text:
Elvish languages of Middle-earth

The Elvish languages of Middle-earth, constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien, include Quenya and Sindarin. These were the various languages spoken by the Elves of Middle-earth as they developed as a society throughout the Ages. In his pursuit for realism and in his love of language, Tolkien was especially fascinated with the development and evolution of language through time. Tolkien created two almost fully developed languages and a dozen more in various beginning stages as he studied and reproduced the way that language adapts and morphs. A philologist by profession, he spent much time on his constructed languages. In the collection of letters he had written, posthumously published by his son, Christopher Tolkien, he stated that he began stories set within this secondary world, the realm of Middle-earth, not with the characters or narrative as one would assume, but with a created set of languages. The stories and characters serve as conduits to make those languages come to life. Inventing language was always a crucial piece to Tolkien's mythology and world building. As Tolkien stated:

"The invention of languages is the foundation. The 'stories' were made rather to provide a world for the languages than the reverse. To me a name comes first and the story follows."

Tolkien created scripts for his Elvish languages, of which the best known are Sarati, Tengwar, and Cirth.

Language construction
J. R. R. Tolkien began to construct his first Elvin tongue c. 1910–1911 while he was at the King Edward's School, Birmingham and which he later named Quenya (c. 1915). At that time, Tolkien was already familiar with Latin, Greek, Italian, Spanish, and three ancient Germanic languages: Gothic, Old Norse, and Old English. He had invented several cryptographic codes such as Animalic, and two or three constructed languages including Naffarin. He then discovered Finnish, which he described many years later as "like discovering a complete wine-cellar filled with bottles of an amazing wine of a kind and flavour never tasted before. It quite intoxicated me." He had started his study of the Finnish language to be able to read the Kalevala epic.

"The ingredients in Quenya are various, but worked out into a self-consistent character not precisely like any language that I know. Finnish, which I came across when I first begun to construct a 'mythology' was a dominant influence, but that has been much reduced [now in late Quenya]. It survives in some features: such as the absence of any consonant combinations initially, the absence of the voiced stops b, d, g (except in mb, nd, ng, ld, rd, which are favoured) and the fondness for the ending -inen, -ainen, -oinen, also in some points of grammar, such as the inflexional endings -sse (rest at or in), -nna (movement to, towards), and -llo (movement from); the personal possessives are also expressed by suffixes; there is no gender."

Tolkien with his Quenya pursued a double aesthetic goal: "classical and inflected". This urge, in fact, was the motivation for his creation of a 'mythology'. While the language developed, he needed speakers, history for the speakers and all real dynamics, like war and migration: "It was primarily linguistic in inspiration and was begun in order to provide the necessary background of 'history' for Elvish tongues".

The Elvish languages underwent countless revisions in grammar, mostly in conjugation and the pronominal system. The Elven vocabulary was not subject to sudden or extreme change; except during the first conceptual stage c. 1910–c. 1920. Tolkien sometimes changed the "meaning" of an Elvish word, but he almost never disregarded it once invented, and he kept on refining its meaning, and countlessly forged new synonyms. Moreover, Elven etymology was in a constant flux. Tolkien delighted in inventing new etymons for his Elvish vocabulary.

From the outset, Tolkien used comparative philology and the tree model as his major tools in his constructed languages. He usually started with the phonological system of the proto-language and then proceeded in inventing for each daughter language the many mechanisms of sound change needed.

"I find the construction and the interrelation of the languages an aesthetic pleasure in itself, quite apart from The Lord of the Rings, of which it was/is in fact independent."

In the early 30s Tolkien decided that the proto-language of the Elves was Valarin, the tongue of the gods or Valar: "The language of the Elves derived in the beginning from the Valar, but they change it even in the learning, and moreover modified and enriched it constantly at all times by their own invention." In his Comparative Tables, Tolkien describes the mechanisms of sound change in the following daughter languages: Qenya, Lindarin (a dialect of Qenya), Telerin, Old Noldorin (or Fëanorian), Noldorin (or Gondolinian), Ilkorin (esp. of Doriath), Danian of Ossiriand, East Danian, Taliska, West Lemberin, North Lemberin, and East Lemberin.

In his lifetime J.R.R. Tolkien never ceased to experiment on his constructed languages, and they were subjected to many revisions. They had many grammars with substantial differences between different stages of development. After the publication of The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955), the grammar rules of his major Elvish languages Quenya, Telerin and Sindarin went through very few changes (this is late Elvish 1954–1973).

Publication of Tolkien's linguistic papers

 * The linguistic papers published in Vinyar Tengwar and Parma Eldalamberon are listed in the Bibliography of this article.

Two magazines (Vinyar Tengwar, from its issue 39 in July 1998, and Parma Eldalamberon, from its issue 11 in 1995) are exclusively devoted to the editing and publishing of J.R.R. Tolkien's gigantic mass of previously unpublished linguistic papers (including those omitted by Christopher Tolkien from "The History of Middle-earth"). However, no new publications have appeared since 2015.

At the time of the Lhammas and The Etymologies, 1937
The Elvish languages are a family of several related languages and dialects. In 1937, Tolkien drafted the Lhammas and The Etymologies, both edited and published in the 1987 The Lost Road and Other Writings. They depict a tree of languages analogous to that of the Indo-European languages that Tolkien knew as a philologist.

This was internally consistent, but for one thing. Central to the story was the history of the Noldor. Their language, Noldorin, evolved very slowly in the changeless atmosphere of Valinor. Tolkien had developed its linguistics in some detail. With their return to Beleriand, the language was evidently sharply distinct from Qenya, implying rapid change. As Tolkien worked on The Lord of the Rings, starting soon after The Hobbit was published in 1937, the matter troubled him. He came up with a radical solution: the Noldor adopted the local language, Sindarin, as spoken by the Sindar or Green-Elves, when they settled in Beleriand. That allowed Noldorin to be, more plausibly, a scarcely-altered dialect of Quenya; and it freed up his linguistically-developed material to be rebadged as Sindarin, which would have had a long time to evolve in Middle-earth. This was to some extent an awkward solution, as Sindarin had quite different origins, and should have developed rather differently. Tolkien reshaped his "Tree of Tongues" accordingly.

The Etymologies is Tolkien's etymological dictionary of the Elvish languages, contemporaneous with the Lhammas. It is a list of roots of the Proto-Elvish language, from which he built his many Elvish languages, especially Quenya, Noldorin and Ilkorin. The Etymologies, never meant to be published, does not form a unified whole, but incorporates layer upon layer of changes. In his introduction to The Etymologies, Christopher Tolkien wrote that his father was "more interested in the processes of change than he was in displaying the structure and use of the languages at any given time."

With The Lord of the Rings
The story of the Elvish languages as conceived by Tolkien from when he began working on The Lord of the Rings is that they all originated from Primitive Quendian or Quenderin, the proto-language of all the Elves who awoke together in the far east of Middle-earth, Cuiviénen, and began "naturally" to make a language. With the sundering of the Elves, all the Elvish languages are presumed to be descendants of this common ancestor, including the two languages that Tolkien developed most fully, Quenya and Sindarin, as shown in the tree diagram.

In detail, Tolkien invented two subfamilies (subgroups) of the Elvish languages. "The language of the Quendelie (Elves) was thus very early sundered into the branches Eldarin and Avarin". These further subdivided as follows:

 * Avarin is the language of various Elves of the Second and Third Clans, who refused to come to Valinor. It developed into at least six Avarin languages.
 * Common Eldarin is the language of the three clans of the Eldar during the Great March to Valinor. It developed into:
 * Quenya, the language of the Elves in Valinor (Eldamar) beyond the Sea; it divided into:
 * Vanyarin Quenya or Quendya, colloquial speech of the Vanyar, the Elves of the First Clan;
 * Noldorin Quenya (and later Exilic Quenya, when the Noldor moved from Valinor to Beleriand), colloquial speech of the Noldor, the Elves of the Second Clan.
 * Common Telerin, the early language of all the Teleri
 * Telerin, the language of the Teleri, Elves of the Third Clan, living in Tol Eressëa and Alqualondë in Valinor.
 * Nandorin, the language of the Nandor, a branch of the Third Clan. It developed into various Nandorin and Silvan languages.
 * Sindarin is the language of the Sindar, a branch of the Third Clan, who dwelt in Beleriand. Its dialects include Doriathrin, in Doriath; Falathrin, in the Falas of Beleriand; North Sindarin, in Dorthonion and Hithlum; Noldorin Sindarin, spoken by the Exiled Noldor.

Fictional philology
A tradition of philological study of Elvish languages exists within the fiction of Tolkien's frame stories:

"The older stages of Quenya were, and doubtless still are, known to the loremasters of the Eldar. It appears from these notices that besides certain ancient songs and compilations of lore that were orally preserved, there existed also some books and many ancient inscriptions."

Elven philologists are called the Lambengolmor; in Quenya, lambe means "spoken language" or "verbal communication." Known members of the Lambengolmor were Rúmil, who invented the first Elvish script (the Sarati), Fëanor who later enhanced and further developed this script into his Tengwar, which later was spread to Middle-earth by the Exiled Noldor and remained in use ever after, and Pengolodh, who is credited with many works, including the Osanwe-kenta and the Lhammas or "The 'Account of Tongues' which Pengolodh of Gondolin wrote in later days in Tol-eressëa".

Elvish scripts

Tolkien wrote out most samples of Elvish languages with the Latin alphabet, but within the fiction he imagined many writing systems for his Elves. The best-known are the "Tengwar of Fëanor", but the first system he created, c. 1919, is the "Tengwar of Rúmil", also called the sarati. In chronological order, Tolkien's scripts are:

 * 1) Tengwar of Rúmil or Sarati
 * 2) Gondolinic runes (Runes used in the city of Gondolin)
 * 3) Valmaric script
 * 4) Andyoqenya
 * 5) Qenyatic
 * 6) Tengwar of Fëanor
 * 7) The Cirth of Daeron

Books
A small fraction of Tolkien's accounts of Elvish languages was published in his novels and scholarly works during his lifetime.

 * 1937 The Hobbit a few elvish names (Elrond, Glamdring, Orcrist); no texts or sentences
 * 1962 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil
 * 1954–1955 The Lord of the Rings
 * 1967 The Road Goes Ever On.

Posthumously:

 * 1980 Unfinished Tales: the "Oath of Cirion"
 * 1983 The Monsters and the Critics: "A Secret Vice", with Oilima Markirya, Nieninqe, and Earendel.
 * 1987 The Lost Road and Other Writings:
 * "Alboin Errol's Fragments", p. 51
 * "Fíriel's Song", p. 69
 * Lhammas, explaining the relationships between the languages, pp. 182–217
 * The Etymologies, adding some 600 words and many links between languages, pp. 377–448

Posthumous articles
Many of Tolkien's writings on his invented languages have been annotated and published by Carl F. Hostetter in the journals Vinyar Tengwar and Parma Eldalamberon, as follows:

 * 1989 "The Plotz Quenya Declensions", first published in part in the fanzine Beyond Bree, and later in full in "Vinyar Tengwar'' 6, p. 14.
 * 1991 "Koivieneni Sentence" in Vinyar Tengwar 14, pp. 5–20.
 * 1992 "New Tengwar Inscription" in Vinyar Tengwar 21, p. 6.
 * 1992 "Liège Tengwar Inscription" in Vinyar Tengwar 23, p. 16.
 * 1993 "Two Trees Sentence" in Vinyar Tengwar 27, pp. 7–42.
 * 1993 "Koivieneni Manuscript" in Vinyar Tengwar 27, pp. 7–42.
 * 1993 "The Bodleian Declensions", in Vinyar Tengwar 28, pp. 9–34.
 * 1994 "The Entu Declension" in Vinyar Tengwar 36, pp. 8–29.
 * 1995 "Gnomish Lexicon", Parma Eldalamberon 11.
 * 1995 "Rúmilian Document" in Vinyar Tengwar 37, pp. 15–23.
 * 1998 "Qenya Lexicon" Parma Eldalamberon 12.
 * 1998 "Osanwe-kenta, Enquiry into the communication of thought", Vinyar Tengwar 39
 * 1998 "From Quendi and Eldar, Appendix D." Vinyar Tengwar 39, pp. 4–20.
 * 1999 "Narqelion", Vinyar Tengwar 40, pp. 5–32
 * 2000 "Etymological Notes: Osanwe-kenta" Vinyar Tengwar 41, pp. 5–6
 * 2000 "From The Shibboleth of Fëanor" (written ca. 1968) Vinyar Tengwar 41, pp. 7–10 (A part of the Shibboleth of Fëanor was published in The Peoples of Middle-earth, pp. 331–366)
 * 2000 "Notes on Óre" Vinyar Tengwar 41, pp. 11–19
 * 2000 "Merin Sentence" Tyalie Tyalieva 14, p. 32–35
 * 2001 "The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor" (written 1967–1969) Vinyar Tengwar 42, pp. 5–31.
 * 2001 "Essay on negation in Quenya" Vinyar Tengwar 42, pp. 33–34.
 * 2001 "Goldogrim Pronominal Prefixes" Parma Eldalamberon 13 p. 97.
 * 2001 "Early Noldorin Grammar", Parma Eldalamberon 13, pp. 119–132.
 * 2002 "Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers in Quenya (Part One), Vinyar Tengwar 43:
 * "Ataremma" (Pater Noster in Quenya) versions I–VI, p. 4–26
 * "Aia María" (Ave Maria in Quenya) versions I–IV, pp. 26–36
 * "Alcar i Ataren" (Gloria Patri in Quenya), pp. 36–38

 * 2002 "Words of Joy: Five Catholic Prayers in Quenya (Part Two), Vinyar Tengwar 44:
 * "Litany of Loreto" in Quenya, pp. 11–20.
 * "Ortírielyanna" (Sub tuum praesidium in Quenya), pp. 5–11
 * "Alcar mi tarmenel na Erun" (Gloria in Excelsis Deo in Quenya), pp. 31–38.
 * "Ae Adar Nín" (Pater Noster in Sindarin) Vinyar Tengwar 44, pp. 21–30.

 * 2003 "Early Qenya Fragments", Parma Eldalamberon 14.
 * 2003 "Early Qenya Grammar", Parma Eldalamberon 14.
 * 2003 "The Valmaric Scripts", Parma Eldalamberon 14.
 * 2004 "Sí Qente Feanor and Other Elvish Writings", ed. Smith, Gilson, Wynne, and Welden, Parma Eldalamberon 15.
 * 2005 "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals (Part One)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne. Vinyar Tengwar 47, pp. 3–43.
 * 2005 "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals (Part Two)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne. Vinyar Tengwar 48, pp. 4–34.
 * 2006 "Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets", Part 1, ed. Smith, Parma Eldalamberon 16.
 * 2006 "Early Elvish Poetry: Oilima Markirya, Nieninqe and Earendel", ed. Gilson, Welden, and Hostetter, Parma Eldalamberon 16
 * 2006 "Qenya Declensions", "Qenya Conjugations", "Qenya Word-lists", ed. Gilson, Hostetter, Wynne, Parma Eldalamberon 16
 * 2007 "Eldarin Hands, Fingers & Numerals (Part Three)." Edited by Patrick H. Wynne. Vinyar Tengwar 49, pp. 3–37.
 * 2007 "Five Late Quenya Volitive Inscriptions." Vinyar Tengwar 49, pp. 38–58.
 * 2007 "Ambidexters Sentence", Vinyar Tengwar 49
 * 2007 "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings", edited by Gilson, Parma Eldalamberon 17.
 * 2009 "Tengwesta Qenderinwa", ed. Gilson, Smith and Wynne, Parma Eldalamberon 18.
 * 2009 "Pre-Fëanorian Alphabets, Part 2", Parma Eldalamberon 18.
 * 2010 "Quenya Phonology", Parma Eldalamberon 19.
 * 2010 "Comparative Tables", Parma Eldalamberon 19.
 * 2010 "Outline of Phonetic Development", Parma Eldalamberon 19.
 * 2010 "Outline of Phonology", Parma Eldalamberon 19.
 * 2012 "The Quenya Alphabet", Parma Eldalamberon 20.
 * 2013 "Qenya: Declension of Nouns", Parma Eldalamberon 21.
 * 2013 "Primitive Quendian: Final Consonants", Parma Eldalamberon 21.
 * 2013 "Common Eldarin: Noun Structure", Parma Eldalamberon 21.
 * 2015 "The Fëanorian Alphabet, Part 1", Parma Eldalamberon 22.
 * 2015 "Quenya Verb Structure", Parma Eldalamberon 22.

See also Douglas A. Anderson, Carl F. Hostetter: A Checklist, Tolkien Studies 4 (2007).

title: Elvish languages of Middle-earth


text:
Carabinieri

The Carabinieri (, also, ; formally Arma dei Carabinieri, "Arm of Carabineers"; previously Corpo dei Carabinieri Reali, "Royal Carabineers Corps")    are the national gendarmerie of Italy who primarily carry out domestic and foreign policing duties. It is one of Italy's main law enforcement agencies, alongside the Polizia di Stato and the Guardia di Finanza. As with the Guardia di Finanza but in contrast to the Polizia di Stato, the Carabinieri are a military force. As the fourth branch of the Italian Armed Forces, they come under the authority of the Ministry of Defence; for activities related to inland public order and security, they functionally depend on the Ministry of the Interior. In practice, there is a significant overlap between the jurisdiction of the Polizia di Stato and Carabinieri, although both of them are contactable through 112, the European Union's Single Emergency number. Unlike the Polizia di Stato, the Carabinieri have responsibility for policing the military, and a number of members regularly participate in military missions abroad.

They were originally founded as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia, the forerunner of the Kingdom of Italy. During the process of Italian unification, the Carabinieri were appointed as the "First Force" of the new national military organization. Although the Carabinieri assisted in the suppression of opposition during the rule of Benito Mussolini, they were also responsible for his downfall and many units were disbanded during World War II by Nazi Germany, which resulted in large numbers of Carabinieri joining the Italian resistance movement.

In 2000, they were separated from the Army to become a separate branch of the Italian Armed Forces. Carabinieri have policing powers that can be exercised at any time and in any part of the country, and they are always permitted to carry their assigned weapon as personal equipment (Beretta 92FS pistols).

The Carabinieri are often referred to as "La Benemerita" (The Reputable or The Meritorious) as they are a trusted and prestigious law enforcement institution in Italy. The first official account of the use of this term to refer to the Carabinieri dates back to June 24, 1864.

Early history
Inspired by the French gendarmerie, the corps was created by King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia with the aim of providing the Savoyard state of the Kingdom of Sardinia with a police corps. Previously, police duties were managed by the Dragoni di Sardegna Corps, created in 1726 and composed of volunteers. After French soldiers had occupied Turin at the end of the 18th century and later abandoned it to the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Royal Carabinieri Corps was instituted under the Royal Patents of 13 July 1814. The name is derived from the French word carabinier, meaning "soldier armed with a carbine."

The new force was divided into divisions on the scale of one division for each province. The divisions were further divided into companies and subdivided into lieutenancies, which commanded and coordinated the local police stations and were distributed throughout the national territory in direct contact with the public. In 1868, the Cuirassiers Regiment or Corazzieri was formed, initially as a cavalry escort of honour for the sovereign, and since 1946 for the President of the Republic. The Italian unification saw the number of divisions increased, and on 24 January 1861, the Carabinieri were appointed the "First Force" of the new national military organization. In May 1915, Italian troops marched to encompass South Tyrol, a territory of their former allies Austria-Hungary, in the Italian front. The defenders had sufficient time to prepare strong fortifications there, and at the Karst Plateau to the east. The Italians, under the overall command of General Luigi Cadorna, found themselves repeatedly repulsed in harsh fighting. The role of the Carabinieri was to act as barrier troops, setting up machine gun posts to control the rear of the attacking regiments and prevent desertion.

1930s and 1940s
During Fascist Italy (1922–1943) under Benito Mussolini, the Carabinieri were one of the police forces entrusted with suppressing opposition in Italy. During the same period, while part of the Italian African Police (mainly in the late 1930s), they were involved in atrocities    in colonial Italian East Africa during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. During World War II, they fought in their function as military police against the Allied forces, and against Yugoslav Partisans as part of the Italian occupation force of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

After the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy on 25 July 1943, on the orders of the king, Mussolini was arrested by the Carabinieri as he left the king's private residence in Rome and subsequently imprisoned on Campo Imperatore by Carabinieri forces. After the armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces on 3 September 1943 and the country's split into the fascist Italian Social Republic in the north and the Kingdom of Italy in the south, the Carabinieri split into two groups.

In the Kingdom of Italy, the Carabinieri Command for Liberated Italy was founded in Bari, mobilizing new units for the Italian war of liberation. These units were attached to the Italian Liberation Corps and the six Italian Combat Groups of the Italian Co-Belligerent Army, fighting with the Allied forces.

In the fascist Social Republic in the North, the regime organized the National Republican Guard (composed of Carabinieri, former officers from the Italian African Police, Guardia di Finanza and customs police), to employ it as a military police and rapid-deployment anti-guerrilla force. GNR was later joined (but not taken over) by the Black Brigades, which represented a new militant incarnation of the Fascist party.

Due to the role the Carabinieri had played in the downfall of Mussolini, and since one of the few units which fought the German occupation of Rome were the Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade regiments and the II Carabinieri cadet battalion, the Germans did not view the Carabinieri as loyal to the fascist cause. They disarmed the force and began the deportation of 8,000 officers to Germany for forced labour on 6 October 1943; the Italian Colonial Police took over their jobs.

Subsequently, large numbers of Carabinieri joined the Italian resistance movement to fight German and Italian fascists. Nonetheless, some 45,000 officers remained on the job and as of March 1944, this group was the only national security force in Italy.

After the war the Carabinieri counted at least 2735 fallen and 6500 wounded, out of approximately 14,000 who had joined the Resistance in northern and central Italy. In Yugoslavia, the Carabinieri formed a battalion of the Italian 182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi", which fought alongside the Yugoslav partisans against the Wehrmacht and the Croatian Ustaše. The battalion lost over 80% of its members in combat and was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor to commemorate the fallen.

One notable act of heroism in this era came from Vice Brigadiere Salvo D'Acquisto, who was executed by Nazi Germany in Palidoro (near Rome) during World War II. D'Acquisto exchanged his life for the lives of citizens due to be executed in retaliation for the killing of a German soldier; instead, he claimed responsibility and was executed for the offence.

Present day
The Carabinieri were in the forefront of many internal conflicts in Italy in the late 20th century, such as the Years of Lead (against the Red Brigades) and the Second Mafia War (against the Corleonesi Mafia). They participated, and lost men, in events such as the Peteano massacre in 1972, Circonvallazione massacre in 1982, and the murder of Emanuele Basile. Until 2000, the Carabinieri were part of the Italian Army. On 31 March 2000, they were separated to become the fourth branch of the Italian Armed Forces. Interpol summarizes this force (part of the Ministry of Defence) as having a "nationwide remit for crime investigations. It also serves as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called upon for national defence action."

According to Europol (the EU's law enforcement agency), the Carabinieri Corps' military duties include "contributing to national defence, participating in military operations in Italy and abroad, executing military police functions and ensuring the security of Italian diplomatic and consular representations". As a national police force, it "carries out public order and security policing, as well as investigative activities on its own initiative or at the request of the judicial authorities". Europol also states that the force is "supplemented by the Specialized Carabinieri Commands, responsible for safeguarding the primary interests of the community: from the protection of the environment, health, work and national cultural heritage, to the observance of community and agri-food regulations, to the suppression of forgery [of] currency".

In recent years Carabinieri units have been dispatched on peacekeeping missions, including Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. In 2003, 12 Carabinieri were killed in a suicide bombing on their base in Nasiriyah, near Basra in southern Iraq, in the largest Italian military loss of life in a single action since the Second World War. One of the previous projects included training and assisting the Afghan National Security Forces, the Afghan National Police, and the Afghan National Civil Order Police. In Iraq, Carabinieri have trained 13,000 police officers; during the ISIS destruction of historic sites, Italy dispatched troops from the Carabinieri's Command to protect cultural heritage.

At the Sea Island Conference of the G8 in 2004, Carabinieri were given a mandate to establish a Centre of Excellence for Stability Police Units to spearhead the development of training and doctrinal standards for civilian police units attached to international peacekeeping missions.

The State Forestry Corps was dissolved on 31 December 2016 and personnel with forestry police function were militarized and absorbed by the Carabinieri.

Organization
The corps is headed by the Comando, consisting of the Comandante Generale (a General), the Vice-Comandante Generale (a Lieutenant General) and the Chief of Staff, all located in Rome. The Chief of Staff directs, coordinates and supervises all activities of the force. It directly supervises the Directors of Administration, Health, Engineering, the motor pool and the Veterinary Commission. On the Deputy Chiefs of Staff depend the National Center for Recruitment and Selection, the Administration National Center and the Legislation Office.

Territorial Organization
The Carabinieri are organised on a territorial basis for law-enforcement missions. The territorial organization represents the core of the institution; it contains 80 percent of the force and is organized hierarchically in five inter-regional commands, 19 regional commands and 102 provincial commands, 504 Company Commands and 4,672 Station Commands and lieutenancies.

The territorial organization includes four heliborne units:

 * Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron "Cacciatori di Calabria", responsible for operations in Calabria
 * Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron "Cacciatori di Sicilia", responsible for operations in Sicily
 * Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron "Cacciatori di Sardegna", responsible for operations in Sardinia
 * Carabinieri Heliborne Squadron "Cacciatori di Puglia", responsible for operations in Apulia

Specialist and Mobile Units Command Organization
Outside the territorial organisation, the Specialist and Mobile Units Command Palidoro (Comando delle Unità Mobili e Specializzate "Palidoro", based in Rome) controls the Carabinieri Mobile Units Division, the Carabinieri Specialist Units Division and the ROS.

Carabinieri Specialist Units Division
The Carabinieri Specialist Units Division is the Carabinieri formation, established in 2001, dedicated to the performance of specialist police activities and the support to the Territorial Organizations. The Division directs, controls, and coordinates its own units, which carry out tasks related to the protection of Italian artistic heritage, to the currency protection, to the protection of Italian embassies abroad, to the health protection, to the labour policing, to Bank of Italy needs, to the Carabinieri forensics police services. In addition, the Division provides Carabinieri air support.

Mobile Units Division

The Carabinieri Mobile Units Division is located in Rome and has two brigades tasked with mass manoeuvres during emergencies, defending the nation and participating in military operations abroad. It supports public order and territorial control in urban areas, and contributes to the operations of civil authorities in terms of public safety. 1st Mobile Brigade, whose headquarters is located in Rome and includes six Regiments and four Battalions mainly employed in public order tasks. 2nd Mobile Brigade headquartered in Livorno includes the Gruppo di Intervento Speciale special forces group, the 1st Paratroopers Carabinieri Regiment "Tuscania", and the 7th "Trentino-Alto Adige" and 13th "Friuli-Venezia Giulia" regiments, which, together with the Multinational Specialized Unit, are mainly engaged in international missions.

Special forces
The Gruppo di Intervento Speciale in one of the six Italian special forces.

ROS
The ROS (Raggruppamento Operativo Speciale or Special Operational Group) is an elite unit founded in 1990 to deal with organised crime (Mafia and others), subversive activities, terrorism and more complex types of crime. An anti-crime section is found in every city and district public prosecutor's office.

Special Tasks Departments
Special Tasks Departments are outside the ordinary organisational framework and are used for special missions: Corazzieri (Cuirassiers) are an elite corps and honour guard of the President of the Italian Republic, located in the Quirinal Palace. They are distinguished by their uniforms and height (the minimum height for admission is 1.9 m). They have almost no other everyday duties, although they may be seen patrolling occasionally.

Other departments are in service to constitutional bodies such as, the Presidency of the Republic, the Senate, Parliament, the Judiciary, the prime minister and the National Council of Economy and Labour. Carabinieri also perform military police and security duties for the Ministry of Defence, military high commands, the offices of the military judiciary and allied military organisations in Italy and abroad. They also have personnel attached to the Department of Public Security in various departments, as well as anti-Mafia and anti-drug investigative task forces. Carabinieri officers are charged with surveillance and security at Italian embassies and consulates abroad, performing the same services entrusted to the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group in United States diplomatic and consular offices.

Together with the Polizia di Stato and the Guardia di Finanza, the Carabinieri is also responsible for border control.

Command Unit for environmental, agri-food and forestry protection
The specialized Comando unità per la tutela forestale, ambientale, e agroalimentare has its headquarters in Rome, and 15 regional commands and approximately 700 Station Commands around the country, with 7,000 personnel. Its missions are preventing production and distribution of illicit agri-foodstuffs, environmental and biodiversity protection, prevention of poaching, and suppression of all criminal organizations that, with their activity, affect the environment. In the Unit, there are also 29 NOEs (Nucleo Operativo Ecologico), teams highly specialized in complex investigations in environmental matters against organized crime.

War service
The main battles in which the Carabinieri took part before World War I are:

 * Grenoble, July 5, 1815
 * Battle of Pastrengo, 30 April 1848 – the Carabinieri Corps was awarded its first Silver Medal of Military Valor
 * Battle of Santa Lucia, 6 May 1848 – the Carabinieri Corps was awarded its first Bronze Medal of Military Valor
 * Battle of Custoza, 24–25 July 1848
 * Battle of Custoza, 24 June 1866
 * Capture of Rome, 20 September 1870 (together with the Bersaglieri)

For its contributions during the First World War, the Corps was awarded its first Gold Medal of Military Valor

In World War II, Carabinieri fought in the following battles:
 * Battle of Klisoura on the Greek-Albanian front from 16 to 30 December 1940 Bronze Medal of Military Valor
 * Battle at Cafe Struga on the Albanian-Yugoslav front on 18 April 1941
 * Battle of Culqualber (Ethiopia), 6 August-21 November 1941 – Corps was awarded its second Gold Medal of Military Valor

From 1943 to 1945, the Carabinieri were accountable to the Control Commission of the Allied Military Government (AMGOT). Their reorganization and reform was organized by Colonel Arthur Young, a British police officer seconded as Director of Public Safety and Director of Security.

Uniforms

The Carabinieri, as a military and police force, have various uniforms for different functions. For each type of uniform there are seasonal variants and (except for service, combat and historical) versions for men and women. How, when and why they are to be worn is dictated by the "R-11 "Regulation on Uniforms for the Carabinieri Arma" published by the Carabinieri General Command in 1988.

The uniforms of the Carabinieri are divided into:
 * 1) historical and full dress
 * 2) ordinary,
 * 3) service,
 * 4) representative, (for warrant officers, NCOs and constables)
 * 5) Great Winter Uniform (GUI) / Great Summer Uniform (GUE) (for officers)
 * 6) operational use
 * 7) athletic gear

Those of service, representation and GUI/GUE are a derivation of the ordinary.

History
Originally, the Carabinieri were issued a distinctive uniform in black with silver braid around the collar and cuffs, edges trimmed in scarlet and epaulettes in silver. The mounted division had white fringes, and the infantry had light blue. Their headgear was a distinctive bicorne, popularly called the lucerna (in use only for historical uniform and ceremonies). They still use a version of the historic uniform today for ceremonies.

Design
The uniform that the Gendarmerie wore in 1814 consisted of a turquoise fabric buttoned suit with a blue collar and padded gloves. Since 1822, some small changes have been made to the uniform. Officials and Marshals had silver swords and sabres, both in a black leather scabbard. At the beginning of the 20th Century, the rules of the dress code were reinforced because of World War I.

Troopers had three different types of uniforms: the Complete uniform, the Ordinary uniform, and the Effort uniform. The Carabinieri's uniform at that time was made of a green-grey cloth material, and was used by all soldiers.

Historical and Ceremonial (Special) uniform
For historical and ceremonial use, the Carabinieri uniform consists of a distinctive black uniform made of silver braids around the collar and cuffs, edges trimmed in scarlet and epaulettes in silver. The fringes of the mounted division are white, and the infantry has light blue. The headgear used is the traditional two-pointed hat for Carabinieri, known as the Lucerna, also called a bicorne.

During the 1980s Giorgio Armani designed the new more modern uniforms.

Ordinary uniform

The modern Carabinieri Force uniform is coloured in black for every seasonal version, with small variations on weather basis (coat or wind jacket), and is composed of:

 * a four-button jacket with shoulder pads: all buttons on the uniform are silvered
 * a shirt underneath in white, with two pockets
 * trousers have a classic cut, with four pockets and has two vertical red stripes along the outer side of both legs, stretching from the hips to the ankles
 * flat black shoes are worn.

The uniform is accompanied by accessories such as:

 * the black tie,
 * the white cross-belt, or Sam Browne or no belt,
 * peaked cap (males), bowler cap (females)
 * black leather gloves,
 * V-neck sweater
 * wind-breaker
 * waterproof coat

There are differences for season, duties, rank and location. For instance, in the summer the four-button jacket and white shirt and tie are replaced with a short-sleeved blue shirt.

Depending on the weather conditions, the uniform can be worn with a waterproof coat (or beaver cloth for officers) and an anorak. Inside the military installations, the jacket can be removed or replaced with the "V-neck" sweater.

In 2020 new 'bomber-style jackets', with appropriate logos were introduced which can be worn instead of the four-button jacket. The white cross belt is still worn on top and either a roll-neck base layer or a white shirt and tie is worn underneath.

Accessories are the same, although Wanted in Rome reported that: "The old leather holster will also be retired, replaced by an external belt with a quick-release holster, made of plastic material. The old gloves will be replaced with modern, cut-resistant gloves.  However, style has not been sacrificed for function, begging the question, are the Carabinieri of Rome the most stylish police force in the world?"

Headdress
The regulation peaked cap is rigid with a frieze of the Carabinieri (metallic for pinned, Carabinieri and students, embroidered in silver fabric for NCOs, gilded for the inspectors and officers while for the generals the frieze is the eagle of the staff with RI monogram in the centre, silver for brigade and division generals, gold for corps generals). The commanding officers of the department wear the frieze embroidered in gold-edged with red.

The official emblem is placed at the center of the cap.

Each cap is black and has a wimple held by two rounded buttons, the wimple is black for carabinieri, pinned, brigadiers and students; for the chief brigadiers the wimple is also black but with the addition of a silver galloncino mottled with black. The wimple becomes silver mottled with black in the center from the rank of marshal to that of chief marshal with the number of chevrons increasing as the rank increases. For the major marshals, the wimple is silver edged in red with three silver gallons flecked with black; for the top rank of non-commissioned officers, i.e. the lieutenant, the wiggle is silver edged in red with four silver braids edged in red.

For the lower officers, the wiggle and the braids are entirely in silver without streaks, for the superior officers, the wiggle becomes a double braided cord always silver with silver braids. Finally, for the general officers, the wimple becomes a silver braid with silver braids.

Other forms of headdress include berets and mountain-style caps. Carabinieri MP Units also wear a dark navy blue beret.

Service uniform
The service uniform is essentially the same as the ordinary uniform but is adapted for the specific duty of the soldier. E.g.:
 * mountainous areas – ski patrol; ski kit is worn,
 * mounted (horseback) patrol; different boots are worn,
 * 'radio-mobile' (car) patrol; different boots and a 'paletta' (stop sign used to stop vehicles) are worn, etc.

Representative (dress) uniform
(For carabinieri, NCOs, warrant officers, officers.)

The representative uniform is essentially the same as the ordinary uniform, but worn for more formal, but still on duty occasions, where the ordinary and ceremonial uniforms are unsuitable. It differs from the ordinary uniform for the following elements:

 * white cords (agiluettes) on the four-button jacket,
 * sabre (sword) with pendants and dragon,
 * black belt with shoulder strap (only marshals and chief brigadiers) or white cross-belt/bandolier (for the remaining staff).
 * white gloves
 * and a black-cape in colder conditions

Sometimes the pistol is worn with the sword, other times it is not. The cap worn is the peaked cap.

Operational uniform
The operational uniform is worn for public order (riot) situations, raids, cross-country work and is worn for operations only. It is blue in color with red piping and a 'Polychrome' uniform.

It consists of:

 * jacket (with four patch pockets, shoulder straps fastened by a button and thermal lining) and trousers;
 * blue fleece suit (to be used as an alternative to the sweater);
 * blue neckerchief with red piping;
 * black leather gloves with reinforcement;
 * operational black amphibious ankle boots
 * and a dark-blue beret with cap badge

A "particular" version of this uniform is worn by the soldiers of the Special Intervention Group, as well as the following departments: The "Tuscania" CC Parachute Regiment, Carabinieri Regiment on Horseback and Airborne Squadrons CC Cacciatori. The colours (for the trousers and jacket) are often camouflage rather than blue and red and maroon/red (for the beret) rather than blue.

Riot helmets, body-armour, equipment vests, rescue helmets etc., are worn when necessary.

Gymnastic
It consists of a tracksuit (jacket and pants), t-shirt and shorts.

The suit consists of a jacket and long trousers in blue fabric, with red inserts. The jacket is made up of a body with a central zip, two detachable sleeves with a zip and a collar. The trousers consist of two leggings, an elastic waistband with a drawstring at the waist and a zip at the bottom. The jacket, the T-shirt and the shorts bear the frieze of the Carabinieri.

Other
There are also evening-dress style (mess kit) uniforms for dinners and galas, as well as variations for the above uniform for occasions (e.g. medals, sabres to be worn etc.).

The full set of different Carabinieri uniforms today is presented here (in Italian).

Females
The uniforms adopted for female staff are essentially an adaptation of the male ones.

The variants concern the buttoning, the shape of the jackets (without upper pockets), the use of skirts inside the Offices, off-duty or with formal uniforms and shoes.

No changes were made to any other items of clothing/equipment already in use by male personnel.

Decorations
The State Color of the Carabinieri bears the following decorations:
 * 6 Cavalier Crosses of the Military Order of Italy
 * 3 Gold Medals of Military Valor
 * 3 Gold Medals of Army Valor
 * 5 Silver Medals of Military Valor
 * 4 Bronze Medals of Military Valor
 * 11 Gold Medals of Civil Valor
 * 1 Silver Medal of Civil Valor
 * 2 War Crosses of Military Valor
 * 4 Gold Medals of Civil Merit
 * 6 Gold Medals of Benemerited Public Security
 * 6 Gold Medals of Benemerited Service to Education, Culture and the Arts
 * 2 Gold Medals of Benemerited Service to the Environment
 * 1 Gold Medal of Service in the Earthquake of 1909
 * 1 Bronze Medal of Civil Defense Excellence 1st Class

Weapons
The armament supplied is divided into individual armament (supplied to each soldier) and departmental armament (supplied to each individual unit). Departmental armament is divided into ordinary armament (supplied to all departments) and special armament (supplied only to specialized units).

Individual armament is composed of: Ordinary armament consists of:
 * Beretta 92 pistol in SB and FS versions, for personnel in the roles of carabinieri, appointed roles, superintendents and inspectors;
 * Beretta 8000 pistol, issued only to officers;
 * Beretta Px4 Storm pistol, as a replacement for the Cougar 8000 for officers;
 * Beretta PM12-S2 submachine gun, as a departmental weapon – intended for decommissioning.

 * Beretta PMX submachine gun, introduced as of June 1, 2019 and intended to replace the PM12.

 * Franchi Spas 15 MIL smoothbore combat shotgun.

 * Beretta 70/90 assault rifle (in the "AR" and "SCP" versions for the 1st Carabinieri Parachute Regiment Tuscania, the 7th Regiment "Trentino-Alto Adige" and the 13th Regiment "Friuli Venezia Giulia") – intended for decommissioning.

 * Beretta ARX-160A3 assault rifle, introduced in 2018 as a replacement for the AR 70/90 at 1st Regiment Tuscania, 7th Regiment, Squadroni Eliportati Cacciatori and 13th Regiment, as well as a primary weapon of the API and SOS. The weapon is also intended to replace the Beretta AR 70/90 in the training and territorial line departments.

Special armament includes:

 * Glock 17 pistol, supplied to GIS.

 * M4 carbine, supplied to Tuscania and GIS.

 * Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun, used by GIS, Tuscania and the Hunting Squadron.

 * Mauser Sp 66 sniper rifle (used by snipers and GIS).

 * Accuracy International AWP sniper rifle (used by sharpshooters and GIS).

 * Beretta MG 42/59 squad assault machine gun (supplied to the Naval Service, 1st Carabinieri Parachute Regiment Tuscania, 7th Regiment "Trentino-Alto Adige" and 13th Regiment "Friuli Venezia Giulia").

 * FN Minimi light machine gun (supplied to the 1st Carabinieri Parachute Regiment Tuscania, 7th Regiment "Trentino-Alto Adige" and 13th Regiment "Friuli Venezia Giulia").

Vehicles and equipment
Until very recently the Italian police (including the Carabinieri) operated only Italian-made vehicles, but that changed with the introduction of Land Rover Defenders and Subarus into service. Normal Carabinieri patrol vehicles are dark blue with a white roof, with a red stripe along the side. Carabinieri license plates begin with "CC" or previously with "EI" (formerly Esercito Italiano, Italian Army), and a Carabinieri car is traditionally called a Gazzella (gazelle). Small or medium-sized cars are used for ordinary patrol work, with larger and more powerful vehicles being used for emergency response, highway patrol, and special services. The vehicles of the Carabinieri military police and mobile units are painted in NATO camouflage scheme as done with the other Italian Armed Forces vehicles.

Cars

 * Alfa Romeo 159
 * Alfa Romeo Giulia
 * Alfa Romeo Giulietta
 * Subaru Forester
 * Lancia Kappa
 * Land Rover Freelander
 * Land Rover Defender-90 hard top
 * Land Rover Discovery II e III e IV
 * Lotus Evora S
 * Fiat Ducato
 * Hummer H1
 * Fiat Grande Punto
 * Fiat Tipo (2015)
 * Jeep Renegade
 * Jeep Grand Cherokee
 * Mitsubishi Pajero
 * Mitsubishi i-MiEV
 * Isuzu D-Max
 * Renault Clio
 * Iveco Daily
 * SEAT León
 * Suzuki Jimny

Motorcycles

 * Moto Guzzi California Cruiser
 * BMW F650GS
 * BMW R1100-RTP
 * BSA M20

Aircraft

 * Fixed-wing aircraft
 * Piaggio P.180 Avanti
 * Helicopters
 * AgustaWestland AW109
 * Agusta-Bell AB 412
 * AgustaWestland AW139 (2019)

Tactical vehicles

 * Land Rover Defender 110 soft top
 * Iveco Daily 4×4 40.10WM 4×4 off-road light armored military truck
 * Unimog
 * RG-12
 * Iveco VM 90T Torpedo
 * Iveco VM 90P Protected
 * Iveco LMV
 * Puma 4×4
 * Puma 6×6
 * VCC1
 * M113
 * M3
 * Hummer H1

Ships

 * Offshore patrol boats
 * Motovedetta classe 800
 * Motovedetta classe N700
 * Motovedetta classe 600
 * Coastal patrol boats
 * Motovedetta classe 200
 * Motovedetta classe 100
 * Motorboats
 * Motovedetta classe 300
 * Motovedetta classe N100
 * Motovedetta classe T120
 * Motovedette classe S
 * Battello pneumatico Stinger

Special Vehicles

 * GEMCAR
 * Snowmobile Polaris

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carabinieri


text:
Talk:Marsala wine

Port v. marsala, and the use of eggs to clarify
Port is fortified wine shipped from the port of Oporto in Portugal. Marsala is a fortified wine but cannot be described as a Port, and therefore I have deleted the reference to it being a type of Port —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.254.91.194 (talk) 16:14, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

I'm sure the author of the following is well-informed, and I would be happy to add this information, but I don't understand what it means because the English is bad:

 * Marsala is instead typically addictioned with eggs (Marsala all'uovo), in conformity with an ancient tradition of fishermen.

 * Well, don't ask me how, but eggs (chicken eggs) are added to wine. I cannot tell you in which proportion or by which method, but they are eggs, and the result is particularly... interesting! ;-)
 * I'll try to know more, by now I presume to remember that it should be a similar preparing as zabajone's.
 * Sorry, not native - Gianfranco

I'm not asking how, I'm asking what you mean. Do you mean that it is a common dish to serve eggs with Marsala, or that eggs are somehow used in the production of the wine? The sentence gives me no clue which is meant. Yes, I know about Zabaglione, and I'll add something about that.

 * Egges are IN the wine. Mixed with the liquid. Therefore contained into the bottle. I don't know at what moment of the preparation, but there is a moment, before putting the wine into the bottle, in which egges are mixed with the wine.
 * Marsala all'uovo is a version of Marsala, not the main wine.

 * Wine production is severely regulated by law in Italy.
 * Since I don't know technical words in your language, I cannot translate the following list, that contains the elements to identify the Marsala wine; I do hope someone can.

MARSALA DOC

Regione : Sicilia

Zona di produzione : Marsala ed i comuni confinanti alle provincie di Trapani e Palermo, Agrigento.

Tipi: da dessert

Uve: Grillo, Catarratto, con una parte di Inzolia per i bianchi; Pignatello, Calabrese, Nerello per i Marsala rossi.

Gradazione alcolica: 17-18°

Colore: Ambrato carico, dorato chiaro nel Marsala Vergine. Rubino granato nei rossi.

Profumo: Ne Marsala fine ed in quello dolce, di carrubbe e liquerizia. Nel Superiore di uva passita. Nella Riserva e nel Vergine nettamente maderizzante con sentori di mandorla.

Sapore: Il Marsala Fine amabile, caldo. Nel Superiore corposo. Nel Riserva e Vergine morbido, armonico.

Bicchiere: da dessert.

Età ottimale: Per il Fine 1 anno. Superiore 2 anni. Riserva 4 anni. Vergine 5 anni. Stravecchio 10 anni.

Temperatura di servizio: Per il Marsala Vergine 12°C. per gli altri 16-18°C

Accostamenti: Il Vergine è un aperitivo. Il Fine e il Dolce per pasticceria. Il Superiore e la Riserva per dessert in genere. Prosit

Thanks; my Italian is pretty rusty, but the above seems to talk about different grades of the wine, what they are called, how long they're aged, what temperature to serve them at, and how they are typically used (with pastries, as an apertif, etc.) That may be interesting to add if I can manage a better translation. Doesn't mention anything about Marsala all'uovo; I'd like to hear some details about that. --Lee Daniel Crocker

 * I tried a quick google search, but I only found advertisings and an excerpt of a generical passage of the law.
 * I vini aromatizzati ed i marsala speciali possono essere qualificati:
 * a) "zabaglione" o "con uova", se contengono almeno 60 grammi di tuorlo di uovo fresco o congelato per litro;
 * b) "all'uovo", a condizione che siano aromatizzati con l'impiego delle materie aromatizzanti naturali estratte dal tuorlo d'uovo, mediante infusione alcoolica e successiva filtrazione,in quantità di almeno 10 grammi di tuorlo d'uovo fresco o congelato per litro e purché sulla confezione figuri anche l'indicazione "aromatizzato con sostanze naturali del tuorlo d'uovo" (si veda Decreto Presidente della Repubblica 12 febbraio 1965, art. 26).

 * Concisely, wine is flavoured with the red part of the egg (tuorlo), immersed in alchool and later filtered; a minimum of 10 grams of tuorlo is required per each wine litre.
 * When other spices too are added, it cannot be named Marsala all'Uovo and is commercially called Cremovo.

i am going down to the zones in the next days... and i have *never* heard of this egg stuff!! but i will ask ... some people from mazara, marsala and around trapani. and will find if there is sth more. Zisa - (gianf. i thought you were native...do you mean u r extraisolana??) i'll post it then here if i get sth...
 * extraisolano, caso mai :-)
 * I'm only a continental roman, a civis romanus I'd like.
 * When I was 12-14 y.o. (unfortunately, very long ago), I was "forced" to taste it in Trapani, while with my family we were touring for the islands. Then I found it again in Rome many years later, and for a while we used it as an afternoon alternative to Rosso Antico (do you remember this?).
 * I perfectly remember its taste, it really cannot be confused with anything else. After this talk, one of these days I'll try to find it again.
 * When you are there, try to find it and do taste it. Be proud of fine traditions :-)))

okay... sorry a/o ... (was writing in ita, esp and eng in the same time) ... i will find that and try it. me traditional...? isolana but in the continent and for many i'm not even isolan (perfect translation...) but an uncomprensible mix (latin with a northern apparance) (that's how the Mulattabianca story got its name). from no place in this world... from *The* island when i'm not there and from elsewhere when i am there. i will find it ... and try it. anything i should bring... ?? :-) Zisa

 * Bring with yourself the joy of being there, Sicily is really enchanting with this weather. When are zagare expected flourishing?
 * And for the wine, it's quite strong so bring something to eat, cakes perhaps (I miss them too - not to mention ice cream, the sicilian way). Be careful, Cremovo is spiced, it's not the original one.
 * Enjoy your stay. Salutiamo :-) Gianfranco

allora, tornata... non ne ho sentito di questo vino con l'uovo ... e ho chiesto... a marsala marsala non ci sono passata ma ad alcamo, tp, pa ecc non lo trovai... :-( Zisa

I believe the egg whites are added to clarify the wine... see Vegetarian Journal only a trace amount of the agg actually remains in the finished wine.

 * That may or may not be true of Marsala itself. Marsala all'uovo is something different. The egg yolks are actually added to the wine, as described by Gianfranco above. I know that from laboriously translating the label.

 * I first came across Marsala all'uovo in the 1950s in a small wine merchant's in Old Compton Street, London. It was slightly cheaper than sherry or port and the flavour was gorgeous and extremely rich. I tried to get it again a couple of years ago. The wine merchant's was still there but the only stuff they had was inferior, including one cremovo (see Gianfranco above). Maybe they've got some better stuff in by now.

 * In short, Gianfranco knows what he is talking about, if you can understand him, and there should certainly be a mention of Marsala all'uovo within the article. Brumel (talk) 13:11, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

--- I cannot insert this on the subject page as it would be 'original research', but there were at least three flavours of Marsala in the 60s; with egg (all'uovo) with coffee (all'caffè?) and with almonds (all'mandorla?). Sadly my Italian will not let me investigate this further. I searched for these variants a few years ago and drew a blank, but perhaps someone else can use these hints to improve the article. Old Aylesburian (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 09:32, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

Vov
Seems to me like a lot of the above is perhaps referring to vov, the generic & brand name of an egg & marsala concoction, essentially a drinkable zabaglione. (Zabov is apparently a similar competitor.)  If anyone knows anything more about this stuff, it'd be great if they could both add info to this page, and perhaps the zabaglione page, or maybe even start a Vov (liqueur) page. (BTW, the only place I've ever seen vov in the US is at Caffe Trieste in SF, and I never did try it. Certainly sounds interesting though.) - Severinus 21:24, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Vov and Zabov look interesting but are clearly different from Marsala all'uovo. Marsala all'uovo is a fortified wine, like sherry, port, madeira and marsala itself. Vov and Zabov seem to be more like a liqueur than a wine. From what Gianfranco says above, it appears that the name 'marsala all'uovo' is protected by statute like 'sherry' etc. and is not the property of any particular brand. Vov and Zabov seem to be brand names and I would presume they are only protected by normal commercial law. Brumel (talk) 13:49, 8 December 2010 (UTC)

WP:WINE assessment
I am taking the assessment back down to a start level and will explain in more detail here why I believe it currently deserves that rating. While I certainly appreciate the good faith efforts to the improve the article, it still has a ways to go before it should be considered a B. As a project, the Wine Project is trying to get our articles closer to the level laid out in the Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment as an "Example B article" -Jammu and Kashmir. Comparing this article to Jammu and Kashmir and it is like night and day. But to be more specific, in order for this article to approach B class it needs.... Some examples of Wine Project B class include Fermentation (wine), Oak (wine), Loire Valley (wine), etc. While I have no doubt that Marsala can get there, and fully intend to contribute once other articles have been worked on, I just don't think it would be appropriate to consider this article a B article at this time. AgneCheese/Wine 16:54, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
 * More fully developed WP:LEAD that serves as summary of the article's contents.
 * Expanded development on the winemaking procedures to help further distinguish what makes a different style, different.
 * A section on wine regions, Marsala is unique because of the unique area or terroir that it comes from.
 * Tighter prose. Far too often we see one line paragraphs. These need to be merged together in more fully developed paragraph structure.
 * That's fair. Thanks for the feedback, and I will continue working to improve this article. -- Friejose (talk) 16:47, 26 December 2007 (UTC)
 * I recategorized for Food & Drink as well to start. --Friejose (talk) 17:09, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

The Whitaker Family

I would like to know more about this family and their role in the Marsala trade? As I understand it, they were from West Yorkshire and were shippers. Joseph Whitaker built a villa in Sicily. Can anyone give me more info. about previous Whitakers before Joseph and about their commercial background? Ivankinsman (talk) 11:01, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Poor title?
The title "Marsala DOC" makes little send to most people whoa re searching the web for information on the wine. I think "Marsala wine" is much better. (Yes, it does redirect.) The problem was that the main page is what gets spidered by Google and I saw "Marsala DOC" above "Marsala" when I was searching, but I had no clue as to what "Marsala DOC" was. So it took me a trip to the "Marsala" page, then scrolling to the bottom to the "Marsala wine" link, which then brought me back to a page entitle "Marsala DOC"

I suggest changing the title of the page to "Marsala wine" or "Marsala (wine)" and having :Marsala DOC" redirect to it. Ccady (talk) 01:48, 19 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Marsala wine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061006230720/http://www.winecountry.it/phpfunctions/winepopup_revised.php?WineId=353 to http://www.winecountry.it/phpfunctions/winepopup_revised.php?WineId=353
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080808134130/http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=1923 to http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id=1923
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071114085700/http://cookingwithbooze.org/fortified-wine/marsala-ice-cream/ to http://cookingwithbooze.org/fortified-wine/marsala-ice-cream/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080101051457/http://www.dolcetours.com/re_article6.htm to http://www.dolcetours.com/re_article6.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070722223307/http://italianmade.com/trade/feature.cfm?art_ID=223 to http://www.italianmade.com/trade/feature.cfm?art_ID=223

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:01, 19 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marsala wine