text:
Talk:List of centuries and millennia

Standards
i remember i saw once a page with standards for timeline, but i can't find it now; anyway, there is total mess, almost each page is slightly different from others. I guess we should take one standard, stick to it, and convert all pages to that standard. Working in teams! I mean, i could take 2nd centuy, other one 3rd century etc etc szopen

 * I agree. Someone recently changed the intro to the 19th century so it is "consistent with 20th, 21st centuries". I don't think the 20th century article should be the new template.

 * Most of the century articles start out with As a means of recording the passage of time, the XXth century was that century which lasted from XXX to XXX, followed by Events, Significant people, and "Inventions, discoveries, introductions". Is this official? Brunnock 13:47, Apr 1, 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the 20th century and 21st century pages are the most thoroughly developed of the century pages, and thus are good choices as the "model" for how other century pages perhaps ought to be formatted. *Dan* 16:44, 15 May 2005 (UTC)

 * In my opinion, the 20th century article is poorly written and edited. Several lines are laughable-

 * In spite of the terror and chaos, the 20th century saw many attempts at world peace.
 * Virtually every aspect of life in virtually every human society changed in some fundamental way or another during the twentieth century.

 * And the 21st century contains the Largest mass killings section which was eliminated from all of the other century articles.

 * I like the idea of categorizing "significant people", but I don't think the articles should be used as models for the other centuries. - Brunnock 20:40, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * Found it - Timeline standards --Brunnock 19:36, May 31, 2005 (UTC)

BC/AD vs. BCE/CE
I would like to suggest a general conversion from BC - AD to BCE - CE, for the sake of NPOV, SR

And also becauser BCE/CE are increasingly used in scientific, historical, and archaeological materials. Wikipedia should reflect the best of current 21st century scholarship, not the religious genuflections on the 19th century.

 * Why is BCE/CE NPOV?!? Normal usage is BC/AD.

 * "normal" is not the most appropriate word in this case. "Conventional" is better.

 * But I didn't mean "conventional". I meant that it is the norm, the usual usage in the English-speaking world.

 * That depends on what you are reading and how old it is.

 * Adhering to normal usage expresses no point of view.

 * What? Of course it represents a point of view.  It merely represents the dominant point of view.  This point of view may be dominant because it reflects the view of a majority, or the view of a group that is politically, economically, or culturally dominant.  One way or another, however, it most definitely represents a point of view.  It happens to represent a point of view that I and many others find offensive.  I can understand of course why people who belong to or accept the dominant point of view are untroubled.  I suspect that the NPOV policy is more likely to challenge and trouble people who adhere unquestioningly to the dominant point of view.  Deal with it.

 * What exactly is this "dominant point of view" that you are talking about? I can understand that you think the usual usage represents some point of view. But I merely claimed that adhering to the usual usage does not express any point of view - this is something different. For example, the word "December" represents the point of view that that month is the tenth month of the year, but using the word "December" does not express any such view, since it's the usual word for that month in the English-speaking world. Similarly, one can certainly take BC or AD to represent a point of view of considerable non-neutrality (not to mention considerable absurdity), but merely using them while they remain the usual terms obviously does not express any such view.

 * Deviating from normal usage, however, obviously does express a point of view.

 * yes, indeed. the deviation I suggest reflects a point of view.  It reflects a neutral point of view, though -- as opposed to what you call the "normal" point of view, which is not a neutral point of view.

 * The terms we are talking about here are BCE and CE, which in practice represent the point of view of "political correctness". But any deviation from usual usage would represent a non-neutral point of view of some sort. (By the way, I didn't call anything "normal point of view". I'm not even sure what "normal point of view" means. Please read more carefully.)

 * (Of course, the main argument against using BCE/CE is simply that it's less widely understood, and is therefore just needless obfuscation - but that's another matter.) --Zundark, 2002 Mar 11

 * an encyclopedia of course should not be needlessly obfuscatory. On the other hand, an encyclopedia is meant to inform and educate, and I see no reason why this one should not inform and educate readers about "CE" and "BCE" as well as "NPOV."  SR

 * Of course it can inform readers about these abbreviations. It already does so, in the appropriate articles. --Zundark, 2002 Mar 11

I followed your suggestion and looked at the "political correctness" page, and read that the term refers to "a movement to encourage the use of language in such a way as to avoid perpetuating past hatred and discrimination." This still seems relatively consistent with NPOV concerns. I do not think that "AD" and "BC" themselves perpetuate hatred, but they do represent Christian hegemony.

 * The definition of political correctness that you cite is from the point of view of supporters. The article clearly shows that political correctness is controversial, and so adhering to a politically correct viewpoint is not NPOV.

Using the terms BCE and CE are not obfuscatory nor are they fads. More and more scientific and scholarly works rely on this nomenclature, because they manage to accept convention (e.g. non-Christians and Christians alike use the same calendar) without privileging Christ or the belief in the divinity of Jesus. Most people I know who are not academics are aware of what these terms mean, and seem comfortable using them. It is strange that you seem so defensive about the issue. It really seems rather straightforward to me: an encyclopedia with an NPOV policy should not use the terms AD and BC. SR

 * It seems straightforward to me too: BCE and CE are tendentious and are not widely understood (at least in the UK - maybe it really is different in your country), so they shouldn't be used. I didn't say they were fads - it's too early to tell. But I think I've had enough of this argument now, having had a similar one on "Czechia" recently. (I'm keeping out of the "South Congo" one...) --Zundark, 2002 Mar 12

 * Sorry, but AD means 'Anno Domini' that is 'Our God' and this contains a lot of presuppositions.
 * I myself would write simply +2003 and -212, having in mind the fact that the distance between 1 Jan of them is 2216 years.
 * And let's add dates in non-European calendarsUser:ilya
 * Upon reading this page I immediately noticed the AD/BC usage and wondered why it wasn't under dispute about NPOV. CE/BCE are the accepted usage in pretty much all of the scientific and historical community that I am familiar with, and AD/BC are very Christian-centered. Whether or not there are other calenders, this is the one linked to from the page on History, which implies a European and Christian-centered view of history.

 * I'd agree. AD="the year of our lord", which many people would have a problem with.  It is not neutral to use this.  OTOH, BCE and CE do not repel anyone.  A good solution would be to link BCE and CE, so if people don't know what they mean, they can click. [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 01:24, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

There's a long debate on this subject at Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (dates and numbers). Note that Manual of Style (dates and numbers) recommends writing dates in the common era as plain numbers (thus, 1664, not AD 1664 ). This avoids the whole issue of whether to call the era "AD" or "BC". Gdr 15:15, 2004 Jul 11 (UTC)

 * That certainly avoids the issue of whether to call a year "AD" or "CE", but it does nothing to address whether to call a year "BC" or "BCE". -- Jeff Q 20:07, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Oops. Of course I meant "AD" or "CE". Gdr 20:40, 2004 Jul 11 (UTC)

I reverted the omission of "AD" from years in this era. Face it, whether it imposes a "Christian" hegemony in Wikipedia or not, it is the usage most English speakers are familiar with & use. If you want to change it to "CE" or to a simple number, I insist you put it to a vote for all of the Wikipedians to decide, & not impose your own sense of what is right or NPOV. -- llywrch 04:22, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not my sense of what is right; it's what I believe to be Wikipedia consensus as reflected in Manual of Style (dates and numbers).

 * I'm not sure where you get the idea that most English speakers use "AD" with years or centuries. A quick Google test finds more than 5,000,000 hits for "20th century" but only 1,680 for "20th century AD". I think that's pretty convincing evidence that AD is uncommon among English speakers. (As you lower the number the preponderance of plain over AD gets lower, but even for "1st century" it's still running at about 2:1 in favour of plain centuries (note: it helps to add -"1st century BC" to the query to rule out some false positives).)

 * So I think you need a better case for why it's necessary to use the era name on this page. Gdr 16:19, 2004 Jul 15 (UTC)

 * The era name is necessary for this page because we're pointing to dates before and after Year 1. Though most people won't be confused, eventually, some misguided soul will come along and re-add the dates, so we might as well keep them.  How about this for a solution?  AD 2004 would go to AD 2004.  (Anno Domini has a good summary of this exact debate at the very top.)  Similar nomenclature would be available for the other three, but after the year date.  I heard something about the use of robots to automatically change things.  That way articles using the Common Era, the time Before Christ or Before Common Era, and Anno Domini can coexist, recognizing that the CE/BCE terminology was originally presented as an NPOV alternative, but has come to symbolize the secular crusade to eliminate any trace of Christianity from everyday life.  (Am I bitter?  Nooo.  Just sarcastic.)  We can eliminate apparent bias on Wikipedia by just letting the authors of each piece use their preference, giving more recognition to both POVs, and increasing the general browsing public's awareness of both.  Also, the AD/CE debate reminds me that they're just different names for the same thing, similar to Kelvin and Celsius, though the temperature to which Zero refers is shifted.    65.19.47.128 00:59, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

There is one element missing from this entire discussion - which is the term that most accurately describes the concept we want to express here? I say that we are trying to number years clearly, for the sake of referring to them unambiguously, and in a way that is understood by everybody -- to me, that sounds more like a Common Era than an Anno Domini. Individual religions and cultures may also have their own calendars and their own year numberings, which are used and well understood in their own communities, such as the Jewish era, the Muslim era and so on. Personally, I was amazed to see AD/BC here, since I have become used to the current academic norm of CE/BCE. --FrankP 10:47, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree that the point should be "to number years clearly, for the sake of referring to them unambiguously, and in a way that is understood by everybody". That, to my mind, is the only relevant factor at play here. But your conclusion is wrong. Almost everyone understands the AD/BC notation. Many do not understand BCE/CE (for instance, it has no currency that I am aware of outside academic circles in the UK). This is backed up too by internet searches. There are many queries from people coming across BCE/CE for the first time asking - what is this meant to mean? And site searches (which I would expect to be biased towards academic articles) show approximately a 9:1 preference for BC/AD. Indeed, I'm surprised that you are "amazed" to see "AD/BC" here on Wikipedia, an online encyclopaedia written by the general public in the phraseology and idioms they understand. Maybe you're too accustomed to academia, but if we are going for usage that is most easily understood worldwide, the preference would be BC/AD. jguk 13:10, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

The use of BC/AD is POV, it uses a figure of one religion to measure time for our entire species. I agree that it should be changed to BCE/CE. However, such a change would be bad because it could confuse or upset the great unwashed masses with a dating system that doesn't endorse their religion, so it'll probably stay that way. For the rest. of. time. Pretty sad when you think about it. - Golfvivid 05:03, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Most recent year in vertical timelines
I feel that for all "vertical" timelines the most recent year should be at the top. That means that I think this page and all "Year in review Xth Century" pages need to be changed. I would do this, if nobody disagrees. user:Marian

Tabular format
Tabular format, anyone? Martin

 * I found the older format easier to read at a glance. If you aren't interested in reverting, perhaps you could pad out the cells in your table? I think it would be easier to read. -- llywrch 05:31 Feb 25, 2003 (UTC)

Wow...a very impressive collection of means to view history. I'm not sure of exactly what is being referred to above by Tabular format, but I thought it may be nice to have world history data, at least for the pages covering larger spans of time such as millenia or centuries, in a tabular format. This can allow people to easily compare what was going on at the same time in the rest of the world, yet also be able to track the history of a specific country or continent without leaving the page. As with many pages here at Wikipedia, it would be nice to be able to have interactive databases to do this, but it could still be done, I think, with the system as it is now.

- Brettz9 23:31 Apr 18, 2003 (UTC)

Creation timetable
hey, how about a Creation timetable (to oppose the evolutionary one)? i'd do it, i just don't know where to put it. -sasha

 * There already is one: Ussher-Lightfoot Calendar, and I'm not quite sure why you mentioned it here. --snoyes 02:25, 28 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * i meant something like day one of creation, day two of creation, etc. i mentioned it here because you have the evolutionary one here. although i guess they are a little different. i didn't mean how long back (the year), which is how the evolutoinary one is done. -sasha

"Century"
no one actually going to say how long a century is, or why it is called a century ?--BozMo 20:46, 10 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Rulers of various countries in year entries
Polish Wikipedia (e.g. 2004) has a neat feature of listing heads (presidents, prime ministers, kings, etc.) of countries and international organizations in each year entry (going back to ancient times). Could something similar be done here? Ausir 08:09, 12 May 2004 (UTC)

"Future"
I think the redirects to Future in some of the 4th-millennium centuries are unhelpful and should be removed... Does anyone have any objection to this?

--- I think the same applies to some years in the 21st century. 193.171.121.30 07:59, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Does anyone have any objection if i remove these? --Random|832 12:09, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Remove them, they will be recreated if there's anything meaningful to write about them.

The links to future have been restored. Makes more sense to have an entry in the main article directing to "future" entry & saying that the numerical entries are not being set up unless people have something to put in them. 22 March 2005

13th millennium
Why was this article deleted? The prediction was based on the current rate of slowing of earth's rotation. 193.171.121.30 01:08, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of centuries and millennia


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197

Year 197 (CXCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magius and Rufinus (or, less frequently, year 950 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 197 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * February 19 – Battle of Lugdunum: Emperor Septimius Severus defeats the self-proclaimed emperor Clodius Albinus at Lugdunum (modern Lyon). Albinus commits suicide; legionaries sack the town.
 * Septimius Severus returns to Rome and has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in the Senate executed. After his victory he declares himself the adopted son of the late Marcus Aurelius.
 * Septimius Severus forms new naval units, manning all the triremes in Italy with heavily armed troops for war in the East. His soldiers embark on an artificial canal between the Tigris and Euphrates.
 * Legio I, II, and III Parthica are levied by Septimius Severus for his Parthian campaign.
 * The Roman army marches east to repel a Parthian invasion of Mesopotamia; they loot the royal palace at Ctesiphon and capture an enormous number of its inhabitants as slaves.
 * Septimius Severus reconstitutes the Province of Mesopotamia under an equestrian governor commanding two legions.
 * Septimius Severus, who had spared the Senate at the beginning of his reign, now excludes it from controlling the Roman empire by declaring a military dictatorship.

Asia

 * Battle of Wancheng: Zhang Xiu launches a surprise attack at Cao Cao.
 * Yuan Shu declares himself emperor of the short-lived Zhong dynasty.
 * Sansang becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

Art and Science

 * Galen's major work on medicines, Pharmacologia, is published.

Religion

 * A Christian council is held in Edessa.

Births

 * Cao, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. 260)
 * Deng Ai, Chinese general of the Cao Wei state (d. 264)

Deaths

 * February 19 – Clodius Albinus, Roman general and usurper
 * Cao Ang (or Zixiu), eldest son of Cao Cao (b. 177)
 * Dian Wei, Chinese general serving under Cao Cao
 * Gaius Julius Erucius Clarus Vibianus, Roman politician
 * Gogukcheon of Goguryeo, Korean ruler of Goguryeo
 * Guo Si (or Guo Duo), Chinese general and regent
 * Li Jue, Chinese general serving under Dong Zhuo
 * Liu Chong, Chinese nobleman and Prince of Chen
 * Titus Flavius Claudius Sulpicianus, Roman statesman
 * Yang Feng, Chinese general serving under Li Jue

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 197


text:
198

Year 198 (CXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sergius and Gallus (or, less frequently, year 951 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 198 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * January 28
 * Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar.
 * Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus, is given the title of Augustus.

China

 * Winter – Battle of Xiapi: The allied armies led by Cao Cao and Liu Bei defeat Lü Bu; afterward Cao Cao has him executed.

Religion

 * Marcus I succeeds Olympianus as Patriarch of Constantinople (until 211).

Births

 * Lu Kai (or Jingfeng), Chinese official and general (d. 269)
 * Quan Cong, Chinese general and advisor (d. 249)

Deaths

 * Li Jue (or Zhiran), Chinese warlord and regent
 * Liu Yao, Chinese governor and warlord (b. 157)
 * Mi Heng, Chinese musician and writer (b. 173)
 * Zhang Yang, Chinese official and warlord

title: 198


text:
Veneto

Veneto or the Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the north-east of the country. It is the fourth most populous region in Italy, with a population of about five million. Venice is the region's capital and the largest city.

Veneto was part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD. Later, after a feudal period, it was part of the Republic of Venice until 1797. Venice ruled for centuries over one of the largest and richest maritime republics and trade empires in the world. After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna, the former Republic was combined with Lombardy and re-annexed to the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, until that was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence and of a plebiscite.

Besides Italian, most inhabitants also speak Venetian. Since 1971, the Statute of Veneto has referred to the region's citizens as "the Venetian people". Article 1 defines Veneto as an "autonomous Region", "constituted by the Venetian people and the lands of the provinces of Belluno, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Venice, Verona and Vicenza", while maintaining "bonds with Venetians in the world". Article 2 sets forth the principle of the "self-government of the Venetian people" and mandates the Region to "promote the historical identity of the Venetian people and civilisation". Despite these affirmations, approved by the Italian Parliament, Veneto is not among the autonomous regions with special statute, unlike its north-eastern and north-western neighbours, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol respectively.

Veneto is home to a notable nationalist movement, known as Venetian nationalism or Venetism. The region's largest party is Liga Veneta, a founding component of Lega Nord. The current President of Veneto is Luca Zaia (Liga Veneta–Lega Nord), re-elected in 2020 with 76.8% of the vote. An autonomy referendum took place in 2017: 57.2% of Venetians turned out, 98.1% voting "yes" to "further forms and special conditions of autonomy".

Having been for a long period in history a land of mass emigration, Veneto is today one of the greatest immigrant-receiving regions in the country, with 487,493 foreigners (9.9% of the regional population; January 2018), notably including Romanians (25.2%), Moroccans (9.3%), Chinese (7.1%), Moldovans (7.0%) and Albanians (6.9%).

Geomorphology
Veneto is the 8th largest region in Italy, with a total area of 18398.9 km2. It is located in the north-eastern part of Italy and is bordered to the east by Friuli-Venezia Giulia, to the south by Emilia-Romagna, to the west by Lombardy and to the north by Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. In its northernmost corner it also borders Austria.

The north–south extension of Veneto is 210 km from the Austrian border to the mouth of the River Po. By area, 29% of its surface is mountainous (Carnic Alps, eastern Dolomites and Venetian Prealps). The highest massif in the Dolomites is the Marmolada-massif at 3342 m. Other dolomitic peaks are the Tre Cime di Lavaredo and the Pale di San Martino. The Venetian Prealps are not as high and range between 700 m and 2200 m. A distinctive landmark of the Pre-alps are the cave formations, including chasms and sink holes; the Spluta Della Preta, situated in the Monti Lessini chain in the province of Verona, has an explored depth of 985 m, being the deepest cave in Italy. Fossil deposits are also abundant there.

The Po Valley, covering 57% of Veneto, extends from the mountains to the Adriatic sea, broken only by some low hills: Euganean Hills, Berici Hills Colli Asolani and Montello, which constitute the remaining 14% of the territory. The plain itself is subdivided into the higher plain (gravel-strewn and not very fertile) and the lower plain (rich in water sources and arable terrain). The lower plain is both a mainstay of agricultural production and the most populated part of the region.

Several rivers flow through the region: the Po, Adige, Brenta, Bacchiglione, Livenza, Piave, and Tagliamento. The eastern shore of the largest lake in Italy, Lake Garda, belongs to Veneto. The coastline covers approximately 200 km, of which 100 km are beaches.

The coasts of the Adriatic Sea are characterised by the Venetian Lagoon, a flat terrain with ponds, marshes and islands. The Po Delta to the south features sandbars and dunes along the coastline. The inland portion contains cultivable land recently reclaimed by a system of canals and dykes. Fish ponds have been created there as well. The delta and the lagoon are a stopping-point for migratory birds.

Veneto's morphology is characterised by its:
 * mountains (montagna): 5359.1 km2, (117 comuni being classified as mountainous);
 * hills (collina): 2663.9 km2, (120 hilly comuni);
 * and plains (pianura): 10375.9 km2, (344 comuni mostly situated in the Po Valley).

Climate
The climate changes significantly from one area to another: while it is continental on the plains, it is milder along the Adriatic coast; around the Lake Garda and in the hilly areas. The lowlands are often covered by thick fog, in winter; precipitations that are scarce – 750 mm per year – close to the river Po, but are more abundant – from 750 to 1100 mm per year – at higher altitudes; the highest values – up to 3200 mm per year – are recorded in the Bellunese Prealps, near Mount Pasubio and on the Asiago plateau.

Venetic period
Between the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, the region was inhabited by the Euganei. According to ancient historians, who perhaps wanted to link Venetic origins to legend of Roman origins in Troy, the Veneti (often called the Palaeoveneti) came from Paphlagonia in Anatolia at the time of the Fall of Troy (12th century BC), led by prince Antenor, a comrade of Aeneas. Other historians link Venetic origins with Celts.

In the 7th–6th centuries BC the local populations of Veneto entered into contact with the Etruscans and the Greeks. Venetic culture reached a high point during the 4th century BC. These ancient Veneti spoke Venetic, an Indo-European language akin to, but distinct from Latin and the other Italic languages. Meanwhile, the Veneti prospered through their trade in amber and breeding of horses. Este, Padua, Oderzo, Adria, Vicenza, Verona, and Altino became centres of Venetic culture. Over time, the Veneti began to adopt the dress and certain other customs of their Celtic neighbours.

Roman period
During the 3rd century BC, the Veneti, together with the Cenomani Celts on their western border, sided with the Romans, as Rome expanded and struggled against the Insubres and Boii (Celts). During the Second Punic War (218 – 202 BC), the Veneti even sent a contingent of soldiers to fight alongside the Romans against Hannibal and the invading Carthaginians. These Venetians were among those slaughtered at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC).

In 181 BC a Roman triumvirate of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, Caius Flaminius, and Lucius Manlius Acidinus founded a Latin colony at Aquileia as a base to protect the territory of the Veneti from incursions of the hostile Carni and Histri. From then on, Roman influence over the area increased. In 169 BC 1,500 more colonising families were sent by Rome to Aquileia. In 148 BC the Via Postumia was completed connecting Aquileia to Genoa. In 131 BC, the Via Annia joined Adria to Patavium (modern Padua) to Altinum to Concordia to Aquileia.

The Roman Republic gradually transformed its alliance with the Veneti into a relationship of dominance. After the 91 BC Italic rebellion, the cities of the Veneti, together with the rest of Transpadania, were granted partial rights of Roman citizenship according to the Lex Pompeia de Transpadanis. Later in 49 BC, by the Lex Roscia granted full Roman citizenship to the Veneti. The Via Claudia would be completed in AD 46 to connected Altinum, Tarvisium (modern Treviso), Feltria (modern Feltre), and Tridentum (modern Trento). From Tridentum it continued northwards to Pons Drusus and further to Augusta Vindelicorum (modern Augsburg), and southwards from Trento to Verona and Mutina (modern Modena).

After the Battle of Philippi (42 BC) ended the Roman Civil War, the lands of the Veneti, together with the rest of Cisalpine Gaul, ceased to be a province. Between 8 and 6 BC, Augustus reorganized Italia into 11 regions. The territory of modern Veneto along with Istria, modern Friuli and Trentino-Alto Adige and eastern Lombardy (including its cities of Mantua, Cremona, Brescia, and Sondrio) became Region X (Venetia et Histria). Aquileia, although not officially the capital was the chief municipium of the region. Meanwhile, under the Pax Romana, Patavium developed into one of the most important cities of northern Italy. Other Venetic cities such as Opitergium (modern Oderzo), Tarvisium, Feltria, Vicetia (modern Vicenza), Ateste (modern Este), and Altinum (modern Altino) adopted the Latin language and the culture of Rome. By the end of the 1st century AD Latin had displaced the original Venetic language.

In 166 AD the Quadi and Marcomanni invaded Venetia. It was the beginning of many barbarian invasions. Marcus Aurelius retaining the regions of Italia, superimposed another layer of administration by ascribing Regions X and XI to the district of Transpadana under a iuridicus. The end of the 3rd c. brought further administrative changes when Diocletian abolished the regions and districts and established provinciae. Thus, Region X (Venetia et Histria) became Province VIII (Venetia et Histria), being enlarged in the west up to the Adda River governed by a corrector until 363 and from 368 to 373 by a consularius seated at Aquileia. Venetia et Histria remained one of the 16 Provinces of Italy in the 5th century when both Alaric the Goth and then Attila and the Huns devastated the area. Attila laid siege to Aquileia and turned it into a ruin in 452 AD. Many of the mainland inhabitants sought protection in the nearby lagoons which would become Grado in the east and Venice more to the west. On the heels of the Huns came the Ostrogoths who not only invaded, but also settled down in the region, especially near Treviso where the penultimate king Totila was born.

During the mid-6th century, Justinian reconquered Venetia for the Eastern Roman Empire. An Exarch was established at Ravenna while a military tribune was set up in Oderzo. Greek-Byzantine rule did not last long. Starting in 568 AD, the Lombards crossed the Julian Alps. These invaders subdivided the territory of Venetia into numerous feuds ruled by Germanic dukes and counts, essentially creating the division of Veneto from Friuli.

The invasion provoked another wave of migration from the mainland to the Byzantine controlled coast and islands. In 643 AD the Lombards conquered the Byzantine base at Oderzo and took possession of practically all of Veneto (and Friuli) except for Venice and Grado. The 36 Lombard duchies included the Venetian cities of Ceneda, Treviso, Verona, and Vicenza. A reminder of Lombard rule can be seen in the place names beginning with the word Farra.

Middle Ages
By the middle of the 8th century, the Franks had assumed political control of the region and the mainland of Veneto became part of the Carolingian Empire. Though politically dominant, these Germanic invaders were gradually absorbed into the Venetian population over the centuries. In the late 9th century, Berengar, Margrave of the March of Friuli was elected king of Italy. Under his tumultuous reign, the March of Friuli was absorbed into the March of Verona so that Verona's territory contained a large portion of Roman Venetia.

In the 10th century, the mainland of Veneto, after suffering raids from the Magyars and the Slavs, was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire. Gradually, the communes of the mainland grew in power and wealth. In 1167 an alliance (called the Lombard League) was formed among the Venetian cities such as Padua, Treviso, Vicenza, and Verona with other cities of Northern Italy to assert their rights against the Holy Roman Emperor.

The Second Treaty of Constance in 1183 confirmed the Peace of Venice of 1177 in which the cities agreed to remain part of the Empire as long as their jurisdiction over their own territories was not infringed upon. The league was dissolved at the death of Emperor Frederick II in 1250. This period also witnessed the founding of the second oldest university in Italy, the University of Padua founded in 1222. Around this time, Padua also served as home to St. Anthony, the beloved Saint called simply "il Santo" ("the Saint") by the inhabitants of the town.

Venetian Republic
As the barbarians were interested in the wealth of the mainland, part of the Venetian population sought refuge on some of the isolated and unoccupied islands in the lagoon, from which the city of Venetiae or Venice was born. After a period of Byzantine domination in 8th century, Venice became an independent maritime Republic ruled by its elected doge.

The Republic became a commercial superpower and its influence lasted through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. In fact, the Venetian Republic enjoyed 1100 years of uninterrupted influence throughout the Mediterranean. By the 16th century, the Venetian Republic dominated Veneto, Friuli, parts of Lombardy and Romagna, Istria, Dalmatia, the Ionian Islands of Corfu, Cefalonia, Ithaca and Zante. From the 13th to 17th centuries, it held the island of Crete and from the mid-15th to mid-16th century, the island of Cyprus.

Venetian mainland holdings led to Venetian involvement in European and in particular, Italian politics. Cities had to be fortified, two impressive examples are Nafplio in Peloponnese and Palmanova in Friuli. The wise rule and prosperity brought by the "Serenissima" (most serene republic) made the cities of the terra firma willing subjects. Eastern Islands served as useful ports for Venetian shipping. However, as the Ottoman Empire grew more powerful and aggressive, Venice was often put on the defensive. Ottoman control of the eastern Mediterranean and the discoveries of sea routes to Asia around Africa and of the Americas had a debilitating effect on the Venetian economy.

In 1797, Napoleon invaded the territory of the Venetian Republic. Overwhelmed by more powerful forces, Doge Ludovico Manin resigned and retired to his villa at Passariano in Friuli and the thousand year old Republic disappeared as an independent state. This proved very unpopular in the mainland cities where sympathies were strong with the Republic of Venice. By the Treaty of Campoformio signed on 17 October 1797, part of the Venetian mainland was handed over to Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire and a western part was annexed to the French backed Cisalpine Republic. The territory soon reverted to Napoleon in 1801.

Habsburg rule
In 1805–1806, Veneto was conquered by Napoleon's armies and included in the Kingdom of Italy. During 1809, the region revolted against the French-Italian rule, supporting the advancing Austrian troops during the War of the Fifth Coalition. It was mainly a peasant revolt, less organised than the nearby Andreas Hofer's revolt, while urban national guard troops fought on the French-Italian side. After the Congress of Vienna, 1814–1815, Venetia was the eastern half of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a separate kingdom of the Austrian Empire.

During the 1848 First Italian War of Independence, Venetia rose against the central Austrian government, forming the Republic of San Marco, which lasted 17 months. It asked to be annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia to form an Italian confederation against Austria, then using the Italian tricolour in its flag, but, after the other Italian states left the war (May 1848) and Sardinia surrendered (August 1848, then March 1849), Venetia stood alone. It surrendered on 24 August 1849, when the Siege of Venice ended.

The Austrian imperial government was unpopular among upper and middle classes because of Metternich's anti-liberal politics, turned by Emperor Franz Joseph into neo-absolutism after 1848, and for not granting Lombardo–Venetia any real autonomy (it was considered less than a puppet state). At the same time, it was appreciated for the efficient and honest administration, especially among lower classes, after 1848–1849 there was no revolt against the Austrian rule.

United Italy
Venetia remained under Austrian control until the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, when the Kingdom of Italy joined on the Prussian side and was promised Venetia in exchange for its assistance. Austria offered to sell Venetia to Italy, but the Italians refused, seeing it as a dishonourable act. This caused another southern front for Austria, the Third Italian War of Independence.

Once the wars ended, the Treaty of Vienna ceded the region to neutral France, but left the fortresses under Austrian control for a time. Following protests, the Austrians left and the French ceded it to Italy on 20 October. A referendum – where only 30% of the adult population voted as was custom in the period, and did so under government pressure – was held on 21–22 October and ratified the handover. There was a 99.99% majority for Italy. During the fascist era, due to the nationalist policy the Venetian language, as other local languages, was banned in public spaces.

Due to uneven economic development reducing many to poverty, the 19th century and the first half of the 20th became a period of emigration. Millions of Venetians left their homes and their native land to seek opportunities in other parts of the world. Many settled down in South America, especially in Brazil; others in Australia, Canada, and the United States of America. After the Second World War, many Venetians emigrated to Western European countries. In many of these places, their descendants have maintained the use of their ancestral Venetian dialects.

Those who remained in Veneto would experience the turmoil of two World Wars. In 1915, Italy entered the First World War on the side of the France and the United Kingdom, after extricating itself from its alliance with Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Veneto became a major battlefront. After the Italians suffered an enormous defeat at Caporetto in November 1917, the combined Austro-Hungarian and German forces advanced almost unhindered through Veneto towards Venice until reaching the Piave River. The Battle of the Piave River prevented their troops from advancing further and was celebrated in La Leggenda del Piave. Between 24 October and 3 November 1918, Italy launched the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The battle's outcome assured Italy's victory. The Armistice of Villa Giusti which ended warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary in World War I, was signed at Villa Giusti near Padua.

Between 1943 and 1945, Veneto belonged to the Italian Social Republic, while the province of Belluno was part of the Prealpine Operations Zone. Many towns in the region were bombed by the Allies during the Second World War. The most hit were Treviso and Vicenza, as well as the industrial area around Marghera.

Government and politics
Veneto is a semi-presidential representative democracy. The President of Veneto, colloquially nicknamed Governor or even Doge in remembrance of Venice's traditional head of state, is also the head of the Regional Government. Legislative power is exerted by the Regional Council, the local parliament. The Statute (i.e. the law establishing and regulating the regional institution, which was first promulgated on 22 May 1971), uses the term "people" for Venetians, but, like in the case of Sardinians, this is not a legal recognition of any differences from other Italian citizens. Moreover, the region is not granted a form of autonomy comparable to that of neighbouring Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. This is the reason why many municipalities have held referendums in order to be united to these regions.

Traditionally a very Catholic region, Veneto was once the heartland of Christian Democracy, which won a record 60.5% of the vote in the 1948 general election, polled above 50% in each and every general and regional election until 1983 and governed the region since its establishment in 1970 to 1994. After that, Veneto has been a stronghold of the centre-right coalition, which has governed the region since 1995, first under President Giancarlo Galan (Forza Italia/The People of Freedom) and, since 2010, Luca Zaia (Liga Veneta–Lega Nord). In the 2020 regional election Liga Veneta–Lega Nord won a combined 61.5% of the vote (sum of party list and Zaia's personal list), followed by the three main Italian parties of the time, the Democratic Party (11.9%), the Brothers of Italy (9.6%) and Forza Italia (3.6%).

According to Robert D. Putnam, the "institutional performance" of Veneto's regional government is higher than average in Italy and Veneto belongs to the "civic North".

Venetian nationalism
Venetian nationalism is a regionalist/nationalist political movement which gained prominence in Veneto during the 1970s and 1980s, demanding more autonomy, a special statute or even independence, and promoting Venetian culture, language and history. This is the political background in which the Liga Veneta was launched in 1980. Other regionalist/nationalist groupings, including Liga Veneta Repubblica, North-East Project and the avowed separatist Veneto State, Venetian Independence and Plebiscito.eu, emerged but they have never touched the popularity of Liga Veneta, which was a founding member of Lega Nord in 1991.

Venetian Independence and other alike groups have been long proposing a referendum on the independence of Veneto from Italy. After the Regional Council approved a resolution on self-determination (with an explicit reference to a referendum) in November 2012, a referendum bill was proposed in April 2013.

Plebiscite 2013 organised an online referendum, with no official recognition, for 16–21 March 2014. According to organisers, turnout was 63.2% (2.36 million voters) and 89.1% of participants (56.6 of all eligible voters) voted yes. Several news sources, however, contested these results, saying that participants were at most 135,000 (3.6% of eligible voters) based on public independent web traffic statistics.

On 22 October 2017 an official autonomy referendum took place in Veneto: 57.2% of Venetians participated and 98.1% voted "yes".

Administrative divisions

Veneto is divided into the Metropolitan City of Venice and 6 provinces and also divided in 581 municipalities. Of the seven provinces of the region, the Province of Padua is the most populous and has the greatest density, with 424. 81 persons per km2, reaching 2268. 58 in the city of Padua. In contrast the capital city, Venice, has a moderate density of 646. 71. The province of least density is Belluno (58. 08), which is the largest in area and the most mountainous.

Demographics
The region has about 4.8 million inhabitants, ranking Veneto as the fifth most populated region in Italy. Veneto has one of the highest population densities among the Italian regions (265 inhabitants per km2 in 2008). This is particularly true in the provinces of Padua, Venice and Treviso, where the inhabitants per km2 are above 300. Belluno is the least densely populated province, with 57 inhabitants per km2.

Like the other regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy, though with a certain time lag, Veneto has been experiencing a phase of very slow population growth caused by the dramatic fall in fertility. The overall population has so far been increasing – though only slightly – due to the net immigration started at the end of the 1980s, after more than 20 years of massive exodus from the poorer areas of the region.

Immigration and ethnicity
Nearly 3 million Venetians left their country between 1861 and 1961 to escape poverty. Many emigrated to Brazil and Argentina. After World War II, they moved to other European countries. In 2008, there were 260,849 Venetian citizens living outside of Italy (5.4% of the region's population), the largest number was found in Brazil, with 57,052 Venetians, followed by Switzerland, with 38,320, and Argentina, with 31,823. There are several million people of Venetian descent around the world, particularly in Brazil, in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná. Local names in Southern Brazil such as Nova Schio, Nova Bassano, Nova Bréscia, Nova Treviso, Nova Veneza, Nova Pádua and Monteberico indicate the Venetian origin of their inhabitants. In recent years, people of Venetian descent from Brazil and Argentina have been migrating to Italy.

Due to the impressive economic growth of the last two decades, Veneto has turned into a land of immigration and has been attracting more and more immigrants since the 1990s. In 2008, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 403,985 foreign-born immigrants live in Veneto, equal to 8.3% of the total regional population.

Religion
Veneto converted to Christianity during Roman rule. The region venerates as its patrons the 2nd-century bishop St. Hermagoras and his deacon St. Fortunatus, both of Aquileia and both martyrs. Aquileia became the metropolitan see of Venetia. Aquileia had its own liturgical rites which were used throughout the dioceses of Veneto until the later Middle Ages when the Roman Rite replaced the Aquileian Rite. By the 6th century the bishop of Aquileia claimed the title of patriarch. Rejection of the Second Council of Constantinople (553) led to a schism wherein the bishops of Aquileia, Liguria, Aemilia, Milan and of the Istrian peninsula all refused to condemn the Three Chapters leading to the churches of Veneto to break communion with the Church of Rome. The invasion of the non-Catholic Lombards in 568 only served to prolong the schism until 606 and then finally 699 when the Synod of Pavia definitively ended the schism.

In 2004, over 95% of the population claimed to be Roman Catholic. The region of Veneto along with the regions of Friuli and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol form the ecclesiastical region of Triveneto under the Patriarchate of Venice. The Patriarchate of Venice is an archdiocese and metropolitan see of an ecclesiastical region which includes suffragan episcopal sees of Adria-Rovigo, Belluno-Feltre, Chioggia, Concordia-Pordenone, Padua, Treviso, Verona, Vicenza, and Vittorio Veneto.

The Archdiocese of Venice was elevated to an honorary Patriarchate by the pope on 8 October 1457 when the Patriarchate of Grado, a successor to the Patriarchate of Aquileia, was suppressed. The first patriarch of Venice was St. Laurence, a nobleman of the Giustiniani family.

During the 20th century the patriarchs were usually appointed cardinal, and three cardinal patriarchs, Giuseppe Sarto, Angelo Roncalli, and Albino Luciani, were elected pope: Pius X, John XXIII, and John Paul I, respectively. The Patriarchate of Venice claims St. Mark the Evangelist as its patron. The same saint, symbolised by a winged lion, had become the typical symbol of the Venetian Republic and is still represented on many civic symbols.

Economy
Under Austrian rule, Veneto's agriculturally-based economy suffered, which later led to mass emigration. But, since the 1970s it has seen impressive development, thanks to the so-called "Veneto development model" that is characterised by strong export-oriented entrepreneurship in traditional economic sectors (€64.47 billion of exports in 2019 ) and close social cohesion – making it actually the third richest region in terms of total GDP (€166.4 billion) after Lombardy and Lazio.

Geography and historical events have determined the present social and economic structure of the region, centred on a broad belt running from east to west. The plain and the Alpine foothills are the most developed areas in contrast to the Po delta and the mountainous areas, with the exception of the surroundings of Belluno. This is why the Alps and the province of Rovigo are suffering more than other areas, from a trend of declining and ageing population.

Agriculture
Though its importance has been decreasing for the past 20–30 years, agriculture continues to play a significant role in the regional economy. The agricultural sector of Veneto is among the most productive in Italy. However, it is still characterised by an intensive use of labour rather than capital, due to the specialisation in market gardening, fruit-growing and vine-growing throughout the plain and the foothills, requiring very much handicraft. In the south and in the extreme east of the region, grain crops are more common and land holdings are larger than in the rest of the region; mechanisation is more advanced here. The cattle stock, although declining, still represented 15% of the national stock. Fishing is also still important in coastal areas.

The main agricultural products include maize, green peas, vegetables, apples, cherries, sugar beets, forage, tobacco, hemp. Moreover, Veneto is one of Italy's most important wine-growing areas, producing wines, such as Prosecco, Valpolicella, and Soave. Overall, Veneto produces more bottles of DOC wine than any other area in Italy. The Amarone della Valpolicella, a wine from the hills around Verona, is made with high-selected grapes and is among the more expensive red wines in the world.

Industry
In the last 30–40 years industrialisation transformed the appearance of the landscape, especially in the plains.

The regional industry is especially made of small and medium-sized businesses, which are active in several sectors: food products, wood and furniture, leather and footwear, textiles and clothing, gold jewelry, but also chemistry, metal-mechanics and electronics. This has led to the establishment of a strongly export-orientated system of industries.

Typical of Veneto is the partition of the territory into industrial districts, which means that each area tends to specialise in a specific sector. The province of Venice hosts large metallurgical and chemical plants in Marghera and Mestre, but is also specialised in glass handicraft (Murano). The province of Belluno hosts the so-called eyeglasses district, being the largest world manufacturer Luxottica a firm domiciled at Agordo. Other important firms are Safilo, De Rigo, Marcolin.

Fashion industry is extremely strong all over the region: Benetton, Bottega Veneta, Geox, Diesel, Golden Goose, Calzedonia, Pal Zileri, Dainese, Lotto, Marzotto, Tecnica Group are all Venetian brands.

Other large Venetian companies are Aprilia, AGV, Campagnolo, De'Longhi, Fedrigoni, Laverda, Permasteelisa, Pinarello, Wilier Triestina, Zamperla.

During the last 20 years, a large number of Venetian companies relocated their plants (especially the most dangerous and polluting productions) in Eastern Europe, especially Romania. The Romanian city of Timișoara is also called "the newest Venetian province".

Tourism
Although being a heavily industrialised region, tourism is one of its main economic resources; one-fifth of Italy's foreign tourism gravitates towards Veneto, which is the first region in Italy in terms of tourist presence, attracting over 60 million visitors every year, second after Emilia-Romagna in terms of hotel industry structures; the business volume of tourism in Veneto is estimated to be in the vicinity of 12 billion Euros.

Veneto has many small and picturesque villages, 11 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (The most beautiful Villages of Italy), a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.

Historical GDP
A table which shows Veneto's GDP growth:

Economic sectors
The main sectors in the economy of Veneto are:

Unemployment rate
The unemployment rate stood at 5.8% in 2020 and was lower than the national average. However, Veneto was along with Liguria the only northern region where the unemployment rate increased between 2017 and 2018.

Art and architecture

The Middle Ages stimulated the creation of monumental works such as the complex of churches on the island of Torcello, in the Venetian lagoon, with the Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta founded in 639, its bell tower erected in the 11th century and the adjacent Martyrium of Santa Fosca built around the 1100, notable for the mosaics. They saw the construction of the Basilica of San Zeno Maggiore in Verona, which was Veneto's main centre for that esthetic movement and we note, by the mixture of styles that Verona was an important crossroads to the north of Europe. Examples of Gothic art, in addition to the Venetian church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari and that of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, are the Scaliger Tombs in the historical centre of Verona.

While in Veneto Byzantine art was important, an element of innovation was brought to Padua by Giotto, bearer of a new pictorial tradition: that of Tuscany. Towards the 1302 he was commissioned by Enrico Scrovegni to paint the family chapel, now known just by the name of Scrovegni Chapel, one of the most important artistic monuments of Padua and Veneto. The influences of the contribution of Giotto were felt immediately, as in the frescoes of Giusto de' Menabuoi in the Baptistry near the Cathedral of Padua and those of Altichiero in the Basilica of Saint Anthony.

After a phase of development of Gothic art, with the creation of important works including the Ca' d'Oro and the Doge's Palace in Venice, and the churches of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari and of Saints John and Paul in Venice, the influence of the Renaissance ushered in a new era. In addition to Donatello, an important Venetian Renaissance artist was Andrea Mantegna (1431–1506), whose most important work in Veneto is perhaps the San Zeno Altarpiece, found in Verona. With the mainland expansion of the Venetian Republic and the consolidation of its institutions, there was also an artistic development of exceptional stature: Mantegna, Vittore Carpaccio, Giovanni Bellini, Cima da Conegliano, Pordenone laid the foundations for what would be the age of Venetian painting.

Padua was a cradle of the Venetian Renaissance, Where influences from Tuscany and Umbria filtered north. Amongst the Renaissance artists who worked there were Donatello, who worked on an altar of the Basilica of Saint Anthony, and Pisanello, whose works are mainly in Verona, for example, the fresco of Saint George in the Church of St. Anastasia.

In the first phase with Carpaccio and Bellini, the influences of international painting were still evident and the references to Flemish art were numerous. Artists of the successive phase included Giorgione, Titian, Sebastiano del Piombo and Lorenzo Lotto. Giorgione and Titian developed an original and innovative style, which characterised the painters of the Venetian school rather than other traditions. Giorgione's enigmatic style infused his work with allegory, and he created his paintings with less reliance on a preparatory drawing than previous painters. This innovation was looking for the imitation of natural phenomena by creating atmospheres with the colours and shifting the emphasis from the pursuit of artistic perfection. The storm (1506–1508), now in the Accademia in Venice, is an example of this use of colour, where the mixture colour and texture continue indefinitely without preparatory drawing for the painting work gives a special atmosphere.

Titian, born in Belluno Pieve di Cadore, brought forward the use of this technique without pictorial design, creating masterpieces such as the Assumption of the Virgin (1516–1518), an altar made by imposing visible sizes on the main altar of the Basilica of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice, a work whose suggestion is due to the use of colour. At the end of his long life, he had acquired fame and commissions across the continent.

Tintoretto (1518–1594) recast Roman Mannerism in a Venetian style, less linear, and with more use of colour to distinguish forms, highlighting the bright prospects for its operations, giving unusual deformations of perspective, to increase the sense of tension in the work. His studio was prolific. Palaces and churches of Venice abound with his paintings. The Scuola Grande di San Rocco alone sports 66 paintings by this painter. The San Giorgio Maggiore houses a huge canvas by him depicting the Last Supper.

Paolo Veronese (1528–1588) was about as prolific as Tintoretto, with works that celebrated the Venetian state, as well as decorating houses of Venetian nobles. He decorated large portions of the Palazzo Ducale and the decoration of many villas Palladian, including Villa Barbaro.

Jacopo Bassano (1517–1592) and Lorenzo Lotto were active in the mainland, and reflected some of the influences of Milanese painters with the introduction of images taken from real life, enriched by a touch of drama.

In architecture, Andrea Palladio (1508–1580), born in Padua, completed some highly influential works, including Villas in the mainland, in Vicenza, Padua and Treviso. In Venice, he designed the Basilica of San Giorgio Maggiore, the Il Redentore, and Zitelle on the island of Giudecca. Palladian Villa architecture, in masterpieces such as Villa Emo, Villa Barbaro, Villa Capra, and Villa Foscari, evoked the imagined grandeur of antique classical Roman villas. This aesthetic, through his publications, proved popular and underwent a revival in the neoclassical period. In his villas, the owner shall permit the control over production activities of the surrounding countryside by structuring the functional parts, such as porch, close to the central body. In the case of Villa Badoer, the open barn, formed by a large circular colonnade, enclosing the front yard in front of the villa allows you to create a space that recalls the ancient idea of the Forum Romanum, and bringing all campaign activities to gravitate in front of the villa itself.

The research style of Palladio has created an architectural movement called Palladianism, which has had strong following in the next three centuries, inspiring architects, some of them his direct students, including Vincenzo Scamozzi, after the death of the teacher who completed several works, including the first Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza.

The 18th-century Venetian school comprises many artists. Important painters include Giambattista Tiepolo, his son Giandomenico, Giambattista Piazzetta, Niccolò Bambini, Pietro Longhi, Marco and Sebastiano Ricci, Sebastiano Bombelli, Gianantonio Fumiani, Gaspare Diziani, Rosalba Carriera, and the architect/painter Girolamo Mengozzi Colonna.

Sculptors include Morlaiter, Filippo Parodi, Bernard Torretti and his nephew Giuseppe Torretti, and at the end of the republic Antonio Canova. Some other important artists are the architects Girolamo Frigimelica, Giorgio Massari, Scalfarotto, and Tommaso Temanza; the carver Andrea Brustolon; playwrights Carlo Goldoni and Gaspare Gozzi; the poets Alessandro Labia and George Whisker; and composers Benedetto Marcello and Antonio Vivaldi.

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (1696–1770), described as "the greatest decorative painter of eighteenth-century Europe, as well as its most able craftsman." was a painter and printmaker, who together with Giambattista Pittoni, Canaletto, Giovan Battista Piazzetta, Giuseppe Maria Crespi and Francesco Guardi formed the ultimate group of traditional great Venetian old master painters of that period. Perspective played a central role in Tiepolo's representations, and was forced beyond the usual limits in his ceiling decorations depicting levitating figures viewed from below.

Another peculiar feature of Venetian art is landscape painting, which sees in Canaletto (1697–1768) and Francesco Guardi (1712–1793) the two leading figures. Canaletto's rigorous perspective studies make for an almost "photographic" reality, in contrast to Guardi's more subjective capriccios.

Antonio Canova (1757–1822), born in Possagno, was the greatest of the neoclassical artists. The Temple of Possagno, which he designed, financed, and partly-built himself, is among landmarks of neo-classical architecture. His most important works include Psyche Revived by Love's Kiss and The Three Graces.

After the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1796, every city in Veneto created its own form of art. Important was, however, the role of Accademia di Belle Arti in Venice, who was able to attract many young artists from the surrounding territory.

Among the many artists which were important in modern ages were Guglielmo Ciardi, who incorporated the experience of macchiaioli movement, uniting the typical colour of the classic Venetian school, and yet bringing out from his paintings a chromatic essence, Giacomo Favretto, who too as Ciardi, enhanced the colour, which was sometimes very pronounced, painter Frederick Zandomeneghi, who deviates from the tradition of Venetian colouring to venture in a style similar to French impressionism, and finally Luigi Nono, whose works feel realistic, even if, in addition to painting genre scenes, includes portraits of finity for psychological enhancement.

Education
Veneto hosts one of the oldest universities in the world, the University of Padua, founded in 1222. OECD investigations show that school education achievements in North-Eastern Italy (whose population comes mainly from Veneto) are the highest in Italy. In 2003 the university had approximately 65,000 students.

Language
Most of the people of Veneto speak Italian, along with widespread usage of local varieties of the Venetian language. Within Venetian there are distinct sub-groups centered on the major cities, and distinctions are also found between rural and urban dialects and those spoken in northern mountainous areas and on the plain.

Venetian dialects are classified as Western Romance. Linguists identify five major types of Venetian: an Eastern or Coastal (Venice) group, a Central (Padua, Vicenza, Polesine) group, a Western (Verona) group, a North-Central (Treviso) group, and a Northern (Belluno, Feltre, Agordo, Cadore, Zoldo Alto) group of dialects. All dialects are mutually intelligible to varying degrees, are descended from Vulgar Latin and influenced to varying degrees by Italian. Venetian is first attested as a written language in the 13th century. It is also spoken outside of Veneto, such as in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (including in Trieste, see Triestine dialect), Istria in Croatia and Slovenia and Dalmatia in Croatia, Brazil (Talian dialect) and Mexico (Chipilo Venetian dialect).

The language of Venice enjoyed substantial prestige in the days of the Venetian Republic, when it attained the status of a lingua franca in the Mediterranean. Notable Venetian-language authors include the playwrights Carlo Goldoni (1707–1793) and Carlo Gozzi (1720–1806), while Ruzante (1502–1542) is best known for his rustic comedies "cast in mainland peasant Pavan 'Paduan'".

Ladin, also Romance, is spoken in parts of the province of Belluno, especially in the municipalities of Cortina d'Ampezzo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana and Colle Santa Lucia, while Cimbrian (Germanic) is spoken in two villages (Roana and Giazza respectively) of the Seven Communities and the Thirteen Communities. These are two historical groups of villages of Cimbric origin, which for a long time formed two distinct "commonwealths" under the rule of the Republic of Venice, among others. Furthermore, in the area around Portogruaro people speak Friulian.

As the region does not enjoy a special status of autonomy, minority languages are not granted any form of official recognition. A motion to recognise Venetian as an official regional language has been approved by the regional Parliament.

Literature
Venetian literature, referring to works written in the Venetian language, experienced an initial period of splendour in the 16th century with the success of artists such as Ruzante. It then reached its zenith in the 18th century, thanks especially to dramatist Carlo Goldoni. Subsequently, literary production in Venetian declined, following the collapse of the Republic of Venice. Nevertheless, during the 20th century there was a literary revival featuring lyrical poets such as Biagio Marin of Grado.

Cuisine
Cuisine is an important part of the culture of Veneto, and the region is home to some of the most recognisable dishes, desserts and wines in Italian, European and worldwide cuisine.

Wines and drinks
Veneto is an important wine-growing area producing: Soave, Bardolino, Recioto, Amarone, Torcolato, Prosecco, Tocai Rosso, Garganega, Valpolicella, Verduzzo, Raboso, Moscato, Cabernet Franc, Pinot Nero, Pinot Grigio, and Merlot. Homemade wine making is widespread. After making wine, the alcohol of the pressed grapes is distilled to produce grappa or graspa, as it is called in the local language.

Prosecco is a dry sparkling wine. It is made from the glera grape, a white grape formerly known as Prosecco, which is traditionally grown in an area near Conegliano and Valdobbiadene, in the hills north of Treviso. The name of Prosecco is derived from the northern Italian village of Prosecco (Trieste), where this grape variety is believed to have originated.

Spritz, in the Venetian language also called "spriss" or "spriseto" depending on the area, usually consists of equal parts of sparkling wine, Aperol and sparkling water. Campari may also be used instead of Aperol.

Cheeses
Cheeses of Veneto include: Asiago (PDO), Piave (PDO), Monte Veronese (PDO), Morlacco, Grana Padano (PDO).

Salamis and meats
The sopressa vicentina (PDO) is an aged salami, cylindrical in shape and prepared with raw, quality pork meat. It may or may not include garlic in its ingredients and comes in medium and large sizes. Prosciutto Veneto Berico-Euganeo (PDO) is obtained from the fresh meat of a top breed of adult hogs. The aroma is delicate, sweet and fragrant.

Vegetables
Radicchio rosso di Treviso (PGI) is a peculiar vegetable with a faintly bitter taste and a crunchy texture. The production area encompasses many town districts in the provinces of Treviso, Padua and Venice. The radicchio Variegato di Castelfranco (PGI) has a delicate and slightly sweet taste and a crunchy texture. Veronese Vialone Nano Rice from Verona (PGI) is a type of rice with short, plump grains, which have a creamy consistency when cooked. They are commonly used in risotto dishes and have a high starch content. The Bean of Lamon (PGI) is particularly prized for its delicate flavour and extremely tender skin. The White Asparagus of Cimadolmo (PGI) has a peculiar scent and a very delicate taste. The White Asparagus of Bassano is a typical product of the northern part of the province of Vicenza. The San Zeno di Montagna (Verona) chestnut has Protected Geographical Status.

Desserts
Tiramisù (a dessert made from mascarpone, coffee, Marsala wine, savoiardi and chocolate) originates from Veneto.

Festivals
Each town, often every quarter, has its patron saint whose feast day is solemnly celebrated. Many other festivals are closely linked to the religious calendar. Among these:
 * Carnival of Venice celebrated the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday;
 * Panevin celebrated around Epiphany;
 * Pasqua (Easter Sunday);
 * Saint Mark's feast day (25 April);
 * La Sensa (Ascension Thursday);
 * San Giovanni Battista (24 June);
 * La festa del Redentór (mid July);
 * Vendemmia (grape harvest in September);
 * San Nicolò de Bari (St. Nicholas, 6 December);
 * Nadàl (Christmas)

Music
Veneto, and in particular Venice and Verona, are important Italian musical centres, home to a vibrant musical life.

The city of Venice in Italy has played an important role in the development of the music of Italy. The Venetian state—i.e. the medieval Maritime Republic of Venice—was often popularly called the "Republic of Music", and an anonymous Frenchman of the 17th century is said to have remarked that "In every home, someone is playing a musical instrument or singing. There is music everywhere."

In Padova, musical ensembles such as the Amici della Musica di Padova, the Solisti Veneti and the Padova-Veneto Symphony are found. Concerts are often held in the historic Loggia Comaro, built in 1524. As well, the city is the site of the Teatro delle Maddalene, the Teatro delle Grazie, the Giuseppe Verdi Theater, and the Cesare Pollini music conservatory.

Rovigo is the site of the Teatro Sociale, built in 1819. In the 20th century it was the venue for the career beginnings of Tullio Serafin, Beniamino Gigli and Renata Tebaldi. The town of Rovigo is also the site of the Francesco Vanezza music conservatory.

The city of Verona is the site of the Roman amphitheater known as the "Arena" which has been hosting musical events since the 16th century, but more recently the spectacular outdoor staging of Verdi's Aida, an event staged for the first time in 1913. The city also has the Felice Evaristo Dall'Abaco music conservatory;

Musicians and composers
See also
 * Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), composer, opera pioneer, and director of music at San Marco
 * Alessandro Marcello (1669–1747) was a nobleman, poet, philosopher, mathematician and musician.
 * Tomaso Albinoni (1671–1751) was a composer and violinist of the Baroque period.
 * Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741) was a violinist and composer of Baroque music.
 * Benedetto Marcello (1686–1739) was a composer, writer, advocate, magistrate, and teacher.
 * Baldassare Galuppi (1706–1785) was a composer and organist.
 * Antonio Salieri (1750–1825) was a conductor and composer of sacred, classical and opera music.
 * Mario Brunello (1960 – ) is a renowned worldwide cellist and musician.
 * Jacopo Foroni a Venetian musician from Valeggio sul Mincio, in the province of Verona.
 * Luigi Nono (1924–1990) was a contemporary music composer.
 * Giuseppe Sinopoli (1946–2001) was a conductor, composer and Italian essayist.
 * Rondo Veneziano are an Italian musical ensemble that mixes Baroque music with pop music and rock.
 * Calicanto is a folk group, which incorporates themes of the Venetian tradition in their work.

Theatres

 * Teatro La Fenice is the main opera house of Venice. Repeatedly destroyed by fire and later rebuilt, it is home to an important opera season and to the International Festival of contemporary music. Teatro La Fenice in Venice was designed in 1790 by Gian Antonio Selva for the society of the Venetian artistocracy, and the Venetian Theatre was built rapidly despite the many controversies about its location and its rational structure and neoclassical style.
 * Teatro Malibran is a Venetian theatre. In the 17th and 18th centuries it bore the name of Theater St. John Chrysostom.
 * Teatro Stabile del Veneto "Carlo Goldoni" corresponds to the ancient Teatro Vendramin, also known as San Salvador or San Luke, and was opened in 1622. The Teatro Carlo Goldoni is located in the vicinity of the Rialto bridge, in the historical centre of Venice. It is a film set, with rooms structured in four tiers of boxes, stalls and galleries. With a total of 800 seats, the stage is off 12 Underground and 11.20 deep and is framed in iron. The Teatro Goldoni season hosts Prose organised by the Teatro Stabile del Veneto "Carlo Goldoni", the review of Children's Theatre, opera, concerts, ballets and other events in the concession.
 * Teatro Verdi (Padua) is the main theatre in Padua. Commissioned by a society formed specifically for the purpose of establishing a major theatre in the city, it was built by the Paduan architect Giovanni Gloria (c. 1684–1753) to designs by Antonio Cugini (1677–1765), an architect from Reggio Emilia. It opened in 1751, and was known as the Teatro Nuovo until 1884. Substantial restoration work was carried out in 1847, 1884 and 1920. Currently the Teatro Verdi is the operational headquarters of the Teatro Stabile del Veneto.
 * Teatro Olimpico is a theatre designed by the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio in 1580 and located in Vicenza. It is generally considered the first example of a modern indoor theatre set. The realisation of the theatre, in a pre-existing medieval complex, was commissioned by the Olympic Palladio for the staging of classical plays. Its construction began in 1580 and was inaugurated on 3 March 1585, after the realisation of the stationery scenes of Vincenzo Scamozzi. These wooden structures are the only of the Renaissance to be extant, however, they are still excellent condition. The theatre is still the seat of performances and concerts and has been included in 1994 in the list of World Heritage Sites' s UNESCO, as other works by Palladio to Vicenza.
 * Philharmonic Theater (Verona) is the main opera house of Verona. It is owned by the Accademia Filarmonica di Verona, since its foundation, but is used by the foundation of the Arena as the site of the opera season in winter.
 * Teatro Filarmonico in Verona (built in the XVIII century)
 * Roman Theatre of Verona is Verona's main arena, located in the northern part of the city at the foot of Colle San Pietro. This theatre was built at the end of BC, a period in which Verona has seen from the monumental St. Peter of the hill. Before, it was built between the Stone Bridge and Gates of the embankments, which were built on Tyrol parallel to the theatre itself, in order to defend against the possible flooding of river. It is considered the largest Roman theatre in the north of Italy. Today it is used for theatrical and operatic productions during the summer.
 * Teatro Salieri in Legnago, Verona

Cities

 * Venice: Venice and its lagoon are listed as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
 * Padua: also known as the "City of the Saint"; the Orto botanico di Padova and its Fourteenth Century Frescoes are on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.
 * Verona: The city of Shakespeare's lovers: Romeo and Juliet. Verona has been named a UNESCO world heritage site.
 * Vicenza is on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites, together with a number of the Palladian Villas.
 * Belluno the capital of the Dolomites, the bell tower was designed by Filippo Juvarra.
 * Montagnana is a municipality in the province of Padova with perfectly conserved medieval walls.
 * Bassano del Grappa with its Ponte degli Alpini on the river Brenta, designed in 1569 by Andrea Palladio.
 * Marostica: The 'Chess Game' is the most important event of the town, taking place on the second weekend of September, involves over 550 participants and lasts two hours.
 * Asolo is known as 'The Pearl of province of Treviso', and also as 'The City of a Hundred Horizons'.
 * Este: The House of Este held the city until 1240, when they moved their capital to Ferrara.
 * Arquà Petrarca: this village on the Euganean hills features the tomb and house of Francesco Petrarca, one of the most important Italian poets of the 14th century.

Palladian Villas of Veneto
Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of Veneto are a number of Palladian villas which are World Heritage Sites. UNESCO inscribed the site on the World Heritage List in 1994. At first the site was called "Vicenza, City of Palladio" and only buildings in the immediate area of Vicenza were included. Various types of buildings were represented including the Teatro Olimpico, palazzi and a few villas. Most of Palladio's surviving villas lay outside the site. However, in 1996 the number of Palladian villas included in the site was expanded to include those in other parts of Veneto. The site was given its present name.

The term villa was used to describe a country house. Often rich families in Veneto also had a house in town called a palazzo. In most cases the owners named their palazzi and villas with the family surname, hence there is both a Palazzo Chiericati in Vicenza and a Villa Chiericati in the countryside, similarly there is a Palazzo Foscari in Venice and a Villa Foscari in the countryside. Somewhat confusingly there are multiple Villas Pisani, including two by Palladio.

There are these sorts of villas all over the Venetian plain, but especially in the provinces of Treviso, Padua, Vicenza and Venice. The date of construction of these villas ranges from the 15th to the 19th century. There are approximately five thousand Ville Venete, of which 1,400 are declared of historical and monumental interest.

Apart from the numerous Palladian villas, of which 24 are protected by UNESCO, there are many villas spread across Veneto, mainly from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Many of them are museums, public institutions or private residences. The 24 Palladian villas which are part of UNESCO:
 * Villa Almerico Capra, also called "La Rotonda" (Vicenza)
 * Villa Gazzotti Grimani (Vicenza, but in the village of Bertesina)
 * Villa Angarano, also known as Villa Bianchi Michiel (Bassano del Grappa VI)
 * Villa Caldogno (Caldogno VI)
 * Villa Chiericati (Vancimuglio di Grumolo delle Abbadesse VI)
 * Villa Forni Cerato (Montecchio Precalcino VI)
 * Villa Godi (Lonedo di Lugo di Vicenza)
 * Villa Pisani (Bagnolo di Lonigo VI)
 * Villa Pojana (Poiana Maggiore VI)
 * Villa Saraceno (Agugliaro VI)
 * Villa Thiene (Quinto Vicentino VI)
 * Villa Trissino (Meledo di Sarego VI)
 * Villa Trissino (Vicenza, in Cricoli)
 * Villa Valmarana (Lisiera di Bolzano Vicentino VI)
 * Villa Valmarana (Vigardolo di Monticello Conte Otto VI)
 * Villa Piovene (Lugo di Vicenza VI)
 * Villa Badoer, called "La Badoera" (Fratta Polesine RO)
 * Villa Barbaro (Maser TV)
 * Villa Emo (Vedelago TV)
 * Villa Zeno (Cessalto TV)
 * Villa Foscari, called La Malcontenta (Mira VE)
 * Villa Pisani (Montagnana PD)
 * Villa Cornaro (Piombino Dese PD)
 * Villa Serego (Santa Sofia di Pedemonte VI)

Amongst these, Villa Trissino (Cricoli) is not regarded a Palladian villa, but is also an important country house.

Parks

 * Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park is situated in the southern section of the Province of Belluno.
 * Cansiglio is a pre-alpine massif located in the north-eastern Veneto in the provinces of Treviso and Belluno.

Lakes
The area of Lake Garda is a major tourist destination. Various towns along the lake, such as Lazise, Cisano, Bardolino, Garda (VR), Torri del Benaco and Malcesine, are resorts.

Mountains
Cortina d'Ampezzo is situated in the province of Belluno and is one of the most exclusive mountain locations in Europe together with Kitzbühel in Austria and St. Moritz in Switzerland. It was scene of the 1956 Winter Olympics and will host once again in 2026 alongside Milan. To the north there are the Tre Cime di Lavaredo, said to be a symbol of the Italian Dolomites.

 * Auronzo is in the upper Cadore.
 * Arabba lies between the Sella group and the Marmolada.
 * Monte Lozzo
 * Monte Ricco

Other landmark places are:

 * Mount Pasubio and Strada delle 52 Gallerie (a military mule road built during World War I with 52 tunnels)
 * Altopiano di Asiago and Calà del Sasso, with 4444 steps, the world's longest staircase open to the public.

Thermal baths
The thermal baths of Abano Terme are an important tourist attraction. Montegrotto Terme and Recoaro Terme are other resorts.

Beaches
Venice's Lido is an 11-kilometre-long sandbar, visited by many tourists every summer.

Jesolo is one of the most important seaside resorts on the Adriatic coast, just a few kilometres far from Venice. Every year Jesolo gives accommodation to over 4.5 million tourists.

Caorle has often received awards for one of the cleanest beaches in Italy. Bibione, Eraclea and Sottomarina are resorts too. Albarella island is a private island on the Lido. Alberoni Beach is set in a nature reserve.

Sister regions

 * Iowa (USA)

General bibliography

 * Carlo Ridolfi, La Vita di Giacopo Robusti (A Life of Tintoretto) 1642
 * Carlo Ridolfi, La Vita di Giacopo Robusti (A Life of Tintoretto) 1642

title: Veneto