text:
1372

Year 1372 (MCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 12 – Saint Bridget sets out on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Staying in Cyprus until May 12. In August, she is in Bethlehem where she sees a vision of Jesus' birth. In September, she sets sail for Naples, where she arrives in December.
 * May – Owain Lawgoch makes a second attempt to take the throne of Wales, sailing with French support from Harfleur. Whilst attacking the island of Guernsey, he abandons the invasion in order to fight for France at La Rochelle.
 * June 22 – Battle of La Rochelle: The French and the Castilians defeat the English. The French gain control of the English Channel for the first time since 1340.
 * July 10 – The Treaty of Tagilde is signed between Ferdinand I of Portugal and representatives of John of Gaunt of England, marking the beginning of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, which remains in effect into the 21st century.
 * November 9 – Trần Duệ Tông succeeds his brother Trần Nghệ Tông as King of Vietnam.

Date unknown

 * Encounter of Sintra: Twenty Portuguese knights rout four hundred Castilian infantrymen of the country.
 * Peace is declared between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples.
 * The Kingdom of Chūzan (in modern-day southern Japan) enters tributary relations with Ming dynasty China.
 * Four-year-old Muhammad as-Said succeeds his father, Abu l-Fariz Abdul Aziz I, as Marinid Sultan of Morocco.
 * Newaya Maryam succeeds his father, Newaya Krestos, as ruler of Ethiopia.
 * The city of Aachen, Germany, begins adding a Roman numeral Anno Domini date to a few of its coins, the first city in the world to do so.

Births

 * February 18 – Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Islamic scholar (d. 1449)
 * March 13 – Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, son of King Charles V of France (d. 1407)
 * September 8 – Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey (d. 1400)
 * October – John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (d. 1389)
 * approximate date
 * Helena Dragaš, empress consort of Byzantium (d. 1450)
 * Olivera, daughter of Lazar of Serbia and wife of Bayezid I

Deaths

 * January 11 – Eleanor of Lancaster, English noblewoman (b. 1318)
 * March 19 – John II, Marquess of Montferrat (b. 1321)
 * March 21 – Rudolf VI, Margrave of Baden
 * August 24 – Casimir III, Duke of Pomerania (b. 1348)
 * August 31 – Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (b. 1301)
 * date unknown – Bagrat I of Imereti, King of Georgia
 * date unknown – Newaya Krestos, Emperor of Ethiopia

title: 1372


text:
1373

Year 1373 (MCCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 24 – The Treaty of Santarém is signed between Ferdinand I of Portugal and Henry II of Castile, ending the second war between the two countries.
 * April 28 – Hundred Years' War: The French re-capture most of Brittany from the English, but are unable to take Brest.
 * May 13 – English anchoress Dame Julian of Norwich receives the sixteen Revelations of Divine Love.
 * June 16 – The Anglo-Portuguese Treaty is signed in London, and is the oldest active treaty in the world.
 * August – Hundred Years' War: John of Gaunt launches a new invasion of France.
 * November? – Philip II, Prince of Taranto hands over the rule of Achaea (modern-day southern Greece) to his cousin, Joanna I of Naples.

Date unknown

 * Louis I of Hungary takes Severin again, but the Vlachs will recover it in 1376–1377.
 * Byzantine co-emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos rebels against his father, John V Palaiologos, for agreeing to let Constantinople become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. After the rebellion fails, Ottoman Emperor Murad I commands John V Palaiologos to blind his son.
 * Constantine IV, ruler of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (modern-day southern Turkey), is assassinated; he is succeeded by his distant cousin Leo V.
 * The death of Sultan Muhammad III ibn Abd al-Aziz begins a period of political instability in Morocco.
 * The city of Phnom Penh (modern-day capital city of Cambodia) is founded.
 * Bristol is made a county corporate, the first town in the Kingdom of England outside London to be granted this status.
 * A city wall is built around Lisbon, Portugal to resist invasion by Castile.
 * Merton College Library is built in Oxford, England.
 * The Adina Mosque is built in Bengal.
 * The Chinese emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor, suspends the traditional civil service examination system after complaining that the 120 new jinshi degree-holders are too incompetent to hold office; he instead relies solely upon a system of recommendations, until the civil service exams are reinstated in 1384.

Births

 * March 29 – Marie d'Alençon, French princess (d. 1417)
 * June 25 – Queen Joanna II of Naples (d. 1435)
 * September 22 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester (d. 1400)
 * date unknown
 * Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York (d. 1415)
 * Margery Kempe, writer of the first autobiography in English

Deaths

 * January 16 – Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (b. 1342)
 * February – Ibn Kathir, Mamluk Islamic scholar (b. 1301)
 * July 23 – Saint Birgitta, Swedish saint (b. 1303)
 * November 3 – Jeanne de Valois, Queen of Navarre (b. 1343)
 * December 7 – Rafał of Tarnów, Polish nobleman (b. c. 1330)
 * date unknown
 * Constantine IV, King of Armenia (assassinated)
 * Robert le Coq, French bishop and councillor
 * Tiphaine Raguenel, Breton astrologer (b. c. 1335)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1373


text:
1375

Year 1375 (MCCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * April 14 – The Mamluks from Egypt complete their conquest of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Levon V Lusignan of Armenia is imprisoned for several years in Cairo, until a ransom is paid by King John I of Castile.
 * April 21 – Mujahid Shah succeeds his father, Mohammed Shah I, as ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau of southern India.
 * June 18 – The future King John I of Castile marries Eleanor of Aragon.
 * June 27 – Hundred Years' War: The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.
 * October 24 – Margaret I of Denmark becomes Regent of Denmark after the death of her father, Valdemar IV.

Date unknown

 * The Grand Duchy of Moscow and Tver sign a truce. Tver agrees to help Moscow fight the Blue Horde.
 * Presumed death of Tenoch, ruler of the Mexica; he is succeeded by Acamapichtli who becomes first tlatoani (ruler) of the Aztecs of Tenochtitlan and founder of the Aztec imperial dynasty.
 * Petru succeeds as Voivode (ruler) of Moldavia (modern-day Moldova & eastern Romania). He is the first ruler from the dynastic House of Bogdan.
 * Coluccio Salutati is appointed Chancellor of Florence.
 * The Russian town of Kostroma is destroyed by the ushkuynik pirates from Novgorod.
 * Heirin-ji Temple is founded near Tokyo.
 * In Nanjing, capital of Ming dynasty China, a bureau secretary of the Ministry of Justice, Ru Taisu, sends a 17,000 character-long memorial to the throne, to be read aloud to the Hongwu Emperor. By the 16,370th character, the emperor has been offended by several passages, and has Ru Taisu summoned to court and flogged for the perceived insult. The next day, having had the remaining characters read to him, he likes four of Ru's recommendations, and instates these in reforms. Ru is nevertheless castigated for having forced the emperor to hear thousands of characters before getting to the part with true substance. The last 500 characters are elevated in court as the model-type memorial that all officials should aspire to create while writing their own.
 * Approximate date – Battle of Gardiki: The Principality of Achaea defeats the Despotate of the Morea.

Births

 * October – Joanna of Aragon, Countess of Foix, Aragonese throne claimant (d. 1407)
 * date unknown
 * Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (approximate date; d. 1415)
 * Nicolas Grenon, French composer (approximate date; d. 1456)
 * Lan Kham Deng, King of Lan Xang 1416–1428 (d. 1428)
 * Johannes Abezier (1375–1424), Roman Catholic religious and political leader of the Teutonic Knights, over Polish territory

Deaths

 * April 21 – Elisabeth of Meissen, Burgravine consort of Nuremberg (b. 1329)
 * October 19 – Cansignorio della Scala, Lord of Verona (b. 1340)
 * April 16 – John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English nobleman and soldier (b. 1347)
 * May 16 – Liu Bowen, Chinese military strategist, officer, statesman and poet (b. 1311)
 * July 5 – Charles III of Alençon, French archbishop (b. 1337)
 * September 1 – Philip of Valois, Duke of Orléans (b. 1336)
 * October 24 – King Valdemar IV of Denmark
 * November 12 – John Henry, Margrave of Moravia (b. 1322)
 * December 21 – Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian writer (b. 1313)
 * date unknown
 * Adityawarman, king of Malayapura
 * Margaret Drummond, dowager queen consort of Scotland (b. c.1340)
 * Lațcu, voivode of Moldavia
 * Tenoch, Mexica ruler

title: 1375


text:
1376

Year 1376 (MCCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March – The peace treaty between England and France is extended until April, 1377.
 * March 31 – Pope Gregory XI excommunicates all members of the government of Florence, and places the city under an interdict.
 * April 28 – The Good Parliament begins in England (so called because its members attempted to reform the corrupt Royal Council on that date).
 * May 3 – Olav IV Haakonsson is elected King Oluf II of Denmark, following the death of his grandfather, Valdemar IV, in 1375.
 * June – Catherine of Siena visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon, to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence, and move the Papacy back to Rome.
 * June 7 – The dying Prince Edward summons his father, Edward III, and brother, John of Gaunt, and makes them swear to uphold the claim to the throne of his son Richard; Edward is the first "English" Prince of Wales not to become King of England.
 * July 10 – The Good Parliament is dissolved (at that time, it was the longest Parliament to have sat in England).
 * August 12 – With the help of the Genoese, Byzantine co-emperor Andronicus IV Palaeologus invades Constantinople and dethrones his father, John V Palaeologus, as co-emperor. John V Palaeologus is taken prisoner.
 * September – John of Gaunt summons religious reformer John Wyclif to appear before the Royal Council.
 * November 20 – Richard of Bordeaux, son of the Black Prince, is created Prince of Wales in succession to his father.
 * December 25 – John of Gaunt presents his nephew, Richard of Bordeaux, to the feudatories of the realm and swears to uphold Richard's right to succeed Edward III.

Dates Unknown

 * Acamapichtli becomes the first tlatoani of Tenochtitlan.

Births

 * November 9 – Edmund Mortimer, English nobleman and rebel (d. c. 1409)
 * date unknown
 * Gihwa, scholar in Korean Buddhism (d. 1433)
 * Sofia of Bavaria, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1425)
 * Yusuf III, Sultan of Granada (d. 1417)

Deaths

 * January 24 – Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel, English military leader
 * April 6 – Przecław of Pogorzela, Cardinal and Bishop of Wrocław (b. 1310)
 * May 30 – Joan of Ponthieu, Dame of Epernon, French countess regent
 * June 8 – Edward, the Black Prince, son of King Edward III of England (b. 1330)
 * July 22 – Simon Langham, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1310)
 * September 30 – Adelaide of Vianden, German countess

title: 1376


text:
1377

Year 1377 (MCCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January – Battle of Đồ Bàn: Trần Duệ Tông, Trần dynasty Emperor of Đại Việt (Vietnam), is killed.
 * January 17 – Pope Gregory XI moves the Papacy back from Avignon to Rome.
 * January 27 – The Bad Parliament begins sitting in England. Influenced by John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, it undoes the work done by the Good Parliament, the previous year, to reduce corruption in the Royal Council. It also introduces a poll tax.
 * February – The Pope's representative in northern Italy, Robert of Geneva (the future antipope Clement VII), pillages Cesena, and 4,000 antipapal rebels are massacred.
 * March 2 – The Bad Parliament dissolves. First Speaker of the House of Commons of England appointed.
 * March 13 – Trần Phế Đế succeeds his late father as ruler of Vietnam.
 * May
 * Continuous riots in Rome induce Pope Gregory XI to move temporarily back to Avignon.
 * Władysław II Jagiełło succeeds his father, Algirdas, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jagiello removes his uncle, Kęstutis, as co-ruler.
 * May 22 – Pope Gregory XI issues five Bulls condemning the opinion of John Wycliffe, that Catholic priests should live in poverty, like the twelve disciples of Jesus.
 * July 16 – Richard II, the 10-year-old grandson of Edward III, is crowned king of England. A minority government is established, and a series of continual councils rule on his behalf until 1381.
 * July 27 – Fourteen-year-old Maria of Sicily succeeds her father, Frederick the Simple.
 * August – The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty of China scraps the Office of Reports Inspection (established in 1370) for a new Office of Transmission, in his efforts to create a more efficient communicatory system in the empire. A month before this he noted that anyone could send memorials to the throne; commoners often did, although the only times their petitions were read aloud to the emperor were when they called for the impeachment of local officials who were not up to par with their official duties.
 * August 2 – Battle on Pyana River: The Russians are defeated, while their commander drowns in the river.
 * October 13 – Richard II of England's first parliament meets.
 * October 26 – Tvrtko I of Bosnia is crowned.

Date unknown

 * Sayf ad-Din Barquq leads a revolt against the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, Alah-ad-Din Ali.
 * A rebellion against the Majapahit Empire is quashed in Sumatra.
 * Informed that Khan Urus of the White Horde has died, Timur of the Timurid Empire sends Tokhtamysh to take the Horde throne, but is defeated by Urus' son, Timur Malik.
 * Radu I succeeds Vladislav I as Prince of Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania).
 * Harihara II succeeds Bukka Raya I, as ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire (in modern-day southern India).
 * King U of Goryeo adopts the Ming calendar and begs to be invested by the Hongwu Emperor.
 * The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge is completed in Lombardy, and becomes the longest single-arch bridge in the world to be built for four centuries.
 * A sermon by a German monk states "the game of cards has come to us this year", and prohibitions against cards are issued by Prince John of Castile, and the cities of Florence and Basel.

Ongoing

 * The Caroline War 1369-1389.

Births

 * February 15 – King Ladislaus of Naples (d. 1414)
 * August 1 – Emperor Go-Komatsu of Japan (d. 1433)
 * August 20 – Shahrukh Mirza, ruler of Persia and Transoxiania (d. 1447)
 * September 19 – Albert IV, Duke of Austria (d. 1404)
 * December 5 – Jianwen Emperor of China (d. 1402)
 * date unknown
 * Louis II of Anjou (d. 1417)
 * Filippo Brunelleschi, Italian architect (d. 1446)
 * Anglesia Visconti, queen consort of Cyprus (d. 1439)
 * Ernest, Duke of Austria (d. 1424)
 * Oswald von Wolkenstein, Austrian poet (d. 1445)
 * Stefan Lazarević, Despot of Serbia (d. 1427)
 * Đurađ Branković, Despot of Serbia (d. 1456)
 * Guru Ravidas, (d. 1528)

Deaths

 * January 27 – Frederick the Simple, King of Sicily (b. 1341)
 * March 16 or March 17 – Marie de St Pol, Countess of Pembroke and Foundress of Pembroke College, Cambridge (b. c.1303)
 * April – Guillaume de Machaut, French poet and composer (b. c. 1300)
 * April 23 or July 11 – Richardis of Schwerin, queen consort of Sweden (b. 1347)
 * May – Algirdas, Grand Prince of Lithuania
 * June 21 – King Edward III of England (b. 1312)
 * date unknown
 * Ibn Battuta, Moroccan explorer (b. 1304)
 * Vladislav I, Prince of Wallachia

title: 1377


text:
1378

Year 1378 (MCCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, visits his nephew Charles V of France in Paris, to celebrate publicly the friendship between their two nations.
 * January 13 – Balša II succeeds his brother, Durađ I, as ruler of Lower Zeta (modern-day Montenegro).
 * March – In England, John Wycliffe tries to promote his ideas for Catholic reform by laying his theses before Parliament, and making them public in a tract. He is subsequently summoned before the Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon of Sudbury, at the episcopal palace at Lambeth, to defend his actions.
 * April 9 – Following the death of Pope Gregory XI, and riots in Rome calling for a Roman pope, the cardinals, who are mostly French, elect Pope Urban VI (Bartolomeo Prignano, Archbishop of Bari) as the 202nd Pope.
 * April 16 – Da'ud Shah succeeds his assassinated nephew, Aladdin Mujahid Shah, as ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate in modern-day southern India. Da'ud Shah is assassinated in the following month, and is succeeded by Mohammad Shah II.
 * May – Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür succeeds his father, Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara, as ruler of the Northern Yuan dynasty in Mongolia.
 * July 21 – Ciompi Revolt: Discontented wool carders briefly take over the government of Florence.
 * August 4 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti succeeds his father, Galeazzo II Visconti, as ruler of Milan.
 * August 11 – Battle of the Vozha River: Prince Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow resists a small invasion by the Mongol Blue Horde under Mamai.
 * September – A contract is set up between Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton and the mason Johan Lewyn, for the construction of Bolton Castle in the north of England.
 * September 20 – Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi, elect Clement VII as antipope, and establish a rival papal court at Avignon. This split within the Catholic Church becomes known as the Western Schism. France, Aragon, Castile and León, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples and Scotland choose to recognise Antipope Clement VII. Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland and Sweden continue to recognise Pope Urban VI.
 * November 10 – Estimated appearance date of Halley's Comet.
 * November 29 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, dies in Prague. He is succeeded by his son, Wenceslaus, as King of Bohemia, but the office of Holy Roman Emperor falls into abeyance, until Charles's son Sigismund is crowned in 1433.

Date unknown

 * The Raseborg Castle is mentioned for the first time in documents, but its actual date of foundation is unknown.
 * Tokhtamysh dethrones Temur-Malik to become Khan of the White Horde.
 * Uthman Beg establishes the Aq Qoyunlu (Turkomans of the White Sheep) dynasty at Diyarbakır, in modern-day southeast Turkey.
 * Ottoman Turks capture the town of Ihtiman in west Bulgaria.
 * Tai Bian succeeds Zhao Bing Fa as King of Mong Mao (modern-day northern Myanmar).
 * Sa'im al-Dahr is hanged for blowing the nose off the Great Sphinx of Giza.

Births

 * January 23 – Louis III, Elector Palatine (d. 1436)
 * May 27 – Zhu Quan, Chinese military commander, historian and playwright (d. 1448)
 * August 16 – Hongxi Emperor of China (d. 1425)
 * October 24 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to throne of Scotland (d. 1402)
 * December 31 – Pope Callixtus III (d. 1458)
 * date unknown
 * Vittorino da Feltre, Italian humanist (d. 1446)
 * Joan II, Countess of Auvergne, French vassal (d. 1424)
 * Lorenzo Ghiberti, Italian sculptor and metal-worker (d. 1455)
 * John Hardyng, English chronicler (d. 1465)
 * Narasimha Saraswati - Indian Guru and Saint

Deaths

 * February 6 – Joanna of Bourbon, queen consort of Charles V of France (b. 1338)
 * March 27 – Pope Gregory XI (b. c. 1329)
 * July – Owain Lawgoch, titular Prince of Wales and mercenary – assassinated (b. c. 1330)
 * August 4 – Galeazzo II Visconti, Lord of Milan (b. c. 1320)
 * November 29 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1316)
 * November 30 – Andrew Stratford, English verderer and landowner

title: 1378


text:
1379

Year 1379 (MCCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * May 29 – John I succeeds his father, Henry II, as King of Castile and King of León.
 * June 30 – New College, Oxford, is founded in England by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester.
 * July 1 – Forces of the Republic of Venice and Ottoman Turks, having invaded Constantinople, restore John V Palaiologos as Byzantine co-emperor. Andronikos IV Palaiologos is allowed to remain as co-emperor, but is confined to the city of Silivri for the remainder of his life.
 * September 9 – The Treaty of Neuberg is signed, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between brothers Albert III and Leopold III. Albert III retains the title of Duke of Austria.

Date unknown

 * Bairam Khawaja establishes the independent principality of the Kara Koyunlu (Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire), in modern-day Armenia.
 * Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow raids Estonia.
 * In the Hundred Years' War, the French lose control of most of Brittany to the English.
 * Wisbech Grammar School is founded in England.
 * Timur conquers the Sufid Dynasty of Khwarazm

Births

 * October 4 – King Henry III of Castile (d. 1406)
 * date unknown
 * Jerome of Prague, Hussite (d. 1416)
 * Empress Zhang (Hongxi) of China (d. 1442)

Deaths

 * February 18 – Albert II of Mecklenburg (b. c. 1318)
 * May 29 – King Henry II of Castile (b. 1333)
 * November 15 – Otto V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1346)
 * December 16 – John Fitzalan, Marshal of England (drowned)
 * date unknown – Aqsara'i, Persian physician

title: 1379


text:
1381

Year 1381 (MCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 14 – Chioggia concludes an alliance with Zadar and Trogir against Venice, which becomes changed in 1412 in Šibenik.
 * June 12 – Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels from Kent and Essex, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, meet at Blackheath. There the rebels are encouraged by a sermon, by renegade priest John Ball.
 * June 14 – Peasants' Revolt: Rebels destroy John of Gaunt's Savoy Palace in London and storm the Tower of London, beheading Simon Sudbury, who is both Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor, and also Robert Hales, Lord High Treasurer. King Richard II of England (age 14) meets the leaders of the revolt and agrees to reforms such as fair rents and the abolition of serfdom.
 * June 15 – Peasants' Revolt: During further negotiations, Wat Tyler is murdered by the King's entourage. Noble forces subsequently overpower the rebel army. The rebel leaders are eventually captured and executed and Richard II revokes his concessions. The revolt is discussed in John Gower's Vox Clamantis and Froissart's Chronicles.
 * August – Kęstutis overthrows his nephew, Jogaila, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jogaila is allowed to remain as governor of eastern Lithuania. This marks the beginning of the Lithuanian Civil War (1381–84).

Date not known

 * Due to Joanna I of Naples' support for Antipope Clement VII, Pope Urban VI bestows Naples upon Charles of Durazzo. With the help of the Hungarians, Charles advances on Naples and captures Joanna. James of Baux, the ruler of Taranto and the Latin Empire, claims the Principality of Achaea after Joanna's imprisonment.
 * After a naval battle, Venice wins the three-year War of Chioggia against Genoa. The Genoans are permanently weakened by the conflict.
 * Hajji I succeeds Alah-ad-Din Ali as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. The Egyptian government continues to be controlled by rebel leader Barquq.
 * Timur conquers east Persia, ending the rule of the Sarbadar dynasty.
 * Sonam Drakpa deposes Drakpa Changchub as ruler of Tibet.
 * The Ming dynasty of China annexes the areas of the old Kingdom of Dali, in modern-day Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, inhabited by the Miao and Yao peoples. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese (including military colonists) will migrate there from the rest of China.
 * In Ming dynasty China, the lijia census registration system begun in 1371 is now universally imposed, during the reign of the Hongwu Emperor. The census counts 59,873,305 people living in China in this year. This depicts a drastic drop in population since the Song dynasty, which counted 100 million people at its height in the early 12th century. A modern historian states that the Ming census is inaccurate, as China at around this time has at least 65,000,000 inhabitants, if not 75,000,000.

Births

 * January 13 – Colette of Corbie, French abbess and saint in the Catholic Church (d. 1447)
 * October 13 – Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1415)
 * date unknown
 * Anna of Celje, Queen consort of Poland (d. 1416)
 * Johann Schiltberger, German traveller and writer (d. 1440)
 * John I, Duke of Bourbon (d. 1434)
 * Saint Rita of Cascia (d. 1457)
 * Itzcóatl, fourth Tlatoani for the Mexica Empire (d. 1440)

Deaths

 * March 24 – Catherine of Vadstena, Swedish saint (b. 1331 or 1332)
 * May 15 – Eppelein von Gailingen, German robber baron
 * June 14 – Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury (murdered)
 * June 15
 * John Cavendish, Lord Chief Justice of England (murdered)
 * Wat Tyler, English rebel (murdered)
 * July 15 – John Ball, renegade priest (executed)
 * December 2 – John of Ruysbroeck, Flemish mystic
 * December 27 – Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, English politician

title: 1381


text:
1383

Year 1383 (MCCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * May 17 – King John I of Castile and Leon marries Beatrice of Portugal.
 * July 7 – James of Baux, ruler of Taranto and Achaea, and last titular Latin Emperor, dies childless. As a result:
 * Charles III of Naples becomes ruler of Achaea (modern-day southern Greece).
 * Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, the widower of Joanna I of Naples, becomes ruler of Taranto (eastern Italy).
 * Louis I, Duke of Anjou inherits the claim to the Latin Empire (western Turkey), but never uses the title of Emperor.
 * October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal dies, and is succeeded by his daughter, Beatrice of Portugal. A period of civil war and anarchy, known as the 1383–85 Crisis, begins in Portugal, due to Beatrice being married to King John I of Castile and Leon.

Date unknown

 * The Teutonic Knights recommence war against pagan Lithuania.
 * Dan I succeeds his father Radu as Prince of Wallachia. He is the ancestor of the House of Dăneşti.
 * Rao Chanda succeeds Rao Biram Dev as Rathore ruler of Marwar (in modern-day western India).
 * Löwenbräu beer is first brewed.
 * Completion of the original inner courtyard of Farleigh Hungerford Castle in Somersetshire, England.
 * The Wat Phra That Doi Suthep Temple is built in modern-day Thailand, by King Kuena of Lanna.
 * Construction of the Bastille fortress is completed in Paris, France.

Births

 * April 30 – Anne of Gloucester, English countess, granddaughter of King Edward III of England (d. 1438)
 * September 4
 * Antipope Felix V (d. 1451)
 * Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy (d. 1451)
 * November 9 – Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara (d. 1441)
 * date unknown – Pope Eugene IV (d. 1447)

Deaths

 * March 1 – Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy (b. 1334)
 * March 3 – Hugh III of Arborea
 * June 5 – Dmitry Konstantinovich, Russian prince (b. 1324)
 * June 8 – Thomas de Ros, 4th Baron de Ros, English Crusader (b. 1338)
 * June 15 – John VI Kantakouzenos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1292)
 * July 7  James of Baux, titular Latin Emperor
 * October 22 – King Fernando I of Portugal (b. 1345)
 * December 7 – Wenceslaus I, Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1337)
 * December 23 – Beatrice of Bourbon, Queen of Bohemia (b. 1320)
 * date unknown – Radu I, Prince of Wallachia

title: 1383


text:
1384

Year 1384 (MCCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * May – September 3 – Siege of Lisbon by the Castilian army, during the 1383–85 Crisis in Portugal.
 * August 16 – The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China hears a case of a couple who tore paper money notes, while fighting over them. Under the law, this is considered to be destroying stamped government documents, which is to be punished by a caning with a bamboo rod of 100 strokes. However, the Emperor decides to pardon them, on the grounds that it was unintentional.
 * November 16 – 10-year-old Jadwiga is crowned "King" of Poland in Kraków following the death of her father, King Louis, in 1382.
 * December 25 – Use of the Spanish era dating system in the Crown of Castile is suppressed.

Unknown Date

 * The Hongwu Emperor of China reinstates the Imperial examination system for drafting scholar-officials to the civil service, after suspending the system since 1373, in favor of a recommendation system to office.
 * The Nasrid princes of Al-Andalus replace Abu al-Abbas with Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris, as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in modern-day Morocco.
 * Zain Al-Abidin succeeds his father, Shah Shuja, as ruler of the Muzaffarids in central Persia.
 * Shortly before his death, John Wycliffe sends out tracts against Pope Urban VI, who has not turned out to be the reformist Wycliffe had hoped.
 * Qara Muhammad succeeds Bairam Khawaja, as ruler of the Kara Koyunlu ("Black Sheep Turkomans"), in modern-day Armenia and northern Iraq.
 * Timur conquers the northern territories of the Jalayirid Empire, in western Persia.
 * Katharine Lady Berkeley's School is founded in Gloucestershire, England.

Births

 * January 6 – Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent (d. 1408)
 * August – Antoine, Duke of Brabant (d. 1415)
 * August 11 – Yolande of Aragon (d. 1442)
 * date unknown
 * St Frances of Rome (d. 1440)
 * Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (d. 1411)
 * Sigismondo Polcastro, Italian physician and natural philosopher (d. 1473)

Deaths

 * January 30 – Louis II, Count of Flanders (b. 1330)
 * May – William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas, Scottish magnate (b.c. 1327)
 * June 8 – Kan'ami, Japanese actor and playwright (b. 1333)
 * August 6 – Francesco I of Lesbos
 * August 20 – Geert Groote, Dutch founder of the Brethren of the Common Life (b. 1340)
 * September 10 – Joanna of Dreux, Countess of Penthievre and nominal Duchess of Brittany (b. 1319)
 * September 20 – Louis I, Duke of Anjou (b. 1339)
 * October – Joan Holland, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1350)
 * December 23 – Thomas Preljubović, ruler of Epirus
 * December 31 – John Wycliffe, English theologian, Bible translator and Catholic reform campaigner
 * date unknown
 * John of Fordun, Scottish chronicler
 * Peter of Enghien, Count of Lecce
 * Ruaidri mac Tairdelbach Ó Conchobair, King of Connacht
 * probable – Liubartas, King of Galicia
 * Muhammad Jamaluddin al-Makki al-Amili al-Jizzini known as al-Shahid al-Awwal. Author of Al-Lum'a al-Dimashqiyya (book) (b. ca 1334)

title: 1384


text:
1385

Year 1385 (MCCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * July 17 – Charles VI of France marries Isabeau of Bavaria; the wedding is celebrated with France's first court ball.
 * August 6 – Edmund of Langley is elevated to become the first Duke of York in England.
 * August 14
 * Battle of Aljubarrota: John of Aviz defeats John I of Castile in the decisive battle of the 1383–85 Crisis in Portugal. John of Aviz is crowned King John I of Portugal, ending Queen Beatrice's rule, and Portugal's independence from the Kingdom of Castile is secured.
 * The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania, through the proposed marriage of Queen regnant Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, and sees the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite, and an end to the Greater Poland Civil War.
 * August 31 – King Richard II of England begins an invasion of Scotland. The English burn Holyrood and Edinburgh, but return home without a decisive battle.
 * September 18 – Battle of Savra: Serbian forces under Balša II and Ivaniš Mrnjavčević are defeated by Ottoman commander Hayreddin Pasha, near Berat.
 * October 15 – Battle of Valverde: The armies of Portugal defeat Castile.
 * December – A group of Hungarian nobles helps Charles III of Naples to overthrow Queen Mary, as ruler of Hungary and Croatia.

Date unknown

 * Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts of the Jalayirid Sultanate in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.
 * Olav IV of Norway is elected as titular King of Sweden, in opposition to the unpopular King Albert.
 * The Hongwu Emperor of China's Ming dynasty relents after eighteen tribute missions over the previous eight years, and agrees to invest King U of Goryeo.
 * Construction of:
 * Castello Estense in Ferrara (modern-day Italy)
 * Bodiam Castle (East Sussex, England)

Births

 * June 23 – Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (d. 1459)
 * August 1 – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel, English noble (d. 1421)
 * August 15 – Richard de Vere, 11th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1417)
 * date unknown
 * Jean I, Duke of Alençon (d. 1415)
 * Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (approximate date; d. 1441)
 * Margaret Holland, Duchess of Clarence, English noble (d. 1429)
 * Mircea I of Wallachia (d. 1418)

Deaths

 * June 28 – Andronikos IV Palaiologos, co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire
 * August 7 – Joan of Kent, Dowager Princess of Wales, widow of Edward, the Black Prince (b. 1328)
 * September 18 – Balša II, ruler of Zeta
 * October 15 – Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Moscow
 * December 19 – Bernabò Visconti, Lord of Milan (b. 1319)
 * date unknown
 * Aluycia Gradenigo, Venetian patrician and dogaressa
 * Xu Da, Chinese military leader (b. 1332)

title: 1385


text:
1386

Year 1386 (MCCCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February 24 – Elizabeth of Bosnia, the mother of the overthrown Queen Mary of Hungary and Croatia, arranges the assassination of Charles III of Naples, the ruler of Hungary, Naples, Achaea and Croatia, with the result that:
 * Mary is reinstated as Queen of Hungary and Croatia.
 * Charles' son, Ladislaus, becomes King of Naples.
 * A period of interregnum begins in Achaea, lasting until 1396. The rule of Achaea is sought by numerous pretenders, none of whom can be considered to have reigned.
 * March 4 – Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila (having been baptised on February 15 in Wawel Cathedral, Kraków, and on February 18 married Jadwiga, 12-year-old queen regnant of Poland) is crowned Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland, beginning the Jagiellonian dynasty.
 * May 9 – King John I of Portugal and King Richard II of England ratify the Treaty of Windsor.
 * May 20 – Earliest recorded mention of the city of Pitești, in modern-day Romania.
 * July 9 – Battle of Sempach: The Swiss safeguard independence from Habsburg rule.
 * July – John of Gaunt leaves England to make good his claim to the throne of Castile by right of his second marriage to Constanza of Castile in 1371.
 * September 23 – Dan I of Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) is killed in battle against the Bulgarians and is succeeded by Mircea the Elder, one of the greatest rulers of Wallachia.
 * October 18 – Heidelberg University (Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg), the oldest in Germany, is founded at the behest of Rupert I, Elector Palatine, by charter of Pope Urban VI.
 * November 21 – Timur's invasions of Georgia: Timurid dynasty Turco-Mongol leader Timur captures and sacks the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, taking King Bagrat V prisoner.

Date unknown

 * The mother and sister of Queen Jadwiga of Poland are kidnapped by rebels in Hungary-Croatia.
 * Abu al-Abbas is reinstated as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in modern-day Morocco.
 * The Republic of Venice takes control of the island of Corfu.
 * Construction begins on the Brancacci Chapel in Florence.
 * Rozhdestvensky monastery is built in Muscovy.

Births

 * March 12 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shōgun (d. 1428)
 * June 24 – Giovanni da Capistrano, Italian saint (d. 1456)
 * August 9 or September 16 – King Henry V of England (d. 1422)
 * date unknown – Niccolò Piccinino, Italian mercenary (d. 1444)
 * probable – Donatello, Italian sculptor (d. 1466)

Deaths

 * July 9 – Leopold III, Duke of Austria (in battle) (b. 1351)
 * August 20 – Bo Jonsson (Grip), royal marshal of Sweden
 * September 23 – Dan I of Wallachia (in battle)
 * December 31 – Johanna of Bavaria, Queen of Bohemia (b. c. 1362)
 * date unknown
 * Al-Wathiq II, caliph of Cairo
 * Takatsukasa Fuyumichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 1330)
 * probable – William Langland, English poet (b. 1332)

title: 1386


text:
1387

Year 1387 (MCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * Elizabeta Kotromanic, mother of Mary, Queen of Hungary and the regent of Hungary, is murdered in prison by the Croatian rebels (her daughter is liberated on 4 June).

 * January 1 – Charles III ascends to the throne of Navarre, after the death of his father, Charles II.
 * January 5 – John I succeeds his father, Peter IV, as King of Aragon and Valencia, and forms an alliance with France and Castile.
 * March 11 – Battle of Castagnaro: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.
 * March 24–25 – Battle of Margate off the coast of Margate: The Kingdom of England is victorious over a Franco-Castilian-Flemish fleet.
 * June 2 – John Holland, a maternal half-brother of Richard II of England, is created Earl of Huntingdon.
 * August 22 – Olaf, King of Norway and Denmark and claimant to the throne of Sweden, dies. The vacant thrones come under the regency of his mother Margaret I of Denmark, who will soon become queen in her own right.
 * September 27 – Petru of Moldavia pays homage to Władysław II Jagiełło, making Moldavia a Polish fief (which it will remain until 1497).
 * December 19 – Battle of Radcot Bridge: Forces loyal to Richard II of England are defeated by a group of rebellious barons known as the Lords Appellant. Richard II is imprisoned, until he agrees to replace all the councillors in his court.

Date unknown

 * Timur conquers the Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia, and appoints three puppet rulers.
 * Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde invades the Timurid Empire, but has to withdraw soon after, due to heavy snow.
 * Maghan II succeeds his brother, Musa II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire

Births

 * July 6 – Queen Blanche I of Navarre (d. 1441)
 * date unknown – Henriette, Countess of Montbéliard, regent of Württemberg (d. 1444)

Deaths

 * January – Elizabeth of Bosnia, regent of Hungary
 * January 1 – King Charles II of Navarre (b. 1332)
 * January 6 – Peter IV of Aragon (b. 1319)
 * July 20 – Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu (poisoned) (b. 1356)
 * July 22 – Frans Ackerman, Flemish statesman (b. 1330)
 * August 23 – King Olaf IV of Norway/Olaf II of Denmark (b. 1370)
 * date unknown
 * Richard Óg Burke, second Clanricarde of Ireland
 * Sir David Hanmer, Welsh judge, father-in-law of Owain Glyndŵr

title: 1387


text:
1392

Year 1392 (MCCCXCII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * June 13 – An assassination attempt by Pierre de Craon against Olivier de Clisson, Constable of France, fails.
 * August 5
 * General Yi Sŏng-gye crowns himself Taejo of Joseon, ending the Goryeo dynasty in the Korean Peninsula, and establishing the Joseon dynasty, which will last for more than 500 years.
 * Charles VI of France (later known as "Charles the Mad") suffers a serious bout of psychosis, which will continue throughout his life.
 * December 16 – Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu, in order to end the nanboku-cho period of conflict between the Northern and Southern imperial courts.

Date unknown

 * King Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania appoints his cousin Vytautas the Great as regent of Lithuania, in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brother Skirgaila as regent.
 * Muhammed VII succeeds Yusuf II, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (modern-day southern Spain).
 * Franciscan friar James of Jülich is boiled alive, for impersonating a bishop and ordaining his own priests.
 * Maria, Queen of Sicily defeats an army of rebel barons.
 * William le Scrope succeeds William II de Montacute, as King of Mann.
 * Seoan mac Pilib succeeds Tomas mor mac Mathghamhna as King of East Breifne, in north-central Ireland.
 * The city of Afyonkarahisar (in modern-day western Turkey) is conquered by Sultan Beyazid I, of the Ottoman Empire.
 * Louis de Valois is created first Duke of Orléans of the second creation.
 * Erfurt University is founded in Erfurt, central Germany.
 * Penistone Grammar School, later to be one of the first community comprehensive schools in England, is founded near Barnsley, England.

Births

 * January 10 – Johanna van Polanen, Dutch noblewoman (d. 1445)
 * December 9 – Peter, Duke of Coimbra (d. 1449)
 * December 18 – John VIII Palaiologos, penultimate Byzantine emperor (d. 1448)
 * date unknown
 * Alain Chartier, French poet and political writer (approximate date; d. c. 1430)
 * Flavio Biondo, Italian humanist and historian (d. 1463)
 * Barbara of Cilli, Holy Roman Empress, queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia (d. 1451)
 * John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (d. 1432)
 * John II of Luxembourg, Count of Ligny, French nobleman (d. 1441)
 * Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (d. 1447)
 * Idris Imad al-Din, supreme leader of Tayyibi Isma'ilism, scholar and historian (d. 1468)

Deaths

 * March 25 – Hosokawa Yoriyuki, Japanese samurai
 * April 26 – Chŏng Mong-ju, Korean civil minister, diplomat and scholar (b. 1338)
 * May 17 – Zhu Biao, crown prince of the Ming dynasty, China (b. 1355)
 * November 22 – Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland (b. 1362)
 * December 23 – Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York (b. 1355)
 * date unknown
 * Abbot Methodius of Peshnosha, Eastern Orthodox saint
 * Lalleshwari, Kashmiri poet and mystic (b. 1320)

title: 1392


text:
1391

Year 1391 (MCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * June 6 – Massacre of 1391: Anti-Jewish pogroms erupt in Seville, Spain. Many thousands of Jews are massacred, and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal, especially to Toledo, Barcelona and Mallorca. This event marks a turning-point in the history of the Spanish Jews, with most of the survivors leaving the Iberian Peninsula or being forced to convert.
 * July 18 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde, in present day southeast Russia.

Date unknown

 * Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies of a nervous breakdown, due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.
 * Yusuf II succeeds Muhammed V, as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).
 * Stephen Dabiša succeeds Stephen Tvrtko I, as King of Bosnia.
 * Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid-occupied Muzaffarid Empire, in central Persia.
 * A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat, in western India.
 * Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forms an alliance with Muscovy.
 * Roman I succeeds Petru, as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and northeastern Romania).
 * Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein, as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
 * Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.
 * Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.
 * The Chinese invent toilet paper for use by their emperors.
 * Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.
 * The University of Ferrara is founded on the Italian Peninsula.
 * The Ming government orders 50 million trees planted in the Nanjing area.

Births

 * June 24 – Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany (d. 1433)
 * July 31 – Cyriacus of Ancona, Italian merchant, "father of archaeology" (d. 1453/5)
 * October 31 – Edward, King of Portugal (d. 1438)
 * November 6 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (d. 1425)
 * Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (d. 1474)
 * Thomas West, 2nd Baron West, English soldier (d. 1415)

Deaths

 * January 16 – Emir Muhammed V of Granada (b. 1338)
 * February 16 – John V Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1332)
 * March 10 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia (b. 1338)
 * November 1 – Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (b. 1360)
 * Gaston III, Count of Foix, co-prince of Andorra
 * date unknown
 * Petru, Prince of Moldavia
 * Margaret, Countess of Mar (approximate date)

title: 1391


text:
1390

(MCCCXC) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 19 – The Treaty of Lyck confirms an alliance between Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights, in the Lithuanian Civil War against Vytautas's cousin, Jogaila.
 * April 14 – John VII Palaiologos overthrows his grandfather, John V Palaiologos, as Byzantine Emperor.
 * April 19 – Robert III succeeds his father, Robert II, as King of Scotland.
 * May 26 – Lithuanian Civil War: The Treaty of Königsberg is signed in Königsberg, between Samogitian nobles and representatives of the Teutonic Knights.
 * September 11 – Lithuanian Civil War: The coalition of Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights begins a 5-week siege of Vilnius. The Duke of Hereford (the future King Henry IV of England) is among the western European knights serving with the coalition.
 * September 17 – John VII Palaiologos seeks refuge with the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I, after John V Palaiologos is restored by his son, Manuel, and the Republic of Venice.
 * October 9 – Henry III succeeds his father, John I, as King of Castile and León.

Date unknown

 * Fall of Philadelphia
 * The Ottomans take Philadelphia, the last Byzantine enclave of any significance in Anatolia.
 * Barquq is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, after overthrowing Sultan Hadji II.
 * Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III overthrows his brother, Abu Bakr Shah, as Sultan of Delhi.
 * Manuel III succeeds his father, Alexios III, as Emperor of Trebizond (now north eastern Turkey).
 * Sikandar But-shikan succeeds Sikandar Shah, as Sultan of Kashmir.
 * Ko Cheng succeeds Che Bong Nga, as King of Champa (now eastern Vietnam).
 * Mahmud succeeds Sandaki as Mansa of the Mali Empire, restoring the Keita dynasty.
 * N'Diklam Sare succeeds Sare N'Dyaye, as ruler of the Jolof Empire (now part of Senegal).
 * The Kingdom of Kaffa is established in present day Ethiopia (approximate date).
 * Templo Mayor, the main temple of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), is built.
 * The Candi Surawana Temple is built in the Majapahit Kingdom (now Indonesia).
 * Construction begins on San Petronio Basilica in Bologna.

Births

 * October 3 – Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1447)
 * December 27 – Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (d. 1411)
 * date unknown
 * Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, son of Huitzilihuitl (d. 1469)
 * probable
 * John Dunstaple, English composer (d. 1453)
 * Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (d. 1436)
 * Contessina de' Bardi, politically active Florentine woman (d. 1473)
 * Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter (d. 1441)

Deaths

 * January 26 – Adolph IX, Count of Holstein-Kiel (b.c 1327)
 * February 16 – Rupert I, Elector Palatine (b. 1309)
 * March 20 – Alexios III Megas Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond (b. 1338)
 * April 19 – King Robert II of Scotland (b. 1316)
 * July 8 – Albert of Saxony, Bishop of Halberstadt and German philosopher (b. c. 1320)
 * August 14 – John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (b. 1364)
 * September 23 – John I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1346)
 * October 9 – King John I of Castile (fall from a horse) (b. 1358)
 * September – Towtiwil, Prince of Black Ruthenia
 * date unknown
 * Sandaki Mari Djata, Mansa of the Mali Empire
 * Keratsa of Bulgaria, Byzantine empress consort
 * Sa'ad al-Din Masud ibn Umar ibn Abd Allah al-Taftazani, Ilkhanate polymath (b. 1322)
 * probable – Altichiero, Italian painter (b. 1330)

title: 1390


text:
1395

Year 1395 (MCCCXCV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1395th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 395th year of the 2nd millennium, the 95th year of the 14th century, and the 6th year of the 1390s decade.

January–December

 * February 12 – The army led by Sigismund of Luxembourg is ambushed by Stephen I of Moldavia, on its way back after conquering Neamț Citadel, and the Hungarians must retreat empty handed.
 * April 15 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war – Battle of the Terek River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground, and Timur installs a puppet ruler on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.
 * May 1 – The Duchy of Milan is created, after Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan buys the title of Duke from Wenceslaus, King of the Romans.
 * May 17
 * Battle of Rovine: With the help of the Hungarians, Wallachia resists an invasion by the Ottomans and their Serb and Bulgarian vassals. But Mircea I of Wallachia has to temporarily flee to Transylvania, and Vlad I Uzurpatorul is placed on the throne by the Ottomans.
 * Mary of Hungary dies, ending of the reign of Hungary by the Capet-Anjou family. Her co-reigning estranged husband, King Sigismund, becomes sole ruler of Hungary.
 * June 3 – Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire beheads Emperor Ivan Shishman of Ottoman-occupied eastern Bulgaria, after Shishman is accused of collaborating with the Wallachians during the 1394 Battle of Karanovasa.
 * August 29 – Albert IV succeeds his father, Albert III, as Duke of Austria.
 * September 8 – The death of King Stjepan Dabiša leads to the election of his wife Jelena Gruba as Queen of Bosnia. However, most of the Bosnian land is soon appropriated by King Sigismund of Hungary.

Date unknown

 * Ramaracha succeeds Ramesuan as ruler of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in present-day southern Thailand.
 * The Gwanghwamun Gate and the Jogyesa Temple are built in present-day Seoul.
 * The Theotokos of Vladimir icon is moved to Moscow.
 * John Rykener, also known as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, a transvestite prostitute working mainly in London (near Cheapside), but also active in Oxford, is arrested for cross-dressing and interrogated. The records have survived, the only surviving legal records from this age which mention same-sex intercourse.

Births

 * January 11 – Michele of Valois, French princess and Duchess Consort of Burgundy (d. 1422)
 * March 18 – John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, English military leader (d. 1447)
 * September 7 – Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, English politician (d. 1427)
 * date unknown
 * Fra Angelico, Italian painter (d. 1455)
 * Niccolò Da Conti, Italian merchant and explorer (d. 1469)
 * George of Trebizond, Greek philosopher and scholar (d. 1484)
 * Jacques Cœur, French merchant (d. 1456)

Deaths

 * March 13 – John Barbour, Scottish poet
 * May 17
 * Prince Marko, Serbian leader
 * Mary, Queen of Hungary, co-ruler
 * June 3 – Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria, tsar (b. c.1350)
 * August 29 – Duke Albert III of Austria (b. 1349)
 * December 25 – Elisabeth, Countess of Neuchâtel, Swiss ruler
 * date unknown
 * Acamapichtli, 1st tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (b. c. 1355)
 * Margaret the Barefooted, Italian saint (b. 1325)

title: 1395


text:
1396

Year 1396 (MCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * May 19 – Martin I succeeds his brother, John I, as King of Aragon (modern-day northeastern Spain).
 * July 20 – Queen Margaret I of Denmark, Norway and Sweden publishes the Treaty of Kalmar, proposing the personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney) and Sweden (including Finland and Åland).
 * July 23 – Queen Margaret makes her great-nephew and adopted son Eric of Pomerania joint ruler of Sweden. Eric has already been made joint ruler of Norway.
 * September – Battle of the North Inch ("Battle of the Thirty"): In a mass trial by combat on the North Inch of Perth, Scotland, the Clan Cameron defeat the Clan Mackintosh.
 * September 19 – Duke of Brittany John V marries Joan of France.
 * September 25 – Battle of Nicopolis: The Ottomans defeat a joint crusade by Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, England and Wallachia, led by King Sigismund of Hungary. This is the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages.
 * October – A Transylvanian expedition captures Vlad I Uzurpatorul, thus allowing the restoration of Mircea I of Wallachia to the throne.
 * October 31 – The widowed Richard II of England (29), and six-year-old Isabella of Valois (daughter of Charles VI of France), are married in Calais, resulting in a temporary peace between the kingdoms of England and France.
 * November 24 – The Transit of Venus, the last not to be part of a pair, is possibly observed by Aztec astronomers.
 * November 29 – Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, marries Joan Beaufort in England.

Date unknown

 * The Ottomans capture the Bulgarian fortress of Vidin and Tsar Ivan Sratsimir, ending the Second Bulgarian Empire. The Bulgarian state is reestablished in 1878 as the Principality of Bulgaria.
 * France conquers the Republic of Genoa.
 * After a 14-year interregnum, Pedro de San Superano is declared ruler of the Principality of Achaea (modern-day Peloponnese, southern Greece).
 * Abu Amir succeeds Abdul Aziz II as ruler of the Marinid dynasty, in modern-day Morocco.
 * Timur appoints his son Miran Shah, as Timurid viceroy of present-day Azerbaijan.
 * The Kart dynasty is brought to an end in east Persia after its remaining rulers are murdered at a banquet by Miran Shah.
 * Philibert de Naillac succeeds Juan Fernández de Heredia, as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.
 * Huitzilihuitl succeeds his father, Acamapichtli, as ruler of the Aztecs.
 * The Ulu Camii Mosque is built in Bursa by the Ottomans.
 * The Ming dynasty court of China sends two envoys, Qian Guxun and Li Sicong, to the Ava Kingdom of Burma and the Tai polity of the Mong Mao, in order to resolve a dispute between these two. The travels of the Chinese ambassadors are recorded in the historical text of the Baiyi Zhuan.
 * Timur orders the construction of a garden in a meadow, House of Flowers.
 * Peasants in the modern-day provinces of Hunan and Hubei in the east of China plant 84 million fruit trees.
 * The University of Zadar is founded, the first university in Croatia.

Births

 * July 31 – Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1467)
 * October 16 – William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English noble (d. 1450)
 * date unknown
 * Alfonso V of Aragon (d. 1458)
 * Bonne of Artois, countess regent of Nevers (d. 1425)
 * Ambroise de Loré, baron of Ivry in Normandy (d. 1446)
 * Michelozzo, Italian architect and sculptor (d. 1472)
 * Ponhea Yat, ruler of the Khmer Empire (d. 1460?)

Deaths

 * January 11 – Isidore Glabas, Metropolitan bishop of Thessalonica (b. 1341/2)
 * May 19 – John I of Aragon (b. 1350)
 * July 31 – William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * September 15 – Queen Sindeok, politically active Korean queen (b. 1356)
 * November 29 – Robert Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Wemme (b. 1373)
 * date unknown
 * John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont, Constable of Dover Castle (b. 1361)
 * Frederick II, Marquess of Saluzzo
 * Saint Stephen of Perm (b. 1340)
 * She Xiang, Chinese tribute chieftain (b. 1361)

title: 1396


text:
1397

Year 1397 (MCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January – Mircea I takes back the throne of Wallachia.
 * February 10 – John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset in England.
 * June 6 – Richard Whittington is nominated as Lord Mayor of London for the first time.
 * June 17 – Eric of Pomerania is crowned in Kalmar (Sweden) as ruler of the Kalmar Union, a personal union of the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Orkney) and Sweden (including Finland and Åland) engineered by Queen Margaret I of Denmark, his great-aunt and adoptive mother, who retains de facto power in the realm.
 * July 12 – Richard II of England attempts to reassert authority over his kingdom by arresting members of a group of powerful barons known as the Lords Appellant.
 * September 25 – The Treaty of Kalmar is signed.
 * September 29
 * John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon is created Duke of Exeter, by his half-brother King Richard II of England.
 * Thomas Holland, 3rd Earl of Kent, John's brother, is created Duke of Surrey by King Richard.
 * November 8 – Thomas Arundel, accused of high treason by King Richard II of England, is replaced by Roger Walden as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Date unknown

 * The Ottomans capture the town of Vidin, the capital of the Tsardom of Vidin, the only remaining independent Bulgarian state. Emperor Ivan Sratsimir of Vidin is taken prisoner by early this year and later disappears while his son Constantine II becomes Emperor in his place.
 * Temür Qutlugh is crowned as the Khan of Golden Horde with the help of general Edigu, although Edigu continues to hold the real power.
 * The Università, a form of local government, is established in Malta.
 * The Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery is founded in northwestern Russia.
 * The Sretensky Monastery is founded in Moscow.
 * The first hospital in al-Andalus is created, at Granada.
 * Neuhausergasse 4, the brewer of Spaten, is listed on the register of Munich breweries.
 * Gregory of Tatev writes the Book of Questions, a ten-volume encyclopedic work, at the Tatev Monastery, in Armenia.

Births

 * February 21 – Infanta Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy (d. 1471)
 * May 15 – Sejong the Great of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d. 1450)
 * August 10 – Albert II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1439)
 * November 15 – Pope Nicholas V (d. 1455)
 * date unknown
 * Chimalpopoca, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (d. 1427)
 * Tlacaelel, Aztec nobleman (d. 1487)
 * Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, Italian mathematician (d. 1482)
 * John de Ros, 7th Baron Ros, English noble and soldier (d. 1421)
 * Paolo Uccello, Florentine painter (d. 1475)

Deaths

 * January 11 – Skirgaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania
 * February 18 – Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy (b. 1340)
 * March 14 – Henry VIII the Sparrow, Duke of Żagań–Głogów (b. c. 1357)
 * April 25 – Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (b. 1350)
 * June 3 – William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (b. 1328)
 * June 16 – Philip of Artois, Count of Eu, French soldier (b. 1358)
 * July 15 – Catherine of Henneberg, German ruler (b. c. 1334)
 * September 2 – Francesco Landini, Italian composer
 * September 8 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (b. 1355)
 * September 15 – Adam Easton, English cardinal
 * September 21 – Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (executed) (b. 1346)
 * October 6 – Vuk Branković, Serbian lord (b. 1345)

title: 1397


text:
1399

Year 1399 (MCCCXCIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January – Timur the Lame captures and sacks Haridwar.
 * February 3 – John of Gaunt, uncle of King Richard II of England and father of Henry Bolingbroke, dies.
 * March 18 – Richard II of England cancels the legal documents allowing the exiled Henry Bolingbroke to inherit his father's lands.
 * July 4 – While Richard II of England is away on a military campaign in Ireland, Henry Bolingbroke, with exiled former archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Arundel as an advisor, returns to England and begins a military campaign to reclaim his confiscated lands.
 * August 6 – Prince of Yan (Zhu Di) of China starts a rebellion in Beijing.
 * August 12 – Battle of the Vorskla River: Mongol Golden Horde forces, led by Khan Temür Qutlugh and Emir Edigu, annihilate a crusading army led by former Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh, and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania.
 * August 19 – Richard II of England is taken prisoner upon his return from Ireland.
 * September 29 – Having regained his father's lands, Henry Bolingbroke is urged to take the crown from the unpopular Richard II of England. Parliament charges Richard II with committing crimes against his subjects and eventually forces him to abdicate.
 * September 30 – Parliament accepts Henry Bolingbroke as the new king of England.
 * October 13 – Henry IV of England is crowned.
 * October 19 – Thomas Arundel is restored as Archbishop of Canterbury, replacing Roger Walden.
 * November 1 – John V, Duke of Brittany begins his reign.

Date unknown

 * Faraj succeeds his father, Barquq, as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.
 * Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire invades Mamluk-occupied Syria. A rift forms between Sultan Bayezid and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who also wanted to conquer Syria.
 * Ladislaus regains the throne of Naples, after overthrowing King Louis II.
 * King Jogaila becomes sole ruler of Poland, after the death of his co-ruling wife, Queen Jadwiga.
 * Abu Said Uthman III succeeds Abdullah, as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco.
 * The Principality of Achaea (now southern Greece) resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.
 * Traditional foundation date of the Kingdom of Mysore in India, which survives until 1950.
 * Iuga becomes prince of Moldavia

Births

 * March 16 – Xuande Emperor of China (d. 1435)
 * June 26 – John, Count of Angoulême (d. 1467)
 * date unknown
 * William II Canynges, English merchant (approximate date; d. 1474)
 * Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (d. 1468)
 * Rogier van der Weyden, Dutch painter (or 1400)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Nicholas Eymerich, Catalan theologian and inquisitor
 * February 3 – John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (b. 1340)
 * March 24 – Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk (b. c. 1320)
 * July 13 – Peter Parler, German architect (b. 1330)
 * July 17 – Queen Jadwiga of Poland (b. 1374)
 * August 12 – Demetrius I Starshy, Prince of Trubczewsk (in battle) (b. 1327)
 * August 15 – Ide Pedersdatter Falk, Danish noblewoman (b. 1358)
 * August 26 – Mikhail II, Grand Prince of Tver (b. 1333)
 * September 22 – Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1366)
 * October 3 – Eleanor de Bohun, English noble (b. c.1366)
 * October 5 – Raymond of Capua, Italian Dominic friar and venerated Christian (b. 1330)
 * November 1 – John IV, Duke of Brittany (b. 1339)
 * date unknown
 * Spytek z Melsztyna, Polish nobleman
 * William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (b. 1350)
 * Sultan Barquq of Egypt
 * Trần Ngung, former ruler of Trần dynasty Vietnam (forced to commit suicide)
 * Stephen I of Moldavia

title: 1399


text:
1401

Year 1401 (MCDI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 6 – Rupert, King of Germany, is crowned King of the Romans at Cologne.
 * March 2 – William Sawtrey, a Lollard, is the first person to be burned at the stake at Smithfield, London.
 * March 13 – The Samogitians, supported by Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, rebel against the Teutonic knights and burn two castles. Vytautas is granted increased autonomy by King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania union.
 * March 17 – Turko-Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus.
 * June
 * The English Pale in Ireland is reduced to Dublin, County Kildare, County Louth, and County Meath.
 * Timur raids the city of Baghdad, in the Jalayirid Empire.
 * October 14 – Sultan Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq of Delhi is restored to power.

Date unknown

 * The De heretico comburendo Act is passed in England, as the Archbishop of Canterbury pressures King Henry IV of England into outlawing as heretics the Lollards, followers of John Wycliffe. Evidence of being a Lollard is having a copy of Wycliffe's translation of the Bible.
 * Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India.
 * Emperor Hồ Quý Ly of Dai Ngu (now Vietnam) passes the throne to his son, Hồ Hán Thương.
 * A civil war, lasting four years, breaks out in the Majapahit Empire in present-day Indonesia.
 * The Joseon dynasty in present-day Korea officially enters into a tributary relationship with Ming dynasty China.
 * Japan re-enters into a tributary relationship with China.

Births

 * March 27 – Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (d. 1460)
 * May 10 – Thomas Tuddenham, Landowner (d. 1462)
 * May 12 – Emperor Shōkō of Japan (d. 1428)
 * July 23 – Francesco I Sforza, Italian condottiero (d. 1466)
 * September 14 – Maria of Castile, Queen of Aragon, Queen consort of Aragon and Naples (d. 1458)
 * October 27 – Catherine of Valois, queen consort of England from 1420 until 1422 (d. 1437)
 * November 26 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (d. 1418)
 * December 21 – Tommaso Masaccio, Italian painter (d. 1428)
 * date unknown
 * Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (d. 1456)
 * Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut (d. 1436)
 * probable – Nicholas of Cusa, German philosopher, mathematician and astronomer (d. 1464)

Deaths

 * January 19 – Robert Bealknap, British justice
 * March – William Sawtrey, English Lollard martyr (burned at the stake)
 * April 8 or August 8 – Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick (b. 1338)
 * May 25 – Queen Maria of Sicily (b. 1363)
 * September 14 – Dobrogost of Nowy Dwór, Polish bishop (b. 1355)
 * October – Anabella Drummond, queen of Scotland
 * October 19 – John Charleton, 4th Baron Cherleton (b. 1362)
 * October 20 – Klaus Störtebeker, German pirate
 * November 25 – King Tarabya of Ava (b. 1368)
 * date unknown – Andronikos Asen Zaccaria, Baron of Chalandritsa and Arcadia, Grand Constable of Achaea

title: 1401


text:
1404

Year 1404 (MCDIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * April or May – Battle of Blackpool Sands: Local English forces defeat an attempted raid from Saint-Malo on the port of Dartmouth, Devon; the French commander, William du Chastel, is killed.
 * June 14 – Rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr, having declared himself Prince of Wales, allies with the French against the English. He later begins holding parliamentary assemblies.
 * October 17 – Pope Innocent VII succeeds Pope Boniface IX, as the 204th pope.
 * November 19 – St. Elizabeth's flood: A flood of the North Sea devastates parts of Flanders, Zeeland and Holland.

Date unknown

 * Jean de Béthencourt becomes the first ruler of the Kingdom of the Canary Islands.
 * Stephan Tvrtko II succeeds Stefan Ostoja as King of Bosnia.
 * Peace is declared between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights, after they agree to exchange land and form an alliance against Muscovy.
 * Wallachia reaches its maximum extent under Mircea cel Bătrân.
 * The University of Turin is founded.
 * Timur is hit by a fever, while preparing to invade China.
 * Centurione II Zaccaria succeeds Maria II Zaccaria, as ruler of the Principality of Achaea.
 * Virupaksha Raya succeeds Harihara Raya II, as ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in present-day southern India.
 * Narayana Ramadhipati succeeds Ponthea Yat, as King of Cambodia.
 * Ruaidri Caech MacDermot succeeds Conchobair Óg MacDermot, as King of Magh Luirg, in present-day northeast Connacht, Ireland.
 * The city of Vicenza comes under the rule of the Venetians.

Births

 * January 18 – Sir Philip Courtenay, British noble (d. 1463)
 * February 14 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet, and philosopher (d. 1472)
 * March 25 (bapt.) – John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, English military leader (d. 1444)
 * June – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1451)
 * July 6 – Yamana Sōzen, Japanese warlord and monk (d. 1473)
 * July 25 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)
 * September 30 – Anne of Burgundy (d. 1432)
 * September – Gilles de Rais, French aristocrat (d. 1440)
 * October 14 – Marie of Anjou, queen of Charles VII of France (d. 1463)

Deaths

 * April 27 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1342)
 * September 14 – Albert IV, Duke of Austria (b. 1377)
 * September 27 – William of Wykeham, English bishop and statesman (b. 1320)
 * October 1 – Pope Boniface IX (b. 1356)
 * October 15 – Marie Valois, French princess (b. 1344)
 * December 13 – Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1336)
 * date unknown – Eleanor of Arborea, ruler of Sardinia (b. 1350)

title: 1404


text:
1406

Year 1406 (MCDVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * April 4 – James I becomes King of Scotland on the death of his father. He has been detained by Henry IV of England since March 30 and will remain at the English court for 18 years.
 * October 7 – French troops comprising 1,000 men at arms land on the Channel Island of Jersey, and fight a battle against 3,000 defenders.
 * October 13 – Richard Whittington is elected Lord Mayor of London for a second full term. He holds this office simultaneously, with that of Mayor of the Calais Staple.
 * October 26 – Eric of Pomerania, ruler of the Kalmar Union, marries Philippa, daughter of Henry IV of England, in Lund Cathedral.
 * November 30 – Pope Gregory XII succeeds Pope Innocent VII, as the 205th pope.
 * December 25 – John II becomes King of Castile aged 21 months on the death of his father.

Date unknown

 * Construction of the Forbidden City begins in Beijing during the Chinese Ming dynasty.
 * Pisa is subjugated by Florence.

Births

 * January 28 – Guy XIV de Laval, French noble (d. 1486)
 * July 11 – William, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1428-1441) (d. 1482)
 * September 26 – Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (d. 1430)
 * date unknown
 * John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (d. 1464)
 * Margaret, Countess of Vertus, French countess (d. 1466)
 * Martin of Aragon, Aragon infante (d. 1407)
 * Ulrich II, Count of Celje (d. 1456)
 * probable date
 * Iancu de Hunedoara – governor of Hungary (d. 1456)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Roger Walden, English bishop
 * March 17 – Ibn Khaldun, African Arab historian (b. 1332)
 * April 4 – King Robert III of Scotland (b. 1337)
 * May 4 – Coluccio Salutati, Chancellor of Florence (b. 1331)
 * July 15 – William, Duke of Austria
 * August 28 – John de Sutton V (b. 1380)
 * September 16 – Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow
 * November 1 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant (b. 1322)
 * November 6 – Pope Innocent VII (b. 1339)
 * December 25 – King Henry III of Castile (b. 1379)
 * probable date – Tokhtamysh, khan of the Golden Horde

title: 1406


text:
1407

Year 1407 (MCDVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * April 10 – After several invitations by the Yongle Emperor of China since 1403, the fifth Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism, the lama Deshin Shekpa, finally visits the Ming dynasty capital, then at Nanjing. In his twenty-two-day visit, he thrills the Ming court with alleged miracles that are recorded in a gigantic scroll, translated into five different languages. In a show of mystical prowess, Deshin Shekpa adds legitimacy to a questionable succession to the throne by Yongle, who had killed his nephew the Jianwen Emperor in the culmination of a civil war. For his services to the Ming court, including his handling of the ceremonial rites of Yongle's deceased parents, Deshin Shekpa is awarded the title Great Treasure Prince of Dharma (大寶法王).
 * June 16 – Ming–Hồ War: The Ming dynasty of China under the Yongle Emperor conquers Vietnam, capturing Hồ Quý Ly and his sons, ending the Vietnamese Hồ dynasty.
 * November 20 – A solemn truce between John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and Louis I, Duke of Orléans is agreed under the auspicies of John, Duke of Berry.
 * November 23 – The Duke of Orleans is assassinated; war breaks out again between the Burgundians and his followers.

Date unknown

 * Rudolfo Belenzani leads a revolt against Bishop Georg von Liechtenstein in Trento, Bishopric of Trent.
 * David Holbache founds Oswestry School, in the Welsh Marches.
 * Mateu Texidor finishes the Puente de la Trinidad bridge in Valencia, Spain.

Births

 * March 15 – Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1431-1453) (d. 1453)
 * August 27 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1425)
 * September 21 – Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1450)
 * November 8 – Alain de Coëtivy, Catholic cardinal (d. 1474)
 * date unknown
 * Thomas de Littleton, English judge (d. 1481)
 * Marguerite, bâtarde de France, French noble, illegitimate daughter of the King of France (d. 1458)
 * Demetrios Palaiologos, Byzantine prince (d. 1470)
 * Lorenzo Valla, Italian humanist, philosopher, literary critic (d. 1457)

Deaths

 * February 9 – William I, Margrave of Meissen (b. 1343)
 * February 16 – Abdallah Fakhr al-Din, religious leader
 * March 7 – Francesco I Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua
 * April 23 – Olivier de Clisson, French soldier (b. 1326)
 * July – Empress Xu (Ming dynasty), Chinese Empress (b. 1362)
 * November 23 – Louis I, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI of France (murdered) (b. 1372)
 * date unknown
 * Pero López de Ayala, Spanish soldier (b. 1332)
 * Kolgrim, Norse Greenlander and alleged sorcerer

title: 1407


text:
1408

Year 1408 (MCDVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February 19 – Battle of Bramham Moor: A royalist army defeats the last remnants of the Percy Rebellion.
 * September – Henry, Prince of Wales (later Henry V of England) retakes Aberystwyth from Owain Glyndŵr.
 * September 16 – Thorstein Olafssøn marries Sigrid Bjørnsdatter in Hvalsey Church, in the last recorded event of the Norse history of Greenland.
 * December 5 – Emir Edigu of the Golden Horde reaches Moscow.
 * December 13 – The Order of the Dragon is founded under King Sigismund of Hungary.

Date unknown

 * The Moldavian town of Iaşi is first mentioned.
 * The Yongle Encyclopedia is completed.
 * Gotland passes under Danish rule.
 * Zheng He delivers 300 virgins from Korea to the Chinese emperor.
 * Mihail I becomes co-ruler of Wallachia, with his father Mircea cel Bătrân.

Births

 * January 25 – Katharina of Hanau, German countess regent (d. 1460)
 * February 14 – John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel (d. 1435)
 * March 25 – Agnes of Baden, Countess of Holstein-Rendsburg, German noble (d. 1473)
 * April 8 – Jadwiga of Lithuania, Polish princess (d. 1431)
 * April 23 – John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford, English noble (d. 1462)
 * May 22 – Annamacharya, Indian mystic saint composer (d. 1503)
 * October 1 or 1409 – Karl Knutsson, King of Sweden (d. 1470)

Deaths

 * February 19 – Thomas Bardolf, 5th Baron Bardolf, English rebel (in battle)
 * February 20 – Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, English rebel (in battle) (b. 1341)
 * April – Miran Shah, son of Timur the Lame (b. 1366)
 * April 10 or April 11 – Elizabeth le Despenser, English noblewoman
 * May 24 – Taejo of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1335)
 * May 31 – Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1358)
 * September 15 – Edmund Holland, 4th Earl of Kent (b. 1384)
 * September 22 – John VII Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1370)
 * December 4 – Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans by marriage to Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans
 * date unknown – Coptic Pope Matthew I of Alexandria

title: 1408


text:
1409

Year 1409 (MCDIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 1 – The Welsh surrender Harlech Castle to the English.
 * January 18 – The Decree of Kutná Hora strengthens the Bohemian Nation at thee cost of foreign, mostly German speaking students at the University of Prague. Over a thousand students leave Prague as a consequence, chosing instead the universities of Heidelberg and the new university of Leipzig established later in the year.
 * March 25 – The Council of Pisa opens. On June 5 it deposes Pope Gregory XII and Antipope Benedict XIII, and on June 26 crowns Petros Philargos as Pope Alexander V; he is subsequently regarded as an antipope.
 * July – Martin I of Aragon succeeds his own son, as King of Sicily.
 * August 7 – The Council of Pisa closes.
 * December 2 – The University of Leipzig opens.
 * December 9 – Louis II of Anjou founds the University of Aix-en-Provence.

Date unknown

 * Ulugh Beg becomes governor of Samarkand.
 * The Republic of Venice purchases the port of Zadar from Hungary.
 * Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guarantees peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia, by selling the Baltic Sea island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.
 * Cheng Ho (or Zheng He), admiral of the Ming empire fleet, deposes the king of Sri Lanka.
 * Mircea cel Bătrân successfully defends Silistra against the Ottomans.
 * The hurdy Gurdy elimination begins

Births

 * January 16 – René of Anjou, king of Naples (d. 1480)
 * March 2 – Jean II, Duke of Alençon, son of John I of Alençon and Marie of Brittany (d. 1476)
 * March 12 – Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra, Portuguese Duchess (d. 1459)
 * September 13 – Joan of Valois, Duchess of Alençon, French duchess (d. 1432)
 * October 7 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg (d. 1442)
 * October 21 – Alessandro Sforza, Italian condottiero (d. 1473)
 * date unknown – Bernardo Rossellino, Florentine sculptor and architect

Deaths

 * May 13 – Jan of Tarnów, Polish nobleman
 * May 22 – Blanche of England, sister of King Henry V (b. 1392)
 * July 25 – King Martin I of Sicily (b. 1374)
 * September 13 – Isabella of Valois, French princess and queen of England (b. 1387)
 * date unknown – Thomas Merke, English bishop
 * probable – Edmund Mortimer, English rebel (b. 1376)

title: 1409