text:
1672

January–March

 * January 2 – After the government of England is unable to pay the nation's debts, King Charles II decrees the Stop of the Exchequer, the suspension of payments for one year "upon any warrant, securities or orders, whether registered or not registered therein, and payable within that time, excepting only such payments as shall grow due upon orders on the subsidy, according to the Act of Parliament, and orders and securities upon the fee farm rents, both which are to be proceeded upon as if such a stop had never been made." The money saved by not paying debts is redirected toward the expenses of the upcoming war with the Dutch Republic, but the effect is for the halt by banks for extending further credit to the Crown. Before the end of the year, the suspension of payments is extended from December 31 to May 31, and then to January 31, 1674.
 * January 11 – The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, national science academy for England, elects Isaac Newton to its membership, and then demonstrates Newton's reflecting telescope to King Charles II.
 * January 13 – Pope Clement X issues regulations for the prerequisites of removing relics of Roman Catholic saints from sacred cemeteries, requiring advance approval from the Cardinal Vicar in Rome before the remains of the saint can be allowed for view. The Cardinal Vicar is directed to bar regular persons from viewing remains, and to limit inspection to high prelates and to princes.
 * January 25 – The Theatre Royal, located at the time on Bridges Street in London, burns down. A replacement structure is built on Drury Lane in 1674.
 * February 16 (February 6, 1671 O.S.) – Isaac Newton sends a paper for publication regarding his experiments on the refraction of light through glass prisms and makes the first identification of the "primary colors" of visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum, reporting that "The Original or primary colours are, Red, Yellow, Green, Blew, and a Violet-purple, together with Orange, Indico, and an indefinite variety of Intermediate gradations."
 * February 25 – Willem, Prince of Orange, the 21-year-old Stadtholder of Gelderland and Utrecht, is approved by the States General of the Dutch Republic to command the Dutch States Army for the impending war with England.
 * March 12 – Action of 12 March 1672, a 2-day naval engagement between an English coastal patrol and a Dutch Smyrna convoy off the south coast of England. The English fleet suffers severe damage while most of the Dutch convoy escapes, although one of the Dutch commanders (De Haaze) is killed and one warship taken as a prize (Klein Hollandia) sinks; the latter will be rediscovered in 2019.
 * March 15 – Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of Penal Laws against Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms; this will be withdrawn the following year under pressure from the Parliament of England.
 * March 16 – At the Synod of Jerusalem, presided over by Dositheos II of Jerusalem, the 68 bishops and representatives from the whole of Eastern Orthodox Christendom close by approving the Orthodox dogma against the challenge of Protestantism, declaring against "the falsehoods of the adversaries which they have devised against the Eastern Church" and making a goal of "reformation of their innovations and for their return to the catholic and apostolic church in which their forefathers also were."
 * March 17 – The Third Anglo-Dutch War begins as the Kingdom of England declares war on the Dutch Republic.

April–June

 * April 8 – France declares war on the Dutch Republic, invading the country on April 29.
 * May 2 – John Maitland becomes Duke of Lauderdale and Earl of March.
 * June 1 – Münster and Cologne begin their invasion of the Dutch Republic; hence 1672 becomes known as het rampjaar ("the disaster year") in the Netherlands.
 * June 7 – Third Anglo-Dutch War – Battle of Solebay: An indecisive sea battle results, between the Dutch Republic, and the joined forces of England and France.
 * June 12 – Battle of Tolhuis: French forces under King Louis XIV cross the Rhine into the Netherlands; the city of Utrecht is occupied by the French Army.

July–September

 * July 4 – William III of Orange is appointed Stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland.
 * August 20 – Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland and his brother Cornelis de Witt are killed by an Orangist mob in The Hague.
 * September 10 – William III of Orange, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, dismisses nine of the regenten who lead cities in the Netherlands, after being granted authority by the States-General.
 * September 15 – In India, Admiral Mai Nayak Bhandari of the Maratha Empire captures the island of Khanderi.
 * September 16 – The Board of Trade is created in England by a merger of the Council of Trade and the Council of Foreign Plantations, both of which had been created by King Charles II in 1660, under the name The Board of Trade and Plantations. The Earl of Shaftesbury is appointed as the first Lord of Trade, administering the Board until its dissolution in 1676.
 * September 26 – General Raimondo Montecuccoli, commander of the army of the Holy Roman Empire, joins forces with the Brandenburg troops commanded by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and the two groups assemble at Halberstadt, to attack the French and the bishops of Münster and Cologne.

October–December

 * October 2 – Manuel de Cendoya, Spain's Governor of Florida, breaks ground for the construction of the Castillo de San Marcos, a masonry fortress designed to protect St. Augustine. Governor Cendoya follows on November 9 with the ceremonial laying for the first stone for the foundation.
 * October 18 – The Treaty of Buchach, between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, is signed.
 * November 24 – Five-year-old Sikandar Adil Shah is enthroned as the last Sultan of Bijapur (located in southwestern India in what is now the Karnataka state) upon the death of his father, the Sultan Ali Adil Shah II. In 1686, the sultanate of Bijapur is conquered and annexed by the Mughal Empire.
 * November 28 – After more than five years of administration of the Treasury of England by a five-member commission, Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, one of the commission members, becomes the Lord High Treasurer of England.
 * December 18
 * Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp ends her regency of the Swedish Empire after more than 12 years, having exercised power in the name of her minor son, Charles XI, since the death of her husband Karl X Gustav in 1660. Hedwig Eleonora had served as the chair of the six-member Regency Council.
 * An English invasion force captures the Caribbean island of Tobago from Dutch colonists and destroys the settlement.
 * December 23 – French astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini discovers Rhea, a previously-unknown satellite of the planet Saturn. Rhea is the second-largest overall, and the third moon of Saturn to be discovered by Earth astronomers, Titan having been found by Christiaan Huygens on March 25, 1655 and Iapetus by Cassini on October 25, 1671.
 * December 30 – Troops of the Dutch Republic, under the command of Carl von Rabenhaupt, are able to reclaim lost territory for the first time in the Third Anglo-Dutch War, liberating Coevorden, which had been forced to surrender to France on July 1. The moment, a boost for morale in what is remembered in Dutch history as the Rampjaar (the "Disaster Year"), is later memorialized in a painting by Pieter Wouwerman, The Storming of Coevorden.

Undated

 * Richard Hoare becomes a partner in the London goldsmith's business which, as private banking house C. Hoare & Co., will survive through to the 21st century.
 * Foundation of the Chorina Comedy, the first theater in Russia.

Births

 * January 4 – Hugh Boulter, Irish Archbishop of Armagh (d. 1742)
 * January 18 – Antoine Houdar de la Motte, French writer (d. 1731)
 * February 13 – Étienne François Geoffroy, French chemist (d. 1731)
 * February 26 – Antoine Augustine Calmet, French theologian (d. 1757)
 * May 1 – Joseph Addison, English politician and writer (d. 1719)
 * June 9 – Emperor Peter I of Russia (d. 1725)
 * June 11 – Francesco Antonio Bonporti, Italian priest and composer (d. 1749)
 * July 13 – Nicolás Salzillo, Spanish artist (d. 1727)
 * August 2 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss scholar (d. 1733)
 * September 8 – Nicolas de Grigny, French organist and composer (d. 1703)
 * October 11 – Pylyp Orlyk, Ukrainian Zaporozhian Cossack starshina, diplomat (d. 1742)
 * October 21 – Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Italian historian, scholar (d. 1750)
 * October 27 – Maria Gustava Gyllenstierna, Swedish writer (d. 1737)
 * date unknown
 * Ann Baynard, English natural philosopher (d. 1697)
 * José Antonio Nebra Mezquita, Spanish organist and harpist (d. 1748)

Deaths

 * January – Denis Gaultier, French lutenist and composer (b. 1603)
 * January 15 – John Cosin, English clergyman (b. 1594)
 * January 21 – Adriaen van de Velde, Dutch painter (b. 1636)
 * January 28 – Pierre Séguier, Chancellor of France (b. 1588)
 * February 17 – Madeleine Béjart, French actress and theatre director (b. 1618)
 * February 19 – Charles Chauncy, English-born president of Harvard College (b. 1592)
 * February 28
 * Christian, Duke of Brieg, Duke of Legnica (1663–1672) and Brieg (1664–1672) (b. 1618)
 * Sir Ralph Hare, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1623)
 * March – Archibald Armstrong, court jester to James I of England and Charles I of England
 * March 4 – Luis Guillermo de Moncada, 7th Duke of Montalto, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1614)
 * March 8 – Thomas Tyrrell, English judge and politician (b. 1594)
 * March 18 – Agneta Horn, Swedish writer (b. 1629)
 * April 2
 * Pedro Calungsod, Filipino saint (b. 1654)
 * Diego Luis de San Vitores, Spanish Jesuit missionary to Guam (b. 1627)
 * April 4 – Henry Ernest, Count of Stolberg (b. 1593)
 * April 13 – Marguerite of Lorraine, princess of Lorraine, duchess of Orléans (b. 1615)
 * April 14
 * Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (b. 1657)
 * King Pye Min of Burma (b. 1619)
 * April 17 – Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska, Polish noble (b. 1623)
 * April 21 – Antoine Godeau, French bishop and poet (b. 1605)
 * April 22 – Georg Stiernhielm, Swedish poet (b. 1598)
 * April 26 – Lionel Lockyer, English alchemist, quack doctor (b. 1600)
 * April 30 – Marie of the Incarnation, French foundress of the Ursuline Monastery in Quebec (b. 1599)
 * May 5 – Samuel Cooper, English painter (b. 1609)
 * May 8 – Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Tréville and French Officer (b. 1598)
 * May 11 – Charles Seton, 2nd Earl of Dunfermline, English royalist (b. 1615)
 * May 28
 * Frescheville Holles, English Member of Parliament (b. 1642)
 * Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (b. 1625)
 * John Trevor, Welsh politician (b. 1626)
 * June 7 – Willem Joseph van Ghent, Dutch admiral (b. 1626)
 * June 14 – Matthew Wren, English politician (b. 1629)
 * June 17 – Orazio Benevoli, Italian composer (b. 1605)
 * June 27 – Roger Twysden, English antiquarian and royalist (b. 1597)
 * July 3 – Francis Willughby, English biologist (b. 1635)
 * July 21 – Captain John Underhill, English settler and soldier (b. 1597)
 * August 2 – Amable de Bourzeys, French writer and academic (b. 1606)
 * August 8 – Sir John Borlase, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1619)
 * August 20
 * Johan de Witt, Dutch politician (b. 1625)
 * Cornelis de Witt, Dutch politician (b. 1623)
 * September 9 – François-Joseph Bressani, Italian missionary (b. 1612)
 * September 12 – Tanneguy Lefebvre, French classical scholar (b. 1615)
 * September 14 – Henri Charles de La Trémoille, son of Henry de La Trémoille (b. 1620)
 * September 16 – Anne Bradstreet, American colonial writer (b. c. 1612)
 * October 8 – Johan Nieuhof, Dutch traveler who wrote about his journeys to Brazil (b. 1618)
 * October 24 – John Webb, English architect (b. 1611)
 * November 4 – Lucas van Uden, Dutch painter (b. 1595)
 * November 6 – Heinrich Schütz, German composer (b. 1585)
 * November 16 – Esaias Boursse, Dutch painter (b. 1631)
 * November 19
 * Franciscus Sylvius, Dutch physician and scientist (b. 1614)
 * John Wilkins, English Bishop of Chester (b. 1614)
 * December 6
 * King John II Casimir of Poland (b. 1609)
 * Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro, 10th Count of Lemos, Viceroy of Peru (b. 1632)
 * December 7 – Richard Bellingham, Massachusetts colonial magistrate (b. 1592)
 * December 8 – Johann Christian von Boyneburg, German politician (b. 1622)
 * December 19 – Dorothea Diana of Salm, German noblewoman (b. 1604)
 * December 21 – Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby, English noble (b. 1628)
 * December 27 – Jacques Rohault, French philosopher (b. 1618)
 * December 30 – Hendrick Bloemaert, Dutch painter (b. 1601)

title: 1672


text:
1563

Year 1563 (MDLXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 2 (January 2, 1562 O.S., January 11, 1563 N.S.) – The convocation of bishops and clerics of the Church of England is opened at St Paul's Cathedral in London by the Dean of the Arches, Robert Weston to agree upon the wording of what will become the Thirty-nine Articles, with the assembly adopting all but three of the Forty-two Articles promulgated during the reign of King Edward VI in 1553. The conference lasts for three months before agreeing upon the Articles to be submitted for further modification.
 * January 25 – In Italy, Instituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino, a constituent of the major financial group Sanpaolo IMI, is founded.
 * February 1 – Sarsa Dengel succeeds his father Menas as Emperor of Ethiopia at age 14.
 * February 18 – Francis, Duke of Guise, is assassinated while besieging Orléans by Jean de Poltrot.
 * March 19 – The Edict of Amboise is signed at the Château d'Amboise by Catherine de' Medici, acting as regent for her son Charles IX of France, having been negotiated between the Huguenot Louis, Prince of Condé, and Anne, duc de Montmorency, Constable of France. It accords some toleration to the Huguenots, especially to aristocrats. It officially ends the first phase of the French Wars of Religion, and the combined Huguenot and royal armies then march north to besiege the English in Le Havre.

April–June

 * April 5 – The English galleon ship HMS Grehound strikes a sandbar off of the coast of Rye, East Sussex and sinks with all hands in the English Channel, including the Admiral of the Narrow Seas, John Malyn.
 * April 10 – Royal assent is given by Queen Elizabeth of England to parliamentary approval of multiple laws, including the Highways Act 1562 (requiring all householders in a parish to provide six days labor per year on building highways); the Poor Act 1562 (providing for fines for persons who refuse to contribute to a fund for relief of the poor); the Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 (making refusal to swear allegiance to the monarch punishable as treason); and the Witchcraft Act 1562 (limiting the death penalty for witchcraft to cases where a defendant caused another person's death)
 * April 23 – The cornerstone is laid for the construction of El Escorial, the royal palace for the monarch of Spain. Construction will not be finished for 21 more years, with completion on September 13, 1584.
 * May 5 (3rd day of 4th month, Eiroku 6) – The Battle of Yudokoru takes place in Japan at the Inaba Province (now the eastern Tottori Prefecture) as Takanobu Takeda defeats the shogun Toyokazu Yamana
 * May 25 – Elizabeth College, Guernsey is founded, by order of Queen Elizabeth I of England.
 * May 30 – At Bornholm, the Danish fleet fires on the Swedish navy, leading to a Danish defeat and precipitating the Northern Seven Years' War.
 * June 4 – The Parliament of Scotland passes the Witchcraft Act, making both the practice of witchcraft, and the act of consulting with witches, punishable by burning at the stake.

July–September

 * July 28 – The English surrender Le Havre to the French after a siege.
 * August 13 – Northern Seven Years' War: Denmark–Norway and the Free City of Lübeck declare war against the Kingdom of Sweden.
 * August 18 – Merchants from the Bungo Province destroy the Portuguese settlement in Yokoseura, Japan
 * September 4 – Northern Seven Years' War: King Frederick II of Denmark, advancing from Halland, takes Old Älvsborg from Sweden.

October–December

 * October 7 – Giovanni Battista Lercari is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa.
 * November 9 – The Army of Sweden, under the command of King King Erik XIV, suffers a severe defeat in the Battle of Mared against the Army of Denmark, commanded by King Frederik II. In the battle, near what is now the city of Oskarström in Sweden, the Swedes suffer at least 2,500 casualties. The Swedish Army is able to retreat and rebuild, but the Danes plunder the village of Övraby, which is never rebuilt.
 * November 11 – The Council of Trent amends existing Roman Catholic canon law to deter unannounced marriages. In order for a marriage to be recognized by the Church, the names of the bridge and groom are to be announced publicly in a chapel during Mass, and registered with the parish priests of both parties.
 * December 4 – The Council of Trent (which had opened on December 13, 1545) officially closes. It reaffirms all major Roman Catholic doctrines, and declares the Deuterocanonical books of the Old Testament to be canonical, along with the rest of the Bible. Chapter 1, Session 24, promulgates the decree Tametsi, stipulating that for a marriage to be valid, consent (the essence of marriage) as expressed in the vows has to be given publicly before witnesses, one of whom has to be the parish priest.

Births

 * January – Penelope Blount, Countess of Devonshire, English noblewoman (d. 1607)
 * January 6
 * Johann Christoph von Westerstetten, German bishop (d. 1637)
 * Martin Becanus, Belgian Jesuit priest (d. 1624)
 * January 19 – Leonhard Hutter, German theologian (d. 1616)
 * January 29 – William Slingsby, English army officer (d. 1634)
 * January 30 – Franciscus Gomarus, Dutch theologian (d. 1641)
 * March 5 – John Coke, English politician (d. 1644)
 * March 29 – Sir Miles Sandys, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1645)
 * April 15 – Guru Arjan Dev, fifth Sikh leader (d. 1606)
 * May 9 – Frederick IV of Fürstenberg, German noble (d. 1617)
 * June 1 – Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English statesman and spymaster (d. 1612)
 * June 4 – George Heriot, Scottish goldsmith and philanthropist (d. 1624)
 * July 19 – Lamoral, 1st Prince of Ligne (d. 1624)
 * September 4 – Wanli Emperor of China (d. 1620)
 * September 15 – Elisabeth of Anhalt-Zerbst, Electress of Brandenburg (d. 1607)
 * September 18 – Agnes of Limburg-Styrum, Abbess of Elten, Vreden, Borghorst and Freckenhorst (d. 1645)
 * September 27 – Thomas Freke, English politician (d. 1633)
 * September 30 – Enno III, Count of East Frisia, Count of Ostfriesland from 1599 to 1625 from the Cirksena family (d. 1625)
 * October 4 – Dorothea of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1587)
 * October 13 – Francis Caracciolo, Italian Catholic priest (d. 1608)
 * October 14 – Jodocus Hondius, Flemish artist (d. 1633)
 * October 28 – Berlinghiero Gessi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1639)
 * October 30 – Sophie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach and Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Duchess of Hunters Village (d. 1639)
 * November 5 – Countess Anna of Nassau (d. 1588)
 * November 8 – Henry II, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1624)
 * November 19 – Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (d. 1626)
 * November 20 – Sophie of Württemberg, German noble (d. 1590)
 * November 28 – Hosokawa Tadaoki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1646)
 * December 2 – Mutio Vitelleschi, Italian Superior General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1645)
 * December 19 – Lord William Howard, English nobleman (d. 1640)
 * December 20 – Juan Fernandez Pacheco, 5th Duke of Escalona, Spanish noble and diplomat (d. 1615)
 * date unknown
 * Charles Blount, 1st Earl of Devonshire (d. 1606)
 * Louise Bourgeois Boursier, French Royal midwife (d. 1636)
 * John Dowland, English composer (d. 1626)
 * Michael Drayton, English poet (d. 1631)
 * Scipione Gentili, Italian legal scholar (d. 1616)
 * Anna Guarini, Italian virtuoso singer (d. 1598)
 * Hosokawa Gracia, Japanese noblewoman (d. 1600)
 * Heo Nanseolheon, Korean poet (d. 1589)
 * Marcin Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1636)
 * Zygmunt Kazanowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1634)
 * Robert Naunton, English politician and writer (d. 1635)
 * Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, Portuguese seaman and explorer (d. 1614)
 * Mariana de Jesús Torres, Spanish nun and mystic (d. 1635)
 * Joshua Sylvester, English poet (d. 1618)
 * Jean Titelouze, French organist and composer (d. 1633)
 * Yi Su-gwang, Korean scholar (d. 1628)
 * Henri, Duke of Joyeuse, French general (d. 1608)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken, later Countess Palatine of Simmern (b. 1503)
 * February 1 – Emperor Menas of Ethiopia (fever) (b. 1559)
 * February 4 – Wilhelm von Brandenburg, Archbishop of Riga (b. 1498)
 * February 24 – Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (shot) (b. 1519)
 * March 2 – Ercole Gonzaga, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1505)
 * March 17 – Girolamo Seripando, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1493)
 * March 19 – Arthur Brooke, English poet
 * March 24 – Hosokawa Harumoto, Japanese military leader (b. 1514)
 * March 28 – Heinrich Glarean, Swiss music theorist (b. 1488)
 * April 15 – Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe (b. 1527)
 * April 30 – Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford, English baron (b. 1501)
 * May 21 – Martynas Mažvydas, author of the first printed book in Lithuanian (b. 1510)
 * June 10 – William Paget, 1st Baron Paget, English statesman (b. 1506)
 * June 24 – Prince Yuri of Uglich (b. 1532)
 * August 11 – Bartolomé de Escobedo, Spanish composer (b. 1500)
 * August 18 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (b. 1530)
 * August 30 – Wolfgang Musculus, German theologian (b. 1497)
 * September 17 – Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland, English soldier (b. 1526)
 * October 31 – Anthony Kitchin, British bishop (b. 1471)
 * November
 * John Bale, English churchman (b. 1495)
 * Ioan Iacob Heraclid, ruler of Moldavia (b. 1511)
 * December 1 – Yi Gwang-sik, Korean politician and general (b. 1493)
 * December 29
 * Sebastian Castellio, French theologian (b. 1515)
 * Thomas Naogeorgus, German playwright (b. 1508)
 * date unknown
 * Odet de Selve, French diplomat (b. c. 1504)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1563


text:
1562

Year 1562 (MDLXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 6 – Shane O'Neill of Tír Eoghain pleads his cause at the Palace of Whitehall in London, before Queen Elizabeth I of England, who recognises his status. He returns to Ireland on May 26, and resumes his rebellious activities by November.
 * January 17 – Huguenots are recognized under the Edict of Saint-Germain.
 * January 18
 * The Council of Trent reconvenes, after a gap of 10 years.
 * Thomas Norton and Thomas Sackville's play Gorboduc is performed for the first time, before Queen Elizabeth I of England. It is the first known English tragedy, and the first English language play to employ blank verse.
 * February 6 – In the Mughal Empire in India, the Emperor Akbar marries Mariam-uz-Zamani, daughter of Raja Bharmal, the ruler of the Kingdom of Amber. The marriage takes place in Sambhar in what is now the state of Rajasthan, where Akbar has stopped on his way back to the Mughal capital of Agra.
 * February 12 – After Catherine of Austria, the former Queen Consort of Portugal decides to step down as regent for her grandson, the 8-year-old King Sebastian at the age of 55, she turns the responsibility over to her late husband's brother, Cardinal Henrique de Aviz, the younger brother of her late husband, King João III.
 * February 18 – The siege of the Portuguese fort of Mazagan begins in Morocco as the Sultanate tries to take back control of the area from the Portuguese occupiers.
 * March 1 – Over 80 Huguenots are massacred by the ultra-Catholic Francis, Duke of Guise in Wassy-sur-Blaise, triggering the First War of Religion in France.
 * March 4 – Prince Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi, heir to the throne of the Sultanate of Morocco, arrives at Mazagan with 100,000 troops.
 * March 15 – English merchant Anthony Jenkinson has an audience with Ivan the Terrible in Moscow, before departing the city on April 27 and continuing his second expedition through the Grand Duchy of Moscow to Qazvin, capital of the Safavid dynasty in Persia.
 * March 24 – Portuguese Navy Captain Álvaro de Carvalho reaches Mazagan in Morocco with a relief force that includes 600 well-equipped troops.1562 – O Triunfo Português no Grande Cerco a Mazagão in Barlavento Another force of 1,565 volunteers arrives on March 26 from Lisbon.

April–June

 * April 2 – Civil war breaks out in the Kingdom of France as Louis I, Prince of Condé, leader of the Protestant Huguenots, declares war against the French Catholic rulers in retaliation for the March 1 massacre of Vassy. Condé and Gaspard de Coligny, seize control of Orléans and other uprisings follow throughout France. Uprisings follow across France.
 * May 1 – Jean Ribault, French navigator, lands in Florida, and later establishes a Huguenot colony at Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina.
 * May 5 – Prince Abdullah of Morocco withdraws his troops after seeing no way to overcome Portuguese defenses at Marzagan.
 * May 28 – The Siege of Rouen as Claude, Duke of Aumale, leads 3,000 French government troops against the Huguenot fortress at Rouen. The siege lasts for five months. He orders a retreat in June but returns on 29 July with a larger force and heavier artillery.
 * June 10 – English Catholic printer Thomas Somerset is jailed at Fleet Prison "for translating an oratyon out of Frenche, made by the Cardinall of Lorraine, and putting the same without authority in prynte." On June 27, he is summoned before the Lords of the Council for a parole hearing, but is turned down because "he seamed to go about to justifye his cause" and returned to Fleet, "there to remaine until he shall have better considered of himself." He remains imprisoned for more than 19 years before finally being released on February 28, 1582.
 * June 14 – At dinner at Dunfermline Castle, Mary, Queen of Scots, displays a gold ring set with a heart shaped diamond from her collection and declares that she will send it to Queen Elizabeth of England as a gift and a possible summit conference in the future.
 * June 17 Full moon of Waso 924 ME– King King Bayinnaung of Burma establishes an army garrison at Dawei in preparation for an attack against the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya.

July–September

 * July 12 – Fray Diego de Landa, acting Bishop of Yucatan, burns the sacred books of the Maya.
 * August 3 – A severe hailstorm causes serious damage in the German town of Wiesensteig, and leads a few days later to the demand of Mayor Ulrich von Helfenstein for the arrest of several women on charges of practicing witchcraft. Six of the women are executed the first of 63 women and men put to death after being convicted of practicing sorcery.
 * August 7 – The Treaty of Mozhaysk is signed between Denmark and Russia to avoid going to war against each other over the Kingdom of Livonia, now divided into Estonia and Latvia.
 * August 24 – In the French city of Bar-sur-Seine, at least 300 Huguenots are massacred by Catholic soldiers after their success in reconquering the citadel there. The killing occurs nine days after the burning alive of 94 Huguenots at Lauzerte.
 * September 20 – The Treaty of Hampton Court, between Queen Elizabeth I of England and Huguenot leader Louis, Prince of Condé, is signed.
 * September 22 – Maximilian, son of the Emperor Ferdinand I, succeeds Ferdinand as ruler of the Kingdom of Bohemia (now the Czech Republic).

October–December

 * October 4 – English forces under Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, land at Le Havre to aid the Huguenots against the French Crown.
 * October 19 – La Herradura naval disaster: Twenty-five ships sink in a storm off of the coast of Spain in the bay of La Herradura, where 28 ships had been anchored to weather the elements. At least 3,000 people are killed, and perhaps as many as 5,000, while another 2,000 survivors, mostly slaves on the galleys, are able to escape to shore.
 * October 26 – Rouen is captured by Royalist forces under Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, who is mortally wounded.
 * October – Privateer John Hawkins undertakes the first of several slave trading voyages, attacking Portuguese slave ships off the West African coast and forcibly transporting the enslaved Africans onboard to Spanish colonies in the Americas to sell. Hawkins arrives at the island of Hispaniola in the Spanish West Indies, where he illicitly sells the enslaved Africans to local colonists, as his presence is technically in violation of Spanish law.
 * November 5 – Battle of Corrichie in Scotland: The rebellion of George Gordon, Earl of Huntly is crushed by James Stewart, Earl of Moray.
 * November 20 – Maximilian of Bohemia is elected King of the Romans.
 * December 19 – Battle of Dreux: Huguenot and Catholic forces fight a bloody battle, narrowly won by the Catholic side. The official leaders of both armies are captured in the battle.

Date unknown

 * Mughal Emperor Akbar conquers Malwa, and its last Sultan, Baz Bahadur, flees.
 * Dudley Grammar School is established, and Gresham's School is granted a royal charter, in England.
 * Fausto Sozzini publishes Brevis explicatio in primum Johannis caput, originating Socinianism.
 * Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola publishes Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura (Rules of the Five Orders of Architecture); in succeeding centuries it will become the most published book in architectural history.
 * The Pünte at Wiltshausen, a small, hand-operated ferry, which becomes a historic monument in the late 20th century, is first recorded.
 * The Portuguese army is defeated at the Battle of Mulleriyawa, Sri Lanka, at the hand of the Sitawaka army commanded by Prince Tikiri Bandara (King Rajasinghe), leaving 1600 dead. This is considered the worst defeat the Portuguese have suffered up to this time.
 * An arsenal in Paris explodes. As recorded by Ambroise Paré in The Workes of Ambrose Parey: "In the yeare of our Lord 1562, a quantity of this pouder [gunpowder] which was not very great, taking fire by accident in the Arcenall of Paris, caused such a tempest that the whole city shook, but it quite overturned many of the neighboring houses, and shook off the tiles and broke the windows of those which were further away; and to conclude, like a storm of lightning, it laid many here and there for dead, some lost their sight, others their hearing, and others their limbs were torn apart as if they had been rent with wild horses" (p.415).

Births

 * January – Edward Blount, English publisher (d. 1632)
 * January 12 – Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1630)
 * January 20
 * Maria of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noblewoman (d. 1605)
 * Ottavio Rinuccini, Italian composer (d. 1621)
 * February 15
 * Rascas de Bagarris, French scholar (d. 1620)
 * Maeda Toshinaga, Japanese daimyō (noble) (d. 1614)
 * April or May – Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch composer (d. 1621)
 * April 21 – Valerius Herberger, German theologian (d. 1627)
 * April 24 – Xu Guangqi, Ming Dynasty Chinese politician, agronomist, astronomer, mathematician and lay Catholic leader (d. 1633)
 * April 25 – Friedrich Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German noble (d. 1602)
 * May 6 – Pietro Bernini, Italian sculptor (d. 1629)
 * May 26 – James III, Margrave of Baden-Hachberg (d. 1590)
 * May 28 – John William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (d. 1609)
 * June 24 – Duke François de Joyeuse, French churchman and politician (d. 1615)
 * June 26 – Anne of Ostfriesland, German noble, Electress Palatine (d. 1621)
 * July 25 – Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese samurai (d. 1611)
 * August 17 (bapt.) – Hans Leo Hassler, German composer (d. 1612)
 * August 19 – Charles II de Bourbon-Vendôme, French cardinal (d. 1594)
 * September 1 – George, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (1607–1620) and (1620–1623) (d. 1623)
 * September 21 – Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat (1587–1612) (d. 1612)
 * September 24 – Ercole, Lord of Monaco, Monegasque noble (d. 1604)
 * October 4 – Christian Sørensen Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (d. 1647)
 * October 19 – George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1633)
 * November 25 – Lope de Vega, Spanish poet and dramatist (d. 1635)
 * December 10 – Roger de Saint-Lary de Termes, French noble (d. 1646)
 * December 14 – Sir Lionel Tollemache, 1st Baronet, English baronet (d. 1621)
 * December 18 – Philipp Dulichius, German composer (d. 1631)
 * date unknown
 * Isabella Andreini, Italian actress (d. 1604)
 * John Bull, English composer (d. 1628)
 * Samuel Daniel, English poet and historian (d. 1619)
 * Francis Godwin, English writer and bishop (d. 1633)
 * George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly, Scottish noble (d. 1636)
 * Natsuka Masaie, Japanese daimyō (noble) (d. 1600)
 * Paulo Miki, Japanese Catholic saint and martyr (d. 1597)
 * Richard Neile, English bishop (d. 1640)
 * Henry Spelman, English antiquary (d. 1641)
 * Cornelis van Haarlem, Dutch painter (d. 1638)

Deaths

 * January – Prince Ilie II Rareş of Moldavia (b. 1531)
 * January 9 – Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1514)
 * January 25 – Charles Wriothesley, English officer of arms (b. 1508)
 * February 3 – Georg Giese, German merchant (b. 1497)
 * May 4 – Lelio Sozzini, Italian Protestant theologian (b. 1525)
 * July 1 – Wilhelm IV of Eberstein, German President of the Reichskammergericht (b. 1497)
 * July 4 – Johann Hommel, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1518)
 * July 23 – Götz von Berlichingen, German knight and mercenary (b. 1480)
 * September 5 – Katharina Zell, German Protestant reformer (b. 1497)
 * October – George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly (b. 1514)
 * October 9 – Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist (b. 1523)
 * October 13 – Claudin de Sermisy, French composer (b. 1495)
 * October 18 – Anne d'Alençon, French noblewoman (b. 1492)
 * November 7 – Maldeo Rathore, Rao of Marwar (b. 1511)
 * November 12 – Pietro Martire Vermigli, Italian theologian (b. 1500)
 * November 17 – Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France (b. 1518)
 * November 20 – Giovanni de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1544)
 * December 6
 * Jan van Scorel, Dutch painter (b. 1495)
 * Garzia de' Medici, Italian noble (b. 1547)
 * December 7 – Adrian Willaert, Flemish composer (b. c. 1490)
 * December 13 – Francesco Marinoni, Italian Catholic priest (b. 1490)
 * December 17 – Eleonora di Toledo, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (b. 1522)
 * December 27 – Joachim of Münsterberg-Oels, Duke of Münsterberg, Duke of Oels, Count of Kladsko, Bishop of Brandenburg (b. 1503)
 * date unknown
 * Cristóbal de Guzmán Cecetzin, Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan and Governor of San Juan Tenochtitlan
 * Matteo Bandello, Italian novelist (b. 1480)

title: 1562


text:
1558

Year 1558 (MDLVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 7 – French troops, led by Francis, Duke of Guise, take Calais, the last continental possession of the Kingdom of England, in the Siege of Calais.
 * January 22 – The Livonian War begins.
 * February 2 – The University of Jena is founded in Thuringia, Germany.
 * February 4 – (16th day of 1st month of Eiroku 1) Takeda Shingen becomes the shugo (military governor) of Shinano Province after his successful military campaign there.
 * February 5 – Arauco War: Pedro de Avendaño, with sixty men, captures Caupolicán (the Mapuche Gran Toqui), who is leading their first revolt against the Spanish Empire (near Antihuala), encamped with a small band of followers.
 * March 8 – The city of Pori (Björneborg) is founded by Duke John on the shores of the Gulf of Bothnia.

April–June

 * April 17 – The siege of Thionville in the Duchy of Luxembourg, is started by the French Army, led by Francis, Duke of Guise.
 * April 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries Francis, Dauphin of France, at Notre Dame de Paris.
 * May 3 – The Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire gives recognition to Ferdinand as Holy Roman Emperor, two months after his proclamation on March 14 as the successor to his brother Charles V.
 * June 13 – An armada of ships from the Ottoman Empire, dispatched by Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent at the request of King Henry II of France, sails into the Bay of Naples at Italy and attacks the city of Sorrento.
 * June 23 – France is successful in the siege of Thionville in the Duchy of Luxembourg and recovers the fortress from the Spanish Empire after an operation that began on April 17 and lasted more than two months.

July–September

 * July 9 – The Ottoman Empire, with 15,000 troops and 150 warships, besieges the Spanish garrison at Ciutadella de Menorca at Spain's Balearic Islands. When the town falls on July 17, the 3,099 surviving inhabitants are sold into slavery.
 * July 13 – Battle of Gravelines: Near the border between the Kingdom of France and the Spanish Netherlands, Spanish forces led by Lamoral, Count of Egmont, and assisted by the English Navy, inflict a major defeat on the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes.
 * July 18 – The city of Tartu, capital of the Bishopric of Dorpat (in modern-day Estonia) surrenders to Russia.
 * August 22 – In Spain, Bartolomé Carranza, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Toledo, is arrested at Torrelaguna on orders of the Grand Inquisitor, Fernando de Valdés y Salas. Carranza is brought a prisoner to Valladolid to face accusations of heresy. He remains in prison for eight years before being transferred to Rome for the Pope to hear his appeal.

October–December

 * October 17 – Postal history of Poland: King Sigismund II Augustus appoints an Italian merchant living in Kraków to organise a consolidated postal service in Poland, the origin of Poczta Polska.
 * November 6 – On her deathbed, Queen Mary of England designates her half-sister, Elizabeth, as her successor. Both Mary and Elizabeth are daughters of the late King Henry VIII.
 * November 15 – The five Canterbury Martyrs, three men and two women, are burned at the stake, becoming the last of 312 Protestants put to death for heresy during the reign of England's last Roman Catholic ruler, Queen Mary. Queen Mary dies two days later, bringing an end to her campaign. During the final year of Mary's reign, 49 Protestants are burned at the stake and three others die in prison while awaiting execution.
 * November 17 – Queen Mary, a devout Roman Catholic dies of uterine cancer at the age of 42, and is succeeded by her younger half-sister Elizabeth, an adherent to the Protestant Church of England, beginning the Elizabethan era in British history.
 * December 5 – Less than three weeks of becoming Queen of England, Elizabeth summons the members of the English Parliament with orders to assemble at Westminster on January 23. Under Elizabeth's agenda, the Parliament is charged with restoring the laws passed at the beginning of the English Reformation, and repealing the reforms made during the reign of Queen Mary.

Unknown

 * John Knox's attack on female rulers, The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, is published anonymously from Geneva.
 * English explorer Anthony Jenkinson travels from Moscow to Astrakhan and Bukhara. He is the first Englishman to note that the Amu Darya changed course, to start flowing into the Aral Sea.
 * Queen Elizabeth I of England grants rest and refreshment to pilgrims and travellers who pass by the Holy Well Spring at Malvern in England.

Ongoing

 * 1557 influenza pandemic.

Births

 * January or February – Hendrik Goltzius, Dutch painter (d. 1617)
 * January 16 – Jakobea of Baden, Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by marriage (d. 1597)
 * January 29 – Paul Hentzner, German lawyer (d. 1623)
 * March 7 – Johann VII, Duke of Mecklenburg, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1576–1592) (d. 1592)
 * April 30 – Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger, Polish noble (d. 1629)
 * June 15 – Margrave Andrew of Burgau, German nobleman, Cardinal, Bishop of Constance and Brixen (d. 1600)
 * July 9 – David Origanus, German astronomer (d. 1628)
 * July 11 – Robert Greene, English dramatist (d. 1592)
 * August 2 – Herman van den Bergh, Dutch soldier in the Eighty Years' War (d. 1611)
 * August 8 – George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland, English noble (d. 1605)
 * August 19 – François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti (d. 1614)
 * September 9 – Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, French soldier (d. 1602)
 * September 24 – Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure, English politician (d. 1617)
 * October 12 – Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria (d. 1618)
 * October 24 – Szymon Szymonowic, Polish writer (d. 1629)
 * October 30 – Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force, Marshal of France (d. 1652)
 * November 27 – Mingyi Swa, Crown Prince of Burma (d. 1593)
 * December 3 – Gregorio Pagani, Italian painter (d. 1605)
 * December 8 – François de La Rochefoucauld, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1645)
 * December 9 – André du Laurens, French physician (d. 1609)
 * date unknown
 * Meir Lublin, Polish rabbi (d. 1616)
 * Kōriki Masanaga, Japanese military commander (d. 1599)
 * Bessho Nagaharu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1580)
 * Olivier van Noort, first Dutchman to circumnavigate the world (d. 1627)
 * Chidiock Tichborne, English conspirator and poet (d. 1586)
 * Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia (1593–1601) (d. 1601)
 * Thomas Kyd, English playwright (d. 1594)
 * Françoise de Cezelli, French war hero (d. 1615)
 * probable – Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons, French merchant (d. 1628)

Deaths

 * January 28 – Jacob Micyllus, German humanist (b. 1503)
 * February 25 – Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Portugal and France (b. 1498)
 * February 27
 * Johann Faber of Heilbronn, controversial Catholic preacher (b. 1504)
 * Kunigunde of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, German noblewoman (b. 1524)
 * March 6 – Luca Gaurico, Italian astrologer (b. 1475)
 * March 24 – Anna van Egmont, Countess of Egmond and Buren (b. c. 1533)
 * March 25 – Marcos de Niza, French Franciscan explorer (b. c. 1495)
 * April 2 – Wolfgang of the Palatinate, Count Palatine of Neumarkt (b. 1494)
 * April 15 – Hurrem Sultan, Ruthenian-born wife of Suleiman the Magnificent (b. c. 1500)
 * April 20 – Johannes Bugenhagen, German reformer (b. 1485)
 * April 26 – Jean Fernel, French physician (b. 1497)
 * May 17 – Francisco de Sá de Miranda, Portuguese poet (b. 1485)
 * May 19 – Juan Téllez-Girón, 4th Count of Ureña, Spanish count (b. 1494)
 * May 25 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen (1525–1540) (b. 1510)
 * May 31 – Philip Hoby, English politician (b. 1505)
 * June 28 – Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche, English courtier (b. 1506)
 * July 17 – George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard (b. 1498)
 * August 11 – Justus Menius, German Lutheran pastor (b. 1499)
 * September 21 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1500)
 * October – Mellin de Saint-Gelais, French poet (b. c. 1491)
 * October 18 – Maria of Austria, queen of Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (b. 1505)
 * October 21 – J. C. Scaliger, Italian scholar (b. 1484)
 * November 1
 * Anne Brooke, Baroness Cobham, English noble (b. 1501)
 * Erhard Schnepf, German theologian (b. 1495)
 * November 15 – Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis, Scottish politician and judge (b. 1515)
 * November 17
 * (bur.) Hugh Aston, English composer (b. 1485)
 * Queen Mary I of England (b. 1516)
 * Reginald Pole, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1500)
 * December 7 – Johann Forster, German theologian (b. 1496)
 * December 16 – Thomas Cheney, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. c. 1485)
 * December 19 – Cornelius Grapheus, Flemish writer (b. 1482)
 * December 28 – Hermann Finck, German composer (b. 1527)
 * date unknown
 * Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll, Scottish nobleman and politician (b. 1507)
 * Robert Recorde, Welsh physician and mathematician (b. c. 1512)

title: 1558


text:
1559

Year 1559 (MDLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 15 – Elizabeth I of England is crowned, in Westminster Abbey.
 * February 27 – Queen Elizabeth I of England establishes the Church of England, with the Act of Uniformity 1558 and the Act of Supremacy 1558. The Oath of Supremacy is reinstated.
 * March 23 – Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia, defending his lands against the invasion of Nur ibn Mujahid, Sultan of Harar, is killed in battle. His brother, Menas, succeeds him as king.
 * March 31 – The Westminster Conference 1559 opens at Westminster Hall in London with nine leading Catholic churchmen, and nine Protestant reformers of the Church of England. The conference adjourns on April 3 for Easter and never reconvenes.

April–June

 * April 3 – Peace of Cateau Cambrésis: After two days of negotiations, France makes peace with England and Spain, ending the Italian War of 1551–59. France gives up most of its gains in Italy (including Savoy), retaining only Saluzzo, but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and the formerly English town of Calais.
 * May 2 – John Knox returns from exile to Scotland, to become the leader of the beginning Scottish Reformation.
 * May 8 – Queen Elizabeth of England gives royal assent to the Act of Supremacy 1558 (requiring any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the English monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England) and to the Act of Uniformity 1558 (requiring all persons in England to attend Anglican services on penalty of a fine for noncompliance).
 * May 13 – At Basel, the body of Dutch Anabaptist leader David Joris is exhumed and burned, following his posthumous conviction of heresy.
 * June 11 – Scottish Reformation: A Protestant mob, incited by the preaching of John Knox, sacks St Andrews Cathedral.
 * June 22 – King Philip II of Spain and the 14-year-old Elisabeth of Valois are married in Spain, having married by proxy in January.
 * June 30 – King Henry of France participates in a jousting tournament at the Place des Vosges in Paris, where French nobles are celebrating the marriage of Princess Elisabeth to King Philip of Spain. During competition against Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery, commander of King Henry's bodyguards, the Garde Écossaise, King Henry is struck in the eye by a splinter from Montgomery's lance and fatally injured. Henry survives for 10 days without treatment until dying from sepsis.

July–September

 * July 10 – Francis II becomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II. Members of the House of Guise and the new king's mother Catherine de' Medici dispute control over the kingdom.
 * July 25 – The Articles of Leith are signed in Edinburgh between the Protestant Lords of the Congregation and the Roman Catholic representatives the Scottish regent, Mary of Guise, the widow of King James V, who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots. The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.
 * July 31 – Pope Paul IV authorizes the creation of the University of Douai (which will later become the University of Lille).
 * August 15 – Led by Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano, a Spanish missionary colony of 1,500 men, on 13 ships, arrives from Vera Cruz at Pensacola Bay, founding the oldest European settlement in the mainland U.S. (St. Augustine is founded in 1565.)
 * August 18 – Pope Paul IV, leader of the Roman Catholic Church since 1555, dies at the age of 83 after a reign of four years. The office of the Pope remains vacant until almost the end of the year before a successor is chosen.
 * September 4 – Gorkha state is established by Dravya Shah, beating local Khadka kings, which is the origin of the current country of Nepal.
 * September 5 – The papal conclave to elect a new pope opens 18 days after the death of Pope Paul IV at the Apostolic Palace in Rome with 47 of the 55 Roman Catholic cardinals present. The conclave lasts 101 days before a successor to Pope Paul is elected.
 * September 19 – Just weeks after arrival at Pensacola, the Spanish missionary colony is decimated by a hurricane that kills hundreds, sinks five ships, with a galleon, and grounds a caravel; the 1,000 survivors divide to relocate/resupply the settlement, but suffer famine & attacks, and abandon the effort in 1561.
 * September 21 – Francis II of France is crowned at Reims. The crown is too heavy for him, and has to be held in place by his nobles.
 * September 25 – At the age of 12, Petru cel Tânăr (Peter the Younger) is named as the new Prince of Wallachia at the capital, Târgoviște (now in Romania) after the death of his father, Mircea the Shepherd. In response, members of Wallachian nobility (boyars) opposed to Mircea's rule launch the first of three attempts to take the throne, fighting battles at Românești, Șerpătești and Boiani.

October–December

 * October 24 – Backed by Ottoman Empire troops, the army of Wallachia defeats the boyars at the battle of Boiani. The Ottoman central government at Constantinople confirms Petru as the rightful ruler of the principality within the Empire.
 * October 27 – Frederick III is terminated from his post as Duke of Legnica on orders of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor. The Emperor Ferdinand orders Frederick placed under house arrest, and restores Frederick's son, Henry XI as Duke of Legnica.
 * November 5 – In Scotland, Crichton Castle, home of the powerful Earl of Bothwell, is besieged and captured in an attack by the Earl of Arran.
 * November 6 – The Ottoman Empire ends its attempt to wrest control of the island of Bahrain from Portuguese control, after a siege of Manama Castle that began on July 2.
 * December 25 – After a conclave of almost four months, Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected as the 224th pope, and takes the name Pope Pius IV.

Date unknown

 * The University of Geneva is founded by John Calvin.
 * John Calvin publishes the final edition of the Institutes of the Christian Religion.
 * Oda Nobunaga wins control of his native province of Owari.
 * Margaret of Parma becomes Governor of the Netherlands, in place of her brother, King Philip II of Spain.
 * Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, introduces tobacco to the French court in the form of snuff, and describes its medicinal properties. The active ingredient in tobacco is later named "nicotine" in his honor.
 * Pope Paul IV promulgates the Pauline Index, an early version of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.
 * The first generation of the Protestant Reformation is completed, according to some historians.

Births

 * January 1 – Virginia Eriksdotter, Swedish noble (d. 1633)
 * January 8 – William Helyar, English chaplain (d. 1645)
 * January 25 – Aleixo de Menezes, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1617)
 * February 7 – Catherine de Bourbon, Princess of Navarre and Duchess consort of Lorraine (d. 1604)
 * February 18 – Isaac Casaubon, French-born classical scholar (d. 1614)
 * February 19 – Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1588)
 * February 21 – Nurhaci, Chinese emperor (d. 1626)
 * March 12 – Christoph Brouwer, Dutch historian (d. 1617)
 * March 16 – Amar Singh I, eldest son and successor of Maharana Pratap of Mewar (d. 1620)
 * March 26 – Wolf Dietrich Raitenau, Prince-Bishop of Salzburg (d. 1617)
 * May 4 – Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley (d. 1637)
 * May 12
 * Stanisław Radziwiłł, Grand Marshal of Lithuania (d. 1599)
 * Johann Georg Gödelmann, German demonologist (d. 1611)
 * July 2 – Margareta Brahe, Swedish political activist (d. 1638)
 * July 22 – Lawrence of Brindisi, Italian saint (d. 1619)
 * July 27 – Countess Palatine Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburg and Countess consort of Oettingen-Oettingen (d. 1618)
 * August 18 – Frederik van den Bergh, Dutch soldier in the Eighty Years' War (d. 1618)
 * August 24 or September 1556 – Sophia Brahe, Danish astronomer, horticulturalist (d. 1643)
 * September 21 – Cigoli, Italian painter (d. 1613)
 * September 15 – Edmond Richer, French theologian (d. 1631)
 * October 12 or October 22 – Jacques Sirmond, French Jesuit scholar (d. 1651)
 * November 11 – Tokuhime, Japanese noble (d. 1636)
 * November 12 – Yaza Datu Kalaya, Crown Princess of Burma (d. 1603)
 * November 13 – Al-Mansur al-Qasim, Imam of Yemen (d. 1620)
 * November 15 – Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, Governor of the Low Countries (d. 1621)
 * December 14 – Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola, Spanish writer (d. 1613)
 * date unknown
 * George Chapman, English dramatist (d. 1634)
 * Ikeda Motosuke, Japanese military commander (d. 1584)
 * John Penry, Welsh Protestant martyr (d. 1593)
 * Honinbo Sansa, Japanese player of Go (d. 1623)
 * John Spenser, president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (d. 1614)

Deaths

 * January – Christina Gyllenstierna, leading opponent of King Christian II of Denmark and Norway (b. 1494)
 * January 1 – King Christian III of Denmark and Norway (b. 1503)
 * January 25 – King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (b. 1481)
 * February 12 – Prince-elector Otto Henry of the Palatinate (b. 1502)
 * March 8 – Thomas Tresham, English Catholic politician
 * March 13 – Johann Gropper, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1503)
 * March 16 – Anthony St. Leger, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1496)
 * March 23 – Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia (in battle) (b. 1522)
 * March 30 – Adam Ries, German mathematician (b. 1492)
 * June 3 – Elisabeth of Nassau-Siegen, German noblewoman (b. 1488)
 * July 10 – King Henry II of France (jousting accident) (b. 1519)
 * August 18 – Pope Paul IV (b. 1476)
 * September 7 – Robert Estienne, French printer (b. 1503)
 * September 15 – Isabella Jagiellon, queen consort of Hungary (d. 1519)
 * October 2 – Jacquet of Mantua, French composer (b. 1483)
 * October 3 – Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (b. 1508)
 * October 4 – Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (b. 1504)
 * October 6 – William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1487)
 * November 5 – Kanō Motonobu, Japanese painter (b. 1476)
 * November 10 – Jacob Milich, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1501)
 * November 18 – Cuthbert Tunstall, English church leader (b. 1474)
 * November 20 – Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, English noblewoman and claimant to the throne of England (b. 1517)
 * November 26 – Adolph of Nassau-Saarbrücken, Count of Nassau (b. 1526)
 * December 17 – Irene di Spilimbergo, Italian Renaissance poet and painter (b. 1538)
 * December 31 – Owen Oglethorpe, deposed English bishop
 * date unknown
 * Realdo Colombo, Italian surgeon and anatomist (b. 1516)
 * Elizabeth Wilford, English merchant and company founder
 * Father Francis of Aberdeen, Catholic Trinitarian friar
 * Leonard Digges, English mathematician and surveyor (b. c. 1515)
 * Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone, Irish rebel (b. 1480)
 * Wen Zhengming, Chinese painter (b. 1470)

title: 1559


text:
1556

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Events
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October–December

 * October 7 – The Battle of Delhi is fought in India, at Tughlaqabad) near Delhi between forces of the Sur Empire (ruled by Muhammad Adil Shah) and the Mughal Empire (ruled by Akbar the Great). General Hemchandra Vikramaditya (Hemu) of the Suris overwhelms the forces commanded by the Mughal Governor of Delhi, Tardi Beg Khan within one day.
 * November 5 – Second Battle of Panipat: Fifty miles north of Delhi, a Mughal army defeats the forces of Hemu and recaptures Delhi for the Mughal Empire, guaranteeing Akbar's rule.
 * November 10 – The English ship Edward Bonadventure, commanded by Richard Chancellor is wrecked on the coast of Scotland at Pitsligo, killing most of its crew, including Chancellor. The few survivors include the first Russian ambassador to England, Osip Nepeya.
 * November 17 – In the Holy Roman Empire, the Steter Kriegsrat is founded as a War Council with five generals and five civil servants to advise the Habsburg rulers.
 * December 7 – The Mughal Emperor Akbar personally travels with Bairam Khan to lead an invasion force to defeat the Sultan of the Sur Empire, Sikandar Shah Suri.
 * December 27 – Péter Erdődy is appointed as the Ottoman Viceroy of Croatia after the death on September 7 of Nikola IV Zrinski.
 * December 31 – All military authorities in the Holy Roman Empire are ordered to submit to the decisions of the Imperial War Council.

Date unknown

 * The kings of Spain take control of the Flanders region, including what is now the French département of Nord.
 * The Plantations of Ireland are started in King's County (now County Offaly) and Queen's County (now County Laois), the earliest attempt at systematic ethnic cleansing in Ireland, by the Roman Catholic ruler Queen Mary I of England.
 * Future King Prince John, younger son of King Gustav I of Sweden becomes Duke of Finland.
 * Ivan the Terrible conquers Astrakhan, opening the Volga River to Russian traffic and trade.
 * The Welser banking families of Augsburg lose colonial control of Venezuela.
 * The false Martin Guerre appears in the French village of Artigat.
 * The first printing press in India is introduced by Jesuits, at Saint Paul's College, Goa.

Births

 * January 8 – Uesugi Kagekatsu, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1623)
 * January 24 – Christian Barnekow, Danish noble, explorer and diplomat (d. 1612)
 * February 4 – Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noblewoman (d. 1638)
 * February 7 – Countess Maria of Nassau (d. 1616)
 * February 16 – Tōdō Takatora, Japanese daimyō (d. 1630)
 * February 21 – Sethus Calvisius, German calendar reformer (d. 1615)
 * March 7 – Guillaume du Vair, French statesman and philosopher (d. 1621)
 * March 13 – Dirck van Os, Dutch merchant (d. 1615)
 * April 8 – David Hoeschel, German librarian (d. 1617)
 * April 9 – Andreas von Auersperg, Carniolan noble and military commander in the battle of Sisak (d. 1593)
 * April 27 – François Béroalde de Verville, French writer (d. 1626)
 * May 31 – Jerzy Radziwiłł, Polish Catholic cardinal (d. 1600)
 * June 6 – Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche, English politician and diplomat (d. 1625)
 * June 13 – Pomponio Nenna, Italian composer (d. 1608)
 * June 24
 * Victoria of Valois, French princess (d. 1556)
 * Joan of Valois, French princess (d. 1556)
 * July 9 – Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea, English countess (d. 1634)
 * July 22 – Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (d. 1604)
 * July 26 – James Melville, Scottish divine and reformer (d. 1614)
 * August 10 – Philipp Nicolai, German Lutheran pastor (d. 1608)
 * August 16 – Bartolomeo Cesi, Italian painter (d. 1629)
 * September 21 – William Harris, English knight (d. 1616)
 * October 18
 * Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf, French duke and nobleman (d. 1605)
 * John Dormer, English Member of Parliament (d. 1626)
 * October 24 – Giovanni Battista Caccini, Italian artist (d. 1613)
 * October 26 – Ahmad Baba al Massufi, Malian academic (d. 1627)
 * November 25 – Jacques Davy Duperron, French cardinal (d. 1618)
 * November 28 – Francesco Contarini, Doge of Venice (d. 1624)
 * December 5 – Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford, English countess (d. 1588)
 * December 17 – Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, Indian composer (d. 1627)
 * December 27 – Jeanne de Lestonnac, French saint (d. 1640)
 * date unknown
 * Margaret Clitherow, English Catholic martyr (d. 1586)
 * Ahmad Baba al Massufi, Sudanese writer and political leader (d. 1627)
 * Alexander Briant, English Jesuit martyr (d. 1581)

Deaths

 * January 8 – Anne Shelton, English courtier, elder sister of Thomas Boleyn (b. 1475)
 * January 27 – Humayun, 2nd Mughal Emperor (b. 1508)
 * February 12 – Giovanni Poggio, Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. 1493)
 * February 26 – Frederick II, Elector Palatine (1544–1556) (b. 1482)
 * March 21 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (burned at the stake) (b. 1489)
 * April 18
 * Luigi Alamanni, Italian poet and statesman (b. 1495)
 * John Gage, English courtier of the Tudor period (b. 1479)
 * April 26 – Valentin Friedland, German scholar and educationist of the Reformation (b. 1490)
 * May 4 – Luca Ghini, Italian physician and botanist (b. 1490)
 * May 28 – Saitō Dōsan, Japanese warlord (b. 1494)
 * June 10 – Martin Agricola, German composer (b. 1486)
 * June 24 – Joan of Valois, French princess (b. 1556)
 * July 31 – Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish founder of the Jesuit order and saint (b. 1491)
 * August 1 – Girolamo da Carpi, Italian painter (b. 1501)
 * August 11 – John Bell, Bishop of Worcester
 * August 17 – Victoria of Valois, French princess (b. 1556)
 * September – Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell, Scottish traitor (b. 1512)
 * October 7 – Frederick of Denmark, Prince-bishop (b. 1532)
 * October 21 – Pietro Aretino, Italian author (b. 1492)
 * November 10 – Richard Chancellor, English Arctic explorer (drowned at sea) (b. c. 1521)
 * November 14 – Giovanni della Casa, Italian poet (b. 1503)
 * date unknown
 * Tullia d'Aragona, Italian poet, author and philosopher (b. 1510)
 * Fuzûlî, Turkish poet (b. 1494)
 * probable
 * Brian mac Cathaoir O Conchobhair Failghe, last of the Kings of Ui Failghe
 * Jacob Clemens non Papa, Flemish composer (b. 1510)

title: 1556


text:
1553

Year 1553 (MDLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 2 – The siege of Metz in France, started by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor during the Italian War of 1551–59 on October 19 last is lifted after 75 days. During the city's defense by the Duke of Guise and 6,000 soldiers, Charles V had lost two-thirds of his original force  of at least 20,000 men.
 * February 17 – In India, Timmaraja Wodeyar II becomes the sixth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore (a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire), after the death of his father, the Maharaja Chamaraja Wodeyar III.
 * February 21 – Lieutenant General Luis Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio temporarily serves as the Spanish Viceroy of Naples (in modern-day Italy) upon the death of his father, Pedro Álvarez de Toledo. Luis steps down after Pedro Pacheco de Villena is appointed as the new Viceroy in June.
 * March 1 – The second (and last) session of the Parliament of England during the reign of King Edward VI is opened by the King at Westminster and lasts until March 31. Sir James Dyer serves during the session as Speaker of the House of Commons.

April–June

 * April 28 – Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa, leader of the Chaldean Catholic Church in modern-day Iraq, is recognized by Pope Julius III as the Patriarch of Mosul.
 * May 12 – St Albans, in England, receives its first royal charter as a borough.
 * May 25 – Lady Jane Grey, a 16-year-old first cousin of King Edward VI of England, marries Lord Guildford Dudley, son of the Duke of Northumberland, who has engineered the marriage.
 * June 3 – The first of the five Battles of Kawanakajima, the "Battle of the Fuse," commences in Japan between Takeda Shingen of Kai Province and Uesugi Kenshin of Echigo Province. The clash, fought 12 days after Shingen has taken Katsurao Castle, takes place at a shrine of Hachiman (near modern-day Yashiro, Hyōgo prefecture), is part of a major series of conflicts during the Japanese Sengoku period.
 * June 15 – On his deathbed, King Edward summons prominent English judges and signs his devise of the throne to Lady Jane Grey.
 * June 21 – Under threats from the Duke of Northumberland, the devise by King Edward to make Jane Grey the heir to the throne is signed by over 100 prominent persons.
 * June 26 – Two new schools, Christ's Hospital and King Edward's School, Witley, are created by royal charter in accordance with the will of King Edward VI of England; St Thomas' Hospital, London, in existence since the 12th century, is named in the same charter.

July–September

 * July 6 – King King Edward VI of England dies at the age of 15 after a reign of only six years.
 * July 9 – Battle of Sievershausen: Prince-elector Maurice of Saxony defeats the Catholic forces of Margrave Albert of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. Maurice is mortally wounded.
 * July 10 – Four days after the death of her cousin King Edward VI of England, Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England – a position she holds for the next nine days.
 * July 19 – The Lord Mayor of London proclaims Mary I the rightful Queen, following a change of allegiance by the Privy Council; Lady Jane Grey voluntarily abdicates.
 * August 3 – Queen Mary I of England arrives in London from East Anglia.
 * August 18 – John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, is tried and convicted of treason for his role in putting his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne.
 * August 24 – English explorer Richard Chancellor enters the White Sea and reaches Arkhangelsk. He goes on afterwards to the court of Ivan IV of Russia, opening up trade between England and Russia.
 * September 23 – The Sadians consolidate their power in Morocco, by defeating the last of their enemies.
 * September – Anglican bishops in England are arrested, and Roman Catholic bishops are restored.

October–December

 * October 6 – Şehzade Mustafa, oldest son of Suleiman the Magnificent, is executed in Konya by order of his father.
 * October 27 – Geneva's governing council burns Michael Servetus at the stake as a heretic.
 * November 13 – Lady Jane Grey, who had claimed the title of Queen of England for nine days, is convicted of high treason, along with her husband Lord Guilford Dudley, two of Dudley's brothers, and Thomas Cranmer, the former Archbishop of Canterbury, after trial conducted by a special commission at Guildhall in the City of London. Referred to by the court as "Jane Dudley, wife of Guildford", Lady Jane is found to have treacherously assumed the title and the power of the monarch of England, as evidenced by a number of documents she had signed as "Jane the Quene". All five defendants are sentenced to death. Beheading is the sentence for the men, while Lady Jane is to either be "burned alive on Tower Hill or beheaded as the Queen pleases", with the decision (for a private decapitation) to be made by Queen Mary.
 * November 16 – A delegation from the English Parliament formally asks the new queen, Mary I, to choose an English husband rather than to marry Spain's Prince Philip, and suggests Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon. Queen Mary's choice to marry Philip, in the interests of protecting England from an invasion, will ultimately lead to Wyatt's rebellion.
 * November 17 (13th waxing of Natdaw 915 ME) – Bayinnaung, King of Burma, commissions the building of the Kanbawzathadi Palace in his capital, Pegu (modern-day Bago in Myanmar). The palace is completed in 1556 but is burned down in 1599.
 * November 25 – Italian War of 1551–1559: Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of the Florentine Republic, signs a secret treaty with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to conquer the Republic of Siena to bring it back into the Empire.
 * November 25 – Second Margrave War: The city of Kulmbach, near Brandenburg in Bavaria in Germany, is sacked and burned to the ground after its margrave, Albert Alcibiades, makes an unsuccessful attempt to bring all of the Duchy of Franconia under his control.
 * December 25 – Battle of Tucapel: Mapuche rebels under Lautaro defeat the Spanish conquistadors, and execute Pedro de Valdivia, the first Royal Governor of Chile.

Date unknown

 * Tonbridge School is founded by Sir Andrew Judde, under letters patent of Edward VI of England.
 * The xiii Bukes of Eneados of the famose Poete Virgill, the first complete translation of any major work of classical antiquity into one of the English languages, is published in London.
 * In Ming dynasty China:
 * The addition of a new section of the Outer City fortifications is completed in southern Beijing, bringing the overall size of Beijing to 18 square miles (4662 hectares).
 * Shanghai is fortified for the first time.

Births

 * January 20 – Bernardino de Cárdenas y Portugal, Duque de Maqueda, Spanish noble (d. 1601)
 * January 22 – Mōri Terumoto, Japanese warrior (d. 1625)
 * February 24 – Cherubino Alberti, Italian engraver and painter (d. 1615)
 * March – Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo, Italian noble (d. 1576)
 * March 26 – Vitsentzos Kornaros, Greek writer (d. 1613)
 * April 24 – John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell, Scottish noble (d. 1593)
 * April 30 – Louise of Lorraine, French queen consort (d. 1601)
 * May 7 – Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia (d. 1618)
 * May 14 – Margaret of Valois, Queen of France (d. 1615)
 * June 5 – Bernardino Baldi, Italian mathematician and writer (d. 1617)
 * June 15 – Archduke Ernest of Austria, Austrian prince, the son of Maximilian II (d. 1595)
 * July 1 – Peter Street, English carpenter (d. 1609)
 * September 26 – Nicolò Contarini, Doge of Venice (d. 1631)
 * October 8 – Jacques Auguste de Thou, French historian (d. 1617)
 * October 18 – Luca Marenzio, Italian composer (d. 1599)
 * November 2 – Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Countess Palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (d. 1633)
 * November 4 – Roger Wilbraham, Solicitor-General for Ireland (d. 1616)
 * November 23 – Prospero Alpini, Italian physician and botanist (d. 1617)
 * November 28 – George More, English politician (d. 1632)
 * December 13 – King Henry IV of France (d. 1610)
 * date unknown
 * Patriarch Filaret of Moscow and All Rus' (d. 1633)
 * Giovanni Florio, English writer and translator (d. 1625)
 * Richard Hakluyt, English travel writer (d. 1616)
 * Robert Hues, English mathematician and geographer (d. 1632)
 * Amago Katsuhisa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1578)
 * Pierre de Rostegny, French jurist (d. 1631)
 * William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh, Spanish military leader (d. 1613)
 * Moses Székely, Hungarian noble (d. 1603)
 * Beatrice Michiel, Venetian spy (d. 1613)
 * Mirza Muhammad Hakim, son of Mughal emperor Humayun and brother of emperor Akbar (d. 1585)

Deaths

 * January 13 – George II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Glatz (b. 1512)
 * February 4 – Caspar Othmayr, German Protestant priest, theologian and composer (b. 1515)
 * February 6 – Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (b. 1482)
 * February 8 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, (b. 1521)
 * February 17 – Chamaraja Wodeyar III, King of Mysore (b. 1492)
 * February 19 – Erasmus Reinhold, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1511)
 * February 25 – Hirate Masahide, Japanese diplomat and tutor of Oda Nobunaga (suicide) (b. 1492)
 * April – Minkhaung of Prome, last king of Prome in Burma (Myanmar)
 * April 9 – François Rabelais, French writer
 * May 5 – Erasmus Alberus, German humanist (b. 1500)
 * May 28 – Johannes Aal, Swiss theologian (b. 1500)
 * June 26 – Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow (b. 1552)
 * July 6 – King Edward VI of England (b. 1537)
 * July 9 – Maurice, Elector of Saxony (b. 1521)
 * July 16 – Bernardino Maffei, Catholic cardinal (b. 1514)
 * August 6 – Girolamo Fracastoro, Italian physician (b. 1478)
 * August 17 – Charles III, Duke of Savoy (b. 1486)
 * August 22 – John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland (b. 1502; executed)
 * September 6 – Juan de Homedes y Coscon, 47th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. c. 1477)
 * October 6 – Şehzade Mustafa, Suleiman the Magnificent's first-born son by Mahidevran Hatun (b. 1515)
 * October 7 – Cristóbal de Morales, Spanish composer (b. 1500)
 * October 16 – Lucas Cranach the Elder, German painter (b. 1472)
 * October 17 – George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, German prince (b. 1507)
 * October 27 – Michael Servetus, Spanish Protestant theologian (burned at the stake) (b. 1511)
 * October 28 – Giovanni Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1490)
 * October 30 – Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck, German statesman and reformer (b. 1489)
 * November 15 – Lucrezia de' Medici, Italian noblewoman (b. 1470)
 * November 23 – Sebastiano Antonio Pighini, Italian cardinal (b. 1500)
 * November 27 – Şehzade Cihangir, Ottoman prince (b. 1531)
 * December 3 – Ludwig of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German nobleman (b. 1487)
 * December 25 – Pedro de Valdivia, Spanish conquistador (b. 1497)
 * date unknown
 * George Joye, English Protestant Bible translator (b. c. 1495)
 * Gunilla Bese, Finnish noble and fiefholder (b. 1475)

title: 1553


text:
1552

Year 1552 (MDLII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 15 – Henry II of France and Maurice, Elector of Saxony, sign the Treaty of Chambord.
 * February 12 – Pedro de Valdivia founds the Chilean city of Valdivia, as Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia.
 * February 24 – The privileges of the Hanseatic League are abolished in England.
 * March 26 – Guru Amar Das becomes the Third Sikh Guru.

April–June

 * April 8 – Maurice, Elector of Saxony, liberates Augsburg and sets about to capture Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
 * April 11 – Metz Cathedral is consecrated.
 * April 15 – The Act of Uniformity is given royal assent and imposes use of the Protestant Book of Common Prayer on England.
 * April 16 – Pedro de Valdivia founds the city of La Imperial, Chile.
 * April 18 – King Henry II of France enters the city of Metz, ceded to France by Saxony by the January 15 Treaty of Chambord.
 * April 28 – The delegates to the Council of Trent adjourn for two years after learning that the Holy Roman Emperor is fleeing from Maurice of Saxony.
 * May 20 – Learning of the rapid approach of the Elector Maurice, the Emperor Charles V flees from Innsbruck ahead of being captured.
 * June 6 (14th waxing of Waso 914 ME) – Minye Sithu is appointed as the Burmese Viceroy of Martaban by his older brother, Bayinnaung, King of Burma.
 * June 16 – Yuri of Uglich, the only brother of the Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible, is placed in charge of Russia's domestic affairs as Ivan departs Moscow to lead 150,000 troops in the Russo-Kazan War.
 * June 22 – Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, the Spanish Governor of Luxembourg, is taken prisoner by France and remains captive for almost five years.
 * June 24 – The Portuguese ship São João is wrecked off of the coast of South Africa. While 480 people survive initially, all but 25 of them die during the next 165 days while trying to reach the mouth of the Maputo River in what is now Mozambique.

July–September

 * July 6 – In Hungary, Drégely Castle is attacked by the Ottoman Empire. Captain György Szondy and c. 140 soldiers in the castle die, after 4 days of fighting against 8,000 Turkish raiders.
 * July 27 – The Ottomans capture the city of Temesvar.
 * August 2
 * John Frederick, Elector of Saxony and Philipp I of Hesse, taken prisoner by Charles V in 1546, are released.
 * The Peace of Passau revokes the Augsburg Interim of 1548, and promises religious freedom to the Protestant princes.
 * September 9 – The Siege of Eger begins as thousands of Ottoman troops, led by General Kara Ahmed Pasha of the Ottoman Empire attack a greatly outnumbered force of Hungarian defenders, captained by István Dobó
 * September 24 – The Debatable Lands on the border of England and Scotland are divided between the two kingdoms by a commission creating the Scots' Dike in an unsuccessful attempt to halt lawlessness here, but giving both countries their modern borders.

October–December

 * October 2 – The Khanate of Kazan falls to troops of Ivan IV of Russia
 * October 17 – After heavy losses by the Ottoman Empire, the Siege of Eger in Hungary is broken off by the Ottomans.
 * November 15 – Radu Ilie Haidăul becomes the new Prince of Wallachia in what is now Romania after defeating Prince Mircea the Shepherd at the battle of Mănești. Prince Mircea retakes the throne seven months later.
 * November 18 – Simeon Sulaka arrives in Rome from the Middle Eastern city of Mosul and brings a letter asking Pope Julius III to appoint him as the Patriarch of the Church of the East,leader of the Chaldean Catholic Church.
 * November 24 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury and top cleric of the Church of England, delivers the proposed Forty-two Articles to the Privy Council of King Edward VI.
 * December 26 – Pope Julius III issues a papal brief revoking resolutions passed by the colegii Papal State of Bologna in Italy.

Date unknown

 * Miguel de Buría leads the first African rebellion in South America's history. This may be because Buría has more slaves than other regions in Venezuela, of which most join Miguel, and is still being contested between the Europeans and the natives, who also join his side. During this insurrection he takes over the Gold mines de San Felipe de Buría, established within the area with the consent of the Spanish Crown, to pull out the ore that was discovered in the Buria river, a task that heavily depends on slave work.
 * In the Persian Gulf, the Ottoman Empire Red Sea Fleet attacks the Portuguese stronghold of Hormuz, but fails to capture it.
 * In Italy, Bartolomeo Eustachi completes his Tabulae anatomicae, presenting his discoveries on the structure of the inner ear and heart, although, for fear of the Inquisition, it will not be published until 1714.
 * King Edward VI of England founds 35 grammar schools by royal charter, including Shrewsbury; Leeds Grammar School is also established.

Births

 * January 14 – Alberico Gentili, Italian jurist (d. 1608)
 * January 22 – Walter Raleigh, English explorer (d. 1618)
 * February 1 – Edward Coke, English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (d. 1634)
 * February 8 – Agrippa d'Aubigné, French poet and soldier (d. 1630)
 * February 19 – Melchior Klesl, Austrian statesman and cardinal (d. 1630)
 * February 20 – Sengoku Hidehisa, Japanese daimyō (d. 1614)
 * February 25 – Magdalene of Lippe, Countess of Lippe by birth, and by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1587)
 * February 28 – Joost Bürgi, Swiss clockmaker and mathematician (d. 1632)
 * March 1 – Anna of Cleves, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by birth and by marriage Countess Palatine of Neuburg (d. 1632)
 * March 18 – Polykarp Leyser the Elder, German theologian (d. 1610)
 * March 20 – Christoph, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (d. 1592)
 * April 20 – Frederick IV of Liegnitz, German noble (d. 1596)
 * May 8 – Petrus Ryff, Swiss scientist (d. 1629)
 * May 12 – Edmund Bowyer, English politician (d. 1627)
 * June 2 – Raja Wodeyar I, King of Mysore (d. 1617)
 * June 8 – Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (d. 1638)
 * June 17 – John George of Ohlau, Duke of Oława and Wołów (1586-1592) (d. 1592)
 * June 29 – Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon, English baroness (d. 1618)
 * July 18 – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1612)
 * July 22
 * Anthony Browne, Sheriff of Surrey and Kent (d. 1592)
 * Mary Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton, Lady of English peer and others (d. 1607)
 * August 14 – Paolo Sarpi, Italian writer (d. 1623)
 * August 21 – Muhammad Qadiri, Founder of the Naushahia branch of the Qadri order (d. 1654)
 * August 24 – Lavinia Fontana, Italian painter (d. 1614)
 * September 12 – Andreas Schott, Flemish academic, linguist, translator, editor and a Jesuit priest (d. 1629)
 * September 20 – Lorenz Scholz von Rosenau, German botanist (d. 1599)
 * September 21 – Barbara Longhi, Italian painter (d. 1638)
 * September 22 – Tsar Vasili IV of Russia (d. 1612)
 * September 27 – Flaminio Scala, Italian playwright and stage actor (d. 1624)
 * October 6 – Matteo Ricci, Italian Jesuit missionary to China (d. 1610)
 * October 11 – Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow (d. 1553)
 * October 18
 * Elisabeth of Saxony, Countess Palatine of Simmern (d. 1590)
 * Francis Cherry, English diplomat (d. 1605)
 * October 23 – Odet de Turnèbe, French dramatist (d. 1581)
 * October 28 – Simón de Rojas, Spanish saint (d. 1624)
 * December 18 – Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi, Moroccan writer, judge and mathematician (d. 1616)
 * November 20 – Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, English politician and Earl (d. 1616)
 * November 26 – Seonjo of Joseon, King of Joseon (d. 1608)
 * December 27 – William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire, English politician and Earl (d. 1626)
 * December 29 – Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé (d. 1588)
 * December 31 – Simon Forman, English occultist and astrologer (d. 1611)
 * Date unknown:
 * Hans von Aachen, German mannerist painter (d. 1615)
 * Thomas Aufield, English Catholic martyr (d. 1585)
 * Jean Bertaut, French poet (d. 1611)
 * Philemon Holland, English translator (d. 1637)
 * Prince Masahito, Japanese prince (d. 1586)
 * Lady Saigō, Japanese concubine (d. 1589)
 * Dom Justo Takayama, Japanese daimyo (d. 1615)
 * Anthony Tyrrell, Roman Catholic renegade priest and spy (d. circa 1610)
 * Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul, French diplomat (d. 1636)
 * Cvijeta Zuzorić, Croatian poet (d. 1648)
 * probable
 * Miguel de Benavides, Spanish clergyman and sinologist (d. 1605)
 * Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma, Spanish politician (d. 1625)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Henry of the Palatinate, bishop of Utrecht (b. 1487)
 * January 10 – Johann Cochlaeus, German humanist and controversialist (b. 1479)
 * January 22 – Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, English politician (b. 1509)
 * February 6 – Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg (b. 1479)
 * February 20 – Anne Parr, Countess of Pembroke, English countess (b. 1515)
 * February 26 – Heinrich Faber, German composer (b. 1500)
 * March 29 – Guru Angad, Indian religious leader (b. 1504)
 * April 19 – Olaus Petri, Swedish clergyman (b. 1493)
 * April 18 – John Leland, English historian (b. 1502)
 * April 21 – Petrus Apianus, German astronomer (b. 1495)
 * May 26 – Sebastian Münster, German cartographer and cosmographer (b. 1488)
 * June 10 – Alexander Barclay, British poet (b. 1476)
 * July 9 – György Szondy, Hungarian soldier
 * August 15 – Hermann of Wied, German Catholic archbishop (b. 1477)
 * September 23 – Barbara of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, Landgravine of Leuchtenberg (b. 1495)
 * October 14 – Oswald Myconius, Swiss Protestant reformer (b. 1488)
 * October 17 – Andreas Osiander, German Protestant theologian (b. 1498)
 * November 10 – Günther XL, Count of Schwarzburg (b. 1499)
 * December 3 – Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit missionary and saint (b. 1506)
 * December 20 – Katharina von Bora, wife of Martin Luther (b. 1499)

title: 1552


text:
1551

Year 1551 (MDLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 4 – Luca Spinola is elected to a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, succeeding Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli.
 * January 11 (5th waxing of Tabodwe 912 ME) – King Bayinnaung of Burma is successful in capturing his ancestral city of Toungoo from his rebellious half-brother Minkhaung II, and sets about to make Toungoo the capital for the first time since 1539. Minkhaung is forgiven by King Bayinnaung rather than being executed, and assists in the King's campaign to capture the neighboring Kingdom of Prome.
 * January– Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow, and Tsar Ivan IV of Russia preside over the reforming Stoglavy Synod ("Hundred-Chapter") church council. A calendar of the saints and an ecclesiastical law code (Stoglav) are introduced.
 * February 14 – Alice Arden and her lover, Richard Mosbey, carry out the murder-for-hire of her husband, Thomas Arden of Faversham with the assistance of a highwayman known as "Black Will", two of Arden’s domestic servants (Michael Saunderson and Elizabeth Stafford) and Mosbye's sister (Cicely Pounder). The body is carried outside, and Thomas is reported as missing, but a discovery is made that the murder was committed inside the house. The conspirators are later executed.
 * February 23– At the Kremlin in Moscow, Tsar Ivan IV and the Metropolitan Macarius, present the proposed code of laws, drafted by the Stoglavy Synod, to the clergy, nobility and principal Russian citizens for their approval.
 * March 27 – French mechanical engineer Aubin Olivier becomes the director of the new Royal Mint, the Moulin des Etuves on the Île de la Cité in Paris after having learned the technique of producing uniform milled coinage during a sabbatical in Germany.

April–June

 * April 4 – Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, issues an edict to reduce tensions among the three major ethnic groups in the Kingdom of Hungary, with an administration to have equal  representation of for ethnic Hungarians, Slovaks and Germans.
 * May 1 – The Council of Trent reconvenes by order of Pope Julius III after having been adjourned on September 17, 1549.
 * May 12 – The National University of San Marcos is founded in Lima in the Viceroyalty of Peru, being the first officially established university in the Americas.
 * May 27 – Italian War of 1551–1559: A defensive alliance, placing the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza under the protection of France, is signed between representatives of King Henry II of France and Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma signed placing Parma under French protection.
 * May 30 – Ilie II Rareș, Ruler of Moldavia since 1556, is forced by the Ottoman Empire to abdicate the throne.
 * June 11 – With the approval of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, Prince Ilie's brother Ștefan VI Rareș becomes the new Prince of Moldavia.
 * June 27 – The Edict of Châteaubriant is promulgated in France by King Henri II, providing for an increasingly severe series of measures in the Roman Catholic Kingdom to be taken against Protestants, considered to be heretics.

July–September

 * July 7 – The fifth, and final outbreak of sweating sickness in England reaches London, as documented by Henry Machyn in his diary, and continues until July 19. Machyn notes that "ther ded from the vii day of July unto the xix ded of the swett in London of all dyssesus viij/c, iij/xx and xij and no more in alle, and so the chanseller is sertefiyd." ("There died from the 7th day of July unto the 19th dead of the sweat in London of all diseases 8 hundred, 3 score and 12 [i.e., 872], and no more in all, and so the Chancellor is certified.") John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.
 * July 12 – The regency over the Kingdom of Spain by Archduchess Maria and her husband, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, ends after almost three years when Maria's brother Crown Prince Philip returns to Madrid. Philip resumes his role as regent for King Charles I, the father of both Maria and Philip; Maria and Maximilian had served during the absence of both the King and the Crown Prince starting on October 1, 1548.
 * July 18 – Invasion of Gozo: Ottoman Turks and Barbary pirates invade the Mediterranean island of Gozo (now part of Malta), and enslave almost all of its 6,000 inhabitants.
 * July 19 – The Treaty of Weissenburg goes into effect as John Sigismund Zápolya, King of Hungary since 1540, abdicates in favor of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. In addition, the independent Kingdom of Transylvania, ruled by Isabella Jagiellon, is ceded to the Kingdom of Hungary as part of peace with Ferdinand.
 * July 30 – With the surrender of the island of Gozo, the Ottoman place 6,000 survivors on ships and transporting them to Tarhuna Wa Msalata (in modern-day Libya), where they are sold into slavery. The only natives left on the island are 300 persons who escaped the citadel and 41 elderly residents.
 * August 15 – The Siege of Tripoli ends, with the Knights of Malta surrendering Tripoli to the Ottoman Empire.
 * August 30 (1st waxing of Thadingyut 913 ME)– King Bayinnaung of Burma conquers the rebellious Kingdom of Prome (with a capital at Pyay) and kills the rebel Thado Thu, a former servant who had proclaimed himself as King Thado Dhamma Yaza after the 1550 assassination of King Tabinshwehti.
 * September 21 – The Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico is founded in Mexico City (Mexico), being the second officially established university in the Americas.
 * September 30 – (1st day of 9th month of Tenbun 21) Tainei-ji incident: A coup in Yamaguchi, by the military establishment of the Ōuchi clan, forces their lord Ōuchi Yoshitaka to commit suicide, and the city is burned.

October–December

 * October 11 – John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, de facto Lord Protector of the Kingdom of England, is created Duke of Northumberland.
 * November 20 – The Office of Cardinal Secretary of State, the second highest position in the Roman Catholic Church after the Pope, is created to temporarily fill the vacancy between the death of one Pontiff and the election of another. Cardinal Girolamo Dandini is appointed by Pope Julius III to serve as the first Secretary of State.
 * December 16 – George Martinuzzi, the Hungarian Archbishop of Esztergom and the Governor of Transylvania, is assassinated by Marco Aurelio Ferrari on orders of Ferdinand, King of Hungary. Martinuzzi had been suspected of treason after attempting to negotiate a separate peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire.

Date unknown

 * Qizilbash forces under the command of Tahmasp I raid and destroy the cave monastery of Vardzia in Georgia.
 * In Henan province, China, during the Ming dynasty, a severe frost in the spring destroys the winter wheat crop. Torrential rains in mid summer cause massive flooding of farmland and villages (by some accounts submerged in a metre of water). In the fall, a large tornado demolishes houses and flattens much of the buckwheat in the fields. Famine victims either flee, starve, or resort to cannibalism. This follows a series of natural disasters in Henan in the years 1528, 1531, 1539, and 1545.
 * In Slovakia, Guta (modern-day Kolárovo) receives town status.
 * Portugal founds a sugar colony at Bahia.
 * Juan de Betanzos begins to write his Narrative of the Incas.
 * The new edition of the Genevan psalter, Pseaumes octantetrois de David, is published, with Louis Bourgeois as supervising composer, including the first publication of the hymn tune known as the Old 100th.

Births

 * January 5 – Jean Chapeauville, Belgian theologian and historian (d. 1617)
 * January 14 – Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, Grand vizier of the Mughal emperor Akbar (d. 1602)
 * January 26 – Robert Dormer, 1st Baron Dormer, English politician (d. 1616)
 * February 2 – Nicolaus Reimers, German astronomer (d. 1600)
 * March 9 – Alessandro Alberti, Italian painter (d. 1596)
 * March 21 – Maria Anna of Bavaria (d. 1608)
 * March 30 – Salomon Schweigger, German theologian (d. 1622)
 * April 9 – Peter Monau, German physician (d. 1588)
 * April 30 – Jacopo da Empoli, Italian painter (d. 1640)
 * May 2 – William Camden, English historian (d. 1623)
 * May 8 – Thomas Drury, English government informer and swindler (d. 1603)
 * May 17 – Martin Delrio, Flemish theologian and occultist (d. 1608)
 * September 19 – King Henry III of France (d. 1589)
 * October 4 – Philip VI, Count of Waldeck (1567–1579) (d. 1579)
 * October 8 – Giulio Caccini, Italian composer (d. 1618)
 * October 26 – Charlotte de Sauve, French courtesan (d. 1617)
 * November 11 – Giovanni I Cornaro, Doge of Venice (d. 1629)
 * date unknown
 * Bhai Gurdas – original scribe of Guru Granth Sahib
 * George Tuchet, 1st Earl of Castlehaven (d. 1617)
 * Fausto Veranzio, Dalmatian/Croatian polymath, bishop, humanist (d. 1617)
 * Job of Pochayiv, Ukrainian Christian Orthodox Saint (d. 1651)
 * probable
 * Patrick Galloway, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (d. c.1626)
 * Boris Godunov, Tsar of Russia (d. 1605)
 * Stanisław Stadnicki, Polish nobleman (d. 1610)

Deaths

 * February 4 – John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, Prince of Anahlt-Dessau (1516–1544) and Anhalt-Zerbst (1544–1551) (b. 1504)
 * February 28 – Martin Bucer, German Protestant reformer (b. 1491)
 * April 6 – Joachim Vadian, Swiss humanist (b. 1484)
 * April 8 – Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (b. 1510)
 * May 8 – Barbara Radziwiłł, queen of Sigismund II of Poland (b. 1523)
 * May 17 – Shin Saimdang, Korean artist, calligrapher and writer (b. 1504)
 * May 18 – Domenico di Pace Beccafumi, Italian painter (b. 1486)
 * June 24 – Charles II de Croÿ, Belgian duke (b. 1522)
 * July – Adriaen Isenbrandt, Flemish painter (b. 1490)
 * July 13 – John Wallop, English soldier and diplomat (b. 1490)
 * July 14 – Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (b. 1535)
 * August 8 – Fray Tomás de Berlanga, Bishop of Panama (b. 1487)
 * August 12 – Paul Speratus, German Lutheran (b. 1484)
 * August 26 – Margaret Leijonhufvud, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1516)
 * September 30 – Ōuchi Yoshitaka, Japanese warlord (b. 1507)
 * November 20 – Hindal Mirza, Mughal Empire emperor (b. 1519)
 * date unknown
 * Sagara Taketō, Japanese samurai (b. 1498)
 * Helena Ungler, Polish printer
 * Alice Arden, English murderer (b. 1516; executed by burning)

title: 1551