text:
1119

Year 1119 (MCXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Levant

 * June 28 – Battle of Ager Sanguinis: The Crusader army of the Principality of Antioch under Roger of Salerno is ambushed and annihilated (near Sarmada) by the combined Muslim forces (20,000 men) of Ilghazi, the Artuqid ruler of Aleppo. Muslim troops are sent to raid the suburbs of Antioch and sack the port of Saint Symeon. The Crusader fortresses at Atarib, Zardana, Sarmin, Ma'arrat al-Nu'man and Kafr Tab are captured. Ilghazi makes a triumphant entry at Aleppo, Crusader prisoners are dragged in chains – where they are tortured to death in the streets. The massacre leads to the name of the battle, Ager Sanguinis (or "the Field of Death").
 * August 14 – Battle of Hab: The Crusaders under King Baldwin II of Jerusalem (supported by forces of Count Pons of Tripoli) defeat Ilghazi's army at Ariha in Syria. Baldwin manages to re-capture all of the Crusader castles and returns to Antioch in triumph. He stabilizes the frontiers and prevents Ilghazi from marching on Antioch.
 * Autumn – Hugh de Payns founds the monastic order of the Knights Templar and becomes the first Grand Master. In association with Bernard of Clairvaux, a French abbot and religious leader, he creates the Latin Rule, the code of behavior of the Order. The Templars get the primary task to protect the pilgrime-routes in Palestine.

Europe

 * August 20 – Battle of Brémule: King Henry I of England defeats King Louis VI (the Fat) of France and his 400 knights in Normandy. A skirmish that begins with the French launching a fierce but disordered attack, and ends with the French turning tail. Louis agrees to make peace and formally recognizes William Adelin as duke of Normandy.

England

 * Robert I (de Brus), 1st Lord of Annandale, grants and confirms the church of St. Hilda of Middlesbrough to Whitby.
 * September 19 – A severe earthquake hits Gloucestershire and Warwickshire.

Religion

 * January 29 – Pope Gelasius II dies in exile after a 1-year pontificate at the Abbey of Cluny. He is succeeded by Callixtus II as the 162nd pope of the Catholic Church.
 * March – Olegarius Bonestruga, archbishop of Tarragona, preaches successfully a Crusade against the Moors in Catalonia.
 * Council of Reims: Callixtus II concludes peace with Henry I. There are 15 archbishops and over 200 bishops present.
 * Council of Toulouse: The Catholic Church condemns the Petrobrusian heresy.

Technology

 * Zhu Yu, a Chinese historian, writes his book Pingzhou Table Talks (published this year), the earliest known use of separate hull compartments in ships. Zhu Yu's book is the first to report the use of a magnetic compass for navigation at sea. Although the first actual description of the magnetic compass is by another Chinese writer Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays (published in 1088).

Births

 * February 28 – Xi Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1150)
 * July 7 – Sutoku, Japanese emperor (d. 1164)
 * Ahmed-Al-Kabeer, Arab Sufi teacher (d. 1182)
 * Aldebrandus, bishop of Fossombrone (d. 1219)
 * Matthias I, duke of Lorraine (approximate date)
 * Tancred, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey (d. 1148)

Deaths

 * January 29 – Gelasius II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * March 10 – Muirchertach Ua Briain, king of Munster
 * March 29 – Peter de Honestis, Lombard monk
 * June 20 – Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick
 * June 27 – Herwig of Meissen, German bishop
 * June 28 – Roger of Salerno, Norman nobleman
 * July 17 – Baldwin VII, count of Flanders (b. 1093)
 * July 22 – Herbert de Losinga, English bishop
 * August 4 – Landulf II, archbishop of Benevento
 * September 13 – Gleb Vseslavich, Kievan prince
 * October 13 – Alan IV, duke of Brittany (b. 1063)
 * Aedh Ua Con Ceannainn, king of Uí Díarmata
 * Geoffrey de Clyve (de Clive), English bishop
 * Ibn Aqil, Persian theologian and jurist (b. 1040)
 * Johannes of Jerusalem, French abbot (b. 1042)
 * Robert the Leper (Leprous), French nobleman
 * Wang Ximeng, Chinese painter (b. 1096)

title: 1119


text:
1120

Year 1120 (MCXX) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Siege of Sozopolis: Byzantine forces under Emperor John II Komnenos conquer Sozopolis in Pisidia, from the Sultanate of Rum. The Seljuk garrison is defeated while they are trapped between the Byzantine cavalry and the army (who is besieging the fortress).

Levant

 * January 16 – Council of Nablus: King Baldwin II and Patriarch Warmund convenes an assembly at Nablus – establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. The prelates and noblemen who attend the meeting confirm the clergy's right to collect the tithe and to bear arms "in the cause of defense".
 * Baldwin II grants the Knights Templar under Hugues de Payens and Godfrey de Saint-Omer a headquarters in a wing of the royal palace on the Temple Mount in the captured Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem.
 * Summer – Baldwin II leads a expedition to Antioch to defend the northern Crusader states. He signs a 1-year truce with Ilghazi, Artuqid ruler of Mardin, securing the possession of Kafartab and other fortresses in Syria.

Europe

 * June 17 – Battle of Cutanda: The combined forces of Aragon and Navarre under King Alfonso the Battler crush the Almoravid army near Calamocha. Alfonso recaptures the fortified towns of Calatayud and Daroca.
 * The Almoravid fleet under Admirals Abu Abd Allah ibn Maymum of Almeria, and Isa ibn Maymum of Sevilla attacks the coastline of the Christian Kingdom of Galicia.
 * Freiburg is founded by Conrad I and his elder brother, Duke Berthold III of Zähringen, as a free market town.

England

 * King Henry I gives a portion of the Stoneleigh estate (located in Warwickshire) to Geoffrey de Clinton, his chamberlain and treasurer. He builds a motte and bailey castle and forms a lake to provide better defences.
 * November 25 – The White Ship is sunk in the English Channel, off Barfleur. Henry I's only legitimate son, William Adelin, is among 300 (many of them Anglo-Norman nobility) who drown.
 * The Pseudo-Ingulf's Croyland Chronicle records Cornwall, as a nation distinct from England.

Asia

 * Fang La, a Chinese rebel leader, leads an uprising against the Song Dynasty in Qixian Village (modern-day Zhejiang) in southeast China. He raises an army and captures Hangzhou.
 * August – September (the eighth month of the Chinese calendar) – Wanyan Xiyin, a Jurchen nobleman and minister, completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script.
 * The flourishing south Chinese coastal city of Quanzhou claims a population of 500,000 citizens, including the hinterland.

Religion

 * Order of Premonstratensians founded by Norbert of Xanten at Prémontré in Picardy.
 * Bishop Urban begins the construction on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.

Science

 * Walcher of Malvern, an English astronomer and mathematician, creates a system of measurement for the Earth using degrees, minutes and seconds of latitude and longitude.

Births

 * Alfonso of Capua, Italo-Norman nobleman (d. 1144)
 * Arnold I of Vaucourt, archbishop of Trier (d. 1183)
 * Frederick II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1158)
 * Fujiwara no Yorinaga, Japanese statesman (d. 1156)
 * Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1190)
 * Ioveta of Bethany, princess and daughter of Baldwin II
 * Jaksa Gryfita, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1176)
 * Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, Arab-Jewish translator
 * Louis VII (le Jeune), king of France (d. 1180)
 * Philip of Milly, French nobleman and knight (d. 1171)
 * Rainald of Dassel, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1167)
 * Roger de Mowbray, English nobleman (d. 1188)
 * Urban III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1187)
 * William I ("the Wicked"), king of Sicily (d. 1166)
 * Zhao Boju, Chinese landscape painter (d. 1182)

Deaths

 * September 3 – Blessed Gerard, founder of the Knights Hospitaller
 * September 24 – Welf II ("the Fat"), duke of Bavaria (b. 1072)
 * November 25
 * Matilda FitzRoy, countess and daughter of Henry I
 * Ralph of Pont-Echanfray, Norman knight (b. 1070)
 * Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (b. 1094)
 * William Adelin, duke and son of Henry I (b. 1103)
 * Adelaide, countess of Vermandois and Valois (or 1124)
 * Afridun I (the Martyr), ruler (shah) of Shirvan (b. 1046)
 * Eudo Dapifer (or FitzHerbert), Norman nobleman
 * Fujiwara no Atsutaka, Japanese nobleman and poet
 * Fujiwara no Sadazane, Japanese calligrapher (b. 1076)
 * Ingegerd, queen of Denmark and Sweden (b. 1046)
 * Raymond Pilet d'Alès, French nobleman (b. 1075)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1120


text:
1121

Year 1121 (MCXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor John II (Komnenos) recovers southwestern Anatolia (modern Turkey) from the Seljuk Turks and then hastens to the Balkans, where the Pechenegs are continuing their incursions. He transfers Byzantine troops to the Danube frontier at Paristrion.

Levant

 * Summer – Seljuk forces under Toghtekin make extensive raids into Galilee. King Baldwin II, in reprisal, crosses the Jordan River with a Crusader army, and ravages the countryside. He occupies and destroys a fortress that Toghtekin has built at Jerash.

Europe

 * March 2 – Petronilla of Lorraine becomes regent of Holland (Low Countries) after her husband, Floris II (the Fat) dies. He is succeeded by his 6-year-old son Dirk VI (or Theodoric).
 * A large rebellion takes place in Córdoba (modern Spain) against the ruling Almoravid Dynasty.

England

 * January 24 – Adeliza of Louvain, age 17, marries King Henry I two months after the accidental death of the heir to the English throne, Henry's only legitimate son, William Adelin.

Eurasia

 * Summer – Sultan Mahmud II of the Seljuk Empire declares a Holy War on Georgia. He sends an expedition under Najm ad-Din Ilghazi ibn Artuq, the Artukid ruler of Mardin, to invade Georgia.
 * August 12 – Battle of Didgori: King David IV (the Builder) of Georgia, with a Georgian army (55,600 men), defeats the 300,000-strong Seljuk coalition forces at Mount Didgori.

Asia

 * Emperor Hui Zong sends an expedition to crush the rebellion at Hangzhou (modern-day Zhejiang) in China. The rebels are defeated, their leader Fang La is captured and executed.

Religion

 * Spring – Peter Abelard, a French theologian and philosopher, is condemned and charged with the heresy of Sabellius in a synod at Soissons. Abelard writes Sic et Non.
 * April 22 – Antipope Gregory VIII (supported by Emperor Henry V) is arrested by papal troops at Sutri. He is taken to Rome and imprisoned in the Septizonium.
 * December 25 (Christmas Day) – The Praemonstratensian Order (Norbertines) is formed, when a group of canons make solemn vows at Prémontré.
 * Henry I founds Reading Abbey in England. The Cluniac Order populates the abbey.
 * The third and largest church is completed at Cluny Abbey (modern France).
 * L'Aumône Abbey is founded by Count Theobald IV of Blois at Loir-et-Cher.

Births

 * Ascelina, French Cistercian nun and mystic (d. 1195)
 * Chōgen, Japanese Buddhist monk (kanjin) (d. 1206)
 * Henry of France, archbishop of Reims (d. 1175)
 * Joscelin of Louvain, Flemish nobleman (d. 1180)
 * Kojijū, Japanese noblewoman and poet (d. 1202)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Erminold, German Benedictine abbot
 * January 18 – William of Champeaux, French philosopher
 * February 10 – Domnall Ua Lochlainn, Irish king (b. 1048)
 * March 2 – Floris II (the Fat), count of Holland (b. 1085)
 * April 23 – Jón Ögmundsson, Icelandic bishop (b. 1052)
 * August 7 – Ulrich I (or Udalrich), German bishop
 * December 11 – Al-Afdal Shahanshah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1066)
 * December 13 – Ulrich of Eppenstein, German abbot
 * Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur, Hammadid governor and ruler
 * Alfanus II (or Alfano), Lombard archbishop of Salerno
 * Al-Tughrai, Persian official, poet and alchemist (b. 1061)
 * Bartolf Leslie (or Bartholomew), Scottish nobleman
 * Fang La, Chinese rebel leader (executed in Kaifeng)
 * Frederick of Liege, German prince-bishop and saint
 * Lü Shinang, Chinese religious leader (Manichaean cult)
 * Masud Sa'd Salman, Persian poet (approximate date)
 * Muireadhach Ua Flaithbheartaigh, king of Iar Connacht
 * Robert of Bounalbergo, Norman nobleman and crusader
 * Zhou Bangyan, Chinese bureaucrat and ci poet (b. 1056)
 * Zhou Tong, Chinese archery teacher and martial artist

title: 1121


text:
1125

Year 1125 (MCXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Levant

 * June 11 – Battle of Azaz: The Crusader states led by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem defeat the Seljuk forces at Azaz and raise the siege of the town. Baldwin mobilizes a force of 1,100 armoured knights (from Antioch, Edessa and Tripoli) and 2,000 foot-soldiers. The Crusaders capture the Seljuk camp and Baldwin takes enough loot to ransom the prisoners taken by the Seljuk Turks (including his 4-year-old daughter Ioveta and Joscelin II who are taken hostage). Aq-Sunqur al-Bursuqi, governor (atabeg) of Mosul, withdraws to Aleppo and is forced to make a truce, leaving the frontier in northern Syria in peace for 18 months.

Europe

 * May 23 – Emperor Henry V dies of cancer in Utrecht after leading an expedition against King Louis VI (the Fat) of France and then against the citizens of Worms. Having no legitimate children, Henry leaves his possessions to his nephew, Frederick II (the One-Eyed), duke of Swabia. At the Hoftag diet in Regensburg, Lothair II (duke of Saxony) is elected King of Germany and crowned at Aachen on September 13.
 * Lothair II (supported by Pope Honorius II) asks Frederick II to restore to the crown the estates that he has inherited from Henry V. Frederick refuses, and by year's end a succession dispute breaks out between the House of Welf and the House of Hohenstaufen. The latter is led by Frederick and his brother Conrad III, duke of Franconia.
 * King Inge the Younger of Sweden is murdered in Vreta Abbey, instigated by Queen Ulvhild Håkansdotter after a 20-year reign. Her cousin Magnus I (the Strong) proclaims himself ruler over the Lands of Sweden (Norrland, Svealand and Gothenland) (until 1134).
 * The Venetians pillage the islands of Rhodes, ravage Samos and Lesbos, and occupy Chios (controlled by the Byzantine Empire). The Florentines sack and conquer the neighboring independent republic of Fiesole in Italy.
 * Saracen pirates raid the city of Antibes in Provence, and the Benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the Lérins Islands (French Riviera).
 * The first fair in Portugal is created in Ponte de Lima; it is an early sign of the commercialization and economic development.
 * King Alfonso I (the Battler) of Aragon and Navarre leads a Castellan raid in Andalusia (Southern Spain).

England

 * King Henry I arranges the marriage between his nephew Stephen of Blois and the 20-year-old Matilda, daughter and heiress of Eustace III, count of Boulogne. This gives Stephen control of the County of Boulogne and also lands in England that has belonged to Eustace (who dies on his return from the Holy Land).

Asia

 * November – Jin–Song War: Emperor Taizong of the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty declares war on the Chinese Song Dynasty – and orders his armies to invade Song territory. He sends the Western army to the city of Taiyuan in Shanxi province and the Eastern army to Bianjing (modern-day Kaifeng), the Song capital. The Song forces are not expecting an invasion and are caught off guard.
 * The Khamag Mongol, a Mongolic tribal confederation, begins to play an important role on the Mongolian Plateau. They occupy the fertile lands of the basins of the rivers Onon, Kherlen and Tuul in the Khentii Mountains.

Africa

 * October 3 – Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi, the vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate, is dismissed and imprisoned by Caliph al-Amir.

Arts

 * Albert of Aix, German historian and writer, begins his Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis (approximate date).

Education

 * March 29 – Reading School is founded in Berkshire in England.

Religion

 * A collection of Zen Buddhist koans is compiled, in the Chinese Blue Cliff Record.

Births

 * October 17 – Lu You, Chinese poet and writer (d. 1209)
 * date unknown
 * Abraham ben David, French rabbi (approximate date)
 * Baldwin of Forde, English archbishop (approximate date)
 * Bolesław IV (the Curly), duke of Poland (approximate date)
 * Chueang, Thai ruler of the Ngoenyang Kingdom (d. 1192)
 * Eystein II (Haraldsson), king of Norway (approximate date)
 * Fernando Rodríguez de Castro, Spanish nobleman (d. 1185)
 * Giovanni de Surdis Cacciafronte, Italian bishop (d. 1184)
 * Guigues V, count of Albon and Grenoble (approximate date)
 * Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, Persian historian and writer (d. 1201)
 * Matilda of Savoy, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1157)
 * Otto II (the Rich), margrave of Meissen (d. 1190)
 * Reginald of Châtillon, French nobleman (d. 1187)
 * William de Vesci, Norman High Sheriff (d. 1184)
 * William of Æbelholt, French churchman (d. 1203)

Deaths

 * January 24 – David IV (the Builder), king of Georgia (b. 1073)
 * April 12 – Vladislaus I, duke of Bohemia (b. 1065)
 * May 19 – Vladimir II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1053)
 * May 23 – Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1086)
 * June 22 – Lambert of St-Bertin, French chronicler
 * September 14 – Constance, princess of Antioch (b. 1078)
 * September 27 – Richeza of Berg, duchess of Bohemia
 * October 21 – Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian chronicler
 * December 3 – Berengar II, German nobleman
 * December 29 – Agnes I, abbess of Quedlinburg
 * Adalbert II, count of Mörsberg (approximate date)
 * Alina Martain, French Benedictine nun and saint
 * Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi, vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate
 * Bernard of Sédirac, Spanish abbot and archbishop
 * Bonfilius, Italian Benedictine monk and bishop
 * Eustace III, count of Boulogne (approximate date)
 * Harding of Bristol, English sheriff reeve (b. 1048)
 * Hugh I, count of Champagne (approximate date)
 * Ibn al-Khashshab, Seljuk Shi'i magistrate (qadi)
 * Inge the Younger, king of Sweden (approximate date)
 * Robert de Mowbray, Norman Earl of Northumbria

title: 1125


text:
1126

Year 1126 (MCXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Summer – Emperor John II Komnenos re-confirms the treaty of 1082. This ends the hostilities with Hungary and Venice. John secures Braničevo, and recovers the region of Sirmium on the Danube, but is forced by Venice to renew the exclusive commercial privileges.

Levant

 * Spring – The Crusaders under Pons, count of Tripoli, attack the fortress of Rafaniya (once held by Pons' grandfather Raymond IV), which dominates the entry of the Buqaia from the Orontes Valley. They besiege the fortress for 18 days and capture it on March 31.
 * Autumn – Bohemond II takes over his inheritance of the Principality of Antioch. He sails from Otranto with a Norman fleet of 24 ships, carrying a number of troops and horses. Bohemond lands at the port of St. Symeon early in October and is welcomed at Antioch.

Europe

 * February 18 – Battle of Chlumec: Duke Soběslav I defeats a German army under King Lothair III and his Moravian ally, Duke Otto II the Black. Soběslav becomes the head of the Bohemian Principality.
 * March 8 – Queen Urraca of León ("the Reckless") dies after a 17-year reign. She is succeeded by her 21-year-old son Alfonso VII el Emperador who becomes king of León (until 1157).
 * Ragnvald Knaphövde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing. Sweden is without a ruler, but Magnus I ("the Strong") claims sovereignty over Gothenland.
 * Summer – King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre launches a campaign raid into Granada in Andalusia (modern Spain) against the Almoravids. In the aftermath, the Almoravid deport Jews and Christians from Andalusia to Morocco.
 * Winter – King Lothair III makes Henry X ("the Proud"), duke of Bavaria to succeed his late father, Henry IX ("the Black"), who has died on December 13.

Britain

 * Shrewsbury Castle is granted by King Henry I to his second wife, Queen Adeliza of Louvain (or Adelicia). The command of the castle is given to William FitzAlan.
 * Rutherglen (located in South Lanarkshire) becomes one of the first of the Royal Burghs in Scotland.

Asia

 * Spring – In China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around the capital city of Kaifeng, for the restoration of a trusted military official, Li Gang (李綱). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the government.
 * January 18 – Emperor Hui Zong of the Song Dynasty abdicates in favour of his eldest son, Qin Zong after a 24-year reign. Hui Zong assumes the honorary title of Taishang Huang (or "Retired Emperor").
 * Jin–Song War: Jurchen forces reach the Yellow River Valley, two days after New Year. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace, and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews.
 * January 31 – Jurchen forces lay siege to Kaifeng. Qin Zong negotiates the terms of surrender, agreeing an annual indemnity. He orders Song forces to defend the prefectures of the Northern Song.

Literature

 * Adelard of Bath, an English philosopher, translates Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī's arithmetic and astronomical works into Latin.
 * Two previously written Chinese pharmaceutical works, one by Shen Kuo and one by Su Shi, are combined into one written work.

Religion

 * Olegarius, archbishop of Tarragona, creates a community of knights (known as the "Confraternity of Tarragona"), to combat the Almoravids in Catalonia.

Births

 * Abu Madyan, Andalusian mystic and Sufi master (d. 1198)
 * Averroes ibn Rushd, Andalusian judge and physician (d. 1198)
 * Eynion de Tilston, Norman knight and lord of Tilston (approximate date)
 * Fan Chengda, Chinese politician, poet and geographer (d. 1193)
 * Michael the Syrian ("the Great"), Syriac patriarch (d. 1199)
 * Mieszko III the Old, duke of Greater Poland (d. 1202)
 * Muneko, Japanese princess and empress (d. 1189)
 * Peter I of Courtenay, French nobleman (d. 1183)
 * Sibylla of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1150)
 * Sviatoslav III, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1194)
 * Taira no Tokiko, Japanese Buddhist nun (d. 1185)

Deaths

 * February 18 – Otto II the Black, Moravian prince (b. 1085)
 * March 8 – Urraca, queen regnant of León and Galicia (b. 1079)
 * July 30 – Cecilia of Normandy (or Cecily), English princess
 * September 1 – Świętosława of Poland, queen of Bohemia
 * October 1 – Morphia of Melitene, queen of Jerusalem (or 1127)
 * December 4 – Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician (b. 1048)
 * December 13 – Henry IX the Black, duke of Bavaria (b. 1075)
 * December 29 – Wulfhilde of Saxony, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1072)
 * Abu Bakr al-Turtushi, Andalusian political philosopher (b. 1059)
 * Abu Nasr Ahmad ibn Fadl, Seljuk ruler (vizier) of Damascus
 * Ahmad Ghazali, Persian mystic and writer (approximate date)
 * Al-Tutili ("Blind Poet of Tudela"), Andalusian Muwallad poet
 * Bertrand of Comminges, French bishop and saint (b. 1050)
 * Cai Jing, Chinese politician and calligrapher (b. 1047)
 * Edgar the Ætheling, uncrowned king of England (b. 1051)
 * Ekkehard of Aura, German abbot, chronicler and writer
 * Ragnvald Knaphövde, Swedish pretender (approximate date)
 * Tong Guan, Chinese general and political adviser (b. 1054)
 * Vikramaditya VI, king of the Western Chalukya Empire
 * Waleran of Le Puiset, French nobleman (approximate date)
 * Wynebald de Ballon, Norman nobleman (b. 1058)

title: 1126


text:
1127

Year 1127 (MCXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * March 2 – Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders, is murdered; he leaves no children. King Louis VI (the Fat) appoints William Clito (son of Robert Curthose) as new ruler. But the Flemish towns of Bruges, Ghent, Saint-Omer and Ypres recognize (with English financial support) Thierry of Alsace as rival count.
 * Spring – The forces of Alfonso VII perform a siege on the city of Guimarães, which ended in their withdrawal.
 * Summer – King Roger II of Sicily claims the Hauteville possessions in Italy as well the overlordship of Capua. However, a coalition of Norman noblemen in Apulia and Calabria resist (supported by Pope Honorius II) against Sicilian rule. The same year, Roger regains control over Malta after a rebellion.
 * Roger II establishes a pact with the maritime Republic of Savona to guarantee the security of the Mediterranean Sea, probably following an Almoravid raid against the Sicilian realm.
 * December 18 – Conrad III (with support of the imperial cities, Swabia and Austria) is elected and crowned as anti-king of Germany at Nuremberg.

England

 * King Henry I arranges the marriage of his daughter Matilda (the widow of Emperor Henry V) to the 14-year-old Geoffrey of Anjou (son of Count Fulk V). This is done to ensure an alliance between England and Anjou, and to prevent Fulk allying with Louis VI.
 * Henry I has the English nobles swear allegiance to Matilda as the rightful heir to the throne. Upon his death, her cousin Stephen of Blois crosses the channel and usurps her throne, becoming the King of England. She wages a lengthy civil war known as the Anarchy, which lasted from 1135-1154.

Levant

 * Imad ad-Din Zengi, a Turkish military leader, becomes governor (atabeg) of Mosul. He seizes the cities of Nisibin, Sinjar and Harran in the Jazira Region (Northern Mesopotamia).

Asia

 * January 9 – Jin–Song Wars: Jurchen forces sack the Chinese capital of Kaifeng of the Northern Song Dynasty during the Jingkang Incident. They capture Emperor Qin Zong, along with his father, Hui Zong, and members of the House of Zhao.
 * June 12 – Qin Zong's younger brother, the 20-year-old Gao Zong, re-establishes the Song Dynasty (as the Southern Song Dynasty) in Lin'an (modern-day Hangzhou) and is proclaimed emperor.

Religion

 * The Kalyan minaret (as part of the Po-i-Kalyan mosque complex) is completed in Bukhara (modern Uzbekistan).

Births

 * April 16 – Felix of Valois, French nobleman and hermit (d. 1212)
 * May 23 – Uijong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1173)
 * July 23 – Zhao Fu, emperor of the Song Dynasty (d. 1129)
 * October 18 – Go-Shirakawa, Japanese emperor (d. 1192)
 * November 27 – Xiao Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1194)
 * Bolesław I (the Tall), duke of Wrocław (d. 1201)
 * Henry I (the Liberal), count of Champagne (d. 1181)
 * Julian of Cuenca, Spanish bishop (approximate date)
 * Yang Wanli, Chinese politician and poet (d. 1206)

Deaths

 * February 7 – Ava (or Ava von Göttweig), German poet (b. 1060)
 * February 10 – William IX (the Troubador), duke of Aquitaine (b. 1071)
 * March 2 – Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders (b. 1084)
 * March 23 – Ottone Frangipane, Italian Benedictine monk (b. 1040)
 * May 16 – Gens du Beaucet, French hermit and saint (b. 1104)
 * August 12 – Jordan of Ariano, Norman warrior and nobleman
 * September 1 – Álmos (or Almus), duke of Hungary and Croatia
 * October 1 – Morphia of Melitene, queen of Jerusalem (or 1126)
 * November 1 – Zhang Bangchang, ruler of Da Chu (b. 1081)
 * November 12 – Godbald (or Godebald), bishop of Utrecht
 * December 19 – Jordan II (or Giordano), prince of Capua
 * Fujiwara no Hiroko, Japanese empress consort (b. 1036)
 * Fulcher of Chartres, French priest and chronicler (b. 1059)
 * Gilla Críst Ua Máel Eóin, Irish historian and abbot
 * Gualfardo of Verona, Italian trader and hermit (b. 1070)
 * Minamoto no Yoshimitsu, Japanese samurai (b. 1045)
 * William II, Norman duke of Apulia and Calabria (b. 1095)
 * William III (the Child), count of Burgundy (b. 1110)
 * Zhu, Chinese empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 1102)

title: 1127


text:
1128

Year 1128 (MCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Hungarian War: Emperor John II (Komnenos) defeats the Hungarians and their Serbian allies at the fortress of Haram (or Chramon), which is modern-day Nova Palanka.

Europe

 * June 24 – Battle of São Mamede: Count Alfonso I (Henriques) defeats the forces led by his mother, Queen Theresa of Portugal, near Guimarães, and gains control of the county. Alfonso styles himself "Prince of Portugal".
 * June 29 – Conrad III, anti-king of Germany, is crowned "King of Italy" by Archbishop Anselmo della Pusterla at Monza in Lombardy.
 * July 27 – The city of Bruges (modern Belgium) is founded. It receives its city charter – as well new walls and canals are built.
 * Pope Honorius II invests Roger II of Sicily as duke of Apulia at Benevento, after his failure to form an coalition against Roger.
 * King Louis VI (the Fat) of France agrees to the accession of Thierry of Alsace (or Theoderic), as count of Flanders.

England

 * June 17 – King Henry I marries his only legitimate daughter, dowager Empress Matilda, to the 14-year-old Geoffrey V (the Fair), count of Anjou.

Britain

 * Hugues de Payens, French Grand Master of the Order of the Knights Templar, visits both England and Scotland, where he raises men and money for the Order.

Asia

 * Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song Dynasty establishes a new capital at Yangzhou, while the government retreats south, after Jurchen forces capture the previous capital of Kaifeng, in the Jingkang Incident.
 * Forces of the Kingdom of Champa invade Vietnam.

Religion

 * November 24 – Waverley Abbey is founded by Bishop William Giffard. The first abbot and 12 Cistercian monks are brought from L'Aumône Abbey in Normandy.
 * Honorius II recognizes and confirms the Order of the Knights Templar. The French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux codifies the rule of the Order.
 * Holyrood Abbey is founded in Edinburgh by King David I of Scotland.
 * Kelso Abbey is founded by Scottish monks of the Tironensian Order.

Births

 * March 18 – Stephen of Tournai, French bishop (d. 1203)
 * Absalon, Danish archbishop and statesman (d. 1201)
 * Adolf II, count of Schauenburg and Holstein (d. 1164)
 * Alain de Lille, French theologian and poet (approximate date)
 * Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid, Arab theologian (d. 1215)
 * Constance of Hauteville, princess of Antioch (d. 1163)
 * John Doukas (Komnenos), Byzantine governor (d. 1176)
 * John Kontostephanos, Byzantine aristocrat (approximate date)
 * Lorcán Ua Tuathail, Irish archbishop of Dublin (d. 1180)
 * Ludwig II (the Iron), landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1172)
 * Muhammad II ibn Mahmud, Seljuk sultan (d. 1159)
 * Ruzbihan Baqli, Persian poet and mystic (d. 1209)
 * Taira no Norimori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1185)

Deaths

 * January 1 – Albero I, prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1070)
 * February 12 – Toghtekin, Turkish ruler of Damascus
 * June 2 – Pier Leoni (or Petrus Leo), Roman consul
 * July 20 – Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi, Fatimid vizier (b. c. 1086)
 * July 28 – William Clito, count of Flanders (b. 1102)
 * September 5 – Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham
 * December 4 – Henry II, German nobleman (b. 1102)
 * December 15 – Fulco I d'Este, Lombard nobleman
 * Abu Ibrahim ibn Barun, Andalusian Jewish rabbi
 * Conaing Ua Beigléighinn, Irish monk and abbot
 * Constantine I of Torres, ruler (judge) of Logudoro
 * Fujiwara no Kiyohira, Japanese nobleman (b. 1056)
 * Geoffrey Brito (or le Breton), archbishop of Rouen
 * Ibn Tumart, Almoravid political leader (or 1130)
 * Jimena Muñoz (or Muñiz), Spanish noblewoman
 * Rogvolod Vseslavich (Boris), prince of Polotsk
 * Warmund (or Gormond), patriarch of Jerusalem

title: 1128


text:
1129

Year 1129 (MCXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * April 14 – Following the Capetian tradition, King Louis VI (the Fat) has his eldest son Philip crowned as co-ruler of France at Rheims Cathedral. Louis himself becomes the national protector of all France.
 * June 2 – Fulk V, count of Anjou, marries Melisende (daughter of King Baldwin II) the heir to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Fulk gives up his title which passes to his 15-year-old son, Geoffrey V (the Fair).
 * September – Roger II of Sicily gains recognition as duke at Melfi from the Norman nobles of Naples, Bari, Capua, Salerno and other cities that have resisted him.
 * Burgsteinfurt Castle is built in what is now Steinfurt (modern Germany).

Asia

 * Jin–Song War: Emperor Gao Zong of the Song Dynasty moves the capital from Yangzhou to Hangzhou, after the Jurchen Jin Dynasty captures Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident.
 * March 26 – Gao Zong abdicates the throne after a mutiny of the palace guard. His 2-year-old son Zhao Fu succeeds him, but Empress Meng becomes regent and the sole ruler.
 * April 20 – Gao Zong regains the throne (with the support of the imperial army led by General Han Shizhong). Zhao Fu is forced to abdicate with Meng having ruled for 25 days.
 * July 24 – Former Emperor Shirakawa dies at his native Kyoto. His son Toba begins his cloistered rule, sharing power with Sutoku, a grandson of Shirakawa.

Religion

 * January 23 – Henry of Blois becomes bishop of Winchester after the death of William Giffard (who was also Lord Chancellor to King Henry I) in England.

Births

 * Abu al-Abbas as-Sabti, Moroccan Sufi writer (d. 1204)
 * Date Tomomune, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1199)
 * Elisabeth of Schönau, German Benedictine abbess (d. 1164)
 * Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria (d. 1195)
 * Theophanes Kerameus, bishop of Rossano (d. 1152)

Deaths

 * January 23 – William Giffard, bishop of Winchester
 * January 27 – Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester (b. 1070)
 * January 29 – Minamoto no Shunrai, Japanese poet (b. 1055)
 * February 16 – Thoros I, Armenian prince (or 1130)
 * February 17 – Constantine II, Armenian prince
 * July 24 – Shirakawa, emperor of Japan (b. 1053)
 * July 28 – Zhao Fu, emperor of the Song Dynasty (b. 1127)
 * November 21 – Nigel d'Aubigny, Norman nobleman
 * December 30 – Roger of Cannae, Italian bishop (b. 1060)
 * Athanasius VI bar Khamoro, patriarch of Antioch
 * Cellach of Armagh (or Celsus), Irish archbishop (b. 1080)
 * Fujiwara no Akinaka, Japanese nobleman (b. 1059)
 * John Theristus, Italian Benedictine monk (b. 1049)
 * Ramiro Sánchez, Spanish nobleman (or 1130)
 * Richard Fitz Pons, Norman nobleman (b. 1080)
 * Walter FitzRoger, Norman sheriff of Gloucester
 * Zhao Mingcheng, Chinese politician (b. 1081)

title: 1129


text:
1111

Year 1111 (MCXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Levant

 * Battle of Shaizar: Sultan Muhammad I Tapar appoints Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic governor (atabeg) of Mosul, to lead a Seljuk expedition against the Crusaders. The composite force includes Muslim contingents from Damascus, Diyarbakır, Ahlat and some Persian troops, headed by Bursuq ibn Bursuq from Hamadan. The Crusaders (16,000 men), led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, are cut off from their supplies, and within two weeks (due to constant Seljuk skirmishes) forced to fall back on Afamiya in northern Syria.
 * Winter – Crusaders, led by Baldwin I, besiege Tyre, without a supporting fleet. While besieging the town, a Byzantine embassy arrives in the Crusader camp. The Byzantines try to persuade Baldwin to join a coalition against Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of Galilee, but he refuses.

Europe

 * April 13 – Henry V is crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II. Henry returns to Germany where he strengthens his power by granting privileges to the German nobles of the region of the Upper Rhine.
 * Almoravid forces under Syr ibn Abi Bakr capture Santarém and Sintra. The efforts of the Berbers to reconquer lost ground lead to the sack of Coimbra. The same year the city revolts against their lord in Portugal.
 * The commune of Lodi Vecchio (known as Laus Pompeia) is besieged and destroyed by Milanese troops in northern Italy.
 * October 5 – 18-year-old Baldwin VII succeeds his father, Robert II, as Count of Flanders until 1119.

Ireland

 * Domnall Gerrlámhach (Ua Briain) becomes king of the Hebrides and the Isle of Man, following a request from the people of the kingdom of Munster to send them a ruler.

Asia

 * The Donglin Academy, a Chinese educational institution, is established in Wuxi during the Northern Song dynasty.

Religion

 * The Synod of Rathbreasail marks the transition of the Irish church, from a monastic to a diocesan structure.

Births

 * Afonso I (the Conqueror), King of Portugal (d. 1185)
 * Agnes of Babenberg, High Duchess of Poland (d. 1163)
 * Andrei Bogolyubsky, Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (d. 1174)
 * Henry II, Duke of Limburg (House of Ardenne) (d. 1167)
 * Josceline de Bohon, bishop of Salisbury (d. 1184)
 * Stephen of Armenia, Armenian nobleman (d. 1165)

Deaths

 * January 29 – Piotr I (or Peter), bishop of Wrocław
 * February 22 – Roger Borsa, Italo-Norman nobleman
 * March 3 – Bohemond I, Italo-Norman nobleman (b. 1054)
 * April 12 – Berthold II, German nobleman (b. 1050)
 * April 17 – Robert of Molesme, French abbot (b. 1028)
 * June 15 – Yun Kwan, Korean general (b. 1040)
 * September 27 – Vekenega, Croatian abbess
 * October 5 – Robert II, Count of Flanders (b. 1065)
 * October 7 – Anna Polovetskaya, Kievan princess
 * October 26 – Gómez González, Castilian nobleman
 * November 8 – Otto II, German nobleman
 * December 19
 * Agnes of Rheinfelden, German noblewoman
 * Al-Ghazali, Persian theologian (b. 1058)
 * Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Prince of Powys (b. 1051)
 * Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, Prince of Powys (b. 1053)
 * Ōe no Masafusa, Japanese poet and writer (b. 1041)
 * Richard II, Italian consul and Duke of Gaeta

title: 1111


text:
1110

Year 1110 (MCX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

By date

 * May 5: Lunar eclipse, in which the moon becomes totally dark (according to the Peterborough Chronicle), due to an earlier volcanic eruption putting aerosols into the upper atmosphere of the earth, thus cutting off the earthlight.

Asia

 * Second Chola invasion of Kalinga.

Levant

 * Spring – Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic ruler (atabeg) of Mosul, leads an expedition to capture the territories of the Crusaders (belonging to the County of Edessa) east of the river Euphrates. He besieges the fortress city of Edessa, but is forced to retreat when King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (with the support of Armenian forces sent by Kogh Vasil) intervenes with a Crusader relief force.
 * February–May – Crusaders under Baldwin I besiege Beirut. The Genoese and Pisan ships blockade the harbour; Fatimid ships from Tyre and Sidon try in vain to break the blockade. The Fatimid governor flees by night through the Italian fleet to Cyprus. On May 13, Baldwin captures the city by assault and the Italians carry out a massacre among the inhabitants.
 * October–December – Crusaders under Baldwin I (supported by King Sigurd I) besiege Sidon. Norwegian ships blockade the harbour, but are nearly dispersed by a powerful Fatimid flotilla from Tyre. They are saved by the arrival of a Venetian squadron under Doge Ordelafo Faliero. On December 4, the city capitulates (under notable terms) to Baldwin.
 * December – Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of Galilee, brings the Crusader castle Krak des Chevaliers in Syria under his control. He remains regent of the Principality of Antioch in the name of his cousin Bohemond II.

Europe

 * Henry V, King of Germany, invades Italy with a large army and concludes an agreement with Pope Paschal II at Sutri. Henry renounces the right of investiture (a dispute with the former Henry IV). In return, Paschal promises to crown him emperor and to restore to the Holy Roman Empire all the lands given to the German church (since the time of Charlemagne).
 * July 25 – Henry V marries 8-year-old Matilda (daughter of King Henry I of England). She is crowned Queen of the Romans in a ceremony at Mainz. After the betrothal Matilda is placed into custody of Bruno, archbishop of Trier, who is tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government.
 * The dukedom of Bohemia is secured for Vladislaus I following the death of Svatopluk ("the Lion") who is assassinated. Vladislaus receives support from Henry V and will rule until 1125.
 * Almoravid forces under Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf occupy Zaragoza (modern Spain), bringing all of Andalusia's Muslim states under Almoravid control.

England

 * King Henry I has improvements made at Windsor Castle, including a chapel, so that he can use the castle as his formal residence.

Literature

 * The Rus' Primary Chronicle is completed. The work is considered to be a fundamental source in the history of the East Slavs.
 * Approximate date of composition of Jayamkondar's Kalingattuparani, a Tamil epic celebrating the victory of Kulottunga Chola I over the Kalinga king Anantavarman Chodaganga in the Chola invasion of Kalinga that took place around this year.

Religion

 * Construction begins on Fontevraud Abbey in the French duchy of Anjou.

Births

 * Aelred of Rievaulx, English Cistercian monk and abbot (d. 1167)
 * Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne, Jewish rabbi and writer (approximate date)
 * Abraham ibn Daud, Jewish astronomer and historian (d. 1180)
 * Walter fitz Alan, Scottish High Steward (approximate date)
 * Clarembald of Arras, French theologian and writer (d. 1187)
 * Diarmait Mac Murchada, Irish king of Leinster (d. 1171)
 * Düsum Khyenpa, Tibetan spiritual leader (karmapa) (d. 1193)
 * Odo of Deuil (or Eudes), French abbot and historian (d. 1162)
 * Gertrude of Sulzbach, German queen (approximate date)
 * Gilbert Foliot, English abbot and bishop (approximate date)
 * Hodierna of Jerusalem, countess of Tripoli (approximate date)
 * Iorwerth Goch ap Maredudd, Welsh prince (approximate date)
 * John Tzetzes, Byzantine grammarian (approximate date)
 * Kirik the Novgorodian, Russian monk and chronicler (d. 1156)
 * Lhachen Naglug, Indian ruler of Ladakh (approximate date)
 * Liu Wansu, Chinese physician of the Jin dynasty (d. 1200)
 * Odo de St Amand (or Eudes), French Grand Master of the Knights Templar (d. 1179)
 * Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo, Tibetan Buddhist monk (d. 1170)
 * Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall (d. 1175)
 * Robert of Torigni, Norman monk and abbot (d. 1186)
 * Rohese de Vere, countess of Essex (approximate date)
 * Rostislav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (approximate date)
 * Vladislaus II (or Vladislav), king of Bohemia (d. 1174)
 * William III ("the Child"), count of Burgundy (d. 1127)

Deaths

 * July 10 – Elias I, Count of Maine (de Baugency), French nobleman
 * November 12 – Gebhard III, bishop of Constance
 * Lhachen Utpala, Indian king of Ladakh (b. 1080)
 * Li Jie, Chinese writer of the Song dynasty (b. 1065)
 * Richard of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman
 * Robert Scalio of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman
 * Thiofrid, Benedictine abbot of Echternach
 * Vijayabahu I, Sri Lankan king of Polonnaruwa
 * William Bona Anima, archbishop of Rouen

title: 1110


text:
1088

Year 1088 (MLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Almoravid forces (supported with fighters from local Andalusian provinces), under Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin, besiege Aledo, but are forced to retreat, by the arrival of Spanish troops of King Alfonso VI (the Brave) of Castile.
 * Catalonian troops, under Count Berenguer Ramon II, reconquer Tarragona (lost again in 1108). He will rule Catalonia with his 6-year-old nephew Ramon Berenguer III, until he comes of age.

England

 * Spring – A rebellion led by William the Conqueror's half-brothers Odo of Bayeux and Robert (2nd Earl of Cornwall), begins against King William II with the aim to remove him from the throne. Odo's revolt in Kent and Sussex is supported by nobles across the country.
 * The Worcestershire rebellion led by Robert de Lacy (a son of Ilbert de Lacy) is dealt with quickly by Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester, who calls on those knights and local landowners still loyal to William II to defend Worcester. Many of the rebels are captured or killed.
 * William II calls the representatives of the fyrd to a meeting in London. He promises (with the support of Lanfranc, bishop of Canterbury) the people better laws, and the removal of taxes if they support him against the rebels.
 * William II lays siege to Pevensey Castle where Odo of Bayeux has taken shelter with Robert. Odo is forced to surrender, and agrees to go to Rochester to convince the rebels to accept William as the rightful king of England.
 * Summer – William II lays siege to Rochester Castle and puts down the revolt. Odo of Bayeux and the rebels surrender (only agreeing that their lives will be spared). William takes Odo's lands and exiles him to Normandy.

Africa

 * Nasir ibn Alnas, ruler of the Hammadids, dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Mansur ibn al-Nasir (until 1104).

Arts and Culture

 * The Dream Pool Essays is published by the Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo. His book represents the earliest known writing about the magnetic compass, movable type printing, experimentation with the camera obscura only decades after Hasan ibn al-Haytham, which includes many different fields of study in essay and encyclopedic form, including geology, astronomy, archaeology, mathematics, pharmacology, magnetism, geography, optics, hydraulics, economics, military strategy, philosophy, etc. Some of Shen's most advanced theories include geomorphology and climate variability, while he improves Chinese astronomy, by fixing the position of the pole star and correcting the lunar error, by plotting its orbital course every night for a continuum of five years. Shen's book is also the first to describe the drydock in China – and discusses the advantages of the recent invention of the canal pound lock, over the old flash lock.
 * Su Song, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, invents the pilot model for his astronomical clock tower constructed in Kaifeng. It features an escapement mechanism – and the world's oldest known power-transmitting chain drive to operate the armillary sphere, opening doors, and mechanical-driven mannequins, that would rotate in shifts to announce the time on plaques.

Education

 * The oldest extant university, the University of Bologna, is founded in Italy (approximate date).

Geology

 * April 16 – The 6.5 Tmogvi earthquake affects the southern provinces of Georgia, which causes the destruction of the castle of Tmogvi and many deaths.

Religion

 * March 12 – Pope Urban II (or Urbanus) succeeds Victor III as the 159th pope of the Catholic Church in Rome.

Births

 * January 31 – Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, was the son of caliph al-Muqtadi and Mah-i Mulk.
 * July 24 – Ibn al-Arif, Moorish Sufi scholar and writer (d. 1141)
 * Bermudo Pérez de Traba, Spanish nobleman (d. 1168)
 * Hemachandra, Indian Jain poet and polymath (d. 1173)
 * Irene of Hungary, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1134)
 * John IV, Byzantine prince and archbishop (approximate date)
 * Lucienne de Rochefort, French crown princess (d. 1137)
 * Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, king of Connacht (d. 1156)
 * William III (or William IV), French nobleman (d. 1156)
 * Zhenxie Qingliao, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1151)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Berengar of Tours, French theologian
 * April 7 – Burchard II (or Bucco), German bishop
 * June 15 – Gebhard of Salzburg, German archbishop
 * June 24 – William de Warenne, Norman nobleman
 * July 27 – Benno II, German bishop and architect
 * September 25 – Godfrey, bishop of Chichester
 * September 28 – Hermann of Salm, German nobleman
 * Alberic of Monte Cassino, German Benedictine cardinal
 * Berthold of Reichenau, German chronicler and writer
 * Dubh Chablaigh ingen Áed, Irish queen of Munster
 * Hugh de Montfort, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * John Doukas, Byzantine usurper (approximate date)
 * Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Persian Sufi poet (b. 1006)
 * Mael Isa ua Máilgiric, Irish Chief Ollam and writer
 * Marianus Scotus of Regensburg, Irish abbot
 * Naser Khosrow, Persian poet and philosopher (b. 1004)
 * Nasir ibn Alnas, Berber ruler of the Hammadids
 * Ranulf I (or Rainulf), Italo-Norman nobleman
 * Rhiryd ap Bleddyn, Welsh king of Powys (b. 1049)
 * Tigernach Ua Braín, Irish abbot and writer

title: 1088


text:
1010

Year 1010 (MX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Africa

 * The Nile river in Egypt freezes over.

Asia

 * The Lý dynasty is established in Vietnam (or 1009), and moves the capital to Thăng Long (modern-day Hanoi).
 * Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: The Goryeo king is unseated in a revolt, resulting in an invasion by the Liao dynasty, and the burning of the Korean capital Gaegyeong.
 * Song Zhun of Song dynasty China completes the work of the earlier geographer Lu Duosun, an enormous atlas of China that is written and illustrated in 1,556 chapters, showing maps of each region, city, town, and village (the atlas took 39 years to complete).
 * In the Chola dynasty of southern India, the first votes are celebrated by adding a ballot in an urn.

Japan

 * January – Fujiwara no Kenshi (daughter of Michinaga) is married to the imperial heir Crown Prince Okisada.
 * February 14 – On the death of Fujiwara no Korechika his daughter, the poet Fujiwara no Chikako, becomes a lady-in-waiting to Empress Shōshi.
 * Emperor Ichijō wants to retire – the influential statesman Fujiwara no Michinaga supports Crown Prince Okisada (now his son-in-law), who will be the successor, but the emperor prefers his eldest son by the late Empress Teishi, Prince Atsuyasu, who has been raised by Empress Shōshi, who also supports her stepson, leading to conflict at court.

Americas

 * Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America (approximate date).

Europe

 * June 2 – Fitna of al-Andalus – Battle of Aqbat al-Bakr: The Caliphate of Córdoba is defeated.  Allied to Muslim rebels, Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona sacks Córdoba, and Hisham II the Nephast is restored as Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, succeeding Muhammad II al-Mahdi.
 * The Russian city of Yaroslavl is founded, as an outpost of the principality of Rostov Veliky.

Art

 * The construction of Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur (a city now in Tamil Nadu, India) is completed during the Chola dynasty, and at about this time the wall painting Rajaraja I and His Teacher

Literature

 * March 8 – Persian poet Ferdowsi finishes writing the Shahnameh (Book of Kings), which will be regarded as the national epic of the greater Iranian culture.
 * Lady Murasaki writes The Tale of Genji in Japanese (approximate date).
 * Beowulf is written anonymously in Old English (approximate date).

Technology

 * Eilmer of Malmesbury in England attempts flight in a glider of his own construction.
 * The 217 ft (66 m) tall Brihadisvara Temple is completed.

Births

 * May 30 – Zhao Zhen, Emperor Renzong of the Song dynasty (d. 1063)
 * Adalbero, bishop of Würzburg (approximate date)
 * Adalbero III of Luxembourg, German nobleman (d. 1072)
 * Akkadevi, princess of the Chalukya dynasty (d. 1064)
 * Anno II, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)
 * Arialdo, Italian nobleman and deacon (approximate date)
 * Benno, bishop of Meissen (approximate date)
 * Eberhard, archbishop of Trier (approximate date)
 * Eleanor of Normandy, countess of Flanders (d. 1077)
 * Gebhard, archbishop of Salzburg (approximate date)
 * Gomes Echigues, Portuguese knight and governor (d. 1065)
 * Honorius II, antipope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
 * John V of Gaeta, Italian nobleman (approximate date)
 * Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Byzantine emperor (d. 1041)
 * Odo (or Eudes), Gascon nobleman (approximate date)
 * Otloh of Sankt Emmeram, German monk (approximate date)
 * Siegfried I, German nobleman (approximate date)
 * Tunka Manin, ruler of the Ghana Empire (d. 1078)

Deaths

 * February 14 – Fujiwara no Korechika, Japanese nobleman (b. 974)
 * Ælfric of Eynsham, English abbot and scholar (approximate date)
 * Abu'l-Nasr Muhammad, Farighunid ruler (approximate date)
 * Aimoin, French monk and chronicler (approximate date)
 * Aisha, Andalusian poet and writer (approximate date)
 * Cathal mac Conchobar mac Taidg, king of Connacht
 * Ermengol I (or Armengol), count of Urgell (b. 974)
 * John Kourkouas, Byzantine catepan (approximate date)
 * Maelsuthan Ua Cerbhail, Irish advisor and chronicler
 * Vijayanandi, Indian mathematician (approximate date)

title: 1010


text:
1011

Year 1011 (MXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian Calendar.

Europe

 * June 11 – Lombard Revolt: Mahmoud the Fat of Bari rises up against the Lombard rebels, led by Melus, and delivers the city to Basil Mesardonites, Byzantine governor (catepan) of the Catepanate of Italy. Melus is forced to flee to Salerno, and his brother-in-law Dattus escapes to Monte Cassino, but their families are taken captive, and carted off to Constantinople.
 * Autumn – Basil Mesardonites visits Guaimar III of Salerno to secure his cooperation. Melus is forced to flee again. Basil proceeds to Monte Cassino – and persuades Abbot Atenulf to expel Dattus. Pope Sergius IV supports Dattus with papal troops, to garrison the tower on the Garigliano River, a fortified complex in the territory of the Duchy of Gaeta.
 * King Henry II enfeoffs Adalbero with Carinthia (including the rule over the March of Verona) after the death of Duke Conrad I.
 * The Grand Prince of Kyiv and ruler of Kievan Rus' Vladimir the Great laid the first foundations of Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv.

England

 * September 29 – Siege of Canterbury: Danish Viking raiders led by Thorkell the Tall pillage Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury, as a prisoner.
 * Byrhtferth, Benedictine monk of Ramsey Abbey, writes his Manual (Enchiridion) on the divine order of the universe and time.

Middle East

 * Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), an Arab scientist working in Egypt, feigns madness for fear of angering Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and is kept under house arrest. During this time he begins writing his influential Book of Optics.
 * Baghdad Manifesto is ordered by Caliph Al-Qadir of the Abbasid Caliphate in response to the growth of the Fatimid-supporting Ismaili sect of Islam within his borders.

Asia

 * Emperor Ichijō abdicates the throne and dies later after a 25-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin Sanjō as the 67th emperor of Japan.

Births

 * Jōjin, Japanese Tendai monk (d. 1081)
 * Ralph the Staller, English nobleman (d. 1068)
 * Robert I (the Old), duke of Burgundy (d. 1076)
 * Shao Yong, Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (d. 1077)
 * Yaghi Siyan, Seljuk governor of Antioch (d. 1098)

Deaths

 * February 9 – Bernard I, German nobleman
 * February 23 – Willigis, archbishop of Mainz
 * July 25 – Ichijō, emperor of Japan (b. 980)
 * November 5 – Mathilde, German abbess (b. 949)
 * November 21 – Reizei, emperor of Japan (b. 950)
 * Abu Ali Hasan ibn Ustadh-Hurmuz, Buyid general
 * Albert I, count of Namur (approximate date)
 * Anna Porphyrogenita, Grand Princess of Kiev
 * Boniface, Italian nobleman (approximate date)
 * Conrad I, duke of Carinthia (approximate date)
 * Mahendradatta, queen of Bali (b. 961)
 * Muhammad ibn Suri, Ghurid ruler (malik)
 * Sumbat III, Georgian prince of Tao-Klarjeti
 * Uma no Naishi, Japanese waka poet (b. 949)

title: 1011


text:
1012

Year in topic Year 1012 (MXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * April 12 – Oldřich, Duke of Bohemia, deposes his brother Jaromír, who flees to Poland. Oldřich recognises the suzerainty of King Henry II of Germany over Bohemia. He secures his rule by suppressing the Vršovci insurgents.

England

 * April – King Æthelred the Unready resumes the payment of Danegeld (48,000 pounds of silver) in an attempt to buy off Viking raiders.

Ireland

 * Máel Mórda mac Murchada starts a rebellion against High King Brian Boru in Ireland, which ends in 1014 at the Battle of Clontarf.

Scotland

 * King Malcolm II of Scotland reputedly defeats a Danish army at Cruden Bay.

Arabian Empire

 * Summer – The climax of the Bedouin anti-Fatimid rebellion in Palestine is reached. Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan ibn Ja'far is acclaimed as anti-Caliph with the title of al-Rashid bi-llah ("Righteous with God").

Mexico

 * The Tepanec tribe settles on the western region of Lake Texcoco. The lineage starts when the Chichimeca chieftain Acolhua marries Cuetlaxochitzin, daughter of Xolotl, another Chichimeca chieftain.

Japan

 * February – Fujiwara no Kenshi, daughter of the powerful court official Fujiwara no Michinaga, is elevated to Empress Consort (Chūgū). The Emperor's first wife, Fujiwara no Seishi, is also elevated to Empress (Kōgō) at the same time but Michinaga ensures that court officials do not attend her ceremony.
 * August 12 – Death of Ōe no Masahira, husband of poet and former palace lady-in-waiting Akazome Emon, who writes a number of mourning poems to him.
 * Fujiwara no Yorimichi, second son of Fujiwara no Michinaga, marries the daughter of Michinaga's enemy Fujiwara no Kintō, eventually reconciling the families. Another son of Michinaga, Fujiwara no Akinobu, causes scandal by becoming a priest without telling his parents, but they eventually accept his decision.

Religion

 * April 19 – Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury in England, is murdered by his Danish captors at Greenwich (after refusing to pay a ransom of 3,000 pounds for his release).
 * May 12 – Pope Sergius IV dies after a 3-year pontificate at Rome. He is succeeded by Benedict VIII as the 143rd pope of the Catholic Church.
 * Approximate date – Camaldolese order established by Romuald in Tuscany.

Births

 * August 19 – Baldwin V, count of Flanders (d. 1067)
 * Benedict IX, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
 * Cai Xiang, Chinese calligrapher, official and poet (d. 1067)
 * Durandus of Troarn, French theologian (approximate date)
 * García Sánchez III, king of Pamplona (approximate date)
 * Guo, Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (d. 1035)
 * Maria Dobroniega of Kiev, duchess of Poland (d. 1087)
 * Marpa Lotsawa, Tibetan Buddhist teacher (d. 1097)
 * Rongzom Mahapandita, Tibetan Buddhist scholar (d. 1088)
 * Theobald III of Blois, French nobleman (d. 1089)

Deaths

 * April 1 – Herman III, duke of Swabia
 * April 19 – Ælfheah, archbishop of Canterbury
 * May 12 – Sergius IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 970)
 * May 26 – Erluin II, monk and abbot of Gembloux
 * June 9
 * Tagino, archbishop of Magdeburg
 * Unger, bishop of Poznań
 * August 12 – Walthard, archbishop of Magdeburg
 * September 12 – Ad-Da'i Yusuf, Zaidi imam and ruler
 * October 18 – Coloman of Stockerau, Irish pilgrim
 * December 22 – Baha' al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Iraq
 * Erluin, archdeacon and bishop of Cambrai
 * Gaston II Centule, viscount of Béarn
 * Gundemaro Pinióliz, Spanish nobleman
 * Guy of Anderlecht (or Guido), Christian saint
 * Ibn Faradi, Moorish scholar and historian (b. 962)
 * John II Crescentius, consul and patrician of Rome
 * John Morosini (the Blessed), Venetian abbot
 * Otto, duke of Lower Lorraine (approximate date)
 * Qabus, Ziyarid emir of Gorgan and Tabaristan
 * Roger I, count of Carcassonne (approximate date)
 * Tedald of Canossa, Italian nobleman

title: 1012


text:
1013

Year in topic Year 1013 (MXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * King Henry II of Germany signs a peace treaty at Merseburg with Duke Bolesław I the Brave) of Poland. As part of the treaty, Bolesław pays homage and recognizes Henry as his overlord in exchange for receiving the March of Lusatia (including the town of Bautzen) and the March of Meissen as fiefs. To seal their peace, Bolesław's son Mieszko II marries Richeza of Lotharingia (granddaughter of the late Emperor Otto II).
 * Sulayman ibn al-Hakam reconquers the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and deposes Hisham II. Sulayman becomes the fifth Umayyad caliph of Córdoba (until 1016).
 * Winter – Henry II (anxious to be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor) mobilises a German expeditionary army at Augsburg, to begin his second Italian military campaign.

England

 * Summer – Danish Viking raiders led by Sweyn Forkbeard (accompanied by his son Cnut) sail from Denmark to attack England. Again London defends itself and the Vikings move elsewhere, plundering Wessex, Mercia and Northumbria. King Æthelred the Unready sends his sons Edward and Alfred to Normandy. Æthelred retreats to the Isle of Wight and follows them later into exile.
 * December 25 – Sweyn Forkbeard takes control of the Danelaw and is proclaimed king of England in London. Some of the English provinces refuse to pay homage to Sweyn, who has no dynastic right to claim the throne.

Asia

 * September – Emperor Sanjō of Japan visits the home of influential statesman Fujiwara no Michinaga.
 * December – Fujiwara no Masanobu, an officer of the guard of empress consort Kenshi of Japan, is killed by Fujiwara no Korekane and Michinaga orders the assassin imprisoned.
 * The Four Great Books of Song, the Song dynasty Chinese encyclopedia Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau which has been compiled since 1005, is completed in 1,000 volumes of 9.4 million written Chinese characters.
 * Kaifeng, capital of China, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Córdoba in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).

Religion

 * Æthelred II appoints Lyfing as archbishop of Canterbury in England. He restores Canterbury Cathedral, adding porticus towers and a massive westwork.
 * Beauvais changes from a county to a bishopric (approximate date).

Births

 * July 18 – Hermann of Reichenau, German music theorist (d. 1054)
 * August 15 – Teishi (Yōmeimon-in), Japanese empress consort (d. 1094)
 * September 22 – Richeza (or Adelaide), queen of Hungary (d. 1075)
 * Abu al-Walid al-Baji, Moorish scholar and poet (d. 1081)
 * Guaimar IV of Salerno, Italian nobleman (approximate date)
 * Isaac Alfasi, Algerian Talmudist and posek (d. 1103)

Deaths

 * April 19 – Hisham II, caliph of Córdoba (Spain) (b. 966)
 * June 5 – Al-Baqillani, Arab theologian, jurist and logician
 * c. August – Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, Jarrahid emir (b. c.  977)
 * Al-Mahdi al-Husayn, Zaidi imam of Yemen (b. 987)
 * Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Arab physician, "father of surgery", author of Al-Tasrif (b. 936)
 * Giselbert I, count of Roussillon (Spain) (or 1004)
 * Reginar IV, French nobleman (approximate date)

title: 1013


text:
1015

Year in topic Year 1015 (MXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Asia

 * October – Influential Japanese statesman Fujiwara no Michinaga is appointed to be Associate Regent.
 * November – The newly constructed Japanese imperial residence burns down.
 * Peacocks arrive from the Chinese Song Empire to Fujiwara's mansion in Japan.

Europe

 * July 15 – Vladimir the Great dies at Berestove after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Sviatopolk I as Grand Prince of Kiev.
 * Summer – King Cnut the Great of Denmark launches an invasion of Mercia and Northumbria in England.
 * Emperor Henry II launches a German expedition against Duke Bolesław I the Brave. He invades Poland, but is stopped by Bolesław's forces at Krosno, on the Oder River.
 * Earl Eric Haakonsson outlaws berserkers in Norway.
 * Olaf Haraldsson declares himself King of Norway.

Births

 * Andrew I ("the Catholic"), king of Hungary (d. 1060)
 * Altmann, bishop of Passau (approximate date)
 * Ermesinda of Bigorre, queen of Aragon (d. 1049)
 * Eustace II, count of Boulogne (approximate date)
 * Ferdinand I, king of León and Castile (d. 1065)
 * Frozza Orseolo, margravine of Austria (d. 1071)
 * Harald Hardrada, king of Norway (d. 1066)
 * Herman IV, duke of Swabia (approximate date)
 * John Komnenos, Byzantine aristocrat (d. 1067)
 * Michael V Kalaphates, Byzantine emperor (d. 1042)
 * Otto II, margrave of Montferrat (approximate date)
 * Robert Guiscard, Norman nobleman (d. 1085)
 * Roger de Beaumont, Norman nobleman (d. 1094)

Deaths

 * February 5 – Adelaide, German abbess and saint
 * February 13 – Gilbert of Meaux, French bishop
 * July 15 – Vladimir the Great, Grand Prince of Kiev
 * September 1 – Gero II, margrave of the Saxon Ostmark
 * September 12 – Lambert I, count of Louvain (b. 950)
 * December 14 – Arduin of Ivrea, king of Italy (b. 955)
 * December 20 – Eido I, bishop of Meissen (b. 955)
 * date unknown
 * Æthelmær the Stout, English ealdorman
 * Al-Sharif al-Radi, Persian Shi'ite scholar (b. 970)
 * Gavril Radomir, emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria
 * Geoffrey (or Godfrey), count of Eu (b. 962)
 * Herbert III, count of Vermandois (b. 953)
 * Hugh III, count of Maine (approximate date)
 * Ibn Furak, Muslim imam and theologian (b. 941)
 * Irene of Larissa, empress (tsarina) of Bulgaria
 * Liu Zong, Chinese official of the Song Dynasty
 * Masawaih al-Mardini, Syrian physician and writer
 * Morcar (or Morkere), English minister (thegn)
 * Owain ap Dyfnwal, king of Strathclyde (Scotland)
 * Rodulf of Ivry, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * Sigeferth (or Sigefrith), English chief minister
 * Vikramaditya V, Indian ruler of the Chalukya Empire

title: 1015


text:
1017

Year 1017 (MXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Summer – Melus of Bari, a Lombard nobleman, revolts and is supported by Norman mercenaries at Capua. He marches into Apulia to catch the Byzantine army off-guard. Melus defeats the Byzantines on the banks of the Fortore River and ravages the territory in Apulia.
 * Winter – Emperor Basil II ("the Bulgar Slayer") replaces Leo Tornikios with the new catapan Basil Boioannes and sends him reinforcements (including a detachment of the elite Varangian Guard) from Constantinople.

England

 * January 6 – Cnut ("the Great") is crowned king of England. In July he marries Emma of Normandy, the widow of Æthelred the Unready, securing his ties with Normandy.
 * Cnut divides England into four earldoms: Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria.

Arabian Empire

 * Summer – Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad publicly declares the founding of the Druze religion, during the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

Africa

 * The Sunnis of Kairouan (modern Tunisia) revolt against the Shi'ite Zirid dynasty. The city is quickly retaken and sacked.

Asia

 * March – Fujiwara no Michinaga passes the title of regent of Japan (Sesshō) to his eldest son Fujiwara no Yorimichi.
 * September
 * Prince Atsuakira of Japan, eldest son of ex-Emperor Sanjō, having been struck by a skin disease and under intense pressure from Michinaga, resigns the title of Crown Prince in favour of his younger brother, Prince Atsunaga who marries Fujiwara no Kanshi, daughter of Michinaga.
 * Michinaga makes a pilgrimage to the Iwashimizu Shrine in Japan accompanied by many courtiers. The travelers divide themselves amongst 15 boats for a floating trip down the Yotogawa River. One of the vessels overturns and more than 30 people lose their lives.
 * December 24 – Michinaga is granted the honorary title Daijō-daijin of Japan.
 * Rajendra I, ruler of the Chola dynasty (in modern India), conquers Sri Lanka and annexes the island.

Religion

 * Construction of Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv is started (approximate date).

Births

 * October 28 – Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1056)
 * Ahimaaz ben Paltiel, Italian-Jewish liturgical poet (d. 1060)
 * Bermudo III (or Vermudo), king of León (approximate date)
 * Floris I, count of Friesland west of the Vlie (approximate date)
 * Ramanuja, Indian Sri Vaishnavism philosopher (d. 1137)
 * Vikramabahu (Kassapa VI), king of Sri Lanka (d. 1041)
 * Zhou Dunyi, Chinese philosopher and cosmologist (d. 1073)

Deaths

 * February 5 – Sancho García, count of Castile
 * June 5 – Sanjō, ex-emperor of Japan (b. 976)
 * June 22 – Leo Passianos, Byzantine general
 * July 6 – Genshin, Japanese Tendai scholar (b. 942)
 * September 18 – Henry of Schweinfurt, German nobleman
 * October 6 – Wang Dan, Chinese Grand Chancellor
 * Eadric Streona, ealdorman of Mercia
 * Eadwig Ætheling, son of Æthelred II
 * Elvira of Castile, queen consort of León
 * Emnilda, duchess consort of Poland
 * Fujiwara no Junshi, Japanese empress (b. 957)
 * Judith of Brittany, duchess of Normandy (b. 982)
 * Ma'mun II, Ma'munid ruler of Khwarezm
 * Ramon Borrell, count of Barcelona (b. 972)
 * Renaud of Vendôme, French nobleman

title: 1017


text:
1018

Year 1018 (MXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * January 30 – The Peace of Bautzen: Emperor Henry II signs a peace treaty with Bolesław I the Brave, Duke of Poland, ending the German–Polish War. Poland keeps Lusatia – the Holy Roman Empire keeps Bohemia. With this peace agreement, Bolesław redirects his forces on an offensive against the Kievan Rus'.
 * July 22–23 – Battle of the River Bug: Polish forces under Bolesław I defeat Yaroslav the Wise near the River Bug. Yaroslav retreats to Novgorod, abandoning Kyiv.
 * July 29 – Battle of Vlaardingen: Henry II sends an army towards Holland to subdue the rebellious Count Dirk III. The Imperial forces are defeated near Vlaardingen.
 * August – Ivats, Bulgarian nobleman and rebel leader, is blinded and captured by strategos Eustathios Daphnomeles, confirming Bulgaria's position as part of the Byzantine Empire.
 * August 14 – Bolesław I accepts the surrender of Kyiv by the Pechenegs. He reinstates Sviatopolk I as Grand Prince of Kiev.
 * Battle of Cannae: The Lombard adventurer Melus of Bari and his Norman mercenaries are decisively defeated by the Byzantine army, led by the Catepan Basil Boioannes.
 * October 1 – Battle of Carham: King Malcolm II of Scotland and Owain Foel ("the Bald") of Strathclyde are victorious over either Uhtred the Bold or Eadwulf Cudel, rulers of Bamburgh. The battle confirms Scottish dominance over Lothian.
 * Cnut ("the Great"), King of England, travels to Denmark to succeed his brother Harald II on the Danish throne.

Asia

 * January 22 – Emperor Go-Ichijō of Japan celebrates his coming-of-age ceremony; he is aged 9 at this time.
 * November 26 – 19-year-old Fujiwara no Ishi marries her nephew Go-Ichijō, becoming Empress of Japan (Chugu), the third in succession of the daughters of influential court official Fujiwara no Michinaga to become Empress. Michinaga, who sent her to court in March, holds a banquet in celebration.
 * December – Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitan forces of the Liao dynasty invade Goryeo (North Korea). Goryeo forces led by General Kang Kam-ch'an annihilates the Khitan army at Kusong.

Religion

 * Buckfast Abbey (located near Buckfastleigh) is founded as a Benedictine monastery in England.

Births

 * April 10 – Nizam al-Mulk, Persian scholar and vizier (d. 1092)
 * August 31 – Jeongjong II, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1046)
 * Abul Hasan Hankari, Abbasid scholar and jurist (d. 1093)
 * Bagrat IV, Georgian king of the Bagrationi dynasty (d. 1072)
 * Ermengarde of Anjou, duchess of Burgundy (d. 1076)
 * Harthacnut (or Cnut III), king of Denmark (d. 1042)
 * Michael Psellos, Byzantine monk and philosopher (approximate date)
 * Richilde, countess and regent of Flanders (d. 1086)
 * Victor II, pope of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1057)

Deaths

 * February 24 – Borrell, bishop of Vic (Spain)
 * February 25 – Arnulf II, archbishop of Milan
 * March 22 – Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir, caliph of Córdoba
 * June 23 – Henry I ("the Strong"), margrave of Austria
 * July 7 – Gerberga of Burgundy, duchess of Swabia
 * September 25 – Berthold of Toul, German bishop
 * October 1
 * Gilbert Buatère, Norman nobleman
 * Osmond Drengot, Norman nobleman
 * December 1 – Thietmar, bishop of Merseburg (b. 975)
 * Abd al-Rahman IV, Umayyad caliph of Córdoba
 * Aeddan ap Blegywryd, king of Gwynedd
 * Adolf I of Lotharingia, German nobleman
 * Aldhun, bishop of Lindisfarne (or 1019)
 * Dragomir, ruler of Travunia and Zachlumia
 * Harald II, king and regent of Denmark
 * Ivan Vladislav, emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria
 * Frederick, German nobleman (b. 974)

title: 1018


text:
962

Year 962 (CMLXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * December – Arab–Byzantine wars – Sack of Aleppo: A Byzantine expeditionary force under General Nikephoros Phokas invades northern Syria, and sacks Aleppo, capital of the Hamdanid emir Sayf al-Dawla. In late December Aleppo is taken by storm, with the population killed or enslaved; the city is razed. The Byzantine army takes possession of 390,000 silver dinars, 2,000 camels and 1,400 mules.

Europe

 * February 2 – King Otto I (the Great) is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope John XII at the Old St. Peter's Basilica, ending Rome's feudal anarchy. Otto's wife Adelaide is anointed as empress; the East Frankish Kingdom and the Kingdom of Italy are unified into a common realm, called the Roman Empire.
 * February 13 – Otto I and John XII co-sign the Diploma Ottonianum, confirming John XII as the spiritual head of the Catholic Church. Otto recognizes John XII's secular control over the Papal States – by expanding the domain over the Exarchate of Ravenna, the Duchy of Spoleto, and the Duchy of Benevento.
 * Summer – Otto I makes Oberto I, a margrave of the Obertenghi family, count palatine (a position second only to his own). He is granted the March of Obertenga (Eastern Liguria) and establishes his capital in Genoa. Oberto also receives the possessions of the Abbey of Bobbio (famous for its scriptorium).
 * Otto I takes his army to lay siege at San Giulio, an island within Lake Orta (Piedmont), where Queen Willa (the wife of King Berengar II) has barricaded herself. She surrenders and is allowed to go free by Otto. Willa departs for Montefeltro to join her husband.
 * Otto I proceeds to lay siege to Lake Garda, where the sons of Berengar II, Guy of Ivrea and Adalbert II (co-ruler of Italy), and their supporters are holed up. Finding severe resistance, Otto gives up the enterprise and returns to Pavia, the capital of Lombardy.
 * Fall – Otto I receives news that John XII has betrayed him and entered into intrigues with Berengar II, but also with the Byzantine Empire. The letters are intercepted by Pandulf I (Ironhead), Lombard prince of Benevento.

Scotland

 * Indulf, king of the Scots and Picts, dies after an 8-year reign. He is killed while fighting Vikings near Cullen, at the Battle of Bauds. Indulf is succeeded by his nephew Dub (Dub mac Maíl Coluim) as ruler of Scotland.

Religion

 * St. Paul's Cathedral in London is destroyed by fire, but rebuilt in the same year.

Births

 * Bernard Roger, French nobleman (approximate date)
 * Edward II (the Martyr), king of England (approximate date)
 * Geoffrey (or Godfrey), French nobleman (d. 1015)
 * Ibn Faradi, Moorish scholar and historian (d. 1012)
 * Liu Mei, Chinese official and general (approximate date)
 * Odilo of Cluny, French Benedictine abbot (d. 1049)
 * Rogneda of Polotsk, Grand Princess of Kiev (d. 1002)
 * Wang Qinruo, Chinese chancellor (approximate date)
 * William of Volpiano, Italian abbot and architect (d. 1031)

Deaths

 * April 26 – Adalbero I, bishop of Metz
 * May 23 – Guibert, Frankish abbot (b. 892)
 * October 14 – Gerloc, Frankish noblewoman
 * Æthelwald, ealdorman of East Anglia
 * Baldwin III (the Young), Frankish nobleman
 * Charles Constantine, Frankish nobleman
 * Dong Yuan, Chinese painter (approximate date)
 * Gao Baoxu, king of Nanping (China) (b. 924)
 * Gauzelin, Frankish nobleman and bishop
 * Hamza al-Isfahani, Persian historian (approximate date)
 * Hugh of Vermandois, Frankish archbishop (b. 920)
 * Ibn az-Zayyat, Hamdanid governor
 * Indulf (the Aggressor), king of Scotland
 * Liu Congxiao, Chinese general (b. 906)
 * Ordoño IV, king of León (or 963)
 * Sigurd Haakonsson, Norse Viking nobleman
 * William Taillefer I, Frankish nobleman

title: 962


text:
1055

1055 (MLV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * January 11 – Emperor Constantine IX (Monomachos) dies after a 12½-year reign at Constantinople. He is succeeded by Theodora (a sister of the former Empress Zoë), who is proclaimed by the imperial guard (with strong opposition from the council) as empress of the Byzantine Empire.

Europe

 * King Ferdinand I (the Great) begins his campaign against al-Andalus. He conquers Seia from the Christian allies of the Muslim taifas. In a drive to consolidate his southern border in Portugal – Ferdinand re-populates the city of Zamora with some of his Cantabrian (montañeses) subjects.

England

 * October 24 – Ælfgar, earl of Mercia, is outlawed by the witan ("meeting of wise men"). In revenge he builds a force, and allies himself with the Welsh king Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. After defeating Ralph the Timid (a nephew of King Edward the Confessor), they attack Hereford and raid the church – taking everything of value, leaving the building on fire. The rebels also attack Leominster.
 * Edward the Confessor gives Tostig Godwinson (upon the death of Earl Siward) the important position as earl of Northumbria and the difficult mission of bringing the northern state under control.

Arabian Empire

 * Winter – The Seljuk Turks led by Sultan Tughril capture Baghdad and enter the city in a Roman-styled triumph. Al-Malik al-Rahim, the last Buyid emir in Iraq, is taken prisoner.

Art

 * Construction on the Liaodi Pagoda in Hebei is completed (the tallest pagoda in Chinese history, standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft) tall).

Religion

 * King Andrew I (the Catholic) establishes the Benedictine Tihany Abbey. Its foundation charter is the earliest written record extant in the Hungarian language.
 * April 13 – Pope Victor II succeeds Leo IX as the 153rd pope of the Catholic Church in Rome (until 1057).

Births

 * August 16 – Malik-Shah I, sultan of the Seljuk Empire (d. 1092)
 * September 28 – Uicheon, Korean Buddhist monk (d. 1101)
 * Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde, German noblewoman (d. 1100)
 * Alger of Liège, French clergyman and priest (d. 1131)
 * Bertha of Holland, French queen consort (d. 1094)
 * Fujiwara no Akisue, Japanese nobleman (d. 1123)
 * Gilbert Crispin, Norman abbot and theologian (d. 1117)
 * Gruffudd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)
 * Hildebert, French hagiographer and theologian (d. 1133)
 * Ida of Austria, German duchess and crusader (d. 1101)
 * Judith of Lens, niece of William the Conqueror (or 1054)
 * Machig Labdrön, Tibetan Buddhist teacher (d. 1149)
 * Minamoto no Shunrai, Japanese poet (d. 1129)
 * Terken Khatun, Seljuk empress (approximate date)
 * Vigrahapala III, ruler of the Pala Empire (d. 1070)

Deaths

 * January 10 – Bretislav I, duke of Bohemia
 * January 11 – Constantine IX, Byzantine emperor
 * April 10 – Conrad II, duke of Bavaria (b. 1052)
 * May 26 – Adalbert, margrave of Austria
 * August 28 – Xing Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1016)
 * November 13 – Welf III, duke of Carinthia
 * December 5 – Conrad I, duke of Bavaria
 * A Nong, Chinese shamaness, matriarch and warrior
 * Benedict I, Hungarian politician and archbishop
 * Boniface IV Frederick, margrave of Tuscany
 * Gruffydd ap Rhydderch, king of Deheubarth
 * Mauger (or Malger), archbishop of Rouen
 * Nong Zhigao, Vietnamese chieftain of Nong
 * Rinchen Zangpo, Tibetan Buddhist monk (b. 958)
 * Siward (or Sigurd), earl of Northumbria
 * Theodore Aaronios, Byzantine governor
 * Yan Shu, Chinese statesman and poet (b. 991)

title: 1055


text:
1050

Year 1050 (ML) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Hedeby in Jutland is sacked by King Harald Hardrada of Norway, during the course of a conflict with Sweyn II of Denmark.
 * King Anund Jacob dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his elder half-brother Emund the Old as king of Sweden.
 * Macbeth, King of Scotland, makes a pilgrimage to Rome.

Africa

 * Aoudaghost, an important Berber trading center and rival of Koumbi Saleh, is captured by the Ghana Empire.

Religion

 * King Edward the Confessor unites the English dioceses of Devon and Cornwall. He moves the see from Crediton to Exeter and gives the order to build a cathedral. Leofric becomes the first bishop of Exeter.
 * The brewery of Weltenburg Abbey (modern Germany) is first mentioned, thus making it one of the oldest still operating breweries in the world (approximate date).

Births

 * November 11 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1106)
 * Amadeus II, count of Savoy (approximate date)
 * Berthold II, duke of Swabia (approximate date)
 * Bertrand of Comminges, French bishop (d. 1126)
 * Frederick I, duke of Swabia (approximate date)
 * Leopold II ("the Fair"), margrave of Austria (d. 1095)
 * Lhachen Gyalpo, king of Ladakh (approximate date)
 * Liutold of Eppenstein, German nobleman (approximate date)
 * Li Tang, Chinese landscape painter (approximate date)
 * Lope Íñiguez, lord of Biscay (approximate date)
 * Michael VII Doukas, Byzantine emperor (approximate date)
 * Muhammad al-Baghdadi, Arab mathematician (d. 1141)
 * Muirchertach Ua Briain, king of Munster (approximate date)
 * Olaf I ("Hunger"), king of Denmark (approximate date)
 * Olaf III ("the Peaceful"), king of Norway (approximate date)
 * Osbern of Canterbury, English hagiographer (d. 1090)
 * Peter the Hermit, French priest (approximate date)
 * Sophia of Hungary, duchess of Saxony (approximate date)
 * Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1113)
 * Vidyakara, Indian Buddhist scholar (d. 1130)

Deaths

 * February 10 – Anna, Grand Princess of Kiev (b. 1001)
 * October 29 – Eadsige, archbishop of Canterbury
 * Alferius (or Alferio), Italian abbot and saint (b. 930)
 * Anund Jacob (or James), king of Sweden (b. 1008)
 * Casilda of Toledo, Spanish saint (approximate date)
 * Constantine Arianites, Byzantine general
 * Einar Thambarskelfir, Norwegian nobleman
 * Herleva, Norman noblewoman (approximate date)
 * Hugh of Langres, French bishop and theologian
 * Humphrey de Vieilles, Norman nobleman
 * Michael Dokeianos, Byzantine general
 * Suryavarman I, king of the Khmer Empire
 * Wifred II, count of Cerdanya and Berga
 * Zoë, empress of the Byzantine Empire

title: 1050


text:
1060

Year 1060 (MLX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * August 4 – King Henry I (a member from the House of Capet) dies after a 29-year reign in Vitry-aux-Loges. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Philip I (the Amorous) as king of France. Philip is too young to rule, and his mother, Queen Anne of Kiev becomes regent. France is administered by Count Baldwin V (one of Philip's uncles) who acts as co-regent.
 * Summer – Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard invade Apulia, and capture the cities of Taranto and Brindisi (under control of the Byzantine Empire). Guiscard prepares a Sicilian expedition against the Saracens and returns to Calabria (Southern Italy), where his brother Roger Bosso waits with siege engines.
 * December 6 – Béla I (the Champion) is crowned king of Hungary after his nephew, Solomon is deprived of the crown. He is supported by Duke Bolesław II (the Generous) – who helps him (with Polish troops) to obtain the Hungarian throne.

China

 * The compilation of the New Book of Tang is completed, under a team of scholars led by Ouyang Xiu.

Religion

 * Anselm enters the Benedictine Bec Abbey in Normandy, as a novice (approximate date).

Births

 * February 9 – Honorius II, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1130)
 * September 18 – Godfrey of Bouillon, French nobleman (d. 1100)
 * September 22 – Vitalis of Savigny, Catholic saint and itinerant preacher (d. 1122)
 * Ava (or Ava of Göttweig), German poet (approximate date)
 * Aibert (or Aybert), French monk and hermit (d. 1140)
 * Bernard degli Uberti, bishop of Parma (approximate date)
 * Berthold I, German nobleman (approximate date)
 * Berthold of Garsten, German priest and abbot (d. 1142)
 * Brahmadeva, Indian mathematician (d. 1130)
 * Clementia of Aquitaine, French noblewoman (d. 1142)
 * Diarmait Ua Briain, king of Munster (d. 1118)
 * Duncan II, king of Scotland (approximate date)
 * Constantius Ducas, Byzantine emperor (d. 1081)
 * Diemoth (or Diemudis), German nun and writer (d. 1130)
 * Egbert II, German nobleman (approximate date)
 * Erard I, French nobleman (approximate date)
 * Eric I (the Good), king of Denmark (approximate date)
 * Felicia of Roucy, queen of Aragon and Navarre (d. 1123)
 * Fujiwara no Mototoshi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1142)
 * Gaucherius, French priest and hermit (d. 1140)
 * Godfrey I, count of Louvain (approximate date)
 * Goswin I, count of Heinsberg (approximate date)
 * Gregory of Catino, Italian monk and historian
 * Hamelin de Ballon, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * Herman II, margrave of Baden (approximate date)
 * Hui Zong, Chinese emperor (Western Xia) (d. 1086)
 * Mafalda of Pulla-Calabria, Norman noblewoman (d. 1108)
 * Odo of Tournai, bishop of Cambrai (d. 1113)
 * Odo I (the Red), duke of Burgundy (d. 1102)
 * Olegarius, archbishop of Tarragona (d. 1137)
 * Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham (d. 1128)
 * Richard of Salerno, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * Roger Borsa, Norman nobleman (or 1061)
 * Stephen Harding, English abbot (approximate date)
 * Tokushi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1114)
 * Walo II (or Galon II), French nobleman (d. 1098)

Deaths

 * January 18 – Duduc (or Dudoc), bishop of Wells
 * May 12 – Matilda, duchess of Swabia (d. 1048)
 * August 4 – Henry I, king of France (b. 1008)
 * October 2 – Everelmus, French hermit
 * October 8 – Hugh V, French nobleman
 * October 15 – Luka Zhidiata, bishop of Novgorod
 * November 14 – Geoffrey II, count of Anjou
 * December 2 – Gebhard III, bishop of Regensburg
 * December 22 – Cynesige, archbishop of York
 * Abbas ibn Shith, king (malik) of the Ghurid Dynasty
 * Abdallah ibn Al-Aftas, founder of the Aftasid Dynasty
 * Ahimaaz ben Paltiel, Italian-Jewish liturgical poet (b. 1017)
 * Andrew I (the Catholic), king of Hungary
 * Chaghri Beg, co-ruler of the Seljuk Empire (b. 989)
 * Dharma Pala, ruler of the Pala Dynasty (b. 1035)
 * Dominic Loricatus, Italian monk and hermit (b. 995)
 * Emund the Old, king of Sweden (approximate date)
 * Esico of Ballenstedt, German nobleman (approximate date)
 * Igor Yaroslavich, prince of Smolensk (b. 1036)
 * Isaac I (Komnenos), Byzantine emperor
 * Mei Yaochen, poet of the Song Dynasty (b. 1002)
 * Otto I (or Odon), count of Savoy (approximate date)
 * Pons II (or Pons William), count of Toulouse (b. 991)
 * William I, Norman nobleman (approximate date)

title: 1060


text:
1070

Year 1070 (MLXX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1070th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 70th year of the 2nd millennium, the 70th year of the 11th century, and the 1st year of the 1070s decade.

Events

 * Spring – King Sweyn II joins the English rebels, led by Hereward (the Wake), and captures the Isle of Ely (located in The Fens) in East Anglia. Hereward sacks Peterborough Abbey in support with Sweyn's Danes.
 * Harrying of the North: King William I (the Conqueror) quells rebellions in the north of England, following an invasion by Sweyn II. Widespread famine follows the devastation wrought.
 * April 11 – Archbishop of Canterbury Stigand is deposed.
 * May 1 – After 353 years of being exiled to Lugo due to the muslim ocupation of the city of Braga, the Archdiocese of Braga is restored by order of Ferdinand I of León under Archbishop D. Pedro of Braga thanks to the advancing christian forces during the Reconquista.
 * June – Denmark signs a treaty with England; Sweyn II and his forces leave the country.
 * August 15 – The Pavian-born Benedictine Lanfranc is appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in England.
 * An invasion of England by Malcolm III of Scotland is repelled.
 * Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester, the first Marcher Lord, invades Wales, capturing parts of Gwynedd.
 * A successful Byzantine counter-attack drives the Seljuq Turks across the Euphrates.
 * Bergen is founded by King Olaf III of Norway; it will function as the main city and capital of Norway, until it is replaced by Oslo in 1314.
 * Chinese Chancellor Wang Anshi starts the Xining Reforms (which last until 1085).
 * Jews from Rouen in Normandy settle in England, at the invitation of King William I.
 * The Temple of Literature, Hanoi, is established in Hanoi, capital of Vietnam.
 * Uyghur poet Yusuf Khass Hajib of Balasagun, in the Kara-Khanid Khanate, completes the Kutadgu Bilig ("The Wisdom Which Brings Good Fortune"), and presents it to the prince of Kashgar.
 * Song dynasty Chinese astronomer, engineer, and statesman Su Song completes the compilation of the Ben Cao Tu Jing, a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy.
 * Canterbury Cathedral in England is rebuilt, following a fire.
 * The rebuilding of York Minster in England begins.
 * Construction of Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire, England, by Alan Rufus begins.
 * Approximate date – Halsten Stenkilsson is deposed as king of Sweden, with Håkan the Red becoming king in Götaland, and Anund Gårdske being chosen as king of Svealand.

Births

 * Allucio of Campugliano, Italian diplomat (d. 1134)
 * Bertrade de Montfort, queen of France (d. 1117)
 * Buthaina bint al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Al-Andalus poet
 * Coloman (the Learned), king of Hungary (d. 1116)
 * Eupraxia of Kiev, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1109)
 * Gertrude of Flanders, duchess of Lorraine (d. 1117)
 * Giso IV, count of Gudensberg (approximate date)
 * Gualfardo of Verona, Italian trader and hermit (d. 1127)
 * Guerric of Igny, French abbot (approximate date)
 * Henry I (the Elder), German nobleman (d. 1103)
 * Hugues de Payens, French knight (approximate date)
 * John Komnenos, Byzantine aristocrat and official
 * Lothair Udo III, margrave of the Nordmark (d. 1106)
 * Meinhard I, German nobleman (approximate date)
 * Otto (the Rich), German nobleman (approximate date)
 * Ralph of Pont-Echanfray, Norman knight (d. 1120)
 * Ramiro Sánchez, Spanish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester (d. 1129)
 * Rostislav Vsevolodovich, Kievan prince (d. 1093)
 * Sancho Nunes de Barbosa, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1130)
 * Tescelin le Roux, Burgundian knight (approximate date)
 * Thurstan, archbishop of York (approximate date)
 * William de Corbeil, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1136)
 * William of Champeaux, French philosopher (d. 1121)

Deaths

 * March 6 – Ulric I (or Oldaric), margrave of Carniola
 * April 14 – Gerard (the Great), duke of Lorraine
 * June 12 – Guido of Acqui (or Wido), Italian bishop
 * July 6
 * Godelieve, Flemish saint (approximate date)
 * Said al-Andalusi, Taghlib Arab astronomer (b. 1029)
 * July 17 – Baldwin VI (the Good), count of Flanders
 * Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani, Persian physician and chronicler
 * Athirajendra Chola, Indian ruler of the Chola Empire
 * Áurea of San Millán, Spanish anchorite (b. 1043)
 * Bisantius Guirdeliku, Italian nobleman (patrikios)
 * Filarete of Calabria, Sicilian monk and saint
 * Hārūn ibn Malik al-Turk, Turkic military leader
 * Theobald of Dorat, French monk and saint (b. 990)
 * Vigrahapala III, Indian ruler of the Pala Empire

title: 1070


text:
1010s

The 1010s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1010, and ended on December 31, 1019.

Significant people

 * Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis)
 * Abu Nasr Mansur
 * Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
 * Alhacen (Ibn al-Haytham)
 * Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
 * Basil II
 * Boleslaus I
 * Canute
 * Fujiwara no Michinaga
 * Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
 * Malcolm II of Scotland
 * Al-Qadir caliph of Baghdad
 * Sweyn I

title: 1010s


text:
1030s

The 1030s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1030, and ended on December 31, 1039.

Significant people

 * Al-Qadir caliph of Baghdad
 * Abu Ja'far al-Qa'im caliph of Baghdad
 * Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah caliph of Cairo
 * Godwin, Earl of Wessex

title: 1030s


text:
963

Year 963 (CMLXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * March 15 – Emperor Romanos II dies at age 25, probably of poison administered by his wife, Empress Theophano. He is succeeded by his infant son Basil II. Theophano becomes regent and de facto ruler, naming her other son Constantine VIII (only 3 years old) as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
 * July 2 – Nikephoros II Phokas is proclaimed emperor by his troops in Caesarea. He sends a fleet to secure the Bosphorus Strait against his enemies. Chief minister Joseph Bringas gathers support and closes the gates of Constantinople. General Marianos Argyros is killed in a riot, forcing Bringas to flee.
 * August 16 – Nikephoros II makes a triumphal entry in Constantinople and is hailed as 'the conqueror'. He is crowned emperor in Hagia Sophia.
 * September 20 – Nikephoros II marries the former Byzantine consort Theophano, the widow of Emperor Romanos II, bolstering his legitimacy.

Europe

 * Gero I, margrave of Merseburg, campaigns against the Slavs. He forces Prince Mieszko I of the Polans in Poland to pay tribute to Emperor Otto I (the Great). He expands his territory, the Marca Geronis (March of Gero), to the mouth of the Oder River.
 * Sviatoslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev, begins a 2-year campaign in which he will defeat Khazar forces along the Don River – vanquish the Ossetes and the Circassians in the northern Caucasus. He also successfully attacks the Bulgars on the Volga River.
 * November – Otto arrives at Rome; Pope John XII and Adalbert II (co-ruler of Italy) flee to Campania, taking with them most of the Papal treasury. Otto is warmly received by the Roman citizens as 'liberator'.
 * December – King Berengar II (the father of Adalbert II) surrenders at the fortress of Montefeltro to German forces. He and his wife Willa are taken prisoner, and dispatched to Bamberg.
 * Luxembourg has her beginnings at Luxembourg Castle (located on the Bock), founded by Sigfried, count of the Ardennes.

Asia

 * The Chinese government of the Song Dynasty attempts to ban the practice of cremation; despite this decree, the lower and middle classes continue to cremate their dead, until the government resolves the problem in the 12th century, by establishing public graveyards for paupers.
 * The Nanping State, one of the Ten Kingdoms in south-central China, is forced to surrender, when invaded by armies of the Song Dynasty.

Religion

 * November 6 – Synod of Rome: Otto I calls a council at St. Peter's Basilica. John XII is deposed on charges that he has conducted himself dishonorably and instigated an armed rebellion against Otto.
 * December 6 – Pope Leo VIII is appointed to the office of Protonotary and begins his papacy as antipope of Rome – a reign with the concurrently deposed John XII.
 * The Monastery of Great Lavra at Mount Athos (northeastern Greece) is founded by the Byzantine monk Athanasius the Athonite.

Births

 * March 13 – Anna Porphyrogenita, Grand Princess of Kiev (d. 1011)
 * April 17 – Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark and Norway (d. 1014)
 * Edith of Wilton, English princess and abbess (approximate date)
 * Li Jiqian, Chinese governor and rebel leader (d. 1004)
 * Nuh II, emir of the Samanid Dynasty (Iran) (d. 997)
 * Samsam al-Dawla, Buyid emir (approximate date)
 * Snorri Goði, Icelandic Viking chieftain (d. 1031)

Deaths

 * March 15 – Romanos II, Byzantine emperor (b. 938)
 * March 31 – Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Saffarid emir (b. 906)
 * April 3 – William III, duke of Aquitaine (b. 915)
 * April 10 – Oda of Metz, German noblewoman
 * April 16 – William I, German nobleman
 * April 18 – Stephen Lekapenos, Byzantine co-emperor
 * August 16 – Marianos Argyros, Byzantine general
 * Abu Muhammad al-Hasan, Buyid vizier
 * Alp-Tegin, Samanid commander-in-chief
 * Donnchad mac Cellacháin, king of Munster (Ireland)
 * Fothad I, bishop of St. Andrews (approximate date)
 * Goltregoda, Frankish countess and regent (b. 920)
 * Ingeborg Tryggvasdotter, Viking noblewoman
 * John II, duke of Gaeta (Italy) (approximate date)
 * Michael Maleinos, Byzantine monk (approximate date)
 * Ordoño IV (the Bad), king of León (or 962)
 * Rudolfe II (or Raoul), Frankish nobleman
 * Tryggve Olafsson, Norse Viking king
 * Wang, empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 942)

title: 963