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User talk:Eclecticology

Goodbye fellow editor
Sit tibi terra levis. My sincerest condolences to your loved ones --g (talk) 23:05, 13 September 2016 (UTC)
 * I didn't know you, but we started around the same time and just hung out in different areas. Still, it is pretty obvious you were here for a reason, to make a free encyclopedia for the world, so we are brothers in this cause.  I wish your family and friends well during this difficult time.  Dennis Brown - 2¢ 19:03, 13 September 2016 (UTC)
 * We met online only, really many years ago, still at an early age of the Project, and I never really told you that you were one of those users whose views and opinions I always wanted to read with my deepest interest. Your work for the free knowledge, and your presence in the Community, are a part of the whole work and of the whole Community, and always will; as well as what you taught me.
 * Thanks and good bye You did a lot for free culture and your hard work will be impossible to forget. —Justin ( koavf ) ❤T☮C☺M☯ 13:54, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank you for everything. I consider you as one of my mentors, for your Wikisource work. Nemo 15:26, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Today recently, during my usual visiting the multilang-WS where I am one of participants, I has become aware that Eclecticology has passed away. Eclecticology, I never talked with you neither really nor electronically, but I know that you have done great work for the Wikisources including the mul-WS, and you also expanded the bounds of Wikisource establishing the Wikilivres.ca which allowed to bypass some of burden of the US (and other countries as well) extremely long copyright terms. I always have some sorrow when such people go away, though I realize that such destiny is expected for each of us. Rest in peace, good fellow, I think good after-life should await you; and my condolescences to your family! --Nigmont (talk) 19:00, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Rest in peace. We had some good communication years ago, and did not cross more recently, but you are a person to be remembered.--Ymblanter (talk) 20:25, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Ray, I've been hoping our paths would cross again one of these days, & we could catch up on things. Sorry it wasn't to be. -- llywrch (talk) 21:41, 15 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Death leaves a heartache no one can heal, love leaves a memory no one can steal. ~ On a headstone in Ireland. My condolences to the family of this veteran Wikipedian. Atsme 📞📧 19:53, 16 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Sad news! Rest in peace! Your nice, immortal contributions won't be forgot indeed. – Hamid Hassani (talk) 21:09, 16 September 2016 (UTC)
 * Will be missed. Glad to have met Ray, unlike many others we have lost.  All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 10:19, 30 September 2016 (UTC).

 * Ray, you will be missed. Rest in peace. I'm grateful we crossed paths, if only briefly. Keilana (talk) 16:20, 2 October 2016 (UTC)
 * We never interacted but I had heard of you and knew you were a good person and editor. I only just found out about this and your loss is a deep shame. Best to your family. Acalamari 18:21, 12 October 2016 (UTC)
 * So many will bless your work here, in the coming years. I do so now. Thank you, and rest in happiness. — Geekdiva (talk) 12:54, 23 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Missing you again these days, old friend. – SJ +  02:43, 12 June 2021 (UTC)

<3

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Eclecticology


text:
Talk:McDonald's/Archive 1

Mc-cafe
Somebody please figure out when mc cafe was actually introduced... It says 1993 in melbourne on this page but on this page:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s_menu_items (around half-way) it says Sydney in 1991... LightningEdge 07:36, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Too Much Time On Your Hands
Good gravy, why all the hubub about defaming and defacing and pissing on this and supporting that? Its a resteraunt, Americans today have too much time on their hands. In Soviet Russia (hahaha.) you went into a diner, and it was a miserable little dungeon where the waitress would take your order, scurry off to the back and you'd recieve some (typically) deplorable food. McDonalds opened up there and it was fantastic. They had standardised service and food, the young folk at the counter would serve you food wit h a smile, and at a good if not slightly expensive price.

Lay of McDonalds, focus on your own life, you don't know how good you've got it, quit finding things to piss about and just enjoy life.

Useless Utah picture should be removed
Why is the useless picture of the Utah McDonalds there? Is there any reason why, is that McDonalds special or a landmark or something? There are enough pictures in this article as it is, could someone please remove it? 65.30.45.235 06:58, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It serves to illustrate the "typical" McDonald's. What's wrong with that? Or do you have some beef with Utah? Wahkeenah 09:16, 28 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree with Wahkeenah. There's the unique Japan McDonald's, there's the immediately recognizable Times Square McDonald's, then there is what most McDonald's resturants actually look like.--Attitude2000 14:00, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Rodent removed
There was a picture of a fluffy rodent (not sure what it was) and a caption "One of the commonly used meats in the sandwiches". I removed it. Since there seems to be so much vandalism of this page, maybe it should be locked.Crimson Shadow 19:50, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

edited out spam
someone put some very trash about the grilled veggie melt sandwich into the article and I deleted it, Im posting this so that the article can be locked if it happens again - Konulu

The "Supersize Me" copycats
In the section describing Spurlock's month of eating only McDonalds, the editor wrote that other people did this without any bad effects via frequently exercising. This is not believable... I'd think the constant barrage of fat and starch would be very poor fuel for working out and would most likely tire a person to where exercise would be very uncomfortable. Where is the source for this statement? -Usernamefortonyd

 * No, you misread. They ate at McDonald's but simply chose their food more wisely, such as eating more muffins, salads, etc, rather than the constant diet of Supersize meals with sugared soft drinks that Spurlock eats in the film. ProhibitOnions 12:13, 16 January 2006 (UTC)
 * They also exersised more off camera.  Spurlock did no exersise and tried to limit himself to 5,000 steps a day.--michael180 17:59, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

NPOV
This entire article reads like a corporate handout. Among many omissions, the article relegates any criticism of McDonald's to the end of the article, with no mention at all in the opening paragraph, and further, this section of criticism is preceded by a "challenges" section that, I think it is fair to say, is very sympathetic to McDonald's "plight." For instance, I just added that McDonald's was sued for marketing fries with beef in them to vegetarians, and no longer is able to market _any_ of its products as vegetarian, whereas previously the section claimed that McDonald's has "cater[ed] for local tastes" with "vegetarian burgers," which is a strictly false statement. I'm not sure if my edit is entirely satisfactory... but a more fair article is deserved at any rate. (Please note that I'm not necessarily requesting a NPOV title at top, as this tag is, I think, overused on wikipedia.) --12.210.202.50 10:57, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Yes i agree:

-"Although McDonald's did not invent the hamburger or french fries, its name has become nearly synonymous with both."

Is this statement really correct? If not then someone should remove it because in Europe people DONT have that high thaughts conserning McDonalds.

 * Please sign your entries with four tildes ~ . I think you misread this statement; it's not praise.

 * As far as the anonymous user's comments go, I don't think the article is particularly pro-McDonald's. McD's has vegetarian burgers that cater for local tastes in places like India; the article does not imply they have them everywhere. The edit about "no longer is able to market _any_ of its products as vegetarian" was removed because it is, at best, ambiguous. The beef-fat-in-fries scandal was already mentioned in the article, as well as McDonald's Urban legends. There is also far more space devoted to criticism of McDonald's than there is to its arguable benefits. (For the record, I'm a strict vegetarian and never eat there.) ProhibitOnions 12:17, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I don't see where it would be fit to reinsert it, but no McDonald's food is marketed as strictly vegetarian. See http://www.mcdonalds.com/usa/eat/nutrition_info/nutrition_faq/vegetarian.html 12.222.158.49 10:06, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * In the United States, at least, the site you are looking at. This is mentioned in the text already. ProhibitOnions 10:18, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Page one
It has been repeatedly pointed out to me that Ray Kroc was not ever in the business of making hamburgers, he was in the business to sell as many hamburgers as possible, and that later he was in the business of training others to use the same system in return for a share of their profits. Should this information be in it's own entry for Ray?

The words "notoriety" and "inflated" appear without justification in this article. If they are true, could somebody please justify them? -- Heron

Moved out statement
I moved this out of the article until somebody can flesh it out:

 * Mc Donalds was also recently (2002-2003) sued by this man that "blames Mc Donalds because he's obese" because "nobody" has told him McDonald's food gets you fat. Which the court said that he has no real case into this because "Nobody obligates him to eat at McDonalds.
 * More info on this soon.

Dachshund 16:11 Apr 1, 2003 (UTC)

Parenthetical insertion
Removed the parenthetical insertion from the following sentence, because it's not accurate:

 * The first restaurant named McDonald's (unrelated to the current McDonald's chain until Ray Kroc entered the scene later)

By any definition of "related" that I can think of, the first McDonald's has a very strong relation to the current McDonald's chain. It was the prototype. Dachshund 23:55 25 May 2003 (UTC)

MacDonald's is the wrong spelling
Removed "MacDonald's" spelling from intro. Is this a non-english spelling, or a typo? Dachshund 12:48 17 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I see it occasionally on various websites, don't know why. Pizza Puzzle

 * This spelling is common in Asian countries (not officially, of course) to aid in pronunciation. -- ʀ6ʍ ɑ  ʏ89  21:14, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

The family name is more commonly spelled MacDonald, particularly in Scotland where it originates, which is proably where the confusion comes from. I'd treat it as a typo. 86.0.203.120 00:38, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I recall in early TV ads, they even pronounced it "MAC Donald's". Not any more, obviously. Wahkeenah 02:10, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Pret A Manger
"In addition, the Company operates other restaurant brands, such as ........... Pret A Manger. "

 * AFAIAA McDonalds doesn't have a controlling interest in Pret A Manger, they have a 33% stake which was sold to McDonalds so that Macdonalds could help Pret break into the US market through their first New york store. I'm not sure it's really justifiable to say that McDonalds operates Pret stores. Mintguy 02:29 23 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Apostrophie
Why the apostrophe?2toise 17:18, 8 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * McDonald's (with the apostrophe) seems to be the correct spelling. It's used everywhere, including the company's website. Dachshund

McDonald's in shopping malls
The discussion of restaurant types seems to overlook outlets within shopping malls and larger stores (unless this is what it meant by "select urban locations"?). Before I fix the article I want to see if there are any additional store types we're overlooking. -- stewacide 21:40, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)
 * Yes, yes, good. Walmart should be singled out somewhere in that. Frankly I don't know what the original section was saying, it was so jumbled. I think that's all, stewacide. Theme restaurants might also fit in, but I doubt it. - user:zanimum

This is a bad statement
"Tastes like shit"??? Is this really necessary? I vote to rewrite this line more professionally. - user:Pacific1982

 * I've decided to be bold and revert that anonymous edit. Anthony DiPierro 01:20, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

McDonald's Slang
Is it useful to list slang terms for McDonald's in languages like Filipino, Japanese, and German, given that this is the English Wikipedia? I don't doubt that these terms are popular but I don't think we give slang in other languages for other articles. The names may be relevant to the article but I'm not sure that they should be in listed in bold along with other common names. Wmahan. 22:51, 2004 Apr 14 (UTC)

Coca-Cola
Does McD's really sell COCA-cola? I thought they sold their own brand of cola. But I'll leave that to a McD's lover to investigate. .... Well actually, lol yeah Mcdonalds is partners with the coca-cola company. Just to add something on to this, they are also partners with Disney Land. All along the food booths at the theme park in Florida, U.S. are McD fries. :)

-Yeah, Coke, that's what I clean up at the condiment counter every time I'm on lobby duty !!! :-P Haha.

Unsupported Info
I removed the following line which was tacked on to the "External links" section of the article:
 * A deadly shooting spree happend at Mc Donald's when James Huberty gunned down 21 people at the San Ysidro McDonald's on Matao Herrera's last day on earth.

I removed it because (1) it was in the wrong place and (2) it was irrelevant and (3) it wasn't clear:
 * 1) It should be in the proper section of the article.  Don't just tack information onto the very end of an article.
 * 2) A shooting that took place in a McDonald's doesn't really relate to McDonalds as a corporation, but just as a gathering place and is really more about shooting sprees than the restaurant itself.
 * 3) Who is Matao Herrera and what does s/he have to do with James Huberty?  For that matter, who's James Huberty?  This statement needs a lot more information to be useful at all.

If someone cares to, they can put it in the correct article, but only do so if you add a lot more supporting information. —Frecklefoot 13:48, Apr 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * In answer to number 3, this does happen to be a comprehensive encyclopedia. Of course, considering I'm writing this nearly 2 years after the comment in question, the McDonald's Massacre article may not have been there. But Matao Herrera was an 11-year old victim in the shooting, and James Huberty was the killer.

 * Probably because it's irrelevant and poorly written. Linked, maybe, to McDonald's massacre or something similar.

 * The problem is that you are deleteing large portions of text when placing your info. You are also not placing the info int he appropriate place. Do you have a year for the incident and perhaps a google news article to back up the shootings? There is a history section that is ideal for anachronistically placing Mcdonalds related incedents.
 * The massacre happend on July 18, 1984.

Leading Fast Food Franchise?
Actually Subway (sandwich) has the most fast food sites in the United States. Goodralph 08:31, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I am not sure which part of text you think is wrong. We only ever says it's the world's largest fast food chain (which is true, I believe) and do not restrict attention to just the US. Pcb21| Pete 10:04, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * pete is right, though yes there are more subways in the us but who caresOwwmykneecap 21:02, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

Coffee scandal
I'm afraid I'm not convinced about the coffee scandal in the article. Yes, the situation was misrepresented (both as far as the cause and the damages). And yes, it was a thoroughly unfortunate situation. But despite a pretty slanted writeup, I still get the basic message: McDonalds was somehow wrong for serving coffee which was too hot to spill on one's crotch. Yes, maybe it was too hot for one's mouth, but the bottom line is that this nice old lady poured hot coffee on herself and then blamed the vendor. This is the moral equivalent of hitting one's thumb with a hammer and suing the hammer company because the hammer wasn't properly designed for hitting thumbs with. I think the reason there was such outrage about the case is because it forced Americans to realize that there's no such thing as personal responsibility anymore. Yes, McDonalds may make $1.3 million from coffee per day (though I expect that's gross, not net, which would be a nice little misrepresentation in itself), but that doesn't mean that everyone else is somehow entitled to that money. So, I remain unconvinced that this was somehow a triumph of justice, and not a gross miscarriage (is there any other kind?) -b

 * Not wanting to start a big argument over this (and this isn't the place, anyway), I'll just say there's a world of difference between a bit of pain from hot coffee, and third-degree burns from scalding coffee. sjorford (?!) 14:28, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

I read a book by Greta Van Sustern (My turn from the bully pulpit) in which she goes into detail about this coffe burn business and, to me, McD's was in the wrongdoing more than most people know. They had 700+ complaints about coffee being too hot and people getting burned before this lady filed suit. All she asked for initially was for medical bills to be paid. She did not get all the money the media said she did. I was one of those that said she was at fault but now I think her fault was smaller and McD fault was more.

Should also point out that McDonald's serve or served their coffee c. 20 degrees Celsius hotter than other vendors or what you would make at home. As pointed out, McDonald's had received hundreds of complaints about this. If you serve something that can seriously injure people (and make no mistake, the lady in question was badly injured), particularly to a greater degree than competitors' similar products, repetedly ignore victims' complaints, and make no effort to address the product's faults or even warn people of the dangers, it's not really on to bleat about 'personal responsibility' when the inevitable happens. The suit was entirely justified, IMO. It's more the equivalent of hitting one's thumb with a hammer the manufacturer has, say, needly coated in a poisonous substance. FrFintonStack 03:07, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

 * How about a million dollars for everyone who has ever gotten sick from smoking? The idea is inherent risk, not just with this but anything.  And how is hot coffee the equivalent of a maliciously poisoned hammer?  --Ccosta 06:10, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The point is that it would make it more dangerous than one would reasonably expect a hammer to be, and more dangerous than competators' rival products, making it impossible to accurately assess the danger level it presents and thus to take responsibility for knowingly exposing oneself to it. I'm not inclined to support cases against the tobacco industry but if a particular cigarette manufacturer's products were more dangerous than that of their competators and they knew this but failed to inform their customers, I believe that that would provide good (legal and moral) ground for a suit. People ought to be responsible for the risks they expose themselves to, but only if they are equipped with the  information necessary to accurately gauge those risk. FrFintonStack 01:29, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

Despite the "brew-ha-ha", as I recall, she had tucked the coffee container between her legs to position it while paying for it, and it popped open. She bore some responsibility for this incident. Wahkeenah 08:27, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

Mc Pizzas
Does anyone know about the personal pizzas Mc Donald's used to serve? barely anyone online (wich leads me to belive it might have just been a canadian thing) knows about them, I used to love them before they stopped serving...

They still sell them in Ohio by the Port Columbus Airport. 24.95.67.193

I wish someone had more information on the McPizza - googling on it didn't bring me anything more than vague references and urban legends.

I do know that the McPizza was not brought out in all North American or American restaurants, as the current entry claims. From what I remember, it was just brought out in certain test markets. I remember (and I could be wrong) seeing the McPizza at the rock-and-roll McDonald's in Chicago, right by the Hard Rock Cafe, and at the restaurant in Anaheim, right across the street from Disneyland.

I don't think the failure of the McPizza had to do with competition, as the current entry states, although I could be wrong. I always heard that the main problem was something to do with the prep time being too long, the holding time being too short, or both, or some other preparation problem that basically made the McPizza unmarketable within the constraints of the McDonald's system.

I'd really like to hear from someone with first-hand experience in this, though. --Jkonrath 14:52, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)

I remember that pizzas were on sale at selected locations in the UK when I was there on a trip in Spring 1993. If I remember well four varietes where available, but I do not remember which ones exactly. -- JK, 26 sep 2005

I do not remember much either about them, but I CAN say that McDonalds sold pizza in at least one location in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. I remember going there as a child. The pizzas were also available as a Happy Meal. You could get the Hamburger Happy Meal or the Pizza Happy Meal (don't remember if there were any other choices). Sorry I couldn't provide much, but the fact that they were available in Happy Meals could be added if it's not already? --SnakeSoldier 11:15, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

They sold the pizzas in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (I remember them) and Ontario (my wife remembers them). I don't know about the "official" reasons for failure, but I do know I wasn't too happy with them: I found them to be *extremely* salty, and you could generally get better pizzas not very far away from most McDonald's restaurants in places I've lived. -- Kraigus 00:06, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

I remeber McPizza in Canada. I worked for a smaller pizza chain and we were concerned that the McPizza was going to completely chain the industry. They even had a "Pizza Blimp" fly over Toronto. Their pizza was made on a par-cooked (partly cooked) pizza crust, then dressed and baked-off. Three major problems: 1. Operators had to spend money on new ovens and other equipment in order to sell it; 2. When the first box went through the drive-thru...they found out the drive-thru windows were too narrow (you had to turn the box on an angle to get it through the window). Rebuilding a drive-thru window runs between $10K and $30K brand new. McDonald's usually has more than 1 drive-thru...so that adds up; 3. Nobody bought them. My company was all worried about nothing.

Mc Job ref
I added the reference to McJob here simply because of the knee-jerk styled reaction the corp took to the word's addition to the M-W's dictionary. That is fleshed out in McWords, yes, but surely any event that causes a corporation to threaten legal action should at least have a "see also" mention in their article.
 * sorry... forgot to sign that Arcuras 03:10, Oct 14, 2004 (UTC)

Does McD's really sell COCA-cola, as the article suggests? I thought it sold its own brand of cola. I'll leave this to a McD's lover to investigate.--Publunch 14:41, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * While not being a "McD's Lover" (having not eaten there in 5+ years), I can tell you that McD's does indeed sell coca-cola, and all it's other pop-style beverages are made/owned by the Coke company Arcuras 22:02, Nov 5, 2004 (UTC)

'McF*ck' and 'F*ckDonalds' are Polish slang for McDonalds?
I'm not Polish, but that doesn't sound like Polish to me... rmbh

...I'm going to go ahead and remove them. rmbh 22:27, Nov 20, 2004 (UTC)

Criticism section
I read in the criticism section the unsupported statement that many of the claims in the controversial Greenpeace leaflet turned out to be true. Which claims, and who decided that they were true? My impression of the trial verdict is that the judge concluded that most of the leaflet was libelous, and that only a few of its claims were true. He didn't make the defendants seem honest at all. So I struck this clause from the article. I would like to see credible references in support of it. --Greg Kuperberg 19:33, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The information you're seeking is found on McLibel case. Arcuras 22:49, Nov 23, 2004 (UTC)

Now wait just a minute here! The other Wikipedia page is no better than this one. This claim that "many of the criticisms were found to be fair" is not remotely fair pool. I'm looking at the pamphlet right now. It's a grab bag of irresponsible, politically radical accusations. It is plainly mendacious, and I can see why McDonald's lost its case. I don't even like McDonalds restaurants or their parent company, but still the case is plain as day. The fact that deep in the middle of this grab bag there actually are a few damaging truths about McDonald's doesn't change it. The first point that the judge acknowledged, that McDonald's gets children to beg their parents to take them there, is halfway down the pamphlet. That does not mean that "many of the criticisms were found to be fair".

As written, this section is partisan flak. Sure, it may have been a Pyrrhic victory for McDonald's, but not because the pamphlet had merit. The side with truth behind it, especially if it is as unsympathetic as the McDonald's corporation, loses in the court of public opinion all the time. Again, I have nothing against criticism of McDonald's -- I could write a few myself -- but this stab at it is dishonest.

--Greg Kuperberg 02:41, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Alright... if you look at the media page here, you can see what appears to be archives of every media article about the event. Quite a few of the ones dated around June of 1997 (the time of the verdict) all make mention of the fact that the findings of the court were damaging to MikkieDs. Many of them also note that the reason why the pair lost the case was because the judge found that while three of their points on the pamphlet had merit and were true (low wages, cruelty to animals, and exploitation of children), the rest were false... and thus they were found guilty of Libel. That is what the phrase many of the criticisms were found to be fair is trying to say. Granted, the wording isn't the best, but it does carry the right intention. Switching it about to say many of the original claims were found to be accurate by the judge might be better and cut down on the confusion.

 * Unfortunitly, these articles are all quite old, and don't appear upon the original media websites. However, through the wonders of google, I have found duplicates and references to these original articles on other websites. Besides which, if these articles (attributed to fairly well known news-sources) were comepletely fabricated, the supposed authors and papers would be up in arms over the misrepresentation of their business.

 * Victory for McDonald's after Dave and Goliath libel fight - mcspotlight and copy
 * McVictory may be hollow - mcspotlight and mentioned in credits to... something Korean (bottom of the page, look for author's last name)
 * Little relish in McLibel victory - mcspotlight and Article mentioned here in 3rd paragraph down
 * DAVID AND GOLIATH 315-DAY LIBEL CASE LEAVES BURGER GIANT TAINTED - mcspotlight and article mentioned in references. Pg 3, ref num. 2(PDF)

 * These prove that the articles exist, at the very least. What's important is that the judge found the pair guilty of libel, but also ruled that the three above mentioned claims directed at MikkieD's had some basis in fact. Honestly, I could have told the judge that... I watched a friend of mine work there for two years. He never made more then 50 cents over minimum wage, and all he gained was about 150 lbs from eating lunch there every time he worked. But I digress... anyway, I'm more interested in getting this right then anything else.

 * (EDIT) I found another, much more recent, article about the McLibel case, which mentions the previous verdict. It can be found here. Reference is specifically in paragraphs 13/14.

 * Arcuras 03:54, Nov 24, 2004 (UTC)

No, you still aren't getting my point. First, at a technical level many is wrong, and accurate is also an overstatement. What the judge actually meant is that a small portion of the pamphlet was true. I can see that the popular press said that the case was David vs. Goliath, that many articles said that much of what was in the pamphlet was proven true, and that the press self-referentially declared the case a Pyrrhic victory. But Wikipedia should be held to a higher standard than the popular press.

Which brings me to the real point. The judge not only concluded that the defendants and the authors of the pamphlet were partly wrong, but that they were liars. That is what it means to be convicted of libel. Again, the popular press --- in every country, not just Britain --- is more interested in the reputation of famous people and large corporations than in the reputations of their accusers. The Wikipedia article, as written, associates public victory with intellectual and moral victory. It says that Morris and Steel may have been overpowered in court, but their pamphlet is still morally valuable. That is not how the judge saw it, and not how I see it either.

--Greg Kuperberg 14:13, 24 Nov 2004 (UTC)

What about a Arguments in defense of McDonald's section to balance the criticism section?

 * No, I think that the problem is that a number of comments in this article, especially in the criticism section, jump to conclusions. Some of it also has a sophomoric tone.  It should be cut back to something more neutral, not answered with rebuttals. --Greg Kuperberg 15:56, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Clearly the article as it stands is factually incorrect. What is wrong with just stating that out of such-and-such many claims, three were found correct and the others were found libelous? We can even write what the correct claims were and give examples of the libelous ones. But as the article currently stands, saying "many" claims were found "fair" or whatever is clearly wrong as Arcuras has demonstrated by his/her comments, despite finding that wording accurate for some reason. --C S 02:50, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

McDonald's and its founding
Contrary to what the article states, the first McDonald's store opening under Ray Kroc and his "Speedee" system occurred on April 15th, 1955 in Des Plaines, IL. Not March 2.

McDonalds and war
i,I removed the edit that claimed that the bombing of Serbia did not count as a contradiction of Thomas Friedman's idea that no two countries with a McDonalds have gone to war. While NATO isn't a country, the general idea that he espoused that countries with McDonalds don't want war turned out to be false in Yugoslavia. Even Friedman himself had to list Yugoslavia as an exception to his rule in a Barnes and Noble interview. --Beirne 12:25, Mar 19, 2005 (UTC)

Pork Nuggets/McNuggets
I know they serve "Pork Nuggets" in Chinese McDonalds, but does anyone know if they are called "McNuggets" and whether they supplement or replace the Chicken McNuggets? Without knowing this, I feel I don't have enough information to add this fact to the "International Variation" chapter. --Feitclub 21:11, Apr 3, 2005 (UTC)

I work at a Mcdonalds resturant, and about two years ago, the chicken inside the nuggets were not all white meat, but they werent various parts either. Then they changed them to all white meat and even worte it on the nugget box. I dont think the name ever changed, just that a sub title was added.

Dont see number of employees
Is it just me, because I don't seem to see the number of employees in the infobox. The code "num_employees" is there but why doesnt it show up in the article?

I didnt see it mentioned either. (64.12.117.10 04:08, 29 October 2005 (UTC))Ann

The first McDonald's in Italy
The first McDonald's restaurant in Italy were opened in Bolzano-Bozen and not in the Spanish Steps district of Rome (it was the second one). It's really that now the Bolzano McDonald's is closed (I hope it will be soon re-opened), but it was the first in Italy... On 8th november of 2005 a new Big McDonalds opend in Bolzano, it is the biggest and newest Restaurant of all Italy.

 * Sorry, but the Rome McDonald's has a plaque in it that says unequivocally that it is the first in Italy. I can upload a picture of this if need be. I have changed the text to indicate this. ProhibitOnions 22:16, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Since the text has once again been changed to claim that Bolzano was first, would any potential reverter please take a look at the image of the plaque I mentioned, mounted on the wall of the Rome McDonald's. It reads: "The First McDonald's Restaurant in ITALY - Opened 20 March 1986 in Rome - McDonald's System of Europe." I hope this settles the issue. ProhibitOnions 23:23, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

The first Mcdonald's in Italy was opened in Bolzano this according to the McDonald's Italia website Quote:"1985, McDonald's arriva in Italia e a fine anno inaugura il primo ristorante a Bolzano. Pochi mesi dopo apre anche il ristorante in Piazza di Spagna a Roma" It says something like this: 1985, McDonald's entered Italy and at the end of 1985 it opened it's first restaurant in Bolzano. A couple of months later McDonald's opened it's second restaurant in Rome --> Piazza di Spagna.

So the plaque is wrong in some way.

 * Please provide a link to this text. I have not found anything on the McDonald's Italia site to support the claim that Bolzano was the first. ProhibitOnions 09:59, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:McDonald's/Archive 1


text:
User talk:Mirwin

I have lost convenient access to the email account which manages this page/account. My current efforts are credited at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Lazyquasar

- Here is a link to all of your contributions. Look at the URL, all you have to do is edit it manually. The "list all" behaviour was removed for performance issues. --mav 23:59 Jul 30, 2002 (PDT)

The neutrality of this article is disputed.

Hello, you've said more than a few sensible things. Sysop reading list could probably use some of your input. Better educated sysops is the first step towards dealing with troll war. We have some time to educate them before it starts in earnest. And there's some wheels they should not reinvent. EofT — Preceding undated comment added 20:27, 24 August 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the kind words. I currently have a bit of an internet glitch such that I receive and can read the list but I cannot successfully submit mail to it.  My editing on Wikipedia is not affected.  Since I am currently on a self assigned sabbatical from Wikipedia I have not worried much about the situation. mirwin 03:11, 10 Sep 2003 (UTC)

please see
Requests for adminship/Inactive1 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wolfman (talk • contribs) 01:50, 8 November 2004 (UTC)

Usercat
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Oregon page as living in or being associated with Oregon. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Oregon for instructions. Rmky87 15:36, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

rope pulley on WP:Phys
The rope/pulley diagram posted on WP:WPPhys is not even visually correct. linas 00:23, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Award
I would like to present to you the I Edited Jimbo Wales' Userpage Barnstar! — ComputerGuy890100  Talk to meWhat I've done to help Wikipedia 23:11, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Rest in peace
May you rest in peace. Secret account 20:14, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Rest in peace to him Joey (talk) 01:58, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

Indeed. I very much liked interacting with Mirwin all those years ago and was saddened when I found out that he passed away. Farewell Mirwin. --mav (reviews needed) 20:03, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

Rip
Hello Mirwin, I know I never knew you, I joined Wikipedia last year, long after you died, but I want to say Rest in Peace, I just want to pay my respects to all of those amazing Wikipedians who are not with us anymore. Joey (talk) 01:59, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mirwin


text:
Duchy of Anjou

The Duchy of Anjou (, ;  ; Andegavia) was a French province straddling the lower Loire. Its capital was Angers, and its area was roughly co-extensive with the diocese of Angers. Anjou was bordered by Brittany to the west, Maine to the north, Touraine to the east and Poitou to the south. The adjectival form is Angevin, and inhabitants of Anjou are known as Angevins. In 1482, the duchy became part of the Kingdom of France and then remained a province of the Kingdom under the name of the Duchy of Anjou. After the decree dividing France into departments in 1791, the province was disestablished and split into six new départements: Deux-Sèvres, Indre-et-Loire, Loire-Atlantique, Maine-et-Loire, Sarthe and Vienne.

Duchy of Anjou
The county of Anjou was united to the royal domain between 1205 and 1246, when it was turned into an apanage for the king's brother, Charles I of Anjou. This second Angevin dynasty, a branch of the Capetian dynasty, established itself on the thrones of Naples and Sicily, and the joint throne of Croatia and Hungary. Anjou itself was united to the royal domain again in 1328, but was detached in 1360 as the Duchy of Anjou for the king's son, Louis I of Anjou. The third Angevin dynasty, a branch of the House of Valois, also ruled for a time the Kingdom of Naples. The dukes had the same autonomy as the earlier counts, but the duchy was increasingly administered in the same fashion as the royal domain and the royal government often exercised the ducal power while the dukes were away.

On 17 February 1332, Philip VI bestowed it on his son John the Good, who, when he became king in turn (22 August 1350), gave the countship to his second son Louis I, raising it to a duchy in the peerage of France by letters patent of 25 October 1360. Louis I, who became in time count of Provence and titular king of Naples, died in 1384, and was succeeded by his son Louis II, who devoted most of his energies to his Neapolitan ambitions, and left the administration of Anjou almost entirely in the hands of his wife, Yolande of Aragon. On his death (29 April 1417), she took upon herself the guardianship of their young son Louis III, and, in her capacity of regent, defended the duchy against the English. Louis III, who also devoted himself to winning Naples, died on 15 November 1434, leaving no children. The duchy of Anjou then passed to his brother René, second son of Louis II and Yolande of Aragon.

Province of Anjou

Unlike his predecessors, who had rarely stayed long in Anjou, René from 1443 onwards paid long visits to it, and his court at Angers became one of the most brilliant in the kingdom of France. But after the sudden death of his son John in December 1470, René, for reasons which are not altogether clear, decided to move his residence to Provence and leave Anjou for good. After making an inventory of all his possessions, he left the duchy in October 1471, taking with him the most valuable of his treasures. On 22 July 1474 he drew up a will by which he divided the succession between his grandson René II of Lorraine and his nephew Charles II, count of Maine. On hearing this, King Louis XI, who was the son of one of King René's sisters, seeing that his expectations were thus completely frustrated, seized the duchy of Anjou. He did not keep it very long, but became reconciled to René in 1476 and restored it to him, on condition, probably, that René should bequeath it to him. However that may be, on the death of the latter (10 July 1480) he again added Anjou to the royal domain.

Later, King Francis I again gave the duchy as an appanage to his mother, Louise of Savoy, by letters patent of 4 February 1515. On her death, in September 1531, the duchy returned into the king's possession. In 1552 it was given as an appanage by Henry II to his son Henry of Valois, who, on becoming king in 1574, with the title of Henry III, conceded it to his brother Francis, duke of Alençon, at the treaty of Beaulieu near Loches (6 May 1576). Francis died on 10 June 1584, and the vacant appanage definitively became part of the royal domain.

Government
At first Anjou was included in the gouvernement (or military command) of Orléanais, but in the 17th century was made into a separate one. Saumur, however, and the Saumurois, for which King Henry IV had in 1589 created an independent military governor-generalship in favour of Duplessis-Mornay, continued till the Revolution to form a separate gouvernement, which included, besides Anjou, portions of Poitou and Mirebalais. Attached to the généralité (administrative circumscription) of Tours, Anjou on the eve of the Revolution comprised five êlections (judicial districts):--Angers, Baugé, Saumur, Château-Gontier, Montreuil-Bellay and part of the êlections of La Flèche and Richelieu. Financially it formed part of the so-called pays de grande gabelle, and comprised sixteen special tribunals, or greniers à sel (salt warehouses):--Angers, Baugé, Beaufort, Bourgueil, Candé, Château-Gontier, Cholet, Craon, La Flèche, Saint-Florent-le-Vieil, Ingrandes, Le Lude, Pouancé, Saint-Rémy-la-Varenne, Richelieu, Saumur. From the point of view of purely judicial administration, Anjou was subject to the parlement of Paris; Angers was the seat of a presidial court, of which the jurisdiction comprised the sénéchaussées of Angers, Saumur, Beaugé, Beaufort and the duchy of Richelieu; there were besides presidial courts at Château-Gontier and La Flèche. When the Constituent Assembly, on 26 February 1790, decreed the division of France into departments, Anjou and the Saumurois, with the exception of certain territories, formed the department of Maine-et-Loire, as at present constituted.

Under the kingdom of France, Anjou was practically identical with the diocese of Angers, bound on the north by Maine, on the east by Touraine, on the south by Poitou (Poitiers) and the Mauges, and the west by the countship of Nantes or the duchy of Brittany. Traditionally Anjou was divided into four natural regions: the Baugeois, the Haut-Anjou (or Segréen), the Mauges, and the Saumurois.

It occupied the greater part of what is now the department of Maine-et-Loire. On the north, it further included Craon, Candé, Bazouges (Château-Gontier), Le Lude; on the east, it further added Château-la-Vallière and Bourgueil; while to the south, it lacked the towns of Montreuil-Bellay, Vihiers, Cholet, and Beaupréau, as well as the district lying to the west of the Ironne and Thouet on the left bank of the Loire, which formed the territory of the.

Region of Anjou
Since the end of the provincial system in 1791, the name of 'Anjou' has been used to describe the former region in which the duchy and province occupied. This region roughly correlates to several regions: Mayenne angevine (north west), Haut Anjou (centre-northern), Segreen (western), Baugeois (eastern), Les Mauges (south western), and Saumurois (south).

title: Duchy of Anjou


text:
Human leg

The leg is the entire lower limb of the human body, including the foot, thigh or sometimes even the hip or buttock region. The major bones of the leg are the femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), and adjacent fibula. The thigh is between the hip and knee, while the calf (rear) and shin (front) are between the knee and foot.

Legs are used for standing, many forms of human movement, recreation such as dancing, and constitute a significant portion of a person's mass. Evolution has led to the human leg's development into a mechanism specifically adapted for efficient bipedal gait. While the capacity to walk upright is not unique to humans, other primates can only achieve this for short periods and at a great expenditure of energy. In humans, female legs generally have greater hip anteversion and tibiofemoral angles, while male legs have longer femur and tibial lengths.

Structure
In human anatomy, the lower leg is the part of the lower limb that lies between the knee and the ankle. Anatomists restrict the term leg to this use, rather than to the entire lower limb. The thigh is between the hip and knee and makes up the rest of the lower limb. The term lower limb or lower extremity is commonly used to describe all of the leg.

The leg from the knee to the ankle is called the crus. The calf is the back portion, and the tibia or shinbone together with the smaller fibula make up the shin, the front of the lower leg.

Evolution has provided the human body with two distinct features: the specialization of the upper limb for visually guided manipulation and the lower limb's development into a mechanism specifically adapted for efficient bipedal gait. While the capacity to walk upright is not unique to humans, other primates can only achieve this for short periods and at a great expenditure of energy.

The human adaption to bipedalism has also affected the location of the body's center of gravity, the reorganization of internal organs, and the form and biomechanism of the trunk. In humans, the double S-shaped vertebral column acts as a great shock-absorber which shifts the weight from the trunk over the load-bearing surface of the feet. The human legs are exceptionally long and powerful as a result of their exclusive specialization for support and locomotion—in orangutans the leg length is 111% of the trunk; in chimpanzees 128%, and in humans 171%. Many of the leg's muscles are also adapted to bipedalism, most substantially the gluteal muscles, the extensors of the knee joint, and the calf muscles.

Skeleton
The major bones of the leg are the femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), and adjacent fibula, and these are all long bones. The patella (kneecap) is the sesamoid bone in front of the knee. Most of the leg skeleton has bony prominences and margins that can be palpated and some serve as anatomical landmarks that define the extent of the leg. These landmarks are the anterior superior iliac spine, the greater trochanter, the superior margin of the medial condyle of tibia, and the medial malleolus. Notable exceptions to palpation are the hip joint, and the neck and body, or shaft of the femur.

Usually, the large joints of the lower limb are aligned in a straight line, which represents the mechanical longitudinal axis of the leg, the Mikulicz line. This line stretches from the hip joint (or more precisely the head of the femur), through the knee joint (the intercondylar eminence of the tibia), and down to the center of the ankle (the ankle mortise, the fork-like grip between the medial and lateral malleoli). In the tibial shaft, the mechanical and anatomical axes coincide, but in the femoral shaft they diverge 6°, resulting in the femorotibial angle of 174° in a leg with normal axial alignment. A leg is considered straight when, with the feet brought together, both the medial malleoli of the ankle and the medial condyles of the knee are touching. Divergence from the normal femorotibial angle is called genu varum if the center of the knee joint is lateral to the mechanical axis (intermalleolar distance exceeds 3 cm), and genu valgum if it is medial to the mechanical axis (intercondylar distance exceeds 5 cm). These conditions impose unbalanced loads on the joints and stretching of either the thigh's adductors and abductors.

The angle of inclination formed between the neck and shaft of the femur (collodiaphysial angle) varies with age—about 150° in the newborn, it gradually decreases to 126–128° in adults, to reach 120° in old age. Pathological changes in this angle result in abnormal posture of the leg: a small angle produces coxa vara and a large angle coxa valga; the latter is usually combined with genu varum, and coxa vara leads genu valgum. Additionally, a line drawn through the femoral neck superimposed on a line drawn through the femoral condyles forms an angle, the torsion angle, which makes it possible for flexion movements of the hip joint to be transposed into rotary movements of the femoral head. Abnormally increased torsion angles result in a limb turned inward and a decreased angle in a limb turned outward; both cases resulting in a reduced range of a person's mobility.

Hip
There are several ways of classifying the muscles of the hip:
 * 1) By location or innervation (ventral and dorsal divisions of the plexus layer);
 * 2) By development on the basis of their points of insertion (a posterior group in two layers and an anterior group); and
 * 3) By function (i.e. extensors, flexors, adductors, and abductors).

Some hip muscles also act either on the knee joint or on vertebral joints. Additionally, because the areas of origin and insertion of many of these muscles are very extensive, these muscles are often involved in several very different movements. In the hip joint, lateral and medial rotation occur along the axis of the limb; extension (also called dorsiflexion or retroversion) and flexion (anteflexion or anteversion) occur along a transverse axis; and abduction and adduction occur about a sagittal axis.

The anterior dorsal hip muscles are the iliopsoas, a group of two or three muscles with a shared insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The psoas major originates from the last vertebra and along the lumbar spine to stretch down into the pelvis. The iliacus originates on the iliac fossa on the interior side of the pelvis. The two muscles unite to form the iliopsoas muscle, which is inserted on the lesser trochanter of the femur. The psoas minor, only present in about 50 per cent of subjects, originates above the psoas major to stretch obliquely down to its insertion on the interior side of the major muscle.

The posterior dorsal hip muscles are inserted on or directly below the greater trochanter of the femur. The tensor fasciae latae, stretching from the anterior superior iliac spine down into the iliotibial tract, presses the head of the femur into the acetabulum but also flexes, rotates medially, and abducts to hip joint. The piriformis originates on the anterior pelvic surface of the sacrum, passes through the greater sciatic foramen, and inserts on the posterior aspect of the tip of the greater trochanter. In a standing posture it is a lateral rotator, but it also assists extending the thigh. The gluteus maximus has its origin between (and around) the iliac crest and the coccyx, from where one part radiates into the iliotibial tract and the other stretches down to the gluteal tuberosity under the greater trochanter. The gluteus maximus is primarily an extensor and lateral rotator of the hip joint, and it comes into action when climbing stairs or rising from a sitting to a standing posture. Furthermore, the part inserted into the fascia latae abducts and the part inserted into the gluteal tuberosity adducts the hip. The two deep glutei muscles, the gluteus medius and minimus, originate on the lateral side of the pelvis. The medius muscle is shaped like a cap. Its anterior fibers act as a medial rotator and flexor; the posterior fibers as a lateral rotator and extensor; and the entire muscle abducts the hip. The minimus has similar functions and both muscles are inserted onto the greater trochanter.

The ventral hip muscles function as lateral rotators and play an important role in the control of the body's balance. Because they are stronger than the medial rotators, in the normal position of the leg, the apex of the foot is pointing outward to achieve better support. The obturator internus originates on the pelvis on the obturator foramen and its membrane, passes through the lesser sciatic foramen, and is inserted on the trochanteric fossa of the femur. "Bent" over the lesser sciatic notch, which acts as a fulcrum, the muscle forms the strongest lateral rotators of the hip together with the gluteus maximus and quadratus femoris. When sitting with the knees flexed it acts as an abductor. The obturator externus has a parallel course with its origin located on the posterior border of the obturator foramen. It is covered by several muscles and acts as a lateral rotator and a weak adductor. The inferior and superior gemelli muscles represent marginal heads of the obturator internus and assist this muscle. These three muscles form a three-headed muscle (tricipital) known as the triceps coxae. The quadratus femoris originates at the ischial tuberosity and is inserted onto the intertrochanteric crest between the trochanters. This flattened muscle act as a strong lateral rotator and adductor of the thigh.

The adductor muscles of the thigh are innervated by the obturator nerve, with the exception of pectineus which receives fibers from the femoral nerve, and the adductor magnus which receives fibers from the tibial nerve. The gracilis arises from near the pubic symphysis and is unique among the adductors in that it reaches past the knee to attach on the medial side of the shaft of the tibia, thus acting on two joints. It share its distal insertion with the sartorius and semitendinosus, all three muscles forming the pes anserinus. It is the most medial muscle of the adductors, and with the thigh abducted its origin can be clearly seen arching under the skin. With the knee extended, it adducts the thigh and flexes the hip. The pectineus has its origin on the iliopubic eminence laterally to the gracilis and, rectangular in shape, extends obliquely to attach immediately behind the lesser trochanter and down the pectineal line and the proximal part of the linea aspera on the femur. It is a flexor of the hip joint, and an adductor and a weak medial rotator of the thigh. The adductor brevis originates on the inferior ramus of the pubis below the gracilis and stretches obliquely below the pectineus down to the upper third of the linea aspera. Except for being an adductor, it is a lateral rotator and weak flexor of the hip joint.

The adductor longus has its origin at superior ramus of the pubis and inserts medially on the middle third of the linea aspera. Primarily an adductor, it is also responsible for some flexion. The adductor magnus has its origin just behind the longus and lies deep to it. Its wide belly divides into two parts: One is inserted into the linea aspera and the tendon of the other reaches down to adductor tubercle on the medial side of the femur's distal end where it forms an intermuscular septum that separates the flexors from the extensors. Magnus is a powerful adductor, especially active when crossing legs. Its superior part is a lateral rotator but the inferior part acts as a medial rotator on the flexed leg when rotated outward and also extends the hip joint. The adductor minimus is an incompletely separated subdivision of the adductor magnus. Its origin forms an anterior part of the magnus and distally it is inserted on the linea aspera above the magnus. It acts to adduct and lateral rotate the femur.

Thigh
The muscles of the thigh can be classified into three groups according to their location: anterior and posterior muscles and the adductors (on the medial side). All the adductors except gracilis insert on the femur and act on the hip joint, and so functionally qualify as hip muscles. The majority of the thigh muscles, the "true" thigh muscles, insert on the leg (either the tibia or the fibula) and act primarily on the knee joint. Generally, the extensors lie on anterior of the thigh and flexors lie on the posterior. Even though the sartorius flexes the knee, it is ontogenetically considered an extensor since its displacement is secondary.

Of the anterior thigh muscles the largest are the four muscles of the quadriceps femoris: the central rectus femoris, which is surrounded by the three vasti, the vastus intermedius, medialis, and lateralis. Rectus femoris is attached to the pelvis with two tendons, while the vasti are inserted to the femur. All four muscles unite in a common tendon inserted into the patella from where the patellar ligament extends it down to the tibial tuberosity. Fibers from the medial and lateral vasti form two retinacula that stretch past the patella on either sides down to the condyles of the tibia. The quadriceps is the knee extensor, but the rectus femoris additionally flexes the hip joint, and articular muscle of the knee protects the articular capsule of the knee joint from being nipped during extension. The sartorius runs superficially and obliquely down on the anterior side of the thigh, from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pes anserinus on the medial side of the knee, from where it is further extended into the crural fascia. The sartorius acts as a flexor on both the hip and knee, but, due to its oblique course, also contributes to medial rotation of the leg as one of the pes anserinus muscles (with the knee flexed), and to lateral rotation of the hip joint.

There are four posterior thigh muscles. The biceps femoris has two heads: The long head has its origin on the ischial tuberosity together with the semitendinosus and acts on two joints. The short head originates from the middle third of the linea aspera on the shaft of the femur and the lateral intermuscular septum of thigh, and acts on only one joint. These two heads unite to form the biceps which inserts on the head of the fibula. The biceps flexes the knee joint and rotates the flexed leg laterally—it is the only lateral rotator of the knee and thus has to oppose all medial rotator. Additionally, the long head extends the hip joint. The semitendinosus and the semimembranosus share their origin with the long head of the biceps, and both attaches on the medial side of the proximal head of the tibia together with the gracilis and sartorius to form the pes anserinus. The semitendinosus acts on two joints; extension of the hip, flexion of the knee, and medial rotation of the leg. Distally, the semimembranosus' tendon is divided into three parts referred to as the pes anserinus profondus. Functionally, the semimembranosus is similar to the semitendinosus, and thus produces extension at the hip joint and flexion and medial rotation at the knee. Posteriorly below the knee joint, the popliteus stretches obliquely from the lateral femoral epicondyle down to the posterior surface of the tibia. The subpopliteal bursa is located deep to the muscle. Popliteus flexes the knee joint and medially rotates the leg.

Lower leg and foot
With the popliteus (see above) as the single exception, all muscles in the leg are attached to the foot and, based on location, can be classified into an anterior and a posterior group separated from each other by the tibia, the fibula, and the interosseous membrane. In turn, these two groups can be subdivided into subgroups or layers—the anterior group consists of the extensors and the peroneals, and the posterior group of a superficial and a deep layer. Functionally, the muscles of the leg are either extensors, responsible for the dorsiflexion of the foot, or flexors, responsible for the plantar flexion. These muscles can also classified by innervation, muscles supplied by the anterior subdivision of the plexus and those supplied by the posterior subdivision. The leg muscles acting on the foot are called the extrinsic foot muscles whilst the foot muscles located in the foot are called intrinsic.

Dorsiflexion (extension) and plantar flexion occur around the transverse axis running through the ankle joint from the tip of the medial malleolus to the tip of the lateral malleolus. Pronation (eversion) and supination (inversion) occur along the oblique axis of the ankle joint.

Extrinsic

Three of the anterior muscles are extensors. From its origin on the lateral surface of the tibia and the interosseus membrane, the three-sided belly of the tibialis anterior extends down below the superior and inferior extensor retinacula to its insertion on the plantar side of the medial cuneiform bone and the first metatarsal bone. In the non-weight-bearing leg, the anterior tibialis dorsal flexes the foot and lifts the medial edge of the foot. In the weight-bearing leg, it pulls the leg towards the foot. The extensor digitorum longus has a wide origin stretching from the lateral condyle of the tibia down along the anterior side of the fibula, and the interosseus membrane. At the ankle, the tendon divides into four that stretch across the foot to the dorsal aponeuroses of the last phalanges of the four lateral toes. In the non-weight-bearing leg, the muscle extends the digits and dorsiflexes the foot, and in the weight-bearing leg acts similar to the tibialis anterior. The extensor hallucis longus has its origin on the fibula and the interosseus membrane between the two other extensors and is, similarly to the extensor digitorum, is inserted on the last phalanx of big toe ("hallux"). The muscle dorsiflexes the hallux, and acts similar to the tibialis anterior in the weight-bearing leg. Two muscles on the lateral side of the leg form the fibular (peroneal) group. The fibularis (peroneus) longus and fibularis (peroneus) brevis both have their origins on the fibula, and they both pass behind the lateral malleolus where their tendons pass under the fibular retinacula. Under the foot, the fibularis longus stretches from the lateral to the medial side in a groove, thus bracing the transverse arch of the foot. The fibularis brevis is attached on the lateral side to the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal. Together, these two fibularis muscles form the strongest pronators of the foot. The fibularis muscles are highly variable, and several variants can occasionally be present.

Of the posterior muscles three are in the superficial layer. The major plantar flexors, commonly referred to as the triceps surae, are the soleus, which arises on the proximal side of both leg bones, and the gastrocnemius, the two heads of which arises on the distal end of the femur. These muscles unite in a large terminal tendon, the Achilles tendon, which is attached to the posterior tubercle of the calcaneus. The plantaris closely follows the lateral head of the gastrocnemius. Its tendon runs between those of the soleus and gastrocnemius and is embedded in the medial end of the calcaneus tendon.

In the deep layer, the tibialis posterior has its origin on the interosseus membrane and the neighbouring bone areas and runs down behind the medial malleolus. Under the foot it splits into a thick medial part attached to the navicular bone and a slightly weaker lateral part inserted to the three cuneiform bones. The muscle produces simultaneous plantar flexion and supination in the non-weight-bearing leg, and approximates the heel to the calf of the leg. The flexor hallucis longus arises distally on the fibula and on the interosseus membrane from where its relatively thick muscle belly extends far distally. Its tendon extends beneath the flexor retinaculum to the sole of the foot and finally attaches on the base of the last phalanx of the hallux. It plantarflexes the hallux and assists in supination. The flexor digitorum longus, finally, has its origin on the upper part of the tibia. Its tendon runs to the sole of the foot where it forks into four terminal tendon attached to the last phalanges of the four lateral toes. It crosses the tendon of the tibialis posterior distally on the tibia, and the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus in the sole. Distally to its division, the quadratus plantae radiates into it and near the middle phalanges its tendons penetrate the tendons of the flexor digitorum brevis. In the non-weight-bearing leg, it plantar flexes the toes and foot and supinates. In the weight-bearing leg it supports the plantar arch. (For the popliteus, see above.)

Intrinsic
The intrinsic muscles of the foot, muscles whose bellies are located in the foot proper, are either dorsal (top) or plantar (sole). On the dorsal side, two long extrinsic extensor muscles are superficial to the intrinsic muscles, and their tendons form the dorsal aponeurosis of the toes. The short intrinsic extensors and the plantar and dorsal interossei radiates into these aponeuroses. The extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis have a common origin on the anterior side of the calcaneus, from where their tendons extend into the dorsal aponeuroses of digits 1–4. They act to dorsiflex these digits.

The plantar muscles can be subdivided into three groups associated with three regions: those of the big digit, the little digit, and the region between these two. All these muscles are covered by the thick and dense plantar aponeurosis, which, together with two tough septa, form the spaces of the three groups. These muscles and their fatty tissue function as cushions that transmit the weight of the body downward. As a whole, the foot is a functional entity.

The abductor hallucis stretches along the medial edge of the foot, from the calcaneus to the base of the first phalanx of the first digit and the medial sesamoid bone. It is an abductor and a weak flexor, and also helps maintain the arch of the foot. Lateral to the abductor hallucis is the flexor hallucis brevis, which originates from the medial cuneiform bone and from the tendon of the tibialis posterior. The flexor hallucis has a medial and a lateral head inserted laterally to the abductor hallucis. It is an important plantar flexor which comes into prominent use in classical ballet (i.e. for pointe work). The adductor hallucis has two heads; a stronger oblique head which arises from the cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones and the bases of the second and third metatarsals; and a transverse head which arises from the distal ends of the third-fifth metatarsals. Both heads are inserted on the lateral sesamoid bone of the first digit. The muscle acts as a tensor to the arches of the foot, but can also adduct the first digit and plantar flex its first phalanx.

The opponens digiti minimi originates from the long plantar ligament and the plantar tendinous sheath of the fibularis (peroneus) longus and is inserted on the fifth metatarsal. When present, it acts to plantar flex the fifth digit and supports the plantar arch. The flexor digiti minimi arises from the region of base of the fifth metatarsal and is inserted onto the base of the first phalanx of the fifth digit where it is usually merged with the abductor of the first digit. It acts to plantar flex the last digit. The largest and longest muscles of the little toe is the abductor digiti minimi. Stretching from the lateral process of the calcaneus, with a second attachment on the base of the fifth metatarsal, to the base of the fifth digit's first phalanx, the muscle forms the lateral edge of the sole. Except for supporting the arch, it plantar flexes the little toe and also acts as an abductor.

The four lumbricales have their origin on the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus, from where they extend to the medial side of the bases of the first phalanx of digits two-five. Except for reinforcing the plantar arch, they contribute to plantar flexion and move the four digits toward the big toe. They are, in contrast to the lumbricales of the hand, rather variable, sometimes absent and sometimes more than four are present. The quadratus plantae arises with two slips from margins of the plantar surface of the calcaneus and is inserted into the tendon(s) of the flexor digitorum longus, and is known as the "plantar head" of this latter muscle. The three plantar interossei arise with their single heads on the medial side of the third-fifth metatarsals and are inserted on the bases of the first phalanges of these digits. The two heads of the four dorsal interossei arise on two adjacent metatarsals and merge in the intermediary spaces. Their distal attachment is on the bases of the proximal phalanges of the second-fourth digits. The interossei are organized with the second digit as a longitudinal axis; the plantars act as adductors and pull digits 3–5 towards the second digit; while the dorsals act as abductors. Additionally, the interossei act as plantar flexors at the metatarsophalangeal joints. Lastly, the flexor digitorum brevis arises from underneath the calcaneus to insert its tendons on the middle phalanges of digit 2–4. Because the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus run between these tendons, the brevis is sometimes called perforatus. The tendons of these two muscles are surrounded by a tendinous sheath. The brevis acts to plantar flex the middle phalanges.

Flexibility
Flexibility can be simply defined as the available range of motion (ROM) provided by a specific joint or group of joints. For the most part, exercises that increase flexibility are performed with intentions to boost overall muscle length, reduce the risks of injury and to potentially improve muscular performance in physical activity. Stretching muscles after engagement in any physical activity can improve muscular strength, increase flexibility, and reduce muscle soreness. If limited movement is present within a joint, the "insufficient extensibility" of the muscle, or muscle group, could be restricting the activity of the affected joint.

Stretching
Stretching prior to strenuous physical activity has been thought to increase muscular performance by extending the soft tissue past its attainable length in order to increase range of motion. Many physically active individuals practice these techniques as a "warm-up" in order to achieve a certain level of muscular preparation for specific exercise movements. When stretching, muscles should feel somewhat uncomfortable but not physically agonizing.
 * Plantar flexion: One of the most popular lower leg muscle stretches is the step standing heel raises, which mainly involves the gastrocnemius, soleus, and the Achilles tendon. Standing heel raises allow the individual to activate their calf muscles by standing on a step with toes and forefoot, leaving the heel hanging off the step, and plantar flexing the ankle joint by raising the heel. This exercise is easily modified by holding on to a nearby rail for balance and is generally repeated 5–10 times.
 * Dorsiflexion: In order to stretch the anterior muscles of the lower leg, crossover shin stretches work well. This motion will stretch the dorsiflexion muscles, mainly the anterior tibialis, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus, by slowly causing the muscles to lengthen as body weight is leaned on the ankle joint by using the floor as resistance against the top of the foot. Crossover shin stretches can vary in intensity depending on the amount of body weight applied on the ankle joint as the individual bends at the knee. This stretch is typically held for 15–30 seconds.
 * Eversion and inversion: Stretching the eversion and inversion muscles allows for better range of motion to the ankle joint. Seated ankle elevations and depressions will stretch the fibularis (peroneus) and tibilalis muscles that are associated with these movements as they lengthen. Eversion muscles are stretched when the ankle becomes depressed from the starting position. In like manner, the inversion muscles are stretched when the ankle joint becomes elevated. Throughout this seated stretch, the ankle joint is to remain supported while depressed and elevated with the ipsilateral (same side) hand in order to sustain the stretch for 10–15 seconds. This stretch will increase overall eversion and inversion muscle group length and provide more flexibility to the ankle joint for larger range of motion during activity.

Blood supply
The arteries of the leg are divided into a series of segments.

In the pelvis area, at the level of the last lumbar vertebra, the abdominal aorta, a continuation the descending aorta, splits into a pair of common iliac arteries. These immediately split into the internal and external iliac arteries, the latter of which descends along the medial border of the psoas major to exits the pelvis area through the vascular lacuna under the inguinal ligament.

The artery enters the thigh as the femoral artery which descends the medial side of the thigh to the adductor canal. The canal passes from the anterior to the posterior side of the limb where the artery leaves through the adductor hiatus and becomes the popliteal artery. On the back of the knee the popliteal artery runs through the popliteal fossa to the popliteal muscle where it divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries.

In the lower leg, the anterior tibial enters the extensor compartment near the upper border of the interosseus membrane to descend between the tibialis anterior and the extensor hallucis longus. Distal to the superior and extensor retinacula of the foot it becomes the dorsal artery of the foot. The posterior tibial forms a direct continuation of the popliteal artery which enters the flexor compartment of the lower leg to descend behind the medial malleolus where it divides into the medial and lateral plantar arteries, of which the posterior branch gives rise to the fibular artery.

For practical reasons the lower limb is subdivided into somewhat arbitrary regions: The regions of the hip are all located in the thigh: anteriorly, the subinguinal region is bounded by the inguinal ligament, the sartorius, and the pectineus and forms part of the femoral triangle which extends distally to the adductor longus. Posteriorly, the gluteal region corresponds to the gluteus maximus. The anterior region of the thigh extends distally from the femoral triangle to the region of the knee and laterally to the tensor fasciae latae. The posterior region ends distally before the popliteal fossa. The anterior and posterior regions of the knee extend from the proximal regions down to the level of the tuberosity of the tibia. In the lower leg the anterior and posterior regions extend down to the malleoli. Behind the malleoli are the lateral and medial retromalleolar regions and behind these is the region of the heel. Finally, the foot is subdivided into a dorsal region superiorly and a plantar region inferiorly.

Veins

The veins are subdivided into three systems. The deep veins return approximately 85 percent of the blood and the superficial veins approximately 15 percent. A series of perforator veins interconnect the superficial and deep systems. In the standing posture, the veins of the leg have to handle an exceptional load as they act against gravity when they return the blood to the heart. The venous valves assist in maintaining the superficial to deep direction of the blood flow.

Superficial veins:
 * Great saphenous vein
 * Small saphenous

Deep veins:
 * Femoral vein, whose segment is the common femoral vein
 * Popliteal vein
 * Anterior tibial vein
 * Posterior tibial vein
 * Fibular vein

Nerve supply
The sensory and motor innervation to the lower limb is supplied by the lumbosacral plexus, which is formed by the ventral rami of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves with additional contributions from the subcostal nerve (T12) and coccygeal nerve (Co1). Based on distribution and topography, the lumbosacral plexus is subdivided into the lumbar plexus (T12-L4) and the Sacral plexus (L5-S4); the latter is often further subdivided into the sciatic and pudendal plexuses:

The lumbar plexus is formed lateral to the intervertebral foramina by the ventral rami of the first four lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L4), which all pass through psoas major. The larger branches of the plexus exit the muscle to pass sharply downward to reach the abdominal wall and the thigh (under the inguinal ligament); with the exception of the obturator nerve which pass through the lesser pelvis to reach the medial part of the thigh through the obturator foramen. The nerves of the lumbar plexus pass in front of the hip joint and mainly support the anterior part of the thigh.

The iliohypogastric (T12-L1) and ilioinguinal nerves (L1) emerge from the psoas major near the muscle's origin, from where they run laterally downward to pass anteriorly above the iliac crest between the transversus abdominis and abdominal internal oblique, and then run above the inguinal ligament. Both nerves give off muscular branches to both these muscles. Iliohypogastric supplies sensory branches to the skin of the lateral hip region, and its terminal branch finally pierces the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique above the inguinal ring to supply sensory branches to the skin there. Ilioinguinalis exits through the inguinal ring and supplies sensory branches to the skin above the pubic symphysis and the lateral portion of the scrotum.

The genitofemoral nerve (L1, L2) leaves psoas major below the two former nerves, immediately divides into two branches that descends along the muscle's anterior side. The sensory femoral branch supplies the skin below the inguinal ligament, while the mixed genital branch supplies the skin and muscles around the sex organ. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2, L3) leaves psoas major laterally below the previous nerve, runs obliquely and laterally downward above the iliacus, exits the pelvic area near the iliac spine, and supplies the skin of the anterior thigh.

The obturator nerve (L2-L4) passes medially behind psoas major to exit the pelvis through the obturator canal, after which it gives off branches to obturator externus and divides into two branches passing behind and in front of adductor brevis to supply motor innervation to all the other adductor muscles. The anterior branch also supplies sensory nerves to the skin on a small area on the distal medial aspect of the thigh. The femoral nerve (L2-L4) is the largest and longest of the nerves of the lumbar plexus. It supplies motor innervation to iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius, and quadriceps; and sensory branches to the anterior thigh, medial lower leg, and posterior foot.

The nerves of the sacral plexus pass behind the hip joint to innervate the posterior part of the thigh, most of the lower leg, and the foot. The superior (L4-S1) and inferior gluteal nerves (L5-S2) innervate the gluteus muscles and the tensor fasciae latae. The posterior femoral cutaneous nerve (S1-S3) contributes sensory branches to the skin on the posterior thigh. The sciatic nerve (L4-S3), the largest and longest nerve in the human body, leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen. In the posterior thigh it first gives off branches to the short head of the biceps femoris and then divides into the tibial (L4-S3) and common fibular nerves (L4-S2). The fibular nerve continues down on the medial side of biceps femoris, winds around the fibular neck and enters the front of the lower leg. There it divides into a deep and a superficial terminal branch. The superficial branch supplies the fibularis muscles and the deep branch enters the extensor compartment; both branches reaches into the dorsal foot. In the thigh, the tibial nerve gives off branches to semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor magnus, and the long head of the biceps femoris. The nerve then runs straight down the back of the leg, through the popliteal fossa to supply the ankle flexors on the back of the lower leg and then continues down to supply all the muscles in the sole of the foot. The pudendal (S2-S4) and coccygeal nerves (S5-Co2) supply the muscles of the pelvic floor and the surrounding skin.

The lumbosacral trunk is a communicating branch passing between the sacral and lumbar plexuses containing ventral fibers from L4. The coccygeal nerve, the last spinal nerve, emerges from the sacral hiatus, unites with the ventral rami of the two last sacral nerves, and forms the coccygeal plexus.

Lower leg and foot
The lower leg and ankle need to keep exercised and moving well as they are the base of the whole body. The lower extremities must be strong in order to balance the weight of the rest of the body, and the gastrocnemius muscles take part in much of the blood circulation.

Isometric and standard
There are a number of exercises that can be done to strengthen the lower leg. For example, in order to activate plantar flexors in the deep plantar flexors one can sit on the floor with the hips flexed, the ankle neutral with knees fully extended as they alternate pushing their foot against a wall or platform. This kind of exercise is beneficial as it hardly causes any fatigue. Another form of isometric exercise for the gastrocnemius would be seated calf raises which can be done with or without equipment. One can be seated at a table with their feet flat on the ground, and then plantar flex both ankles so that the heels are raised off the floor and the gastrocnemius flexed. An alternate movement could be heel drop exercises with the toes being propped on an elevated surface—as an opposing movement this would improve the range of motion. One-legged toe raises for the gastrocnemius muscle can be performed by holding one dumbbell in one hand while using the other for balance, and then standing with one foot on a plate. The next step would be to plantar flex and keep the knee joint straight or flexed slightly. The triceps surae is contracted during this exercise. Stabilization exercises like the BOSU ball squat are also important especially as they assist in the ankles having to adjust to the ball's form in order to balance.

Lower leg injury
Lower leg injuries are common while running or playing sports. About 10% of all injuries in athletes involve the lower extremities. The majority of athletes sprain their ankles; this is mainly caused by the increased loads onto the feet when they move into the foot down or in an outer ankle position. All areas of the foot, which are the forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot, absorb various forces while running and this can also lead to injuries. Running and various activities can cause stress fractures, tendinitis, musculotendinous injuries, or any chronic pain to our lower extremities such as the tibia.

Types of activities
Injuries to quadriceps or hamstrings are caused by the constant impact loads to the legs during activities, such as kicking a ball. While doing this type of motion, 85% of that shock is absorbed to the hamstrings; this can cause strain to those muscles.
 * Jumping – is another risk because if the legs do not land properly after an initial jump, there may be damage to the meniscus in the knees, sprain to the ankle by everting or inverting the foot, or damage to the Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius if there is too much force while plantar flexing.
 * Weight lifting – such as the improperly performed deep squat, is also dangerous to the lower limbs, because the exercise can lead to an overextension, or an outstretch, of our ligaments in the knee and can cause pain over time.
 * Running – the most common activity associated with lower leg injury. There is constant pressure and stress being put on the feet, knees, and legs while running by gravitational force. Muscle tears in our legs or pain in various areas of the feet can be a result of poor biomechanics of running.

Running
The most common injuries in running involve the knees and the feet. Various studies have focused on the initial cause of these running related injuries and found that there are many factors that correlate to these injuries. Female distance runners who had a history of stress fracture injuries had higher vertical impact forces than non-injured subjects. The large forces onto the lower legs were associated with gravitational forces, and this correlated with patellofemoral pain or potential knee injuries. Researchers have also found that these running-related injuries affect the feet as well, because runners with previous injuries showed more foot eversion and over-pronation while running than non-injured runners. This causes more loads and forces on the medial side of the foot, causing more stress on the tendons of the foot and ankle. Most of these running injuries are caused by overuse: running longer distances weekly for a long duration is a risk for injuring the lower legs.

Prevention tools
Voluntary stretches to the legs, such as the wall stretch, condition the hamstrings and the calf muscle to various movements before vigorously working them. The environment and surroundings, such as uneven terrain, can cause the feet to position in an unnatural way, so wearing shoes that can absorb forces from the ground's impact and allow for stabilizing the feet can prevent some injuries while running as well. Shoes should be structured to allow friction-traction at the shoe surface, space for different foot-strike stresses, and for comfortable, regular arches for the feet.

Summary
The chance of damaging our lower extremities will be reduced by having knowledge about some activities associated with lower leg injury and developing a correct form of running, such as not over-pronating the foot or overusing the legs. Preventative measures, such as various stretches, and wearing appropriate footwear, will also reduce injuries.

Fracture
A fracture of the leg can be classified according to the involved bone into:
 * Femoral fracture (in the upper leg)
 * Crus fracture (in the lower leg)

Pain management
Lower leg and foot pain management is critical in reducing the progression of further injuries, uncomfortable sensations and limiting alterations while walking and running. Most individuals suffer from various pains in their lower leg and foot due to different factors. Muscle inflammation, strain, tenderness, swelling and muscle tear from muscle overuse or incorrect movement are several conditions often experienced by athletes and the common public during and after high impact physical activities. Therefore, suggested pain management mechanisms are provided to reduce pain and prevent the progression of injury.

Plantar fasciitis
A plantar fasciitis foot stretch is one of the recommended methods to reduce pain caused by plantar fasciitis (Figure 1). To do the plantar fascia stretch, while sitting in a chair place the ankle on the opposite knee and hold the toes of the impaired foot, slowly pulling back. The stretch should be held for approximately ten seconds, three times per day.

Medial tibial stress syndrome (shin splint)
Several methods can be utilized to help control pain caused by shin splints. Placing ice on the affected area prior to and after running will aid in reducing pain. In addition, wearing orthotic devices including a neoprene sleeve (Figure 2) and wearing appropriate footwear such as a foot arch can help to eliminate the condition. Stretching and strengthening of the anterior tibia or medial tibia by performing exercises of plantar and dorsi flexors such as calf stretch can also help in easing the pain.

Achilles tendinopathy
There are numerous appropriate approaches to handling pain resulting from Achilles tendinitis. The primary action is to rest. Activities that do not provide additional stress to the affected tendon are also recommended. Wearing orthothics or prostheses will provide cushion and will prevent the affected Achilles tendon from experiencing further stress when walking and performing therapeutic stretches. A few stretch modalities or eccentric exercises such as toe extension and flexion and calf and heel stretch are beneficial in lowering pain with Achilles tendinopathy patients (Figure 4)

Society and culture
In Norse mythology, the race of Jotuns was born from the legs of Ymir. In Finnic mythology, the Earth was created from the shards of the egg of a goldeneye that fell from the knees of Ilmatar. While this story isn't found in other Finno-Ugric mythologies, Pavel Melnikov-Pechersky has noted several times that the beauty of legs is commonly mentioned in Mordvin mythology as a characteristic of both female mythological characters and real Erzyan and Mokshan women.

In medieval Europe, showing legs was one of the biggest taboos for women, especially the ones with a high social status. In Victorian England several centuries later legs were not to be mentioned at all (not only human ones, but even those of a table or a piano), and referred to as "limbs" instead. Miniskirts and other clothing that reveal legs first became popular in mid-20th century science fiction. Since then, it became mainstream in Western cultures, with female legs frequently being focused on in films, TV ads, music videos, dance shows and various kinds of sports (i.e. ice skating or women's gymnastics).

Many men who are attracted to female legs tend to regard them aesthetically almost as much as they do sexually, perceiving legs as more elegant, suggestive, sensual, or seductive (especially with clothing that makes legs easy to be revealed and concealed), whereas female breasts or buttocks are viewed as much more "in your face" sexual. That said, legs (especially the inside of the upper leg that has the most sensitive and delicate skin) are considered to be one of the most sexualized elements of a woman's body, especially in Hollywood movies.

Both men and women generally consider long legs attractive, which may explain the preference for tall fashion models. Men also tend to favor women who have a higher leg length to body ratio, but the opposite is true of women's preferences in men.

Adolescent and adult women in many Western cultures often remove the hair from their legs. Toned, tanned, shaved legs are sometimes perceived as a sign of youthfulness and are often considered attractive in these cultures.

Men generally do not shave their legs in any culture. However, leg-shaving is a generally accepted practice in modeling. It is also fairly common in sports where the hair removal makes the athlete appreciably faster by reducing drag; the most common case of this is competitive swimming.

title: Human leg


text:
Iberia (disambiguation)

Iberia, in its most common meaning, refers to the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe. In history, it was also used to refer to anything pertaining to the former Kingdom of Iberia, an exonym for the Georgian kingdom of Kartli.

Iberia may also refer to:

Historical monarchies and regions

 * Kingdom of Iberia (c. 302 BC–580 AD), an ancient Georgian kingdom
 * Christianization of Iberia (c. 319), process of christianization of the Georgian kingdom
 * Sasanian Iberia (523–626/627 AD), the eastern parts of Caucasian Georgia under direct Sasanian rule
 * Principality of Iberia (580–880 AD), in early medieval Caucasian Georgia
 * Kingdom of the Iberians (888–1008), a Georgian monarchy concentrated on historical lands of Tao and Klarjeti
 * Iberia, Byzantine Empire (c. 1000–1074 AD), an administrative and military unit of the Byzantine Empire carved out of several Georgian lands

Modern places

 * Iberia District, Tahuamanu Province, Peru
 * Iberia, Minnesota, United States, an unincorporated community
 * Iberia, Missouri, United States, a city
 * Iberia, Ohio, United States, a census-designated place
 * Iberia Parish, Louisiana, United States

Arts and entertainment

 * Iberia (book), an illustrated travel book by James Michener
 * Iberia (Albéniz), a piano suite by Isaac Albéniz
 * Ibéria, the second of three sections of Images pour orchestre, a musical composition by Claude Debussy

Sports

 * Deportes Iberia, a Chilean football club based in Los Ángeles
 * Iberia SC, a former Spanish football club based in Zaragoza, Aragon

Transportation

 * Iberia (airline), the largest Spanish airline
 * SS Iberia, several ships
 * Iberia Airport, Iberia District, Peru
 * Level (airline), which uses a callsign Iberia

title: Iberia (disambiguation)