text:
Talk:Convention on the Rights of the Child

Initial comments
Map is incorrect. Canada has ratified the UNCRC. The US is the sole country which has not ratified. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.35.221.90 (talk) 16:40, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

The US has signed, but not ratified the CRC and the Optional Protocal on child soldiers. I wonder why they haven't "ratified" it.

They did this with Kyoto Protocol (global warming treaty), too.

 * But they have no intention to do so: Kyoto Protocol Article on Wikipedia —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk) (who inserted within another ed's signed contrib.)

What's up with this "signing but not ratifying" thing?

I also heard the US is nearly the only holdout against a treaty banning land mines.

Is the US wickedly hypocritical, or are there some defects in these treaties, or what? -- Ed Poor 07:27 & 07:53, 29 March 2002

 * As to the child treaty: conservatives are concerned that the treaty gives too many rights to children that (in their view) properly belong to parents. I think a summary of the main provisions of the convention would be nice.

 * About landmines: the US uses them in Korea and does not want to limit its options. They have said they will sign once they have developed alternatives. US, Russia, China are the major producers of landmines, and all three have refused to sign. This struck-thru 'graph & the sig of AxelBoldt 07:32, 29 March 2002, were separated from the previous one by intervening contribs by Rast and others; they both appear in their original form, further down the section.

 * Generally speaking, those opposed to the CRC believe that under the CRC a 14-y old child would have the right to have sex, get an abortion, join the Wiccan church, etc, regardless of her parent's wishes, and by ratifying the CRC, the US government would be commited to upholding those "rights" when parents attempt to deny them. Supporters of the CRC claim that the CRC does no such thing and in fact strengthens parental rights.  But the opposition claim the supporters are lying.

 * Also, CRC opponents feel that the US does not need the UN telling it what to do, because even without the CRC, the democratically elected US government is perfectly capable of making whatever laws are needed to protect US children.

 * This article is rather overwhelmingly positive, and would be improved by a section explaining the negatives of the CRC (it's toothless) and American opposition to it. --Rast 00:20, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Other issues with the treaty:
 * Under Article 13, any attempts to prevent their children from interacting with material parents deem unacceptable is forbidden. Children are vested with a “freedom of expression” right, which is virtually absolute. No allowance is made for parental guidance. Section 1 declares a child’s right to “seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child’s choice.”
 * In Article 14, children are guaranteed “freedom of thought, conscience and religion.” Children have a legal right to object to all religious training. Alternatively, children may assert their right against parental objection to participate in any religion that may be objectionable by the family, such as the occult.
 * Article 15 declares “the right of the child to freedom of association.” Parents could be prevented from forbidding their child to associate with people deemed to be objectionable companions. Under Article 15, children could claim a “fundamental” right to join gangs, cults, and racist organizations over parental objection.
 * Article 19 mandates the creation of an intensive bureaucracy for the purpose of “identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment, and follow-up” of parents who, in violation of the child’s rights, treat their children negligently.
 * To insure State and U.N. control over their development, Article 7 requires all children must be immediately registered at birth.
 * Articles 3, 19, 37 require all ratifying countries to protect children from “degrading punishment” and “physical violence” which includes corporal punishment. The U.N. Committee of Ten (pursuant to Article 44) must oversee the implementation of the treaty. Over the last several years, the Committee published reports criticizing several countries (including Canada and Great Britain) for allowing corporal punishment to continue.

 * One big difference between the US and other countries is if a treaty is ratified here, it becomes the highest law of the land, only subserviant to the Constitution. Under the Constitution’s Supremacy Clause of Article VI Section.2, “all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution of laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.”  In Missouri v. Holland, (252 U.S. 416), the U.S. Supreme Court held that under the Supremacy Clause a treaty made by the President, with concurrence of two-thirds of the Senate present at the time of voting, would become the supreme law and take precedent over contrary state laws. Thus, the U.N. Convention would constitute legally binding law in all 50 states. Otherwise valid state laws pertaining to education, the family, etc., which conflict with the provisions of the treaty will be subject to invalidation.  Were this convention to be ratified, the United States would be required to alter large portions of long established law to cater to the demands of the United Nations. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.1.2.4 (talk • contribs) 22:34-:36, 18 November 2006

 * About landmines: the US uses them in Korea and does not want to limit its options. They have said they will sign once they have developed alternatives. US, Russia, China are the major producers of landmines, and all three have refused to sign. AxelBoldt 07:32, 29 March 2002

 * The U.S. may very well be wickedly hypocritical, but that is not what is behind the "signing but not ratifying" phenomenon. The cause of this is that signing and ratifying are done by different people with different responsibilities. Signing is a symbolic thing and a statement of intent. It is done by the executive branch (that is, the U.S. President, or someone to whom he delegates authority). Ratifying is a more binding legislative act that requires the approval of Congress. And Congress is under no obligation to agree with the President. Congressional refusal to ratify a signed treaty may be a serious problem, but I don't think we can call it "wickedly hypocritical". Are there defects in these treaties? A majority in Congress apparently think so (or think their constituents think so). — Nowhither 09:58, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

The main US opposition I've heard about concerns the age of eligibility for military service. The military currently allows 17-year-olds to enlist with parent/guardian written permission, but the CRC would prohibit the practice altogether. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fsotrain09 (talk • contribs)  03:01, 8 April 2006

It says that 192 member states ratified the convention, aren't there only 191 countries in the UN? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Copyright Violation
I saw a copyright violation.

Wikipedia: Only Somalia and the United States have not ratified the CRC. Somalia is currently unable to proceed to ratification as it has no recognized government.

The United States, by signing the Convention, has signaled its intention to ratify – but has yet to do so. The United States undertakes an extensive examination and scrutiny of treaties before proceeding to ratify. This examination, which includes an evaluation of the degree of compatibility with existing law and practice in the country at state and federal levels, can take several years – or even longer if the treaty is portrayed as being controversial or if the process is politicized. In particular, the practice in several U.S. states of executing persons between the ages of 16 and 18 is a major barrier to the USA's ratification of the Convention. However, a 2005 Supreme Court decision made this illegal.

UNICEF Site: "Only two countries, Somalia and the United States, have not ratified this celebrated agreement. Somalia is currently unable to proceed to ratification as it has no recognized government. By signing the Convention, the United States has signalled its intention to ratify – but has yet to do so.

As in many other nations, the United States undertakes an extensive examination and scrutiny of treaties before proceeding to ratify. This examination, which includes an evaluation of the degree of compliance with existing law and practice in the country at state and federal levels, can take several years – or even longer if the treaty is portrayed as being controversial or if the process is politicized. For example, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide took more than 30 years to be ratified in the United States and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which was signed by the United States 17 years ago, still has not been ratified. Moreover, the US Government typically will consider only one human rights treaty at a time. Currently, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is cited as the nation's top priority among human rights treaties. "

There are some differences, but almost all of the passage is the same on both. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.15.113.234 (talk • contribs) 21:47, 5 March 2005

 * Facts can't be copyrighted. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * But the way they are phrased can. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Fsotrain09 (talk • contribs) 03:02, 8 April 2006
 * _ _ The verbatim uses of the following phrasings:
 * Only Somalia and the United States have not ratified...
 * Somalia is currently unable to proceed to ratification as it has no recognized government.
 * The United States undertakes an extensive examination and scrutiny of treaties before proceeding to ratify. This examination, which includes an evaluation of the degree of compatibility with existing law and practice in the country at state and federal levels, can take several years – or even longer if the treaty is portrayed as being controversial or if the process is politicized.
 * are violations. (Well, unless we can establish that the author, or the entity for whom they wrote it as a work for hire, executed the GFDL or placed it in the public domain. But even finding a statement at the source to that effect would suffice to do more than make it likely, since anyone can copy it from an earlier source and lie about that.)
 * _ _ I'm tagging and removing them. --Jerzy•t 22:12, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

US Supreme Court and the Convention
Dropped this about the Roper decision and the US ratification:

 * However, recent changes in the court, including the new Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts, and the vacancy created by the departure of[ asscoiate justice Sandra Day O'Connor, both of whom are appointed by president George Bush, a pro-death penalty conservative, indicate that this decision may likely be overturned in the near future.

This makes no sense. The Roper decision was 5-4. Both Rehnquist and O'Connor were on the dissenting side. Even assuming that the two new justices take the same position as the their predecessors, the votes are not there to overturn Roper. Ellsworth 21:42, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Key Issues Inconsistencies
The items in this list are very inconsitent in their use of second vs. third person i.e. "They" and "Children" vs. "You". I believe third person would be more appropriate, but second person is used in the external link that it is based on. The main thing is it needs to be consistent. socalifornia 18:11, 10 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Consistency within the article is indeed mandatory. But the main thing is that 2nd person is unencyclopedic, and every edit that adds to consistency within the article by introducing more 2nd person is a bad edit. NPoV implies that the purpose of an article is to communicate facts, and choosing language features whose purpose is to prepare the reader to apply it to their personal situation is implicitly taking the position that their doing so is good, besides interferes with the factual communication (starting with the fact that what is said applies to the rest of the world as well as the reader). --Jerzy•t 21:22, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Broken Link
just thought i'd mention--broken link at the bottom of the page.Nothingisreal 23:05, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

Link to reference [32] is broken: http://www.law.emory.edu/fileadmin/journals/eilr/v20n1/SmolinCROP.pdf  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.48.78.90 (talk) 23:11, 31 January 2010 (UTC)

Key issues section - too listy?
I'm concerned that the key issues section may be too listy for inclusion - the article iself is not a list. Therefore I'm removing the section to talk. ~  crazytales 56297   -talk- 01:44, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * think I'm in favour of putting the list back in some form, basically I came here looking to find anything further on article 31 - nothing about any of the articles is currently in the 'article'

"The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 31, recognizes ‘the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts.’"

I was going to try to hyperlink to the relevant articles - are the terms above defined or not (rest doesn't seem to have a wikipedia definition distinct from leisure, if leisure, play and recreation are distinct)? would it be Original research to link to rest?

That bit is probably of interest to various wikiprojects on art or similar, I was wondering if some countries had/had not ratified that. I guess it's an 'all or nothing' apart from the extra clauses mentioned at the end of the article, (child soldiers etc).

Anyway not having the content in the article so you can't quickly find out what all the countries have agreed to makes the article less useful than I might have hoped. EdwardLane (talk) 12:00, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

Key Issues
Many major issues are covered in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the related Articles :
 * Protection without discrimination (Article 2)
 * All decisions made about children must be in their best interest (Article 3)
 * All young people have "evolving capacities" which must be acknowledged (Article 5)
 * Children have the right to life (Article 6)
 * They have a right to a name and the right to acquire a nationality (Article 7)
 * They have a right to know about their identity (Article 8)
 * They cannot be separated from their parents against their will, except when judged to be in their best interests (Article 9)
 * If a child is capable of forming his or her own views, they also have the right to express those views(Article 12)
 * Children have the right to freedom of expression and information if it is within legal boundaries (Article 13)
 * They have the right to thought, conscience and religion (Article 14)
 * Their rights are protected so no one can interfere with their privacy, family or home (Article 16)
 * Through the use of media children have the right to obtain information that will benefit them (Article 17)
 * The primary responsibility for the upbringing of children lies with their parents or legal guardians (Article 18)
 * Children are to be protected from neglect and abuse (Article 19)
 * Children who are refugees have the right to special assistance and protection (Article 22)
 * Disabled children have the right to special care (Article 23)
 * Children have the right to health services and to have the highest attainable standard of health (Article 24)
 * Children have the right to benefit from social security (Article 26)
 * They have the right to an adequate standard of living (Article 27)
 * They have the right to have access to education (Article 28)
 * If a child is a member of an indigenous or minority group he or she has the right to practice their own religion and culture (Article 30)
 * They have the right to take part in leisure, recreation and cultural activities (Article 31)
 * Children should be protected from economic exploitation (Article 32)
 * They should be protected from illicit drugs (Article 33)
 * They should be protected from sexual exploitation and abuse (Article 34)
 * They have the right to be protected from abduction, sale or trafficking and all other forms of exploitation (Article 35 and 36)
 * Children are not to be subjected to torture, capital punishment or deprivation of liberty (Article 37)
 * If children have faced neglect or abuse etc. the State has the responsibility to take all appropriate measures for rehabilitative care (Article 39)
 * Children have numerous rights in regard to the administration of justice and the criminal procedure (Article 40)

US Senate ratification
Article says "However, the United States Constitution requires that treaties receive the approval of two-thirds of the Senate". That's a very confusing statement, if you read what Treaty and Foreign_policy_law_of_the_United_States. In short: "treaty" under US constitutional law means something different than what it does under international law. So, although this is a treaty under international law, the US President could have chosen (and maybe even still could choose) to not treat it as a treaty under US constitutional law, and thus ratify it by a different method than the 2/3-rd Senate majority method (the congressional-executive method or the sole executive method.) This is a very murky legal area, but I would venture that a simple answer is that the article doesn't need to comment on this; it can just say "President Clinton chose to submit the treaty to Senate for ratification by a two-thirds majority", which is entirely true, and avoids the issue of whether he could have ratified it another way. --SJK 08:23, 20 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I think you're confused - there is no "other way" to ratify a treaty. To be sure, the President can issue orders and Congress can make laws consistent with the treaty, but that doesn't even reach the level of a de-facto ratification, since neither federal orders or federal laws have the authority to override the individual states in many (if not all) of the areas covered by the treaty.  --Tim4christ17 talk 15:28, 29 July 2007 (UTC)

 * In addition, Clinton never submitted it to the Senate, so that is not factually accurate. He only signed it, in 1995. If the US ever became party, advice and consent of the Senate would be required. I don't think there is any plausible argument that the CRC could be treated as anything other than a "treaty" under U.S. law. Further, all other human rights treaties to which the US is a party (eg ICCPR, CERD, CRC Optional Protocols) have had advice and consent of the Senate prior to ratification by the President.Kbaumert 18:57, 5 October 2007 (UTC)

Ratification by the US of CRC
The USA has not ratified the CRC because in doing so, they would then be required to appear every 3 or 4 years? before the Committee on the Rights of the Child to explain why 25% of US children are living in poverty and why 40% don't have universal healthcare - insurance coverage.

Child poverty has been eliminated in many European countries and Australia ( effectively at below the 5% mark.)

Canada has still a 15-16% child poverty rate but currently has a "War on Poverty" nationally with a federal election looming possibly in the spring. The talk of a "guaranteed annual income" no matter what is back and very active. Canada's "National Child Supplement" is a form of that guaranteed income for children.

Canada has universal free health care for all of her citizens (obviously including the children)as a human right and some all provinces/territories have at least basic dental plan insurance for children living in poverty.

The USA would be very embarassed to be scrutinized by some meber of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child from some third world country. The USA also has a huge number of people in prison versus other countries, on a per capita basis.

Violent crime rates in most European countries and Australia are 1/10th that of the USA.

The revealing "Bowling for Columbine" documentary revealed that Canadians have 7,000,000 guns for a population of 33 million people and less than 1/19th the per capita muder rate. Same in France, The UK, Australia etc.

Canada has a hybrid of social systems which are part European and part American in content. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Samantha Dean (talk • contribs) 05:12, 27 January 2007 (UTC).

 * "The United States has officially become a State Party to the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography" on December 24, 2002. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/16216.htm

I will edit the statement "Most member nation states (countries) of the United Nations have ratified it, either partly or completely" to reflect this. Raggz 00:32, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The following edit was deleted. It merely states the factual political facts regarding this treaty in the US. "The representatives of the People have decided not to enter into this treaty, and they may do so if they ever desire to do so. It may be that the Constitution of the United States is incompatible with Article 29, and if this is true, the Government of the United States lacks the authority to enter into this treaty unless the Constitution is amended first. If Congress ever were to accept this treaty, this decision would be reviewed by the Judicial Branch and would be invalidated if a conflict were found. There presently is no significant interest within Congress on this treaty. The US federal government (unlike almost all other nations) has limited authority regarding rights of children because the US Constitution makes such laws largely the province of state law." As such, it can all be supported by citations. Which specific parts are challenged as "political opinion"? The entire edit was reverted. If you challenge and discuss objections here, only then may they be addressed. Raggz 05:06, 21 September 2007 (UTC)

 * This a good example of what others have been talking about. This is largely composed of hypothetical scenarios (discussing what "may be" or what "would happen").  This cannot, as you say, "all be supported by citations," mainly because it is whole bunch of "if this happens, then this would happen."  The point is to present facts, not a series of maybes.  Also, if it can be supported by citation (for example, the proposition that there is "presently no significant interest within Congress on this treaty) then add them!  As it stands, it's just you saying this is true.  I hope this helps. JCO312 01:28, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

 * The article suggests that the US has not ratified this treaty. Five years ago the United States said "The United States has officially become a State Party to the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography at the United Nations today. The Senate unanimously provided its advice and consent to ratification and President Bush signed the instruments of ratification. This is another example of the commitment of the United States to working with the international community to end abuses and to recognize universal human rights norms. This protocol seeks to protect children from commercial sexual exploitation." Why has this been left out?

 * Suggested text: On December 24, 2002 the United States officially became a State Party to the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography". Raggz (talk) 02:05, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I believe we have tacit consensus to change this text since the US has partly ratified this treaty (see above). Raggz (talk) 07:13, 18 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Someone deleted this change without discussion. Why? Raggz (talk) 03:37, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

I have three areas of concern about the article as it stands. Firstly, although it is supposed to be about a UN Convention, much of the detail, a disproportionate amount, appears to be about arguments within one of the two countries which has not ratified it. Nor does it present a global viewpoint, but a predominantly US one. It says, "the US is a sovereign nation"; yes, and so are all the countries which have signed it. This material is irrelevant to the article itself and if it belongs anywhere it ought to be forked off to an article about US ratification (with a brief summary on this page). Secondly, the discussion of US ratification is weighted towards opposition to ratification (and has no less than eight citations from David Smolin, non an especially notable figure in the area of children's rights). Thirdly, some of the arguments presented appear to be original research. It is fine to present the arguments of the Heritage Foundation, but some of the supporting comments are interpretations which need to be supported by a citation, not a reference to the original text. --Rbreen (talk) 14:38, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Convention and international law as an advisory resolution
The United Nations General Assembly agreed to adopt the Convention into international law as an advisory resolution on 1989-11-20. The United Nations Charter does not permit the General Assembly to create international law. All GA resolutions are advisory only. I retained "adopt the Convention into international law" anyway, because the treaty is international law for the signatories. The prior language erroneously suggested that the GA can pass laws. Raggz (talk) 03:01, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Expanding the citation base
There is a need to expand the citations. Only a few sources are used. I suggest that we do more research, so that new cites may replace or augment the few now used? Raggz (talk) 22:00, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Smolin cites
Michael Smolin is an authority worth citing, but his opinions are in most sections, and he is cited about ten times. I propose that his opinions be limited to one section. Raggz (talk) 21:23, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Heritage Foundation
The Heritage Foundation is likewise represented more than is ideal. Unlike with Smolin, these are clustered together within a single section. I propose that additional sources be added, and that the opinions of the Heritage Foundation and Michael Smolin be limited to a single section. Raggz (talk) 21:23, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

World Vision
World Vision's homepage search did not reveal any support for CDAW. I did not delete this text, but instead left a fact tag. Raggz (talk) 21:25, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Small correction
Citations are to David Smolin.Sweetmoose6 (talk) 04:28, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you Sweetmoose. Raggz (talk) 05:47, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Michael is his father, an environmental and process engineer.Sweetmoose6 (talk) 00:20, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Lack of Citations
There is a lack of citations in this first paragraph from the controversy section. Some of this stuff, particularly the last sentence, is rather controversial. To state for a fact that the U.S. would be embarrassed is quite a statement. This must be cited or removed. I will remove the last sentence of this paragraph (at least) if it is not sourced soon.

 * Ratification of the UNCRC by the United States would require the U.S. governments to appear before the U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child, a panel of child rights experts from around the world, every 5 years to explain their implementation of such issues as universal health insurance for all American children, currently a human right in all other western industrialized nations. As of 2008, 25% of children in the U.S. don't have health insurance. Child poverty rates in America, the highest in the western industrialized nations, would have to be explained as well. Public examination of U.S. policies and direct comparison with those of other countries like the UK, France, Germany, Australia and Canada would prove embarassing internationally.

JBFrenchhorn (talk) 01:22, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I am going to remove the final two sentences from that paragraph. If somebody can adequately source theme, they can be re-added.  JBFrenchhorn (talk) 20:19, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Ratified by East Timor?

 * Mcintyre, A. (2005). Invisible stakeholders: children and war in Africa. Pretoria: Lesedi Litho Printers. Cited in Abatneh, 2006

The 2006 dissertation linked above says that East Timor ("Timor Leste") is yet to ratify the Convention. Is this still true? --AnotherSolipsist (talk) 19:28, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

It is ratified by East Timor. Applerocks211201 (talk) 12:37, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Conflict with US law
I have removed the following section:

 * David Smolin argues that Article 29 limits the fundamental right right of parents and others to educate children in private school, by requiring that all such schools support the principles contained in the United Nations Charter and a list of specific values and ideals, and argues that "Supreme Court case law has provided that a combination of parental rights and religious liberties provide a broader right of parents and private schools to control the values and curriculum of private education free from State interference."

Firstly, we have too many citations from David Smolin in this article. He is not sufficiently notable in this context to give such undue weight to his opinions. Secondly, this reference is about the Convention supposedly limiting the rights of American parents, not about conflict with specific laws (as, for example the clear conflict between the convention and the laws allowing life imprisonment of juveniles. What laws on the US Statute book are in conflict with this? We must guard against purely speculative comments here.

There is altogether too much emphasis in this article on the opinions of opponents of the convention in a single country. If sufficent interest exists for an article on Opposition to US Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, that material would be appropriate there. --Rbreen (talk) 15:46, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Smolin is an expert on US Constitutional law and international law, and a proponent of the Convention with a few reservations. The article he wrote about the Convention was published in the Emory Law Review and that is what is quoted here, so my question to you how is it irrelevant? It seems the deletion is more of an attempt to eliminate criticism.

 * If, as Smolin argues, the Convention conflicts with US Supreme Court precedent, then it conflicts with US law. That is a relevant argument and therefore relevant to the article primarily because it provides a basis for why the US has not adopted the Convention.  Unless, as it appears, the article is written to make the US seem like idiots or naysayers for not adopting the Convention then it is relevant to the issue.

 * If you think there is too much criticism from authors in the US then find some people in other countries who criticize it. But you would think a majority of the criticism would come from the country or countries who have not adopted it.  That is only logical.

 * The point should stay. It takes up very little space and is highly relevant to the substance of the article, unless of course this is a hit piece against the US. Sweetmoose6 (talk) 19:14, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

 * To address your second point, about what laws it conflicts with, Supreme Court precedent, as you know is functionally the same as the US Constitution. When the Supreme Court creates a fundamental right the laws abriding that right are subject to strict scrutiny and very likely to be overturned.

 * The right of parents to dictate the upbringing of their child, send them to private school, or educate them at home can only be limited by the State in its imposition of educational standards that must be met, but not in the content that must be taught. The Convention seeks to regulate the content that must be taught by forcing institutions to support the United Nations charter and its ideals.  Below is the basis for that fundamental right:
 * In Runyon v. McCrary the Court analyzed its prior rulings on educational choice:

 * "In Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, the Court held that the liberty protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment includes the right 'to acquire useful knowledge, to marry, establish a home and bring up children,' id., at 399, and, concomitantly, the right to send one's children to a private school that offers specialized training - in that case, instruction in the German language. In Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 268 U.S. 510, the Court applied 'the doctrine of Meyer v. Nebraska,' id., at 534, to hold unconstitutional an Oregon law requiring the parent, guardian, or other person having custody of a child between 8 and 16 years of age [427 U.S. 160, 177] to send that child to public school on pain of criminal liability. The Court thought it 'entirely plain that the [statute] unreasonably interferes with the liberty of parents and guardians to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.' Id., at 534-535. In Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 , the Court stressed the limited scope of Pierce, pointing out that it lent 'no support to the contention that parents may replace state educational requirements with their own idiosyncratic views of what knowledge a child needs to be a productive and happy member of society' but rather 'held simply that while a State may posit [educational] standards, it may not pre-empt the educational process by requiring children to attend public schools.' Id., at 239 (WHITE, J., concurring)."

Sweetmoose6 (talk) 19:25, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

Criticism problem solved
Well it seems those who can't stand criticism of this convention have cleverly solved their problem by moving it all to a page dealing solely with the U.S.. I can really think of no other reason for the move and think the move was totally inappropriate. If there was another true reason for it I would like to hear it. Otherwise I am going to change it. I may not personally agree with any or all of the criticism but that doesn't mean it should be hidden or not dealt with. Sweetmoose6 (talk) 16:37, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It is not that criticism of the convention has been removed so much as that the previous version of this article was focused disproportionately on the theoretical debate with the United States about ratification of the Convention in that single country. This makes it seem as if discussion of the Convention is all about the United States. There is plenty of room for discussion, including criticism, of the operation of the Convention within those countries which have ratified it. The article is badly in need of specialist knowledge of the workings of the convention in practice, including criticism of its operation. --Rbreen (talk) 17:59, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Then let's add a controversy section that deals with it. I don't like attempts to whitewash this article.  Article 29 does appear to seriously conflict with US Supreme Court precedent, which as I've stated is the equivalent of the US Constitution.  And if the Convention does conflict, then the US needs to adopt the appropriate Reservations.  Article 5 is also controversial because of what it says about the role of parents as basically advisors to their children.  The younger the child, the obviously more controversial.  Further it is clear the new US administration favors the Convention, therefore the legitimate criticisms are all the more important.  I agree with you about expertise, but we can't ignore its flaws. Sweetmoose6 (talk) 18:13, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Please assume good faith, Sweetmoose. It's not helpful to suggest other editors "can't stand criticism of this convention".  Personally, I welcome notable, well-sourced criticisms of the CRC but, as Rbreen says, the article was too focused on the US.

 * The main CRC article should present a global view, and not get bogged down in a long discussion of one country. After your last edit, the article was about 2700 words long, and the "United States" section accounted for around 1200 words of this.  This is absurd.  Do we really need two paragraphs discussing the American groups that think the US should join the CRC?  Surely anyone who's interested in this stuff is capable of clicking on the link to US ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which is prominently displayed under the "United States" heading?

 * I agree that any notable, well-sourced criticisms of the CRC should be kept in the main article, but they should not be dealt with under the heading "United States". General criticisms of the CRC belong in the main section of the article.

 * The US-specific stuff should be summarised in one or two paragraphs in the main article; anyone who wants more detailed information, like which Americans support and oppose the convention, can go the country-specific article.

 * If you think the article is missing important, well-sourced criticisms, let us know here on the discussion page. I don't think anyone here wants to stifle criticism of the convention.  Polemarchus (talk) 18:20, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * If I assumed too much, I apologize. I am obviously at the mercy of edit histories like everyone.  What I am concerned about is the serious slant the article takes without the explanation.  If potential conflicts with US law are not presented then it makes the US objection look purely political.  I'm not saying there isn't some of that. but a conflict is a conflict.  My other concerns are above. Sweetmoose6 (talk) 23:05, 1 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I doubt anyone here will object if you mention briefly that the US opposition to ratification is based partly on potential conflicts with the constitution, provided you cite a reliable, published source that explicitly says so. Personally, I think that one sentence about this should be enough: anyone who wants to know more can either read the US ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child article or go directly to the sources.  Polemarchus (talk) 12:30, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Why does it have to be a blanket "conservative" disagreement? I could see some Libertarians disliking this as well. There's more than just Left and Right, you know.

Wikisource errors
The text as shown at Wikisource is different from. The Wikisource version contains some strange things such as "The present Convention shall be open for signature by all States except Perth and W.A. in Guadeloupe." - what does this "except Perth and W.A. in Guadeloupe." mean? It is also missing from the other source. Alinor (talk) 08:44, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

List of participants
Why is there no full list of participants? 80.98.146.68 (talk) 21:09, 13 November 2011 (UTC)
 * It says every member of the United Nations except Somalia and the United States. Is that not good enough? Stuartyeates (talk) 21:43, 13 November 2011 (UTC)
 * It says including. Which means that there can be other countries. I thought this is a statement about the UN, not the Convention itself. What about the non-UN countries? How many of them signed it? 80.98.146.68 (talk) 23:37, 28 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Name one. Then add it, e.g. every member of the United Nations except Somalia and the United States, plus Ruritania. rewinn (talk) 00:19, 29 December 2011 (UTC)

Australia's signature
I deleted the reference to the extreme-right-wing National Observer's criticism of Australia's signature of the CRC. Not sure why this reference is at all useful to understanding even the consequences of Australia's signature. If this criticism is to be retained, there needs to be, at the very least, a discussion of the way the CRC signature has played out in High Court cases such as Teoh (1995), and in State and Commonwealth legislation which has progressively incorporated the "best interests of the child" test since the 1990s. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.142.242.137 (talk) 23:49, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

Australia
Surely the stated date when Australia joined the Convention, 1950, is incorrect?

hilojo

Australia
Surely the stated date when Australia joined the Convention, 1950, is incorrect?

hilojo — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hilojo (talk • contribs) 00:40, 25 March 2013 (UTC)

195 States Party
The UN just officially announced that Somalia has become the 195th state party to ratify the Convention. All that remains now is for the Somalian government to deposit the instruments of ratification at the United Nations headquarters in New York. Middayexpress (talk) 22:46, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * That was the UNESCO, a UN agency, but not the depositary "DG of the UN". Let's keep it in until the weekend. If they haven't followed up by then, then I suggest we wait for the depository to take the formal action... L.tak (talk) 23:23, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it'll probably take at least a few days for the government to make the deposit. The official state parties will then read 195. Middayexpress (talk) 23:40, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * The UN main service likewise just announced that there are now officially 195 nations party to the treaty . Middayexpress (talk) 18:35, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. That is consistent with my view of the matter "The ratification process will be finalized once the Government of Somalia deposits the instruments of ratification at UN Headquarters in New York.". I hope they manage in the next 2 days; and in view of the attention they just might... L.tak (talk) 19:05, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
 * No prob. Middayexpress (talk) 20:20, 21 January 2015 (UTC)
 * It was too early indeed it seems. The instrument of ratification has as of today not yet been deposited (could be days.... could be months until they do so). Let's hope the hurry a bit! Until then I have restored the formal (194 parties) situation. L.tak (talk) 18:55, 27 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I saw one once (not for this treaty but another UN treaty) where the deposit date was about two years after the legal ratification at home. I guess sometimes papers go missing ... Good Ol’factory (talk) 01:22, 28 January 2015 (UTC)

Somalia has ratified the convention. There are several organisations who have declared that. The changes made were simply incorrect. I noticed immediately that it stated South Sudan and Somalia began the process of ratifying the convention. I have yet to find one press release by any UN related organisations stating South Sudan has ratified or signed the convention. There has been a variety of press release stating that Somalia has become the 195th and signed the convention.

If Somalia was not the 195th member and was still in the process, then the UN and all UN related agencies have failed miserably in the English language.

Here are the sources:

1) http://www.unicef.org/somalia/reallives_16043.html

2) https://www.facebook.com/unicef?app_data=%7B%22organization_id%22%3A710%2C%22referring_action_id%22%3A6114%2C%22fb_referrer_uid%22%3Anull%2C%22source%22%3Anull%7D&v=app_335652843138116

3) http://www.unicef.org/media/media_78732.html

4) http://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/somalia-ratification-un-convention-rights-child-breakthrough 5) http://www.raxanreeb.com/2015/01/somalia-somali-president-signs-the-convention-of-the-right-of-the-child/

6) https://www.crin.org/en/library/news-archive/somalia-government-ratifies-un-convention-rights-child

7) https://www.flickr.com/photos/unsom/sets/72157649979419448/

On top of that, there are several UN twitter accounts, all verified who have stated that Somalia has ratified the convention. This is direct from the UN's own verified twitter account with 3.4 million followers - https://twitter.com/UNICEF/status/557640588301189121

All of those links quite clearly state it has been ratified. It uses the word 'ratified' and 'ratifies' and does not state that Somalia is in the process of ratification. That process started last year. I did ask one UN individual on twitter whether a deposit of instrument statement will be released and they said I doubt that. Which made me wonder, can anyone find me a source to all 194 other countries having deposited at the UN? I can find sources that states they signed it and its ratified, but nothing about the deposit.

Furthermore, here is the speech by Mr Nick Kay, Special Representative for the Secretary General on the signing of the convention. http://www.unicef.org/somalia/SOM_statement_presidentspeechratification.pdf

I think the person who made the changes put far too much importance on the deposit instruments of ratification. The United Nations, UNICEF and all other UN related agencies announced Somalia as the 195th member of the convention in their statements on their website, Facebook and Twitter accounts. Hollyfield25 (talk) 20:27, 30 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, it is a bit confusing indeed. They say they ratified, but then in the first link provided it is said that the "ratification process will be completed with the deposit of the instrument". The latter is what we are eagerly waiting for, and which according to the depositary site (https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en) has not yet happened. So the term ratification is used in many forms, but you can not have a ratification, while at the same time saying that it still needs to be completed... Let me also add, that in the convention it is said that instruments need to be deposited with the depositary (hence its name). So that is the source. They did therefore all deposit or they wouldn't be registered... If you go to https://treaties.un.org/, then click "depositary notifications", then click "search CNs", and then select treaty "IV-11" and data rage 01-01-1989 - 30-01-2015, you'll see all notifications. L.tak (talk) 20:56, 30 January 2015 (UTC):

Thank you for the quick reply. I see your point. I have emailed the treaty office and should expect a response in the next 2 weeks. I'm more than happy to keep it at 194 states. However I do have a slight issue with the wording.

This is your edit:

- "Somalia has finished its ratification process, but did not deposit the instrument of ratification"

This is the new edit I made:

- "On the 20th January 2015, Somalia ratified the convention and the process will be finalized once the Government of Somalia deposits the instruments of ratification at UN Headquarters in New York."

As you can see, that edit is more in line with the UN statement. Which can be found here - http://www.unicef.org/somalia/media_16037.html Your initial edit implies that there was a deadline and the government of Somalia had missed that deadline, thus they chose not deposit the instrument of ratification. Hollyfield25 (talk) 22:15, 30 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks; let's leave it at that then and hope Somalia will become a party to the treaty soon! There is indeed no deadline; but at the same time there is also no guarantee that Somalia will follow through and eventually become a party to the treaty, so we shouldn't suggest the deposit is imminent... L.tak (talk) 17:09, 1 February 2015 (UTC)

Comment. UN received Somalia's ratification papers on 1 Oct 2015:. 196 parties now, just the US is non-party. Good Ol’factory (talk) 23:35, 1 October 2015 (UTC)

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Should the Miller vs Alabama ruling on juvenile life imprisonment be mentioned like it is?
The Supreme Court ruling only applied to mandatory life without parole for juveniles, but still allowed for JLWOP in some instances. http://www.cumberlandtrialjournal.com/life-after-miller-retroactive-sentencing-and-the-rare-juvenile/

On the flipside, the Convention bans JLWOP entirely. The US is still in contravention of the Convention.Bjoh249 (talk) 18:34, 2 July 2018 (UTC)

United Kingdom
This cant be right now: The UK Government responded that "the use of physical punishment is a matter for individual parents to decide". May be right in 1992, but not now. Any sort of physical punishment of children is the uk is now illegal, except for reasonable punishment. It Scotland it is completely illegal now to hit a child. Wales seems to be going to same. scope_creep (talk) 06:43, 19 September 2018 (UTC)

Canada & Baker
I dispute that Canada has ratified this treaty. Despite the comments of a random ministry, the judiciary maintains supremacy over the executive in Canada through judicial review, and the judiciary recognizes the legislative branch as the only branch of government that can make the Convention law. Read Baker at paragraph 69 (not a joke). Just do ctrl + f "69" to see the relevant paragraph.

https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1999/1999canlii699/1999canlii699.html Mevvy00 (talk) 01:45, 28 May 2024 (UTC)

 * User:Alarics read the paragraph that I'm citing from Baker. The highest legal authority in Canada explicitly states that it only interprets as law what has been passed by parliament. 2/3 branches of government say the treaty is not ratified, while (at max (because the source this article relies on for Canada's ratification of this treaty is a random ministry, not even the whole of the executive)) only 1/3 says it is ratified. Mevvy00 (talk) 23:02, 29 May 2024 (UTC)
 * User:112.206.242.227 Read my source. Mevvy00 (talk) 04:35, 28 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The official view of Global Affairs Canada, as seen at this link: https://www.treaty-accord.gc.ca/details.aspx?lang=eng&id=102790&t=638567466011145874, is that the treaty is ratified in Canada. Just because the treaty has not been explicitly incorporated domestically does not change the fact that it is ratified in an international law sense. Looking at Senate testimony, it appears the position of the Canadian Government is that existing Canadian law, with appropriate regulations, policies, and guidance issued by departments and agencies, would be sufficient to execute the treaty. And ultimately, the Crown has the ultimate prerogative to declare a treaty ratified.
 * Bringing in @Alarics too in the interests of bringing all interested users together. JustAnotherEditHere (talk) 21:23, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

Map Inconsistent?

 * The map shows Canada is a signatory, but has not ratified. The article says Canada ratified it in 1991.
 * The map shows Guernsey as a non-signatory, but the article says  "Guernsey was also excluded until 2020".
 * The map has Western Sahara in gray, but gray is not one of the colors in the key.
 * The map also has Taiwan in gray. The article says "Taiwan incorporated the convention into domestic law on 20 November 2014, and signed an Instrument of Accession to the CRC on 16 May 2016."

SlowJog (talk) 09:19, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I had reverted the map to show Canada as having ratified, after User:Mevvy00 changed it, but he or she has reverted my revert, see section "Canada & Baker" immediately above. I don't want to get into an edit war. Someone more familiar with Canadian constitutional affairs needs to deal with the argument raised by User:Mevvy00. -- Alarics (talk) 12:48, 15 June 2024 (UTC)


text:
DARPA TIDES program

Translingual Information Detection, Extraction and Summarization (TIDES) is a technology development program funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), focused on the automated processing and understanding of language data. The primary goal of the program is to enable English speakers to locate and interpret required information quickly and effectively regardless of the original language.

Components
The four component capabilities of the technology being developed by TIDES includes:
 * Detection – Locating required information.
 * Extraction – Pulling out key facts.
 * Summarization – Reducing the information into a readable length.
 * Translation – Converting text from another language into English.

Tools for detection, extraction, and summarization must work within a language (monolingually) and across languages (translingually), to be used by people who speak only English. In addition to developing technology, TIDES is also researching methods to adapt it quickly and cheaply to other languages, including languages with limited linguistic resources. TIDES aims to integrate the component capabilities together and with other technologies to produce tools for real-world applications.

Investigative Data Warehouse
The FBI's Investigative Data Warehouse contains an open-source news library, containing news gathered by the TIDES program. The information is collected from public websites around the world, including Ha'aretz, Pravda, the Jordan Times, The People's Daily, The Washington Post, and others. It uses the Mitre Text and Audio Processing (MiTAP) system.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: DARPA TIDES program


text:
Airplane!

Airplane! (alternatively titled Flying High!) is a 1980 American disaster comedy film written and directed by Jim Abrahams and brothers David and Jerry Zucker in their directorial debuts, and produced by Jon Davison. It stars Robert Hays and Julie Hagerty and features Leslie Nielsen, Robert Stack, Lloyd Bridges, Peter Graves, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, and Lorna Patterson. It is a parody of the disaster film genre, particularly the 1957 Paramount film Zero Hour!, from which it borrows its plot, central characters, and some dialogue. It also draws many elements from Airport 1975 and other films in the Airport series. It is known for its use of surreal humor and fast-paced slapstick comedy, including visual and verbal puns, gags, running jokes, and dark humor.

Released by Paramount Pictures, it was a critical and commercial success, grossing $171 million worldwide against a budget of $3.5 million. Its creators received the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Comedy, and nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

Since its release, its reputation has grown substantially. It ranked sixth on Bravo's 100 Funniest Movies. In a 2007 survey by Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, it was judged the second-greatest comedy of all time, behind Monty Python's Life of Brian. In 2008, it was selected by Empire magazine as one of 'The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time', and in 2012 was voted #1 on The 50 Funniest Comedies Ever poll. In 2010, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
Ex-fighter pilot Ted Striker is a traumatized war veteran turned taxi driver. Because of his pathological fear of flying and subsequent "drinking problem"—he splashes beverages anywhere but into his mouth—Ted has been unable to hold a responsible job. His wartime girlfriend, Elaine Dickinson, now a flight attendant, breaks off her relationship with him before boarding her rostered flight from Los Angeles to Chicago. Ted abandons his taxi and buys a ticket on the same flight to try to win her back. Once on board, however, Elaine continues to reject him, causing Ted to accidentally drive several other passengers to suicide as he sadly reminisces.

After the in-flight meal is served, the entire flight crew and several passengers fall ill. Passenger Dr. Rumack discovers that the fish served during meal service has caused food poisoning. With the flight crew incapacitated, Elaine contacts the Chicago control tower for help and is instructed by tower supervisor Steve McCroskey to activate the plane's autopilot, a large inflatable dummy pilot dubbed "Otto", which will get them to Chicago but not be able to land the plane. Elaine and Rumack convince Ted to take the controls. When Steve learns Ted is piloting, he contacts Ted's former commanding officer, Rex Kramer—now serving as a commercial pilot—to help talk Ted through the landing procedure. Ted becomes uneasy when Kramer starts giving orders and he briefly breaks down amid more wartime flashbacks. Elaine and Rumack both bolster Ted's confidence and he manages to once again take the controls.

As the plane nears Chicago, the weather worsens, complicating the landing. With Elaine's help as co-pilot and Rex's guidance from the tower, Ted is able to land the plane safely, despite the landing gear shearing off, and the passengers suffer only minor injuries. Rescue vehicles arrive to help unload the plane. Impressed by Ted's display of courage, Elaine embraces and kisses him, rekindling their relationship. The two watch as "Otto" takes control of the plane, inflates a female companion, and takes off.

Production
Jerry Zucker, Jim Abrahams, and David Zucker (collectively known as Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker, or ZAZ) wrote Airplane! while they were performing with the Kentucky Fried Theatre, a theatre group they had founded in 1971. To obtain material for comedy routines, they routinely recorded late night television and reviewed the tapes later primarily to pull the commercials, a process Abrahams compared to "seining for fish". During one such taping process, they unintentionally recorded the 1957 film Zero Hour!, and while scanning the commercials, found it to be a "perfectly classically structured film" according to Jerry Zucker. Abrahams later described Zero Hour! as "the serious version of Airplane!" It was the first film script they wrote, completed around 1975, and was originally called The Late Show. The script originally stayed close to the dialog and plot of Zero Hour!, as ZAZ thought they did not have a sufficient understanding of film at the time to structure a proper script. ZAZ's script borrowed so much from Zero Hour! that they believed they needed to negotiate the rights to create the remake of the film and ensure they remain within the allowance for parody within copyright law. They were able to obtain the rights from Warner Bros. and Paramount for about $2,500 at the time. The original script contained spoofs of television commercials but people who proofread it advised them to shorten the commercials, and they eventually removed them. When their script was finished, they were unable to sell it.

While failing to sell their script, the trio met director John Landis, who encouraged them to write a film based on their theatre sketches. They managed to put The Kentucky Fried Movie into production in the late 1970s. David Zucker said "it was the first time we had ever been on a movie set. We learned a lot. We learned that if you really wanted a movie to come out the way you wanted it to, you had to direct. So on the next movie, Airplane!, we insisted on directing".

Eventually the Airplane! script found its way to Paramount through Michael Eisner. Eisner learned of the script via Susan Baerwald, another scriptwriter with United Artists, and had Jeffrey Katzenberg track down and meet with ZAZ to discuss details. Avco Embassy Pictures also expressed interest in producing the film, but ZAZ decided to go with Paramount.

Paramount insisted the film be shot in color rather than black-and-white as ZAZ wanted, and to be set aboard a jet airliner rather than propeller plane to better identify with modern filmgoers. In exchange, Paramount acquiesced to ZAZ's desire to cast serious actors for the film rather than comedy performers. Principal photography began on June 20, 1979, and wrapped on August 31, with the bulk of filming having been done in August. Jerry Zucker stood beside the camera during shooting, while David Zucker and Jim Abrahams watched the video feed to see how the film would look; they conferred after each take.

Casting
David Zucker explained that "the trick was to cast actors like Robert Stack, Leslie Nielsen, Peter Graves, and Lloyd Bridges. These were people who, up to that time, had never done comedy. We thought they were much funnier than the comedians of that time were".

David Zucker felt Stack was the most important actor to be cast, since he was the "linchpin" of the film's plot. Stack initially played his role in a way that was different from what the directors had in mind. They showed him a tape of impressionist John Byner impersonating Robert Stack. According to the producers, Stack was "doing an impression of John Byner doing an impression of Stack". Stack was not initially interested in the part, but ZAZ persuaded him. Bridges' children advised him to take the part. Graves rejected the script at first, considering it tasteless. During filming, ZAZ had explained to Graves that his lines spoken to a young boy, like "Have you ever seen a grown man naked?", would "be explained later in a part that you aren't in". On the DVD commentary, Abrahams said: "I don't understand. What did he think was tasteless about pedophilia?"

For the role of Dr. Rumack, ZAZ initially suggested Dom DeLuise, Christopher Lee (who had appeared in Airport '77), Vincent Price, and Jack Webb, all of whom turned it down, before they considered Nielsen, who was "just a fish in water" in his role, according to Jerry Zucker. Nielsen's career to this point had consisted mostly of serious leading roles but he wanted to work in comedy and was looking for a film to help in the transition. He was considered a "closet comedian" on set, pranking his fellow actors between shots, but immediately adopted his somber, serious persona when performing as Rumack. During filming, Nielsen used a device that made farting noises to keep the cast off-balance. Hays said that Nielsen "played that thing like a maestro". Christopher Lee would later acknowledge that turning down the role (to star in the film 1941) was a huge mistake.

The role of Ted Striker was written for David Letterman, who had auditioned for a news anchorman role in Kentucky Fried Movie. Letterman did a screen test in 1979 that ZAZ liked and they wanted him to do a second audition, but Letterman did not want to pursue the role and was not selected. Chevy Chase, Barry Manilow, Bill Murray and Fred Willard were also considered for the role. Caitlyn Jenner also read for the part. Instead, ZAZ opted for Robert Hays, co-star of ABC situation comedy Angie. Elaine's part was auditioned for by Sigourney Weaver and Shelley Long but eventually went to Julie Hagerty. The directors advised the pair to play their roles straight. Hays and Hagerty developed an on-screen chemistry that worked in the film's favor; they spent time to practice and perfect the bar dance routine set to "Stayin' Alive", among other scenes.

For the "red zone/white zone" send-up of curbside terminal announcements in which public address announcers "Betty" and "Vernon" argue over the red and white zones, ZAZ went through the usual process of auditioning professional voice actors, but failed to find ones who could provide the desired authenticity. Instead, the filmmakers ultimately sought out and hired the real-life married couple who had recorded the announcement tapes which were then being used at Los Angeles International Airport. ZAZ lifted some of their dialog directly from the 1968 novel Airport, written by Arthur Hailey who had also written Zero Hour! script. The lifted lines included ones about an unwanted pregnancy; David Zucker said the couple "got a kick out of it". Baseball player Pete Rose was originally considered for the role of Roger Murdock.

ZAZ got businessman and Republican politician Howard Jarvis to make a cameo appearance. Jarvis, who was well known in California at the time for getting his tax policy Proposition 13 passed in 1978, plays the patient passenger who gets into Ted Striker's cab at the start of the film. He then spends the entire movie sitting in an empty cab with the meter running. He also has the final line, which he says after the end credits: he looks at his watch and says "Well, I'll give him another twenty minutes, but that's it!", the joke being that Jarvis was wasting money while being known for his stance on fiscal responsibility and limited spending.

Jimmie Walker, a well-known sitcom actor, has a cameo in this film. He also had a small role in The Concorde... Airport '79, making him the only actor to appear in both Airplane! and the film series it spoofed.

Music
The film's score was composed by Elmer Bernstein, who had provided soundtracks for classic films like The Ten Commandments, The Magnificent Seven, To Kill a Mockingbird, and The Great Escape. ZAZ told Bernstein they did not want an epic score like his past works but "a B-Movie level score, overdone and corny". According to ZAZ, Bernstein completely understood what they were trying to do, had laughed throughout a previous cut of the film, and wrote a "fantastic score".

In 1980, an LP soundtrack for the film was released by Regency Records which includes dialog and songs from the film. Narrated by Shadoe Stevens, it features only one score track, the "Love Theme from Airplane!" composed by Bernstein. The soundtrack was altered for the European Flying High release, with several featured tracks swapped for pieces original to the LP.

In April 2009, La-La Land Records announced it would release the first official soundtrack album for Airplane!, containing Bernstein's complete score. The soundtrack was released digitally on February 19, 2013, by Paramount Music.

Release
Prior to the film's release, the directors were apprehensive following a mediocre audience response at a pre-screening, but the film earned its entire budget of about $3.5 million in its first five days of wide release.

Airplane! opened on June 27, 1980, in seven theatres in Toronto, grossing $83,058 in its opening weekend. It also opened in two theaters in Buffalo, grossing $14,000 in its first week. The film then expanded on Wednesday, July 2 to 705 theaters in the United States and Canada, grossing $6,052,514 in its first five days of wide release, finishing second for the weekend with a gross of $4,540,000. Overall, it grossed $83 million at the US and Canadian box office and returned $40 million in rentals, making it the fourth-highest-grossing film of 1980. Worldwide, the film earned $130 million in its initial release, and by 2002 it had made $171 million.

Reception
Airplane! received universal acclaim from critics and is widely regarded as one of the best films of 1980. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 97% based on 69 reviews, compiled retrospectively, with an average rating of 8.45/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Though unabashedly juvenile and silly, Airplane! is nevertheless an uproarious spoof comedy full of quotable lines and slapstick gags that endure to this day". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times wrote "Airplane! is sophomoric, obvious, predictable, corny, and quite often very funny. And the reason it's funny is frequently because it's sophomoric, predictable, corny, etc." Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote "Airplane! is more than a pleasant surprise... As a remedy for the bloated self-importance of too many other current efforts, it's just what the doctor ordered".

In 2008, Airplane! was selected by Empire magazine as one of 'The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time'. It was also placed on a similar list—'The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made'—by The New York Times. In November 2015, the film was ranked fourth in the Writers Guild of America's list of '101 Funniest Screenplays'.

MaximOnline.com named the airplane crash in Airplane! as number four on its list of "Most Horrific Movie Plane Crashes". Leslie Nielsen's response to Hays' "Surely you can't be serious" line—"I am serious. And don't call me Shirley"—was 79th on AFI's list of the best 100 movie quotes. In 2000, the American Film Institute listed Airplane! as number ten on its list of the 100 funniest American films. In the same year, Total Film readers voted it the second-greatest comedy film of all time. It was also second in the British 50 Greatest Comedy Films poll on Channel 4, beaten by Monty Python's Life of Brian. Entertainment Weekly voted the film the "funniest movie on video" in their list of the 100 funniest movies on video.

A number of actors were cast to spoof their established images: prior to their roles in Airplane!, Nielsen, Stack, and Bridges were known for portraying adventurous, no-nonsense tough-guy characters. Stack's role as the captain who loses his nerve in one of the earliest airline "disaster" films, The High and the Mighty (1954), is spoofed in Airplane!, as is Lloyd Bridges' 1970–1971 television role as airport manager Jim Conrad in San Francisco International Airport. Peter Graves was in the made-for-television film SST: Death Flight, in which an SST was unable to land owing to an emergency.

Nielsen enjoyed a major career boost subsequent to Airplane!'s release. The film marked a significant change in his film persona towards deadpan comedy, notably in the three Naked Gun films: The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! (1988); The Naked Gun 2 $1/2$: The Smell of Fear (1991); and Naked Gun 33 $1/3$: The Final Insult (1994). The films were based on the six-episode television series Police Squad! which starred Nielsen and was created and produced by Zucker–Abrahams–Zucker. This also led to his casting, many years later, in Mel Brooks' Dracula: Dead and Loving It. Brooks had wanted to make the film for a long time, but put it off because, as he said: "I just could not find the right Dracula". According to Brooks, he did not see Airplane! until years after its release. When he did, he knew Nielsen would be right for the part. When it was suggested that his role in Airplane! was against type, Nielsen protested that he had "always been cast against type before", and that comedy was what he always really wanted to do.

Influence
Peter Farrelly said of the film: "I was in Rhode Island the first time I saw Airplane! Seeing it for the first time was like going to a great rock concert, like seeing Led Zeppelin or the Talking Heads. We didn't realize until later that what we'd seen was a very specific kind of comedy that we now call the Zucker-Abrahams-Zucker school". Farrelly, along with his writing partner Bennett Yellin, sent a comedy script to David Zucker, who in return gave them their first Hollywood writing job. Farrelly said: "I'll tell you right now, if the Zuckers didn't exist, there would be no Farrelly brothers".

During the Qantas Flight 72 incident over the Indian Ocean west of Australia in 2008, the captain recited some of Lloyd Bridges' lines to relieve tension while trying to land the plane. This was commented in the Air Disasters episode "Free Fall".

Thirty years later, the documentary Jews and Baseball: An American Love Story opened with a scene from the film.

The MythBusters TV show episode "Airplane Hour" reenacted the climax of the film to see if an inexperienced pilot could land a plane with only a call from Air Traffic Control. The Mythbusters had to use a simulation to test the myth but concluded that the scene was plausible. They did, however, mention that most planes today have an autopilot to land the plane safely.

In the 2012 film Ted, main character John Bennett tells the story of how he met Lori Collins. The flashback is a close recreation of the scene where Ted Striker met Elaine Dickinson in the disco.

In early 2014, Delta Air Lines began using a new on-board safety film with many 1980s references, featuring an ending with a cameo of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar reprising his role as co-pilot Roger Murdock.

In 2014, Travel Wisconsin began airing an ad with Robert Hays and Kareem Abdul-Jabbar reprising their roles from the film. Kareem makes the comment "Why did I ever leave this place?" referring to his time playing for the Milwaukee Bucks. Hays also reprises his role as an airline pilot in Sharknado 2: The Second One.

The first episode of the eighth season of the TV series The Goldbergs re-enacts certain scenes.

Sequel
Airplane II: The Sequel, first released on December 10, 1982, attempted to tackle the science fiction film genre, though there was still emphasis on the general theme of disaster films. Although most of the cast reunited for the sequel, the writers and directors of Airplane! chose not to be involved. In the DVD commentary for Airplane! David Zucker, Jim Abrahams, and Jerry Zucker claim to have never seen nor to have any desire to see Airplane II.

Book and audiobook
An oral history on the making of Airplane!, was published on October 3, 2023. An audiobook version was also released, featuring ZAZ as well as guests Jimmy Kimmel, Bill Hader, "Weird" Al Yankovic, Molly Shannon, Sarah Silverman, Patton Oswalt, Beau Bridges, John Landis, Barry Diller and Michael Eisner, among others.

title: Airplane!


text:
Party leaders of the United States Senate

The positions of majority leader and minority leader are held by two United States senators and people of the party leadership of the United States Senate. They serve as a chief spokespersons for their respective political parties holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate. They are each elected as majority leader and minority leader by the senators of their party caucuses: the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference.

By Senate precedent, the presiding officer gives the majority leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate. The majority leader serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate, and is considered the most powerful member of the Senate. They also serve as the chief representative of their party in the entire Congress if the House of Representatives, and thus the office of the speaker of the House, is controlled by the opposition party. The Senate's executive and legislative business is also managed and scheduled by the majority leader.

The assistant majority leader and assistant minority leader of the United States Senate, commonly called whips, are the second-ranking members of each party's leadership. The main function of the majority and minority whips is to gather votes of their respective parties on major issues. As the second-ranking members of Senate leadership, if there is no floor leader present, the whip may become acting floor leader.

Existing floor leaders
The Senate is composed of 49 Republicans, 47 Democrats, and 4 independents; all the independents caucus with the Democrats.

The leaders are Senators Chuck Schumer (D) of New York and Mitch McConnell (R) of Kentucky. The assistant leaders, or whips, are Senators Dick Durbin (D) of Illinois and John Thune (R) of South Dakota.

History
By at least 1850, parties in each chamber of Congress began naming chairs, and while conference and caucus chairs carried very little authority, the Senate party floor leader positions arose from the position of conference chair. Senate Democrats began the practice of electing their floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority. John W. Kern was a Democratic senator from Indiana. While the title was not official, the Senate website identifies Kern as the first Senate party leader, serving in that capacity from 1913 through 1917 (and in turn, the first Senate Democratic leader), while serving concurrently as chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus. In 1925, the Republicans (who were in the majority at the time) also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first (official) majority leader, although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first (unofficial) Senate majority leader.

The United States Constitution designates the vice president of the United States as president of the Senate. The Constitution also calls for a president pro tempore, to serve as the presiding officer when the president of the Senate (the vice president) is absent. In practice, neither the vice president nor the president pro tempore—customarily the most senior (longest-serving) senator in the majority party—actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis; that task is given to junior senators of the majority party. Since the vice president may be of a different party from the majority and is not a Senate member subject to discipline, the rules of procedure of the Senate give the vice president no power beyond the presiding role. For these reasons, it is the majority leader who, in practice, manages the Senate. This is in contrast to the House of Representatives, where the elected speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on legislative bills.

Powers of the majority leader
Under a long-standing Senate precedent, motions or amendments by the majority leader is granted precedence over motions by any other senator: the majority leader can therefore make at any time a motion to proceed to the consideration of a bill on the Senate Calendar (which contains almost exclusively bills which have been reported by the committee they were assigned to); a motion to proceed may be agreed to either by unanimous consent or through the invocation of cloture. Conventionally, no senator other than the majority leader introduces motions to proceed, although every senator is theoretically allowed to. In addition, the majority leader can block consideration of amendments through a practice known as "filling the tree", and decides which members will fill each of the committee seats reserved to the majority party; members of committees are therefore often prone to following the instructions of the majority leader, and rarely place bills on the Senate Calendar without the latter's consent.

List of party leaders
The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920. The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925.


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National Academy of Sciences

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM).

As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field. Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code.

Founded in 1863 as a result of an Act of Congress approved by Abraham Lincoln, the NAS is charged with "providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology. ... to provide scientific advice to the government 'whenever called upon' by any government department."

The academy receives no compensation from the government for its services.

Overview
, the National Academy of Sciences includes 2,493 NAS members and 491 international members. It employed about 1,100 staff in 2005. Some 190 members have won a Nobel Prize. By its own admission in 1989, the addition of women to the academy "continues at a dismal trickle"; at that time there were 1,516 male members and 57 female members.

The National Academy of Sciences is one of the 135 member organizations of the International Science Council (ISC). Although there is no formal relationship with state and local academies of science, there often is informal dialogue. The National Academy is governed by a 17-member Council, made up of five officers (president, vice president, home secretary, international secretary, and treasurer) and 12 Councilors, all of whom are elected from among the academy membership. Agencies of the United States government fund about 85 percent of the academy's activities. Further funding comes from state governments, private foundations, and industrial organizations.

The council has the ability ad-hoc to delegate certain tasks to committees. For example, the Committee on Animal Nutrition has produced a series of Nutrient requirements of domestic animals reports since at least 1944, each one being initiated by a different sub-committee of experts in the field for example on dairy cattle.

The National Academy of Sciences meets annually in Washington, D.C., which is documented in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), its scholarly journal. The National Academies Press is the publisher for the National Academies, and makes more than 5,000 publications freely available on its website.

From 2004 to 2017, the National Academy of Sciences administered the Marian Koshland Science Museum to provide public exhibits and programming related to its policy work. The museum's exhibits focused on climate change and infectious disease. In 2017, the museum closed and made way for a new science outreach program called LabX.

Membership
The academy currently has 2,984 members and international members. Existing members elect new members for life. Up to 120 members are elected every year; up to 30 foreign citizens may be elected as international members annually. The election process begins with a formal nomination, followed by a vetting period, and culminates in a final ballot at the academy's annual meeting in April each year. Members are affiliated with a section – a specific scientific field – in one of six so-called "classes": (1) Physical and Mathematical Sciences; (2) Biological Sciences; (3) Engineering and Applied Sciences; (4) Biomedical Sciences; (5) Behavioral and Social Sciences; and (6) Applied Biological, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. Since its founding, the academy has elected 6,607 members. Harvard University is associated with the most members (330), some 5% of the all-time total. The top ten institutions, half of which are in the Ivy League, account for nearly 28% of all members ever elected.

Facilities

The National Academy of Sciences maintains multiple buildings around the United States.

The National Academy of Sciences Building is located at 2101 Constitution Avenue, in northwest Washington, D.C.; it sits on the National Mall, adjacent to the Marriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building and in front of the headquarters of the U.S. State Department. The building has a neoclassical architectural style and was built by architect Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue. The building was dedicated in 1924 and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Goodhue engaged a team of artists and architectural sculptors including Albert Herter, Lee Lawrie, and Hildreth Meière to design interior embellishments celebrating the history and significance of science. The building is used for lectures, symposia, exhibitions, and concerts, in addition to annual meetings of the NAS, NAE, and NAM. Cultural Programs of the National Academy of Sciences hosts exhibitions exploring intersections of art, science, and culture such as Mathemalchemy. The 2012 Presidential Award for Math and Science Teaching ceremony was held here on March 5, 2014. Approximately 150 staff members work at the NAS Building. In June 2012, it reopened to visitors after a major two-year restoration project which restored and improved the building's historic spaces, increased accessibility, and brought the building's aging infrastructure and facilities up to date.

More than 1,000 National Academies staff members work at The Keck Center of the National Academies at 500 Fifth Street in northwest Washington, D.C. The Keck Center provides meeting space and houses the National Academies Press Bookstore. The Marian Koshland Science Museum of the National Academy of Sciences – formerly located at 525 E St., N.W. – hosted visits from the public, school field trips, and permanent science exhibits.

The NAS also maintains conference centers in California and Massachusetts. The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center is located on 100 Academy Drive in Irvine, California, near the campus of the University of California, Irvine; it offers a conference center and houses several NAS programs. The J. Erik Jonsson Conference Center located at 314 Quissett Avenue in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, is another conference facility.

History
The Act of Incorporation, signed by President Abraham Lincoln on March 3, 1863, created the National Academy of Sciences and named 50 charter members. Many of the original NAS members came from the so-called "Scientific Lazzaroni", an informal network of mostly physical scientists working in the vicinity of Cambridge, Massachusetts (c. 1850).

In 1863, the organizers enlisted the support of Alexander Dallas Bache, and also Charles Henry Davis, a professional astronomer who had been recently recalled from the Navy to Washington to head the Bureau of Navigation. They also elicited support from Swiss-American geologist Louis Agassiz and American mathematician Peirce, who together planned the steps whereby the National Academy of Sciences was to be established. Senator Henry Wilson of Massachusetts was to name Agassiz to the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.

Agassiz was to come to Washington at the government's expense to plan the organization with the others. This bypassed Joseph Henry, who was reluctant to have a bill for such an academy presented to Congress. This was in the belief that such a resolution would be "opposed as something at variance with our democratic institutions". Nevertheless, Henry soon became the second President of NAS. Agassiz, Davis, Peirce, Benjamin Gould, and Senator Wilson met at Bache's house and "hurriedly wrote the bill incorporating the Academy, including in it the name of fifty incorporators".

During the last hours of the session, when the Senate was immersed in the rush of last minute business before its adjournment, Senator Wilson introduced the bill. Without examining it or debating its provisions, both the Senate and House approved it, and President Lincoln signed it.

Although hailed as a great step forward in government recognition of the role of science in American society, at the time, the National Academy of Sciences created enormous ill-feelings among scientists, whether or not they were named as incorporators.

The act states:"[T]he Academy shall, whenever called upon by any department of the Government, investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art, the actual expense of such investigations, examinations, experiments, and reports to be paid from appropriations which may be made for the purpose, but the Academy shall receive no compensation whatever for any services to the Government of the United States."The National Academies did not solve the problems facing a nation in Civil War as the Lazzaroni had hoped, nor did it centralize American scientific efforts. However, election to the National Academy did come to be considered "the pinnacle of scientific achievement for Americans" until the establishment of the Nobel Prize at the end of the 19th century.

In 1870, the congressional charter was amended to remove the limitation on the number of members.

In 2013, astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson was asked to write a speech for the 150th anniversary of the Gettysburg Address in which he made the point that one of Lincoln's greatest legacies was establishing the National Academy of Sciences in that same year, which had the long-term effect of "setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance, without which we all may perish from this Earth".

Presidents
The president is the head of the academy, elected by a majority vote of the membership to serve in this position for a term to be determined by the governing Council, not to exceed six years, and may be re-elected for a second term. The academy has had 22 presidents since its foundation. The current president is geophysicist Marcia K. McNutt, the first woman to hold this position. Her term expires on June 30, 2022.

 * 1863–1867 Alexander Dallas Bache
 * 1868–1878 Joseph Henry
 * 1879–1882 William Barton Rogers
 * 1883–1895 Othniel Charles Marsh
 * 1895–1900 Wolcott Gibbs
 * 1901–1907 Alexander Agassiz
 * 1907–1913 Ira Remsen
 * 1913–1917 William Henry Welch
 * 1917–1923 Charles Doolittle Walcott
 * 1923–1927 Albert Abraham Michelson
 * 1927–1931 Thomas Hunt Morgan
 * 1931–1935 William Wallace Campbell
 * 1935–1939 Frank Rattray Lillie
 * 1939–1947 Frank Baldwin Jewett
 * 1947–1950 Alfred Newton Richards
 * 1950–1962 Detlev Wulf Bronk
 * 1962–1969 Frederick Seitz
 * 1969–1981 Philip Handler
 * 1981–1993 Frank Press
 * 1993–2005 Bruce Michael Alberts
 * 2005–2016 Ralph J. Cicerone
 * 2016–present Marcia McNutt

Awards
The academy gives a number of different awards:
 * General
 * Membership of the National Academy of Sciences (including international members)
 * John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science
 * William O. Baker Award for Initiatives in Research, formerly NAS Award for Initiatives in Research
 * NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing
 * NAS Award for Scientific Discovery
 * Public Welfare Medal
 * Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research
 * National Academies Communication Award, with other national academies
 * Astronomy/Astrophysics
 * Henry Draper Medal
 * J. Lawrence Smith Medal
 * James Craig Watson Medal
 * Behavioral/Social Sciences
 * Atkinson Prize in Psychological and Cognitive Sciences
 * William and Katherine Estes Award, formerly the NAS Award for Behavioral Research Relevant to the Prevention of Nuclear War
 * Troland Research Awards
 * Biology and Medicine
 * Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics
 * Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal
 * Richard Lounsbery Award
 * Gilbert Morgan Smith Medal
 * NAS Award in Molecular Biology
 * NAS Award in the Neurosciences
 * Pradel Research Award
 * Selman A. Waksman Award in Microbiology
 * Chemistry
 * NAS Award in Chemical Sciences
 * NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society
 * Earth and Environmental Sciences
 * Alexander Agassiz Medal
 * Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship
 * Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal
 * Mary Clark Thompson Medal
 * NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences
 * Charles Doolittle Walcott Medal, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences since 2008
 * Stanley Miller Medal, part of the NAS Award in Early Earth and Life Sciences since 2008
 * G. K. Warren Prize
 * Engineering and Applied Sciences
 * J.C. Hunsaker Award – aeronautical engineering
 * Gibbs Brothers Medal – naval architecture, marine engineering
 * NAS Award for the Industrial Application of Science
 * NAS Prize in Food and Agriculture Science
 * Mathematics and Computer Science
 * NAS Award in Mathematics
 * Physics
 * Arctowski Medal
 * Comstock Prize in Physics
 * Alexander Hollaender Award in Biophysics

Joint Declaration on Global Warming
In 2005, the national science academies of the G8 forum (including the National Academy of Sciences) and science academies of Brazil, China, and India (three of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the developing world) signed a statement on the global response to climate change. The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change had become sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action.

On May 7, 2010, a letter signed by 255 Academy members was published in Science magazine, decrying "political assaults" against climate change scientists. This was in response to a civil investigative demand on the University of Virginia (UVA) by Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli, seeking a broad range of documents from Michael E. Mann, a former UVA professor from 1999 to 2005. Mann, who currently works at the University of Pennsylvania, is a climate change researcher, and Cuccinelli alleges that Mann may have defrauded Virginia taxpayers in the course of his environmental research. Investigations had cleared Mann of charges that he falsified or suppressed data.

Notable appointments

 * 1873, Edward C. Pickering (1846–1919) was the youngest scientist elected
 * 1924, Florence R. Sabin (1871–1953) was the first lifetime woman member to be elected
 * 1965, David Blackwell (1919–2010) was the first African-American elected
 * 2013, Ben Barres (1954–2017) was the first openly transgender scientist elected

title: National Academy of Sciences


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Talk:Maryland Toleration Act

s
Whatever has been put for the long s prints as a question mark. Should one just put a regular "s" instead? Why is this here? shouldn't there be context somewhere? JHK

I think the context is supposed to be that this Act only tolerated Christian churches, and made it illegal and punishable by death not to worship Jesus. I added something about that in the article.

The founder of Maryland was Catholic and used Maryland as a haven for Catholics who were experiencing persecution in England. To keep Maryland safe for the Catholic Church the Toleration Act was written. Establishing, in a sense, a state religion. -CP

 * This is like saying that the Declaration of Independence was meaningless because there was still slavery. It was an extremely important document even though much improvement was needed in the Colonies and early United States in order to fully realize its ideas. To dismiss it's importance is to reject any progress unless absolute perfection is instantly realized.2602:306:BDA0:97A0:466D:57FF:FE90:AC45 (talk) 06:25, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

Citation
Shouldn't this article have inline citations, instead of notes and a bibliography?Mario777Zelda (talk) 01:30, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 23:23, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maryland Toleration Act


text:
Talk:DARPA TIDES program

Untitled
Article was copied, word for word nearly, from DARPA website -- I assume there's no permissions problem?

From the site: "The DARPA ITO Web Site is provided as a public service by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency". That would seem to make it pretty clear that it's a government work, and therefore ineligible for copyright. --LDC

 * it still is plagiarism (unless DARPA actually wrote this wikipedia article... but then, it still has the appearance of plagiarism) and bad manners. the author could instead use a lot of block quoting and paraphrasing, and it would be much nicer in my humble opinion.

 * It should at least be converted to past tense, since it is no longer active.Mcswell (talk) 21:15, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:DARPA TIDES program