text:
1711

In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Tuesday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

January–March

 * January – Cary's Rebellion: The Lords Proprietor appoint Edward Hyde to replace Thomas Cary, as the governor of the North Carolina portion of the Province of Carolina. Hyde's policies are deemed hostile to Quaker interests, leading former governor Cary and his Quaker allies to take up arms against the province.
 * January 24 – The first performance of Francesco Gasparini's most famous opera Tamerlano takes place at the Teatro San Cassiano in Venice.
 * February – French settlers at Fort Louis de la Mobile celebrate Mardi Gras in Mobile (Alabama), by parading a large papier-mache ox head on a cart (the first Mardi Gras parade in America).
 * February 3 – A total lunar eclipse occurs, at 12:31 UT.
 * February 24
 * Thomas Cary, after declaring himself Governor of North Carolina, sails an armed brigantine up the Chowan River, to attack Governor Hyde's forces fortified at Colonel Thomas Pollock's plantation. The attack fails, and Cary's forces retreat.
 * Rinaldo by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage, premieres at the Queen's Theatre, Haymarket.
 * March 1 – The Spectator is founded by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in London.

April–June

 * April 3 – Clipperton Island is rediscovered by Frenchmen Martin de Chassiron and Michel Du Bocage, who draws up the first map and claims the island for France. The island had been discovered by Alvaro Saavedra Cedrón in 1528.
 * April 5 (Easter Sunday) – The central tower of Elgin Cathedral in northeast Scotland collapses.
 * April 13 – The Treaty of the Lutsk, a secret agreement between the Tsardom of Russia and the Ottoman Protectorate of Moldavia is signed in Lutsk, Poland-Lithuania (modern-day Ukraine).
 * April 17 – Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor dies, opening the way for the succession of his brother Charles VI. This complicates the ongoing War of the Spanish Succession as Charles is one of the two candidates for the Spanish throne, backed by the Grand Alliance.
 * April 29 – A rabid wolf fatally injures two shepherds in Roncà, North Italy; it also attacks livestock.
 * May – Alexander Pope publishes the poem An Essay on Criticism in London.
 * May 25 – In Denmark, Helsingør is put under military blockade to prevent an outbreak of plague from spreading to Copenhagen; this year about one third of Helsingør's population is killed by the disease.
 * June 18 – King Louis XIV becomes the longest-reigning monarch in the world, surpassing the previous record of 68 years set by Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal in 683. As of 2022, Louis XIV still holds this record.

July–September

 * July 2 – Cary's Rebellion: Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia dispatches a company of Royal Marines to assist Governor Hyde. After hearing of this, Cary's troops abandon all of their fortifications along the Pamlico River. Cary and many of his supporters are soon caught and sent to England as prisoners, ending Cary's Rebellion.
 * July 11 – The town of São Paulo, Brazil, is elevated to city status.
 * July 21 – The Treaty of the Pruth is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia, ending the Pruth River Campaign.
 * July 29 – Total lunar eclipse at 17:50 UT.
 * August 1 – The Dutch East India Company trading ship Zuytdorp leaves the Netherlands on an ill-fated voyage to Indonesia bearing a load of freshly minted silver coins. The wreck site remains unknown until the mid-20th century, on a remote part of the Western Australian coast between Kalbarri and Shark Bay.
 * August 7 – Capture of the galleon San Joaquin: Spanish galleon San Joaquin in a treasure fleet sailing from Cartagena de Indias (modern-day Colombia) to Spain surrenders after an engagement with five British ships.
 * August 9 – John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough with an army of 30,000 besieges Bouchain in the War of the Spanish Succession. The siege lasts 34 days and results in the last major victory for Churchill.
 * August 11 – The first horse race is held at the newly founded Ascot Racecourse, which becomes one of the leading racecourses in England.
 * August 13 – Tamachi Raisinhji becomes Jam Sahib (ruling prince) of Nawanagar State in Gujarat, India.
 * August 14 – The inauguration of the newly built Cathedral of the Assumption takes place in Gozo, Malta.
 * August 22 – The Quebec Expedition, a British attempt to attack Quebec as part of Queen Anne's War, fails when 8 of its ships are wrecked in the Saint Lawrence River and 890 people, mostly soldiers, drown.
 * September 8 – The South Sea Company receives a Royal Charter in Britain.
 * September 10 (also dated September 12) – John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried, two African American slaves and two Native Americans leave on an exploration expedition from New Bern, North Carolina, and travel north by canoe up the Neuse River.
 * September 14 (approximate date) – Tuscarora natives capture John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried and their expeditionary party, and bring them to Catechna.
 * September 16 (approximate date) – Tuscarora natives kill Lawson. Von Graffenried and one African American slave are known to have been set free.
 * September 18 – Bishop Bogusław Gosiewski sells the town of Maladzyechna in the Minsk Region of Belarus to the mighty Ogiński family.
 * September 22 – The Tuscarora War begins when Tuscarora natives under the command of Chief Hancock raid settlements along the south bank of the Pamlico River, within the Province of Carolina (modern-day North Carolina), killing around 130 people.

October–December

 * October 7 – HMS Feversham (1696) is wrecked on Scaterie Island, Nova Scotia with the loss of 102 lives.
 * October 11 – Panic kills 241 people in the stampede on the Guillottière bridge in France near Lyon. Revelers returning from a festival on the other side of the Rhône river are blocked by from crossing after a collision between a carriage and a cart. At least 25 fall off the bridge and into the river, while 216 are trampled by people behind them.
 * October 14
 * Yostos kills Tewoflos, becoming Emperor of Ethiopia.
 * Woodes Rogers returns to England after a successful round-the-world privateering cruise against Spain, carrying loot worth £150,000.
 * October 16 – Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts is established in Brussels.
 * November 5 – The southwest spire of Southwell Minster in Nottinghamshire, England is struck by lightning, resulting in a fire that spreads to the nave and tower, destroying roofs, bells, clock and organ.
 * November 7 – The Dutch East India Company ship Liefde runs aground and sinks off Out Skerries, Shetland, with the loss of all but one of her 300 crew.
 * December 5 – Great Northern War: the Battle of Wismar results in a Danish victory over Swedish forces.
 * December 7 – In the Parliament of Great Britain the Earl of Nottingham successfully proposes a "No Peace Without Spain" amendment.
 * December 8 – The Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Comayagua in Honduras, one of the oldest cathedrals in Central America, is inaugurated.
 * December 12 – A constitution is approved for the Academy of Sciences of the Institute of Bologna, which had been founded in 1690.
 * December 13 – Wall Street in New York City becomes the city's first official slave market for the sale and rental of enslaved Africans and Indians.
 * December 15 – The Old Pummerin, a massive bell cast from 208 captured cannons, is consecrated by Bishop Franz Ferdinand Freiherr von Rummel in preparation for its installation in St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna (the Stephansdom).
 * December 25 – The rebuilding of St Paul's Cathedral in London to a design by Sir Christopher Wren is declared complete by Parliament; Old St Paul's had been destroyed by the 1666 Great Fire of London.

Date unknown

 * John Shore invents the tuning fork.
 * Luigi Ferdinando Marsili shows that coral is an animal rather than a plant as previously thought.

Births

January–March

 * January 1 – Baron Franz von der Trenck, Austrian noble (d. 1749)
 * January 3
 * Charles Moss, British bishop of Bath and Wells (d. 1802)
 * Giuseppe Capece Zurlo, Italian cardinal who served as Archbishop of Naples (d. 1801)
 * January 12 – Gaetano Latilla, Italian opera composer (d. 1788)
 * January 15 – Sidonia Hedwig Zäunemann, German poet (d. 1740)
 * January 22 – Johann Phillip Fabricius, German missionary (d. 1791)
 * January 28 – Johan Hörner, Swedish-born Danish portrait painter (d. 1763)
 * January 29 – Giuseppe Bonno, Austrian composer (d. 1788)
 * January 30 – Abraham Roentgen, German Ébéniste (cabinetmaker) (d. 1793)
 * February 2 – Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Austrian diplomat and chancellor (d. 1794)
 * February 3 – Omar Ali Saifuddin I, Sultan of Brunei (d. 1795)
 * February 4 – Józef Aleksander Jabłonowski, Polish prince (d. 1777)
 * February 5 – Joseph Umstatt, Austrian composer of the early Classical era (d. 1762)
 * February 6 – Charles Sackville, 2nd Duke of Dorset, English cricketer (d. 1769)
 * February 9
 * Anthony Ashley Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury, England (d. 1771)
 * Luis Vicente de Velasco, Spanish officer and commander in the Royal Spanish Navy (d. 1762)
 * February 10 – John Plumptre, British politician (d. 1791)
 * February 13 – Domènec Terradellas, Spanish opera composer (d. 1751)
 * February 14 – Alexandra Kurakina, daughter of Lieutenant-General and Senator Ivan Panin (d. 1786)
 * February 23 – Louis de Brienne de Conflans d'Armentières, French general (d. 1774)
 * February 25
 * Tokugawa Gorōta, Japanese daimyō (d. 1713)
 * John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont, British politician with Irish connections (d. 1770)
 * February 27
 * Gerrit de Graeff, member of the De Graeff family from the Dutch Golden Age (d. 1752)
 * Constantine Mavrocordatos, Prince of Wallachia and Moldavia (d. 1769)
 * March 4 – Matthäus Stach, Moravian missionary in Greenland (d. 1787)
 * March 5 – Carl Gustaf Pilo, Swedish-born artist and painter (d. 1793)
 * March 11 – Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown, Irish peer and politician (d. 1783)
 * March 22 – Samuel Gotthold Lange, German poet (d. 1781)
 * March 24 – William Brownrigg, doctor and scientist (d. 1800)

April–June

 * April 2 – Job Baster, Dutch naturalist (d. 1775)
 * April 3 – Hartwig Karl von Wartenberg, Royal Prussian major general (d. 1757)
 * April 10 – John Gambold, British bishop (d. 1771)
 * April 13 – John Mitchell, colonial American physician and botanist (d. 1768)
 * April 14 – Lord John Murray, British general and politician (d. 1787)
 * April 22
 * Paul II Anton, Prince Esterházy (d. 1762)
 * Eleazar Wheelock, American President of Dartmouth College (d. 1779)
 * April 26
 * Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, French writer (d. 1780)
 * David Hume, Scottish philosopher, economist, and historian (d. 1776)
 * May 1 – Richard Clarke, Massachusetts merchant (d. 1795)
 * May 7 – Johann Friedrich Gräfe, German civil servant and an amateur composer (d. 1787)
 * May 9 – Sir Mark Sykes, 1st Baronet, priest in the Church of England (d. 1783)
 * May 10 – Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, member of the House of Hohenzollern (d. 1763)
 * May 12 – Abraham Darby II, English ironmaster (d. 1763)
 * May 17 – Agustín de Jáuregui, Spanish colonial governor (d. 1784)
 * May 18 – Roger Joseph Boscovich, Croatian-Italian priest and mathematician (d. 1787)
 * May 22 – Guillaume du Tillot, French politician (d. 1774)
 * May 23 – Ulla Tessin, Swedish courtier (d. 1768)
 * May 31 – Johann Heinrich Samuel Formey, German writer (d. 1797)
 * June 6 – Jean-Baptiste Coye, Occitan language writer (d. 1771)
 * June 7 – François Jacquier, French Franciscan mathematician and physicist (d. 1788)
 * June 8 – Charles Morris, Canadian judge (d. 1781)
 * June 12 – Louis Legrand, French Sulpician priest and theologian (d. 1780)
 * June 13 – Sir Richard Glyn, 1st Baronet, of Ewell, British banker and politician (d. 1773)
 * June 16 – François-Louis de Pourroy de Lauberivière, fifth bishop of the diocese of Quebec (1739–1740) (d. 1740)
 * June 19 – Jacob Bremer, Swedish merchant and industrialist (d. 1785)
 * June 23 – Giovanni Battista Guadagnini, Italian luthier (d. 1786)

July–September

 * July 10 – Princess Amelia of Great Britain, Second daughter of George II of Great Britain (d. 1786)
 * July 11 – Anne Poulett, British politician (d. 1785)
 * July 18 – John Olmius, 1st Baron Waltham, of Ireland (d. 1762)
 * July 22 – Georg Wilhelm Richmann, German physicist (d. 1753)
 * July 24 – Richard FitzWilliam, 6th Viscount FitzWilliam (d. 1776)
 * July 26
 * Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German music historian, polymath (d. 1778)
 * Jacques Hardouin-Mansart de Sagonne, French architect (d. 1778)
 * July 27 – Christian Ancher, Norwegian merchant (d. 1765)
 * July 29 – Claude-Adrien Nonnotte, French writer (d. 1793)
 * August 19
 * Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu, Canadian officer during King George's War and the Seven Years' War (d. 1755)
 * Edward Boscawen, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1761)
 * Gabriel de Solages, French soldier and industrialist (d. 1799)
 * August 21 – Bernardo de Hoyos, Beatified Spanish priest (d. 1735)
 * September 1 – William IV, Prince of Orange, first hereditary stadtholder of the Netherlands (d. 1751)
 * September 2 – Noël Hallé, French painter (d. 1781)
 * September 5 – Johann Nathanael Lieberkühn, German physician (d. 1756)
 * September 6 – Henry Muhlenberg, Lutheran clergyman and missionary (d. 1787)
 * September 8 – Flavio Chigi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1771)
 * September 9 – Thomas Hutchinson, historian and last civilian Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (d. 1780)
 * September 11 – Alexandre Guy Pingré, Catholic priest and scientist (d. 1796)
 * September 14 – Michele Foschini, Italian painter (d. 1770)
 * September 15 – Heinrich IX, Count Reuss of Köstritz, Count of Reuss-Köstritz and Minister of Prussia (d. 1780)
 * September 17 – John Zephaniah Holwell, British surgeon (d. 1798)
 * September 18 – Ignaz Holzbauer, composer of symphonies (d. 1783)
 * September 19 – Charles Holmes, Rear admiral in the British Navy during the Seven Years' War (d. 1761)
 * September 20
 * Ignazio Cirri, Italian organist and composer in the 18th century (d. 1787)
 * Frederick August I, Duke of Oldenburg (d. 1785)
 * September 22 – Thomas Wright, English astronomer (d. 1786)
 * September 23 – Louis Nicolas Victor de Félix d'Ollières, Marshal of France (d. 1775)
 * September 25 – Qianlong Emperor, sixth Emperor of the Qing dynasty in China (d. 1799)
 * September 26 – Richard Grenville-Temple, 2nd Earl Temple, British politician and first Lord of the Admiralty (d. 1779)
 * September 28 – Joseph Richardson Sr., American silversmith (d. 1784)

October–December

 * October 8 – Kumara Swamy Desikar, Indian philosopher (d. 1810)
 * October 9 – James Grimston, 2nd Viscount Grimston, British peer and Member of Parliament (d. 1773)
 * October 14 – John Smith, British astronomer (d. 1795)
 * October 15
 * William Cooke, English cleric and academic (d. 1797)
 * Daniel Parke Custis, American planter (d. 1757)
 * Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine, Sardinian queen consort (d. 1741)
 * October 17 – Jupiter Hammon, American writer (d. 1806)
 * October 20 – Timothy Ruggles, American colonial politician (d. 1795)
 * October 21 – Armand-Jérôme Bignon, French lawyer (d. 1772)
 * October 31 – Laura Bassi, Italian physicist and academic (d. 1778)
 * November 1 – Marcus Fredrik Bang, Norwegian bishop (d. 1789)
 * November 5 – Kitty Clive, British actor (d. 1785)
 * November 10 – Robert Hay Drummond, Archbishop of York (d. 1776)
 * November 11 – Stepan Krasheninnikov, Russian scientist (d. 1755)
 * November 18 – Franz Töpsl, German historian and Augustinian Canon Regular (d. 1796)
 * November 19
 * John Berrien, farmer and merchant from Rocky Hill (d. 1772)
 * Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian polymath (d. 1765)
 * November 20 – Niclas Gustaf Duncan, Swedish post official and spy (d. 1771)
 * November 21 – Samuel Morris, merchant and Patriot in colonial and revolutionary-era Philadelphia (d. 1782)
 * November 27 – Gerard Joan Vreeland, 28th Governor of Ceylon during the Dutch period in Ceylon (d. 1752)
 * November 30 – Ebenezer Kinnersley, American scientist (d. 1778)
 * December 4 – Barbara of Portugal, infanta of Portugal and later Queen of Ferdinand VI of Spain (d. 1758)
 * December 21 – Thomas Whitmore, British Whig politician and MP (d. 1773)
 * December 23 – Jacob Fortling, German-Danish sculptor (d. 1761)
 * December 25 – Jean-Joseph de Mondonville, French composer and violinist (d. 1772)
 * December 26 – Maria Menshikova, daughter of Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov (d. 1729)
 * December 28 – Samuel Egerton, British landowner and politician (d. 1780)
 * Full Date Unknown – Mariot Arbuthnot, British admiral during the American War for Independence (d. 1794)
 * Susanna Passavant, Jeweller and toy designer (d. 1790)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Philips van Almonde, Dutch admiral (b. 1644)
 * January 16 – Blessed Joseph Vaz, Apostle of Ceylon (b. 1651)
 * January 10 – John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland, English nobleman and politician (b. 1638)
 * January 21 – Augustinus Terwesten, 18th century painter from the Northern Netherlands (b. 1649)
 * January 26 – Luis Francisco de la Cerda, Spanish noble, politician (b. 1660)
 * February 3 – Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1660)
 * March 3 – Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried (1676–1711) (b. 1649)
 * March 13 – Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux, French poet and critic (b. 1636)
 * March 15 – Eusebio Kino, Italian Catholic missionary (b. 1645)
 * March 19 – Thomas Ken, English bishop and hymn-writer (b. 1637)
 * March 29 – Gabriel Gerberon, French Jansenist monk (b. 1628)
 * April 9 – Charles Duncombe, British politician (b. 1648)
 * April 14 – Louis, Grand Dauphin, son of Louis XIV of France (b. 1661)
 * April 17 – Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1678)
 * May 2 – Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, English statesman (b. 1641)
 * June 7 – Henry Dodwell, Irish theologian (b. 1641)
 * June 8 – Katharyne Lescailje, Dutch writer (b. 1649)
 * June 16 – Maria Amalia of Courland, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1653)
 * July 6 – James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, Scottish politician (b. 1662)
 * July 15 – John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, England (b. 1662)
 * July 18 – Richard Verney, 11th Baron Willoughby de Broke, English baron (b. 1622)
 * July 19 – Date Tsunamune, Japanese daimyō of Sendai han (b. 1640)
 * August 22 – Louis François, duc de Boufflers, Marshal of France (b. 1644)
 * August 25 – Edward Villiers, 1st Earl of Jersey, English politician (b. c. 1656)
 * August 30 – Pieter Spierinckx, Flemish painter (b. 1635)
 * August 31 – Jean Le Pelletier, French polygraph and alchemist (b. 1633)
 * September 3 – Élisabeth Sophie Chéron, French musician (b. 1648)
 * September 14 – Claude Aveneau, French missionary (b. 1650)
 * September 17 – Giovanni Maria Gabrielli, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1654)
 * September 19 – Davide Cocco Palmieri, Italian Catholic bishop (b. 1632)
 * October 5 – Paulet St John, 3rd Earl of Bolingbroke, English politician (b. 1634)
 * October 14 – Tewoflos, Emperor of Ethiopia
 * October 30 – Wilhelmus à Brakel, Dutch theologian (b. 1635)
 * November 3
 * John Ernest Grabe, German-born Anglican theologian (b. 1666)
 * Giordano Vitale, Italian mathematician (b. 1633)
 * Date unknown – Cille Gad, Norwegian poet (b. 1675)

title: 1711


text:
1130

Year 1130 (MCXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

 * January 22 – Jin–Song Wars: Jin forces take Hangzhou.
 * February 4 – Jin–Song Wars: Jin forces take Shaoxing.
 * February 14 – Pope Innocent II succeeds Pope Honorius II, as the 164th pope. Other factions (including Roger II of Sicily), however, support Anacletus II as pope, leading to the papal schism of 1130, and Innocent flees to France.
 * March 26 – Magnus IV and his uncle Harald Gille become joint kings of Norway, starting the civil war era in Norway.
 * April 24 – Jin–Song Wars: Battle of Huangtiandang – Naval forces of the Song Dynasty trap Wuzhu's Jin troops in the city for 48 days.
 * December 25 – Antipope Anacletus crowns Roger II of Sicily king.
 * Approximate date – Magnus the Strong is deposed as king of Götaland, when Sverker the Elder proclaims himself king of Sweden.

Births

 * Eustace IV of Boulogne, a Count of Boulogne and the son and heir of King Stephen of England (approximate date; d. 1153)
 * Daoji, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 1207)
 * Baldwin III of Jerusalem (d. 1162)
 * Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (d. 1176)
 * Zhu Xi, Chinese Confucian scholar (d. 1200)

Deaths

 * February 13 – Pope Honorius II (b. 1060)
 * March 26 – King Sigurd I of Norway (b. c. 1090)
 * October 16 – Pedro González de Lara, Castilian magnate
 * November 11 – Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal, Portuguese regent (b. 1080)
 * date unknown
 * Brahmadeva, Indian mathematician (b. 1060)
 * Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon (b. 1074)
 * Robert of Bellême, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury (b. 1052)
 * Alam al-Malika, Yemenite politician
 * Diemoth, German nun and writer (b. 1060) (approximately)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1130


text:
1143

Year 1143 (MCXLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * April 8 – Emperor John II (Komnenos) dies of a poisoned arrow wound while hunting wild boar on Mount Taurus in Cilicia. He is succeeded by his 24-year-old son Manuel I, who is chosen as his successor, in preference to his elder surviving brother Isaac. Manuel dispatches John Axouchos, his commander-in-chief (megas domestikos), to Constantinople ahead of him – with orders to arrest Isaac in the Great Palace.

Levant

 * November 13 – King Fulk of Jerusalem dies after a hunting accident in Acre. He is succeeded by his 13-year-old son Baldwin III – who is crowned as co-ruler alongside his mother, Queen Melisende on Christmas Day. Due to the political situation the Crusader States of Tripoli, Antioch and Edessa assert their independence. Raymond of Antioch demands the return of Cilicia to his principality and invades the province.

Europe

 * Spring – King Conrad III gives Bavaria to his half-brother Henry II (Jasomirgott). His wife, Gertrude (daughter of the late Emperor Lothair III) dies in childbirth at Klosterneuburg Monastery in Lower Austria on April 18.
 * October 5 – Treaty of Zamora: The Kingdom of Portugal is recognized by King Alfonso VII (the Emperor) of León and Castile in the presence of his cousin, King Afonso I of Portugal and papal representatives.
 * Adolf II, count of Schauenburg and Holstein, founds Lübeck – which later becomes one of the leading Hanseatic cities. He divides the conquered Slavic lands, as part of the eastward expansion in Germany.
 * Geoffrey V (the Fair) becomes Count of Anjou upon news of the death of his father Fulk.

England

 * July 1 – Battle of Wilton: Earl Robert of Gloucester (illegitimate son of the late King Henry I) defeats the English forces of King Stephen during a surprise attack at Wilton Abbey. In the darkness, Stephen escapes, while his steward William Martel fights a rearguard action to delay the pursuers.
 * Autumn – Stephen arrests Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex, during a meeting of the Royal Court at St. Albans. He is charged with treason against Stephen, but given his freedom back in return for surrendering his title and castles. Geoffrey becomes an outlaw and fortifies Ramsey Abbey, where he sets up his headquarters to plunder the countryside of Ely.

Africa

 * Norman raiders capture Jijel (modern Algeria). A Norman raid on Ceuta fails, but at the same time the Normans lead a successful assault against Sfax.

Religion

 * September 23 – Pope Innocent II dies at Rome after a 13-year pontificate. He is succeeded by Celestine II as the 165th pope of the Catholic Church.

Literature

 * Robert of Ketton makes the first European translation of the Qur'an for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, into Latin.

Births

 * July 31 – Nijō, emperor of Japan (d. 1165)
 * Balian of Ibelin, French nobleman (d. 1193)
 * Beatrice I, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1184)
 * Fujiwara no Motozane, Japanese waka poet (d. 1166)
 * Jigten Sumgön, founder of the Drikung Kagyu (d. 1217)
 * Konoe Motozane, Japanese nobleman (d. 1166)
 * Mu'in al-Din Chishti, Persian preacher (d. 1236)
 * Philip I (of Alsace), count of Flanders (d. 1191)

Deaths

 * January 12 – Leo of Constantinople, Byzantine patriarch
 * January 26 – Ali ibn Yusuf, ruler of the Almoravids (b. 1084)
 * February 6 – Hugh II of Burgundy, French nobleman (b. 1084)
 * April 8 – John II (Komnenos), Byzantine emperor (b. 1087)
 * April 18 – Gertrude, German duchess and regent (b. 1115)
 * June 24 – Ermesinde, French noblewoman (b. 1080)
 * August 2 – Muño Alfonso, Galician military leader
 * September 23 – Innocent II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * September 24 – Agnes, daughter of Henry IV (b. 1072)
 * November 13 – Fulk (the Younger), king of Jerusalem
 * December 24 – Miles of Gloucester, English nobleman
 * Alexander of Telese, Italian chronicler and abbot
 * Gilla Aenghus Ua Chlúmháin, Irish poet and writer
 * Kogyo-Daishi, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. 1095)
 * William of Malmesbury, English monk and historian
 * Yelü Dashi, founder of the Qara Khitai (b. 1094)

title: 1143


text:
1124

Year 1124 (MCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1124th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 124th year of the 2nd millennium, the 24th year of the 12th century, and the 5th year of the 1120s decade.

January – March

 * January – Belek Ghazi, Bey of Artuqids, and Toghtekin, Emir of Damascus, breach the defenses of Azaz (northwest of Aleppo in Syria but are repulsed by Crusaders.
 * February 15 – the Venetians and the Franks begin the siege of the seaport of Tyre, now in Lebanon, ruled by Toghtekin, the atabeg of Damascus. The Christian army is led by the Patriarch of Antioch, the doge of Venice, Pons, Count of Tripoli and William de Bury, the king's constable.
 * March 26 – Henry I of England's forces defeat Norman rebels at the Battle of Bourgthéroulde.

April – June

 * April 27 – David I succeeds Alexander I, to become King of Scotland.
 * May 6 – Belek Ghazi, Bey of Artuqids is hit and killed by an arrow during the siege of Manbij.
 * June 6 –German missionary Otto of Bamberg carries out the first baptism on his mission to convert residents of the Duchy of Pomerania (now in Poland) to Christianity, carrying out a baptism in Pyritz (now Pyrzyce)
 * June – Toghtekin, the atabeg of Damascus, sends envoys to the Crusaders encampment to negotiate peace. After lengthy and difficult discussions it is agreed that the terms of surrender would include letting those who wanted to leave the city to take their families and property with them, while those who wanted to stay would keep their houses and possessions. This was unpopular with some of the crusaders, who wanted to loot the city.

July – September

 * July 7 (June 29 O.S.)(14 Jumada 518 AH – Tyre falls to the Crusaders.
 * July 27; Thu'ban ibn Muhammad is appointed as the new Turkish governor of Aleppo by the Fatimid caliph, al-Zahir li-I'zaz Din Allah.
 * August 11 – A solar eclipse takes place over northern Europe, after Sigurd the Crusader, King of Norway, leads the Kalmare ledung, a naval attack on Kalmar, in order to Christianize the region of Småland. A historian later notes that Sigurd's crusade happened in the summer before "the great darkness".
 * August 29 – Baldwin II of Jerusalem is released by Timurtash. After negotiations are made, with the Crusaders paying 80,000 dinars and to cede Atarib, Zardana, Azaz and other Antiochene fortresses to Timurtash.  Baldwin also promises to assist Timurtash against the Bedouin warlord, Dubais ibn Sadaqa.  Once 20,000 dinars are paid and a dozen hostages (including Baldwin's youngest daughter Ioveta and Joscelin's son Joscelin II) are handed over to Timurtash to secure the payment of the balance, Baldwin is released.
 * September – After agreeing to help Timurtash fight a rival, the Amir Dubays bin Sadaqa, as a condition of being released, King Baldwin II of Jerusalem enters into an alliance with Dubays and promises him parts of the territory of Aleppo.  Timurtash asks for help from his brother Suleiman of Mayyafariqin, but the two brothers fail to get along, leaving Aleppo vulnerable.

October – December

 * October 6 – The siege of Aleppo by Baldwin II of Jerusalem and his allies begins. The fortress surrenders after less than four months, on January 25.
 * November 1 – Beltrán de Risnel confirms two charters of issued by King Alfonso VII during the reign of Queen Urraca of León and Castile.
 * November 5 – Gutierre Fernández de Castro and his wife Toda receive half of the lands owned by her grandmother, Teresa, at Quintanilla Rodano, Quintana Fortuno and Sotopalacios.
 * November 19 – Archbishop Adelbert I of Mainz acknowledges ownership by Odo of the Abbey of Saint-Remi in Reims, as wellas the churches around Kusel, of the Church of Kusel, Altenglan, Konken and Pfeffelbach.
 * December 9 – Raymond du Puy of France formally History of the Knights Hospitaller in the Levant and issues his first official act.
 * December 16 – 1124 papal election: Teobaldo Boccapecci is elected the new Pope, three days after the death of Pope Callixtus II. Boccapecci takes the name Celestine II, but the Frangipani family attacks the investment ceremony and Boccapecci is injured. He resigns before being enthroned in order to avoid schism.
 * December 21 – 1124 papal election: Lamberto Scannabecchi is elected Pope after Teobaldo Boccapecci is rejected. Scannabecchi takes the name Pope Honorius II.

Europe

 * Gaufrid is consecrated as the first Abbot of Dunfermline Abbey.
 * The Dun Beal Gallimhe is erected by King Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair of Connacht.
 * In Ireland, Saint Malachy, the great reformer of the Church, is made a bishop.
 * (Approximate date) – The High School of Glasgow is founded as the choir school of Glasgow Cathedral, in Scotland.

North America

 * Arnald becomes the first Bishop of Greenland.

Births

 * Ottokar III of Styria, Margrave (d. 1164)
 * Possible date – Eleanor of Aquitaine, Duchess of Aquitaine, queen consort successively of France and England, and patron of the arts (d. 1204)

Deaths

 * February 2 – Bořivoj II, Duke of Bohemia (b. c. 1064)
 * March 15 – Ernulf, Bishop of Rochester (b. c. 1040)
 * April 23 – King Alexander I of Scotland (b. c. 1078)
 * June 12 – Hasan-i Sabbah, founder of the Nizari Ismaili state (b. c. 1250)
 * June 24 – Nicholas of Worcester, prior of the Benedictine priory of Worcester Cathedral
 * December 13 – Pope Callixtus II, Burgundian-born Catholic religious leader (b. c. 1065)
 * Guibert of Nogent, French historian and theologian (b. 1053)

title: 1124


text:
417

Year 417 (CDXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Constantius (or, less frequently, year 1170 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 417 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * January 1 – Emperor Honorius forces his half-sister Galla Placidia into marriage to Constantius, his general (magister militum). He is appointed patricius and becomes a prominent member of the House of Theodosius.
 * The Visigoths are granted Aquitaine, and become allies (foederati) of the Western Roman Empire. King Wallia establishes his capital at Toulouse.

Asia

 * Nulji becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.

Religion

 * January – Pope Innocent I condemns Pelagianism, and excommunicates the ascetic Pelagius.
 * March 12 – Innocent I dies after a 16-year reign in which he has restored relations between the sees of Rome and Antioch, enforced celibacy of the clergy, and maintained the right of the bishop of Rome to judge appeals from other churches. Innocent is succeeded by Zosimus as the 41st pope.

Births

 * Peter the Iberian, Georgian theologian and Saint (approximate date)
 * Justa Grata Honoria, daughter of Constantius III (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 12 – Pope Innocent I
 * Li Gao, Chinese general of the state Western Liang (b. 351)
 * Yao Hong, last emperor of the Qiang state Later Qin (b. 388)

title: 417


text:
418

Year 418 (CDXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius (or, less frequently, year 1171 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 418 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Honorius bribes Wallia, king of the Visigoths, into regaining Hispania for the Roman Empire. His victory over the Vandals in 416 forces them to retire to Andalusia. The Visigothic territory in Gaul now extends from the Garonne to the Loire, and becomes known as the Visigothic Kingdom.
 * Theodoric I becomes king of the Visigoths. He completes the settlements in Gallia Aquitania and expands his military power to the south.

Religion

 * December 28 – Pope Boniface I succeeds Zosimus as the 42nd pope.
 * Eulalius is elected antipope of Rome. He claims in a letter to Honorius his recognition as pope.

Births

 * Ricimer, Germanic Roman general
 * Yuryaku, emperor of Japan (approximate date)

Deaths

 * December 26 – Pope Zosimus
 * Attaces, king of the Alans
 * Wallia, king of the Visigoths

title: 418


text:
422

Year 422 (CDXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius (or, less frequently, year 1175 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 422 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * End of the Roman–Sassanid War: Emperor Theodosius II signs a 100-year peace treaty with Persia after 2 years of war. He agrees to a status quo ante bellum ("the state in which things were before the war"), and both parties guarantee liberty of religion in their territories.
 * March 3 – Theodosius II issues a law to form provisions in peacetime. He instructs landowners leasing towers in the Theodosian Walls to assist with the build-up of emergency goods. Theodosius pays an annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Huns in order to buy peace.
 * Theodosius II receives a statue at Hebdomon, military parade ground on the shores of the Propontis, just outside Constantinople. On its base (fragments are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum), an inscription praises him as “everywhere and forever victorious.”
 * The walls of Rome's Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) crack during an earthquake.

Europe

 * The Roman army invades Gaul; they capture and execute the Frankish king Theudemeres with his family.

Asia

 * Shao Di, age 16, eldest son of Wu Di, succeeds his father as emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (China).

Art

 * Petrus, bishop of Illyria, starts construction of the Church of Santa Sabina (approximate date).

Religion

 * September 4 – Pope Boniface I dies after a 4-year reign that was interrupted for 15 weeks, by the faction of the antipope Eulalius. He is succeeded by Celestine I as the 43rd pope.
 * Approximate date – A monastic community is established at the Maijishan Grottoes.

Births

 * August 8 – Casper, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque
 * Genevieve, patron saint of Paris (approximate date)
 * Licinia Eudoxia, Roman empress (d. 493)

Deaths

 * September 4 – Pope Boniface I
 * Abraham of Cyrrhus, Syrian hermit and bishop
 * Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (approximate date)
 * Theudemeres, king of the Franks (approximate date)
 * Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 363)

title: 422


text:
1144

Year 1144 (MCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Levant

 * Autumn – Imad al-Din Zengi, Seljuk governor (atabeg) of Mosul, attacks the Artuqid forces led by Kara Arslan – who has made an alliance with Joscelin II, count of Edessa. In support of the alliance Joscelin marches out of Edessa with a Crusader army down to the Euphrates River, to cut off Zengi's communications with Aleppo. Zengi is informed by Muslim observers at Harran of Joscelin's movements. He sends a detachment to ambush the Crusaders and reaches Edessa with his main army in late November.
 * December 24 – Siege of Edessa: Seljuk forces led by Imad al-Din Zengi conquer the fortress city of Edessa after a four-week siege. Thousands of inhabitants are massacred – only the Muslims are spared. The women and children are sold into slavery. Lacking the forces to take on Zengi, Joscelin II retires to his fortress at Turbessel. There, he request reinforcements from the Byzantines and Queen-Regent Melisende of Jerusalem.

Europe

 * Spring – Italo-Norman forces under King Roger II of Sicily invade the Papal States to force Pope Lucius II to accept his truce, but the patrician Giordano Pierleoni, brother of the late Antipope Anacletus II, leads the Roman populace to proclaim a constitutional republic free of papal authority with regard to civil rule. Pierleoni takes over the papal capital, and establishes the Commune of Rome in the style of the old Roman Republic.
 * Summer – Geoffrey V (the Fair) completes his conquest of Normandy, which comes under Angevin control. In exchange for being recognised as Duke of Normandy by King Louis VII of France, Geoffrey surrenders half of the county of Vexin – a region vital to Norman security – to Louis.
 * The city of Montauban in southern France is founded by Count Alfonso Jordan of Toulouse.
 * The city of Ljubljana (modern Slovenia) is first mentioned in historical records.

England

 * Autumn – Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex, is mortally wounded by a stray arrow received in a skirmish. Because he is an outlaw, his burial is denied at the monastery he has founded, Walden Abbey. Geoffrey's body is eventually accepted by the Knights Templar community for burial within the Temple Church in London.

Africa

 * Catalan mercenary Reverter de La Guardia, the main Almoravid commander in the Maghrid al-Aqsa, dies. His elimination opens the regions to the troops of the Almohads.

Religion

 * March 8 – Pope Celestine II dies at Rome after a 5-month pontificate. He is succeeded by Lucius II as the 166th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * March 22 – The first example of an anti-Semitic blood libel is recorded in England, in connection with the murder of William of Norwich.
 * June 11 – The Basilica of St. Denis near Paris is completed, and consecrated in the presence of Louis VII – as the first Gothic church.
 * The Lesmahagow Priory in Scotland, is founded after John, bishop of Glasgow, and King David I have granted lands at Lesmahagow.
 * The first Knights Templar stronghold is established in the Kingdom of León and Castile.

Births

 * August 11 – Sinjong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1204)
 * Li Fengniang, Chinese empress of the Song Dynasty (d. 1200)
 * Maria Komnene, queen of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1190)
 * Matsudono Motofusa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1230)
 * Minamoto no Tomonaga, Japanese samurai (d. 1160)
 * Taira no Tadanori, Japanese military leader (d. 1184)

Deaths

 * March 8 – Celestine II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * March 22 – William of Norwich, English child saint (b. 1132)
 * May 23 – Petronilla of Lorraine, countess of Holland (b. 1082)
 * June 12 – Al-Zamakhshari, Persian philosopher (b. 1075)
 * July 17 – Abu Mansur Mauhub al-Jawaliqi, Arab philologist (b. 1074)
 * July 27 – Salomea of Berg, High Duchess of Poland (b. 1099)
 * October 10 – Alfonso of Capua, Italo-Norman nobleman (b. 1120)
 * December 24 – Hugh II (or Hugo), archbishop of Edessa
 * September – Geoffrey de Mandeville, English nobleman
 * Abu Tahir Marwazi, Persian philosopher and scientist
 * Berenguer Raymond (or Ramon), French nobleman (b. 1115)
 * Matthew of Edessa (or Matteos), Armenian historian
 * Rahere (or Raherius), Norman priest (approximate date)
 * Reverter de La Guardia, viscount of Barcelona (or 1142)
 * Zhu Bian, Chinese diplomat, poet and writer (b. 1085)

title: 1144


text:
440

Year 440 (CDXL) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Valentinianus and Anatolius (or, less frequently, year 1193 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 440 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), returns as triumphator back to Rome, after several years' fighting the Burgundians and Visigoths in Gaul. He is honoured by a statue erected by the Senate, and by order of Emperor Valentinian III.
 * The Huns under Attila reappear in force, along the frontier of the Western Roman Empire. They attack merchants on the north bank of the Danube and cities in Illyricum, including (according to Priscus) Viminacium, city of Moesia.

Africa

 * A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of King Genseric.

Asia

 * Northern and Southern dynasties: Northern China is unified by the Northern Wei dynasty. The South is still under the control of the Song (or Liu Song) dynasty.
 * A center of Buddhist studies is established at Nalanda in Bihar on the plains of the Ganges River (India).

Persia

 * The Hephthalites (White Huns) move south from the Altai Mountains region into Transoxiana, Bactria, Khorasan and eastern Persia.

Art

 * The Parting of Lot and Abraham, mosaic in the nave arcade, Church of Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome), is made.

Ancient Games

 * Chaturanga, Indian war game and an ancestor of chess through the Persian game of Shatranj (or Chatrang), evolves in the Indus Valley on the Indian subcontinent (approximate date).

Religion

 * August 18 – Pope Sixtus III dies after an 8-year reign in which he has resisted heresy and sponsored major construction programs in Rome. He is succeeded by Leo I as the 45th pope.
 * September 29 – Leo I begins to formulate Orthodoxy and condemns Eutychianism, an extreme form of monophysitism which holds that the human nature of Christ is absorbed by His divine nature.
 * Winter – Leo I sends a letter to Valentinian III stating, "by the Holy Spirit's inspiration the emperor needs no human instruction and is incapable of doctrinal error".

Births

 * Bodhidharma, semi-legendary Buddhist monk (approximate date)
 * Euric, Visigothic king and son of Theodoric I (d. 484)
 * Gaudentius, son of Flavius Aetius (approximate date)
 * Qi Wudi, Chinese emperor of the Southern Qi dynasty (d. 493)
 * Tonantius Ferreolus, Gallo-Roman senator and prefect of Gaul
 * Vakhtang I, king of Iberia (modern Georgia) (approximate date)
 * Wen Cheng Di, emperor of the Northern Wei dynasty (d. 465)

Deaths

 * February 17 – Mesrob, Armenian monk and linguist (b. 362)
 * August 18 – Pope Sixtus III (b. 390)
 * Amalgaid mac Fiachrae, king of Connacht (Ireland)
 * Yuan Qigui, empress and wife of Wen of Liu Song (b. 405)

title: 440


text:
007 (disambiguation)

007 is a code name of James Bond, a fictional character in the eponymous series James Bond.

007 may also refer to:

Characters

 * Sir Great Britain (Cyborg 007), a character from the Cyborg 009 franchise
 * George O'Malley or 007, a fictional character from Grey's Anatomy
 * Nomi or 007, a fictional character from the James Bond film No Time to Die

Literature

 * ".007", a short story by Rudyard Kipling

Music and dance

 * "007 Theme", a musical theme from the James Bond films written by John Barry
 * 007 (Wilber Pan album) (2009)
 * "007 (Shanty Town)", a song by Desmond Dekker from 007 (Shanty Town)
 * 007: The Best of Desmond Dekker, a 2011 compilation album by Desmond Dekker
 * Señor 007 a 1966 album by Ray Barretto
 * "007", a song by Ray Barretto
 * 007, a person who is not a member of a house in ball culture

Transportation

 * BAR 007, a Formula One car
 * Hycan 007, mid-size electric SUV
 * Zeekr 007, compact electric sedan
 * Korean Air Lines Flight 007, a flight shot down in 1983 over Soviet airspace
 * LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007, a flight that crashed in 1980, killing Polish singer Anna Jantar and the entire US amateur boxing team

Other uses

 * Nong Samet Refugee Camp, or 007 Refugee Camp, a camp on the Thai-Cambodian border
 * Microsoft Office 2007 or O07, but sometimes mistaken as 007

title: 007 (disambiguation)


text:
1817

January–March

 * January 1 – Sailing through the Sandwich Islands, Otto von Kotzebue discovers New Year Island.
 * January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina, to liberate Chile and then Peru.
 * January 20 – Ram Mohan Roy and David Hare found Hindu College, Calcutta, offering instructions in Western languages and subjects.
 * February 12 – Battle of Chacabuco: The Argentine–Chilean patriotic army defeats the Spanish.
 * March 3
 * President James Madison vetoes John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill.
 * The U.S. Congress passes a law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the Alabama Territory, effective in August.
 * March 4 – James Monroe is sworn in as the fifth President of the United States.
 * March 21 – The flag of the Pernambucan Revolt is publicly blessed by the dean of Recife Cathedral, Brazil.

April–June

 * April 3 – Princess Caraboo appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire, England.
 * April 15
 * The American School for the Deaf opens in Hartford, Connecticut.
 * An earthquake strikes Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
 * April 29 – The Rush–Bagot Treaty is signed.
 * May 27 – The General Convention of the Episcopal Church founds the General Theological Seminary, while meeting in New York City.
 * June 12
 * German inventor Karl Drais drives his dandy horse ("Draisine" or Laufmaschine), the earliest form of bicycle, in Mannheim.
 * Tradesman Jeffery Sedwards establishes the Skibbereen Abstinence Society in Ireland, considered the first organisation devoted to teetotalism in Europe.
 * June 22 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain, by royal decree, makes the production and sale of tobacco a legal endeavor in Cuba, thus sparking the birth of the Cuban cigar industry.
 * June 25 – A large riot breaks out in Copenhagen Prison; the army is sent to quell it.

July–September

 * July 4
 * At Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins.
 * 1817 Santiago del Estero earthquake. A 7.0 magnitude earthquake hits Argentina's Santiago del Estero Province.
 * August 15 – By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the Alabama Territory is created by splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, four months before Mississippi becomes a U.S. state.
 * August 22 – The town of Araraquara, Brazil is founded.
 * August 23 – An earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of Helike results in 65 deaths.
 * August 26 – The University of Michigan is founded in Detroit, Michigan.
 * September 11 – The Great Rebellion of 1817-18 begins in Sri Lanka.

October–December

 * October 9 – Official opening of the University of Ghent
 * October 17 – Frigate HMS Trincomalee is launched in Bombay for the British Royal Navy; she will still be afloat two centuries later.
 * October 30 – The independent government of Venezuela is established by Simón Bolívar.
 * October 31 – Emperor Ninkō accedes to the throne of Japan.
 * November 3 – The Bank of Montreal opens in Montreal.
 * November 5 – Third Anglo-Maratha War breaks out with the Battle of Khadki.
 * November 6 – The death in childbirth of the heir presumptive, Princess Charlotte, daughter of the Prince Regent, throws the succession to the British throne into doubt.
 * November 20 – The first Seminole War begins in Florida.
 * November 22 – Frédéric Cailliaud discovers the old Roman emerald mines at Sikait, Egypt.
 * December 10 – Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory.

Date unknown

 * The first cholera pandemic originates in Bengal, reaching Calcutta by September.
 * A typhus epidemic occurs in Edinburgh and Glasgow.

January–June

 * January 8 – Sir Theophilus Shepstone, British-born South African statesman (d. 1893)
 * January 28 – Francisco de Lersundi y Hormaechea, Spanish noble and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1874)
 * February 17 – Édouard Thilges, 7th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (d. 1904)
 * February 18 – Lewis Armistead, American Confederate general (d. 1863)
 * February 19 – King William III of the Netherlands (d. 1890)
 * February 22 – Carl Wilhelm Borchardt, German mathematician (d. 1880)
 * February 24 – Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, French general (d. 1882)
 * March 6 – Princess Clémentine of Orléans, daughter of King Louis Philippe I of France, mother of Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (d. 1907)
 * March 22 – Braxton Bragg, American Confederate general (d. 1876)
 * April 1 – Nissen Shonin, Japanese Buddhist priest Honmon Butsuryū-shū, Kyoto city (d. 1890)
 * April 15 – Benjamin Jowett, Master of Balliol College, Oxford (d. 1893)
 * April 24 – Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, Swiss chemist (d. 1894)
 * May 15 – Debendranath Tagore, Indian philosopher (d. 1905)
 * May 19 – Theodor August Heintzman, Canadian piano manufacturer (d. 1899)
 * June 30 – Joseph Dalton Hooker, English botanist (d. 1911)

July–December

 * July 6 – Albert von Kölliker, Swiss biologist, zoologist (d. 1905)
 * July 12
 * Alphonse Lecointe, French general and politician (d. 1890)
 * Henry David Thoreau, American philosopher (d. 1862)
 * July 15 – John Fowler, British civil engineer (d. 1898)
 * July 24 – Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (d. 1905)
 * July 29 – Ivan Aivazovsky, Armenian-Russian painter (d. 1900)
 * August 3 – Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen, Austrian general (d. 1895)
 * August 4 – Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, 29th United States Secretary of State (d. 1885)
 * August 14 – Alexander H. Bailey, American politician (d. 1874)
 * August 24 – Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, Russian writer (d. 1875)
 * August 25 – Marie-Eugénie de Jésus, French religious (d. 1898)
 * September 6
 * Helga de la Brache, Swedish con artist (d. 1885)
 * Mihail Kogălniceanu, 3rd Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891)
 * September 14 – Theodor Storm, German writer (d. 1888)
 * October 10 – Christophorus Buys Ballot, Dutch chemist, meteorologist (d. 1890)
 * October 17 – Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (Bahadaur), Indian founder of the Two Nation Theory for a future Pakistan (d. 1898)
 * October 30 – Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp, German chemist (d. 1892)
 * November 3 – Leonard Jerome, American entrepreneur, grandfather of Sir Winston Churchill (d. 1891)
 * November 12 – Bahá'u'lláh, Persian founder of the Bahá'í Faith (d. 1892)
 * November 17 – Benjamin Champney, American painter (d. 1907)
 * November 30 – Theodor Mommsen, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1903)
 * December 8 – Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs, Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1896)
 * December 10 – Alexander Wood (physician), Scottish inventor of the first true hypodermic syringe (d. 1884)
 * December 23 – Warren Felt Evans, American writer (d. 1889)

Date unknown

 * Sophia Wilkens, Swedish social reformer, pioneer in the education of the intellectually disabled (d. 1889)

January–June

 * January 1 – Martin Heinrich Klaproth, German chemist who discovered uranium (1789), zirconium (1789), and cerium (1803) (b. 1743)
 * January 11 – Timothy Dwight IV, American educator, theologian (b. 1752)
 * January 11 – Margherita Dalmet, Venetian dogaressa (b. 1739)
 * January 12 – Juan Andrés, Spanish Jesuit (b. 1740)
 * January 16 – Alexander J. Dallas, American statesman, financier (b. 1759)
 * February 8 – Francis Horner, Scottish politician, economist (b. 1778)
 * March 8 – Anna Maria Lenngren, Swedish writer (b. 1754)
 * April 2 – Johann Heinrich Jung, German writer (b. 1740)
 * April 4 – André Masséna, French marshal (b. 1758)
 * April 12 – Charles Messier, French astronomer (b. 1730)
 * April 20 – Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain, Spanish prince (b. 1755)
 * June 2 – Clotilde Tambroni, Italian philologist, linguist (b. 1758)
 * June 4 – George Farragut, American naval officer (b. 1755)
 * June 9 – Théroigne de Méricourt, French revolutionary (b. 1762)
 * June 13
 * Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Anglo-Irish, politician writer and inventor (b. 1744)
 * Esther de Gélieu, Swiss educator (b. 1757)
 * June 18 – Leonard Neale, American Catholic bishop (b. 1746)
 * June 20 – Marie-Gabriel-Florent-Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier, French diplomat (b. 1752)
 * June 24 – Thomas McKean, American lawyer, signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1734)
 * June 30 – Abraham Gottlob Werner, German geologist (b. 1750)

July–December

 * July 14 – Anne Louise Germaine de Staël, French writer (b. 1766)
 * July 18 – Jane Austen, English novelist (b. 1775)
 * July 19 – John Palmer, Bath architect (b. c. 1738)
 * July 24 – Karađorđe Petrović, Serb leader of the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire, founder of the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty (b. 1768)
 * August 7 – Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, French politician (b. 1739)
 * August 10 – Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1740)
 * September 18 – David Hall, American judge (b. 1752)
 * October 11 – Gertrudis Bocanegra, Mexican national heroine (b. 1765)
 * October 13 – Julius Caesar Ibbetson, English artist (b. 1759)
 * October 15 – Tadeusz Kościuszko, exiled Polish general, nationalist (b. 1746)
 * October 16 – Manuel Piar, Venezuelan military leader (b. 1774)
 * November 6 – Princess Charlotte of Wales, heir presumptive to the British throne (b. 1796)
 * November 7 – Jean-André Deluc, Swiss geologist (b. 1727)
 * November 11 – Francisco Javier Mina, Spanish military leader (b. 1789) (executed)
 * November 14 – Policarpa Salavarrieta, Colombian spy, revolutionary who worked for the independence of Colombia (b. 1795)
 * November 30 – Jean-Baptiste-Melchior Hertel de Rouville, Canadian politician (b. 1748)
 * December 7 – William Bligh, British admiral (b. 1754)
 * December 1 – Justin Heinrich Knecht, German composer, organist and music theorist (b. 1752)
 * December 12 – Emperor Tekle Giyorgis I of Ethiopia, (b. c. 1751)
 * December 15
 * Usman dan Fodio, founder of Sokoto caliphate (b. 1754)
 * Federigo Zuccari, astronomer, director of the Astronomical Observatory of Naples (b. 1783)

title: 1817


text:
Talk:1853

[Untitled]
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect this page: the year in topic paragraph would be replaced with a see also box.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 19:23, 6 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

I corrected a previous error that had Richard William Howard Vyse's death listed in the 1872 archeaology article and put the correct death date into this article. HuronKing. August 9th 2006

title: Talk:1853


text:
751 BC

Events

 * Egypt: start of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty
 * Nubia: first pyramids built by the Nubians in El-Kurru

title: 751 BC


text:
715 BC

The year 715 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 39 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 715 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events and trends

 * Egypt: End of Twenty-fourth Dynasty
 * Start of the reign of Roman King Numa Pompilius

Deaths

 * Ahaz, king of Judah (or 716 BC)

title: 715 BC


text:
663 BC

The year 663 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 91 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 663 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

 * The Assyrian Empire under Ashurbanipal drives the Kushites from Egypt and conquers the country.
 * Siege of Tyre by the Assyrians under Ashurbanipal.

title: 663 BC


text:
656 BC

The year 656 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 98 Ab urbe condita . The denomination 656 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Egypt

 * Thebes submits to the Egyptian ruler Psamtik I of Sais, who has allied himself with Gyges of Lydia and employs Libyan soldiers in a rebellion against Assyrian rule with help from Carian and Ionian mercenaries. Psamtik permits the city's mayor Mentuemhat to retain his position, who is not only the most powerful Theban but also the fourth prophet of Amon.
 * Psamtik I extends his control over all Egypt. The Twenty-fifth Dynasty, and subsequent Nubian period, end in Ancient Egypt.

Assyria

 * King Shamash-shum-ukin of Babylon forms a secret alliance with Arabs, Aramaeans, Elamites, Persians, and Egyptians against his half brother Ashurbanipal.

title: 656 BC


text:
525 BC

The year 525 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 229  Ab urbe condita. The denomination 525 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Egypt
Somalia
 * Battle of Pelusium - Cambyses II of Persia conquers Egypt by painting cats and other animals sacred to the Egyptians on his soldiers' shields. The Egyptians run in fear of "harming" these animals. It is said that after the battle, Cambyses hurled cats in the faces of the Egyptians in scorn that they would sacrifice their country for the safety of their animals.
 * Cambyses takes Psamtik III prisoner and treats him kindly until he tries to raise a revolt, at which point Psamtik is executed.
 * The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ends, and the Twenty-seventh Dynasty begins.

 * After conquering Egypt, the Persian king Cambyses II sent ambassadors to Macrobia, bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission. The Macrobian king replied instead with a challenge for his Persian counterpart in the form of an unstrung bow: if the Persians could manage to string it, they would have the right to invade his country; but until then, they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire.

Astronomy

 * September 17 - Venus occults Antares. The next such occurrence will not take place until November 17, 2400 AD.

Births

 * Aeschylus, author of Greek tragedies

Deaths

 * Psammetichus III, Egyptian pharaoh
 * Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek scientist and philosopher (b. 585 BC)

title: 525 BC


text:
398 BC

Year 398 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Potitus, Medullinus, Lactucinus, Fidenas, Camillus and Cornutus (or, less frequently, year 356 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 398 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Sicily

 * Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, breaks his peace treaty with Carthage and strikes at Carthaginian cities in the western corner of Sicily which have been weakened by the plague. There is a massacre of Carthaginians in many of these cities. Motya, with its fine harbour, is attacked and captured.

Births

 * The ‘Panke Baobab’ tree would have sprouted this during this year.

title: 398 BC


text:
378 BC

Year 378 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Medullinus, Fidenas, Lanatus, Siculus, Pulvillus and Macerinus (or, less frequently, year 376 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 378 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Greece

 * The Theban general and statesman, Epaminondas, takes command of Thebes. Pelopidas is elected boeotarch, or chief magistrate, of the city.
 * Timotheus, the son of the Athenian general Conon, is elected strategos of Athens.
 * A Spartan attempt to seize Piraeus brings Athens closer to Thebes. The Athenian mercenary commander Chabrias successfully faces off the larger army of Agesilaus II near Thebes. At the advance of Agesilaus' forces, instead of giving the order to charge, Chabrias famously orders his men at ease—with the spear remaining pointing upwards instead of towards the enemy, and the shield leaning against the left knee instead of being hoisted against the shoulder. The command is followed immediately and without question by the mercenaries under his command, to be copied by their counterparts beside them, the elite Sacred Band of Thebes under the command of Gorgidas. This "show of contempt" stops the advancing Spartan forces, and shortly afterwards Agesilaus withdraws.
 * Athens allies itself with Thebes and forms the Second Athenian League. The confederacy includes most of the Boeotian cities and some of the Ionian islands.

Sicily

 * Dionysius I's third war with Carthage proves disastrous. He suffers a crushing defeat at Cronium and is forced to pay an indemnity of 1,000 talents and cede the territory west of the Halycus River to the Carthaginians.

Roman Republic

 * The Servian Wall is constructed around Rome to prevent the city from being captured or sacked (see 390 BC). This is the first fortification that the Romans build around their home city.

title: 378 BC


text:
341 BC

Year 341 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Venno and Privernas (or, less frequently, year 413 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 341 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Macedonia

 * Philip II of Macedon completes his annexation of Thrace. This is regarded by Athens as a further threat to the city's safety.

Greece

 * Demosthenes delivers his Third Philippic. In it, he demands resolute action against Philip II. Demosthenes now dominates Athenian politics and is able to considerably weaken the pro-Macedonian faction led by Aeschines. As a result, Demosthenes becomes controller of the Athenian navy.
 * A grand alliance is organised by Demosthenes against Philip II, which includes Byzantium and former enemies of Athens, such as Thebes. These developments worry Philip and increase his anger towards Demosthenes. The Athenian Assembly, however, lays aside Philip's grievances against Demosthenes' conduct and denounces the Peace of Philocrates which has been signed by both sides in 346 BC, an action equivalent to an official declaration of war by Athens against Macedonia.

Roman Republic

 * The First Samnite War ends with Rome triumphant and the Samnites willing to make peace.

Births

 * Epicurus, Greek philosopher was born in Samos

title: 341 BC


text:
141 BC

Year 141 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caepio and Pompeius (or, less frequently, year 613 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 141 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Syria and Judea

 * The Seleucid garrison negotiates the surrender of Jerusalem. Simon Maccabaeus assumes control of the city. He becomes prince (ruler) of Judea until 135 BC.
 * Demetrius II of Syria made prisoner of Mithridates, king of the Parthians. Antiochus VII Sidetes becomes king of the Seleucid Empire in his absence.

Bactria

 * Yuezhi refugees appear on the borders of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.

China

 * March 9 – Emperor Wu of Han ("Martial Emperor") starts to rule the Han dynasty.

Births

 * Salome Alexandra, queen and regent of Judea (d. 67 BC)

Deaths

 * Jing of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 188 BC)
 * Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum, Roman statesman

title: 141 BC


text:
132 BC

Year 132 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laenas and Rupilius (or, less frequently, year 622 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 132 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Republic

 * The First Servile War ends when Publius Rupilius quelled the rebellion.

Mexico

 * The Late Formative (or pre-Classic) period of the Maya civilization begins.

Deaths

 * Eunus, leader of the Slave Revolt (136–132 BC) in Sicily
 * Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio, Roman consul

title: 132 BC


text:
129 BC

Year 129 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tuditanus and Aquillius (or, less frequently, year 625 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Yuanguang. The denomination 129 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

The Roman Republic

 * The Kingdom of Pergamon becomes the Roman Province of Asia upon the defeat of Aristonicus, pretender to the Attalid throne, by M. Perperna.
 * C. Sempronius Tuditanus celebrates his triumph over the Iapydes of Illyria.
 * Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage is possibly assassinated by his enemies in Rome.

Syria

 * Battle of Ecbatana: the Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes is defeated and killed by the Parthians under Phraates II, ending Seleucid control over Media or Mesopotamia.
 * Having been freed by the Parthians, Demetrius II of Syria recovers the throne of the Seleucid Empire.

China

 * March: Chen Jiao is deposed as Empress after she asks a sorceress to curse Emperor Wu's favourite consort, Wei Zifu, this being regarded an act of heresy and treason. Wei Zifu is made the new Empress.
 * Spring: the Xiongnu raid Shanggu, killing officials and other inhabitants.
 * Autumn: Emperor Wu launches his first offensive into the northern steppe against the Xiongnu and their allies. The invasion consists of four armies, each of 10,000 cavalrymen. Two of the four armies are defeated, namely those of Li Guang and Gongsun Ao, and only the army of Wei Qing achieves a victory. Although a modest success, Wei Qing's victory is the first Han success against the Xiongnu. Moreover, it is won at Longcheng, a sacred site far to the north, beyond the Gobi Desert, where the Xiongnu offer sacrifices.
 * Winter: the Xiongnu retaliate by crossing the border several times, especially ravaging Yuyang.
 * The Han diplomat Zhang Qian escapes Xiongnu custody and resumes his mission of forming an anti-Xiongnu alliance with the Yuezhi. He reaches the State of Dayuan in the Ferghana Valley, whose trade with the Han had been prevented by the Xiongnu and who supply Zhang with guides. Zhang then travels to the states of Kangju, Greater Yuezhi and Daxia (Bactria). He also learns of the Parthian Empire, Daqin, the Caspian Sea and the source of the Yellow River.

Astronomy

 * Hipparchus publishes his catalog of stars.
 * Total solar eclipse, used by Hipparchus to estimate distance to the Moon.

Deaths

 * Antiochus VII Sidetes (killed in battle)
 * Carneades, philosopher, and founder of Third Academy (b. c. 214 BC)
 * P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Numantinus (Africanus the Younger) (b. 185 BC)

title: 129 BC


text:
105 BC

Year 105 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rufus and Maximus (or, less frequently, year 649 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Yuanfeng. The denomination 105 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Republic

 * January 1 – Gnaeus Mallius Maximus and Publius Rutilius Rufus become Roman consuls.
 * October 6 – The Battle of Arausio, where the Cimbri destroy two Roman armies on the Rhône, is the most severe defeat of Roman forces since the Battle of Cannae.
 * Gaius Marius, together with the consul Publius Rutilius Rufus, initiates sweeping reforms of the Roman army.
 * Lucius Cornelius Sulla secures the capture of Jugurtha. His success is made possible by the treachery of Bocchus I, king of Mauretania, and this ends the Jugurthine War (which began in 112 BC).
 * At Rome, the first official gladiator match is demonstrated by gladiators from Capua, as part of a training program for the military.

Asia

 * The Han dynasty forms an alliance with the Wusun by marrying a Han princess to their king.
 * Wuwei Chanyu of the Xiongnu dies and is succeeded by his youthful son Er Chanyu. That winter heavy snowstorms lead to the deaths of many livestock, and there is discontent with the new ruler, who is regarded as belligerent.

Births

 * Decimus Laberius, Roman nobleman and Latin writer (d. 43 BC)
 * Tiberius Claudius Nero, Roman politician and general
 * Marcus Atius Balbus, Roman praetor and governor (d. 51 BC)

Deaths

 * Marcus Aurelius Scaurus, Roman politician and general, executed as a prisoner of war in the advent of the Battle of Arausio

title: 105 BC


text:
104 BC

Year 104 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Fimbria (or, less frequently, year 650 Ab urbe condita) and the First Year of Taichu. The denomination 104 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Republic

 * Rome enacts a state of emergency, as the way to Italy lays open to the Germanic invaders. Gaius Marius, the conqueror of Jugurtha, is elected consul for the second time. He celebrates his triumph over Jugurtha, who is led in the procession and thrown into the Tullianum where he dies of starvation.
 * Second Servile War: Athenion starts a slave rebellion in Segesta (Sicily).

Judea

 * Aristobulus I succeeds John Hyrcanus, becoming king and high priest of Judea, until 103 BC.

Asia

 * War of the Heavenly Horses: Emperor Wu of Han sends an army of 6000 cavalrymen and 10,000 convicts under Li Guangli to attack Dayuan in modern Kyrgyzstan after Wugua, the king of Dayuan, refuses to send the Han any of the prized horses of Dayuan and, following a contentious meeting with the Han diplomats, has a vassal king kill the diplomats and seize their goods. The Han expeditionary force proceeds with difficulty, marching through arid regions and facing hostile cities.

Births

 * Julia, mother of Mark Antony
 * Servilia, mistress of Julius Caesar

Deaths

 * Dong Zhongshu, Chinese scholar who promoted Confucianism at the central court of the Han dynasty (b. 179 BC)
 * Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, Roman consul and general
 * John Hyrcanus, prince and high priest of Judea (b. 164 BC)
 * Jugurtha, king of Numidia (execution by Rome) (b. c. 160 BC)

title: 104 BC


text:
103 BC

Year 103 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Orestes (or, less frequently, year 651 Ab urbe condita) and the Second Year of Taichu. The denomination 103 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Republic

 * Gaius Marius prepares a campaign against the Ambrones and Teutones (under king Teutobod) who are settled in Gaul.
 * Tryphon and Athenion lead the Second Servile War in Sicily.

Judea

 * Alexander Jannaeus succeeds his brother Aristobulus I as king and high priest of Judea, until 76 BC.

Asia

 * War of the Heavenly Horses
 * After having fought their way west across arid regions, the Han expeditionary force under Li Guangli fails to capture the Dayuan city of Yucheng and returns east to the area of Dunhuang, having lost 90% of their men.
 * Emperor Wu of Han reinforces Li Guangli's army with 60,000 men, numerous horses and beasts of burden, and more than fifty high-ranking officers. Li Guangli's army then returns west.

 * Han-Xiongnu War
 * Spring – After the Xiongnu Left Commander offers to kill Er Chanyu and surrender to the Han, Emperor Wu sends the Han general Zhao Ponu with an army of 20,000 to invade Xiongnu territory. When Zhao reaches the Altay Mountains, the commander's conspiracy is discovered, and after killing the commander, Er marches against Zhao but suffers an initial defeat.
 * Summer – The Han army retreats south, but the Xiongnu surround them. After capturing Zhao Ponu during the night, the Xiongnu defeat and force the surrender of the Han soldiers.
 * The Xiongnu invade parts of China and unsuccessfully attack Shouxiang.

Births

 * Marcus Furius Bibaculus, Roman poet.

Deaths

 * Aristobulus I, king of Judea.
 * Gaius Lucilius, Roman satirist
 * Khallata Naga of Anuradhapura, king of the Anuradhapura Kingdom

title: 103 BC


text:
102 BC

Year 102 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Catulus (or, less frequently, year 652 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Taichu. The denomination 102 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Republic

 * Gaius Marius defeats the Sciri and Teutones at Aix-en-Provence (or Battle of Aquae Sextae).
 * The Cimbri defeat the Consul Quintus Lutatius Catulus in the Adige Valley.

Asia

 * War of the Heavenly Horses: the Han expeditionary force under Li Guangli conquers the state of Luntai. Li Guangli then besieges Alexandria Eschate, the capital of Dayuan in the Hellenistic Ferghana Valley, despite having lost half his army to hunger, thirst and battle by the time he reached the city. The Dayuan are defeated in battle, and after losing their outer wall and their best general Jianmi in battle, the nobles kill King Wugua and offer terms of peace to Li Guangli, who accepts. The Han receive some of the prized horses of Dayuan and Li Guangli appoints Mocai as the new king.
 * Han-Xiongnu War
 * Er Chanyu marches against Shouxiang but dies en route from illness and is succeeded by his uncle Xulihu.
 * Emperor Wu orders fortified outposts to be built to the north as far as the Yin Mountains and Juyan Lake. The generals Han Yue and Wei Kang garrison the outposts north of Wuyuan, including the Yin Mountains, and Lu Bode garrisons Juyan Lake.
 * Autumn – The Xiongnu invade the prefectures of Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Wuyuan and Shuofang and destroy the new Han outposts. The Tuqi King of the Right invades the area around Jiuquan and Zhangye. The Han general Ren Wen defeats a Xiongnu army.

Births

 * Quintus Tullius Cicero, Roman general and statesman (d. 43 BC)

title: 102 BC


text:
101 BC

Year 101 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Aquillius (or, less frequently, year 653 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Taichu. The denomination 101 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Republic

 * July 30 – Battle of Vercellae (Battle of the Raudine Plain or Battle of Campi Raudii): The Roman consuls Gaius Marius and Manius Aquillius defeat the Cimbri.

Libya

 * Ptolemy Apion inherits the kingdom of Cyrenaica.

Asia

 * War of the Heavenly Horses: Han general Li Guangli detaches forces to attack Yucheng. After a failed attack by Wang Shengshen and Hu Chongguo, in which Wang is killed, a new Han detachment under Shangguan Jie defeats and captures the king of Yucheng. The king is then killed by the soldiers escorting him to Li Guangli.
 * Han-Xiongnu War: At the beginning of the year, Xulihu Chanyu dies from illness and is succeeded by Qiedihou Chanyu. Qiedihou releases the Han envoys detained by the Xiongnu and receives gifts from Emperor Wu of Han.

Births

 * July 13Julius Caesar

Deaths

 * Boiorix, king of the Cimbri (killed at the Battle of Vercellae)
 * Cleopatra III, queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom (assassinated by her son Ptolemy X Alexander I)

title: 101 BC


text:
14 BC

Year 14 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Lentulus (or, less frequently, year 740 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 14 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus fortifies Augusta Vangionum, the modern city of Worms, Germany.
 * Caesar Augustus makes Beeroth (modern Beirut) a colonia, named Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus.
 * Winter – The Roman Legio X Fretensis is stationed in Syria, and the legionaries are settled at the ancient city of Beirut.

Births

 * Agrippina the Elder, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (d. AD 33)
 * Claudia Pulchra, daughter of Paullus Aemilius Lepidus and Claudia Marcella Minor (d. AD 26)
 * Drusus Julius Caesar, son of the Emperor Tiberius and step-grandson of the Emperor Augustus (d. AD 23)
 * Ma Yuan, Chinese general of the Han dynasty (d. AD 49)

Deaths

 * Lucius Varius Rufus, Roman Latin poet and writer
 * Sulpicia, wife of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus

title: 14 BC


text:
330

Year 330 (CCCXXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallicanus and Tullianus (or, less frequently, year 1083 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 330 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates the Column of Constantine and Constantinople, or Nova Roma (modern-day Istanbul). He had spent four years expanding the city of Byzantium, having chosen the site for its strategic location on the Bosporus. The city is later the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire.
 * The Goths devastate the city of Tanais, in the Don River Delta.

Africa

 * Ezana, king of Axum, extends his area of control to the west. He defeats the Nobates, and destroys the kingdom of Meroë.

Religion

 * Frumentius is the first bishop of Ethiopia (approximate date).
 * Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, is banished to Trajanopolis.
 * The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila.
 * Pagan temples begin to be progressively abandoned, destroyed or left to fall into disrepair, save those that are transformed into churches.

Births

 * Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea Mazaca (d. 379)
 * Macrina the Younger, Christian nun and saint (d. 379)
 * Moses the Black, Christian monk and priest (d. 405)
 * Victricius of Rouen, Christian missionary and bishop
 * Yang Xi, Chinese scholar and calligrapher (d. 386)

Deaths

 * Achillius of Larissa (or Achilles), Greek bishop
 * Arnobius, Numidian apologist and writer
 * Guo Mo, Chinese general and warlord
 * Helena (Augusta), mother of Constantine I
 * Tiridates III ("the Great"), king of Armenia
 * Vicinius of Sarsina, Italian Christian bishop
 * Zu Yue, Chinese general and warlord

title: 330


text:
376

Year 376 (CCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Valens and Augustus (or, less frequently, year 1129 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 376 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Gothic War: Emperor Valens permits the Visigothic chieftain Fritigern and his people to cross the Danube from Thrace (later Romania), and settle on Roman soil in Lower Moesia, on the condition that they provide soldiers to the legions. The Visigoths embark by troops on boats and rafts, and canoes made from hollowed tree trunks. The river is swollen by frequent rains; a large number try to swim and are drowned in their struggle against the force of the stream.
 * The Greuthungi, led by Alatheus and Saphrax, displaced by the predations of the Huns and Alans, request asylum within the Roman Empire. They are refused. The Roman frontier forces stretched to the breaking point, they slip across the Danube and unite with Fritigern. With their situation critical and desperately short of food, discontent is rising amongst the Goths.
 * The Romans fail to disarm the Visigoths, bungle administration of the refugees, and mistreat them, taking some of their children as slaves. The Goths break out of their containment area along the Danube and strike south towards the low-lying fertile region near Marcianople (Bulgaria). Although defying the local Roman officials, they are not in open revolt.
 * Lupicinus, count (Comes) of Thrace, tries to bring the Visigoths back under control. He invites Fritigern and the Gothic leaders to a banquet, letting them believe that in addition to food and drink, they can discuss provisions for their people. During the feast, Lupicinus tries to assassinate the Gothic delegation. Fritigern escapes and the Goths begin looting and burning the farms and Roman villas near Marcianople.
 * Lupicinus attacks the Visigoths 9 miles outside Marcianople with hastily gathered local troops. His force (5,000 men) is annihilated and the Goths equip themselves with Roman armour and weapons. Fritigern marches south towards Adrianople (Turkey).
 * Fearing they will join Fritigern, Roman troops of Gothic origin stationed in Adrianople are ordered by Valens to move east. The soldiers request a two-day delay to prepare and ask for food and money for the journey. However, the chief magistrate of Adrianople refuses and the Goths break out in open rebellion. They inflict heavy casualties among the citizens. Arming themselves with Roman equipment, they join forces with Fritigern.
 * Winter – Fritigern attempts an unsuccessful siege of Adrianople. His troops try to storm the city walls, but abandon the attacks and break into small bands, better able to forage and feed themselves. Roman prisoners switch sides and give the Goths a valuable source of local intelligence.

China

 * Zhang Tianxi, ruler of Former Liang, submits to Fu Jiān of Former Qin, thus ending the state of Former Liang. Zhang is made "Marquess of Guiyi".
 * China is divided between the Former Qin in the north and the Eastern Jin in the south.

Births

 * Cyril of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch (d. 444)

Deaths

 * April 10 – Bademus, Christian abbot and saint
 * October 10 – Acepsimas of Hnaita, Persian bishop
 * Ermanaric, king of the Goths (Greuthungi) (b. 291)
 * Flavius Theodosius (the Elder), Roman general
 * Tuoba Shiyijian, prince of the Tuoba Dai (b. 320)
 * Yuan Hong, Chinese historian and politician (b. 328)

title: 376


text:
378

Year 378 (CCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Valens and Augustus (or, less frequently, year 1131 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 378 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Spring – Emperor Valens returns to Constantinople and mobilises an army (40,000 men). He appoints Sebastianus, newly arrived from Italy, as magister militum to reorganize the Roman armies in Thrace.
 * February – The Lentienses (part of the Alemanni) cross the frozen Rhine and raid the countryside. They are driven back by Roman auxilia palatina (Celtae and Petulantes), who defend the western frontier.
 * May – Battle of Argentovaria: Emperor Gratian is forced to recall the army he has sent East. The Lentienses are defeated by Mallobaudes near Colmar (France). Gratian gains the title Alemannicus Maximus.
 * Gothic War: Valens sends Sebastian with a body of picked troops (2,000 men) to Thrace and renews the guerrilla war against the Goths. He chases down small groups of Gothic raiders around Adrianople.
 * Fritigern concentrates his army at Cabyle (Bulgaria). The Goths are mainly centred in the river valleys south of the Balkan Mountains, around the towns of Beroea, Cabyle and Dibaltum.
 * July – Frigeridus, Roman general, fortifies the Succi (Ihtiman) Pass to prevent the "barbarians" from breaking out to the north-west (Pannonia).
 * Gratian sets out from Lauriacum (Austria) with a body of light armed troops. His force is small enough to travel by boat down the Danube. He halts for four days at Sirmium (Serbia) suffering from fever.
 * August – Gratian continues down the Danube to the "Camp of Mars" (frontier fortress near modern Niš), where he loses several men in an ambush by a band of Alans.
 * Fritigern strikes south from Cabyle, following the Tundzha River towards Adrianople, and tries to get behind the supply lines to Constantinople.
 * Roman reconnaissance detects the Goths. Valens, already west of Adrianople, turns back and establishes a fortified camp outside the city.
 * The Goths, with their wagons and families vulnerable to attack, withdraw back to the north. Roman scouts fail to detect the Greuthungi cavalry foraging further up the Tundzha valley.
 * Fritigern sends a Christian priest to the Roman camp with an offer of terms and a letter for Valens. The peace overtures are rejected.
 * Valens leads an elite Roman army to Thrace to confront revolts, but is defeated in the Battle of Adrianople.
 * The Goths attack Adrianople; they attempt to scale the city walls with ladders but are repelled by the defenders, who drop lumps of masonry.
 * The Goths, supported by the Huns, move on to Constantinople. Their progress is checked by the Saracens, recruited from Arab tribes who control the eastern fringes of the empire.
 * October – The Greuthungi, faced with food shortages, split off and move west into Pannonia. Followed by their families, they raid villages and farmland.

Mesoamerica

 * Siyaj K'ak' begins to replace Mayan kings with relatives of Spearthrower Owl, emperor of Teotihuacan.
 * Siyaj K'ak' conquers Waka on January 8.
 * Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal on January 16.
 * Siyaj K'ak' conquers Uaxactun.

Architecture

 * Valens completes the aqueduct of Constantinople begun by Constantine I.

Religion

 * Gregory of Nazianzus is ordained bishop of Constantinople.
 * Pope Damasus I is accused of adultery but is exonerated by Gratian.

Births

 * Germanus of Auxerre, Christian bishop (approximate date)

Deaths

 * August 9
 * Sebastianus, Roman general (magister peditum)
 * Traianus, Roman general (magister militum)
 * Valens, Roman consul and emperor (b. 328)
 * Flavius Arintheus, Roman politician and general
 * Titus of Bostra, Christian bishop and theologian

title: 378


text:
395

Year 395 (CCCXCV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Olybrius and Probinus (or, less frequently, year 1148 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 395 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * January 17 – Emperor Theodosius I, age 48, dies of a disease involving severe edema in Milan. The Roman Empire is divided for the final time into an eastern and a western half. The Eastern Roman Empire is centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum under his brother Honorius.
 * April 27 – Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto (without the knowledge or consent of Rufinus, Praetorian prefect of the East). His seven-year-old half-sister, Galla Placidia, is sent to Rome, where she spends her childhood in the household of Stilicho and his wife Serena.
 * Revolt of Alaric I:
 * Alaric, Visigothic leader of the foederati, renounces Roman fealty and is declared king, waging war against both parts of the Roman Empire, and ending a 16-year period of peace.
 * Alaric besieges Constantinople. After commitments from Rufinus, the Pretorian prefect of the East, and chief adviser to Arcadius, the Goths move further west.
 * Stilicho arrives in the fall with his army to fight the Goths. Rufinus, the strong man of the east, persuades the emperor to cancel Stilicho's campaign. Emperor Arcadius forbite Stilicho to attack Alaric and demandes that his army leave the territory of the East Roman Empire.
 * The Goths, led by Alaric, invade and devastate Thrace and Macedonia and impose a tribute on Athens.
 * November 27 – Rufinus, Praetorian prefect of the East, is murdered by Gothic mercenaries under Gainas.

Asia

 * December 8 – Later Yan is defeated by its former vassal Northern Wei at the Battle of Canhe Slope, during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period of China.
 * The Huns begin their large-scale attack on the Eastern Roman Empire. They invade Armenia, Cappadocia, and enter parts of Syria, threatening Antioch.

India

 * King Rudrasimha III, ruler of the Western Satraps (India), is defeated by the Gupta Empire.

Agriculture

 * An estimated 330,000 acres of farmland lie abandoned in Campania (southern Italy), partly as a consequence of malaria from mosquitoes bred in swampy areas, but mostly because imprudent agriculture has ruined the land.

Art and Science

 * Possible date that Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius published his Saturnalia.

Religion

 * Augustine, age 40, becomes bishop of Hippo Regius (modern Algeria). His assignment is the reunification of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa, primarily focusing on the Donatist movement led by Primianus of Carthage.
 * Russian astronomer Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov claimed that Revelation to John could be astronomically dated to September 30, 395.

Deaths

 * January 17 – Theodosius I, Roman emperor (b. 347)
 * November 27 – Rufinus, Roman consul and politician
 * Apa Bane, Christian hermit and saint
 * Ausonius, Roman poet and rhetorician
 * Gelasius of Caesarea, Christian bishop
 * Macarius of Alexandria, Christian monk

title: 395


text:
402

Year 402 (CDII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Arcadius and Honorius (or, less frequently, year 1155 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 402 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The Visigoths advance on Mediolanum (modern Milan) and besiege Asti in Liguria. King Alaric I sends envoys to negotiate a peace, but the Roman government refuses to make deals with "barbarians."
 * April 6 – Battle of Pollentia: Stilicho recalls troops from Britain and the Rhine frontier to defend Italy. He decides to attack the Goths on Easter Sunday, and manages to capture Alaric's wife and children.
 * Emperors Arcadius and his younger brother Honorius become Roman consuls.

Asia

 * King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) defeats the forces of Later Yan, seizing some of their border fortresses.
 * The Avars, led by Shelun (Chö-louen), having defeated the Gaoju Dingling (Kao-kiu Ting-ling) near Kobbo, establish a nomadic empire that ranges from Mongolia to the Irtysh.
 * Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, makes a pilgrimage to India, initiating Sino-Indian relations. Stirred by his faith to Buddhism, he visits the sites of Siddhartha Gautama's life.
 * Silseong becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.

Religion

 * Jerome writes "Apologiae contra Rufinum" and "Liber tertius seu ultima responsio adversus scripta Rufini".
 * The Pure Land school of Buddhism founds a monastery upon the top of Mount Lushan.
 * Cynegius, acting for Emperor Arcadius at the insistence of Bishop Porphyry, orders the destruction of pagan temples in Gaza.

Deaths

 * Empress Dowager Ding, mother of Murong Sheng
 * Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, Roman consul and intellectual
 * Sima Yuanxian, regent during the Jin Dynasty (b. 382)
 * Tufa Lilugu, prince of the Xianbei state Southern Liang

title: 402


text:
408

Year 408 (CDVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Philippus (or, less frequently, year 1161 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 408 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * May 1 – Emperor Arcadius dies in his palace at Constantinople, after a weak 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, Theodosius II, who rules under the domination of his devout Christian sister Pulcheria and Anthemius, who acts as regent.
 * Summer – Emperor Honorius marries Thermantia, second daughter of Stilicho, his famous general (magister militum).
 * The Roman usurper Constantine III establishes his headquarters at Arles (Southern Gaul) and elevates his eldest son, Constans, to the rank of Caesar. He sends him with an expeditionary force under Gerontius to Hispania, in order to suppress the revolt of some members of the House of Theodosius, who are loyal to Honorius.
 * August 22 – Stilicho is accused of treason against Honorius and is decapitated at Ravenna. His Hun bodyguard is killed; mass murders of Vandal soldiers follow.
 * The Hexamilion wall is constructed. Fortifications are built across the Isthmus of Corinth, guarding the only land route into the Peloponnese peninsula from Greece.
 * September – King Alaric I of the Visigoths crosses the Julian Alps with an army of 30,000 men, and marches into the Roman heartland. He lays siege to Rome, and Gothic auxiliaries desert to join Alaric's forces. After much bargaining, the Senate agrees to pay him a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, and 3,000 hides dyed scarlet.
 * Alaric also demands, and obtains, the freedom of 30,000 people who had been enslaved in Rome.
 * The Huns under Uldin cross the lower Danube and attack the Eastern Roman Empire, setting fire to frontier forts and taking control of the Castra Martis (modern Bulgaria). The Romans negotiate for peace, but Uldin demands an exorbitant gold tribute in return for his withdrawal. This demand is rejected and Anthemius forces the Huns back across the Danube.
 * Attila, age 2, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Rome and in return, the Romans send Flavius Aetius to the Huns.

Persia

 * King Yazdegerd I of Persia maintains cordial relations with the Roman Empire. He becomes an executor of Arcadius' will and is entrusted with the care of the young Theodosius II until he comes of age.

Medicine

 * Alaric I exacts a tribute from Rome that includes 3,000 pounds of pepper. The spice is valued for alleged medicinal virtues and for disguising spoilage in meat that is past its prime.

Births

 * Tai Wu Di, emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty (d. 452)

Deaths

 * May 1 – Arcadius, Roman Emperor
 * May 4 – Venerius, bishop of Milan and Saint
 * August 22 – Stilicho, Roman general

title: 408


text:
409

Year 409 (CDIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius (or, less frequently, year 1162 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 409 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Spring – Gerontius, Roman general (magister militum), who had been a partisan of Constantine III, revolts in Hispania. He elevates Maximus, his domesticus, as emperor.
 * October 13 – The Vandals, led by King Gunderic, cross the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula. They receive land from the Romans, as foederati, in Baetica (Southern Spain). The Alans occupy lands in Lusitania and the Suebi control parts of Gallaecia.
 * The Visigothic king Alaric I lays siege to Rome a second time, bringing the inhabitants close to starvation. Emperor Honorius, safe in inaccessible Ravenna, refuses to negotiate for peace, despite repeated offers from Alaric, who then comes to terms with the Senate and sets up a rival emperor, Priscus Attalus, prefect (praefectus urbi) of the city.
 * Honorius agrees that sons of prominent families at court in Ravenna be sent beyond the Danube as hostages; in return, later he calls up ten thousand Hun mercenaries.
 * Famine strikes Hispania, Gaul and the Italian Peninsula.
 * Bacaudic Rebellion: Peasants in Armorica, northwestern Gallia launch a revolt. The unrest continues until 417.

Asia

 * Mingyuan, age 17, succeeds Daowu as emperor of the Chinese Northern Wei (one of the Northern dynasties).
 * Battle of Linqu: Southern Yan is defeated by Eastern Jin.

Births

 * Daniel the Stylite, Christian saint (approximate date)
 * Liu Yikang, prince of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 451)

Deaths

 * Daowu, emperor of the Northern Wei (b. 371)
 * Gao Yun, emperor of the Northern Yan
 * Li of Yan, empress, wife of Gao Yun (who died the same year)
 * Mallius Theodorus, Roman consul (approximate date)
 * Serena, noblewoman and wife of Stilicho

title: 409