 2024.

Communities

† - County Seat

†† - Former Village

Towns

 * Arkwright
 * Busti
 * Carroll
 * Charlotte
 * Chautauqua
 * Cherry Creek
 * Clymer
 * Dunkirk
 * Ellery
 * Ellicott
 * Ellington
 * French Creek
 * Gerry
 * Hanover
 * Harmony
 * Kiantone
 * Mina
 * North Harmony
 * Poland
 * Pomfret
 * Portland
 * Ripley
 * Sheridan
 * Sherman
 * Stockton
 * Villenova
 * Westfield

Other hamlets

 * Ashville
 * Findley Lake
 * Forestville
 * Hamlet
 * Irving
 * Laona
 * Lily Dale
 * Maple Springs
 * Van Buren Bay

Indian reservation

 * Cattaraugus Reservation

Unorganized territory

 * Chautauqua Lake

In literature
Joyce Carol Oates' 1996 novel, We Were the Mulvaneys is set in rural Chautauqua County, near the fictional town of Mt. Ephraim.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chautauqua County, New York


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Idiolect

Idiolect is an individual's unique use of language, including speech. This unique usage encompasses vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. This differs from a dialect, a common set of linguistic characteristics shared among a group of people.

The term is etymologically related to the Greek prefix idio- (meaning "own, personal, private, peculiar, separate, distinct") and -lect, abstracted from dialect, and ultimately from Ancient Greek λέγω.

Language
Language consists of sentence constructs, word choices, and expressions of style, and an idiolect comprises an individual's uses of these facets. Every person has a unique idiolect influenced by their language, socioeconomic status, and geographical location. Forensic linguistics psychologically analyzes idiolects.

The notion of language is used as an abstract description of the language use, and of the abilities of individual speakers and listeners. According to this view, a language is an "ensemble of idiolects... rather than an entity per se". Linguists study particular languages by examining the utterances produced by native speakers.

This contrasts with a view among non-linguists, at least in the United States, that languages as ideal systems exist outside the actual practice of language users. Based on work done in the US, Nancy Niedzielski and Dennis Preston describe a language ideology seemingly common among American English speakers. According to Niedzielski and Preston, many of their subjects believe that there is one "correct" pattern of grammar and vocabulary that underlies Standard English, and that individual usage comes from this external system.

Linguists who understand particular languages as a composite of unique, individual idiolects must nonetheless account for the fact that members of large speech communities, and even speakers of different dialects of the same language, can understand one another. All human beings seem to produce language in essentially the same way. This has led to searches for universal grammar, as well as attempts to further define the nature of particular languages.

Forensic linguistics
Forensic linguistics includes attempts to identify whether a person produced a given text by comparing the style of the text with the idiolect of the individual in question. The forensic linguist may conclude that the text is consistent with the individual, rule out the individual as the author, or deem the comparison inconclusive.

In 1995, Max Appedole relied in part on an analysis of Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente's writing style to identify him as Subcomandante Marcos, a leader of the Zapatista movement. Although the Mexican government regarded Subcomandante Marcos as a dangerous guerrilla, Appedole convinced the government that Guillén was a pacifist. Appedole's analysis is considered an early success in the application of forensic linguistics to criminal profiling in law enforcement.

In 1998, Ted Kaczynski was identified as the "Unabomber" by means of forensic linguistics. The FBI and Attorney General Janet Reno pushed for the publication of an essay of Kaczynski's, which led to a tip-off from Kaczynski's brother, who recognized the writing style, his idiolect.

In 1978, four men were convicted of murdering Carl Bridgewater. No forensic linguistics was involved in their case at the time. Today, forensic linguistics reflects that the idiolect used in the interview of one of the men was very similar to that man's reported statement. Since idiolects are unique to an individual, forensic linguistics reflects that it is very unlikely that one of these files was not created by using the other.

Detecting idiolect with corpora
Idiolect analysis is different for an individual depending on whether the data being analyzed is from a corpus made up entirely from texts or audio files, since written work is more thought out in planning and precise in wording than in spontaneous speech, which is full of informal language and conversation fillers, e.g. "umm..." and "you know". Corpora with large amounts of input data allow for the generation of word frequency and synonym lists, normally through the use of the top ten bigrams created from it. In such a situation, the context of word usage is considered, particularly when determining the legitimacy of a given bigram.

Whether a word or phrase is part of an idiolect is determined by the word's location compared with the window's head word, the edge of the window. This window is kept to 7-10 words, with a sample that is being considered as a feature of the idiolect being possibly +5/-5 words away from the "head" word of the window (which is normally in the middle). Data in corpus pertaining to idiolect get sorted into three categories: irrelevant, personal discourse marker(s), and informal vocabulary. Samples at the end of the frame and far from this head word are often deemed superfluous. Superfluous and non-superfluous data are then run through different functions to see if given words or phrases are a part of an individual's idiolect.

title: Idiolect


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Aitutaki

Aitutaki, also traditionally known as Araura and Utataki, is the second most-populated island in the Cook Islands, after Rarotonga. It is an "almost atoll", with fifteen islets in a lagoon adjacent to the main island. Total land area is 18.05 km2, and the lagoon has an area of between 50 and 74 km2. A major tourist destination, Aitutaki is the second most visited island of the Cook Islands archipelago.

Aitutaki had a population of 1,712 in 2016. The main village is Arutanga (Arutunga) on the west side.

Geography
Aitutaki is sometimes described as an "almost atoll", for it consists of a lagoon within an encircling atoll, with a significant area of high land on one side. It has a maximum elevation of approximately 123 m with the hill known as Maunga Pu close to its northernmost point. The land area of the atoll is 18.05 km2, of which the main island occupies 16.8 km2. The Ootu Peninsula, protruding east from the main island in a southerly direction along the eastern rim of the reef, takes up 1.75 km2 out of the main island. For the lagoon, area figures between 50 and 74 km2 are found. Satellite image measurement suggests that the larger figure also includes the reef flat, which is commonly not considered part of a lagoon.

The barrier reef that forms the basis of Aitutaki is roughly the shape of an equilateral triangle with sides 12 km in length. The southern edge of the triangle is almost totally below the surface of the ocean, and the eastern side is composed of a string of small islands including Mangere, Akaiami, and Tekopua.

The western side of the atoll contains many of Aitutaki's important features including a boat passage through the barrier reef allowing for anchorage close to shore at Arutanga. Towards the south of the side is a small break in the barrier reef, allowing access for small boats to the lagoon which covers most of the southern part of the triangle. Further to the north is the bulk of the main island. Its fertile volcanic soil provides tropical fruits and vegetables. Two of Aitutaki's 15 islets (motus) are also volcanic. The rest are made of coral.

Aitutaki Airport is located close to the triangle's northern point. The southeastern part of the lagoon near Akaiami used to be used as a landing area for TEAL flying boats on the "coral route".

History
Polynesians first settled Aitutaki around AD 1225–1430. They maintained voyaging contact over a wide area, for the geochemical source of basalt adze heads found in this island can be traced back to quarries on Samoa to the west and the Society Islands to the east. According to oral tradition, the island was named by Te Erui, who raised it from the ocean after traveling from Avaiki. Other traditions identify various settlers, including Ru, Te Munakorero, Kai, Ui-tario, and Ruatapu.

The first known European contact was with Captain Bligh and the crew of HMS Bounty when they also arrived in Aitutaki on 11 April 1789, prior to the infamous mutiny.

Aitutaki was the first of the Cook Islands to accept Christianity, after London Missionary Society (LMS) missionary John Williams visited in 1821. The oldest church in the country, the Cook Islands Christian Church in Arutanga, was built by Papeiha (Bora Bora) and Vahapata (Raiatea), two LMS teachers Williams had left behind.

On 8–9 October 1900 seven instruments of cession of Rarotonga and other islands were signed by their chiefs and people; and by a British Proclamation issued at the same time the cessions were accepted, the islands being declared parts of Her Britannic Majesty's dominions. Uniquely, these instruments did not include Aitutaki. It appears that, though the inhabitants of Aitutaki regarded themselves as British subjects, the Crown's title was uncertain, and the island was formally annexed by Proclamation dated 9 October 1900. It was the only island in the Cook Islands that was annexed rather than ceded.

In 1942 New Zealand and American forces were stationed on the island. The American engineering firm Sverdrup & Parcel, the New Zealand Ministry of Works, US military personnel and many locals combined to build two airstrips which were completed on 14 November 1942. This airport, and one on the northernmost Penrhyn Island, were to be used as bases by the Allies during World War II. The first aircraft, an American light bomber, landed on 22 November 1942. When the war ended some of the servicemen remained and married the locals.

During the 1950s Aitutaki's lagoon was used as a stopover for TEAL (Tasman Empire Airways Limited) flying boats on the famous Coral Route. The islet of Akaiami was used as a resting stop for passengers, who often lay about until the aircraft was refueled for two hours. These operations ceased in 1960, and the only reminder are the remains of the purpose-built jetty on Akaiami. The flying boat Aranui, which was part of this service, is now on display at the Museum of Transport and Technology in Auckland, New Zealand.

Commercial banana-growing was introduced to the island in the late 1960s, but suffered a rapid decline due to wind damage, low prices, and inadequate shipping. The industry was revived in the late 1970s, but collapsed after New Zealand adopted Rogernomics and removed privileged market access. A tourism boom began in the early 1990s, with tourist numbers doubling to 10,000 visitors a year in 1994.

On 10–11 February 2010, Aitutaki was hit by Cyclone Pat. The high winds of the storm ripped the roofs off of most houses and damaged other buildings including a school and a hospital. At least 60% of houses were damaged. There were no reported deaths but a few minor injuries were reported. An Air Force Hercules cargo plane and an army engineering team were provided by New Zealand along with an initial $200,000. Cook Island MP Teina Bishop said "New Zealand aid should have been sent to the devastated area much sooner".

In June 2010 the island was nominated "the world's most beautiful island" by Tony Wheeler the founder of Lonely Planet travel guide.

The delegates of the 2012 Pacific Islands Forum, which had its main venue in Rarotonga, travelled to One Foot Island for a 2-day retreat.

Demographics and settlement
The population of Aitutaki was 1,941 in 2016.

Aitutaki is subdivided in 8 districts. The districts are further subdivided into 19 tapere (land holdings by tribe lineages).

The eight districts are:
 * 1) Amuri (Te Upoko Enua)
 * 2) Ureia (Uriuri A Punga)
 * 3) Arutanga (Rutanga O Te Toa)
 * 4) Reureu (Te Mata O Teerui)
 * 5) Nikaupara (Te Maru O Toi)
 * 6) Vaipae (Te Vaipaepae O Pau)
 * 7) Tautu (Titi Ai Tonga)
 * 8) Vaipeka (Te Arekarioi)

The eight districts are subdivided into 19 tapere as follows:
 * Amuri District
 * Amuri Tapere
 * Punganui Tapere
 * Anaunga District
 * Anaunga Tapere
 * Punoa Tapere
 * Arutanga District
 * Arutanga Tapere
 * Reureu Tapere
 * Nukunoni Tapere
 * Ureia Tapere
 * Avanui District
 * Avanui Tapere
 * Vaipeka Tapere
 * Taravao District
 * Taravao Tapere
 * Vaiau Tapere
 * Vaiorea Tapere
 * Tautu District
 * Mataotane Tapere
 * Tautu Tapere
 * Vaipae District
 * Oako Tapere
 * Vaipae Tapere
 * Vaitupa District
 * Taakarere Tapere
 * Vaitupa Tapere

Sport
The most popular sport on Aitutaki is Rugby union and netball, followed closely by volleyball. With a population of 2,000 residing on the island and 50,000 overseas, there are four clubs on Aitutaki and eight teams (each club having a first team and a reserve team). The best players on the island play for the Aitutaki island team against their main rivals Rarotonga.

Education
Araura College is the only secondary school on Aitutaki. The school has the role of teaching approximately 200 students from Year 7 (Form 1) to Year 13 (Form 7).

The island has two government schools and one church school: Araura Primary school, Vaitau Primary School and Tekaaroa Primary School. Tekaaroa Primary School is a private special character school which is the designated Seventh Day Adventist (SDA) school. Araura Primary is the larger of the primary schools, catering for the mostly populated part of the island and Vaitau Primary caters mostly for the Vaipae and Tautu villages. Tekaaroa Primary School caters for the Seventh Day Adventist children on the island.

Economy
Aitutaki is the second largest tourist destination in the Cook Islands, after Rarotonga, receiving 38,777 visitors in 2018. As a result, tourism dominates the economy, with 36% of the labour force employed in the restaurant and accommodation sector. The government is the next largest employer, employing 21%, with retail and wholesale employing 18% and agriculture, forestry and fishing 6%.

Aitutaki is connected to the rest of the Cook Islands by Aitutaki Airport and a port at Arutanga. In September 2020 Aitutaki was connected to the Manatua One Polynesia Fibre Cable, becoming one of the smallest fibre-connected islands in the world.

Since 2000 Aitutaki has served as a filming location for a variety of TV shows, including Shipwrecked, Survivor: Cook Islands, and Survivorman.

In 2019 a 750 kW solar array was installed as part of a plan to transition the island to 100% renewable energy.

Flora
The flora of Aitutaki is highly modified, and on the main island only a few patches of degraded native forest survive near the airstrip. The main island's ecology can be divided into four zones. The coastal flat is dominated by Guettarda speciosa, coconuts, Hibiscus, Pandanus, and Hernandia moerenhoutiana. The slopes are mostly Hibiscus tiliaceus interspersed with taro patches. The inland plateau is extensively cultivated, with plantations of coconuts, banana, citrus, and other food plants, as well as assorted introduced decorative shrubs. The high ground on the island was cleared during World War 2 for military installations and now consists of grasses and weedy species. The motu have Pemphis acidula scrub on the seaward side, phasing to Suriana scrub and coconut forest, with the volcanic islands containing forests of Calophyllum inophyllum which are not found on the other motu.

Fauna
Aitutaki is home to numerous species of sea- and shorebirds, including the red-tailed tropicbird, white-tailed tropicbird, brown booby, great frigatebird, brown noddy, black noddy, white tern, and Pacific reef heron. Land birds include the common myna and the blue lorikeet. The latter were badly affected by Cyclone Pat, losing over 50% of their population and virtually all juveniles. Subfossil remains show that Kuhl's lorikeet, the spotless crake, and an undescribed species of whistling duck were all at one stage extant on Aitutaki before being extirpated. The main island has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a population of blue lorikeets.

Minor islands of Aitutaki
The main island of Aitutaki occupies the northern part of the atoll, which is roughly triangular in shape. The minor islands form part of the perimeter of the lagoon. All islands, including the main island and its peninsula Ootu, are listed starting clockwise from the northernmost point of the atoll:

Tapuaetai (One Foot Island), a small islet in the south-east of the lagoon, is often said to be the most important attraction. It is regarded as providing the visitor with the best views of the Aitutaki lagoon and, depending on the tide, one is able to walk on a sandbank a decent distance away from Tapuaetai. The trip to this island is the most frequented trip available on Aitutaki. One Foot Island was awarded "Australasia's Leading Beach" at the World Travel Awards held in Sydney in June 2008.

Ootu Peninsula is of coral formation, but attached to the main volcanic island, thus a peninsula. If it were an island, it would be the largest of the minor islands. Ootu Peninsula does belong to tapere and district of Vaitupa. The minor islands are not allocated to any districts or tapere, but they do form part of the larger constituencies.

All minor islets, except Akitua and Maina, are part of Vaipae–Tautu Constituency. Akitua is part of Amuri–Ureia Constituency, as is Ootu Peninsula, just north of Akitua. Maina is part of Arutanga–Reureu–Nikaupara Constituency. The main island is equally divided among the three constituencies Arutanga-Reureu-Nikaupara (southwest), Vaipae-Tautu (southeast), and Amuri-Ureia (north).

title: Aitutaki


text:
Talk:Great Salt Lake

Poor Composition
This article is FULL of grammatical and composition mistakes, and I don't have time to correct all of them. The article is especially bad concerning the terminology of geology and civil engineering. A natural, solid, geological body in a lake - that extends above or close to the surface - is either an island, an islet, a rock, a reef, or a shoal. Islands and islets are permanent features that extend above the water level all the time. There is no such thing as an island or an islet that disappears. If it ever does so, then it is a rock, a reef, or a shoal. There was a huge amound of confusion about what a water pump does, and I have corrected most of these. In the context of this article, a water pump that has its inlet in a lake, river, or canal "moves", "removes", or "pumps" water, and there is no point in its doing anything else. There were several other words that had been used that didn't make any sense. It would be helpful for writers to learn something about civil engineering rather than letting their imaginations run wild.98.81.11.27 (talk) 19:11, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

Old questions with no headlines
The article currently ends with "Source: The April 29, 2002 issue of High Country News". Is this a direct quote, or just where the information came from? If the former, we need to verify that it's a public domain resource. If not, I'll take that out. Vicki Rosenzweig --- a pic would be great here...there is one on the German version of the article: Großer Salzsee....how does one borrow?? Jon 01:48, 15 Sep 2004 (UTC) --- The Weber River does not flow into the lake per se, it flows into the Ogden River, which then flows into the east side of the lake in Ogden Bay. At http://www.ogdencvb.org/Davis/lake.html they call it the weber/ogden tributary.

 * That link says, "Great Salt Lake has three major tributaries, the Bear, Weber/Ogden, and Jordan River systems." But after the confluence of the Ogden and Weber rivers, the waterway is called the Weber River.  Here are two links (1 and 2) to maps that show this. Val42 03:05, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * ah ok, my mistake.

--- Could someone with more skill squeeze in the names of all the islands (carrington, dolphin, badger, and egg island are not mentioned, neither is strong's knobb)? ---

Pollution
Recent studies of the GSL's water have revealed the highest levels of mercury found in any body of water tested in the United States. We need to add a section about the pollution on the lake. see this and this article for a little more info.
 * Have the rivers and other runoff been tested to determine if this is natural or artificial pollution? Val42 03:40, 27 May 2006 (UTC)
 * It would seem to be a semi-recent problem, judging from this quote:

" Is the Great Salt Lake polluted?

The quantities of harmful contaminants in the lake, such as industrial organic wastes, copper, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, and lead are very low. This is contrary to what one might expect since rivers, waste-water treatment plants, and industrial facilities discharge into the lake."

This seems to indicate that the lake has been tested before for mercury, but only "very low" levels were found.

Help request
There are 7 links in the to-do list above we should use to expand the mercury info, if anyone is willing to look through them. --Lethargy 01:37, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Lead section improvement
From the Dead Sea's peer review:

"The lead is for summarizing the rest of the article, and should not introduce new topics not discussed in the rest of the article, as per WP:LEAD. Please ensure that the lead adequately summarizes the article."

This applies here as well. The current lead is pretty good IMO, but it introduces information not currently included in the article (e.g. Lake Bonneville, lake effect snow). Please make sure this info is added somewhere and make sure the lead section adequately summarizes the article. I have a pretty good idea of improvements I can make to the lead, which I will post later. --Lethargy 01:59, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Hmm... the more I play with the lead, the longer it gets. What I have done is split it into about five paragraphs, which is more than is suggested in the aforementioned guide, but feels pretty good for this article (assuming and hoping it is expanded). My main complaint with the current lead is the first paragraph is too long and contains too many measurements, so I decided to split bits of it into a separate paragraph. --Lethargy 03:56, 8 July 2006 (UTC)

Content
It is important to have a clear idea of what needs to be covered in the lead, my current topics include (please add any you think should be there):

 * Size of the lake and status as far as world records (the "Great").
 * Salinity of the lake (the "Salt"). Includes ability to float in its waters and needs to include the inability of most species to live in the lake.
 * Fluctuations of the above.
 * Descendancy from Lake Bonneville.
 * Importance to migratory birds.

Mormons / Latter Day Saints
Correct me if I'm wrong, but isn't the GSL near where the Mormons went in 1800-something? In the 1830, Joseph Smith organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. I think that is notable enough to be included somewhere. Insane99 19:30, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

 * You are correct, see Salt Lake City, Utah. I'm not sure how to word it or anything, but I think it should go into a history section. --Lethargy 00:26, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe just a reference to it and a link to the main article for Salt Lake City, then? Insane99 12:38, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I put it in the lead, for now. I moved it to the Geography section instead. --Lethargy 02:18, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * The Latter Day Saints are pertinent to Salt Lake City but NOT to the Great Salt Lake. The Great Salt Lake is a geographical and geological feature that has nothing to do with any church or any religion, just as Lake Michigan has nothing to do with religions, despite the Roman Catholic missionaries who were there during the 1600s, 1700s, and 1800s; and the Dead Sea has nothing to do with Judiasm or Islam. These places have to do with geography, geology, and meteorology (e.g. the Ice Ages.) 98.81.11.27 (talk) 18:51, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

GA nominee
In the 1830 Joseph Smith organized the church of jesus christ of latter day saints. I thinks this article looks great. But is there a reason that the subheading "Ecosystem" has so few in-line references? I think if that one matter were addressed, corrected and/or clarified, I would approve this. One other thing: Why is there a subheading under superstitions? There only appears to be one, so the subheading is unecessary.--Esprit15d 13:39, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the feedback, I'll see if I can dig up some citations for the ecosystem stuff (not sure who added it) and I'll remove the subheading. Any other ways we can improve this? --Lethargy 20:42, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed the subheading, and added a few refs to the ecosystem section. Some more refs are still needed, and I'll tag unsourced statements with citation-needed so others can help me out (I hope). --Lethargy 22:26, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Another update: the only other references I would like to see (in the ecosystem section) are

 * 1) Verify there are two species of brine flies in the lake. Done.
 * 2) Make sure we have listed all of the wildlife management areas. Sort of done, I found a ref which states how many of these there are, and that satisfies me.

 * OK, I have now added all the citations I felt were needed, are there any more references you feel are necessary? --Lethargy 23:30, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Nope, it is fully referenced to GA status. Hence I just passed it. Great work guys!  Killfest2 — Daniel.Bryant  00:55, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Delisted from Good Article status
This article has been delisted from GA status for failing to meet the following criteria:
 * Compelling prose:Examples of less than compelling prose:
 * "The Jordan River does not receive its water directly from the Uintas, but it drains freshwater Utah Lake, which itself is fed primarily by the Provo River which begins in the south slope of the Uintas and flows into the east part of Utah Lake."
 * "...depends mostly on the level of the lake which can vary greatly from year to year depending on the lake level."

--jwandersTalk 07:58, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Accuracy:Contradiction: "...there are [up to] fifteen islands..." and "There are also a number of small, unnamed islands".
 * Image tagging: Image:Saltair.jpg has an obsolete license tag.

 * I disagree with your reasoning for removing this. You could have simply removed the picture; it's not as though it's vital to the article. In addition, even featured articles have their examples of a few less-than-brilliant sentences. Personally, I'm kind of frustrated that I'm going to have to re-nominate it and wait another 2-3 weeks for it to be approved after fixing problems that could have easily been fixed in just 1 edit. Is this how things normally work over there? bob rulz 08:15, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * On second look of this article, I am even more frustrated. If you would have read the article clearly you would have noticed that it mentioned that there's up to 15 islands, and then it names all of them, and then states that there's a number of small, unnamed islands. They are not referring to the same islands, and this confusion could have been avoided by the addition of just one simple word, referring to them as named islands to more clearly differentiate between the named and unnamed islands. Now I initially thought of putting it up for review, but I just addressed the concern and realized that it didn't meet the criteria for it to be reviewed. I simply feel that you were too hasty in delisting it, especially now that I have to wait 2-3 weeks for it to be approved or rejected again. bob rulz 08:24, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * (edit conflict):I'd say the fact that other promoted articles also fail to meet their criteria is a reason to demote them, not promote others. But I do understand your frustration, Bob, and also feel that the GA process could still use some refinement.  I think this case would probably warrant listing at Good articles/Disputes as my delisting came so soon after the original promotion; hopefully the dispute resolution process will be swifter than a complete re-nomination. --jwandersTalk 08:26, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Great...I already re-listed it for nomination, since it says in the disputes that it has to have been delisted for no legitimate reason, and the one picture that didn't have a tag was a legitimate reason. Could it be transferred over to disputes? And also, sorry if I sounded like I was over-reacing. I have a tendency to do that. bob rulz 08:53, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * No worries ;-) It's easy to over-react after you've put so much hard work into something. That's one of the difficult parts of both GAC and FAC: it can be hard to remember that failed results are solely a rating the article, and are not a judgement of how hard its editors have worked on it.
 * I agree that the instructions at disprutes don't actually apply here; I was mistaken in suggesting you list it there and you were right to re-nominate it instead. I'm willing to do another review for you straight away if you'd like, but, as you've seen in my delisting, I tend to be quite critical in my reviews. I'd say 2-3 weeks isn't really that long a wait, especially since you're of course welcome to spend the time working other articles up to nomination status. --jwandersTalk 09:19, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Na, it's okay, you can wait to look over it again if you want. I want to look over it to make sure it's up to good article status. I think I was a bit shocked before, though. I guess I just happened to get one of the harsher ones to find it and delist it, heh. I'm just surprised because good article criteria seems to be so close to what featured articles are. bob rulz 12:35, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Now that it is up for review again, should we replace the DelistedGA template with GA nominee? --Lethargy 00:09, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe it would be appropriate to include both of them, so I have done so. If this is wrong then somebody can change it.

bob rulz 02:13, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

The issues were taken care of and the article fits all of the GA criteria. --GoOdCoNtEnT 06:14, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Awesome. At least it didn't take nearly as long as last time to approve. Hopefully nobody delists it again... bob rulz 06:19, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Peer review
As I have mentioned elsewhere, I plan to submit this for peer review soon. Before I do that, I'd be very grateful if everyone could copy-edit it (see How to copy-edit) to improve grammar, punctuation, tone, etc. Also, please review it and list any opportunities for improvement.

 * I'm gonna hold off on the peer review request for a short while, as I am still adding new info to the article that will require further copy-editing before I want it to be judged. --Lethargy 19:17, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Lethargy's assessment
The first thing I notice about the article in its current state is that the commerce section could use some expanding and more references. I expanded the evaporation pond stuff earlier, but I would like to see the rest of it expanded. Also, I'm not entirely sure why Spiral Jetty is in the commerce section, unless it is a tourist attraction... --Lethargy 21:47, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

"The harvest of brine shrimp cysts during fall and early winter has developed into a significant local industry."

We should expand this one sentence paragraph. How significant is the industry (e.g. how much money does it bring in and where are the products seen), what effect has the harvest had on the lake (this may belong in the ecosystem section, I'm not sure), and what are the cysts used for? Some sources we can use:--Lethargy 21:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Em3rald's Commentary
First off, this is a beautiful article, and all those who have contributed should be proud of their work. I think it deserves to be a selected article, among other things :D

Now, on to what I think might improve it - and I think most of my comments will be pretty low-key.

Opening Section
Current: ...deposit around 1.1 million tons of minerals in the lake each year,[1] and the balance of evaporated water is mineral-free, concentrating the lake further.

This piece of a sentence, while likely totally true and factual, is written in a slightly confusing manner. I am unsure at this time as to a replacement sentence.

Origin
Current: ... prehistoric lake called Lake Bonneville. Lake Bonneville was nearly as large as Lake Michigan and significantly deeper ...

Suggestion: ... prehistoric lake called Lake Boneville which, at it's peak surface area, was nearly as large as Lake Michegan and was significantly deeper ...
 * Could you possibly mean Lake Michigan? Have you never been east of the Continental Divide or read anything about that part of the country? Perhaps we in the East should start writing about the "Great Saalt Lake"?98.81.11.27 (talk) 18:41, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

--note: The rest of this sentence seems a little bit awkwark, though I cannot come up with a suitable alternative barring the use of parentheses. Em3rald 03:32, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Some metric sizes are wrong. 950 square miles = 2,460 km² (not 1,529 km²) ; 3,300 square miles = 8,547 km² (not 5,311 km²)

84.233.128.65 07:43, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Lake Stink
This is a great page. Three memories I have of the lake are its surreal beauty especially at sunset when the mountains seem to rise into the sky, the buffalos on Antelope Island, and the lake stink.

I believe the lake stink is caused by the brine flies, which are remarkable unto themselves as they actually live in the water and fly out when you wave your hand over them. The level of lake stink is part of radio weather reports.--John van v 00:26, 7 August 2007 (UTC)

North Shore Monster
I recently stumbled upon the North Shore Monster article. I fixed up what I could, but it does need more attention. See my comments on that article's talk page for more of my comments. Even if you're not interested in that article right now, it is short so I'd like you to read it and fix up what you can. Then you can ignore it, if you like. — Val42 (talk) 22:16, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

West Desert pumping project
I'm of the belief that this section might be worth turning into a separate article on the grounds that this was a major and controversial engineering project (For example, see this New York Times article. Supposedly satellite pictures exist of the lake while the pumping was in operation, which might be worth locating. Also it should be make clear that the region the water was pumped into is the area into which the Great Salt Lake expands to once it rises above 4217 ft. Finally it would appear that the lake created lasted until 1991, perhaps photographs exist from the lakeshore. Graham1973 (talk) 02:17, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Calochortus luteus?
This article, along with several related articles, cite a website for the claim that Calochortus luteus may have occurred on islands in the GSL. This website cites only a text from the explorer Domenech, but other explorers from this time period mentioned seeing C. luteus as well. I think this is not supported by any evidence, and is explained by the fact that the name C. luteus was applied to plants that are today called C. aureus and which look much like C. luteus. I am looking for a better source on this, as we have only a few. In the meantime, I have revised the text, but it could be revised to be more vague about this, or more definite. I tried to follow a middle path.Michaplot (talk) 02:18, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Growing or Shrinking?
I remember years ago learning about the lake growing. I came here looking for info to see how far along it was. And nothing! Looked over at google and see that now it's actually shrinking. Seems like this needs a section. Leitmotiv (talk) 18:54, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:06, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png

water volume
the water volume is stated to be 18km2 is that to spill point, current year, average. I assume the water volume is very variable? 92.110.165.40 (talk) 18:26, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

BMAA in Great Salt Lake dust
Shouldn't we add a mention of the fact that the dangerous compound BMAA has been found in Great Salt Lake dust? Source: https://www.sltrib.com/news/environment/2023/11/16/study-shines-more-light-toxins/ 98.123.38.211 (talk) 23:18, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Great Salt Lake


text:
Brahmic scripts

The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.

History
Brahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 7th century BCE from the potsherds found all over Tamizhagam ( Tamil Nadu). Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.

There are many theories where Brahmi came from, But the most accepted theory is that it descends from Aramaic alphabet, with similarities with several of the glyphs.

The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan. The tabular presentation and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.

Southern Brahmi evolved into the Kadamba, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. Brahmic scripts spread in a peaceful manner, Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. The scripts spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes. At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.

Characteristics
Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:
 * Each consonant has an inherent vowel which is usually a short 'ə' (in Bengali, Assamese and Odia, the phoneme is /ɔ/ due to sound shifts). Other vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in Sanskrit as a virama/halanta/hasanta, can be used to indicate the absence of an inherent vowel, although it is rarely used.
 * Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not attached to a consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant. Depending on the script, the dependent forms can be either placed to the left of, to the right of, above, below, or on both the left and the right sides of the base consonant.
 * Consonants (up to 4 in Devanagari) can be combined in ligatures. Special marks are added to denote the combination of 'r' with another consonant.
 * Nasalization and aspiration of a consonant's dependent vowel is also noted by separate signs.
 * The alphabetical order is: vowels, velar consonants, palatal consonants, retroflex consonants, dental consonants, bilabial consonants, approximants, sibilants, and other consonants. Each consonant grouping had four stops (with all four possible values of voicing and aspiration), and a nasal consonant.

Comparison
Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same Brahmi glyph. Accordingly: The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.
 * The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they are later inventions not derived from any Brahmi character.
 * The pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given for Sanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.

Consonants

 * Notes

Vowels
Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.

Notes

Numerals
Notes

Historical
The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi. In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the southern group the Vatteluttu and Kadamba/Pallava scripts with the spread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.

Northern Brahmic

 * Gupta, 4th century
 * Sharada
 * Landa
 * Gurmukhi
 * Khojki
 * Khudabadi
 * Mahajani
 * Multani
 * Takri
 * Chamba
 * Dogri
 * Sirmauri
 * Siddhaṃ
 * Nagari
 * Devanagari
 * Modi
 * Gujarati
 * Nandinagari
 * Kaithi
 * Sylheti Nagari
 * Kamarupi
 * Assamese
 * Gaudi
 * Bengali–Assamese (Eastern Nagari)
 * Assamese
 * Bengali
 * Tirhuta (Mithilakshar)
 * Odia
 * Nepalese
 * Bhujimol
 * Ranjana
 * Soyombo
 * Pracalit
 * Tibetan
 * Meetei Mayek
 * Lepcha
 * Limbu
 * Khema
 * ʼPhags-pa
 * Zanabazar square
 * Marchen
 * Marchung
 * Pungs-chen
 * Pungs-chung
 * Drusha
 * Dives Akuru
 * Kalinga
 * Bhaiksuki
 * Tocharian (Slanting Brahmi)

Southern Brahmic

 * Sinhala
 * Bhattiprolu
 * Kadamba
 * Telugu-Kannada
 * Telugu
 * Kannada
 * Goykanadi
 * Tamil-Brahmi, 2nd century BC
 * Pallava
 * Tamil
 * Grantha
 * Malayalam
 * Tigalari
 * Saurashtra
 * Khmer
 * Khom Thai
 * Proto-Tai script?
 * Sukhothai
 * Thai
 * Fakkham
 * Thai Noi
 * Lao
 * Tai Viet
 * Dai Don
 * Lai Tay
 * Lai Pao
 * Cham
 * Kawi
 * Balinese
 * Batak
 * Buda
 * Javanese
 * Old Sundanese
 * Sundanese
 * Lontara
 * Makasar
 * Ulu scripts
 * Incung
 * Lampung
 * Lembak
 * Ogan
 * Pasemah
 * Rejang
 * Serawai
 * Baybayin
 * Buhid
 * Hanunó'o
 * Tagbanwa
 * Kulitan
 * Basahan
 * Mon–Burmese
 * Modern Mon
 * Burmese
 * Chakma
 * S'gaw Karen
 * Shan
 * Tanchangya
 * Lik-Tai scripts
 * Ahom
 * Khamti
 * Tai Le
 * Tai Tham
 * New Tai Lue
 * Pyu
 * Vatteluttu
 * Kolezhuthu
 * Malayanma

Unicode of Brahmic scripts
As of Unicode version, the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:

title: Brahmic scripts


text:
Talk:Transcendental Meditation program

This reads like an ad, probably a direct quote from a TM brochure. Even if it's public domain, it's not appropriate for the Wiki. Can someone who knows a bit about TM rewrite for NPOV? And can we get rid of that stupid trademark symbol? Vicki Rosenzweig

title: Talk:Transcendental Meditation program


text:
Talk:Non-Euclidean geometry/Archive 1

I removed the following:

''See also: "Smarandache Non-Euclidean Geometries" club. The Euclidean, Lobachevsky-Bolyai-Gauss, and Riemannian geometries are united altogether, in the same space, by the SMARANDACHE GEOMETRIES (1969). These last geometries are partially Euclidean and partially Non-Euclidean. For more information see:''
 * http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/prd-geo1.txt
 * http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/prd-geo2.txt
 * http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/prd-geo3.txt
 * http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/prd-geo4.txt

There are no references given to reputable journals, so this is either original unpublished research or unaccepted. In any case, it doesn't belong in this article. At best, we can create a separate article to discuss this material. AxelBoldt, Saturday, May 18, 2002

title: Talk:Non-Euclidean geometry/Archive 1