text:
826

Year 826 (DCCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 826th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 826th year of the 1st millennium, the 26th year of the 9th century, and the 7th year of the 820s decade.

Britain

 * King Beornwulf of Mercia invades East Anglia, but is killed in battle. He is succeeded by Ludeca, as ruler of Mercia.
 * Prince Aethelwulf, a son of King Egbert of Wessex, invades Kent, and drives out its pro-Mercian king Baldred.

Byzantine Empire

 * May – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, organises an uprising in Sicily against Emperor Michael II. He proclaims himself Emperor (with the title of basileus) in Syracuse, independent from Constantinople. In turn, Euphemius is defeated by Byzantine troops (reinforcements from the East), and is driven out to North Africa.

Europe

 * King Harald Klak of Denmark receives the Frisian county of Rüstringen, as a gift from Emperor Louis the Pious.

Religion

 * Harald Klak accepts Christianity, and is baptized with his wife and son Godfrid at Mainz.

Births

 * January 22 – Montuku, emperor of Japan (d. 858)
 * November 29 – William of Septimania, Frankish nobleman (d. 850)
 * Al-Mubarrad, Muslim grammarian (d. 898)
 * Ansgarde of Burgundy, Frankish queen (approximate date)
 * Cyril, Byzantine missionary and bishop (d. 885)
 * Doseon, Korean Buddhist monk (d. 898)
 * Thābit ibn Qurra, Muslim astronomer and physician (d. 901)

Deaths

 * Ashot I, prince of Iberia (or 830)
 * Ashot Msaker, prince of Armenia
 * Bai Xingjian, Chinese poet and writer (b. 776)
 * Beornwulf, king of Mercia
 * Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu, Japanese general (b. 775)
 * Heondeok, king of Silla (Korea)
 * Li Guangyan, Chinese general (b. 761)
 * Li Wu, prince of the Tang Dynasty
 * Theodore the Studite, Byzantine abbot (b. 759)
 * Wu Yantong, Chinese Buddhist monk
 * Zhu Kerong, Chinese governor (jiedushi)

title: 826


text:
828

Year 828 (DCCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Siege of Syracuse: The Muslims under Asad ibn al-Furat defeat a Byzantine relief army sent from Palermo, and backed by a Venetian fleet led by Giustiniano Participazio. Al-Furat decides to break off the siege at Syracuse, as his forces suffer greatly from lack of food. Later he dies during an outbreak of an epidemic.
 * Summer – Euphemius, Byzantine admiral, is murdered by emissaries from the Byzantine garrison at Castrogiovanni, which is besieged by the Muslims. Threatened by Byzantine reinforcements arriving from Constantinople, the survivors burn their ships and retreat overland westward to Mazara del Vallo.

Europe

 * Al-Andalus: The city of Merida (modern Spain) rises twice in one year against the Umayyad Emirate.
 * Kydonia, on the northwest coast of Crete, is destroyed by Saracen pirates (approximate date).
 * Alcamo in Sicily is founded by the Muslim commander al-Kamuk (approximate date).

China

 * In the capital of Chang'an, a powerful court eunuch orders 50 wrestlers to arrest 300 commoners over a land property dispute in Northwest Chang'an, whereupon a riot breaks out in the streets.

North America

 * The occupation of Pueblo Bonito begins.

Religion

 * Relics of Mark the Evangelist are stolen from Alexandria (controlled by the Abbasid Caliphate) by two Venetian merchants, and brought to Venice.
 * At the instigation of Adalram, archbishop of Salzburg, the first Christian church in Central and Eastern Europe is built in Nitra, Pannonia.
 * A Coptic revolt breaks out in Egypt (approximate date).

Births

 * Ali al-Hadi, 10th Shia Imam
 * Al-Dinawari, astronomer and grammarian (d. 889)
 * Carloman of Bavaria, Frankish king (or 830)
 * Ibn Qutaybah, Muslim scholar (d. 889)
 * Yantou Quanhuo, Chinese Chan master (d. 887)

Deaths

 * Asad ibn al-Furat, Muslim jurist and theologian (b. 759)
 * Euphemius, Byzantine admiral and usuper
 * Ibn Hisham, Muslim historian (or 833)
 * Idriss II, Muslim emir of Morocco (b. 791)
 * Nikephoros I, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Talha ibn Tahir, Muslim governor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 828


text:
829

Year 829 (DCCCXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * October 2 – Emperor Michael II dies after an 8-year reign in Constantinople, and is succeeded by his 16-year-old son Theophilos, as sole emperor of the Byzantine Empire. He continues his father's ideology of iconoclasm.
 * October – Battle of Thasos: Saracens from the newly founded Emirate of Crete almost annihilate the Byzantine fleet at Thasos, close to the coast of Thrace. The Cyclades and other islands in the Aegean Sea are pillaged.

Europe

 * Emperor Louis the Pious appoints his 6-year-old son Charles (by his second wife Judith) as ruler of the Frankish subkingdom Alamannia, enraging his eldest son and co-emperor Lothair I, who begins an insurrection.
 * Viking chieftain Halfdan the Black becomes king of Agder (modern Norway). He expands his realm through military conquest and political negotiations, dividing the kingdom of Vestfold with his half-brother Olaf.
 * Giustiniano Participazio, doge of Venice, dies after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by his younger brother Giovanni Participazio. He continues the work of Giustiniano, in construction of St. Mark's Basilica.

Britain

 * King Egbert of Wessex invades Mercia, ousts his rival Wiglaf, and attempts to rule directly from Wessex. He is recognized as overlord (bretwalda) of other English kingdoms.
 * Winter – Battle of the River Dore: Egbert of Wessex leads his army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where he clashes with King Eanred of Northumbria.

Egypt

 * The Nile River freezes over.

China

 * The Bai kingdom of Nanzhao captures the city of Chengdu, in Sichuan Province.

Religion

 * Ansgar, Frankish abbot of Corvey (modern Westphalia), is appointed missionary to Sweden by Louis the Pious, at the request of the Swedish king Björn at Haugi.
 * The city of Wiesbaden (Germany) is first mentioned by Einhard, biographer of former emperor Charlemagne (approximate date).

Births

 * September 8 – Ali al-Hadi, 10th Shia Imam (approximate date)
 * Al-Nasa'i, Muslim scholar and hadith compiler (approximate date)
 * Lu Yan, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 874)
 * Yahya I, Muslim sultan (d. 864)

Deaths

 * June 1 – Li Tongjie, general of the Tang dynasty
 * July 30 – Shi Xiancheng, general of the Tang dynasty
 * October 2 – Michael II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (b. 770)
 * Abu al-Razi Muhammad, Muslim governor
 * Cináed mac Mugróin, king of Uí Failghe
 * Cui Zhi, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 772)
 * Giustiniano Participazio, doge of Venice
 * Leibulf of Provence, Frankish nobleman
 * Li Yi, Chinese poet (or 827)
 * Li You, general of the Tang dynasty
 * Muiredach mac Ruadrach, king of Leinster
 * 'Umayr ibn al-Walid, Muslim governor
 * Wei Chuhou, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 773)
 * Zheng Yin, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 752)

title: 829


text:
830

Year 830 (DCCCXXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Britain

 * King Wiglaf of Mercia regains control from Wessex, and returns to the throne.

Byzantine Empire

 * June 5 – Emperor Theophilos, 16, marries the Armenian noblewoman Theodora, in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople. He chooses her during a representation of a bride-show; she becomes empress (Augusta) of the Byzantine Empire.
 * Byzantine–Arab War: Muslim reinforcements from Ifriqiya and Al-Andalus (modern Spain) defeat Byzantine forces under Theodotus in Sicily, but a plague once again compels them to retreat to Mazara del Vallo, and evacuate to North Africa.

Europe

 * Emperor Louis the Pious returns from a campaign in Brittany, and is captured by his son Pepin I, king of Aquitaine. He is put under house arrest at Compiegne, and his wife Judith is incarcerated at Poitiers.

North Africa

 * The Ad-dimnah Hospital (bimaristan) is created in Kairouan (modern Tunisia), by the Aghlabid emir Ziyadat Allah I.

South Asia

 * About 830 an Arabian dhow sinks on its journey from China to Arabia near the Indonesian island of Belitung, carrying some 60,000 trade items, the largest collection of Tang dynasty artifacts outside of China (Belitung shipwreck).

Religion

 * Nennius, Welsh abbot of Bangor Fawr, compiles the Historia Brittonum. He is also known for the Historia's list of the 12 battles of King Arthur (approximate date).
 * Hirsau Abbey (modern Germany) is founded by the Rhenish Franconian count Erlafried of Calw (approximate date).
 * Ansgar, a Frankish missionary, visits the trade city Birka, located at Lake Mälaren in Sweden (approximate date).

Births

 * Adalard, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Athanasius I, bishop of Naples (d. 872)
 * Carloman of Bavaria, Frankish king (or 828)
 * Charles, Frankish bishop (or 825)
 * Engelberga, Frankish empress (approximate date)
 * Irmgard, Frankish abbess (or 833)
 * Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Muslim physician (approximate date)
 * Junayd of Baghdad, Muslim Sufi (d. 910)
 * Kōkō, emperor of Japan (d. 887)
 * Lambert III, Frankish nobleman (d. 882)
 * Naum of Preslav, Bulgarian writer (approximate date)
 * Robert the Strong, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Rimbert, Frankish archbishop (d. 888)
 * Rurik, prince of Novgorod (approximate date)
 * Wulgrin I, Frankish count (approximate date)
 * Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi, Muslim Sufi (d. 871)
 * Yunju Daoying, Chinese Buddhist teacher (d. 902)

Deaths

 * Æthelwold, bishop of Lichfield
 * Ashot I, prince of Iberia (or 826)
 * Eardwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date)
 * Egfrid, bishop of Lindisfarne
 * Li Jiang, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 764)
 * Sa'id ibn Aws al-Ansari, Muslim linguist
 * Wang Jian, Chinese poet (approximate date)
 * Zhang Ji, Chinese scholar and poet (approximate date)

title: 830


text:
832

Year 832 (DCCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 832nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 832nd year of the 1st millennium, the 32nd year of the 9th century, and the 3rd year of the 830s decade.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Arab War: The Byzantine fortress of Loulon (modern Turkey) is captured by the Abbasids. Its garrison surrenders to Caliph Al-Ma'mun, after a lengthy siege.

Europe

 * King Pepin I of Aquitaine, and his brother Louis the German, revolt against their father, Emperor Louis the Pious. They gather an army of Slav allies and conquer Swabia.
 * Berengar the Wise, count (or duke) of Toulouse, attacks the Frankish domains of Bernard of Septimania, taking Roussillon (along with Vallespir, Razès, and Conflent).

Britain and Ireland

 * The Flag of Scotland: According to legend, King Óengus II of Fortriu leads an army of Picts and Scots, against the invading Angles from Northumbria, near Athelstaneford.
 * The town of Clondalkin (modern Ireland) is sacked by Vikings from Denmark, and the monastery is burnt to the ground.

Religion

 * Emperor Theophilos promulgates a new edict against the usage of icons in the Byzantine Empire. He establishes strict punishments against idolators, and persecutes violators.
 * The second St. Mark's Basilica in Venice (replacing an older church at a different location) is built, and becomes one of the best known examples of Italo-Byzantine architecture.

Births

 * Guanxiu, Chinese Buddhist monk and poet (d. 912)
 * Isaac Judaeus, Arab Jewish physician (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 24 – Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury
 * August 30 – Cui Qun, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 772)
 * Feologild, archbishop of Canterbury
 * Sico of Benevento, Lombard prince
 * Xue Ping, general of the Tang dynasty
 * Zhao Zongru, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 746)
 * Xue Tao, Chinese poet (b. 768)

title: 832


text:
833

Year 833 (DCCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine-Arab War: Emperor Theophilos signs an armistice for peace with the Abbasid Caliphate. He offers Caliph Al-Ma'mun 100,000 gold dinars, in return for 7,000 Byzantine prisoners.

Europe

 * June – Lothair I, eldest son of Emperor Louis the Pious, joins the rebellion of his brothers Pepin I and Louis the German, with the assistance of Archbishop Ebbo. Louis is forced to abdicate, on the plains of Rothfield (near Colmar).
 * Mojmir I, Moravian duke, expels Prince Pribina from his homeland (western part of modern Slovakia). He unifies Great Moravia and becomes the first known ruler of the Moravian Slavs, who founds the House of Mojmir (approximate date).
 * Galindo Aznárez I, Frankish count, usurps the Catalan counties (pagi) of Pallars and Ribagorza, in the Spanish March (modern Spain), a buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * August 7 – Caliph Al-Ma'mun dies after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded two days later by his half-brother al-Mu'tasim, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.
 * Ibn Hisham, Muslim historian, collects oral traditions that form the basis for the biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Japan

 * Emperor Junna abdicates the throne, after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephew Nimmyō, as the 54th emperor of Japan.

Births

 * Irmgard, Frankish abbess (or 830)
 * Kocel, Slavic prince (approximate date)
 * Luo Yin, Chinese statesman and poet (d. 910)
 * Yi Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 873)

Deaths

 * May 7 – Ibn Hisham, Muslim historian
 * July 20 or 834 – Ansegisus, Frankish abbot
 * August 9 – Al-Ma'mun, Muslim caliph (b. 786)
 * Conchobar mac Donnchada, High King of Ireland
 * Diarmait mac Tommaltaig, king of Connacht (Ireland)
 * Dou Yizhi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
 * Du Yuanying, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 769)
 * Enravota, ruler of the Bulgarian Empire (approximate date)
 * García Galíndez (the Bad), count of Aragon
 * Nagabhata II, ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty
 * Song Shenxi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
 * Yuthog Yontan Gonpo, Tibetan high priest (b. 708)

title: 833


text:
834

Year 834 (DCCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * March 1 – Emperor Louis the Pious is restored as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. After his re-accession to the throne, his eldest son Lothair I flees to Burgundy.
 * Danish Vikings raid the trading settlement of Dorestad (present-day Wijk bij Duurstede), located in the southeast of the province of Utrecht (modern Netherlands).
 * Summer – The Viking ship of Oseberg near Tønsberg (modern Norway) is buried in a mound, during the Viking Age (approximate date).
 * The first mention is made of the Jona River ('the cold one') in Switzerland (approximate date).

Britain

 * King Óengus II dies after a 14-year reign. He is succeeded by his nephew Drest IX, as ruler of the Picts.

Religion

 * July 20 – Ansegisus, Frankish abbot and advisor of former emperor Charlemagne, dies at Fontenelle Abbey in Normandy (or 833).

Births

 * Aud the Deep-Minded, Icelandic queen
 * Euthymius I, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 917)
 * Lady Shuiqiu, wife of Qian Kuan (d. 901)
 * Mo Xuanqing, Chinese scholar
 * Pi Rixiu, Chinese poet (approximate date)
 * Robert, Frankish nobleman (d. 866)
 * Tan Quanbo, Chinese warlord (d. 918)

Deaths

 * July 20 or 833 – Ansegisus, Frankish abbot
 * Adelchis I, duke of Spoleto (Italy)
 * Cellach mac Brain, king of Leinster (Ireland)
 * Fridugisus, Anglo-Saxon abbot (approximate date)
 * Gaucelm, Frankish nobleman
 * Nasr ibn 'Abdallah, Muslim governor
 * Odo I, Frankish nobleman
 * Óengus II, king of the Picts
 * Robert III, Frankish nobleman (b. 800)
 * Wang Chengyuan, Chinese general (b. 801)
 * Wang Tingcou, general of the Tang dynasty
 * William, Frankish nobleman

title: 834


text:
835

Year 835 (DCCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian Calendar.

Europe

 * Ragnar Lodbrok, a Norse Viking ruler, rises to power. He becomes the scourge of France and England (approximate date).
 * Viking raids in Ireland on the Kingdom of Munster at Inis Cathaigh

Britain

 * Danish Viking raiders ally with the Cornish, against the rule of Ecgberht, King of Wessex (approximate date).
 * The Isle of Sheppey (off the northern coast of Kent) is attacked by Vikings.

China

 * December 14 – Sweet Dew Incident: Emperor Wenzong of Tang plots to free the court from the influence of his palace eunuchs. In the northeast sector of the capital, Chang'an, after the failure of the emperor's chancellor Li Zhongyan to subdue the eunuchs' influence, troops under the eunuchs' command slaughter many officials and other associates.

Religion

 * November 1 – Pope Gregory IV promotes the celebration of the feast of All Saints on this day throughout the Frankish Empire.

Births

 * Ahmad ibn Tulun, Muslim governor (d. 884)
 * Ahmad ibn Yusuf, Muslim mathematician (d. 912)
 * Guaifer of Salerno, Lombard prince (approximate date)
 * Lothair II, king of Lotharingia (d. 869)
 * Louis the Younger, king of East Francia (or 830)
 * Qian Kuan, Chinese warlord (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Berengar the Wise, Frankish nobleman
 * Duan Wenchang, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 773)
 * Jia Su, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
 * Jayavarman II, founder of the Khmer Empire
 * John IV (the Peacemaker), bishop of Naples
 * Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 774)
 * Li Cou, prince of the Tang dynasty
 * Li Fengji, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 758)
 * Li Zhongyan, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
 * Lu Sui, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 776)
 * Lu Tong, Chinese poet (b. 790)
 * Muhammad al-Jawad, 9th Twelver Shī'ah Imām (b. 811)
 * Sabrisho II, patriarch of the Church of the East
 * Song Ruoxian, Chinese scholar, lady-in-waiting and poet (b. 772)
 * Shu Yuanyu, Chinese official and chancellor
 * Vladislav, duke of Croatia (approximate date)
 * Wang Shoucheng, Chinese eunuch and official
 * Wang Ya, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
 * Yang Zhicheng, Chinese governor (jiedushi)
 * Zheng Zhu, Chinese general and official

title: 835


text:
935

Year 935 (CMXXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Spring – Arnulf I ("the Bad") of Bavaria invades Italy, crossing through the Upper Adige (modern Tyrol). He proceeds towards Verona to join his supporters. King Hugh of Provence takes a Burgundian army against him, and defeats Arnulf at Gossolengo, forcing him to return to Bavaria.
 * Summer – Fatimid caliph al-Qa'im dispatches a naval expedition under Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi to raid the coast of Provence and Liguria, sacking Genoa on 16 August and attacking Pisa. Ya'qub also raids Corsica and Sardinia before returning to Mahdia with some 8,000 prisoners.
 * September 28 (probable year) – Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia (the subject of the 1853 Christmas carol "Good King Wenceslas") is murdered by a group of nobles led by his brother Boleslaus I ("the Cruel"), who succeeds him.
 * Córdoba, capital of Al-Andalus, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Baghdad, capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Africa

 * Summer – Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid is appointed governor and becomes the ruler of Egypt and parts of Syria (or the Levant). He launches a campaign against his rival Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh by land and sea: the naval forces take Tinnis and ibn Kayghalagh is forced to retreat. Ibn Tughj enters Fustat, making it his capital, and founds the Ikhshidid dynasty.
 * Ziri ibn Manad is installed as governor of central Maghreb. He initiates the construction of the fortress of Ashir, near Médéa (modern Algeria). It symbolises the rise of the Zirid dynasty in the Western Mediterranean region.

Arabian Empire

 * January – Emir Mardavij, founder of the Ziyarid dynasty, is murdered by his Turkish slaves. He is succeeded by his brother and general Vushmgir, who is crowned as the new Ziyarid ruler in Rey (modern Iran).

Asia

 * March – King Kyŏn Hwŏn of Later Baekje is overthrown by his eldest son Kyŏn Sin-gŏm (who is crowned on November 15) and put in prison, but he is able to escape.
 * November 17 – Wang Yanjun, Emperor Huizong of Min (Ten Kingdoms), is killed in his own palace in an uprising together with his empress consort and several clansmen, and succeeded as second emperor by his son Wang Jipeng.
 * King Gyeongsun, the last ruler of Unified Silla, formally surrenders and abdicates in favour of Taejo of Goryeo. This completes Taejo's unification of Korea, bringing the Silla dynasty to an end.
 * Ki no Tsurayuki returns to Kyoto from Tosa Province, a journey that becomes the basis of the earliest surviving Japanese poetic diary, called the Tosa Nikki (Tosa Diary).

Religion

 * Winter (probable year) – Pope John XI, the son of de facto Roman ruler Marozia, dies at Rome after a four-year reign, aged between 25 and 27.

Births

 * Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar, Mu'tazilite theologian (d. 1025)
 * Eochaid ua Flannacáin, Irish cleric and poet (d. 1004)
 * Elvira Ramírez, princess and regent of León (approximate date)
 * Folcuin, Frankish abbot of Saint Bertin (approximate date)
 * Gao Qiong, Chinese general and governor (jiedushi) (d. 1006)
 * Gerard of Toul, German priest and bishop (d. 994)
 * Hrosvitha, German canoness and poet (approximate date)
 * Michitsuna no Haha, Japanese female poet (d. 995)
 * Ukhtanes of Sebastia, Armenian historian (d. 1000)
 * Wulfrun, English noblewoman (approximate date)

Deaths

 * January 22 – Ma, empress of Southern Han
 * January – Mardavij, founder of the Ziyarid dynasty (Iran), assassinated
 * September 28 – Wenceslaus I, duke of Bohemia (b. c. 907), assassinated
 * October 24 – Li Yu, Chinese official and chancellor
 * November 17 – assassination:
 * Wang Yanjun, emperor of Min (Ten Kingdoms)
 * Chen Jinfeng, empress consort of Min (b. 893)
 * Dai Siyuan, general of Later Liang (Five Dynasties)
 * Govinda IV, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty (India)
 * Gruffydd ab Owain, king of Glywysing (approximate date)
 * John XI, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
 * Li Yichao, Chinese warlord and governor (jiedushi)
 * Niftawayh, Abbasid scholar and grammarian (b. 858)
 * Trpimir II, king of Croatia (approximate date)
 * Werner V, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Yang Dongqian, Chinese official and chancellor
 * Zhao Feng, Chinese official and chancellor

title: 935


text:
967

Year 967 (CMLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Spring – Emperor Otto I (the Great) calls for a council at Rome, to present the new government under Pope John XIII. He asserts his rights in the city, and insists on the occasional presence of an imperial judge, alongside the papal court. The era of Roman independence is over. Grado becomes the patriarchal and metropolitan church of the whole of the Veneto.
 * Otto I goes on a tour of the Lombard duchies of southern Italy. In Capua he grants Pandulf I (Ironhead) the vacant Duchy of Spoleto and Camerino and charges him with prosecuting the war against the Byzantine Empire. In Benevento, Otto receives the homage of Pandulf's brother and co-ruler Landulf III. In Salerno he receives also the support of Gisulf I.
 * Otto I dispatches an imperial delegation (led by a Venetian named Domenico) to Constantinople with assurances of his friendship and a request for Princess Theophano (a daughter of the late Emperor Romanos II) for his 12-year-old son Otto II. As dowry Otto demands the Byzantine holdings in southern Italy.
 * Summer – Sviatoslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev, defeats Bulgar forces in the Balkans at the behest of Emperor Nikephoros II (who pays him 1,500 pounds of gold to invade the Bulgarian Empire).
 * The imperial delegation arrives in Macedonia, but goes nowhere with Nikephoros II. Far from offering Byzantine Italy as dowry for Theophano, Nikephoros refuses to accept the claims of Otto I.
 * Otto I renews the imperial treaty with Pietro IV Candiano, doge of Venice. He grants him commercial privileges, and protection for Venetian citizens (also the possessions of Venetian bishops).
 * Winter – Otto I returns to Rome. On Christmas day, John XIII crowns Otto II as co-emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Although Otto II is nominated as co-ruler, he exercises no real authority.
 * Olaf Tryggvason flees Norway with his mother, only to be attacked by Estonian Vikings (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

 * Emir Nasir al-Dawla is deposed and imprisoned at Mosul after a 32-year reign by his son Abu Taghlib, the de facto governor, and supporters. He becomes the new ruler of the Emirate of Mosul.
 * The Fatimid general Jawhar al-Siqilli launches a military campaign in the west of the Maghreb. He resumes his expansion, together with the Zirids, and conquers Fez (modern-day Morocco).

Japan

 * July 5 – Emperor Murakami dies after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old son Reizei, who is insane and becomes the 63rd emperor of Japan.

Religion

 * Otto I completes and dedicates a new cathedral at Magdeburg in Saxony. Like other imperial churches of the period, it includes a westwork – a structure attached to the entrance wall and outfitted with galleries. Otto makes Magdeburg a base for missionary efforts to convert the Slavs to the east. The patron saint of the city is Mauritius, who, as a military leader fighting for Christianity against pagan armies, shares affinities with Otto himself.
 * Re-foundation of Romsey Abbey in Hampshire by King Edgar I (the Peaceful). He appoints Merewenna, an English noblewoman, as abbess who becomes a foster mother to Princess Ælfflæd (a step-daughter of Edgar).
 * April 22 – The Cambodian temple Banteay Srei is consecrated and dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva.

Births

 * December 7 – Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr, Persian Sufi poet (d. 1049)
 * Bolesław I (the Brave), king of Poland (d. 1025)
 * Gothelo I, duke of Lorraine (approximate date)
 * Lin Bu, Chinese poet and calligrapher (d. 1028)
 * Vahram Pahlavouni, prince of Bjni (Armenia) (d. 1045)
 * Walter of Speyer, German bishop and poet (d. 1027)

Deaths

 * February 9 – Sayf al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir (b. 916)
 * April 8 – Mu'izz al-Dawla, Buyid emir (b. 915)
 * May 10 – Renaud of Roucy, Viking nobleman
 * July 5 – Murakami, emperor of Japan (b. 926)
 * September 22 – Wichmann II, Frankish nobleman
 * October 20 – Li Yixing, Chinese governor
 * Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Umayyad historian (b. 897)
 * Abu 'Ali Muhammad ibn Ilyas, Ilyasid emir
 * Aleramo di Savona, marquess of Montferrat
 * Al-Qabisi, Hamdanid astrologer (approximate date)
 * Ashot III, prince of Taron (approximate date)
 * Boleslaus I (the Cruel), duke of Bohemia (or 972)
 * Dub mac Maíl Coluīm, king of Alba (Scotland)
 * Fergal ua Ruairc, king of Connacht (Ireland)
 * Hugh II (the Kind), lord of Lusignan
 * Krishna III, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty
 * Li Cheng, Chinese painter (b. 919)
 * Robert of Vermandois, Frankish nobleman (or 968)
 * Vushmgir, Ziyarid emir (approximate date)
 * Wahsudan ibn Muhammad, Sallarid emir
 * Yan Xu, Chinese chancellor (b. 910)

title: 967


text:
966

Year 966 (CMLXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * 23 June - Byzantine-Arab War: A prisoner exchange occurs at the border between the Byzantine Empire and the Emirate of Aleppo at Samosata, headed by Emperor Nikephoros II and Sayf al-Dawla, the Emir of Aleppo. The Emirate receives 3,000 captured prisoners from the region of Cilicia, after its conquest by the Byzantine Emperor, as well as the poet Abu Firas, who had been previously held prisoner by the Byzantines.

Europe

 * Spring – King Lothair III marries Princess Emma of Italy (the only daughter of Adelaide of Burgundy — second wife of Emperor Otto I (the Great), from her first marriage with King Lothair II, member of the Bosonid Dynasty). Lothair strengthens his ties with the Holy Roman Empire. He temporarily remains in control of the cities of Arras and Douai. The latter becomes a flourishing textile market centre during the Middle Ages.
 * April 14 – Mieszko I, first duke and prince of Poland, is baptized a Christian, which is usually considered the foundation of the Polish state. Mieszko's baptism, under the influence of his wife Dobrawa, brings his territories into the community of Christian countries. The lands ruled by Mieszko cover about 250,000 km², and are inhabited by about 1,2 million people around this time.
 * May – Pietro IV Candiano, doge of Venice, remarries to Waldrada of Tuscany, a daughter of Hubert, Duke of Spoleto, and a relative of Otto I. Waldrada brings him a large dowry, including the possessions of Ferrara, Friuli and Treviso (Northern Italy).
 * Fall – Otto I departs for a third expedition in Italy and fights in Lombardy against the partisans under Adalbert II of Ivrea. In November an imperial counter-coup in Rome takes control of Castel Sant'Angelo.
 * Winter – Otto I enters Rome and has the twelve principal militia leaders (the Decarcones) hanged. Other plotters of the coup are either executed or blinded. Otto is declared 'liberator of the Church'.
 * The Hungarians invade the Bulgarian Empire and force Peter I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarians, to conclude a peace treaty with them. He lets them cross to attack the Byzantine Empire.

Asia

 * February 9 – Ono no Michikaze (Ono no Tōfū), Japanese calligrapher, dies after having established the foundations of the 'Waystyle' of calligraphy while serving the imperial court at Heian-kyō (modern-day Kyoto).

Religion

 * John VII, patriarch of Jerusalem, is burned at the stake by a Muslim mob after writing to Emperor Nikephoros II, pleading him to intervene in Palestine and retake it from the Fatimid Caliphate.
 * Re-foundation of Peterborough (also called Medeshamstede) Abbey as a Benedictine monastery by Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester (approximate date).

Births

 * Æthelred II (the Unready), king of England (approximate date)
 * Ali al-Sulayhi, sultan of Yemen, Tihamah and Mecca (d. 1066)
 * Ding Wei, grand chancellor of the Song Dynasty (d. 1037)
 * Fujiwara no Kintō, Japanese poet and bureaucrat (d. 1041)
 * Fujiwara no Michinaga, Japanese nobleman (d. 1028)
 * Gerberga of Burgundy, duchess of Swabia (or 965)
 * Heonjeong, queen of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 992)
 * Hisham II, caliph of Córdoba (Spain) (d. 1013)
 * Kenneth III, king of Scotland (approximate date)
 * Louis V, king of the West Frankish Kingdom (d. 987)
 * Lu Zongdao, Chinese official (approximate date)
 * Sei Shōnagon, Japanese poet and court lady (approximate date)

Deaths

 * January 19 – Fujiwara no Asatada, Japanese nobleman (b. 910)
 * February 9 – Ono no Michikaze, Japanese calligrapher (b. 894)
 * March 28 – Flodoard, Frankish canon and chronicler
 * August 4 – Berengar II, margrave and king of Italy
 * December 19 – Sancho I, king of León (Spain)
 * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim, Samanid governor
 * Abu'l-Hasan Ali, Ikhshidid governor
 * Bagrat II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)
 * Bertha of Swabia, Frankish queen consort
 * Cormac ua Cillín, abbot of Tuamgraney (Ireland)
 * John VII, patriarch of Jerusalem (Israel)
 * Viśa' Saṃbhava, king of Khotan (China)
 * Nako, Obotrite prince (approximate date)
 * Rashiq al-Nasimi, Hamdanid governor
 * Sergius I, duke of Amalfi (Italy)

title: 966


text:
1001

Africa

 * Khazrun ben Falful, from the Maghrawa family Banu Khazrun, begins ruling Tripoli, on the African continent.

Asia

 * March 17 – The Buddhist ruler of Butuan, in the Philippines (P’u-tuan in the Sung Dynasty records), Sari Bata Shaja, makes the first tributary mission to China.
 * The Tao/Tayk region is annexed by the Byzantines, as the Theme of Iberia.
 * Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into northern India, establishing the Ghaznavid Empire across most of today's Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Pakistan.
 * Battle of Peshawar: Jayapala suffers defeat from the Ghaznavid Empire.
 * Former emperor Đinh Phế Đế dies, while suppressing the Cửu Long Rebellion in Thanh Hóa province.
 * Khmer King Jayavarman V is succeeded by Udayadityavarman I, and/or Suryavarman I.
 * Construction begins on the Liaodi Pagoda, the tallest pagoda in Chinese history (completed in 1055).
 * Japan
 * January 13 – Empress consort Fujiwara no Teishi dies in childbirth.
 * November – The imperial palace is destroyed by fire.
 * 70th birthday and longevity ceremony of Fujiwara no Bokushi (mother-in-law of Fujiwara no Michinaga, grandmother of Empress Shōshi).
 * 40th birthday of Empress dowager Senshi (mother of Emperor Ichijō).

Europe

 * February 6 – After leading the revolt against Emperor Otto III and expelling the Crescentii, Gregory I, Count of Tusculum is named "Head of the Republic".
 * July 31 – Emperor Otto III confirms the possessions of Ulric Manfred II of Turin, and grants him privileges.
 * July – Sergius II becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.
 * Byzantine Emperor Basil II attempts to reconquer Bulgaria.
 * Robert II, King of France, marries for the third time, with Constance Taillefer d'Arles.
 * Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne's vault opened at Aachen Cathedral.
 * The First Battle of Alton: Danish invaders defeat the English.
 * Battle of Pinhoe: Vikings defeat the Anglo-Saxons in Devon.
 * Bolesław I the Brave begins ruling parts of Slovakia.
 * Bryachislav of Polotsk begins ruling Polotsk.
 * Werner I, Bishop of Strasbourg begins ruling the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg.
 * Ermengol I, Count of Urgell makes his second voyage to Rome.
 * Thorgeir Ljosvetningagodi ends being a lawspeaker in Iceland's Althing.
 * Ælfgar, bishop of Elmham, is consecrated.
 * Æthelred becomes bishop of Cornwall, but dies shortly afterwards.
 * The town of Lloret de Mar is founded in Catalonia.
 * The first reference is made to Khotyn, Ukrainian town, and to Nyalka, Hungarian village, as to Chimudi.
 * Brian Boru attacks the Uí Néill in Ireland.

North America

 * Vikings, led by Leif Erikson, establish small settlements in and around Vinland in North America (approximate date).

Religion

 * King Edward the Martyr of England is canonized.
 * The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Esztergom-Budapest is established.
 * Oqropiri (Ioane I), Svimeon III and Melkisedek I are Catholicoi of Iberia within one year.
 * A tomb of Saint Ivo (possibly) is uncovered in Huntingdonshire, England.

Births

 * March 29 – Sokkate, Burmese king (d. 1044)
 * Al-Qa'im, Abbasid caliph (d. 1075)
 * Duncan I, king of Alba (Scotland) (d. 1040)
 * Godwin, English nobleman (d. 1053)
 * Herluin de Conteville, Norman nobleman (d. 1066)
 * Ingegerd Olofsdotter, Grand Princess of Kiev (d. 1050)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Fujiwara no Teishi, empress of Japan (b. 977)
 * January 22 – Al-Muqallad ibn al-Musayyab, Uqaylid emir of Mosul
 * October 7 – Æthelstan, bishop of Elmham
 * December 21 – Hugh, margrave of Tuscany
 * Conrad, margrave of Ivrea
 * David III of Tao ("the Great"), Georgian prince
 * Đinh Phế Đế, Vietnamese emperor (b. 974)
 * Ermengarda de Vallespir, Spanish countess
 * Izyaslav, Kievan prince of Polotsk
 * Ja'far ibn al-Furat, Ikhshidid and Fatimid vizier (b. 921)
 * Jayapala, Indian ruler of the Hindu Shahis
 * Jayavarman V, emperor of the Khmer Empire
 * Wang Yucheng, Chinese official and poet (b. 954)
 * Ziri ibn Atiyya, emir of Morocco

title: 1001


text:
1002

Year 1002 (MII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * January 23 – Emperor Otto III dies, at the age of 22, of smallpox at Castle of Paterno (near Rome) after a 19-year reign. He leaves no son, nor a surviving brother who can succeed by hereditary right to the throne. Otto is buried in Aachen Cathedral alongside the body of Charlemagne.
 * February 15 – At an assembly at Pavia of Lombard nobles and secondi milites (the minor nobles), Arduin of Ivrea (grandson of former King Berengar II) is restored to his domains and crowned as King of Italy in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore. Arduin is supported by Arnulf II, archbishop of Milan.
 * June 7 – Henry II, a cousin of Otto III, is elected and crowned as King of Germany by Archbishop Willigis at Mainz. Henry does not recognise the coronation of Arduin. Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives the Duchy of Carinthia (modern Austria) - Henry is the first King to be elected away from the Cathedral of Aachen since the tradition was begun by Otto I in 936.
 * July – Battle of Calatañazor: Christian armies led by Alfonso V of León, Sancho III of Pamplona and Sancho García of Castile, defeat the invading Saracens under Al-Mansur, the de facto ruler of Al-Andalus.
 * August 8 – Al-Mansur dies after a 24-year reign and is succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar as ruler (hajib) of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (modern Spain).
 * October 15 – Henry I, duke of Burgundy, dies and is succeeded by his stepson, Otto-William. He inherits the duchy; this is disputed by King Robert II of France ("the Pious").
 * Fall – A revolt organized by Bohemian nobles of the rivalling Vršovci clan, forces Duke Boleslaus III ("the Red") to flee to Germany. He is succeeded by Vladivoj (until 1003).

British Isles

 * November 13 – St. Brice's Day massacre: King Æthelred the Unready orders all Danes in England killed. Æthelred marries (as his second wife) Emma, daughter of Duke Richard I of Normandy.
 * Winter – Æthelred pays tribute (or Danegeld) to Sweyn Forkbeard, buying him off with a massive payment of 24,000 lbs of silver to hold off further Viking raids against England.
 * Brian Boru, king of Leinster and Munster, becomes High King of Ireland. After the submission of Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, Brian Boru makes an expedition to the North.

Arabian Empire

 * Winter – Khalaf ibn Ahmad, Saffarid emir of Sistan (modern Iran), is deposed and surrenders to the Ghaznavid Dynasty after a 39-year reign (approximate date).

Asia

 * In Japan, court lady Sei Shōnagon completes writing The Pillow Book.

Religion

 * June – Frederick, archbishop of Ravenna, is sent as an imperial legate to the Synod of Pöhlde, to mediate between the claims of Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim and Willigis, concerning the control of Gandersheim Abbey.

Births

 * May 10 – Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Muslim scholar (d. 1071)
 * June 21 – Leo IX, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1054)
 * Airlangga, ruler (rajah) of Kahuripan (Indonesia) (d. 1049)
 * Adolf II of Lotharingia, German nobleman (d. 1041)
 * Alice of Normandy, countess of Burgundy (d. 1038)
 * Aristakes Lastivertsi, Armenian historian (d. 1080)
 * George I, king of Georgia (approximate date)
 * Mei Yaochen, poet of the Song Dynasty (d. 1060)
 * Nikephoros III, Byzantine emperor (d. 1081)

Deaths

 * January 8 – Wulfsige III, bishop of Sherborne
 * January 23 – Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 980)
 * April 23 – Æscwig, bishop of Dorchester
 * April 30 – Eckard I, margrave of Meissen
 * May 6 – Ealdwulf, archbishop of York
 * August 8 – Al-Mansur, Umayyad vizier and de facto ruler (b. 938)
 * October 15 – Henry I, duke of Burgundy (b. 946)
 * November 13
 * Gunhilde, Danish princess and noblewoman
 * Pallig, Danish chieftain (jarl) of Devonshire
 * Athanasius IV, Syrian patriarch of Antioch
 * Domonkos I, archbishop of Esztergom
 * Gisela, French princess (approximate date)
 * Godfrey I (the Prisoner), Frankish nobleman
 * John the Iberian, Georgian monk (approximate date)
 * Kisai Marvazi, Persian author and poet (b. 953)
 * Rogneda of Polotsk, Grand Princess of Kiev (b. 962)
 * Sa'id al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir of Aleppo (Syria)
 * Sancho Ramírez, king of Viguera (approximate date)

title: 1002


text:
1003

Year 1003 (MIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * February 9 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Duke Bolesław I (the Brave) of Poland. The following months, Boleslaus' brothers Jaromír and Oldřich flee to Germany and place themselves under the protection of King Henry II, while Boleslaus orders the massacre of his Bohemian leading nobles at Vyšehrad.
 * German–Polish War: Bolesław I annexes Bohemia and parts of Moravia (modern Slovakia). German nobles under Henry of Schweinfurt revolt against Henry II (who has been promised the Duchy of Bavaria).
 * Count Oliba (Taillefer) Ripoll. Oliba takes up the Benedictine habit at the Monastery of Santa Maria de Ripoll.
 * King Robert II (the Pious) invades Burgundy, but fails. After this fiasco Robert repudiates his second wife, Bertha of Burgundy, and marries Constance of Arles who becomes queen consort of France.
 * King Rudolph III of Burgundy invests Humbert I (the White-Handed) with the domains of the Duchy of Aosta. He becomes the first count of the House of Savoy.
 * King Stephen I of Hungary invades Transylvania (modern Romania) and establishes the Diocese of Transylvania (approximate date).
 * Battle of Albesa: Muslim forces of the Caliphate of Cordoba defeat the northern Christian armies of León, Pamplona and Castile.

England

 * King Sweyn I (Forkbeard) lands with a Danish Viking fleet in East Anglia, ravaging the countryside. Northumbria surrenders to him (approximate date).

Asia

 * Emperor Sheng Zong of the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty leads an expedition into Mongolia and subdues the Zubu tribe who are forced to pay an annual tribute.

Art

 * Construction of the Brihadisvara Temple in Tamil Nadu (modern India), during the Chola Dynasty (Early Medieval period).

Religion

 * May 12 – Pope Sylvester II dies after a 4-year pontificate. He is succeeded by John XVII as the 140th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * November 6 – John XVII dies after a pontificate of about 7 months and is buried in the Lateran Basilica at Rome.
 * Heribert, archbishop of Cologne, founds Deutz Abbey at Deutz (Germany).

Births

 * Amatus, bishop of Nusco (approximate date)
 * Conrad II (the Younger), duke of Carinthia (d. 1039)
 * Edward the Confessor, king of England (d. 1066)
 * Frederick, duke of Lower Lorraine (approximate date)
 * Hedwig (or Advisa), French princess (approximate date)
 * Herleva, Norman noblewoman (approximate date)
 * Ibn Hayyus, Syrian poet and panegyrist (d. 1081)
 * Ibn Zaydún, Andalusian poet and writer (d. 1071)
 * Jing Zong, Chinese emperor of Western Xia (d. 1048)
 * Liudolf of Brunswick, margrave of Frisia (d. 1038)
 * Musharrif al-Dawla, Buyid emir of Iraq (d. 1025)

Deaths

 * January 19 – Kilian of Cologne, Irish abbot
 * January 25 – Lothair I, margrave of the Nordmark
 * May 4 – Herman II, duke of Swabia (Germany)
 * May 12 – Sylvester II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * July 11 – Al-Mansur al-Qasim al-Iyyani, Zaidi imam
 * August 3 – At-Ta'i, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad (b. 929)
 * November 6 – John XVII, pope of the Catholic Church
 * December 24 – William II, German nobleman
 * December 27 – Emma of Blois, duchess of Aquitaine
 * Athanasius the Athonite, Byzantine monk (b. 920)
 * Brian mac Maelruanaidh, king of Maigh Seóla (Ireland)
 * Didda, queen consort and regent of Kashmir (India)
 * Erik the Red, Norse Viking explorer (approximate date)
 * Flannchad ua Ruaidíne, abbot of Clonmacnoise
 * Gregory of Narek, Armenian theologian (b. 951)
 * Gurgen IV, king of Vaspurakan (Armenia)
 * Ibrahim ibn Baks, Buyid scholar and physician
 * Philotheos, patriarch of Alexandria (Egypt)
 * Rozala, French queen and countess of Flanders
 * Vladivoj, duke of Bohemia (Czech Republic)

title: 1003


text:
1004

Year 1004 (MIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Battle of Skopje: Emperor Basil II defeats the Bulgarian forces near Skopje (modern North Macedonia). Leaving his army behind, Samuel of Bulgaria manages to escape. Basil continues his campaign and besieges the fortress of Pernik. By the end of the year Basil has reconquered about half of the Bulgarian Empire.

Europe

 * Spring – King Henry II crosses with an expeditionary force through the Brenner Pass to Trento. After initial military successes against Arduin of Ivrea, he receives the homage of the Italian clergy and Lombard noble families.
 * May 14 – Henry II is crowned King of Italy by Archbishop Arnulf II in Pavia. A quarrel ensues between the German troops and the Pavese citizens. Henry orders a massacre of the population in response, destroying the city.
 * Fall – Venetian-Byzantine forces defeat the Saracens at Bari. The citadel is on the brink of capitulation after a 3 day siege. Giovanni, a son of Doge Pietro Orseolo II, is married to the Byzantine princess Maria Argyra.
 * German–Polish War: Duke Bolesław I of Poland loses Bohemia. With German support, Jaromír occupies Prague and proclaims himself the new duke. At Merseburg, he promises to hold Bohemia as a vassal of Henry II.
 * Moorish forces under vizier Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar sack the Catalan city of Manresa (modern Spain).
 * Saracen pirates under the Balearic emir Mugahid sack Pisa, destroying nearly one-quarter of the city.
 * Sancho III becomes king of Pamplona, Aragon and Castille (until 1035).

England

 * A Danish Viking fleet under Sweyn Forkbeard lands in Norfolk. Ealdorman Ulfcytel orders his Anglo-Saxon troops to burn the raiding ships. The plan fails and Ulfcytel's small army is defeated by the Vikings.

Africa

 * An episode of plague and famine breaks out in North Africa.

China

 * Summer – Emperor Sheng Zong of Liao launches a major offensive against the Song dynasty. He invades Shanyang and threatens the Song capital of Kaifeng (approximate date).
 * Jingdezhen porcelain enters a period of significant production during the Song dynasty.

Japan

 * December – Fujiwara no Kenshi, the future empress consort, enters the palace as lady-in-waiting to her sister, Empress Shōshi.

Religion

 * Spring – Pope John XVIII begins his reign as the 141st pope of the Catholic Church at Rome (until 1009).

Births

 * Abdallah ibn Al-Aftas, founder of the Aftasid Dynasty (d. 1060)
 * Dedi I (or Dedo), margrave of Saxon Ostmark (d. 1075)
 * Godgifu, daughter of Æthelred the Unready (approximate date)
 * Guido of Acqui (or Wido), Italian bishop (approximate date)
 * Minamoto no Takakuni, Japanese nobleman (d. 1077)
 * Nasir Khusraw, Persian poet and philosopher (d. 1088)
 * William VI ("the Fat"), French nobleman (d. 1038)

Deaths

 * June – Frederick, archbishop of Ravenna
 * July 11 – Theobald II, French nobleman
 * November 4 – Otto I, duke of Carinthia
 * November 13 – Abbo of Fleury, French abbot
 * Adelaide of Aquitaine, French queen consort
 * Aderald, French priest and archdeacon
 * Eochaid ua Flannacáin, Irish cleric and poet (b. 935)
 * Gisilher (or Giselmar), archbishop of Magdeburg
 * Khusrau Shah, king of the Justanids (approximate date)
 * Li, empress consort of the Song Dynasty (b. 960)
 * Li Jiqian, Chinese governor and rebel leader (b. 963)
 * Ragnall mac Gofraid, king of the Isles (or 1005)
 * Soběslav (or Soběbor), Bohemian nobleman
 * Wulfric Spot, English nobleman (approximate date)

title: 1004


text:
1005

Year 1005 (MV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Spring – The Republic of Pisa conducts a military offensive against the Saracen strongholds in Southern Italy. The Pisan fleet sacks the city of Reggio Calabria. Pisa becomes one of the four commercial Maritime Republics (the other three are Genoa, Venice and Amalfi), which fight each other for control of the Mediterranean Sea.

British Isles

 * March 25 – King Kenneth III of Scotland is killed in the battle of Monzievaird in Strathearn. He is succeeded by his cousin Malcolm II ("Forranach, the Destroyer", son of the late King Kenneth II) as ruler of Scotland.
 * Summer – Danish Viking raiders under Sweyn Forkbeard continue to ravage the cities (mostly poorly defended) in southern England. A famine strikes Sweyn's army, which has to live off the land.
 * November 16 – Ælfric of Abingdon, archbishop of Canterbury, leaves ships to the people of Wiltshire and Kent in his will, leaving the best, equipped for 60 men, to King Æthelred the Unready.
 * High King of Ireland Brian Boru makes a second expedition to the north, to take hostages from the northern kingdoms. During this campaign he visits Armagh – making an offering of 20 ounces of gold to the church and confirming to the apostolic see of Saint Patrick, ecclesiastical supremacy over the whole of Ireland.

Asia

 * January 13–18 – The Shanyuan Treaty is negotiated between the Liao dynasty and the Song dynasty. The Song government agrees to pay an annual tribute of 200,000 bolts of raw silk and 100,000 taels of silver, ending the northern border clashes against Liao.
 * May 13 – The Japanese court permits Fujiwara no Korechika to enter the palace.
 * Lê Trung Tông succeeds his father Lê Hoàn as emperor of the early Lê dynasty (modern Vietnam), preceding anarchy and 8 months succession war with other princes. Lê Ngoạ Triều succeeds his brother Lê Trung Tông, killing him after just a 3 day reign.

Arts and literature

 * The Shūi Wakashū ("Collection of Gleanings"), an anthology of waka (poetry), is compiled by ex-Emperor Kazan of Japan (approximate date).

Births

 * June 20 – al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah, Fatimid caliph of Egypt (d. 1036)
 * September 26 – Fujiwara no Nagaie, Japanese nobleman (d. 1064)
 * A Nong, Chinese shaman and matriarch (approximate date)
 * Berenguer Ramon I, Spanish nobleman (d. 1035)
 * Bertha of Blois, duchess consort of Brittany (approximate date)
 * Eilika of Schweinfurt, German noblewoman (approximate date)
 * Frederick II, German nobleman and overlord (d. 1075)
 * Llywelyn Aurdorchog, Welsh nobleman (approximate date)
 * Macbeth ("Rí Deircc, the Red King"), king of Scotland (approximate date)
 * Mahmud al-Kashgari, Turkish lexicographer (d. 1102)

Deaths

 * March 25 – Kenneth III ("An Donn, the Chief"), king of Scotland
 * October 31 – Abe no Seimei, Japanese astrologer (b. 921)
 * November 16 – Ælfric of Abingdon, archbishop of Canterbury
 * December 14 – Adalbero II, bishop of Verdun and Metz
 * December 27 – Nilus the Younger, Byzantine abbot (b. 910)
 * Abu Hilal al-Askari, Muslim scholar and writer (b. 920)
 * Cynan ap Hywel, prince of Gwynedd (approximate date)
 * Lê Hoàn, emperor of the Early Lê Dynasty (b. 941)
 * Lê Trung Tông, emperor of the Early Lê Dynasty (b. 983)
 * Isma'il Muntasir ("Victorious"), ruler of the Samanids
 * Mael Ruanaidh Ua Dubhda, king of Connacht
 * Ma Yize, Muslim astronomer of the Song Dynasty
 * Ragnall mac Gofraid, king of the Isles (or 1004)
 * Sigmundur Brestisson, Viking chieftain (b. 961)
 * Yves de Bellême, Norman nobleman (approximate date)

title: 1005


text:
1006

Year 1006 (MVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Summer – An Arab Saracen fleet appears before Pisa, but departs again. The Pisans take their fleet to sea and chase the Arabs down to Southern Italy where, in the Battle of Reggio Calabria, the Pisan fleet defeats the Arabs.
 * Summer–Autumn – Danish Viking raiders led by Sweyn Forkbeard raid south-eastern England from the Isle of Wight to Reading in the Thames Valley where they overwinter at the Wallingford river crossing.
 * Brian Boru visits Ulster, and remains unchallenged.

Oceania

 * A major eruption of the Mount Merapi volcano on Java causes devastation throughout the centre of the island (which it covers with volcanic ash) and to the Javanese Hindu Mataram Kingdom.

Astronomy

 * April 30 – The brightest supernova ever recorded, SN 1006, occurs in the constellation of Lupus. It is observed and described in China, Japan, Iraq, Egypt, and Europe and possibly depicted in North American rock art. Modern astronomers now consider its distance at about 7,200 light-years. The supernova provides enough light to read by on a night with a dark moon.

Births

 * October 23 – Wen Yanbo, grand chancellor (d. 1097)
 * Al-Lakhmi, Fatimid scholar and jurist (d. 1085)
 * Constantine X, Byzantine emperor (d. 1067)
 * Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop (d. 1080)
 * Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Persian Sufi poet (d. 1088)

Deaths

 * February 13 – Fulcran, bishop of Lodève (France)
 * July 21 – Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria
 * December 26 – Gao Qiong, Chinese general (b. 935)
 * Ælfhelm of York, ealdorman (dux) of Northumbria
 * Azon the Venerable (or Atso), French prelate
 * Fiachra Ua Focarta, abbot of Clonfert (Ireland)
 * Giovanni Orseolo, Venetian nobleman (b. 981)
 * Ibn Marzuban, Persian official and physician
 * Maud of Normandy, French noblewoman
 * Olaf the Peacock, Icelandic merchant
 * Sherira Gaon, Jewish spiritual leader
 * Cenwulf, bishop of Winchester (approximate date)

title: 1006


text:
1007

Year 1007 (MVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

England

 * King Æthelred the Unready pays the Danish Vikings a sum of 36,000 pounds of silver (Danegeld) to stop further invasions.

Ireland

 * The Book of Kells is stolen from the Abbey of Kells.

Japan

 * January 1 (New Year’s Day) – Imperial Princess Shushi is granted the title Ippon Shinno (first rank princess).
 * January 29 – Ranking ceremony of Murasaki Shikibu – as a renowned writer and lady-in-waiting, tutor of Empress Shōshi, she is elevated to the highest position in the palace below the empress.
 * April – Imperial Prince Tomohira receives the title nihon (second rank prince).

Religion

 * November 1 – King Henry II of Germany founds the Diocese of Bamberg during a synod held in Frankfurt.
 * Ælfheah of Canterbury travels to Rome to receive his pallium – symbol of his status as an archbishop – from Pope John XVIII.
 * The Keraites, a Turco-Mongolian tribe, are converted to Nestorianism (a sect of Christianity).

Births

 * Emeric, Hungarian prince and co-heir (approximate date)
 * Gervais de Château-du-Loir, French nobleman (d. 1067)
 * Giselbert, count of Luxembourg (approximate date)
 * Hugh Magnus (Hugues le Grand), king of France (d. 1025)
 * Ibn Sidah, Andalusian linguist and lexicographer (d. 1066)
 * Isaac I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (approximate date)
 * Maitripada, Indian Buddhist philosopher (d. 1085)
 * Ouyang Xiu, Chinese historian and poet (d. 1072)
 * Peter Damian, cardinal-bishop of Ostia (d. 1073)
 * Welf III, duke of Carinthia (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 27 – Ælfwaru, English noblewoman
 * March 20 – Abu Rakwa, Andalusian Umayyad prince
 * July 21 – Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria
 * October 31 – Heriger, abbot of Lobbes (Belgium)
 * Attilanus, bishop of Zamora (Spain) (b. 937)
 * Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani, Persian poet (b. 969)
 * Guo, empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 975)
 * Manjutakin, Fatimid general and governor
 * Maslama al-Majriti, Andalusian chemist
 * Pelayo Rodríguez, count (comes) of León
 * Sebestyén, archbishop of Esztergom
 * Urraca Fernández, Galician queen

title: 1007


text:
1008

Year 1008 (MVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Olaf Haraldsson, future king of Norway, makes raids in the Baltic Sea. He lands on the Estonian island of Saaremaa, wins a battle there, and forces the inhabitants to pay tribute.
 * Battle at Herdaler: Olaf Haraldsson sails to the southern coast of Finland to plunder, where he and his men are ambushed and defeated in the woods.
 * The oldest known mention is made of the city of Gundelfingen (Southern Germany).
 * Unification of the Georgian realm.

England

 * King Æthelred the Unready orders a new fleet of warships built, organised on a national scale. It is a huge undertaking, but is completed the following year.

Arabian Empire

 * Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sends a tributary mission to Emperor Zhenzong of the Song dynasty in order to reestablish trade relations between the Fatimid Caliphate and China (approximate date).

Japan

 * November 13 – Kamo Special Festival: The poet Murasaki Shikibu is given her name from a famous court poet, Fujiwara no Kinto; this year she probably starts to write The Diary of Lady Murasaki.
 * 42nd Birthday of Fujiwara no Michinaga, father-in-law of the emperor, is celebrated.

Religion

 * Autumn – Bruno of Querfurt, a missionary bishop, and 18 companions sets out on a mission to spread Christianity among the Prussians.
 * Olof Skötkonung, king of Sweden, is baptized in Husaby (Västergötland) by missionary Sigfrid, and makes generous donations on the spot.

Births

 * May 4 – Henry I, king of France (d. 1060)
 * October 12 – Atsuhira, future Emperor Go-Ichijō of Japan (d. 1036)
 * Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis, Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya (d. 1062)
 * Anselm of Liège, French chronicler and historian
 * Di Qing, general of the Song Dynasty (d. 1057)
 * Gothelo II (or Gozelo), duke of Lower Lorraine (d. 1046)
 * Sugawara no Takasue, Japanese writer (approximate date)
 * Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 17 – Kazan, emperor of Japan (b. 968)
 * April 7 – Ludolf (or Liudolf), archbishop of Trier
 * April 10 – Notker of Liège, French bishop (b. 940)
 * May 25
 * Bishi, Japanese imperial princess
 * Matilda of Saxony, countess of Flanders
 * October 6 – Menendo González, Galician nobleman
 * November 20 – Geoffrey I, duke of Brittany (b. 980)
 * Abd al-Malik al-Muzaffar, Andalusian court official
 * Clothna mac Aenghusa, Irish poet (approximate date)
 * Gunnlaugr Ormstunga, Icelandic poet (approximate date)
 * Gurgen II (Magistros), king of Iberia-Kartli (Georgia)
 * Ibn Zur'a, Abbasid physician and philosopher (b. 943)
 * Madudan mac Gadhra Mór, king of Síol Anmchadha
 * Poppo, Polish missionary bishop (approximate date)
 * Raymond III, French nobleman (approximate date)
 * Rotbold I (or Rotbaud), French nobleman
 * Sarolt, Grand Princess of Hungary (b. 950)

title: 1008


text:
1009

Year 1009 (MIX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. It was the 1009th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 9th year of the 2nd millennium, the 9th year of the 11th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1000s decade.

Europe

 * February 14 or March 9 – The first known mention is made of the name of Lithuania, in connection with the murder of Bruno of Querfurt. He is beheaded and his 18 companions are hanged the same day during a mission among the Prussians in the Baltic region.
 * May 9 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus, an Italian nobleman, revolt in Bari against the Catepanate of Italy (a province of the Byzantine Empire). He and his brother-in-law Dattus (or Datto) mobilise a large army and invade southern Italy.
 * November 1 – Berber forces led by Sulayman ibn al-Hakam defeat the Umayyad caliph Muhammad II in the battle of Alcolea. He enters the city of Córdoba, which is sacked by Berbers and Castillans. Sulayman is elected as caliph of the Caliphate of Córdoba.
 * Doge Pietro II Orseolo dies after an 18-year reign in which he has started the expansion of Venetia by conquering the islands of Lastovo and Korčula along the Dalmatian coast. Pietro is succeeded by his 16-year-old son Otto Orseolo as sole ruler of Venice.
 * Law on planning and building passed in Serbia during the reign of Prince Jovan Vladimir.

England

 * Danish Viking raiders led by Sweyn Forkbeard repeatedly attack southern England, destroying the land to avenge the St. Brice's Day massacre of 1002.
 * August – A large Viking army led by Thorkell the Tall lands on Kent and proceeds to terrorize most of Southern England.

Asia

 * Spring – General Kang Cho leads a coup against King Mokjong. He is deposed and sent into exile in Chungju. After murdering Mokjong, Kang Cho places Hyeonjong on the throne as ruler of Goryeo.
 * November – The Lý Dynasty in Vietnam is proclaimed by Emperor Lý Thái Tổ (former commander of the palace guard) after the death of Lê Long Đĩnh, the last monarch of the Lê Dynasty.

Japan

 * Princess Takahime (daughter of Imperial Prince Tomohira, cousin of emperor Ichijo) is married to Fujiwara no Yorimichi, first son of Fujiwara no Michinaga, enlarging the latter’s power.
 * Takashina no Mitsuko is imprisoned for cursing the empress; Fujiwara no Korechika is also implicated but later pardoned.
 * Murasaki Shikibu teaches the Chinese written language to Empress Shoshi in secret because this is usually a male accomplishment.

Religion

 * Summer – Pope John XVIII dies after a pontificate of 5-years. He is succeeded by Sergius IV as the 142nd pope of the Catholic Church.
 * August 29 – Mainz Cathedral suffers extensive damage from a fire, which destroys the building on the day of its inauguration.
 * October 18 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is destroyed by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

Births

 * May 22 – Su Xun, Chinese writer (d. 1066)
 * December 14 – Atsunaga, future Emperor Go-Suzaku of Japan (d. 1045)
 * Adèle of France, countess of Flanders (d. 1079)
 * Ali Hariri, Marwanid poet and philosopher (d. 1079)
 * George the Hagiorite, Georgian calligrapher (d. 1065)
 * Qatran Tabrizi, Persian poet and writer (d. 1072)
 * Toirdelbach Ua Briain, king of Munster (d. 1086)
 * Yusuf ibn Tashfin, sultan of Morocco (d. 1106)

Deaths

 * February 14 – Bruno of Querfurt, German missionary bishop
 * March 2 – Mokjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 980)
 * March 3 – Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo, Umayyad chief minister (b. 983)
 * June or July – John XVIII, pope of the Catholic Church
 * August 21 – Tomohira, Japanese imperial prince (uncle of the emperor)
 * November 13 – Dedo I, German nobleman (b. 950)
 * December 25 – Bernard William, French nobleman
 * Abu al-Hasan Ali, Ma'munid ruler of Khwarezm (Iran)
 * Abu Muhammad Lu'lu' al-Kabir, emir of Aleppo (Syria)
 * Fujiwara no Nagatō, Japanese bureaucrat and poet (b. 949)
 * Ibn Yunus, Fatimid astronomer and mathematician
 * Khalaf ibn Ahmad, emir of the Saffarid Dynasty (b. 937)
 * Lê Long Đĩnh, emperor of the Lê Dynasty (b. 986)
 * Pietro II Orseolo, doge of Venice (b. 961)
 * Xiao Yanyan, Chinese Khitan empress (b. 953)

title: 1009


text:
836

Year 836 (DCCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 836th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 836th year of the 1st millennium, the 36th year of the 9th century, and the 7th year of the 830s decade.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * Driven by tensions between his favoured Turkish guard and the populace of Baghdad, Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim moves his residence to the new city of Samarra, 130 km north of Baghdad. With brief interruptions, the city will remain the seat of the Abbasid caliphs until 892.

Britain

 * Battle of Carhampton: Danish Vikings arrive in the Wessex areas of Somerset and North Devon. Ecgberht, King of Wessex fights them but is forced to withdraw.

Europe

 * July 4 – Pactum Sicardi: Prince Sicard of Benevento signs a 5-year armistice with the duchies of Sorrento, Naples and Amalfi. He recognizes the trade of merchants among the three cities in Southern Italy.
 * Malamir, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 4-year reign and is succeeded by his nephew Presian I. Because of his young age and inexperience, the Bulgarian state affairs are dominated by his minister and commander-in-chief Isbul.
 * Pietro Tradonico is appointed doge of Venice (until 864).
 * The oldest known mention is made of the city of Soest (modern Germany).

Religion

 * The Basilica of St. Castor in Koblenz (Rhineland-Pfalz) is constructed.

Births

 * Æthelberht, king of Wessex (approximate date)
 * Al-Musta'in, Muslim caliph (d. 866)
 * Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese regent (d. 891)
 * Ibn al-Rumi, Muslim poet (d. 896)
 * Luo Hongxin, Chinese warlord (d. 898)
 * Mihira Bhoja, king of the Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty (d. 885)
 * Wei Zhuang, Chinese poet (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 17 – Haito, bishop of Basel
 * Adalram, archbishop of Salzburg
 * Aznar Sánchez, duke of Gascony
 * Herefrith, bishop of Winchester
 * Heungdeok, king of Silla (b. 777)
 * Lambert I, Frankish nobleman
 * Malamir, ruler of the Bulgarian Empire
 * Matfrid, Frankish nobleman
 * Muhammad ibn Idris, Idrisid emir of Morocco
 * Nicetas the Patrician, Byzantine official
 * Prosigoj, Serbian prince (approximate date)
 * Ralpacan, emperor of Tibet (b. 802)
 * Wala of Corbie, Frankish nobleman
 * Wang Zhixing, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 758)

title: 836


text:
837

Year 837 (DCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Arab War: Emperor Theophilos leads a massive Byzantine expeditionary force into Mesopotamia. He sacks the cities Arsamosata and Sozopetra — which some sources claim as the birthplace of Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tasim — and forces Melitene to pay tribute.
 * The Slavs in the vicinity of Thessaloniki revolt against the Byzantine Empire. Theophilos undertakes an evacuation of some Byzantine captives, who are settled in trans-Danubian Bulgaria.

Europe

 * Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, sends his prime-minister Isbul against the Smolyani (a Slavic tribe in Byzantine territory near the Struma River). The Bulgarian army campaigns along the Aegean coasts, and conquers most of Thrace and Macedonia, including the fortress city of Philippi, as recorded in the Presian Inscription.
 * The city of Naples (modern Italy) is attacked by Saracens from Egypt demanding an annual payment (approximate date).

Britain

 * King Drest IX dies after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded as ruler of the Picts by his cousin Eóganan mac Óengusa.

Astronomy

 * April 10 – Halley's Comet passes approximately 5 million km from Earth, its closest ever approach.

Births

 * Al-Muntasir, Muslim caliph (d. 862)
 * Baldwin I, margrave of Flanders (approximate date)
 * Ibn Duraid, Muslim poet and philologist (d. 933)
 * Ibn Khuzaymah, Muslim hadith and scholar (d. 923)

Deaths

 * Antony I, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Drest IX, king of the Picts
 * Eadwulf, bishop of Lindsey
 * Giovanni I, doge of Venice
 * Hugh of Tours, Frankish nobleman
 * Li Zaiyi, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 788)
 * Maxentius, patriarch of Aquileia
 * Oliba I, Frankish nobleman
 * Peter of Atroa, Byzantine abbot (b. 773)

title: 837


text:
838

Year 838 (DCCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * July 22 – Battle of Anzen: Caliph al-Mu'tasim launches a major punitive expedition against the Byzantine Empire, targeting the two major Byzantine fortress cities of central Anatolia (Ancyra and Amorium). He mobilises a vast army (80,000 men) at Tarsus, which is divided into two main forces. The northern force, under commander al-Afshin, invades the Armeniac Theme from the region of Melitene, joining up with the forces of the city's emir, Umar al-Aqta. The southern, main force, under al-Mu'tasim, passes the Cilician Gates into Cappadocia. Emperor Theophilos attacks the Abbasids, inflicting 3,000 casualties, but is heavily defeated by a counter-attack of 10,000 Turkish mounted archers. Theophilos and his guard are encircled, and barely manage to break through and escape.
 * August – Siege of Amorium: The Abbasids besiege the Byzantine fortress city of Amorium, which is protected by 44 towers, according to the contemporary geographer Ibn Khordadbeh. Both besiegers and besieged have many siege engines, and for several days both sides exchange missile fire. However, a Muslim prisoner defects to al-Mu'tasim, and informs him about a place in the wall which has been badly damaged by heavy rainfall. The Abbasids concentrate their hits on this section, and after two days manage to breach the city wall. After two weeks of repeated attacks, the Byzantine defenders surrender. The city is sacked and plundered, 70,000 inhabitants are slaughtered, and the survivors are sold as slaves.

Europe

 * December 13 – King Pepin I of Aquitaine dies after a 21-year reign. Emperor Louis the Pious appoints his youngest son Charles the Bald as his successor. The Aquitainian nobility, however, elects Pepin's son Pepin II as the new Frankish ruler.
 * The oldest known mention is made of the city of Rheine, on the Ems River (modern Germany).

British Isles

 * Battle of Hingston Down: Ecgberht, King of Wessex, leads his men to defeat a combined force of Cornish and Danish Vikings at Hingston Down in Cornwall.
 * King Fedelmid mac Crimthainn of Munster calls for a great royal meeting at Kildare (Cluain-Conaire-Tommain) between himself and King Niall Caille of Uí Néill.
 * Approximate date – The Stone of Destiny, an oblong block of red sandstone, is placed at Scone Palace for the coronation of the first monarchs of Scotland.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * January – Babak Khorramdin, an Iranian military leader, is brutally executed by order of al-Mu'tasim.
 * A conspiracy is discovered, led by General Ujayf ibn Anbasa, to assassinate al-Mu'tasim while he is campaigning, and place his nephew Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun on the throne. A widespread purge of the army follows, which cements the leading role of the Turkish slave-soldiers (ghilman) in the Abbasid military establishment. Ujayf is executed and Al-Abbas put in prison, where he dies.
 * The Yazidis rise up against the Abbasids (approximate date).

Religion

 * Possible conversion of some Khazars to Judaism (approximate date).

Births

 * Æthelswith, Anglo-Saxon princess and queen consort (approximate date)
 * Fujiwara no Takafuji, Japanese nobleman (d. 900)
 * Ubaydallah ibn Abdallah, Muslim governor (approximate date)

Deaths

 * January – Babak Khorramdin, Iranian leader of the Khurramite uprising against the Abbasid Caliphate, executed
 * May 4 ? – Willerich, bishop of Bremen
 * June 10 – Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya, Muslim emir
 * November 6 – Li Yong, prince of the Tang dynasty
 * December 13 – Pepin I of Aquitaine, king of Aquitaine (b. 797)
 * Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun, Muslim prince and general
 * Boniface II, margrave of Tuscany (approximate date)
 * Bran mac Fáeláin, king of Leinster (Ireland)
 * Eadhun, bishop of Winchester
 * Frederick of Utrecht, Frisian bishop (approximate date)
 * Ralpacan, king of Tibet, murdered (approximate date)
 * Ratimir, duke of Lower Pannonia
 * Ujayf ibn Anbasa, Muslim general, executed

title: 838


text:
839

Year 839 (DCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Prince Sicard of Benevento is assassinated by a conspiracy among the nobility. He is succeeded by Radelchis I, chief army officer and treasurer of Sicard, who proclaims himself ruler of Benevento. He imprisons Siconulf, heir and brother of Sicard, in Taranto. But Amalfitan merchants, led by Landulf I, the gastald of Capua, and with the support of Guaifer, rescue him from prison. Siconulf is proclaimed prince of Salerno, and a civil war erupts, which splits the Lombard principality in Southern Italy.
 * Third Civil War: King Louis the German, grandson of Charlemagne, invades Swabia. His nephew, Pepin II of Aquitaine, and his Gascon subjects, conquer territory all the way to the Loire.
 * May 20 — Thirteen months before his death, Louis the Pious, successor to his father Charlemagne, consents to the division of Charlemagne's empire among his sons in a declaration at Worms. Upon Louis I's death in 840, Lothair (age 45) is devised Middle Francia that includes Switzerland and northern Italy; Louis the German (Louis II), age 36, receives Eastern Francia that includes much of Germany; and Charles the Bald (17) gets West Francia that incorporates most of France.
 * The Hungarians (also known as Magyars) who until this time have lived east of the Carpathians, raid the Lower Danube at the request of the Bulgarian Empire against the Byzantine insurgents.
 * Approximate date – Danish Vikings return to ravage the Frisian coast (sacking Dorestad for the second time).
 * The first official mention of Andorra is recorded, in the manuscripts of the cathedral at La Seu d'Urgell (modern Spain).

Britain

 * Ecgberht, King of Wessex, dies after a 37-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Æthelwulf ("Noble Wolf") as ruler of Wessex. Æthelwulf's eldest son, Æthelstan, is made sub-king of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex, under his father.
 * Battle of 839: Eóganan mac Óengusa, King of the Picts, his brother Bran, Áed mac Boanta, King of Dál Riata, "and others almost innumerable" are killed in a battle fought by the men of Fortriu in Scotland against Vikings. Alpín mac Echdach (Alpín II) apparently succeeds Áed.

Births

 * Charles the Fat, Frankish emperor (d. 888)
 * He Quanhao, general of the Tang dynasty (d. 870)
 * Liu Chongwang, Chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 900)
 * Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Persian scholar (d. 923)

Deaths

 * April 21 – Pei Du, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 765)
 * June 16 – Rorgon I, count of Maine (or 840)
 * Áed mac Boanta, king of Dál Riata
 * Aznar Galíndez I, king of Aragon
 * Cathal mac Muirgiussa, king of Connacht
 * Chengguan, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 738)
 * Cummascach mac Congalaig, king of Brega
 * Ecgberht, king of Wessex
 * Eóganan mac Óengusa, king of the Picts
 * Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, Muslim prince (b. 779)
 * Muhammad at-Taqi, Muslim ninth Ismā'īlī imam (or 840)
 * Muiredach mac Eochada, king of Ulaid
 * Sicard, prince of Benevento
 * Vache, prince of Kakheti
 * Wiglaf, king of Mercia

title: 839


text:
AD 999

Year 999 (CMXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Japan

 * 9 February: The Mogi Ceremony of Fujiwara no Shoshi is held (she later becomes empress).
 * December: Empress Teishi gives birth to Prince Atsuyasu (who becomes the imperial heir), but on the next day, her rival, Fujiwara no Shoshi, is promoted to Consort.

Europe

 * King Bermudo II abdicates in favor of his 5-year-old son Alfonso V as ruler of León. Moorish invaders have forced Bermudo to recognize the suzerainty of their leader, Umayyad vizier and the de facto ruler Al-Mansur.
 * 9 September (999 or 1000) – Battle of Svolder: A Norwegian fleet, commanded by Olaf Tryggvason, is defeated by the combined fleet of the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard and his Swedish counterpart Olaf the Swede, resulting in Tryggvason's death, and the splitting up of Norway between Sweden and Denmark.

Ireland

 * December 30 - Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under Brian Boru (High King of Ireland) inflict a crushing defeat on the allied armies of Leinster and Dublin near Lyons Hill (County Kildare).

Central Asia

 * The Karakhanids invade from north of the Syr Darya River, ending the Samanid Empire (modern Iran). The Samanid domains are split between the Ghaznavid Dynasty and the Karakhanids.

Religion

 * February 18 – Pope Gregory V dies after a 3-year pontificate in which the Crescentii family forced him to flee Rome. He is succeeded by Sylvester II as the 139th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * Bishop Aldhun consecrates a cathedral (later Durham Cathedral), at a site where the remains of St. Cuthbert had been moved to in AD 995 from Lindisfarne because of the danger of Viking raids.
 * Sigmundur Brestisson, a Viking chieftain, introduces Christianity in the Faroe Islands.

Births

 * March 5 – Bao Zheng, politician of the Song Dynasty (d. 1062)
 * Berengar of Tours, French theologian (approximate date) (d. 1088)
 * Fujiwara no Ishi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1036)
 * Odo of Rennes, duke and regent of Brittany (d. 1079)

Deaths

 * February 7 – Boleslaus II (the Pious), duke of Bohemia
 * February 18 – Gregory V, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 972)
 * June 11 – Ebergar (or Everger), archbishop of Cologne
 * November 4 – Gregor von Burtscheid, German abbot
 * November 29 – Li Chun'an, Chinese merchant (b. 921)
 * December 16 – Adelaide, empress regent of the Holy Roman Empire (b. 931)
 * Alfred of Malmesbury (or Aelfric), English abbot and writer
 * Cao Bin, Chinese general and governor (jiedushi) (b. 931)
 * Ceallach ua Maílcorgus, Irish chief poet of Connacht
 * Maredudd ab Owain, king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date)
 * Matilda, German princess-abbess and daughter of Otto I (b. 955)
 * Muirgheas mac Aedh, king of Uí Díarmata (Ireland)
 * Subh of Córdoba, mother and regent of Hisham II
 * Yelü Xiezhen, Chinese general and politician

title: AD 999


text:
850

Year 850 (DCCCL) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * February 1 – King Ramiro I dies in his palace at Santa María del Naranco (near Oviedo), after an 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Ordoño I, as ruler of Asturias.
 * Danish Viking raiders, led by King Rorik, conquer Dorestad and Utrecht (modern-day Netherlands). Emperor Lothair I recognizes him as ruler of most of Friesland.
 * King Louis II, the eldest son of Lothair I, is crowned joint emperor by Pope Leo IV at Rome, and becomes co-ruler of the Middle Frankish Kingdom.

Britain

 * King Kenneth I (also called Kenneth MacAlpin) of Alba (modern Scotland) invades Northern Northumbria during the period of 850–858, burning Dunbar and Melrose.
 * The Pillar of Eliseg is erected by King Cyngen ap Cadell of Powys (Wales), as a memorial to his great-grandfather Elisedd ap Gwylog (or Eliseg) (approximate date).

Japan

 * May 6 – Emperor Ninmyō dies after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Montoku, as the 55th emperor of Japan.

India

 * It is hypothesized that sometime around 850 a group of Buddhist pilgrims travelling through a valley near Roopkund (modern India) were killed when caught out in the open in a sudden hailstorm. Their remains were discovered in 1942.

Mesoamerica

 * Uxmal becomes the capital of a large state in the Puuk hills region of northern Yucatán (modern Mexico). The city is connected by causeways (sakbe) to other important Puuk sites, such as K'abah, Sayil, and Labna (approximate date).

Food and Drink

 * Coffee is discovered (according to legend) by the Ethiopian goatherder Kaldi in East Africa, who notices that his goats become energetic after chewing the red berries from certain wild bushes (approximate date).

Religion

 * April 22 – Gunther becomes archbishop of Cologne (modern Germany).
 * June 18 – Perfecto, a Christian priest in Muslim Córdoba, is executed (beheaded) after he refuses to retract critical comments he made about Muhammad.

Births

 * June 27 – Ibrahim II, emir of the Aghlabids (d. 902)
 * Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, Muslim mathematician (d. 934)
 * Adelaide, queen of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 853)
 * Aribo of Austria, Frankish margrave (approximate date)
 * Arnulf of Carinthia, king of the East Frankish Kingdom (d. 899)
 * Berno of Cluny, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
 * Du Guangting, Chinese Taoist priest and writer (d. 933)
 * Gerolf of Holland, count of Friesland (approximate date)
 * Harald Fairhair, king of Norway (approximate date)
 * Hatto I, Frankish archbishop (approximate date)
 * Herbert I, count of Vermandois (approximate date)
 * Hermenegildo Gutiérrez, Galician nobleman (d. 912)
 * Hucbald, Frankish music theorist (or 840)
 * Ki no Tomonori, Japanese poet (approximate date)
 * Onneca Fortúnez, Basque princess (or 848)
 * Ranulf II, duke of Aquitaine (d. 890)
 * Reginar I, duke of Lorraine (approximate date)
 * Seiwa, emperor of Japan (d. 878)
 * Smbat I, king of Armenia (approximate date)
 * Tuotilo, German monk and composer (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 1 – Ramiro I, king of Asturias
 * May 6 – Ninmyō, emperor of Japan (b. 808)
 * April 18 – Perfectus, Spanish monk and martyr
 * July 14 – Wei Fu, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
 * Amalarius, Frankish archbishop (approximate date)
 * Bishr al-Hafi, Muslim theologian (approximate date)
 * Eanred, king of Northumbria (approximate date)
 * Huangbo Xiyun, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk
 * Ishaq ibn Ibrahim, Muslim official and advisor
 * Li Deyu, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 787)
 * Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, Persian mathematician
 * Maura of Troyes, Frankish noblewoman and saint (b. 827)
 * Tachibana no Kachiko, empress of Japan (b. 786)
 * Stephen of Liège, Frankish bishop (approximate date)
 * Vlastimir, Serbian prince (approximate date)
 * William of Septimania, Frankish nobleman (b. 826)
 * Zhou Lin, governor (jiedushi) of the Tang Dynasty

title: 850


text:
851

Year 851 (DCCCLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Asia

 * Bagrat II Bagratuni, Armenian prince and leader of a rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate, is captured by the Abbasid army, and brought to the caliphal capital of Samarra.

Britain

 * Danish Viking raiders enter the Thames Estuary, and plunder Canterbury and London. They land at Wembury near Plymouth, but are defeated by Anglo-Saxon forces led by King Ethelwulf of Wessex. His eldest son Æthelstan of Kent, accompanied by Ealdorman Ealhhere, attacks a Viking fleet off the coast at Sandwich, and captures nine of the enemy vessels while the remainder flees.

China

 * Suleiman al-Tajir, Muslim merchant and traveller, visits China during the Tang Dynasty. He observes the manufacturing of Chinese porcelain at Guangzhou, and writes of his admiration for its transparent quality. Suleiman also describes the mosque at Guangzhou, its granaries, its local government administration, some of its written records, and the treatment of travellers, along with the use of ceramics, rice wine, and tea (approximate date).

Europe

 * August 22 – Battle of Jengland: Duke Erispoe takes command of the Breton forces after his father Nominoe, king of Brittany, dies. He continues an offensive against the Franks in alliance with Lambert II of Nantes. In Ille-et-Vilaine near Grand-Fougeray (Brittany), Erispoe defeats a Frankish-Saxon army (4,000 men) led by King Charles the Bald.
 * Treaty of Angers: Charles the Bald meets Erispoe in Angers, and acknowledges him as "king of Brittany". He recognizes the authority of Breton rule over the areas around Nantes, Rennes and Pays de Retz, which become part of the Breton March, a border zone. Erispoe takes the oath to Charles as king of the West Frankish Kingdom (but not an hommage lige which would be an allegiance). To mark the sovereignty of the Breton state, the future Dukes of Brittany are crowned as "Duke, king in their lands".
 * September – King Pepin II of Aquitaine is captured by the forces of Count Sans II Sancion, and handed over to Charles the Bald. He is detained in the monastery of Saint Medard in Soissons.
 * Emperor Lothair I meets with his (half) brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald in Meerssen (modern-day Netherlands), to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".
 * King Íñigo Arista of Pamplona dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his son García Íñiguez, as king of Pamplona (later Navarra).

Religion

 * The Great Mosque of Samarra (modern Iraq) is completed during the reign of Caliph Al-Mutawakkil.

Births

 * Otto I, duke of Saxony (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 7 – Nominoe, king (or duke) of Brittany
 * March 20 – Ebbo, archbishop of Reims
 * July 16 – Sisenandus, deacon and martyr
 * Cináed mac Conaing, king of Brega (Ireland)
 * Ermengarde of Tours, Frankish empress
 * Íñigo Arista, king of Pamplona (or 852)
 * Ishaq ibn Yahya ibn Mu'adh, Muslim governor
 * Mor Frideborg, Swedish noblewoman
 * Muhammad ibn Ishaq, Muslim governor
 * Ólchobar mac Cináeda, king of Munster (Ireland)
 * Radelchis I, prince (or duke) of Benevento
 * Siconulf, prince of Salerno (approximate date)
 * Vlastimir, prince of Serbia (approximate date)
 * Zhou Chi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 793)

title: 851


text:
852

Year 852 (DCCCLII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * March 4 – Trpimir I, duke (knez) of Croatia, and founder of the Trpimirović dynasty, issues a first state document in Bijaći of all Slavonic peoples. In this Latin document Trpimir refers to himself as the "duke of the Croats" (dux Chroatorum), and to his country as the "state of the Croats" (regnum Chroatorum).
 * Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 23-year reign in which the Bulgarians have expanded into Upper Macedonia and Serbia. He is succeeded by his son Boris I, as monarch of Bulgaria.
 * Emperor Lothair I and his (half) brother Charles the Bald join forces to remove the Vikings from the island of Oscelles, in the River Seine. After this fails, Charles again pays them tribute (Danegeld).

Britain

 * A Viking fleet of 350 vessels enters the Thames Estuary before turning north, and engages the Mercian forces under King Beorhtwulf. The Mercians are defeated, and retreat to their settlements. The Vikings then turn south and cross the river somewhere in Surrey; there they are slaughtered by a West Saxon army, led by King Æthelwulf and his son Aethelbald, at Oak Field (Aclea).
 * King Æthelstan, the eldest son of Æthelwulf, is killed by a Viking raiding party. He is succeeded by his brother Æthelberht, who becomes sub-king of Kent, Essex, Surrey and Sussex (approximate date).
 * Beorhtwulf dies after a 12-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Burgred as king of Mercia.

Al-Andalus

 * Abd al-Rahman II, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, dies after a 30-year reign in which he has made additions to the Mosque–Cathedral at Córdoba. He is succeeded by his son Muhammad I, who will put down several revolts of the Muwalladun and Mozarabs in Muslim controlled areas in al-Andalus (modern Spain).

Aviation

 * According to a 17th century account, the Andalusian inventor Abbas ibn Firnas makes a tower jump in Córdoba. He wraps himself with vulture feathers and attaches two wings to his arms. The alleged attempt to fly is not recorded in earlier sources and is ultimately unsuccessful, but the garment slows his fall enough that he only sustains minor injuries.

Religion

 * Gandersheim Abbey in Lower Saxony (modern Germany) is founded by Duke Liudolf of Saxony.

Births

 * March 10 – Qian Liu, Chinese warlord and king (d. 932)
 * Bořivoj I, duke of Bohemia (approximate date)
 * Nicholas I Mystikos, Byzantine patriarch (d. 925)
 * Yang Xingmi, Chinese governor (jiedushi) (d. 905)
 * Ermengard of Italy, queen regent of Provence (d. 896)
 * Zhang Quanyi, Chinese warlord (d. 926)
 * Zhu Wen, emperor of Later Liang (d. 912)

Deaths

 * Abd al-Rahman II, Muslim emir of Córdoba (b. 792)
 * Æthelstan, king of Kent (approximate date)
 * Aleran, Frankish count and margrave
 * Aurelius and Natalia, Christian martyrs
 * Beorhtwulf (Bright Wolf), king of Mercia
 * Du Mu, Chinese poet and official (b. 803)
 * Fredelo, Frankish count (approximate date)
 * Harald Klak, king of Denmark (approximate date)
 * Íñigo Arista, king of Pamplona (or 851)
 * Ishaq ibn Rahwayh, Muslim imam (or 853)
 * Lambert II, Frankish count and prefect
 * Li Jue, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
 * Presian I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire

title: 852


text:
853

Year 853 (DCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * May 22 – A Byzantine fleet (85 ships and 5,000 men) sacks and destroys the port city of Damietta, located on the Nile Delta in Egypt. A large quantity of weapons and supplies intended for the Emirate of Crete are captured.

Europe

 * Danish Vikings attempt to subjugate the Curonians on the shoreline of the Baltic Sea, but they are repulsed. King Olof leads Swedish Vikings in retaliation, and attacks the towns of Seeburg and Apuolė (modern Courland).
 * Viking marauders in Gaul sail eastward from Nantes without opposition, and reach Tours. The monasteries at Saint-Florent-le-Vieil and Marmoutier are ravaged.
 * King Charles the Bald bribes Boris I, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, to form an alliance against his brother Louis the German, with Rastislav of Moravia.
 * Gauzbert, count of Maine, is killed during an ambush by citizens of Nantes, in revenge for the death of Lambert II.

Britain

 * King Burgred of Mercia appeals to Æthelwulf, king of the West Saxons, for help against the rebellious Welsh king Rhodri the Great. Æthelwulf agrees to send help, and Wales is subdued as far north as Anglesey.
 * Burgred (who inherited his crown last year) marries Æthelwulf's daughter Æthelswith, during a ceremony at the royal estate at Chippenham.

China

 * Tuan Ch'eng-Shih, Chinese author and scholar during the Tang Dynasty, publishes Miscellaneous Offerings from Yu-yang.

Religion

 * The Fraumünster Church in Zürich (modern Switzerland) is founded by Louis the German.

Births

 * Abu Jafar al-Tahawi, Muslim scholar (d. 933)
 * Abu Mansur al-Maturidi, Muslim theologian (d. 944)
 * Adelaide, queen of the West Frankish Kingdom (or 850)
 * Ma Yin, Chinese warlord and king (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 27 – Haymo, bishop of Halberstadt
 * Áilgenán mac Donngaile, king of Munster (Ireland)
 * Columba, Spanish nun and martyr
 * Ealhere, Kentish thegn
 * Gauzbert, count of Maine (approximate date)
 * Ishaq ibn Isma'il, emir of Tbilisi (Georgia)
 * Ishaq ibn Rahwayh, Muslim imam (or 852)
 * Konstanti Kakhi, Georgian nobleman (b. 768)
 * Ono no Takamura, Japanese scholar (b. 802)
 * Theodrada, Frankish abbess, daughter of Charlemagne (or 844)
 * Virasena, Indian mathematician (b. 792)

title: 853


text:
854

Year 854 (DCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Emperor Lothair I meets his (half) brothers (Louis the German and Charles the Bald) in Attigny, Ardennes for the third time, to continue the system of "con-fraternal government".
 * Viking chieftains Rorik and Godfrid Haraldsson return to Denmark, to gain power after the death of King Horik I. During a civil war, they are forced to go back to Friesland.
 * The German city of Ulm is first mentioned, in a document by Louis the German.
 * Croatian–Bulgarian battle: Bulgarian Khan (later Knyaz) Boris I, attacks the Duchy of Littoral Croatia, ruled by Duke Trpimir I during the First Croatian-Bulgarian War. It is fought on the Croatian territory in the vicinity of the Croatian–Bulgarian border in present-day northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. None of the warring sides emerges victorious, Bulgarian forces retreat and finally both parties subsequently conclude a peace treaty.

Britain

 * King Æthelwulf of Wessex sends his two youngest sons, Alfred and Æthelred, on a pilgrimage to Rome.
 * King Æthelweard of East Anglia dies, and is succeeded by his 14-year-old son Edmund ("the Martyr").
 * King Cyngen of Powys makes the first pilgrimage to Rome of a Welsh ruler.
 * Viking chieftain Ubba winters in Milford Haven (Wales) with 23 ships.

Religion

 * Eardulf becomes bishop of Lindisfarne, after the death of Eanbert.

Births

 * Al-Mu'tadid, Muslim caliph (or 861)
 * Cadell ap Rhodri, king of Seisyllwg (d. 909)
 * Cui Yin, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 904)
 * Theobald the Elder, Frankish nobleman (d. 942)

Deaths

 * Abu Thawr, Muslim scholar (b. 764)
 * Æthelweard, king of East Anglia
 * Eanbert, bishop of Lindisfarne
 * Horik I, Viking king of Denmark
 * Liudger, bishop of Utrecht (approximate date)
 * Osburh, queen of Wessex (approximate date)
 * Sahnun ibn Sa'id, Muslim jurist (or 855)
 * Túathal mac Máele-Brigte, king of Leinster
 * Wang Yuankui, Chinese general (b. 812)
 * Wigmund, archbishop of York

title: 854


text:
856

Year 856 (DCCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * March 15 – Emperor Michael III overthrows the regency of his mother Theodora. He appoints his uncle Bardas as the de facto regent and co-ruler of the Byzantine Empire.

Europe

 * King Charles the Bald cedes the county of Maine to Erispoe, ruler (duke) of Brittany—this in return for an alliance against the Vikings.
 * King Ordoño I of Asturias is said to have begun the repopulation of the town of León in the northwest of Spain (approximate date).

Britain

 * October 1 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex marries the 12- or 13-year-old Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald, at Verberie (Northern France). She is crowned queen and anointed by Hincmar, archbishop of Reims. The marriage is a diplomatic alliance between Wessex and the West Frankish Kingdom.
 * Winter – Æthelwulf returns to Wessex to face a revolt by his eldest son Æthelbald, who usurps the throne. Æthelwulf agrees to give up the western part of his kingdom, in order to avoid a civil war. He keeps control over Sussex, Surrey, Essex and Kent, over which Prince Æthelberht has presided.

Geology

 * November (approximate date) – An earthquake in Corinth, Greece kills an estimated 45,000 people.
 * December 3 – Another earthquake strikes the Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Tunisia), also killing an estimated 45,000 people.
 * December 22 – Another earthquake strikes Damghan (modern-day Iran), killing an estimated 200,000 people.

Births

 * October 24 – Li Keyong, Shatuo governor (jiedushi) (d. 908)
 * Li Maozhen, Chinese warlord and king (d. 924)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Aldric, bishop of Le Mans
 * February 4 – Rabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mainz
 * August 6 – Fujiwara no Nagara, Japanese statesman (b. 802)
 * August 16 – Theutbald I, bishop of Langres
 * Florinus of Remüs, Frankish priest and martyr
 * Godfrid Haraldsson, Viking chieftain (approximate date)
 * Guerin, Frankish nobleman (or 845)
 * Ilyas ibn Asad, Muslim emir (approximate date)
 * Muhammad I Abu 'l-Abbas, Muslim emir

title: 856


text:
858

Year 858 (DCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Summer – King Louis the German, summoned by the disaffected Frankish nobles, invades the West Frankish Kingdom and secures Aquitaine for his nephew Pepin II ("the Younger"). King Charles the Bald flees to Burgundy; he is saved by the help of the bishops, and by the fidelity of the family of the Welfs, who are related to Judith (second wife of former emperor Louis the Pious).
 * Viking raiders, led by Björn Ironside, set fire to the earliest church on the site of Chartres Cathedral. Charles the Bald pays him tribute (Danegeld) to save Verberie (Northern France).

Britain

 * January 13 – King Æthelwulf of Wessex dies after an 18-year reign, and is succeeded by his eldest son Æthelbald. He marries his father's young widow Judith (daughter of Charles the Bald), and becomes sole ruler of Wessex. His brother, Æthelberht, is left to rule Kent and the south-east of England.
 * February 13 – King Kenneth I (Cináed mac Ailpín), king of the Scots, dies after a 15-year reign in which he has been crowned at Scone, and united the various parts of Scotland with his native Dál Riata. His 46-year-old brother succeeds as Donald I, king of Alba.

Asia

 * October 7 – Emperor Montoku dies after an 8-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Seiwa as the 56th emperor of Japan, with Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (Seiwa's grandfather) governing as regent and great minister of the Council of State.
 * An enormous flood along the Grand Canal inundates thousands of acres of farmland and kills tens of thousands of people in the North China Plain.

Religion

 * April 17 – Pope Benedict III dies after a 3-year reign, in which he has intervened in a political conflict between the sons of Emperor Lothair I. He is succeeded by Nicholas I, as the 105th pope of Rome.
 * Synod of Quierzy: The bishops remain loyal to Charles the Bald during the invasion of his dominions by Louis the German. They address a conciliatory letter to Louis the German, which includes the False Decretals.
 * October 23 – Ignatios I, patriarch of Constantinople, is imprisoned by orders of Emperor Michael III, and replaced by the layman Photius I.

Births

 * Al-Battani, Muslim astronomer and mathematician (d. 929)
 * Cele Dabhaill mac Scannal, Irish abbot (d. 927)
 * Gao Jixing, founder of Chinese Jingnan (d. 929)
 * He Gui, general of Later Liang (d. 919)
 * Lady Wu, wife of Qian Liu (d. 919)
 * Liu Xun, general of Later Liang (d. 921)
 * Mansur al-Hallaj, Persian mystic writer (d. 922)
 * Niftawayh, Muslim scholar and grammarian (d. 935)
 * Richard, duke of Burgundy (approximate date)
 * Rudaki, Persian poet (approximate date)
 * Tian Jun, Chinese warlord (d. 903)
 * Zhang Juhan, official of Later Liang (d. 928)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Æthelwulf, king of Wessex
 * February 13 – Kenneth I, king of Scotland (b. 810)
 * April 17 – Benedict III, pope of the Catholic Church
 * Leuthard II, Frankish count (or 869)
 * Li Shangyin, Chinese official and poet
 * Liu Zhuan, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 796)
 * Theodosius, patriarch of the Church of the East
 * Wei Mo, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 793)

title: 858