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Pope Paul III

Pope Paul III (Paulus III; Paolo III; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death, in November 1549.

He came to the papal throne in an era following the sack of Rome in 1527 and rife with uncertainties in the Catholic Church as the Protestant Reformation progressed. His pontificate initiated the Catholic Reformation with the Council of Trent in 1545, and witnessed wars of religion in which Emperor Charles V launched military campaigns against the Protestants in Germany. He recognized new Catholic religious orders and societies such as the Jesuits, the Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory. His efforts were distracted by nepotism to advance the power and fortunes of his family, including his illegitimate son Pier Luigi Farnese.

Paul III was a significant patron of artists including Michelangelo, and it is to him that Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated his heliocentric treatise.

Early career and family
Born in 1468 at Canino, Latium (then part of the Papal States), Alessandro Farnese was the oldest son of Pier Luigi I Farnese, Signore di Montalto (1435–1487) and his wife Giovanna Caetani, a member of the Caetani family which had also produced Pope Gelasius II and Pope Boniface VIII. The Farnese family had prospered over the centuries but it was Alessandro's ascendency to the papacy and his dedication to family interests which brought about the most significant increase in the family's wealth and power.

Alessandro was given a humanist education at the University of Pisa and the court of Lorenzo de' Medici. Initially trained as an apostolic notary, he joined the Roman Curia in 1491 and in 1493 Pope Alexander VI appointed him Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano. Alessandro's sister, Giulia, was reputedly a mistress of Alexander VI, and might have been instrumental in securing this appointment for her brother. For this reason, he was sometimes mockingly referred to as the "Borgia brother-in-law," just as Giulia was mocked as "the Bride of Christ." Much later (in 1535) the Venetian nobleman Soriano recorded that Alessandro was called cardinale Fregnese (Cardinal Pussy, or Cardinal Cunt) on account of the relationship between his sister and Alexander VI.

As a young cleric, Alessandro lived a notably dissolute life, taking a mistress, Silvia Ruffini. Between about 1500 and 1510 she gave birth to at least four children: Costanza, Pier Luigi (who was later created Duke of Parma), Paolo, and Ranuccio. In July 1505, Pope Julius II legitimated the two eldest sons so that they could inherit the Farnese family estates. On 23 June 1513, Pope Leo X published a second legitimation of Pier Luigi, and also legitimated Ranuccio (the second son Paolo had already died).

On 28 March 1509 Alessandro was named Bishop of Parma - although he was not ordained a priest until 26 June 1519 and not consecrated a bishop until 2 July 1519. As Bishop of Parma, he came under the influence of his vicar-general, Bartolomeo Guidiccioni. This led to Alessandro breaking off the relationship with his mistress and committing himself to reform in his diocese. Under Pope Clement VII (1523–34) he was named Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Dean of the College of Cardinals.

Papal election
On the death of Clement VII in 1534, he was elected as Pope Paul III on 13 October 1534. Farnese, who did not fall within any of the factions, was considered a very good choice by the cardinals since his state of health denoted a short papacy which would give those cardinals time to select a proper candidate for a future conclave. On 3 November, Paul III was formally crowned by the protodeacon Innocenzo Cybo.

The elevation to the cardinalate of his grandsons, Alessandro Farnese, aged fourteen, and Guido Ascanio Sforza, aged sixteen, displeased the reform party and drew a protest from the emperor, but this was forgiven when, shortly after, he introduced into the Sacred College Reginald Pole, Gasparo Contarini, Jacopo Sadoleto, and Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, who became Pope Paul IV.

Politics and religion
The fourth pope during the period of the Protestant Reformation, Paul III became the first to take active reform measures in response to Protestantism. Soon after his elevation, 2 June 1536, Paul III summoned a general council to meet at Mantua in the following May; but the opposition of the Protestant princes and the refusal of Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua to assume the responsibility of maintaining order frustrated the project. Paul III first deferred for a year and then discarded the whole project.

In 1536, Paul III invited a committee of nine eminent prelates, distinguished by learning and piety alike, to report on the reformation and rebuilding of the Church. In 1537 they produced the celebrated Consilium de emendenda ecclesia, exposing gross abuses in the Roman Curia, the church administration, and public worship; and proffering bold proposals aimed at abolishing such abuses. The report was widely printed, and the Pope was in earnest when he took up the problem of reform. He clearly perceived that Emperor Charles V would not rest until the problems were grappled with in earnest.

But to the Protestants the report seemed far from thorough; Martin Luther had his edition (1538) prefaced with a vignette showing the cardinals cleaning the Augean stable of the Roman Church with foxtails instead of brooms. In the end, no results followed from the committee's recommendations.

As a consequence of the extensive campaign against "idolatry" in England, culminating with the dismantling of the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury, the Pope excommunicated Henry VIII on 17 December 1538 and issued an interdict. In 1534 a decision by Paul III favoured the activity of merchants of all nationalities and religions from the Levant and allowed them to settle with their families in Ancona, which had become part of the Papal States under his predecessor Clement VII – a decision which helped make Ancona a prosperous trading city for centuries to come. A Venetian travelling through Ancona in 1535 recorded that the city was "full of merchants from every nation and mostly Greeks and Turks." In the second half of the 16th century, the presence of Greek and other merchants from the Ottoman Empire declined after a series of restrictive measures taken by the Italian authorities and the pope.

Around this time, family complications arose. In order to vest his grandson Ottavio Farnese with the Duchy of Camerino, Paul forcibly wrested the same from the duke of Urbino (1540). He also incurred virtual war with his own subjects and vassals by the imposition of burdensome taxes. Perugia, renouncing its obedience, was besieged by Paul's son, Pier Luigi, and forfeited its freedom entirely on its surrender. The burghers of Colonna were duly vanquished, and Ascanio was banished (1541). After this, the time seemed ripe for annihilating heresy.

In 1540, the Church officially recognized the new society forming about Ignatius of Loyola, which became the Society of Jesus. In 1542, a second stage in the process of Counter-Reformation was marked by the institution, or reorganization, of the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition.

On another side, the Emperor was insisting that Rome should forward his designs towards a peaceable recovery of the German Protestants. Accordingly, the Pope despatched Giovanni Morone (not yet a cardinal) as nuncio to Hagenau and Worms in 1540; and in 1541 Cardinal Gasparo Contarini took part in the adjustment proceedings at the Conference of Regensburg. It was Contarini who proposed the famous formula "by faith alone are we justified," which did not, however, supersede the Roman Catholic doctrine of good works. At Rome, this definition was rejected in the consistory of 27 May, and Luther declared that he could accept it only provided the opposers would admit that this formula constituted a change of doctrine.

Yet, even after the Regensburg Conference had proved fruitless, the Emperor insisted on a still larger council, with the final result being the Council of Trent, which was finally convoked on 15 March 1545, under the bull Laetare Hierusalem.

Meanwhile, after the peace of Crespy (September 1544), Emperor Charles V (1519–56) began to put down Protestantism by force. Pending the Diet of Worms in 1545, the Emperor concluded a covenant of joint action with the papal legate Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, with Paul III agreeing to aid in the projected war against the German Protestant princes and estates. This prompt acquiescence was probably grounded on personal motives: since the Emperor was preoccupied in Germany, the moment now seemed opportune for the Pope to acquire for his son Pier Luigi the duchies of Parma and Piacenza. Although these belonged to the Papal States, Paul III planned to overcome the reluctance of the cardinals by exchanging these papal duchies for the less valuable domains of Camerino and Nepi. The Emperor agreed, welcoming the prospect of 12,000 infantry, 500 cavalry, and considerable funds from the Pope.

In Germany the campaign began in the west, where Archbishop of Cologne Hermann of Wied had converted to Protestantism in 1542. Emperor Charles began open warfare against the Protestant princes, estates, and cities allied in the Schmalkaldic League (see Philip of Hesse). Hermann was excommunicated on 16 April 1546, and was compelled by the Emperor to abdicate in February 1547. By the close of 1546, Charles V had subjugated South Germany. The victory at the Battle of Mühlberg, on 24 April 1547, established his imperial sovereignty everywhere in Germany, and the two leaders of the League were captured. The Emperor declared the Augsburg Interim as a magnanimous compromise with the defeated schismatics.

Although the Emperor had subdued the German Protestant armies, he had failed to support the Pope's territorial ambitions for his son Pier Luigi, and relations between them cooled. The situation came to a total rupture when the imperial vice-regent, Ferrante Gonzaga, forcibly expelled Pier Luigi.

In 1547 the Pope's son was assassinated at Piacenza, and Paul III placed some of the blame on the emperor. In the same year, however, and after the death of Francis I of France (1515–47) deprived the Pope of a potential ally, the stress of circumstances compelled him to accept the ecclesiastical measures in the Emperor's Interim.

With reference to the assassinated prince's inheritance, the restitution of which Paul III demanded ostensibly in the name of the Church, the Pope's design was thwarted by the Emperor, who refused to surrender Piacenza, and by Pier Luigi's heir in Parma, Ottavio Farnese.

In consequence of a violent altercation on this account with Cardinal Farnese, Paul III, at the age of eighty-one years, became so overwrought that an attack of sickness ensued from which he died, 10 November 1549.

Paul III proved unable to suppress the Protestant Reformation, although it was during his pontificate that the foundation was laid for the Counter-Reformation. He decreed the second and final excommunication of Henry VIII of England in December 1538. His efforts in Parma led to the War of Parma two years after his death.

Slavery and Sublimis Deus
In May–June 1537 Paul issued the bull Sublimis Deus (also known as Unigenitus and Veritas ipsa), described by Prein (2008) as the "Magna Carta" for the human rights of the indigenous peoples of the Americas in its declaration that "the Indians were human beings and they were not to be robbed of their freedom or possessions". The subsequent implementing document Pastorale officium declared automatic excommunication for anyone who failed to abide by the new ruling.

However, it met with strong opposition from the Council of The West Indies and the Crown, which declared that it violated their patronato rights, and the Pope annulled the orders the following year with the document Non Indecens Videtur. Stogre (1992) notes that Sublimis Deus is not present in Denzinger, the authoritative compendium of official Catholic teachings, and Davis (1988) asserts it was annulled due to a dispute with the Spanish crown. However, the original bull continued to circulate and be quoted by las Casas and others who supported Indian rights.

According to Falkowski (2002) Sublimis Deus had the effect of revoking the bull of Alexander VI, Inter caetera, but still leaving the colonizers the duty of converting the native people. Father Gustavo Gutierrez describes it as "the most important papal document relating to the condition of native Indians and that it was addressed to all Christians". Maxwell (1975) notes that the bull did not change the traditional teaching that the enslavement of Indians was permissible if they were considered "enemies of Christendom", as this would be considered by the Church as a "just war". He further argues that the Indian nations had every right to self-defence. Stark (2003) describes the bull as "magnificent" and believes that it was long forgotten due to the neglect of Protestant historians. Falola notes that the bull related to the native populations of the New World and did not condemn the transatlantic slave trade stimulated by the Spanish monarchy and the Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1545, Paul repealed an ancient law that allowed slaves to claim their freedom under the Emperor's statue on Rome's Capitoline Hill, in view of the number of homeless people and tramps in the city. The decree included those who had become Christians after their enslavement and those born to Christian slaves. The right of inhabitants of Rome to publicly buy and sell slaves of both sexes was affirmed. Stogre (1992) asserts that the lifting of restrictions was due to a shortage of slaves in Rome. In 1548, Paul authorized the purchase and possession of Muslim slaves in the Papal states.

Also in 1537, Paul issued the bull, Altitudo divini consilii. The bull discusses evangelization and conversion, including the proper way to apply the sacraments, in particular baptism. This was especially important in the early days of colonial rule, when hundreds and sometimes thousands of indigenous people were baptized every day. One interesting aspect of this bull is its discussion of how to deal with local practices, for example, polygamy. After their conversion, polygamous men had to marry their first wife, but if they could not remember which wife was the first, they then "could choose among the wives the one they preferred."

Patron of the arts
Arguably the most significant artistic work produced during Paul's reign was the Last Judgement by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican Palace. Although the work was commissioned by Paul III's predecessor, Pope Clement VII, following the latter's death in 1534 Paul renewed the commission and oversaw its completion in 1541.

As a cardinal, Alessandro had begun construction of the Palazzo Farnese in central Rome, and its planned size and magnificence increased upon his election to the papacy. The palace was initially designed by the architect Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, received further architectural refinement from Michelangelo, and was completed by Giacomo della Porta. Like other Farnese family buildings, the imposing palace proclaims the family's power and wealth, similarly to Alessandro's Villa Farnese at Caprarola. In 1546, after the death of Sangallo, Paul appointed the elderly Michelangelo to take supervision of the building of St. Peter's Basilica. Paul also commissioned Michelangelo to paint the 'Crucifixion of St. Peter' and the 'Conversion of St. Paul' (1542–50), his last frescoes, in the Pauline Chapel of the Vatican.

Paul III's artistic and architectural commissions were numerous and varied. The Venetian artist Titian painted a portrait of the Pope in 1543, and in 1546 the well-known portrait of Paul III with his grandsons Cardinal Alessandro Farnese and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma. Both are now in the Capodimonte Museum, Naples. The military fortifications in Rome and the Papal States were strengthened during his reign. He had Michelangelo relocate the ancient bronze of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius to the Capitoline Hill, where it became the centerpiece to the Piazza del Campidoglio.

Society of Jesus and religious orders
On 27 September 1540, Paul III formally approved the establishment of the Society of Jesus in the papal bull, Regimini militantis Ecclesiae. Originally, Paul III restricted the fledgling order to only sixty members in the bull Iniunctum nobis, however, he lifted that restriction upon seeing just how effective they were in their missionary activities. In 1548, he permitted Saint Ignatius of Loyola to print his Spiritual Exercises.

Similarly, in 1540, Paul III approved the Rule of the Somaschi Fathers and on 9 June 1544 approved the Rule for the Ursulines in the bull Regimini Universalis.

Consistories
Throughout his papacy, Paul III elevated 71 cardinals in twelve consistories. Six of those whom he named, and later revealed publicly, were nominated "in pectore". Among those whom he named were his three immediate successors, Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte (the future Pope Julius III), Marcello Cervini (the future Pope Marcellus II), and Gian Pietro Carafa (the future Pope Paul IV). Among those whom he named were the likes of Reginald Pole, Rodrigo Luis de Borja y de Castre-Pinós (the great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI), Ippolito II d'Este (the grandson of Pope Alexander VI), and Enrique de Borja y Aragón (the great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI). Paul III also named John Fisher as a cardinal, however, King Henry VIII had him executed after warning the pope not to nominate him.

In 1535, Paul III intended to nominate Desiderius Erasmus to the cardinalate, however, he declined on the grounds of ill health and his age. In preparations for the 1542 consistory, Paul III intended to nominate Giovanni Guidiccioni, however, the latter died before the consistory took place. In that 1542 consistory, according to Conradus Eubel, the pope is said to have reserved an undefined number of other cardinals in pectore.

Canonizations
During his papacy, Paul III canonized only two saints: Ginés de la Jara (1541) and Abraham of Smolensk (1549).

Death
On 3 November 1549, Paul III celebrated the anniversary of his papal coronation. However, the pope was severely depressed by the deceit of his own family and the fall of Parma to Emperor Charles V, and it is known that he had a very heated argument with his cardinal nephew, Alessandro Farnese, to the point that he grabbed his red beretta, tore it into shreds, and threw it down to the ground in his anger. He had worked himself up so much to the point that he may have suffered a heart attack. On 6 November, the pope suddenly contracted a fever, retreating to the Quirinal Hill where he had hoped that the fresher air would help ease his malady. On 7 November, the agent of King Ferdinand I of Bohemia and Hungary, Diego Lasso, wrote that the pope's temperature had increased that morning, while the French ambassador in Rome reported to King Henry II of France that Paul III suffered from a catarrh at 7:00 pm, opining that the pope had very little time to live.

Paul III died on 10 November 1549 from a catarrh. It is said that he repented of his nepotism on his deathbed.

Paul III's bronze tomb, executed by Guglielmo della Porta, is located in Saint Peter's Basilica.

Fictional portrayals
Stendhal's novel La Chartreuse de Parme was inspired by an inauthentic Italian account of the dissolute youth of Alessandro Farnese.

The character of Pope Paul III, played by Peter O'Toole in the Showtime series The Tudors, is loosely inspired by him. The young Alessandro Farnese is played by Diarmuid Noyes in the StudioCanal serial Borgia, and Cyron Melville in Showtime's The Borgias. His image is portrayed in a parody of the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover, placed inside of the Frank Zappa Mothers of Invention We're Only In It For the Money album.

title: Pope Paul III


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Talk:Bungee jumping

Mexicans invent anti-gravity device
"A similar practice, only with a much slower pace for falling, has been practised as the Danza de los Voladores de Papantla or the 'Papantla flyers' of central Mexico" Amazing !--Tumadoireacht (talk) 11:36, 22 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Wow, this was pointed out 10 years ago, and left in place despite being impossible and unsourced? I'll remove it finally. IAmNitpicking (talk) 11:54, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Wikilink added here, also called "pole flying". That article does describe a slow descent, albeit unclear. This video and this show how they descend a 30-50 m drop over several minutes by unwinding their ropes from the pole, converting their gravitational energy into rotational energy (13 rotations) and air friction, with very little translational vertical kinetic energy. Here is a physics paper. Whether that is related to elastic fast descent is a different discussion, but this article says "certainly resembles".

 * Neither article implied any anti-gravity - that is only the poster here making that connection, possibly a joke. TGCP (talk) 11:09, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

Bloat in section Safety and possibly injury
Some sections of this article are getting out of hand (WP:UNDUE comes to mind). The first is Safety and possible injury. We shouldn't try to list every injury and death, any more than we would list every football player injury and death in a football article. For each major class of injury (and death), one example would be plenty. Comments? --Larry/Traveling_Man (talk) 20:51, 30 June 2017 (UTC)

Bloat in section In popular culture
Another section that has gotten bloated is In popular culture. I'm pretty sure there are many more examples than those listed, but the current list is already too long. I'd propose keeping two or three. Comments? --Larry/Traveling_Man (talk) 20:51, 30 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Is there such a policy saying there should be a limit to entries in popular culture sections? Why not just remove the ones that aren't cited? 2605:E000:2E42:A3F0:4D42:9109:9B6D:9E (talk) 16:44, 4 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I was referring mostly to WP:UNDUE, as above. In other words, the amount of coverage given to a topic should be proportional to its importance. I'd say that a popular culture section isn't important enough to merit more than a couple of sentences. From what I've seen, there's no consistency in Wikipedia. Some articles have ever-growing popular culture sections; other articles have had their sections pared down dramatically. What do you think?
 * Oh yeah -- about the citation issue. That's a good point, but I've never fully gotten my head around what's required for movies. I have the vague impression that it's acceptable to cite a movie itself as the source for non-controversial stuff (e.g., title, cast members, location, plot). As a result, I've kind of avoided the issue, but if you feel only movies with references should be included, that sounds good to me. --Larry/Traveling_Man (talk) 17:43, 4 July 2017 (UTC)

Status update
Changes have been made per the above discussion. --Larry/Traveling_Man (talk) 03:39, 3 July 2017 (UTC)

Frayed cord in main picture?
The main picture for the article, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungee_jumping#/media/File:Bill%27s_Bungy_Jump.jpg, appears to feature a rather frayed cord. As a complete newbie to the subject, the picture made me shudder in fear. Just wondering if that is a normal variant of a standard bungee. Imboomshesaid (talk) 08:10, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

Geoff Tabin self-claiming to have "invented" bungee jumping in Oxford, England
I recently came across quite by chance a hard-copy dated June 1987 where it is stated that Chris Baker invented this as part of the Oxford University Dangerous Sports Club group. In the PBS show cited, Geoff Tabin himself self-claims to have "invented" bungee jumping in Oxford, England in exchange for beer. I don't know whether PBS is recognised as a reliable source and similarly whether someone making an otherwise-unsubstantiated verbal claim in 2017 relating to 40 years earlier is acceptable, but I don't care to undertake down-time research on this small point as I surmise some of it to be amateur. Similarly, the date of the event showing him wearing a white tux for a jump is unclear when compared to the WP prose (looks like a US-setting). The 2014 BBC piece cited states that the first jump was in April 1979, but does not mention Chris Baker. Would Geoff Tabin have been present in (or prior to) April 1979? Would he have been involved from 1979, but made a jump wearing white three years later? I've looked at his professional bio and there are no dates whatsoever. I don't propose to change any of the prose presently (there is insufficient evidence he took part in the first jump), which interestingly asserts he was an experienced mountaineer who tied the ropes (presumably from this ref, which appears to be permanently deadlinked http://library.thinkquest.org/C0123122/historybungee.htm), but I will place here for posterity the 1987 citation (from a companion/sister magazine to Motor Sport). --Rocknrollmancer (talk) 13:12, 21 July 2018 (UTC)

Car in bungee jump
Refs:   TGCP (talk) 09:59, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Tamil
Tamil 106.201.170.0 (talk) 02:14, 12 February 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bungee jumping


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Roc

Roc, ROC, or R.O.C. may refer to:

People

 * Roch (c. 1348 – 1376), Occitan saint called Roc in Catalan
 * Agustí Roc (born 1971), Spanish ski mountaineer
 * Margaret Roc (born 1945), Australian author
 * Patricia Roc (1915–2003), British actress
 * Ste V Roc (born 1977), Irish hip-hop artist
 * Roc Alexander (born 1981), American football player
 * Roche Braziliano (fl. 1630–1671), also spelled Roc, Dutch pirate
 * Roc Kirby (1918–2008), Australian businessman
 * Roc Oliva (born 1989), Spanish field hockey player
 * Roc Raida (1972–2009), American disc jockey, turntablist and producer
 * Roc Riggio (born 2002), American baseball player
 * Roc Thomas (born 1995), American football player
 * The R.O.C. (rapper) (born 1973), American rapper

Places

 * Republic of China, the official name of Taiwan
 * Republic of China (1912–1949), the internationally recognized government of China prior to the retreat of the Kuomintang to Taiwan and the establishment of the People's Republic of China by the Chinese Communist Party
 * Republic of the Congo, the official name of a Central African country
 * Republic of Cyprus, the official name of Cyprus
 * Rest of Canada, term for everywhere in Canada outside Quebec
 * Roč, a town in Croatia
 * Le Roc, a commune in France
 * Ross and Cromarty, registration county in Scotland, Chapman code
 * Republic of Crimea, a disputed Russian republic
 * Republic of Cuba, the official name of Cuba

Companies and organizations

 * Radar Operations Center, US National Weather Service unit
 * Regional Organisations of Councils, voluntary groupings of neighbouring councils in Australia
 * Registrar of Companies, India
 * Remote Operations Center, a National Security Agency facility in Fort Meade, Maryland
 * Restaurant Opportunities Center, a union-supported labor group
 * Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium, a network of clinical trial sites
 * Right of Centre, a short-lived New Zealand political party
 * Roc Books, a paperback science fiction and fantasy imprint of Penguin Group
 * Roc Nation, an American entertainment company
 * Roc Oil Company, based in Sydney, Australia
 * Royal Observer Corps, a former British civil defence organisation
 * Romanian Orthodox Church
 * Russian Orthodox Church

Entertainment

 * R.O.C. (band), British electronica group founded in 1983 by Fred Browning and Patrick Nicholson
 * Roc (Dungeons & Dragons), a role-playing version of the mythical bird
 * "Roc" (Nâdiya song), 2006
 * Roc (The-Dream song)
 * Roc (TV series), an American sitcom which aired 1991–94

Finance

 * Rate of change (technical analysis)
 * Return on capital

Mathematics

 * Radius of curvature (optics)
 * Receiver operating characteristic, ROC curve (statistics)
 * Radius of convergence

Transport and vehicles

 * Rail operating centre, a type of railway signalling centre in the UK
 * Greater Rochester International Airport (IATA airport code ), Rochester, Monroe County, New York State, USA
 * Roche railway station (station code ), Roche, Cornwall, England, UK
 * "Roc" (N351SL), the first (and only) Scaled Composites Stratolaunch (Model 351), an aircraft designed to carry air-launch-to-orbit rockets
 * Blackburn Roc, a British naval fighter-bomber and turret fighter aircraft of World War II

Sports

 * Russian Olympic Committee
 * ROC, the IOC code used for Russian Olympic Committee athletes:
 * Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the 2020 Summer Olympics
 * Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the 2022 Winter Olympics
 * Race of Champions (disambiguation)
 * Race of Champions, motorsport event combining track and rally drivers
 * Race of Champions (modified racing), a yearly stock car race using modified race cars
 * Roc, the name of the University of Pittsburgh's costumed panther mascot (see Panthers of Pittsburgh)
 * ROC, the IOC code formerly used for Republic of China at the Olympics 1924–1948

Other uses

 * Roglai language (ISO 639 language code )
 * Renewables Obligation certificates, used in the UK's electricity supply industry
 * Republic of Chocolate
 * Resource-oriented computing
 * Roc (mythology), a mythical giant bird
 * Roc-A-Fella Records, known as "The Roc"

title: Roc


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Vera Wang

Vera Ellen Wang (born June 27, 1949) is an American fashion designer. Wang initially pursued a career in figure skating before transitioning to fashion. She worked for Vogue and Ralph Lauren before launching her own bridal gown boutique in 1990.

Wang gained international recognition for her wedding dress designs. Her gowns have been worn by numerous celebrities. She expanded her brand to include ready-to-wear fashion, accessories, fragrances, and home goods.

Early life
Vera Ellen Wang was born June 27, 1949, in New York City to Chinese parents who immigrated to the United States in the mid-1940s. Her mother, Florence Wu (Wu Chifang), worked as a translator for the United Nations, while her father, Cheng Ching Wang (Wang Chengqing), a graduate of Yanjing University and MIT, owned a medicine company, and held the following positions: Director, Singapore Petroleum Company Pte. Ltd., Chairman & President, Oceanic Petroleum Corporation, Chairman & President, Oceanic Petroleum (Asia) Corporation, Chairman & President of Summit Group of Companies (now U.S. Summit Company), Chairman of the Vera Wang Group 1990-1998. Wang has one brother, Kenneth, who is a life member of MIT Corporation, a board of trustees that governs the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Wang began figure skating at the age of eight, training under Peter Dunfield and Sonya Klopfer in Denver during the summers and with the Skating Club of New York during the rest of the year. While in high school, she trained with pairs partner James Stuart, and competed at the 1968 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. She was featured in Sports Illustrated Faces in the Crowd in the January 9, 1968 issue. When she failed to make the U.S. Olympics team, she entered the fashion industry. Wang continues to enjoy skating, saying, "Skating is multidimensional".

Wang attended Friends Seminary, graduated from Chapin School in 1967, attended the University of Paris, and earned a degree in art history from Sarah Lawrence College.

In 1968, Wang was presented as a debutante to high society at the International Debutante Ball at the Waldorf Astoria New York.

Career
Wang was hired to be an editor at Vogue immediately upon graduation from Sarah Lawrence College, making her the youngest editor at that magazine. She stayed at Vogue for 17 years, leaving in 1987 to join Ralph Lauren, for whom she worked for two years. At 40, she resigned and became an independent bridal wear designer.

Wang has made wedding gowns for public figures such as Hayley Williams, Ariana Grande, Vanessa Hudgens, Chelsea Clinton, Karenna Gore, Ivanka Trump, Campbell Brown, Alicia Keys, Mariah Carey, Victoria Beckham, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Avril Lavigne, Hilary Duff, Khloe Kardashian, and Kim Kardashian. Wang started off as being best known for her elegant wedding dresses. Wang's evening wear has also been worn by Michelle Obama.

Figure skaters who have worn costumes designed by Wang at the Winter Olympic Games include Nancy Kerrigan (1992 and 1994), Michelle Kwan (1998 and 2002), Evan Lysacek (2010), and Nathan Chen (2018 and 2022). Wang was inducted into the U.S. Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 2009 for her contribution to the sport as a costume designer. She designed the uniforms worn by the Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders.

On October 23, 2001, her book Vera Wang on Weddings was released. In June 2005, she won the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) Womenswear Designer of the Year. On May 27, 2006, Wang was awarded the André Leon Talley Lifetime Achievement Award from the Savannah College of Art and Design.

Wang's evening wear has been worn by stars at many red carpet events, including Viola Davis at the 2012 Academy Awards, and Sofia Vergara at the 65th Emmy Awards.

She was awarded the Council of Fashion Designers of America Lifetime Achievement Award in 2013.

In 2006, Wang reached a deal with Kohl's, a chain of department stores, to produce a less expensive line of ready-to-wear clothing exclusively for them called Simply Vera.

Forbes placed her the 34th in the list America's Richest Self-Made Women 2018, her revenues rising to $630 million in that year.

On September 10, 2019, after a sabbatical of 2 years during which she had presented her collections only via films, Vera Wang returned to the New York Fashion Week runway for her Spring/Summer 2020 fashion show, which celebrated the 30th anniversary of her brand. The show received very positive reviews, with Godfrey Deeny describing it as a "notable collection by one of the few New York designers with a truly distinctive fashion DNA", while Bridget Foley presented Wang's creations as "Beautiful, seriously designed clothes, presented with gutsy panache". However, the show was marred by several major footwear malfunctions, especially during the finale when four models fell down, including Fei Fei Sun, who fell twice in a row, leading chief fashion critic Vanessa Friedman to state that "In 2019, no woman should be tortured by what she wears".

Retail
In 1990, she opened her own design salon in the Carlyle Hotel in New York City that features her trademark bridal gowns. She has since opened bridal boutiques in New York, London, Tokyo, and Sydney and has also expanded her brand through her fragrance, jewelry, eyewear, shoes, and homeware collections.

"White by Vera Wang" launched on February 11, 2011, at David's Bridal. Prices of the bridal gowns range from $600 to $1,400. In 2002, Wang began to enter the home fashion industry and launched The Vera Wang China and Crystal Collection, followed by the 2007 release of her diffusion line called Simply Vera, which are sold exclusively by Kohl's.

In spring 2012, Wang teamed up with Men's Wearhouse to offer two tuxedo styles available in both the retail and rental areas of their inventory. In June 2012, she expanded in Australia with the opening of "Vera Wang Bride Sydney" and her first Asian flagship store "Vera Wang Bridal Korea", helmed by President Jung Mi-ri, in upmarket neighborhood Cheongdam-dong in Gangnam-gu, Seoul.

In a 2013 interview with CBS, Wang described her transition from journalist to businesswoman as "painful, and not only that, I have no choice. So I think when you start there's a certain innocence because of that freedom, and as you evolve you begin to see the parameters of what you can and can't do. So I make decisions that are very tiny that will affect an hour of work, I make decisions that will impact the lives of the people that work for me. It's in fashion as well, micro work, a centimeter of proportion and then it's macro to see what a vision is on the red carpet."

Personal life
In June 1989, Wang married investor Arthur P. Becker in an interfaith Baptist and Jewish ceremony. They have two daughters, both of whom were adopted. In July 2012, the couple announced their separation.

In popular culture
Several movies and television shows have featured Wang's works, including The West Wing, The Newsroom, Gossip Girl, Sex and the City, Revenge, The Simpsons, and the film Sex and the City.

Wang appeared in a cameo in season 5 episode 11 of the TV series Gossip Girl and as herself in the second season of Ugly Betty in episode 2.07.

Movies

 * First Daughter (2004) as herself.
 * The September Issue (2009) as herself.

Television

 * Gossip Girl (2012) as herself.
 * Keeping Up with the Kardashians  (2011) as herself.
 * Chelsea Lately  (2011) as herself.
 * The Celebrity Apprentice (2008) as herself.
 * Ugly Betty  (2007) as herself.

Books

 * Vera Wang, Vera Wang on Weddings, HarperCollins, October 2001 (ISBN 9780688162566).

Recognition
She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2021.

In 2023, she received the Board of Directors' Tribute at the 2023 CFDA Fashion Awards for her Bridal impact.

title: Vera Wang


text:
Copycat suicide

A copycat suicide is defined as an emulation of another suicide that the person attempting suicide knows about either from local knowledge or due to accounts or depictions of the original suicide on television and in other media. The publicized suicide serves as a trigger, in the absence of protective factors, for the next suicide by a susceptible or suggestible person. This is referred to as suicide contagion.

A spike in emulation suicides after a widely publicized suicide is known as the Werther effect, after rumours of such a spike following the publication of Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther.

Suicides occasionally spread through a school system, through a community, or in terms of a celebrity suicide wave, nationally. This is called a suicide cluster. Suicide clusters are caused by the social learning of suicide-related behaviors, or "copycat suicides". Point clusters are clusters of suicides in both time and space, and have been linked to direct social learning from nearby individuals. Mass clusters are clusters of suicides in time but not space, and have been linked to the broadcasting of information concerning celebrity suicides via the mass media.

History
One of the earliest known associations between the media and suicide arose from Goethe's novel Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (The Sorrows of Young Werther). Soon after its publication in 1774, young men began to mimic the main character by dressing in yellow pants and blue jackets. In the novel, Werther shoots himself with a pistol after he is rejected by the woman he loves, and shortly after its publication there were reports of young men using the same method to kill themselves in acts of hopelessness.

This resulted in the book being banned in several places. Hence the term "Werther effect", is used in the technical literature to designate copycat suicides. The term was coined by researcher David Phillips in 1974.

Reports in 1985 and 1989 by Phillips and his colleagues found that suicides and other accidents seem to rise after a well-publicized suicide.

Demographic factors
People who are young or old – but not middle-aged – seem to be most susceptible to this effect. At least five percent of youth suicides may be influenced by contagion.

Due to the effects of differential identification, the people who attempt to copy a suicidal act tend to have the same age and gender as the triggering suicide.

According to research study results from South Korea, the probability of suicide significantly increased between 2005 and 2008. Additionally, substantial upsurges were discovered in the subgroups that corresponded to each celebrity, particularly in the group when all variables (sex, age, and technique) were comparable.

Timing
These suicidal actions tend to happen in the days and sometimes weeks after a suicide is announced. In exceptional cases, such as a widely discussed suicide by a celebrity, an increased level of thinking about suicide may persist for up to one year.

Factors in suicide reporting
Copycat suicide is mostly blamed on the media. A study conducted in 2002 found evidence that "the influence of media on suicidal behaviour has been shown for newspaper and television reports of actual suicides, film and television portrayals of suicides, and suicide in literature, especially suicide manuals." "Hearing about a suicide seems to make those who are vulnerable feel they have permission to do it," Phillips said. He cited studies that showed that people were more likely to engage in dangerous deviant behavior, such as drug taking, if someone else had set the example first.

The Werther effect not only predicts an increase in suicide, but the majority of the suicides will take place in the same or a similar way as the one publicized. The more similar the person in the publicized suicide is to the people exposed to the information about it, the more likely the age group or demographic is to die by suicide. The increase generally happens only in areas where the suicide story was highly publicized. Upon learning of someone else's suicide, some people decide that action may be appropriate for them as well, especially if the publicized suicide was of someone in a situation similar to their own.

Publishing the means of suicides, romanticized and sensationalized reporting—particularly about celebrities, suggestions that there is an epidemic, glorifying the deceased and simplifying the reasons all lead to increases in the suicide rate. People may see suicide as a glamorous ending, with the deceased getting attention, sympathy, and concern that they never got in life. A second possible factor is that vulnerable youth may feel, "If they couldn't cut it, neither can I". An increased rate of suicides has been shown to occur up to ten days after a television report. Studies in Japan and Germany have replicated findings of an imitative effect. Etzersdorfer et al. in an Austrian study showed a strong correlation between the number of papers distributed in various areas and the number of subsequent firearm suicides in each area after a related media report. Higher rates of copycat suicides have been found in those with similarities in race, age, and gender to the deceased in the original report. However, a study from South Korea found that preventative measures restricting how the news reports on suicide do not have much effect, possibly suggesting some other causal factor is at play for changing suicide rates.

Stack analyzed the results from 42 studies and found that those measuring the effect of a celebrity suicide story were 14.3 times more likely to find a copycat effect than studies that did not. Studies based on a real as opposed to a fictional story were 4.03 times more likely to uncover a copycat effect and research based on televised stories was 82% less likely to report a copycat effect than research based on newspapers. Other scholars have been less certain about whether copycat suicides truly happen or are selectively hyped. For instance, fears of a suicide wave following the suicide of Kurt Cobain never materialized in an actual increase in suicides. Coverage of Cobain's suicide in the local Seattle area focused largely on treatment for mental health issues, suicide prevention and the suffering Cobain's death caused to his family. Perhaps as a result, the local suicide rate actually declined in the following months.

Furthermore, there is evidence for an indirect Werther effect, i.e. the perception that suicidal media content influences others which, in turn, can concurrently or additionally influence one person's own future thoughts and behaviors. Similarly, the researcher Gerard Sullivan has critiqued research on copycat suicides, suggesting that data analyses have been selective and misleading and that the evidence for copycat suicides is much less consistent than suggested by some researchers. Additionally, a review by Cheng and colleagues finds that most research on the relationship of media coverage to suicidality lacks solid theoretical grounding, making interpreting the research very difficult. Sonia Livingstone argues that media effects research as a whole has many flaws, and needs serious evaluation as a field before additional interpretations can be drawn from such research.

Studies show a high incidence of psychiatric disorders in suicide cases at the time of their death with the total figure ranging from 87.3% to 98%, with mood disorders and substance abuse being the two most common.

Social proof model
An alternate model to explain copycat suicide, called "social proof" by Robert Cialdini, goes beyond the theories of glorification and simplification of reasons to look at why copycat suicides are so similar, demographically and in actual methods, to the originally publicized suicide. In the social proof model, people imitate those who seem similar, despite or even because of societal disapproval. This model is important because it has nearly opposite ramifications for what the media ought to do about the copycat suicide effect than the standard model does. To deal with this problem, Alex Mesoudi of Queen Mary University of London, developed a computer model of a community of 1000 people, to examine how copycat suicides occur. These were divided into 100 groups of 10, in a model designed to represent different levels of social organization, such as schools or hospitals within a town or state. Mesoudi then circulated the simulation through 100 generations. He found the simulated people acted just as sociologists' theory predicted. They were more likely to die by suicide in clusters, either because they had learned this trait from their friends, or because suicidal people are more likely to be like one another.

Journalism codes
Various countries have national journalism codes which range from one extreme of, "Suicide and attempted suicide should in general never be given any mention" (Norway) to a more moderate, "In cases of suicide, publishing or broadcasting information in an exaggerated way that goes beyond normal dimensions of reporting with the purpose of influencing readers or spectators should not occur." University of London psychologist Alex Mesoudi recommends that reporters follow the sort of guidelines the World Health Organization and others endorse for coverage of any suicide: use extreme restraint in covering these deaths—keep the word "suicide" out of the headline, don't romanticize the death, and limit the number of stories. "Photography, pictures, visual images or film depicting such cases should not be made public" (Turkey). While many countries do not have national codes, media outlets still often have in-house guidelines along similar lines. In the United States, there are no industry-wide standards. A survey of in-house guides of 16 US daily newspapers showed that only three mentioned the word suicide, and none gave guidelines about publishing the method of suicide. Craig Branson, online director of the American Society of News Editors (ASNE), has been quoted as saying, "Industry codes are very generic and totally voluntary. Most ethical decisions are left to individual editors at individual papers. The industry would fight any attempt to create more specific rules or standards, and editors would no doubt ignore them." Guidelines on the reporting of suicides in Ireland were introduced with attempt to remove any positive connotations the act might have (e.g. using the term "completed" rather than "successful" when describing a suicide attempt which resulted in a death).

Canada's public broadcaster, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, abides by standards that "avoid describing the act in detail or illustrating the method" of suicides.

Journalist training
Australia is one of the few countries where there is a concerted effort to teach journalism students about this subject being made. In the 2000s, the Mindframe national media initiative followed an ambivalent response by the Australian Press Council to an earlier media resource kit issued by Suicide Prevention Australia and the Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention. The UK-based media ethics charity MediaWise provides training for journalists on reporting suicide and related issues.

Headline is Ireland's media monitoring programme for suicide and mental health issues, set up by Shine and the Health Service Executives National Office for Suicide Prevention as part of the program Reach Out: National Strategy for action on Suicide Prevention. Headline works with media professionals and students to find ways to collaborate to ensure that suicide, mental health and mental illness are responsibly covered in the media and provides information on reporting on mental health and suicidal behavior, literature and daily analysis of news stories. Headline also serves as a vehicle for the public to become involved in helping to monitor the Irish media on issues relating to mental health and suicide.

Studies suggest that the risk of suicide fell significantly when media outlets began following recommendations for suicide reporting in the late 20th century.

Prevention
The Papageno effect is the effect that mass media can have by presenting non-suicide alternatives to crises. It is named after a lovelorn character, Papageno, from the 18th-century opera The Magic Flute; he was contemplating suicide until other characters showed him a different way to resolve his problems.

If a novel or news can induce self-harm, then it must be assumed that those narratives might have a positive effect on prevention. There is more research into the damage done by "irresponsible media reports" than into the protective effects of positive stories, but when newspapers refuse to publicize suicide events or change the way that they provide information about suicide events, the risk of copycat suicides declines.

Late twentieth/early twenty-first century research
An example occurred in Vienna, Austria where the media reporting increased dramatically the number of copycat suicides. Reduction began when a working group of the Austrian Association for Suicide Prevention developed media guidelines and initiated discussions with the media which culminated with an agreement to abstain from reporting on cases of suicide. Examples of celebrities whose suicides have triggered suicide clusters include Ruan Lingyu, the Japanese musicians Yukiko Okada and hide, the South Korean actress Choi Jin-Sil, whose suicide caused suicide rates to rise by 162.3% and Marilyn Monroe, whose death was followed by an increase of 200 more suicides than average for that August month.

Another famous case is the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on December 17, 2010, an act that was a catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution and sparked the Arab Spring, including several men who emulated Bouazizi's act.

A 2017 study published in JAMA Internal Medicine found the online series 13 Reasons Why which chronicled a fictional teen's suicide was associated with an increase in suicide related Internet searches, including a 26% increase in searches for "how to commit suicide", an 18% increase for "commit suicide" and 9% increase for "how to kill yourself". On May 29, 2019, research published in JAMA Psychiatry outlined an association of increased suicides in 10- to 19-year-olds in the United States in the three months following the release of 13 Reasons Why, consistent with a media contagion of suicide in the show. However, some media scholar studies implied that viewing 13 Reasons Why was not associated with suicidal ideation but actually with reduced depressive symptoms.

The cause-and-effect relationship between media and suicide is not simple to prove. Prof. Sonia Livingstone emphasized the claim of causality in media-effect cannot be considered conclusive because of different methodological approaches and disciplinary perspective. Even if it is accepted that media can have an effect on suicidal ideation, it is not a sufficient condition to drive people to commit suicide; the effects that media can have on suicidal behaviour are certainly less important than individual psychological and social risk factors.

title: Copycat suicide


text:
Talk:7-Eleven

Proposed merge with Seven & I Holdings Co.
This article covers 7-Eleven globally and not just the "7-Eleven Inc." US subsidiary as the lead and infobox look to state.

The global headquarters are in Tokyo not Dallas (which are just for the US) and subsidiaries for other countries are managed from there including the US one. It is better to merge the parent company article here to reduce confusion and streamline the information. Gotitbro (talk) 14:46, 5 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge because Seven & I Holdings Co. also owns other notable retailers: Ito-Yokado and Denny's Japan. UnitedStatesian (talk) 14:02, 25 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge per UnitedStatesian. Additionally, Seven & I Holdings Co. has performed additional acquisitions, such as for Millennium Retailing holding company and White Hen. Seven & I Holdings Co. has also been involved in other deals involving the purchasing of ownership stakes. North America1000 09:13, 26 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose merge per others. -BRAINULATOR9 (TALK) 18:54, 11 July 2019 (UTC)

Master franchisees
Could make it easier to tell if something is a master franchisee in Global Operations, and also make the section make it less advert-y. Could start with some rephrasing of words like 'operations' and some sort of table similar to ALDI at least to get the stats across. Jordf32123 (talk) 11:31, 9 October 2021 (UTC)

Employees
Hi, shouldn't there be more employees if there are 78k stores? Is there stores without employees? 2607:FEA8:CC57:7270:2015:2F3F:592D:D0F0 (talk) 03:15, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * The information on employees is based on the company's 2021 management report. If you have questions about it, you'll need to contact the company.  General Ization  Talk  03:19, 17 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Note that the employee count may only refer to the employees of 7-Eleven, not those of its franchisees.  General Ization Talk  03:38, 17 August 2022 (UTC)

Indians as dominant franchisees?
Shouldn’t there be a pop-culture sub category recognizing the almost complete monopoly of Indian franchisees/employees running the stores? 223.27.212.175 (talk) 09:28, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

New article
Stockton, California 7-Eleven incident

SquirrelHill1971 (talk) 14:41, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 May 2024
Requires. Asoice for claim. 64.189.18.32 (talk) 10:13, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.   [[User:CanonNi ]]  (talk • contribs) 10:19, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:7-Eleven


text:
Chessboard

A chessboard is a game board used to play chess. It consists of 64 squares, 8 rows by 8 columns, on which the chess pieces are placed. It is square in shape and uses two colours of squares, one light and one dark, in a chequered pattern. During play, the board is oriented such that each player's near-right corner square is a light square.

The columns of a chessboard are known as ', the rows are known as ', and the lines of adjoining same-coloured squares (each running from one edge of the board to an adjacent edge) are known as . Each square of the board is named using algebraic, descriptive, or numeric chess notation; algebraic notation is the FIDE standard. In algebraic notation, using White's perspective, files are labeled a through h from left to right, and ranks are labeled 1 through 8 from bottom to top; each square is identified by the file and rank which it occupies. The a- through d-files constitute the, and the e- through h-files constitute the ; the 1st through 4th ranks constitute White's side, and the 5th through 8th ranks constitute Black's side.

History and evolution
The earliest known ancestor of the chessboard is the Ashtāpada board. Among other games, it was used to play chaturanga, a historical precursor to chess, beginning around the 6th century in India. The board uses a single color for all squares and is divided into eight columns by eight rows, with marked squares called castles in the corners of each quadrant. Unlike in Ashtāpada, castles serve no function in chaturanga.

The chessboard acquired its modern chequered pattern in the 10th century with the arrival of chess in Europe. This pattern was based on that of the then-5×5 draughts board. As a result of this change, each diagonal was now highlighted by a continuous sequence of same-coloured squares, which later facilitated the introduction of the modern bishop and queen movements in the 15th century.

The Libro de los juegos (1283) contains a description of the chessboard, describing eight rows and columns as the ideal number, deeming the practice of chess on the 10×10 board too tiresome and on the 6×6 board too quick. In the 13th century, some players began using the convention that the first square of the far right column should be light-coloured; this convention was endorsed by Pedro Damiano at the end of the 15th century.

In contemporary chess, a digital board is a chess board connected to a computer that is capable of transmitting the moves to the computer itself: the information about the moves can be used to play a game against a chess engine, or simply to record the moves sequence of a game in automatic.

A digital board uses sensors to detect the pieces position and each piece move can be recorded.

In 1998 the 33rd Chess Olympiad was held in Elista: the games were digitally brodcasted over the internet thanks the introduction of digital chess boards developed by Digital Game Technology: 328 boards were used for the event.

In 2003, the ex-world champion Garry Kasparov faced the chess engine X3D Fritz in a series of four matches in a virtual environment, where the computer-generated board hovered in the air in front of Kasparov, who used special glasses. This was the first man–machine game of chess performed in a completely simulated environment.

Manufacture
Chessboards have been made from numerous materials over the years, such as ebony, ivory, marble, metal, glass, and plastic. They can also be found as decorative elements in plazas, gardens, and living rooms.

High-level games generally use wooden boards, while vinyl, plastic, and cardboard are common for less important tournaments and matches, as well as for home use. Additionally, some very large chessboards are built into or drawn on the ground. Rarely, decorative glass and marble boards are permitted for games conducted by national or international chess federations.

Wooden boards are traditionally made of unstained woods that are light brown and dark brown in colour. To reduce cost, some boards are made with veneers of more expensive woods glued to an inner piece of plywood or chipboard. A variety of colour combinations are used for plastic, vinyl, and silicone boards. Common dark-light combinations are black and white, as well as brown, green or blue with buff or cream.

For international or continental championships, FIDE's regulations state that wooden boards should be used. For other FIDE tournaments, wood, plastic, or cardboard boards may be used, and the board should be rigid in all instances. The board may also be made of marble, as long as there is an appropriate contrast between the light and dark squares. The finishing should be neutral or frosted but never shiny. The squares should be from 5 to 6 cm in length, at least twice the diameter of a pawn's base. If the table and the board are two separate pieces, the latter must be fixed so it stays in place.

Board notation
There are various systems for recording moves and referring to the squares of the chessboard; the standard contemporary system is algebraic notation. In algebraic notation, the files are identified by the letters a to h, from left to right from the white player's point of view, and the ranks by the numbers 1 to 8, with 1 being closest to the white player. Each square on the board is identified by a unique coordinate pairing, from a1 to h8.

In the older descriptive notation, the files are labelled by the piece originally occupying its first rank (e.g. queen,, ), and ranks by the numbers 1 to 8 from each player's point of view, depending on the move being described. This method is no longer commonly used. FIDE stopped using descriptive notation in 1981.

ICCF numeric notation assigns numbers to both files and ranks, with rank 1 being the one closest to the player with the white pieces. The file leftmost to the white player (a in algebraic notation and QR in descriptive notation) is file one and the rightmost to them (h in algebraic notation and KR in descriptive notation) is file eight.

Variant boards
Variant chessboard shapes and sizes go back to the Persian origins of the game in the 10th century, when the book Muraj adh-dhahab (Board of the Gods) described six different variants of chess, including circular and cylinder chess. Due to the widespread creation of new variants, a wide variety of sizes can be found. Gliński's hexagonal chess utilises a board with 91 hexagonal spaces of three different colours. One innovation of the 13th century was the cylindrical board for use in cylinder chess.

The board used for the Persian Tamerlane chess is one of the first recorded variant chessboards, with eleven columns by ten rows along with two citadels. Each player has a citadel to the right of their second rank, which may be occupied by the opponent's king, in which case that opponent may declare a draw. In 1617, Pietro Carrera proposed a variant that received his name, Carrera's Chess, with a 10×8 board, later used in other variants such as Capablanca chess and Gothic Chess. Other sizes, with ten rows by ten columns, are used in Omega Chess and Grand Chess; Omega Chess has four additional squares, one in each corner of the board. Los Alamos chess uses a smaller 6×6 board.

Japanese shogi uses a board with nine columns by nine rows. The board of Chinese xianqi consists of nine columns by ten rows; here, the pieces are placed on the intersections of the lines that divide the squares, rather than within the squares themselves. Each player has a 3×3 palace in the central three columns and the closest three rows, within which the player's general and advisors must stay. Between the central two rows is a river that the elephant cannot cross and past which the soldier increases in strength. A similar board without a river is used in Korean janggi.

Some chess variants use more than a single board per match. Bughouse chess, for example, involves four players playing two simultaneous matches on separate boards. Alice Chess is a popular variant which is usually played on two boards to facilitate the movement of pieces between the boards. Three-dimensional boards are often represented by multiple two-dimensional boards. Variants may use anywhere from two to eight boards. For example, Raumschach utilises five boards of twenty-five squares each, totaling 125 squares. Another noteworthy variant, Star Trek Chess, utilises a board of sixty-four squares divided into seven levels. Star Trek Chess uses a board with movable parts divided into seven levels. In the initial position, each player occupies two of the movable four-square attack boards. The white pieces start in the lower level, using attack boards connected to this level and the first two rows of the board, while the black pieces start at the top, using the attack boards and first two rows of the third level.

Other representations
The game of chess has been represented in the arts since its creation. Chess sets usually had considerable artistic value; they were made of noble materials, such as ebony and ivory, and in large sizes. Many of the pieces in these sets were offered to churches as relics. The book Liber miraculorum sancte Fidis tells a story in which a nobleman, after miraculously escaping from prison, is forced to carry a chessboard until a sanctuary as gesture of gratitude. However, more frequently, there are stories in which the chessboard is used as a weapon. The French tale of Ogier the Dane reports how the son of Charlemagne brutally kills one of Ogier's sons with a chessboard after losing a match, although there is no evidence confirming the veracity of the story.

In 1250, a sermon called Quaedam moralitas de scaccario per Innocentium papum (The Innocent Morality) showed the world as being represented by a chessboard. The white and black squares represented the two conditions of life and death or praise and censure; over these, the pieces, representing humanity, would confront each other in the adversities of the game, which symbolised life.

Due to its simple geometry, the chessboard is often used in mathematical puzzles or problems unrelated to chess, such as the wheat and chessboard problem and the mutilated chessboard problem. The term infinite chessboard is sometimes used to refer to a grid.

title: Chessboard


text:
Talk:United Airlines Flight 175

Semi-protected edit request on 24 September 2023
Change the time of the collapse of the South tower from 55 minutes later at 9:58 am to 56 minutes later at 9:59 am 50.99.241.37 (talk) 04:10, 24 September 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ RudolfRed (talk) 23:25, 24 September 2023 (UTC)

200 or 300 feet near miss with Delta plane?
As of now, in the near misses section, it says Flight 175 missed the Delta plane by 200 feet, however, other sources say 300 feet. And I have looked at the official radar screen data for Flight 175 and it clearly shows they passed by 300 feet. But different sources say 200 feet, and others say 300 feet, should we keep it at 200 feet or should we change it to 300 feet? Sources that are cited on that section say 200 and 300 feet. The person who should not be named (talk) 19:07, 11 December 2023 (UTC)

Why is engine information "far too much detail"
Since @David J Johnson reverted. I have a question.

EVERY SINGLE Aircraft accident, incident article on wikipedia contains information about aircraft engines, the year of manufacture and so on. On this particular incident, the aircraft engines played a major role in the crash as they were ejected out of the opposite ends of WTC 1 and WTC 2 as debris and landed on the streets below and people took photos of them, and that is how particular aircraft partly was identified and the debris that belonged to them.

How exactly Aircraft engine information is not relevant ("far too much detail") to an article about AIRCRAFT INCIDENT?

It seems there an organized effort by @David J Johnson to get rid of important and relevant information for some reason, which is concerning. This just undermines wikipedia as a platform for getting crucial and important information. And you are just helping conspiracy theories to thrive, because there are tons of people and growing in numbers who actually believe planes didn't crash in WTC and never seen the engines because this information is withhold (for some reason). When it comes to such incidents, every detail matters and engines are integral part to aircraft operation.

So, why @David J Johnson even removed photos of engine wreckage? Maybe maps must be removed too because average person can't read a map anymore in 2024 and that is also "far too much detail" for the average mind who needs to be fed dumbed down information only? YitzhakNat (talk) 21:54, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

 * See my reply at American Airlines Flight 11. This is an article about a hijacked airplane, not an event having anything to do with the airplane itself. And please don't personalize your complaint in that manner.  Acroterion   (talk)   23:49, 23 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 March 2024
Garnet Bailey was not just a hockey scout, he was also a Stanley Cup champion. I feel that his line should read "Among the other passengers were hockey scout and Stanley Cup champion Garnet "Ace" Bailey" 2601:8C1:8200:BFA0:DD3:DF00:AB33:854D (talk) 09:42, 2 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: What his full name was or which awards he won is not particularly relevant here. --TheImaCow (talk) 13:07, 3 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:United Airlines Flight 175


text:
User:Hanoman

Hi welcome to my private page. My name is Willy Sutrisno. Indonesian surname is at the end, so Sutrisno is my surname. I knew Wiki few years back, and I felt this is a very good idea. As an Indonesian I feel obligated to share some of the knowledge I know thru Wiki. So why dont you start from now? My expertise in IS (Information System).

Article I made :

In Indonesian * Surat_Elektronik - Email * Bug - Computer Bug * Prangko - Stamp

In English: * Matrix_Cable_System

title: User:Hanoman


text:
Talk:Business statistics

This looks like it could be merged into Statistics as a single paragraph Tim bates (talk) 23:41, 29 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Any thoughts on this suggestion? If no one minds, I'll make a not in statistics and redirect this page to an anchor in a month or so. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tim bates (talk • contribs) 18:29, 14 May 2011 (UTC)

✅. I didn't make an anchor, but I merged and redirected to a section. Cnilep (talk) 06:53, 23 April 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Business statistics


text:
Stratosphere

The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere. The stratosphere is composed of stratified temperature zones, with the warmer layers of air located higher (closer to outer space) and the cooler layers lower (closer to the planetary surface of the Earth). The increase of temperature with altitude is a result of the absorption of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation by the ozone layer, where ozone is exothermically photolyzed into oxygen in a cyclical fashion. This temperature inversion is in contrast to the troposphere, where temperature decreases with altitude, and between the troposphere and stratosphere is the tropopause border that demarcates the beginning of the temperature inversion.

Near the equator, the lower edge of the stratosphere is as high as 20 km, at mid-latitudes around 10 km, and at the poles about 7 km. Temperatures range from an average of -51 C near the tropopause to an average of -15 C near the mesosphere. Stratospheric temperatures also vary within the stratosphere as the seasons change, reaching particularly low temperatures in the polar night (winter). Winds in the stratosphere can far exceed those in the troposphere, reaching near 60 m/s in the Southern polar vortex.

Discovery
In 1902, Léon Teisserenc de Bort from France and Richard Assmann from Germany, in separate but coordinated publications and following years of observations, published the discovery of an isothermal layer at around 11–14 km (6.8-8.7 mi), which is the base of the lower stratosphere. This was based on temperature profiles from mostly unmanned and a few manned instrumented balloons.

Ozone layer
The mechanism describing the formation of the ozone layer was described by British mathematician and geophysicist Sydney Chapman in 1930, and is known as the Chapman cycle or ozone–oxygen cycle. Molecular oxygen absorbs high energy sunlight in the UV-C region, at wavelengths shorter than about 240 nm. Radicals produced from the homolytically split oxygen molecules combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone. Ozone in turn is photolysed much more rapidly than molecular oxygen as it has a stronger absorption that occurs at longer wavelengths, where the solar emission is more intense. Ozone (O3) photolysis produces O and O2. The oxygen atom product combines with atmospheric molecular oxygen to reform O3, releasing heat. The rapid photolysis and reformation of ozone heat the stratosphere, resulting in a temperature inversion. This increase of temperature with altitude is characteristic of the stratosphere; its resistance to vertical mixing means that it is stratified. Within the stratosphere temperatures increase with altitude (see temperature inversion); the top of the stratosphere has a temperature of about 270 K (−3°C or 26.6°F).

This vertical stratification, with warmer layers above and cooler layers below, makes the stratosphere dynamically stable: there is no regular convection and associated turbulence in this part of the atmosphere. However, exceptionally energetic convection processes, such as volcanic eruption columns and overshooting tops in severe supercell thunderstorms, may carry convection into the stratosphere on a very local and temporary basis. Overall, the attenuation of solar UV at wavelengths that damage DNA by the ozone layer allows life to exist on the surface of the planet outside of the ocean. All air entering the stratosphere must pass through the tropopause, the temperature minimum that divides the troposphere and stratosphere. The rising air is literally freeze dried; the stratosphere is a very dry place. The top of the stratosphere is called the stratopause, above which the temperature decreases with height.

Formation and destruction
Sydney Chapman gave a correct description of the source of stratospheric ozone and its ability to generate heat within the stratosphere; he also wrote that ozone may be destroyed by reacting with atomic oxygen, making two molecules of molecular oxygen. We now know that there are additional ozone loss mechanisms and that these mechanisms are catalytic, meaning that a small amount of the catalyst can destroy a great number of ozone molecules. The first is due to the reaction of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) with ozone. •OH is formed by the reaction of electrically excited oxygen atoms produced by ozone photolysis, with water vapor. While the stratosphere is dry, additional water vapor is produced in situ by the photochemical oxidation of methane (CH4). The HO2 radical produced by the reaction of OH with O3 is recycled to OH by reaction with oxygen atoms or ozone. In addition, solar proton events can significantly affect ozone levels via radiolysis with the subsequent formation of OH. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is produced by biological activity at the surface and is oxidised to NO in the stratosphere; the so-called NOx radical cycles also deplete stratospheric ozone. Finally, chlorofluorocarbon molecules are photolysed in the stratosphere releasing chlorine atoms that react with ozone giving ClO and O2. The chlorine atoms are recycled when ClO reacts with O in the upper stratosphere, or when ClO reacts with itself in the chemistry of the Antarctic ozone hole.

Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995 for their work describing the formation and decomposition of stratospheric ozone.

Aircraft flight
Commercial airliners typically cruise at altitudes of 9 – which is in the lower reaches of the stratosphere in temperate latitudes. This optimizes fuel efficiency, mostly due to the low temperatures encountered near the tropopause and low air density, reducing parasitic drag on the airframe. Stated another way, it allows the airliner to fly faster while maintaining lift equal to the weight of the plane. (The fuel consumption depends on the drag, which is related to the lift by the lift-to-drag ratio.) It also allows the airplane to stay above the turbulent weather of the troposphere.

The Concorde aircraft cruised at Mach 2 at about 60000 ft, and the SR-71 cruised at Mach 3 at 85000 ft, all within the stratosphere.

Because the temperature in the tropopause and lower stratosphere is largely constant with increasing altitude, very little convection and its resultant turbulence occurs there. Most turbulence at this altitude is caused by variations in the jet stream and other local wind shears, although areas of significant convective activity (thunderstorms) in the troposphere below may produce turbulence as a result of convective overshoot.

On October 24, 2014, Alan Eustace became the record holder for reaching the altitude record for a manned balloon at 135,890 ft. Eustace also broke the world records for vertical speed skydiving, reached with a peak velocity of 1,321 km/h (822 mph) and total freefall distance of 123,414 ft – lasting four minutes and 27 seconds.

Circulation and mixing
The stratosphere is a region of intense interactions among radiative, dynamical, and chemical processes, in which the horizontal mixing of gaseous components proceeds much more rapidly than does vertical mixing. The overall circulation of the stratosphere is termed as Brewer-Dobson circulation, which is a single-celled circulation, spanning from the tropics up to the poles, consisting of the tropical upwelling of air from the tropical troposphere and the extra-tropical downwelling of air. Stratospheric circulation is a predominantly wave-driven circulation in that the tropical upwelling is induced by the wave force by the westward propagating Rossby waves, in a phenomenon called Rossby-wave pumping.

An interesting feature of stratospheric circulation is the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in the tropical latitudes, which is driven by gravity waves that are convectively generated in the troposphere. The QBO induces a secondary circulation that is important for the global stratospheric transport of tracers, such as ozone or water vapor.

Another large-scale feature that significantly influences stratospheric circulation is the breaking planetary waves resulting in intense quasi-horizontal mixing in the midlatitudes. This breaking is much more pronounced in the winter hemisphere where this region is called the surf zone. This breaking is caused due to a highly non-linear interaction between the vertically propagating planetary waves and the isolated high potential vorticity region known as the polar vortex. The resultant breaking causes large-scale mixing of air and other trace gases throughout the midlatitude surf zone. The timescale of this rapid mixing is much smaller than the much slower timescales of upwelling in the tropics and downwelling in the extratropics.

During northern hemispheric winters, sudden stratospheric warmings, caused by the absorption of Rossby waves in the stratosphere, can be observed in approximately half of winters when easterly winds develop in the stratosphere. These events often precede unusual winter weather and may even be responsible for the cold European winters of the 1960s.

Stratospheric warming of the polar vortex results in its weakening. When the vortex is strong, it keeps the cold, high-pressure air masses contained in the Arctic; when the vortex weakens, air masses move equatorward, and results in rapid changes of weather in the mid latitudes.

Upper-atmospheric lightning

Upper-atmospheric lightning is a family of short-lived electrical-breakdown phenomena that occur well above the altitudes of normal lightning and storm clouds. Upper-atmospheric lightning is believed to be electrically induced forms of luminous plasma. Lightning extending above the troposphere into the stratosphere is referred to as blue jet, and that reaching into the mesosphere as red sprite.

Bacteria
Bacterial life survives in the stratosphere, making it a part of the biosphere. In 2001, dust was collected at a height of 41 kilometres in a high-altitude balloon experiment and was found to contain bacterial material when examined later in the laboratory.

Birds
Some bird species have been reported to fly at the upper levels of the troposphere. On November 29, 1973, a Rüppell's vulture (Gyps rueppelli) was ingested into a jet engine 37000 ft above the Ivory Coast. Bar-headed geese (Anser indicus) sometimes migrate over Mount Everest, whose summit is 8,848 m.

title: Stratosphere


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Talk:Convenience store

Clarification needed
This article says that "convenience stores are normally more expensive than regular supermarkets as it is their source of added value". What does this mean? Can we please clarify exactly WHAT is their source of added value? ACEOREVIVED (talk) 10:35, 20 October 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ --Bxj (talk) 13:41, 22 October 2011 (UTC)

New Zealand Colloquialism.
Should the fact that small residential convenience stores in New Zealand are frequently called 'dairies' be included? Not sure where to find references however this is how they were known where I grew up.Rohivanion (talk) 11:25, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Suggestion to add description and video of Chinese convenience stores
I would suggest to add a description of Chinese convenience stores to the "countries" section of this article.

I'm working with the Global Lives Project, a non-profit organization working to create an open video library of human experience. GLP offers footage of Kai Lui of Anren, China, working in the convenience store he manages with his wife in Anren, China. I also suggest adding a short video tour of a Chinese convenience store in action, which could be compiled of GLP footage. -ClaireRedwood (talk) 19:12, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

Europe
Why is there nothing about convenience stores in Europe in this article? It appears as if the English-language Wikipedia becomes more and more a US-American Wikipedia. — Daniel FR (talk) 09:44, 18 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Why don't you add something, then? Eaglizard (talk) 02:07, 27 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Because europeans would rather complain about Americans. Al Cook USA — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.32.24.137 (talk) 13:46, 16 August 2013 (UTC)

Meaning in American English
In my experience with US English, "convenience store" is not synonymous with the other terms listed, bodega in particular. "Bodega" almost always refers to a smaller and typically locally owned store that carries less well-known brands at lower prices. In other words, it's store in a poor area (the fact that poor areas are sometimes majority Hispanic is the likely origin of this use of "bodega" in English). A 7-11 or a Stop-N-Go are VERY different things from a bodega. This article is kinda screwy in that sense, and I feel sure that international corporate stores like 7-11 differ significantly from locally owned and operated shops in most places. Shouldn't this article reflect that fact, somehow? Eaglizard (talk) 02:07, 27 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed, I've never heard anyone call a 7-11 a "bodega." I checked the source, and it says, "bodega has come to mean any New York convenience store or deli." While I'm not convinced that's true, I have changed the article to reflect this. Kendall-K1 (talk) 13:53, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

Sheetz
Why does it keep getting mentioned in the article? Seems superfluous  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sayhar (talk • contribs) 03:55, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

Wife transfer?
I have to hope that it was supposed to be "money order and WIRE transfer" rather than "wife transfer?"Main12 (talk) 14:05, 19 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Additional external links: Gastronomy in Singapore
removed my addition of the Gastronomy in Singapore template from this article without any comments.

See: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AConvenience_store&type=revision&diff=678250898&oldid=623311785

Let's do a quick poll to KEEP/REMOVE this detail on this article?

 * KEEP I think because the article has already a list of restaurants as a template it's a good thing having an article about

the Gastronomy in Singapore. --huggi - never stop exploring (talk) 09:05, 11 September 2015 (UTC)

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Using the word "convenience shop" for British English speaking countries
The word "shop" is by far the preferred word in British English over the word "store" which has only taken on the meaning "place where goods are kept for sale" in American English. The Online Etymology Dictionarycorroborates this statement. Also the use of the word "shop" to refer to the building where goods or services are sold in British English is cited in both the Cambridge online dictionary and the Oxford Living Dictionaries. It is therefore more appropriate to use the word "convenience shop" for these countries/regions over "convenience store" which carries the connotation of a place where convenience supplies and provisions are kept. I propose changing the word only for these countries and keeping the original US word for other countries. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uk english (talk • contribs) 19:47, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

Inaccurate information about Canada
My first reaction was “who wrote this stuff?” My second reaction was “someone who thinks Canada consists only of Toronto“.

I have never seen or heard of Hasty Market. The company website indicates there are many Hasty Markets in the Toronto/Hamilton region, London, and a few more scattered across southern Ontario. I could find none in western Canada, the Maritimes, or Québec.

From the company website, Alimentation Couche-Tard Inc. appears to own Circle K stores in many places in southern Ontario and in major cities in western Canada. However, I found none in the Maritimes. Nevertheless, the website is unruly and an enquiry is needed to clarify locations. There other brands don’t seem to appear outside Québec.

Parkland Corporation isn’t mentioned, but then I’ve never seen or heard of their stores either. However, their website says “Parkland owns and operates Canada’s leading convenience store brand, On the Run / Marché Express, along with other known convenience store brands.” Not in my neighbourhood.

Ditto, Needs Convenience Market, which seems to have locations in New Brunswick and Newfoundland at least.

My awareness might be limited because I don’t hang around convenience stores and armed robberies are rare in Canada. (I don’t buy tobacco, magazines, or snacks.) Nevertheless, I think much more research is needed. I am tempted to flag the section about Canada as unreliable, but it might be accurate enough for readers in major cities of eastern Canada or readers in other countries who just want a rough overview. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 20:48, 2 July 2021 (UTC)

G
. Nn 2409:4060:2097:AB02:5144:CDD5:388B:3B8C (talk) 12:06, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:22, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Luhangan kyläkauppa.jpg

Germany
The Tante Emma Laden was the general store in the olden days before the supermarkets, they are extinct now as they combined the higher prices with limited range and restricted opening times. Spätkauf was a DDR shop with extended opening times but has become a generic name for small shops mainly in eastern areas. Westgermany mainly had Kiosk, which originally started as Newsagents, and Trinkhalle for bottled drinks, both were allowed to stay open late. These days there is no legal difference as long as alcoholic beverages are sold but not served. In many cases the shops may provide a bottle opener but the customer has to open the bottle himself, otherwise the place would need a bar license. In many areas people still use the old and often regional names irrespective of the acual size or offer.92.200.151.120 (talk) 10:20, 16 February 2022 (UTC)

France
The section on France has a very narrow focus which characterizes the French as racist. It needs to either be deleted or fleshed out to give a balanced view. For contrast, note that the section on the UK makes no mention of the derogative remarks that some might aim at Pakistani-owned corner shops, and rightly so. 2A01:E34:ED35:C5E0:695D:E15F:AD:5974 (talk) 13:09, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Convenience store


text:
Pater Noster (disambiguation)

Pater Noster, or the Lord's Prayer, is a prayer in Christianity.

Pater Noster or Paternoster may also refer to:

Places

 * Paternoster, Western Cape, a fishing village in South Africa
 * Paternosters, uninhabitable rocks in the Bailiwick of Jersey
 * Paternoster (Estonian: Viirelaid), historical name of an island in the Baltic Sea

Buildings

 * Pater Noster Lighthouse, a Swedish lighthouse located in Skagerrak
 * Church of the Pater Noster, a church on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem

Other uses

 * Pater Noster (film), a 1993 Finnish drama film directed by Veikko Aaltonen
 * Paternoster lift, a passenger elevator which consists of a chain of open compartments that move slowly in a loop up and down inside a building
 * Paternoster beads, used in Christianity to recite the psalms
 * Paternoster (surname), a surname
 * Paternoster lake, one of a series of glacial lakes connected by a single stream or a braided stream system
 * Paternoster Press, a British Christian publishing house
 * Paternoster rig (fishing equipment), an arrangement of fishing line, hooks and sinkers.

title: Pater Noster (disambiguation)