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Postmark

A postmark is a postal marking made on an envelope, parcel, postcard or the like, indicating the place, date and time that the item was delivered into the care of a postal service, or sometimes indicating where and when received or in transit. Modern postmarks are often applied simultaneously with the cancellation or killer that marks postage stamps as having been used. Sometimes a postmark alone is used to cancel stamps, and the two terms are often used interchangeably. Postmarks may be applied by handstamp or machine, using methods such as rollers or inkjets, while digital postmarks are a recent innovation.

History
The first postmark, called the "Bishop mark", was introduced by English Postmaster General Henry Bishop in 1661 and showed only the day and month of mailing to prevent the delay of the mail by carriers.

In England during the latter part of the 17th century, several postmarks were devised for use with the London Penny Post, a postal system that delivered mailed items within the city of London. The postmarks bore the initial of the particular post office or handling house it was sent from along with a separate time stamp. Postage was prepaid and the postmark was applied to the mailed item by means of an inked hand-stamp. Some historians also consider these postmarks to be the world's first postage "stamps".

In the 19th century and early 1900s, it was common for letters to receive multiple postmarks, or backstamps, indicating the time, date, and location of each post office transporting or delivering the letter, and this is still occasionally true. While almost every contemporary postmark includes a location as well as a date, in 2004, New Zealand Post announced plans to eliminate the location on their postmarks and include only the date; however, information about this can be determined by a three-number code on the postmarks.

In Great Britain, the first postmark employed for the cancellation of the then new adhesive postage stamps was the Maltese Cross, so named because of its shape and appearance. This was used in conjunction with a date stamp which was applied, usually to the rear of the letter, which denoted the date of posting.

Different types of postmarks include railway post offices (RPOs) and maritime (on-board ship) postmarks. Postmarks on naval vessels during sensitive operations in wartime are sometimes "clean", showing less information than usual to prevent route of travel or other details from falling into enemy hands. Similar to this is the "censored postmark", overprinted with a black obliteration of the time and place of mailing, for similar reasons.

The Pony Express used a variety of different postmarks on the mail it carried across the Western United States. There are only 250 known examples of surviving Pony Express mail/postmarks in various collections today bearing one of more than a dozen different types of postmarks.

Hawai'i Post, a discontinued personal delivery service, once had a surfboard mail postmark, for covers that traveled by surfboard.

A colour postmark is on the United States Postal Service-issued collectible envelope commemorating the 2004 inauguration of George W. Bush.

While postmarks are applied almost universally by or under the authority of the official postal department, service, or authority in the United States it is possible to receive "a permit to apply your own postmark", called a Mailer's Postmark Permit, and under certain conditions specified by the private express statutes in the United States, a privately carried letter may be cancelled with a private postmark. Unofficial entities that issue artistamps may use postmark-like markings as well.

Marcophily is the study of postmarks and there are many published work on postmarks covering the topic from before 1900, such as the fancy cancels, until the present day. These include the so-called fancy cancels of the United States to modern machine postmarks.

Fewer postmarks are used now than previously, with the advent of meter labels, some types of computer vended postage, and computerized postage that people can print from their own personal computers (called "PC postage" in the United States, these services have been offered by such companies as Stamps.com and Neopost). These indicia are not always postmarked by the post office but if put into the mailstream later than the date listed on them, they are postmarked about 50% of the time. Because of this, it is a bad idea to try to use the date on one's postage as a postmark.

An official example relating a numismatic item to postmarks occurred on April 13, 1976, when the U.S. issued a new two-dollar bill. People could buy the bills at face value, add a first class stamp (at the time 13 cents), and have the combination postmarked to show they were the first day of issue. Large numbers of these were produced and they remain common.

Ink colour
When the first universal postal system was started in the United Kingdom with its Penny Black, the postmark used red ink for contrast. This was not successful, and the stamp was changed to non-black colours so that the postmark could use black ink.

The majority of postmarks today are in black, with red (particularly in the United States with local post offices' handstamps) following, though sometimes they are in other colours. This is particularly true in the case of pictorial postmarks if the colour in question has some connection to the commemoration.

Digital postmarks
In 2004 the United States Postal Service announced plans to introduce first day digital colour postmarks to be used to cancel some first day covers for commemorative stamps in 2005 and this practice continued and was ongoing as of 2015.

Postmark advertisement
Singapore Post offers a "postmark advertising" service which, strictly speaking, applies to the "killer" rather than the postmark. Hungarian Post Co., Ltd. offers a similar service.

Unusual postmark techniques
There have apparently been some postmarks producing a stereoscopic or "3D" effect where a special viewer is required. They are considered more as a novelty than as a practical postmark. The local post Hawai'i Post had a rubber-stamp postmark, parts of which were hand-painted. At Hideaway Island, Vanuatu, the Underwater Post Office has an embossed postmark.

Valuation of cancellations
The study of postmarks is a specialized branch of philately called marcophily. It may bring added value to the stamps by their historical significance. Other parameters are the rarity and the attractiveness. In particular, the stamps issued by the Empire of Austria during the 1850–1867 period (the 5 issues before the Austro-Hungarian compromise of 1867), are collected for their variety and beauty. More details can be found in Valuation of cancellations of the Austrian Empire.

A special or rare postmark can substantially add to the value of a stamp. Also, in addition to everyday postmarks there are postmarks indicating the first day of issue of a particular stamp and pictorial cancellations commemorating local events, anniversaries, and the like' and slogan postmarks which advertise an event or pass information to the public (there has been a recent change to the term "pictorial postmarks" rather than "pictorial cancellations" by the USPS).

There are some examples of "faked covers" produced by philatelic forgers, most usually to increase their value, in which the postmark has been altered in some way; for example, by changing the date.

Practical uses
The postmark is often considered as an official confirmation that a cover (letter, packet, etc.) mailed item was mailed at a given location at a specific date. For example, the date of the postmark can be quite important. In the United States, the Internal Revenue Service will still consider income tax returns as filed on time though it receives them late if they are postmarked on time, and this date (with, perhaps, other proof of mailing), may have significance in the context of legal filings and proofs of service or of delivery (though in this case the date may viewed as "on time" if the date of the postmark is no more than one day after the date service is supposed to have been made). Postal voting ballots may be accepted in some places if postmarked by the date of the election, though other places require receipt by a certain deadline. Historically, postmarks, known as backstamps were also applied to the reverse side of a cover to confirm arrival at the post office on a specific date.

Delivery postmarks
China Post distinguishes delivery postmarks from posting postmarks. When a letter or a postcard is accepted into the care of a postal service, a black postmark is applied on the postage stamp, known as the "posting postmark" (收寄日戳). When a letter or a postcard is delivered, a red postmark is applied on the back side of the envelope or a blank region of the postcard, known as the "delivery postmark" (投递日戳).

Similar marks
A postmark should not be confused with the killer which are lines, bars, etc. used to cancel a postage stamp. The killer acts as the cancellation, though the postmark can also serve this purpose. Neither should a postmark be confused with overprints generally, or pre-cancels (stamps that have been cancelled before the envelope or package to which they are affixed is submitted or deposited for acceptance into the mailstream, they most commonly have taken the form of a pre-printed city name on the stamp) specifically, which generally do not indicate a date.

Flight cachets, more or less elaborate rubber-stamps on an envelope indicating on which flight (typically a first flight), a first flight cover has traveled via airmail, are in addition to the postmark and are not postmarks either.

Clubs
There are many clubs devoted to the hobby of collecting postmarks. One of those clubs is the Post Mark Collector's Club, founded in 1946 and based in the USA. Another is the British Postmark Society, founded in 1958.

title: Postmark


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Killer

A killer is someone or something that kills, such as a murderer or a serial killer.

Killer may also refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Killer, the secondary antagonist of the 1989 animated film All Dogs Go to Heaven
 * Killer (Home and Away), a character from Home and Away
 * Killer Kane, the villain of the 1939 serial film Buck Rogers

Films

 * Killer! (1969 film), an alternative title for This Man Must Die
 * Killer, a 1972 French crime drama directed by Denys de La Patellière
 * Killer (1991 film), a Telugu film starring Akkineni Nagarjuna
 * Killer (1994 film) (a.k.a. Bulletproof Heart), a film starring Anthony LaPaglia and Mimi Rogers, and featuring Peter Boyle
 * Killer: A Journal of Murder (film), a 1996 film about serial killer Carl Panzram
 * Killer (1998 film), a French/Kazakhstani crime drama

Games

 * Killer (game), a parlor game played with cards and candles
 * Killer (pool), a multi-player pocket billiards (pool) game
 * Killer, a climbing card game related to tiến lên
 * Killer, a variant of the game of darts
 * Assassin (game), or Killer, a live-action role-playing game
 * Killer sudoku, or samunamupure, a variant of sudoku
 * Killer: The Game of Assassination, a live action role-playing game set of rules first published by Steve Jackson Games in 1982

Literature

 * Killer, a 1952 novel by Hank Janson
 * Killer, a 1962 novel by Wade Everett
 * Killer: A Journal of Murder (novel), a 1970 biographical novel upon which the 1996 film is based
 * Killer, a novelization of the 1983 TV serial by Glenn Chandler
 * Killer, a 1985 novel by David Drake with Karl Edward Wagner
 * Killer, a 1989 novel by James Pattinson
 * Killer, a 2000 novel by Francine Pascal, the twelfth installment in the Fearless novel series
 * Jimmy Coates: Killer, a 2005 novel by Joe Craig, the first installment in the Jimmy Coates series
 * Killer (novel) a 2009 novel by Sara Shepard, the sixth installment of the Pretty Little Liars series
 * Killer, a 2010 novel by Dave Zeltserman
 * Killer, a 2014 novel by Jonathan Kellerman, the 29th installment in the Alex Delaware series

Groups

 * Killer (Finnish band), an early 2000s Finnish alternative and experimental rock band
 * Killer (Swiss band), a hard rock band
 * Killer (Belgian band), a heavy metal band

Albums

 * Killer (Alice Cooper album), a 1971 rock album by Alice Cooper
 * Killer (video), a music DVD by Die Ärzte released in 1999
 * Killer (Tech N9ne album), 2008 rap album by Tech N9ne

Songs

 * "Killer" (Kiss song), 1982
 * "Killer" (Adamski song), 1990, featuring Seal as a vocalist
 * "Killer" (Fazer song), 2012
 * "Killer", a song by Van Der Graaf Generator from H to He, Who Am the Only One, 1970
 * "Killer", a song by Boy Kill Boy from Civilian, 2006
 * "Killer", a song by The Hoosiers from The Trick to Life, 2007
 * "Killer", a song by Dev from The Night The Sun Came Up, 2011
 * "Killer", a song by Krokus from Painkiller, 1978
 * "Killer", a song by Kali Uchis from Isolation, 2018
 * "Killer", a song by Eminem from the deluxe edition of Music to Be Murdered By, 2020
 * "Killer", a song by The Ready Set from Feel Good Now, 2011

Television

 * "Killer" (CSI), an episode from the sixth season of the American television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2006)
 * "Killer" (Taggart), the 1983 pilot episode and title of the later renamed Scottish detective TV series Taggart
 * Killer (TV series), a 1984 British thriller series which aired on ITV

People

 * Killer (nickname), a list of people known as "Killer" or "The Killer"
 * Killer Brooks (1946–2020), ring name of American professional wrestler Tim Brooks
 * Killer Khan (born 1947), ring name of Japanese professional wrestler Masashi Ozawa
 * Daniel Killer (born 1949), former Argentine footballer
 * Tobias Killer (born 1993), German footballer
 * Bob Konovsky (1934–1982), American National Football League player and professional wrestler known as "Killer Konovsky"
 * Killer Kowalski (1926–2008), ring name of Polish-Canadian professional wrestler Władek Kowalski

Science and technology

 * Killer (computer), an AT&T public-access UNIX machine involved in Operation Sundevil
 * Death receptor 5, a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 10b, a human gene, alias KILLER
 * Killer application or killer app, a computer program that is so necessary or desirable that it proves the core value of some larger technology
 * Killer NIC, a network interface card manufactured by Bigfoot Networks
 * Killer yeast, a yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is able to secrete one of a number of toxic proteins which are lethal to receptive cells

Other uses

 * Killer (philately), a term for a heavy stamp cancellation mark
 * Killer, Germany, a village in the town of Burladingen, in the Killertal valley

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Killer


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1031

Year 1031 (MXXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * July 20 – King Robert II (the Pious) dies at Melun, after a 35-year reign. He is succeeded by his 23-year-old son, Henry I, who becomes the sole ruler of France. Henry's mother, Queen dowager Constance of Arles, prefers her third son, Robert, as heir to the throne and, with the help of Count Odo II, begins a war against Henry.
 * The Caliphate of Córdoba collapses after years of infighting; the caliphate fractures into a number of independent Muslim taifa (kingdoms). The last Umayyad ruler, Caliph Hisham III, tries to consolidate the caliphate, but his raising of taxes (to pay for mosques) leads to heavy opposition and he is imprisoned by his rivals.
 * King Mieszko II is forced to escape Poland after an attack of Grand Prince Yaroslav I (the Wise) of Kiev, who installs Mieszko's half-brother Bezprym onto the Polish throne.
 * France suffers from a famine (until 1033).

Middle East

 * The Byzantine general George Maniakes captures Edessa from the Arab Muslims and stabilizes the eastern frontier.

Births

 * March 26 – Malcolm III (Canmore), king of Scotland (d. 1093)
 * Hoël II (or Houel), duke of Brittany (approximate date)
 * Matilda of Flanders, queen consort of England (d. 1083)
 * Muhammad ibn Ammar, Moorish poet and writer (d. 1086)
 * Robert, Norman nobleman and Earl of Cornwall (d. 1095)
 * Roger I (the Great Count), Norman nobleman (d. 1101)
 * Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath scientist and engineer (d. 1095)
 * Spytihněv II, duke of Bohemia (House of Přemyslid) (d. 1061)

Deaths

 * January 1 – William of Volpiano, Italian abbot (b. 962)
 * January 5 – Gunnor, duchess consort of Normandy
 * April 10 – Liudolf of Lotharingia, German nobleman
 * June 17 – Hyeonjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 992)
 * June 25 – Sheng Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (b. 972)
 * June 28 – Taira no Tadatsune, Japanese governor (b. 975)
 * July 20 – Robert II (the Pious), king of France (b. 972)
 * August 20 – Burchard, French archbishop and count
 * September 2 – Emeric, Hungarian prince and co-heir
 * September 9 – Kang Kam-ch'an, Korean general (b. 948)
 * November 29 – Al-Qadir, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad (b. 947)
 * Aribo, German archbishop and primate (Primas Germaniae)
 * Fadl ibn Muhammad, Shaddadid emir of Ganja (Azerbaijan)
 * Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab, Abbasid scholar and jurist (b. 973)
 * Snorri Goði, Icelandic Viking warrior and chieftain (b. 963)

title: 1031


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1032

Year 1032 (MXXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Emperor Romanos III (Argyros) sends a Byzantine expeditionary army under General Michael Protospatharios, which includes Western auxiliaries and elite troops of Asia Minor, to reinforce the Byzantine position in Calabria (Southern Italy).

Europe

 * September 6 – King Rudolph III dies without any heirs. He bequeaths his entire dominions to Emperor Conrad II (the Elder), dispatching to him the Holy Lance and ring of St. Maurice, symbols of Burgundian investiture.
 * Odo II, count of Champagne, invades Burgundy and seizes most of the kingdom for himself. With the assistance of Humbert I of Savoy, Queen-dowager Ermengarde (Rudolph III's widow) flees to the safety of Zürich.
 * Winter – Conrad II marches with his army into Champagne and devastates the land – forcing Odo II to sue for peace and swear to abandon Burgundy. The bishops prevent Conrad from seizing control of Burgundy.
 * The first mention is made of Kursk, Russia, in the hagiography of Theodosius, who becomes a monk at the Kiev Caves Monastery (approximate date).

Religion

 * October – Pope John XIX dies after an 8-year pontificate at Rome. He is succeeded by his nephew Benedict IX as the 145th pope of the Catholic Church, while (probably) still in his teens.

Births

 * February 16 – Ying Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1067)
 * September 3 – Go-Sanjō, Japanese emperor (d. 1073)
 * September 14 – Dao Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1101)
 * Abe no Munetō, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1108)
 * Cheng Hao, Chinese neo-confucian philosopher (d. 1085)
 * Donald III (the Fair), king of Scotland (approximate date)
 * Ermengol III (or Armengol), count of Urgell (d. 1065)
 * Gao, Chinese empress consort and regent (d. 1093)
 * Gyrth Godwinson, English nobleman (approximated date)
 * Hugh de Grandmesnil, Norman warrior and sheriff (d. 1098)
 * Osbern FitzOsbern, bishop of Exeter (approximate date)
 * Touzi Yiqing, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1083)
 * Vratislaus II (or Wratislaus), king of Bohemia (d. 1092)

Deaths

 * July 28 – Constance of Arles, French queen
 * July 29 – Matilda of Swabia, German duchess
 * September 6 – Rudolph III, king of Burgundy
 * October 4 – Sancho VI, duke of Gascony
 * Ahmad Maymandi, Ghaznavid vizier
 * Arslan Yabgu, Turkic chieftain and ruler
 * Bezprym (or Besfrim), duke of Poland
 * Constantine Diogenes, Byzantine general
 * Gille Coemgáin, king of Moray (Scotland)
 * John XIX, pope of the Catholic Church
 * Li, Chinese consort and concubine (b. 987)
 * Li Deming, Chinese rebel leader (b. 981)
 * Odo II, margrave of the Saxon Ostmark
 * Otto Orseolo (or Ottone), doge of Venice

title: 1032


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1033

Year 1033 (MXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (the wikilink will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Asia

 * December 5 – A major earthquake in the Jordan Valley devastates multiple cities across the Palestine region, killing many people and triggering a tsunami.

Europe

 * February 2 – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) holds an assembly at the Abbey of Payerne and is crowned King of Burgundy. He claims dominion over the Kingdom of Burgundy which is incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire.
 * Treaty of Merseburg: Conrad II attends a Hoftag at Merseburg and signs an agreement with King Mieszko II. He divides Poland in three parts with Mieszko designated as supreme ruler, in exchange for Conrad's support.

Religion

 * Panic spreads throughout Europe that the end of the universe may be near,  on the  1,000th anniversary of the crucifixion of Christ, due to some unusually harsh spring weather. The Book of Revelation (Chapter 20) predicts the end of the earth after a 1,000 year period after the second return of Jesus Christ.

Births

 * Anselm, English archbishop and philosopher (d. 1109)
 * Cheng Yi, Chinese neo-confucian philosopher (d. 1107)
 * Conan II, duke of Brittany (approximate date)
 * Fujiwara no Atsuie, Japanese nobleman (d. 1090)
 * Fujiwara no Tadaie, Japanese statesman (d. 1091)
 * Judith of Flanders, German duchess (approximate date)
 * Theobald of Provins, French hermit and saint (d. 1066)
 * Urraca of Zamora, Spanish noblewoman (d. 1101)

Deaths

 * May 11 – Ebles I, French nobleman and archbishop
 * Abu Talib Yahya, Muslim imam (Zaidiyyah sect) (b. 951)
 * Ahmad Inaltigin, Ghaznavid general and rebel leader
 * Ibno Al-Thahabi, Moorish encyclopedist and physician
 * John VIII bar Abdoun, patriarch of Antioch (b. 944)
 * Liu, empress and regent of the Song Dynasty (b. 969)
 * Merewith (or Beorhtwig), English abbot and bishop
 * Otto Bolesławowic, Polish prince (House of Piast) (b. 1000)
 * Rhydderch ap Iestyn, king of Gwent and Deheubarth

title: 1033


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1035

Year 1035 (MXXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * March 23 – The Battle of Cesar, took place near the village of Cesar between the armies of Bermudo III, King of León, and the Moorish armies of Abu'l-Qasim, the emir of the Taifa of Seville.
 * c. July 3 – 8-year-old William I becomes duke of Normandy after his father Robert I ("the Magnificent") dies on a pilgrimage at Nicaea (modern Turkey). Robert's death leads to a period of instability in Normandy, as William is too young to take his father's place. The Norman nobles in the region take the opportunity to settle old feuds and to increase their private wealth.
 * October 16 – Conrad II grants the right to hold the first Freimarkt festival in Bremen. The city increases her trade with Norway, and the northern Netherlands.
 * October 18 – King Sancho III of Pamplona dies and divides his dominions among his four sons, García Sánchez III, Gonzalo I, Ferdinand I and Ramiro I.
 * Pisa launches a naval assault against Saracen pirate strongholds in the Lipari Islands.
 * Emperor Conrad II ("the Elder") grants the city of Koper (modern Slovenia) town rights, and some degree of self-government, within the Holy Roman Empire.

England

 * November 12 – King Cnut the Great dies at Shaftesbury, leaving the rule of England in dispute between his sons Harthacnut and Harold Harefoot. The earls of Northumbria and Mercia support Harold's claim, while Godwin (Earl of Wessex) supports Harthacnut. Harold is elected as regent (or joint ruler) of England. Cnut is buried in the Old Minster, in Winchester.
 * Winter – Harthacnut is unable to travel to his coronation in England because his Danish kingdom is under threat of an invasion by King Magnus I of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden.

Births

 * Dharma Pala, Indian ruler of the Pala dynasty (d. 1060)
 * Richard fitz Gilbert, Norman nobleman (d. c.1090) (approximate date)
 * Henry of Burgundy, French nobleman (approximate date)
 * Hereward the Wake, English nobleman (approximate date)
 * Hermann of Salm, German nobleman (approximate date)
 * Isaac Albalia, Andalusian Jewish astronomer (d. 1094)
 * Leofwine Godwinson, English nobleman (approximate date)
 * Marbodius of Rennes, French archdeacon (approximate date)
 * Nathan ben Jehiel, Italian Jewish lexicographer (d. 1106)
 * Robert I, the Frisian, count of Flanders (approximate date)
 * Urban II, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)

Deaths

 * April 13 – Herbert I, French nobleman (approximate date)
 * May 26 – Berenguer Ramon I, Spanish nobleman (b. 1005)
 * May 30 – Baldwin IV ("the Bearded"), French nobleman (b. 980)
 * July 3 – Robert I ("the Magnificent"), duke of Normandy (b. 1000) (approximate date)
 * October 18 – Sancho III ("the Great"), king of Pamplona
 * November 4 – Jaromír, duke of Bohemia (Přemyslid dynasty)
 * November 12 – Cnut, king of Denmark, Norway and England
 * Abu Ali ibn Muhammad, ruler (malik) of the Ghurid dynasty
 * Astrid Olofsdotter, queen consort of Norway (House of Munsö)
 * Drogo of Mantes, count of Valois and the Vexin (b. 996)
 * Estrid of the Obotrites (or Astrid), queen consort of Sweden
 * Guo, Chinese empress consort of Renzong (b. 1012)
 * Harun, Ghaznavid governor and ruler (shah) of Khwarazm, assassinated
 * Ibn al-Samh, Moorish astronomer and mathematician (b. 979)
 * Svein Knutsson, king of Norway and son of Cnut the Great
 * Yahya ibn Ali ibn Hammud al-Mu'tali, Hammudid caliph

title: 1035


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Talk:Cathedral of St. John the Divine

Motherchurch
I removed the 'motherchurch' attribution - I'm sure their own website claims the title, but it's neither true nor accurate. It's a matter of historical, not hierarchical, priority -- a 'motherchurch' is a congregation from which other congregations are founded. For instance, Trinity Episcopal Church (commonly known as Trinity Wall Street, chartered in 1697) was the mother church of most of the Episcopal parishes in America north of Pennsylvania before the mid-19th century. St. John the Divine is a late foundation even in New York City, let alone in the diocese. Given church building in the late 20th century I wonder about their 'longest' designation, too. MichaelTinkler

 * Your doubts may be well-founded; the Cathedral is rather prone to gratuitous self-aggrandizement, exaggeration, and patting themselves on the back about how impressive they are. Their stationery refers to their neighborhood as "Cathedral Heights" (which absolutely nobody calls it, or ever has), and they use the label "Great" (Great Organ, Great Nave, Great Rose Window) to describe just about everything in the place. 66.65.112.162 23:07, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

St. John the Divine is NOT the largest church of the world (see Guiness World Records]). It's only the longest church of the world (183,2 m). The largest church of the world is the Notre-Dame de la Paix Basilica. 68.165.95.210 16:52, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I corrected the statement 'the longest gothic nave in the world', which is not true. It's the longest gothic nave in the United States. And a neo-gothic one at that. The longest gothic nave in the world most probably belongs to St Albans Cathedral, Saint Albans United Kingdom at 106 meters. Harachte

Can anyone add anything about the fire of 2001 at the Cathedral? I would think this is relevant to this article. --Zahra 02:36, July 11, 2005 (UTC)

As a VERY new Wikipedian, help me understand and resolve my confusion. I looked at this entry, hoping to find some reference to the architectural competition that resulted in its initial design; it was, without doubt, one of the most significant architectural competitions of the day. Thinking to add some information on the number of competitors at the first stage (at least 68 architects competed) and the four who were chosen to further develop their design proposals and resubmit them as part of a stage two (a significant pattern for late 19th century American competitions), I searched for specifics elsewhere on the web. I happened upon the "www.nyc-architecture.com/HAR/HAR002.htm" site, which is, in fact, mentioned among this entry's references, and was surprised that virtually the entire "History" section here is lifted from the "nyc-architecture" site, which I presume is copyright protected. Is this kosher? Thanks. --PlainsArchitecture (talk) 00:26, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Chiming in for a matter of record, even though the comment is old: The section on nyc-architecture was copied from here, not the other way around. 207.237.130.147 (talk) 12:08, 11 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I must say the history section concentrates too much on the architecture/physical building - see the July 16 1973 Time article for much more interesting historical insights. Maitchy (talk) 06:22, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

Nave Height and Styles of Radiating Chapels
I removed the designation "highest nave". The Cathedrals at Köln, Amiens, Chatres, Toledo, Milan, the Vatican, and perhaps others all have higher naves than the 37.7 meter high one of St. John the Divine.

I also removed the description of "Gothic" as applied to the radiating chapels. Not all of the chapels are in a gothic style.

 * The chapels all have gothic exteriors, though the interior styles vary.

The Cathedral today
There's a long discussion of the construction and physical history of the cathedral, but nothing (hardly anything) about its community past and present. It's an ecumenical place with plenty of educational activities. Can someone who knows more about it that I do (John?) provide a view of its spiritual life, beyond the mission statement? David Brooks 21:08, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The problem with that is that the only real "community" is the Congregation, and they are pretty small and unremarkable.  On an average Sunday, the Cathedral's largest service only gets about a hundred people - which seems inexplicably small for a church this well-known which actually has tourists visiting.  And especially compared to the two THOUSAND or so people normally attending Riverside Church, which is just around the corner. 66.65.112.162 23:51, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Link
Fixed broken link to the organ specifications.

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

PAGE MOVED by Petri Krohn. -GTBacchus(talk) 00:01, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Saint John the Unfinished → Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York — Move was made from the formal name to a "more colloquial" one with no discussion, and without fixing the resulting rats nest of double redirects. Bpmullins | Talk 21:26, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Survey
''Add  * Support   or   * Oppose   on a new line followed by a brief explanation, then sign your opinion using ~.
 * Support All cathedrals get listed under their formal names. Fixing this is going to require adminsitrator help, I think. Bpmullins | Talk 21:27, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
 * No need for administrator help; I have restored the name. --Petri Krohn 02:58, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Support Misguided move. --Petri Krohn 02:56, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Support It's an obscure joke, and largely dated. Save the redirect. Septentrionalis 18:02, 18 November 2006 (UTC)

Discussion

 * ''Add any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Community; music
Above, someone asked about the Cathedral's "community past and present. It's an ecumenical place with plenty of educational activities." I agree. There is much to say about the cathedral as a community and religious center. Also, the cathedral hosts lots and lots of music performances. I started a little section, but please contribute. -- Ssilvers 03:56, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

Nothing to do with anything I've read so far, roughly thirty years ago I found a token lodged in a crack in the wood of a very old pie cabinet, which appeared to have been there for some time. The coin showed a beautiful cathederal on one side. An Eagle on the otherside with bible in talons and the words "Cathederal of St. John the Divine" "Souvenir of Pilgrimage" "New York". I ran acrossed it today and did some research on the church, but can find nothing on this coin, I'm just very interested in what it was for and how it ended up in a pie cabinet in a Grange Hall in Northern MI. In a town from which I graduated with eight people. Sorry for using your page but an info I would appreciate it therikerfamily@aol.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.244.42.199 (talk) 00:52, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Two Jokers in this deck
This deck has two Jokers: one added after every paragraph, the other "fixed" the citations-- by deleting them! This page needs more adult input.--Wetman (talk) 20:33, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

"White Elephant of the Upper West Side" (sic)
The editor who thought it should be called a White Elephant has made the tell-tale error of confusing Morningside Heights with the Upper West Side. On-line websites that simply mirror the phrasing from this article are not sources: the sobriquet should be attributed if it is to be returned to an article that another "editor" has in other instances so littered with .--Wetman (talk) 20:02, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Public domain photos
I've taken some photos of the Cathedral and released them into public domain. You can use them to better this article or whatever you want.

Gesalbte (talk) 04:41, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

Poets' Corner
I see nothing about the memorials to T S Eliot, Walt Whitman, William Faulkner, Emily Dickinson, William Carlos Williams, Edgar Allan Poe et al. Or the the cathedral's refusal to similarly honour Ezra Pound in 1999, due to his anti-semitic radio broadcasts in WW2. --  Jack of Oz   [Talk]  23:59, 20 March 2013 (UTC)

Masonry
Can someone add a paragraph about the masonic history of this cathedral? http://anglicanhistory.org/misc/freemasonry/masonic_world1925.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:E35:8A8D:FE80:2879:FEED:E9F4:D78 (talk) 08:52, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

Absent Material
An interesting thing about this Cathedral is that it can't be completed unless law is overturned, and the Episcopal Church built in Greek-Orthodox form on Park Avenue has set precedent (losing) on that. The article mentions the old orphanage in a Classical building to StJohnnyDee's south side, but nelgects to state that this building has been landmarked. The building's present use has something to do with preserving antique textiles. Since this old building can't be knocked down, they can't put the Cathedral's south arm where it would obviously need to go. It'd be nice to be able to get details on all that from this article. Also is it noted that the rose-pattern for the rose-window is used as a repeating medallion in the nice iron fencing about the place?2604:2000:C6AA:B400:3182:768A:DE4E:EC2 (talk) 08:12, 25 June 2015 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson

And while it's mentioned that the Cathedral allowed a building on the extreme SE corner of its property, there's no mention that two very large and tall apartment-buildings (or one building with an interruption that would seem to allow for extending the Cathedral's north arm all the way to 113th-street's south-edge sidewalk) are being built in the old stoneyard. They give the impression of being mere inches away from the Cathedral's walls. I don't know how to describe the new apartment-buildings because I'm uneducated and stupid and can't grasp the refined nuances differentiating Neo-Brutalist from Proto-Brutalist, Retro-Brutalist, Brutalist Revival, and Polysyncretometric Hermenautical Brutalism. Maybe this is that Gothic-Brutalist Fusion movement that is all the rage in architecture now. But they're there on the street and yet not here in the article, it seems. At least I couldn't find them.2604:2000:C6AA:B400:3182:768A:DE4E:EC2 (talk) 08:12, 25 June 2015 (UTC)Christopher L. Simpson

The cathedral just got landmarked so someone should update this. 108.54.107.200 (talk) 21:56, 5 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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"Excessive" gallery?
Eleven pictures of a massive building of tremendous symbolic importance and fairly immense size is hardly some sort of "excessive" photo gallery. I am only not "being bold" and deleting it without discussion because I am such a huge fan of collaboration, deliberation, and consensus. But if no one objects, that template may well be gone, and soon. 2600:1004:B157:AF2A:25CB:8C57:45CF:FDEF (talk) 23:33, 11 August 2019 (UTC)

The Cathedral's name
For a Good Article, I'm surprised that there's no mention of how the cathedral came to be named after St. John. And which St. John: John the Baptist or John the Apostle? Why "the Divine"? Neither John is regarded as Deity in Christianity, after all.  JGHowes   talk  18:52, 7 January 2021 (UTC)

 * "Saint John the Divine" is the title of the author of the Book of Revelation in the King James Version of the Bible, and in this context it doesn't mean a Deity, but a theologian. And it's why there is so much apocalyptic imagery in the stone carvings at the building's front.  Carlo (talk) 01:58, 25 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cathedral of St. John the Divine


text:
1037

Year 1037 (MXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Spring – A revolt in northern Italy is started by Archbishop Aribert of Milan. King Henry III (eldest son of Emperor Conrad II) travels south of the Alps to quell it.
 * February – At an Imperial Diet in Pavia (assembled by Conrad II), Aribert is accused of fomenting a revolt against the Holy Roman Empire, Conrad orders his arrest.
 * May – Conrad II, with Pavian assistance, lays siege to Milan at the Porta Romana side, but the city holds out. In Rome, Pope Benedict IX deposes Aribert as archbishop.
 * May 28 – Conrad II decrees the Constitutio de Feudis which protects the rights of the valvassores (knights and burghers of the cities) in Lombardia (modern Italy).
 * Summer – A Byzantine expeditionary force under George Maniakes lands at Sicily, and defeats the Zirids. Maniakes begins his campaign to reconquer the island.
 * September 4 – Battle of Tamarón: Ferdinand I defeats and kills his brother-in-law Bermudo III. Ferdinand becomes the king of Castile and León (modern Spain).
 * November 15 – Battle of Bar-le-Duc: Odo II, Count of Blois and Champagne, while invading the Duchy of Lorraine dies in battle with forces loyal to Gothelo I.

England

 * King Harold I seizes the throne of England from his half-brother Harthacnut. His mother, Emma of Normandy, flees to Bruges in Flanders (modern Belgium).

Asia

 * The Chinese rime dictionary of the Jiyun is published during the Song Dynasty.
 * The Great Seljuk Empire is established by Tugrul Bey.

Births

 * January 8 – Su Dongpo, Chinese calligrapher (d. 1101)
 * Beatrice I, German abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1061)
 * Hawise, duchess of Brittany (approximate date)

Deaths

 * September 4 – Bermudo III (or Vermudo), king of León
 * November 15 – Odo II, French nobleman (b. 983)
 * Abu'l-Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami, Persian poet
 * Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi, Persian Shafi'i scholar
 * Baba Kuhi of Shiraz, Persian Sufi mystic (b. 948)
 * Avicenna, Persian physician and polymath (b. 980)
 * Boleslaus III (the Red), duke of Bohemia
 * Ding Wei, grand chancellor of the Song Dynasty
 * Farrukhi Sistani, Persian poet (or 1038)
 * John of Debar, Bulgarian clergyman and bishop
 * Muhammad al-Baghdadi, Persian mathematician
 * Muirgeas ua Cú Ceanainn, king of Uí Díarmata
 * Robert II, French prelate and archbishop
 * Siegfried II, German nobleman (b. 956)
 * William III (Taillefer), French nobleman

title: 1037


text:
1038

Year 1038 (MXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) travels to Southern Italy and holds court in Troia. He orders Pandulf IV of Capua to restore the territories of Monte Cassino. Pandulf holes himself up in the fortress of Sant'Agata de' Goti, and dispatches tribute (300 lb of gold) and his son as hostage to Troia as a token of peace. Conrad accepts his offer, but the son escapes. Conrad goes on the offensive and seizes Capua, and gives it to Guaimar IV of Salerno.
 * Duke John II drives his brother Manso II and his mother Maria out of Amalfi. He has Manso blinded and exiled to the island of Sirenuse. John reconciles with Maria, and allows her to remain as co-ruler of Amalfi.
 * The Banu Tujib clan is deposed by Al-Mustain I, who starts the Huddid Dynasty, which rules over the Taifa of Zaragoza for almost a century (approximate date).
 * The name of Versailles, at this time a small village, appears for the first time in a medieval charter in France.
 * Duke Bretislav I of Bohemia invades Poland. He captures and destroys the cities of Gniezno and Poznań.
 * August 15 – On the death of his uncle, Stephen I, Peter Orseolo becomes the second ruler of Hungary.
 * August – A battle occurs near the town of Alfuente, Andalucia, between the Taifa of Granada and the Taifa of Almeria, as described by the Jewish poet Samuel ibn Naghrela.

Asia

 * The Western Xia declare their independence from the Liao Dynasty in China.

Births

 * Ibn Butlan, Arab Nestorian Christian physician (d. 1075)
 * Isaac ibn Ghiyyat, Jewish rabbi and philosopher (d. 1089)
 * Rostislav of Tmutarakan, Kievan Rus' prince (d. 1066)
 * Sancho Garcés, Spanish nobleman (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 28 – Hai Gaon, Jewish theologian (b. 939)
 * April 23 – Liudolf of Brunswick, margrave of Frisia
 * May 4 – Gotthard, bishop of Hildesheim (b. 960)
 * May 22 – Shibl al-Dawla Nasr, Mirdasid emir of Aleppo
 * July 6 – Ōnakatomi no Sukechika, Japanese poet (b. 954)
 * July 18 – Gunhilda of Denmark, German queen
 * August 15 – Stephen I, king of Hungary
 * November 1 – Herman I, German nobleman
 * December 3 – Emma of Lesum, German noblewoman
 * December 20 – Beorhtheah, bishop of Worcester
 * Aethelnoth, archbishop of Canterbury
 * Alice of Normandy, countess of Burgundy
 * Al-Tha'alibi, Persian historian (b. 961)
 * Budic of Nantes, French nobleman
 * Ealdred, ealdorman of Bamburgh
 * Ermengol II (the Pilgrim), count of Urgell
 * Farrukhi Sistani, Persian poet (or 1037)
 * Felix of Rhuys, Breton Benedictine abbot
 * Habbus al-Muzaffar, Zirid ruler of Granada
 * Herman IV, duke of Swabia (House of Babenberg)
 * Kyiso, Burmese king of the Pagan Dynasty
 * Ralph III (or Raoul), French nobleman
 * William VI, French nobleman (b. 1004)

title: 1038


text:
MBE

MBE may refer to:

Academic qualifications

 * Master of Bioprocess Engineering
 * Master of Bioethics
 * Master of Bioscience Enterprise
 * Master of Business Engineering
 * Master of Business Economics

Science and technology

 * The Mid-Brunhes Event, a climatic change at around 430,000 years ago
 * Mode-based Execution Control, an x86 virtualization technology
 * Model-based enterprise, a manufacturing strategy where a 3D model of a product is used to guide its life cycle
 * Molecular-beam epitaxy, a thin-film crystal growth technique
 * Molecular Biology and Evolution, a journal
 * Multi-band excitation, a series of speech coding standards
 * Multibeam echosounder, a device used to map ocean floors

British honours

 * Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire

Other uses

 * Mail Boxes Etc., a global chain of retail business service centers
 * Management by exception, a style of business management
 * Minority business enterprise, a classification of business
 * Morning Becomes Eclectic, a radio program
 * Multistate Bar Examination, an exam administered to most prospective American lawyers
 * Monbetsu Airport's IATA code

title: MBE


text:
1039

Year 1039 (MXXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * June 4 – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) dies of gout in Utrecht after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old son, Henry III (the Black), who also becomes king of Italy and Burgundy.
 * Duke Casimir I (the Restorer) returns to Poland, and makes great efforts to rebuild the war-ruined country. He establishes his residence at Kraków (which becomes Poland's capital until 1596).

Religion

 * The Abbey of Bec is founded, located in Le Bec-Hellouin, Normandy (modern France).

Births

 * Helibo, Chinese nobleman and chieftain (d. 1092)
 * Minamoto no Yoshiie, Japanese samurai (d. 1106)
 * Robert de Stafford, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * Sancho IV, king of Pamplona (approximate date)
 * Su Zhe, Chinese politician and historian (d. 1112)
 * Vseslav of Polotsk, Kievan prince (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 10 – Odo (or Eudes), French nobleman
 * April 16 – William III, count of Weimar and Eichsfeld
 * May 27 – Dirk III (or Theodoric), count of Holland
 * June 4 – Conrad II (the Elder), Holy Roman Emperor
 * July 20 – Conrad II (the Younger), duke of Carinthia
 * September 19 – Fujiwara no Genshi, empress of Japan (b. 1016)
 * November 4 – Hugh of Chalon, French bishop
 * November 29 – Adalbero, German nobleman
 * Abu Nasr Mushkan, Persian statesman (or 1040)
 * Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, prince of Gwynedd
 * Nathar Shah, Tamil mystic and preacher (b. 969)
 * Regimbald, German abbot and bishop
 * Reginar V (or Régnier), French nobleman
 * Sophia I, German princess and abbess (b. 975)
 * Unsuri, Persian poet and writer (or 1040)

title: 1039


text:
1041

Year 1041 (MXLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * December 10 – Emperor Michael IV (the Paphlagonian) dies after a 6-year reign. His wife, Empress Zoë, elevates (on advice by her lover John the Orphanotrophos) her adoptive son to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, as Michael V Kalaphates. Shortly after, Michael comes into conflict with his uncle John, and banishes him to a monastery.

Europe

 * March 17 – Battle of Olivento: Norman troops and their Lombard allies, led by William I (Iron Arm), are victorious against the Byzantines at the feet of the Monte Vulture, near the River Olivento in Apulia.
 * May 4 – Battle of Montemaggiore: Lombard-Norman rebel forces, led by William I, are again victorious, and defeat a Byzantine army (18,000 men) on a hill named Montemaggiore, near the River Ofanto.
 * September 3 – Battle of Montepeloso: Lombard-Norman rebel forces, led by William I, defeat the Byzantines at Montepeloso. During the battle, Boioannes, governor of the Catepanate of Italy, is captured.
 * Winter – Battle of Ostrovo: The Byzantines, with the help of the Varangian Guard, led by Harald Hardrada (future king of Norway), defeat the Bulgarian troops, near Lake Ostrovo in Greece.

England

 * Edward the Confessor returns to England from exile in Normandy, to become the heir of his half-brother Harthacnut, as king of England. He reduces the navy from 60 to 32 ships, due to the tax burden.
 * The city of Worcester rebels against the taxes of Harthacnut. Edward enlists the help of Earl Godwin of Wessex (to support him in the right to claim the English throne) and marries his daughter Edith.

Africa

 * The Zirid Dynasty rejects Shi'ite obedience and Fatimid domination, and recognizes the Abbasids as their overlords.

Asia

 * The number of enlisted soldiers in the Song Dynasty Chinese military reaches well over 1,250,000 troops, an increase since 1022, when there were a million soldiers (approximate date).

Births

 * Ōe no Masafusa, Japanese poet (d. 1111)
 * Raymond IV (Saint-Gilles), French nobleman (d. 1105)

Deaths

 * February 4 – Fujiwara no Kintō, Japanese poet (b. 966)
 * December 10 – Michael IV, Byzantine emperor (b. 1010)
 * Adolf II of Lotharingia, German nobleman (b. 1002)
 * Akazome Emon, Japanese waka poet (approximate date)
 * Eadwulf IV, ruler of Bamburgh
 * Edmund of Durham (or Eadmund), English bishop
 * Gangeyadeva, Indian ruler of the Kalachuri Dynasty
 * Mac Beathaidh mac Ainmire, Irish poet and Chief Ollam
 * Muhammad, sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (b. 998)
 * Muhammad ibn Rustam Dushmanziyar, Buyid emir
 * Peter Delyan, Bulgarian rebel leader and ruler (tsar)
 * Sampiro, Spanish bishop, politician and intellectual
 * Tancred of Hauteville, Norman nobleman (b. 980)
 * Vikramabahu (or Kassapa), king of Sri Lanka (b. 1017)

title: 1041


text:
1042

Year 1042 (MXLII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * April 19 – Emperor Michael V Kalaphates banishes his adoptive mother and co-ruler Zoë, for plotting to poison him, to the island of Principo. His announcement as sole emperor leads to a popular revolt.
 * April 20 – Zoë is proclaimed as empress at an assembly in Hagia Sophia, along with her sister Theodora, as co-ruler. Michael V flees to the monastery of Stoudios, but is arrested, blinded and castrated.
 * Zoë recalls Synodianos, governor of the Catepanate of Italy, and replaces him with George Maniakes (the disgraced head of the Sicilian campaign). All of Apulia is in the hands of the Lombard rebels.
 * June 11 – Zoë marries her third husband, a Byzantine bureaucrat who ascends as co-emperor Constantine IX at Constantinople. Theodora agrees to surrender her co-emperorship.
 * Summer – George Maniakes goes on a march through Apulia, plundering the towns that have declared for the Lombard rebels. Constantine IX recalls Maniakes to Constantinople.
 * George Maniakes revolts against Constantine IX and is declared emperor by his troops. He captures Pardos who has landed with an army at Otranto to take over his command.
 * Byzantine–Arab War: The Byzantines reconquer the fortress city of Edessa (modern Turkey), returning it to Christian hands, after 400 years of Islamic rule (approximate date).
 * Duklja secures its independence from the Byzantine Empire.

Europe

 * January 25 – Abbad I dies after a 19-year reign as independent ruler of the Taifa of Seville in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He is succeeded by his son Abbad II (until 1069).
 * Casimir I, duke of Poland, succeeds in reuniting the realm which earns him the name "the Restorer". He signs a treaty with Bretislav I, duke of Bohemia, at Regensburg.
 * June 8 – Magnus the Good becomes king of Denmark after the death of Harthacnut. Despite a claim to the throne by Sweyn II, Magnus takes control of Denmark.
 * Autumn – Norman mercenaries assemble at Matera and decide to elect William Iron Arm as count of Melfi and leader of the Normans in Southern Italy.
 * Harald Hardrada, leader of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire, returns to Norway, possibly because of his involvement in Maniakes' revolt.
 * Finnish–Novgorodian War: Grand Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich wages a campaign against the Tavastians (yem).

England

 * June 8 – King Harthacnut collapses while attending a party. He dies without an heir, Edward the Confessor becomes king of England.

Islamic world

 * The Almoravids, led by Abdallah ibn Yasin, invade Morocco (approximate date).

Births

 * Bolesław II the Generous, king of Poland (approximate date)
 * Canute IV ("the Holy"), king of Denmark (approximate date)
 * Fujiwara no Morozane, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1101)
 * Gissur Ísleifsson, Icelandic clergyman and bishop (d. 1118)
 * Johannes of Jerusalem, French monk and abbot (d. 1119)
 * Louis the Springer, German nobleman (d. 1123)
 * Minamoto no Yoshitsuna, Japanese samurai (d. 1134)
 * Sancho V, king of Aragon and Pamplona (d. 1094)

Deaths

 * January 25 – Abbad I, founder of the Abbadid Dynasty (b. 984)
 * June 8 – Harthacnut, king of Denmark and England
 * August 24 – Michael V Kalaphates, Byzantine emperor
 * Anushtakin al-Dizbari, Fatimid governor of Aleppo
 * Pardos, Byzantine governor (catepan) of Italy

title: 1042


text:
1043

Year 1043 (MXLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force to the Balkans against the rebellious George Maniakes, governor of the Catepanate of Italy. The two armies meet near Thessaloniki in northern Greece. The rebel army – better organized, seasoned and with superior leadership – is initially successful, but Maniakes is killed by an arrow at the moment of his triumph. After this, his army is routed.
 * Rus'–Byzantine War: A Kievan Rus' naval raid, led by Grand Prince Vladimir Yaraslavich, unsuccessfully attacks Constantinople. A 6,000-strong Kievan contingent under Vyshata is also defeated and deported to the capital.

Europe

 * Spring – A grand assembly at Melfi, with all the Norman and Lombard nobles acclaim Guaimar IV, duke of Apulia and Calabria. The territories are divided into 12 fiefdoms and distributed among Norman chieftains. William Iron Arm is granted Ascoli as a private fiefdom and his brother Drogo of Hauteville is granted Venosa. Count Rainulf II of Aversa, not present at the assembly, receives Siponto and recognizes Guaimar's suzerainty.
 * Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev makes an agreement with Duke Casimir I the Restorer of Poland that recognizes Chervyen as part of Kiev. The agreement is sealed with a double marriage – Casimir to Maria Dobroniega (a daughter of Vladimir the Great), and Iziaslav to Gertrude, Casimir's sister.
 * November 21 – King Henry III ("the Black") marries Agnes of Poitou (daughter of William V of Aquitaine) at the Imperial Palace at Ingelheim am Rhein. She is his second wife after the death of Gunhilda from malaria in 1038.

England

 * April 3 – Edward the Confessor is crowned king of England at Winchester Cathedral. He learns that his mother, Queen Emma of Normandy is plotting with Magnus the Good to take control of the English throne. Edward strips her land and treasure, but she is allowed to stay in England.

Arabian Empire

 * The Seljuqs under Tughril Beg expel the Oghuz Turks from Khorasan and conquer Qazvin (modern Iran). They become the new masters of the Ziyarid Dynasty (approximate date).

Africa

 * The first king of the Kingdom of Nri, Eze Nri Ìfikuánim, is installed in West Africa.

Asia

 * In China, the statesmen Ouyang Xiu and Fan Zhongyan put forth the Qingli Reforms during the Song Dynasty, which are halted by 1045.

Births

 * Abu Muhammad al-Baghawi, Persian hadith scholar (d. 1122)
 * Áurea of San Millán, Spanish anchorite and saint (d. 1070)
 * Fulk IV ("the Quarreller"), French nobleman (d. 1109)
 * Furong Daokai, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1118)
 * Isaac ben Reuben Albargeloni, Spanish Jewish rabbi
 * El Cid (Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar), Spanish nobleman (d. 1099)

Deaths

 * February 14 – Gisela of Swabia, Holy Roman Empress (b. 990)
 * February 20 – Alexios Stoudites, patriarch of Constantinople
 * June 26 – Gonzalo Sánchez, Spanish nobleman (b. 1020)
 * July 26 – Moses the Hungarian, Kievan Russian monk
 * Al-Muqtana Baha'uddin, Druze religious leader (b. 979)
 * Cathal mac Ruaidhri, king of Maigh Seóla (Ireland)
 * George Maniakes, Byzantine general and governor
 * Hallvard Vebjørnsson, Norwegian patron saint
 * Hywel ab Owain, king of Glywysing (Wales)

title: 1043


text:
1044

Year 1044 (MXLIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * July 6 – Battle of Ménfő: German troops, under King Henry III (the Black), defeat the Hungarian army, led by King Samuel Aba, who flees the field, but is captured and killed. Peter Orseolo (called the Venetian) becomes (for the second time) king of Hungary, and a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.
 * Summer – Geoffrey II (the Hammer), count of Anjou, captures the city of Tours, and takes control of the county of Touraine.

Asia

 * The Chinese military treatise of the Wujing Zongyao is written and compiled by scholars Zeng Gongliang (曾公亮), Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide (楊惟德), during the Song Dynasty. It is the first book in history to include formulas for gunpowder, and its use for various bombs (thrown by sling or trebuchet catapult). It also describes the double-piston pump flamethrower and a thermoremanence compass, a few decades before Shen Kuo wrote of the first known magnetic mariner's compass. Although emphasizing the importance of many weapons, it reserves high respect for the crossbow, and the ability of crossbowmen to fell charging units of nomadic cavalrymen.
 * August 11 – King Anawrahta seizes the throne of the Pagan Empire at Bagan in Burma (modern Myanmar).

Religion

 * September – A second Roman uprising forces Pope Benedict IX out of Rome. He is succeeded by the new elected (anti)-Pope Sylvester III (until 1045).

Births

 * Abelard of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman (d. 1081)
 * Trahaearn ap Caradog, king of Gwynedd (d. 1081)
 * Władysław I Herman, duke of Poland (d. 1102)

Deaths

 * January 14 – Adelaide I, abbess of Quedlinburg
 * April 19 – Gothelo I (or Gozelo), duke of Lorraine
 * July 6 – Samuel Aba, palatine and king of Hungary
 * August 11 – Sokkate, king of the Pagan Empire (b. 1001)
 * November 14 – Thietmar of Hildesheim, German bishop
 * Abu'l-Husayn al-Basri, Mu'tazilite faqih and theologian
 * Rajendra Chola I, emperor of the Chola Dynasty
 * Sharif al-Murtaza, Buyid Shia scholar (b. 965)
 * Zhao Yuanyan, prince of the Song Dynasty (b. 985)

title: 1044


text:
1046

Year 1046 (MXLVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Autumn – King Henry III (the Black) travels to Italy to secure the imposition of Guido da Velate, archbishop of Milan, and other similarly loyal candidates in other sees (like Ravenna, Verona and Modena).
 * Vatha Pagan Revolt: King Peter Orseolo (the Venetian) is overthrown after a 2-year reign. Bishops Gerard of Csanád and Bystrík (or Bestricus) are stoned to death in Budapest (Hungary).

Britain

 * Ealdred, bishop of Worcester, leads troops from England on an unsuccessful punitive raid against the Welsh leaders Gruffydd ap Rhydderch, Rhys ap Rhydderch and Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.

Asia

 * Bao Zheng (Lord Bao), a Chinese government officer during the reign of Emperor Ren Zong of the Song Dynasty, writes a memorial to the throne. He warns about governmental corruption – and a foreseeable bankruptcy of the Chinese iron industry – if increasingly poorer families continued to be listed on the register for iron-smelting households (while rich households avoid being listed for fear of financial calamity). Apparently the government heeds the warning, and produces more iron products by the year 1078 than China ever had before.
 * Munjong is crowned the 11th king of Goryeo (Korea).

Exploration

 * March 5 – Nasir Khusraw begins his 7-year Middle Eastern (19,000-kilometre) journey, which he later describes in the book Safarnāmé.

Religion

 * Summer – Ex-Pope Benedict IX gives up a renewed attempt to reclaim the papal throne in Rome; Sylvester III reasserts his claim.
 * December 20 – Pope Gregory VI is accused of simony at the Council of Sutri, and abdicates as pope of the Catholic Church.
 * December 25 – Pope Clement II succeeds Gregory VI as the 149th pope, and crowns Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor.
 * Hildesheim Cathedral (Germany) is largely destroyed by fire.

Births

 * May 8 – Constance, queen of Castile and León (d. 1093)
 * Afridun I (the Martyr), ruler (shah) of Shirvan (d. 1120)
 * Bernard of Thiron, founder of the Order of Tiron (d. 1117)
 * Ingegerd, queen of Denmark and Sweden (approximate date)
 * Leo Marsicanus (or Ostiensis), Italian cardinal (d. 1115)
 * Masud Sa'd Salman, Persian poet and writer (d. 1121)
 * Matilda, margravine of Tuscany (d. 1115)

Deaths

 * January 24 – Eckard II (or Ekkehard), German nobleman (b. 985)
 * February 26 – Fujiwara no Sanesuke, Japanese nobleman (b. 957)
 * June 24 – Jeongjong II, king of Goryeo (b. 1018)
 * July 18 – Elijah, bishop of Beth Nuhadra (b. 975)
 * Art Uallach Ua Ruairc, king of Connacht
 * Bystrík (or Bestricus), Hungarian bishop
 * Eido II (or Egidius), bishop of Meissen (or 1045)
 * Geoffrey II, count of Gâtinais (approximate date)
 * Gerard of Csanád, Hungarian missionary-bishop
 * Gothelo II, duke of Lower Lorraine (b. 1008)
 * Lyfing of Winchester, English abbot and bishop
 * Oliba, Spanish count, abbot and bishop
 * Richard of Verdun, French abbot (b. 970)
 * William I (Iron Arm), Norman nobleman

title: 1046


text:
1047

Year 1047 (MXLVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * September 25–28 – Rebel general Leo Tornikios (a nephew of Emperor Constantine IX) proclaims himself emperor at Adrianople, and besieges Constantinople. Byzantine troops personally led by Constantine repel him, and re-occupy the walls. Tornikios is forced to withdraw, while his followers start to abandon him. Finally, he is captured at a church in Boulgarophygon (modern Turkey), and is publicly blinded.
 * Winter – Constantine IX allows the Pecheneg tribes to cross the Danube River, and to settle permanently in Byzantine territory. He buys their alliance with presents, using them to attack his enemies (Bulgars and Magyars) in the rear, and so to prevent any southward advance of the Kievan Rus'.

Europe

 * Spring – Emperor Henry III (the Black) travels to southern Italy, and deprives Guaimar IV of his title Duke of Apulia and Calabria. He receives homage from Drogo of Hauteville, who becomes "Duke and Master of all Italy".
 * August 10 – Battle of Val-ès-Dunes: Norman duke William I secures control over Normandy with assistance from King Henry I by defeating rebel Norman barons at Caen. Later in October, William promulgates the "Truce of God" throughout his duchy.
 * October 25 – Harald III (Hardrada) becomes sole king of Norway, on the death of his nephew and co-regent Magnus I (the Good). The crown of Denmark passes to Sweyn II.

Religion

 * October 9 – Pope Clement II dies suddenly after a 9-month pontificate. He is succeeded by Benedict IX as the 150th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * November – The usurping Benedict IX, with support of Boniface III (Canossa), margrave of Tuscany, seizes the Lateran Palace in Rome.

Births

 * December 28 – Sunjong, ruler of Goryeo (d. 1083)
 * Cai Jing, Chinese official and calligrapher (d. 1126)
 * Hugh d'Avranches, Norman nobleman (d. 1101)
 * Qingshui, Chinese Chan Buddhist monk (d. 1101)
 * Simon de Crépy, French nobleman (approximate date)
 * Wyszesława, duchess of Poland (approximate date)
 * Xiang, empress regent of the Song Dynasty (d. 1102)
 * Yi Zong, Chinese emperor (Western Xia) (d. 1068)

Deaths

 * June 16 – Poppo, archbishop of Trier
 * August 29 – Ælfwine, bishop of Winchester
 * September 7 – Otto II, duke of Swabia
 * October 9 – Clement II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * October 16 – Henry VII, German nobleman
 * October 25 – Magnus I (the Good), king of Norway
 * Æthelstan of Abingdon, English abbot (or 1048)
 * Gerard Flaitel, Norman nobleman and knight
 * Godgifu, daughter of Æthelred the Unready
 * Grimketel, English clergyman and bishop
 * Humbert I, founder of the House of Savoy (or 1048)
 * Levente, Hungarian nobleman (House of Árpád)
 * Miecław (or Miesław), Polish nobleman
 * Nripa Kama II, Indian king (Hoysala Empire)
 * Raymond III, count of Pallars Jussà
 * Rodulfus Glaber, French chronicler (b. 985)
 * Stephen II, count of Troyes and Meaux

title: 1047


text:
1048

Year 1048 (MXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * September 18 – Battle of Kapetron: A combined Byzantine-Georgian army, under Byzantine generals Aaronios and Katakalon Kekaumenos (supported by the Georgian duke Liparit IV), confronts the invading Seljuk Turks, led by Ibrahim Inal (a half-brother of Sultan Tughril), at Kapetron (near modern-day Pasinler). The Byzantines defeat their opposing Turkish forces in the flanks, but in the centre Ibrahim Inal captures Liparit, and can safely withdraw from Byzantine territory, laden with spoils and captives, including Liparit.
 * Winter – Emperor Constantine IX sends an embassy with gifts and a ransom, to release Liparit IV to Tughril. However, the sultan sets Liparit free, on the condition that he will never again fight the Seljuks.

Europe

 * Winter – Emperor Henry III (the Black) appoints his cousin, Bishop Bruno of Toul (related to the counts of Egisheim-Dagsburg in Upper Alsace), as successor of Damasus II at an assembly at Worms.
 * The city of Oslo is founded by King Harald III (Hardrada) of Norway (approximate date).

England

 * 1048 or 1066 – End of the Viking Age: Vikings make an unsuccessful raid on the Kingdom of England; The raiders flee to Flanders (modern Belgium).
 * King Edward the Confessor goes to war against Flanders, blockading the English Channel with a fleet based at Sandwich in Kent.

China

 * Catastrophic Yellow River flood in Northern Song China, river changes its course until 1194.

Religion

 * July 16 – At orders of Henry III, German troops under Boniface III (Canossa), enter Rome and expel Pope Benedict IX.
 * July 17 – Pope Damasus II succeeds Benedict IX as the 151st pope of the Catholic Church, but he dies after 23 days.
 * December – Bruno von Egisheim-Dagsburg, bishop of Toul, is selected as the new pope by an assembly at Worms - after canonical election in Rome next February, he assumed the name Leo IX.

Births

 * May 18 – Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician and poet (d. 1131)
 * May 25 – Shen Zong, emperor of the Song Dynasty (d. 1085)
 * Alexios I (Komnenos), Byzantine emperor (d. 1118)
 * Arwa al-Sulayhi, queen and co-ruler of Yemen (d. 1138)
 * Domnall Ua Lochlainn, High King of Ireland (d. 1121)
 * Harding of Bristol, English sheriff reeve (approximate date)
 * Magnus II (Haraldsson), king of Norway (approximate date)
 * Matilda of Germany, duchess of Swabia (d. 1060)
 * Peter I, Italian nobleman (House of Savoy) (d. 1078)
 * Sheikh Ahmad-e Jami, Persian Sufi writer and poet (d. 1141)
 * Turgot of Durham, Scottish bishop (approximate date)

Deaths

 * January 25 – Poppo, abbot of Stavelot-Malmedy (b. 977)
 * June 1 – Minamoto no Yorinobu, Japanese samurai (b. 968)
 * June 7 – Berno of Reichenau, German abbot
 * August 9 – Damasus II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * November 11 – Adalbert, duke of Upper Lorraine (b. 1000)
 * December 9 – Al-Biruni, Persian scholar and polymath (b. 973)
 * Æthelstan of Abingdon, English abbot (or 1047)
 * Cenn Fáelad Ua Cúill, Irish poet and Chief Ollam
 * Humbert I, founder of the House of Savoy (or 1047)
 * Jing Zong, Chinese empress of Western Xia (b. 1003)
 * Mael Fabhaill Ua hEidhin, king of Hy Fiachrach
 * Rainulf II (Trincanocte), Italo-Norman nobleman

title: 1048


text:
1049

Year 1049 (MXLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Pecheneg Revolt: Emperor Constantine IX decides to transfer 15,000 Pecheneg warriors from their positions in the Balkans, to the eastern front. Upon approaching the Bosporus, the Pechenegs decide to turn back, and march through Bulgaria, until they reach the Byzantine city of Serdia. Later, joined by followers, the Pecheneg tribes raise the banner of revolt in Thrace.

Europe

 * January 13 – Theodwin, prince-bishop of Liège, defeats Count Dirk IV of West Frisia near Dordrecht, and restores imperial authority in the Rhine Delta.
 * The Republic of Pisa successfully completes the conquest of Sardinia, from the Andalusian occupiers.

British Isles

 * Viking Irish raiders ally with King Gruffydd ap Rhydderch of Gwent, in raiding along the River Severn.

Africa

 * The Banu Hilal, a confederation of tribes of Arabia, begin their invasion in the Maghreb (North Africa). They are organized by the Egyptian Fatimid Caliphate to punish their former Zirid vassals.

Asia

 * The Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng is constructed, during the Chinese Song Dynasty.

Religion

 * February 12 – Pope Leo IX succeeds Damasus II, as the 152nd pope of the Catholic Church. He goes on a one-year trip to promote the cause of the reformist program among the European prelates.

Births

 * October 9 – Seonjong, king of Goryeo (d. 1094)
 * Godelieve, Flemish saint (approximate date)
 * Hermann II, count palatine of Lotharingia (d. 1085)
 * John Theristus, Italian Benedictine monk (d. 1129)
 * Li Gonglin, Chinese painter and antiquarian (d. 1106)
 * Peter de Honestis, Italian monk (approximate date)
 * Saw Lu, king of the Pagan Kingdom (d. 1084)
 * Rhiryd ap Bleddyn, king of Powys (d. 1088)

Deaths

 * January 1 – Odilo of Cluny, French Benedictine abbot
 * January 12 – Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr, Persian Sufi poet (b. 967)
 * January 13 – Dirk IV, count of Friesland west of the Vlie
 * December 1 – Ermesinda of Bigorre, queen of Aragon (b. 1015)
 * Airlangga, Indonesian ruler (raja) of Kahuripan
 * Eustace I, count of Boulogne (House of Flanders)

title: 1049


text:
Ross Powers

Ross Powers (born February 10, 1979) is an American world champion halfpipe snowboarder and Olympic gold medalist. Hailing from South Londonderry, Vermont, he is currently the director of the snowboarding program at the Stratton Mountain School in Stratton, Vermont.

Career
Though he originally rode at Stratton Mountain, Vermont, his home mountain is now Okemo, Vermont. Powers helps with the design of the Superpipe and also helped design the RossCross Family Terrain Park. Powers also runs a snowboard camp through Okemo. He led the U.S. sweep in the 2002 Winter Olympics men's halfpipe competition, one day after his 23rd birthday. This is the first time the Americans have swept a Winter Olympic event since the men's figure skaters in 1956. Powers claimed the gold medal with a score of 46.1.

During his final run, Powers dropped in and aired out with an 18-foot method grab (a world record at that time), and followed up with two McTwists, a cab 720 indy grab, a frontside 720 indy grab and a switch frontside air.

He regularly competes in such events as the US and European Opens of Snowboarding, the Vans Triple Crown (now known simply as the Vans Cup), and the X-Games. During the 2004/2005 season, Ross won the Mt. Bachelor Grand Prix event and went on to be the overall champion for the series.

In 2007 Powers shifted gears and returned to racing in snowboard cross. He had his first world cup podium in that discipline in February 2009 at Sunday River, Maine, and again in December 2009 at Telluride, Colorado.

In 2010 Powers narrowly missed earning a spot on the US Olympic Team for snowboard cross. He finished the season with his SBX World Cup rank at 11th.

In April 2010 Powers was named director of the snowboarding program at The Stratton Mountain School (SMS), in Vermont. Powers is a 1997 graduate of SMS. His current snowboard sponsor is RAMP Sports.

Powers resides in Stratton, Vermont, with his wife Marisa and daughters, Victoria and Meredith.

Video game appearances
Powers is a playable character in the video game Shaun Palmer's Pro Snowboarder. and the video game Cool Boarders 4.

Philanthropy
In 2001 Powers founded the non-profit Ross Powers Foundation, a philanthropic organization that is dedicated to providing financial aid to promising athletes from all economic backgrounds. In 2010, the Foundation provided assistance to a number of up-and-coming snowboarders.

In 2010 The Ross Powers Foundation teamed up with Olympic gold medalist Michael Phelps and formed the Level Field Fund, a non-profit organization with the mission statement: "The Level Field Fund strives to bridge gaps in funding for uniquely talented athletes, following the belief that opportunities to pursue excellence in sport should not be limited by an athlete's financial situation."

title: Ross Powers


text:
1051

Year 1051 (MLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Continental Europe

 * Spring – William of Normandy consolidates his power in Normandy. He fights over the control of Maine (after the death of Count Hugh IV), and lays siege to the fortresses of Alençon and Domfront (Western France).
 * May 19 – King Henry I of France marries Anne of Kiev at the cathedral of Reims. William of Normandy marries Matilda of Flanders, daughter of Count Baldwin V, which Henry sees as a threat to his throne.
 * Summer – Drogo of Hauteville, count of Apulia and Calabria, meets Pope Leo IX in southern Italy – who has been sent by Emperor Henry III (the Black) to re-establish the "freedom of the Catholic Church".
 * Autumn – Battle of Vértes: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor invades the Kingdom of Hungary, and is utterly defeated by Andrew I of Hungary.
 * Drogo of Hauteville is forced to promise Leo IX to stop the Normans from pillaging the Lombard countryside. On his way back, Drogo is assassinated near Bovino by a Byzantine conspiracy.

England

 * Eustace II, count of Boulogne, visits England and is received with honour at the court by King Edward the Confessor. In Dover a fight breaks out between the Norman visitors and the locals, resulting in the deaths of several people. Edward blames the people of Dover and orders Godwin, earl of Wessex, to deal with them. Godwin refuses to obey Edward's order, and in response Edward raises an army and forces the Godwin family into exile.
 * Edward the Confessor invites William of Normandy to England. It is at this point that it is thought that Edward promises the English throne to William in the event of his death.
 * Heregeld, commonly known as Danegeld, is abolished by Edward the Confessor. It has been collected for many years to provide funds for defending the country from Viking raiders.

Religion

 * Hilarion of Kiev (or IIarion) becomes the first non-Greek metropolitan bishop of the Eastern Orthodox Church, in Kiev.

Births

 * September 21 – Bertha of Savoy, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1087)
 * Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys (d. 1111)
 * Edgar Ætheling, uncrowned king of England (d. c. 1126)
 * Robert II (Curthose), duke of Normandy (d. 1134)
 * Mi Fu, Chinese painter, poet and calligrapher (d. 1107)

Deaths

 * January 22 – Ælfric Puttoc, archbishop of York
 * February 28 – Humfrid, archbishop of Magdeburg
 * March 14 – Gerard I, bishop of Cambrai
 * March 25 – Hugh IV, count of Maine
 * April 27 – Fulk Bertrand I, count of Provence
 * November 7 – Rotho, bishop of Paderborn
 * Bardo, German abbot and archbishop
 * Bernard, margrave of the Nordmark
 * Bi Sheng, Chinese artisan and inventor (b. 990)
 * Drogo of Hauteville, Norman nobleman
 * Jordan of Laron, bishop of Limoges
 * Kálfr Árnason, Norwegian chieftain
 * Ralph de Gacé, Norman nobleman

title: 1051


text:
1052

Year 1052 (MLII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

England

 * Summer – Godwin, Earl of Wessex, sails with a large fleet up the Thames to London, forcing King Edward the Confessor to reinstate him into his previous position of power.

Africa

 * Battle of Haydaran: The Zirid dynasty is defeated by the invading Bedouin Arab tribes of the Banu Hilal.

Religion

 * Byōdō-in, a Japanese Buddhist temple (located in the Kyoto Prefecture), changes its name by order of Fujiwara no Yorimichi.

Births

 * May 23 – Philip I ("the Amorous"), king of France (d. 1108)
 * Agnes of Aquitaine, countess of Savoy (approximate date)
 * Conrad II ("the Child"), duke of Bavaria (d. 1055)
 * Dirk V, count of Friesland (west of the Vlie) (d. 1091)
 * Gleb Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince (approximate date)
 * Jón Ögmundsson, Icelandic bishop and saint (d. 1121)
 * Robert of Bellême, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * Roman Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 6 – Emma of Normandy, queen consort of England (twice), Denmark and Norway (b. 984)
 * May 6 – Boniface III, Italian prince and margrave (assassinated)
 * June 19 – Fan Zhongyan, chancellor of the Song dynasty (b. 989)
 * October 4 – Vladimir Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1020)
 * October 27 – Qirwash ibn al-Muqallad, Uqaylid emir
 * December 14 – Aaron Scotus, Irish abbot and musician
 * Amadeus I, count of Savoy (approximate date)
 * Guaimar IV of Salerno, Italian nobleman (assassinated)
 * Halinard, French archbishop (approximate date)
 * Hugh II, count of Ponthieu (also lord of Abbeville)
 * Pandulf III of Salerno, Lombard prince (assassinated)
 * Pandulf of Capaccio, Lombard nobleman (assassinated)
 * Rodulf, Norman missionary bishop and abbot
 * Sweyn Godwinson (or Swein), English nobleman
 * Xu Daoning, Chinese painter (approximate date)
 * Xuedou Chongxian, Chinese Buddhist monk

title: 1052


text:
1056

Year 1056 (MLVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * August 31 – Empress Theodora (a sister of the former Empress Zoë) dies after a 18-month reign, by a sudden illness at Constantinople. She is succeeded by Michael VI (the Old), who had served as military finance minister under the former Emperor Romanos III. Michael is appointed through the influence of Leo Paraspondylos, Theodora's most trusted adviser. This ends the Macedonian Dynasty.
 * Theodosius, a nephew of the former Emperor Constantine IX, tries to usurp the Byzantine throne, and liberates all the prisoners who flock to his banner. With their support, he marches through the streets of Constantinople to the Palace. There, the Varangian Guard forms outside to stop him. Theodosius loses heart and heads for Hagia Sophia. Later he is captured, and exiled to Pergamum.

Europe

 * October 5 – Emperor Henry III (the Black) dies after a 10-year reign at Bodfeld, an imperial hunting lodge (Königspfalz) in the Harz Mountains. He is succeeded by his 5-year-old only son Henry IV as "king of the Germans" and enthroned by Pope Victor II (also a German) at Aachen – while his mother, Empress Agnes of Poitou, becomes co-regent.
 * Ottokar I, count of Steyr, becomes margrave of the Karantanian March (later known as Styria).

Britain

 * June 16 – In response to the attack on Hereford Cathedral (see 1055), Leofgar the bishop of Hereford takes an army into Wales to deal with the Welsh prince Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. He along with a large number of English troops is killed in battle at Glasbury-on-Wye by the Welsh. Earl Harold Godwinson raises an army to take revenge, but comes to peaceful terms with Gruffydd.

Northern Africa

 * Battle of Tabfarilla in present day Mauritania: The Almoravids are crushed by the Godala and their Emir
 * Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni falls.

Religion

 * The Pagoda of Fogong Temple in Shanxi in northern China is built during the Liao Dynasty. Work begins on the Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple in Shandong under the opposing Song Dynasty.
 * Dromtön, an Atiśa chief disciple, founds Reting Monastery in the Reting Tsangpo Valley (north of Lhasa) as the seat of Kadam lineage of Tibetan Buddhism.
 * The Muslims expel 300 Christians from Jerusalem, and European Christians are forbidden to enter the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

Births

 * Abdallah ibn Buluggin (the Conqueror), emir of Granada
 * Al-Muqtadi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (d. 1094)
 * Baldwin II of Mons, count of Hainaut (approximate date)
 * Ermengol IV (or Armengol), Spanish nobleman (d. 1092)
 * Fujiwara no Kiyohira, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1128)
 * Hildegarde of Burgundy, French noblewoman (approximate date)
 * Ibn Tahir of Caesarea, Arab scholar and historian (d. 1113)
 * Nestor the Chronicler, Russian monk and historian (d. 1114)
 * Sæmundur Sigfússon, Icelandic priest and scholar (d. 1133)
 * William II (or William Rufus), king of England (d. 1100)
 * Zhou Bangyan, Chinese bureaucrat and ci poet (d. 1121)

Deaths

 * February 10 – Æthelstan (or Athelstan), bishop of Hereford
 * February 11 – Herman II (or Heriman), archbishop of Cologne
 * June 16 – Leofgar (or Leovegard), bishop of Hereford
 * August 31
 * Odda of Deerhurst, English nobleman
 * Theodora, empress of the Byzantine Empire
 * September 10 – William, margrave of the Nordmark
 * October 5 – Henry III (the Black), Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1017)
 * November 25 – Flann Mainistreach, Irish poet and historian
 * Áed Ua Forréid, bishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)
 * Anselm of Liège, French chronicler (approximate date)
 * Benedict IX, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
 * Ekkehard IV, Swiss monk and chronicler (approximate date)
 * Hilal al-Sabi', Buyid historian, bureaucrat and writer
 * Leo of Ohrid, Byzantine archbishop and theologian
 * Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni, Almoravid chieftain

title: 1056


text:
1059

Year 1059 (MLIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * November 22 – Emperor Isaac I Komnenos falls ill on a hunt and retires to a monastery after a 2-year reign. He abdicates the Byzantine throne and appoints Constantine X, a Paphlagonian nobleman, as his successor.
 * Fall – The Magyars cross the Danube River, together with several Pecheneg tribes, but are halted by Byzantine forces (approximate date).

Europe

 * Peter Krešimir IV (the Great) is crowned king of Croatia and Dalmatia. His coronation is recognised by the Byzantine Empire who confirm him as the supreme ruler of the Dalmatian cities, i.e. over the Theme of Dalmatia – excluding the theme of Ragusa and the Duchy of Durazzo.
 * August 23 – Robert Guiscard, count of Apulia and Calabria, signs the Treaty of Melfi with Pope Nicholas II. Nicholas recognises the Norman conquest of southern Italy, and accepts the titles of Guiscard as duke of Sicily.

Seljuk Empire

 * Alp Arslan succeeds his father Chaghri Beg as governor of Khorasan. He crosses with a Seljuk expeditionary force the upper Halys River and plunders the Theme of Sebasteia (modern Turkey).

Religion

 * January 24 – Pope Nicholas II succeeds Stephen IX as the 155th pope of the Catholic Church. He is installed in Rome in opposition to Antipope Benedict X – the brother of the late Pope Benedict IX (deposed in 1048).
 * April 13 – Nicholas II, with the agreement of the Lateran Council, issues the papal bull In nomine Domini, making the College of Cardinals the sole voters in the papal conclave for the election of popes.

Births

 * At-Turtushi, Andalusian political philosopher (d. 1126)
 * Fujiwara no Akinaka, Japanese nobleman (d. 1129)
 * Fulcher of Chartres, French priest and chronicler
 * Henry I, count of Limburg and Arlon (approximate date)
 * Ngok Loden Sherab, Tibetan Buddhist monk (d. 1109)
 * Raynald I, French nobleman and abbot (d. 1090)
 * Robert of Burgundy, bishop of Langres (d. 1111)

Deaths

 * April 4 – Farrukh-Zad, Ghaznavid sultan (b. 1025)
 * June 29 – Bernard II, German nobleman
 * July 7 – Abdallah ibn Yasin, Almoravid ruler
 * August 14 – Giselbert, count of Luxembourg
 * Cathal mac Tigernán, king of Iar Connacht
 * Eilika of Schweinfurt, German noblewoman
 * Michael I (Cerularius), Byzantine patriarch
 * Michael VI (Bringas), Byzantine emperor
 * Peter Orseolo (the Venetian), king of Hungary
 * Vyacheslav Yaroslavich, prince of Smolensk

title: 1059


text:
Nordic combined

Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in cross-country skiing and ski jumping. The Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics has been held since the first Winter Olympics in 1924, while the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been held since 1983. Many Nordic combined competitions use the Gundersen method, where placement in the ski jumping segment results in time (dis)advantages added to the contestant's total in the cross-country skiing segment (e.g. the ski jumping winner starts the cross-country skiing race at 00:00:00 while the one with the lowest jumping score starts with the longest time penalty).

History
The first major competition was held in 1892 in Oslo at the first Holmenkollen ski jump. King Olav V of Norway was an able jumper and competed in the Holmenkollen Ski Festival in the 1920s. Nordic combined was in the 1924 Winter Olympics and has been on the program ever since. Until the 1950s, the cross-country race was held first, followed by the ski jumping. This was reversed as the difference in the cross-country race tended to be too big to overcome in ski jumping. The sport has been dominated by the Norwegians, supported by the Finns. It was not until 1960 that the Nordic grip on this discipline was broken when West German Georg Thoma won the gold medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics.

It was decided in early-November 2016 that women's competitions were to be established on FIS-level starting during the second half of the 2010s with inclusion at world championships starting in 2021 and at the Olympic Winter Games in 2022. But Olympic debut for women in 2022 was cancelled in July 2018 by IOC who was asking for more development time for this discipline; they likely will be added in 2026. In May 2018 the FIS Congress made several decisions regarding the inclusion of women in the sport of Nordic Combined. At the 2022 Winter Olympics, Nordic combined is the only sport with exclusively men's events. As of 2019, women will be officially included in FIS Junior World Championships. It was confirmed that 2021 will mark the start of the FIS World Championship program for women (senior level). 2018 marks the second year of the Continental Cup program for women, which will include a total of 12 events.

Competition
Formats and variations currently used in the World Cup are:

 * Individual Gundersen: competition starts with one competition jump from a normal or large hill. Later on the same day, the 10 km cross-country race takes place. The winner starts at 00:00:00 and all other athletes start with time disadvantages according to their jumping score. The first to cross the finish line is the winner. A variation of this is the Final Individual Gundersen, consisting of two jumps and 15 km of cross-country skiing in free technique.
 * Nordic Combined Triple: introduced in the 2013–14 FIS Nordic Combined World Cup, it features three different events on three days and one overall winner who is awarded extra World Cup points and prize money:
 * Day 1: 1 jump & 10 km Prologue
 * Day 2: 1 jump & 15 km Individual Gundersen (Top 50 from Day 1's competition)
 * Day 3: 2 jumps & 20 km Final Individual Gundersen (Top 30 from Day 2's competition)
 * Team Event: introduced in the 1980s, one team consists of four athletes who have one competition jump each. The total score of all four athletes determines the time disadvantages for the start of the ensuing 5 km cross-country race. The first team to cross the finish line wins.
 * Team Sprint: teams consist of two athletes each. In the ski jumping part, every athlete makes one competition jump like in the Individual Gundersen or Team Event formats and the time behind for the start of the successive cross-country race. The team to arrive first at the finish line wins the competition.
 * Mass Start: the only format in which the cross-country part takes place before the ski jumping. All competitors start into a 10 km cross-country race in free technique at the same time. The final cross-country times are then converted into points for the ski jumping part. The winner is determined in a points-based system. The Nordic Combined World Cup saw the return of the mass start format in 2018, following a ten-year hiatus.

Included in the rules but currently not used in World Cup:
 * Penalty Race: instead adding a time disadvantage, distance is added to the cross-country part.

Events in the Olympics are: the sprint K120 individual, ski jumping K90 (70m), and Team/4x5km.

Equipment

 * Ski bindings: secure only the toe of the boot to the ski. In cross-country, it must be placed so that not more than 57% of the entire ski length is used as the front part. In jumping, a cord or aluminum post attaches the heel of the boot to the ski to prevent tips from dropping and/or wobbling of skis during flight.
 * Ski boot
 * For jumping, a high-backed, flexible yet firm boots with a low cut at the front, designed to allow the skier to lean forward during flight.
 * For cross-country a skating boot is used.
 * Ski suit and helmet
 * Skis: jumping skis may have a length of a maximum 145% of the total body height of the competitor. Cross-country skis may be up to 2 meters long.
 * Ski poles
 * Ski wax: glide wax for speed is used in both types, and kick wax is used in cross-country.

title: Nordic combined