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Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?

Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? is an international television game show franchise of British origin, created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight. In its format, currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television, contestants tackle a series of multiple-choice questions to win large cash prizes in a format that twists on many game show genre conventions – only one contestant plays at a time, similar to radio quizzes; contestants are given the question before deciding whether to answer, and have no time limit to answer questions; and the amount offered increases as they tackle questions that become increasingly difficult. The maximum cash prize offered in most versions of the format is an aspirational value in local currency, such as £1 million in the UK or ₹75 million (₹7.5 crore) in India.

The original British version debuted on 4 September 1998 on the ITV network, hosted by Chris Tarrant, who presented his final episode on 11 February 2014 after which the show was discontinued. A revived series of seven episodes to commemorate its 20th anniversary aired from 5 to 11 May 2018, hosted by Jeremy Clarkson. The revival received mostly positive reviews from critics and fans, as well as high viewing figures, leading ITV to renew the show for several more series. Since its debut, international variants of the game show have been aired in around 160 countries, making it the best-selling TV format in television history, and is credited by some as paving the way for the boom in the popularity of reality television.

History
The format of the show was created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight, who had earlier created a number of the promotional games for Tarrant's morning show on Capital FM radio, such as the bong game. Tentatively known as Cash Mountain, the show took its finalised title from a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society, starring Frank Sinatra and Celeste Holm. Since the original version launched, several individuals have claimed that they originated the format and that Celador had breached their copyright. While many pursued litigation, they were all unsuccessful, and each claim was later settled out-of-court on an agreement/settlement.

In March 2006, original producer Celador announced that it was seeking to sell the worldwide rights to Millionaire, together with the rest of its British programme library, as the first phase of a sell-off of the company's format and production divisions. British television producer Paul Smith first had the idea to franchise the UK programme internationally. He developed a series of standards for international variants that ensured they mirrored the British original closely. For example, all hosts were required to appear on-screen wearing Armani suits, as Tarrant did in the UK; producers were forbidden from hiring local composers to create original music, instead using the same music cues used by the British version; and the lighting system and set design were to adhere faithfully to the way they were presented on the British version. Some of Smith's rules have been slightly relaxed over the years as the franchise's development has progressed.

Dutch company 2waytraffic ultimately acquired Millionaire and all of Celador's other programmes. Two years later, Sony Pictures Entertainment purchased 2waytraffic for £137.5 million. Sony Pictures Television currently owns and licences the show's format.

Rules
A group of contestants on each episode play a preliminary round called "Fastest Finger First". All are given a question by the host and four answers which must be placed within a particular order; in the first season of the original version (1998) and the first four seasons of the Australian version (1999–2002), contestants have to answer a multiple-choice question. If any contestants are visually impaired, the host reads the question and four choices all at once, then repeats the choices after the music for the round begins. After time up, computer and the host will be check the correct order (the answer correct). The contestant who answers correctly in the fastest time goes on to play the main game. In the event that no one gets the question right, another question is given; if two or more contestants answer correctly and with the same time, they are given a tie-breaker to determine who will make a start into the game. This round is only used when a new contestant is being chosen to play the main round, and can be played more than once in an episode among those remaining within the group seeking to play the main game. In celebrity editions, the round is not used; celebrities automatically take part in the main game.

Once a contestant enters the main game, they are asked increasingly difficult general knowledge questions by the host. Each features four possible answers, to which the contestant must give the correct answer. Doing so wins them a certain amount of money, with tackling more difficult questions increasing their prize fund. During their game, the player has a set of lifelines that they may use only once to help them with a question, as well as two "safety nets" – if a contestant gets a question wrong, but had reached a designated cash value during their game, they will leave with that amount as their prize. While the first few questions are generally easy, subsequent ones might prompt the host to ask if the answer they gave is their "final answer" – if it is, then it is locked in and cannot be changed. If a contestant feels unsure about an answer and does not wish to play on, they can walk away with the money they have won, to which the host will ask them to confirm this as their final decision; in such cases, the host will usually ask them to state what answer they would have gone for, and reveal if it would have been correct or incorrect.

Original format
During the British original, between 1998 and 2007, the show's format focused on fifteen questions. The payout structure was as follows (questions at guaranteed levels are highlighted with a bolded text):

Between 2007 and 2014, the number of questions was reduced to twelve; the overall change in format was later incorporated into a number of international markets over a period of four years, including the Arab world, Bulgaria, the Netherlands, France, Poland, Spain, and Turkey. The payout structure, as a whole, was subsequently changed as a result, with the second safety net relocated to £50,000 at question 7 (questions at guaranteed levels are highlighted with a bolded text): The game show's revival for British television in 2018 reverted to the original arrangement used before 2007, but with one notable difference, in that the second safety net was made adjustable – once a contestant reached £1,000, the host asked them, before giving the next question, if they wished to set the next cash prize amount as the second safety net, with this allowing them to set up as high as £500,000 in their game as a result.

US format
The original US version premiered on ABC in August 1999 as part of a two-week daily special event hosted by Regis Philbin. After this and a second two-week event aired in November 1999, ABC commissioned a regular series that launched in January 2000 and ran until June 2002. The syndication of the game show was conceived and debuting in September 2002. The only difference between it and the British version was that episodes were halved in length – 30 minutes, as opposed to the 60-minute length of the original version. The change meant that the preliminary round of the show was eliminated, and contestants had to pass a more conventional game show qualification test. Exceptions to this arrangement, in which it was used under the name "Fastest Finger" included: primetime special editions of the programme; the 2004 series that was dubbed Super Millionaire, in which the final prize was increased to $10,000,000; and for the 10th anniversary special of the US edition, which ran during August 2009 for eleven episodes. The decision to remove this round later occurred in other international versions, including the British original before its reinstatement in the renewed series.

Clock format
In 2008, the US version changed its format so that contestants were required to answer questions within a set time limit. The limit varied depending on the difficulty of the question:

The clock started immediately after a question was given and the four possible answers appeared. The clock paused when a lifeline was used. If the clock ran out with no answer locked in, the contestant walked away with any prize money won up to that point, unless the "Double Dip" lifeline had been used, in which case a failure to give a second answer was treated the same as a wrong answer. This format change was later adopted into other international versions – the British original, for example, adopted this change for episodes on 3 August 2010. The Indian version was introduced on 11 October 2010.

Shuffle format
On 13 September 2010, the US version adopted another significant change to its format. In this change, the game featured two rounds. The first round consisted of ten questions, in which the cash prize associated to each value, along with the category and difficulty for each question, was randomised per game. As such, the difficulty of the question in this round was not tied to the value associated to it, and a contestant did not know what amount they won unless they provided a correct answer, or chose to walk away. As part of this format, the amount of money a contestant won in this round was banked, but if they walked away before completing the round, they left with half the amount that had been banked; if they gave an incorrect answer during this round, they left with just $1,000. If they answered all ten questions correctly, they then moved on to the second round, which stuck to the standard format of the game show – the remaining questions were set to general knowledge and featured cash prizes of high, non-cumulative values. The contestant could, at this point, walk away with the total amount banked from the first round; otherwise, an incorrect answer meant they left with $25,000. The format was later modified for the fourteenth season of the US version, but retained the same arrangement for the last four questions.

In 2015, the so-called "shuffle format" was scrapped and the show returned to a version that closely resembled the original format.

Risk format
In 2007, the German version modified the show's format with the inclusion of a new feature called "Risk Mode". During the main game, contestants are given the choice of choosing this feature, in which if they choose to use it, they gain the use of a fourth lifeline that allows them to discuss question with a member of the audience, in exchange for having no second safety net – if they get any question between the sixth and final cash prize amount wrong, they would leave with the guaranteed amount given for correctly answering five questions. This format became adopted in Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and Venezuela.

A different variant has only one custom safety net before the start of the contestant's game.

The Taiwanese version did not have any safety nets or any option to quit; the contestant's winnings won up until they were incorrect on any question was cut by half.

Hot Seat format
In November 2008, the Italian version modified the format of the show under the title Edizione Straordinaria. In this variation of the game, six contestants take part, with each taking it in turns to answer questions and build up their prize fund. Utilising the time limit format introduced in the US version, this variation on the format grants a contestant the right to pass the question on to another player, who cannot pass it on themselves, while eliminating both the option of walking away from a question, and the use of lifelines. If a contestant cannot pass on or correctly answer a question, they are eliminated, and the highest cash value they made is removed. The game ends when all contestants are eliminated or the question for the highest cash value is answered – if a contestant who answers the final question gives a correct answer, they win that prize; if the final question is answered incorrectly, or the last contestant is eliminated, they win a small prize, provided they reach the fifth question safety net. This format was later introduced to various markets over the course of a four-year-period from 2009 to 2012, including Norway, Hungary, Spain, Vietnam, Indonesia, Australia, and Chile.

In 2009, the Australian version was modified to use the new Italian format, and the name was also changed from "Extraordinary Edition" to "Hot Seat". In 2017, as part of new modification to the format, the game incorporated the use of the Fastest Finger First round, with the winner able to select a lifeline, out of three that the show provided.

Gamblers' Special format
In 2013, the German version modified the show's format, which runs concurrent with the original format, where only one guaranteed level exists, at €1,000, and maximum prize is €2,000,000.

Lifelines
During a standard play of the game, a contestant is given a series of lifelines to aid them with questions. In the standard format, a contestant has access to three lifelines which each can be used only once per game. More than one lifeline can be used on a single question. The standard lifelines used in the original format of the game show include:

 * 50:50 (Fifty-Fifty) - The game's computer eliminates two wrong answers from the current question, leaving behind the correct answer and one incorrect answer. From 2000, the selection of two incorrect answers were random.
 * Phone-a-Friend - The contestant is connected with a friend over a phone line and is given 30 seconds to read the question and answers and solicit assistance. The time begins as soon as the contestant starts reading the question. In the Colombian version, the timer only starts after the question has been read out.
 * Ask the Audience - The audience takes voting pads attached to their seats and votes for the answer that they believe is correct. The computer tallies the results and displays them as percentages to the contestant. This lifeline was removed on international versions with episodes taped without an audience due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In the US, "Ask the Audience" and "Phone a Friend" had corporate sponsorship at different periods. The original AT&T sponsored "Phone a Friend" during the original ABC primetime show and the syndicated version's first season; the current AT&T sponsored the 2009 primetime episodes. From 2004 to 2006, AOL sponsored "Ask the Audience" and allowed users of Instant Messenger to participate in the lifeline by adding the screen name MillionaireIM to their contact list. When a contestant used the lifeline during the show, users received an instant message with the question and the four possible answers and voted for the correct answer. The computer tallied these results alongside the results from the studio audience.

Contestants pre-select multiple friends for "Phone a Friend". As soon as the contestant begins to play, producers alert the friends and ask them to keep their phone lines free and wait for three rings before answering. On 11 January 2010, the US version eliminated the use of "Phone a Friend" in response to an increasing trend of contestants' friends using web search engines and other internet resources to assist them during the calls. Producers came to feel that the lifeline was giving contestants who had friends with internet access an unfair advantage; they also believed it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline: friends provided assistance based on what they knew.

During recordings of the current British version, security personnel from the production office stay with contestants' friends at their homes to ensure integrity. During "The People Play" specials in 2012 and 2013, friends travelled to the studio and stayed backstage. When a contestant used the lifeline, the friend they called appeared on a monitor in the studio, and both the friend and contestant were able to see and communicate with each other.

Unique lifelines
During the course of the game show's history, there were a number of unique lifeline additions in various versions of the programme. These include, but are not limited, to:

 * Switch the Question – Used in the US version between 2004 and 2008, and in the UK original during celebrity specials between 2002 and 2003 and standard episodes between 2010 and 2014, this lifeline became available after a contestant answered the tenth question of the game. The computer replaced the current question with another of the same difficulty. The contestant could not reinstate any lifelines used on the original question. A variation of this lifeline for the US version called "Cut the Question", was brought into use in 2014 for a week-long run of special episodes that featured child contestants, in which the computer replaced the current question with an easier one, and it could only be used within the first ten questions. This is also used in the Indian version as a permanent lifeline. However, it is available anytime in the game (except for the highest cash prize question) and participants can choose the topic from which the question is taken from. The difficulty level depends on the cash prize for the question. This lifeline was also included in the 2021 specials of Who Want To Be a Millionaire for the Australian market and Millionaire Hot Seat. The Indian version of this lifeline gives out a question from one out of 11 categories that the contestant chooses before filming instead of a random question.
 * Double Dip – One of two lifelines created for the Super Millionaire spin-off of the US version. When used, this lifeline allowed contestants to have two guesses at a question, but forbade them from using any other remaining lifelines or from walking away with their current winnings. Contestants can first use "50:50" and then used "Double Dip" on the same question, guaranteeing them the correct answer. When the standard US format incorporated a time limit on questions, the show retired "50:50" and replaced it with "Double Dip". This lifeline was also used in the Russian version (without a clock format) but did not replace "50:50".
 * Three Wise Men – The other lifeline created for Super Millionaire. When chosen, a sequestered panel of three experts (chosen by the producers) appears via face-to-face audio and video feed to provide assistance. Like "Phone a Friend", this lifeline incorporated a 30-second time limit for its use. This lifeline was also used in the Russian version between 2006 and 2008 but did not feature experts. A variation, known as Ask the Star, which uses a panel of celebrities instead of quiz experts, was used in the final season of the Norwegian version, as well as in the Swedish version since 2020.
 * Two Wise Men – Used in the Vietnamese version of the show from episodes broadcast on 5 May 2020, replacing "Ask Three of the Audience". It has the same function as "Three Wise Men", however there are only two experts instead of three. It becomes available after the fifth question.
 * Ask the Expert – Inspired by "Three Wise Men", this lifeline provided the contestant with one person, an expert selected for them, to help with the question. Unlike its predecessor, this lifeline had no time limit on its use, but was only available after the fifth question; after "Phone a Friend" was removed in 2010, it was made readily available at any time in the game. In the US version, the lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds. In the Hong Kong edition, it replaced the "Phone a Friend" lifeline for a one-off special in 2001 and for two celebrity specials in 2018, though, with the celebrity contestants able to ask a panel of experts for help, present in the audience, all of whom had the question and possible answers visible to them.
 * Ask One of the Audience – Used in the German version of the show, this lifeline was designed for use as part of its "Risk Mode" format. When used, the contestant selects someone from the audience, whereupon the host rereads the question and the possible answers and asks them to choose one. If the contestant goes for the answer they chose and it is correct, the audience member is given a small cash prize in return. This lifeline was implemented as part of the Costa Rican version but was made available after passing the first safety net.
 * Ask Three of the Audience – This lifeline was designed for use as part of its original format. Used in the Vietnamese version of the show from episodes broadcast on 20 May 2008, later replaced by "Two Wise Men" due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When used, the contestant selects three from the audiences, whereupon the host re-reads the question and the possible answers and asks them to choose one. If the contestant goes for the answer they chose and it proves to be correct, the audience members are given a small cash prize in return (600,000 ₫ divided to members that answered correctly in the 3 audiences). This lifeline was implemented as part of the Vietnamese version but was made available after passing the first safety net. In the Philippine version, the lifeline is called "People Speak", which can be used at any point in the game.
 * Jump the Question – Used in the US version of the show, as part of the "shuffle format", from the start of the ninth season to the end of the thirteenth season. When used, prior to giving a final answer, a contestant skipped the current question and moved on to the next one, but earned no money from the question they skipped; the lifeline could not be used if they have reached the final question. Unlike other lifelines, it could be used twice during a game, except for the thirteenth season – the introduction of "Plus One" led to the lifeline being modified as a result. The lifeline was removed following the 2014–2015 season.
 * Crystal Ball – Used in the US version of the show, as part of specially designated weeks that used the "shuffle format". When used during the first round, the contestant is allowed to see the cash amount that is designated to the question they are currently on.
 * Plus One – Used in the US version of the show from 2015 to 2019 and since 2020. Based on "Ask One of the Audience", the lifeline allows a contestant to invite on a friend from the audience to come and help them answer the question. There is no time limit, but after that question has been answered the friend has to return to the audience.
 * Ask the Host – Used in the 20th anniversary revival of the original British version; the Danish, French and Italian revivals; Slovenia; Russia (January 2021 – June 2022) and the 2020 reboot of the American version. When used by the contestant, the host uses their knowledge of a question's subject, gives their thoughts about the question, and tries to assist them with finding the correct answer out of the choices given. The lifeline features no time limit, and the host has no connection to the outside world or knowledge of the question and its possible answers in advance of it being shown to the contestant.

Top prize winners
Out of all contestants who have played the game, relatively few have been able to win the top prize on any international version of the show. The first was John Carpenter, who won the top prize on the American version on 19 November 1999. Carpenter famously did not use a lifeline until the final question, using his "Phone a Friend" to call his father, not for help, but to tell him he was about to become a millionaire.

Other notable top-prize winners include Judith Keppel, the first winner of the original British version; Kevin Olmstead from the US version, who won a progressive jackpot of $2.18 million; Martin Flood from the Australian version, who was investigated by producers after suspicions that he had cheated, much like Charles Ingram, but was later cleared; Sushil Kumar from the Indian version, who is often referred to in Western media as the "real-life Slumdog Millionaire";    Mana Ashida from the Japanese version, who is the youngest winner in the Millionaire franchise; and David Chang, the first celebrity winner of the American version.

Original version
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? debuted in Britain on 4 September 1998, with episodes broadcast on the ITV network. When it began airing, the show was hosted by Chris Tarrant, and became an instant hit – at its peak in 1999, one edition of the show was watched by over 19 million viewers. While most of the contestants were predominantly members of the general public who had applied to take part, the show later featured special celebrity editions during its later years, often coinciding with holidays and special events.

On 22 October 2013, Tarrant decided to leave the programme after hosting it for 15 years. His decision subsequently led ITV to make plans to cancel the programme at the end of his contract, with no further specials being made other than those that were already planned. Tarrant's final episode was a special clip show entitled "Chris' Final Answer", which aired on 11 February 2014.

Four years later, ITV revived the programme for a special 7-episode series, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the British original. This series of special episodes was hosted by Jeremy Clarkson and aired every evening between 5 and 11 May 2018. The revival received mostly positive reviews from critics and fans, and, as well as high viewing figures, led to ITV renewing the show for another series with Clarkson returning as host.

International versions
Since the British original debuted in 1998, several different versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? have been created across the world, including Australia, the United States, South Africa and India. In total over 100 different international variations have been made.

Australia
On 18 April 1999, Nine Network launched an Australian version of the game show for its viewers. This version ran until its final episode, aired on 3 April 2006. After the first version ended, a second version was created, running for six episodes across October and November 2007, before a third version, entitled Millionaire Hot Seat, made its debut on 20 April 2009. The original version was hosted by Eddie McGuire, until he was forced to sacrifice his on-air commitments upon being made the CEO of the network; after his resignation from this role, he resumed his duties as host of subsequent versions of the programme.

United States
On 16 August 1999, ABC launched an American version of the game show for its primetime viewers. Hosted by Regis Philbin, it proved to be a ratings success, becoming the highest-rated television show during the 1999–2000 season, with its average audience figures reaching approximately 29 million viewers. After a drop in ratings, this version was cancelled, with its final episode aired on 27 June 2002. On 16 September 2002, Meredith Vieira launched a daily syndicated version of the programme, which she hosted for 11 seasons, until May 2013. After her departure, the show was hosted by Cedric the Entertainer in 2013, and Terry Crews in 2014, before Chris Harrison took full hosting responsibilities in Autumn 2015. On 17 May 2019, the American version was cancelled after a total of 17 seasons and 20 years encompassing both primetime and first-run syndication; the final episode of the series was broadcast on 31 May. However, ABC reversed the cancellation of the programme on 8 January 2020, announcing plans for a twenty-first season, consisting of nine episodes, to be presented by Jimmy Kimmel starting 8 April.

Russia
On 1 October 1999, NTV launched a Russian version the game show, entitled О, счастливчик! ("Oh, how lucky!"). This version ran until its final episode on 28 January 2001, whereupon a few weeks later it was relaunched under the Russian translation of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, on Channel One. The relaunched version was hosted by Maxim Galkin until 2008 and Dmitry Dibrov until 2022.

India
On 3 July 2000, an Indian version of the game show was launched. The show was hosted by Amitabh Bachchan in his first appearance on Indian television, and received additional seasons in 2005–2006, 2007, and then every year since 2010. Subsequent Indian versions were also made. The original Indian version became immortalised in 2008, within the plot of Danny Boyle's award-winning drama film Slumdog Millionaire, adapted from the 2005 Indian novel Q & A by Vikas Swarup.

Sri Lanka
On 18 September 2010, a Sinhalese version called Obada lakshapathi mamada lakshapathi (ඔබද ලක්ෂපති මමද ලක්ෂපති) was launched by Sirasa TV of the Capital Maharaja Television Network. It is presented by Chandana Suriyabandara, a senior commentator in Sri Lanka. It offers 2 million Sri Lankan rupees as the ultimate prize. On its 10th anniversary, it was rebranded as Sirasa Lakshapathi, and the prize was changed to 3 million rupees.

In May 2011 a Tamil version called Ungalil Yaar Maha Latchathipathi (உங்களில் யார் மகா இலட்சாதிபதி) was launched by Shakthi TV. The show is hosted by Abarna Suthan and Balendran Kandeeban. The top prize is 2 million rupees.

Philippines
In 2000, a Filipino version of the game show was launched by the government-sequestered Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation. Hosted by Christopher de Leon and produced by Viva Television, it ran for two years before being axed. On 23 May 2009, the show was relaunched on TV5 with Vic Sotto as the new host. The relaunched version was aired until 7 October 2012, when it was replaced by the Philippine version of The Million Pound Drop Live, but it returned the following year on 15 September 2013, following the success of Talentadong Pinoy that year. It finally concluded on 22 November 2015.

Italy
Chi vuol essere milionario? was first launched by Endemol on Canale 5 in 2000. In 2002, its name was changed from Chi vuol essere miliardario? after the Italian Lira was replaced with the Euro. In 2018, it relaunched with four special episodes for its 20th anniversary, followed by another eight special episodes in 2019, and the new season is produced by Fremantle Italia's unit Wavy. The host was Gerry Scotti for every edition from 2000 to 2011 and from 2018 onward.

Nepal
Ko Banchha Crorepati (Who Wants to Be a Millionaire; also simply known as KBC Nepal, को बन्छ करोडपति) first premiered on 2 February 2019 on AP1 Television, scheduled to run for 52 episodes. It is hosted by Rajesh Hamal and produced by SRBN Media Pvt. Ltd. Contestants can win cash prizes up to 1 crore (10 million) Nepalese rupees.

Costa Rica
¿Quién quiere ser millonario? (Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?) is the Costa Rican version, hosted by Ignacio Santos Pasamontes. There are three lifelines – "Video Call", "People Speak" and "Double Dip". The show was broadcast from 3 February 2009 to 3 September 2013 and from 27 April 2021 onwards. It is shown on the private TV station Teletica. If a contestant gets the fifth question correct, they leave with at least 600,000 Costa Rican colón. If a contestant gets the tenth question correct, they leave with at least ₡3,500,000. Two contestants have won the top prize.

Other versions
Other notable versions created in other countries, include the following:

 * In 1999, a Dutch version of the game show called Lotto Weekend Miljonairs, was launched on SBS 6. It was hosted by Robert ten Brink. In 2006, the show was moved to RTL 4 until it was cancelled in 2008. The show was later revived on SBS 6 in 2011 with Jeroen van der Boom as the host. In 2019, the show was relaunched on RTL 4 with a new name: Bankgiro Miljonairs, hosted again by Robert ten Brink.
 * On 3 September 1999, a German version was launched by RTL Television, with Günther Jauch as the host.
 * The Polish version is called Milionerzy and is aired on TVN between years 1999–2003, 2008–2010 and since 2017.
 * On 12 November 1999, a Finnish version of the show called Haluatko miljonääriksi?, was launched on Nelonen, hosted by Lasse Lehtinen. In 2005 the show was moved to MTV3, hosted by Ville Klinga, until it was cancelled in 2007. After almost ten years, the show relaunched on Nelonen in 2016, hosted by Jaajo Linnonmaa. There was a small break in 2021, but in 2022 the show was back on with a new host, Antti Holma.
 * In 2000, the Hungarian version of the show, Legyen Ön is milliomos! was launched on RTL. Its iconic host was István Vágó for 1,098 episodes, mainly weeknights, until 2008. It aired again in 2009, led by the famous stand-up comedian Sándor Fábry, fired after 6 normal and 3 Hot Seat shows, then in 2012–2013 by Sándor Friderikusz, two times a week. In 2019, the show relaunched again on TV2, hosted by experienced quizshow leader Gábor Gundel-Takács. Nevertheless, the revival aired only 42 times, thus it went off weeknights, which led to a radical decline from the start of 5% SHR in ratings. The host told the audience in a Facebook video that the show would have been needed to air earlier than 21:20 (CET) to avoid timeshift changes due to the popular reality show Exatlon Hungary.
 * The unlicensed Taiwanese version of the show, 超級大富翁 (Chao Ji Da Fu Weng), was hosted by Hsieh Chen-wu, and ran until 2006. Unlike other versions, the Taiwanese version saw major differences: the contestant may not have walked away at any level, and there were no milestone levels; if the contestant missed a question, any winnings won up to that point were incorrect was cut by half. As the show was live broadcast, the "Ask the Audience" lifeline relied on the viewers across Taiwan. This was also one of the earliest versions to adopt the clock format, which would later be adopted in the American version starting in the 2009 season.
 * On 20 April 2000, a Japanese version called Quiz $ Millionaire was launched by Fuji Television. Hosted by Monta Mino, it ran as a weekly programme for seven years, after which it aired as occasional specials; the final episode aired on 2 January 2013.
 * On 3 July 2000, a French version, Qui veut gagner des millions ?, was launched on the TF1 network, hosted by Jean-Pierre Foucault and since 26 January 2019 by Camille Combal. In 2020, following the COVID-19 pandemic, a special "At Home" edition was introduced in order to comply with the national lockdown. Celebrities competed from home in order to win money for charity. The show was filmed from the host's house in the first episodes and saw the introduction of a new lifeline to replace "Ask the Audience", "l'Appel à la maison" ("Phone Home") which allowed the contestants to call a viewer of the show at home.
 * On 13–14 September 2000, a Canadian version called Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: Canadian Edition was broadcast in Canada on CTV. It was hosted by newscaster Pamela Wallin.
 * On 15 September 2000, a Slovak version of the game show, entitled Milionár, was launched on Markíza. It was hosted by Martin Nikodým. In 2007, the show was moved to Jednotka until it was cancelled in 2008.
 * On 16 October 2000, a Czech version of the game show, Chcete být milionářem?, was launched on TV Nova, hosted by Vladimír Čech. The first million-winner was Zdeněk Jánský in 2002. Vladimír Čech was removed from the show and was replaced by Martin Preiss in 2003, who hosted for a year. In 2005, he was replaced by Czech musician Ondřej Hejma, who hosted the very last episodes of the original programme. In June 2005, the show on TV Nova was cancelled. In February 2008 was the show launched on FTV Prima as a syndicated version – on daily evening before the main TV News at 19:30. The show was entitled Milionář and hosted by Roman Šmucler. The show was cancelled in the same year. In 2016, TV Nova returned the show with the original name Chcete být milionářem? For now, the show was hosted by the Czech actor Marek Vašut, but it ran for only one season before it was cancelled. The main prize of Chcete být milionářem? was 10 million Czech crowns; in Milionář it was 2 million crowns.
 * On October 17, 2000, an Irish version of the game began airing on RTÉ One. It ran until 29 March 2002, and was hosted by the long-time talk show host Gay Byrne.
 * In 2001, a Hong Kong version called Baak Maan Fu Yung was launched by Asia Television. It ran until 2005 and 2018, and was hosted by actor Kenneth Chan and Stephen Chan.
 * Singapore hosted its own version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in both English and Chinese versions dubbed Bai wan da ying jia, which ran from 2000 until 2004. It was hosted by Mark van Cuylenberg, known by the stage name of "The Flying Dutchman" in the English version, and Taiwanese actor Timothy Chao in the Chinese version. The series produced no top prize winners on either versions, but one contestant, Steven Tan, won $250,000 on 27 December 2001, and Tan remained as the biggest cash winner in Singaporean game show history since.
 * Vietnam launched its own version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, called Ai là Triệu Phú on January 4, 2005. The show firstly hosted by Lai Van Sam from 2005 to 2017, then Phan Đăng replaced him from 2018 to 2020, and Đinh Tiến Dũng become the current host since 2021. The series produced no top prize winners on either versions, but Nguyễn Lê Anh and couple Bùi Thị Hà Thanh and Đào Hồng Vũ were only two that won the biggest prize 80,000,000₫ in 2008.
 * In 2007, a Chinese version was launched, hosted by Lǐ Fán. It ran until April 2008.
 * On 6 May 2017, a Brazilian version entitled Quem quer ser um milionário, which is a segment of the variety show Domingão com Huck, premiered on Rede Globo. A similar show entitled Show do Milhão, hosted by Silvio Santos, aired on SBT between 1999 and 2003 with a further revival in 2009 and 2021, the latter with the sponsorship of the Brazilian fintech application PicPay and hosted by Celso Portiolli.
 * On 11 August 2018, a Mauritian version was launched on MBC 1 by the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation. The show is presented by Sandra Mayotte, the 14th female host in the Millionaire franchise.
 * Стани Богат is the Bulgarian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. It first aired on NOVA, later on BNT 1 and finally on BTV.
 * څوك غواري چې شي میلیونر؟ (in Pashto, English translation: Who will be the millionaire?, transliteration: Suok Ghwari Chi Shi Millonar?), or ی ميخواهد میلیونر شود؟ (in Persian, transliteration: Ki Mekhaahad Milyunar Shawad?), is an Afghan version that ran from 2008 to 2011.

Music
The musical score most commonly associated with the franchise was composed by father-and-son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan. The Strachans' score provides drama and tension, and unlike older game show musical scores, Millionaire's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show. The Strachans' main Millionaire theme song takes inspiration from the "Mars" movement of Gustav Holst's The Planets, and their cues from the 6th/3rd to 10th/7th question, and then from the 11th/8th question onwards, take the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question, in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game. On Game Show Network (GSN)'s Gameshow Hall of Fame special, the narrator described the Strachan tracks as "mimicking the sound of a beating heart", and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder, the music is "perfectly in tune with their ever-increasing pulse".

The Strachans' Millionaire soundtrack was honoured by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers with numerous awards, the earliest of them awarded in 2000. A British album of the musical stings was released in 2000, while a remix of the theme tune became a UK chart hit the same year. The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the US version's clock format in 2008; for example, the question cues were synced to the "ticking" sounds of the game clock. Even later, the Strachan score was removed from the US version altogether for the introduction of the "shuffle format" in 2010, in favour of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams, co-founders of the Los Angeles-based company Ah2 Music.

Set
The basic set design used in the Millionaire franchise was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley, and is the most reproduced scenic design in television history. Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant(s) feel at ease, Millionaire's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable, so that the programme feels more like a thriller movie than a typical quiz show. The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper. The main game typically has the contestant and host sit in "Hot Seats", which are slightly modified, 3 foot-high Pietranera Arco All chairs situated in the centre of the stage; an LG computer monitor directly facing each seat displays questions and other pertinent information.

The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game. There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights, oil is vaporised, creating a haze effect. Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson, a professor at Syracuse University, stated that the show's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside a prison while an escape was in progress.

When the US Millionaire introduced its "shuffle format", the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium and as a result, the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage. According to Vieira, the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat, which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous, actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer. Also, two video screens were installed – one that displays the current question in play, and another that displays the contestant's cumulative total and progress during the game. In September 2012, the redesigned set was improved with a modernised look and feel, in order to take into account the show's transition to high-definition broadcasting, which had just come about the previous year. The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones, having twice as many projectors as the previous screens; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one; and light-emitting diode (LED) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colours and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel.

Catchphrase
Millionaire has made catchphrases out of several lines used on the show. The most well-known of these catchphrases is the host's question "Is that your final answer?", asked whenever a contestant's answer needs to be verified. The question is asked because the nature of the game allows contestants to ponder the options aloud before committing to an answer. Regularly on tier-three questions (and sometimes on tier-two), a dramatic pause occurs between the contestant's statement of their final answer and the host's acknowledgement of whether or not it is correct.

Many parodies of Millionaire have capitalised on the "final answer" catchphrase. In the United States, the phrase was popularised by Philbin during his tenure as the host of that country's version, to the extent that TV Land listed it in its special 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases, which aired in 2006.

On the Australian versions, McGuire replaces the phrase with "Lock it in?"; likewise, the hosts of the Indian version have used varying "lock" catchphrases. There are also a number of other non-English versions of Millionaire where the host does not ask "[Is that your] final answer?" or a literal translation thereof. Besides the "final answer" question, other catchphrases used on the show include the contestants' requests to use lifelines, such as "I'd like to phone a friend"; and a line that Tarrant spoke whenever a contestant was struggling with a particular question, "Some questions are only easy if you know the answer." Another popular catchphrase heard throughout the show is spoke by Tarrant to encourage the player when he hands over the cheque, "But we don't want to give you that!"

Reception
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? has been credited with single-handedly reviving interest in, and breaking new ground for, the television game show. It revolutionised the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system, dramatic music cues, and futuristic set. The show also became one of the best selling TV format in television history, and is credited by some as paving the way for the boom in the popularity of reality television.

Awards, accolades and honours
In 2000, the British Film Institute honoured the UK version of Millionaire by ranking it number 23 on its "BFI TV 100" list, which compiled what British television industry professionals believed were the greatest programmes to have ever originated from that country. The UK Millionaire also won the 1999 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Programme, and seven National Television Awards for Most Popular Quiz Programme from 1999 to 2005.

The original primetime version of the US Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001. Philbin was honoured with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001, while Vieira received one in 2005 and another in 2009, making her the second woman to win an Emmy Award for hosting a game show, and the first to win multiple times. TV Guide ranked the US Millionaire No. 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, and later ranked it No. 6 on its 2013 "60 Greatest Game Shows" list. GSN ranked Millionaire No. 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time, and later honoured the show in January 2007 on its first, and so far only, Gameshow Hall of Fame special.

Charles Ingram cheating scandal
In September 2001, British Army Major Charles Ingram apparently won the top prize in the UK Millionaire, but his flip-flopping on each of the final two questions raised suspicion of cheating. When the footage was reviewed, staff made a connection between Fastest Finger contestant Tecwen Whittock's coughing and Ingram's answers. The prize was withheld, and police were called in to investigate the matter further.

In March 2003, the Ingrams and Whittock were taken to court on the charge of using fraudulent means to win the top prize on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. During the trial, the defence claimed that Whittock had simply suffered from allergies during recording of the second episode, but the prosecution noted that his coughing stopped upon Ingram leaving the set and Whittock subsequently taking his turn on the main game. The trial concluded with all three being found guilty and receiving suspended sentences. After the trial, ITV aired a documentary about the scandal, along with Ingram's entire game, with coughing sounds amplified. As a joke, Benylin paid to have the first commercial shown during the programme's commercial break.

In April 2020, ITV aired a three part drama titled Quiz based upon the scandal.

Merchandise
Three board game adaptations of the UK Millionaire were released by Upstarts in 1998, and a junior edition recommended for younger players was introduced in 2001. The US version also saw two board games of its own, released by Pressman Toy Corporation in 2000. Other Millionaire board games have included a game based on the Australian version's Hot Seat format, which was released by UGames; a game based on the Italian version released by Hasbro; and a game based on the French version which was released by TF1's games division.

An electronic tabletop version of the game was released by Tiger Electronics in 2000. Six different DVD games based on the UK Millionaire, featuring Tarrant's likeness and voice, were released by Zoo Digital Publishing and Universal Studios Home Entertainment between 2002 and 2008. In 2008, Imagination Games released a DVD game based on the US version, based on the 2004–2008 format and coming complete with Vieira's likeness and voice, as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar.

Video game adaptations
The UK Millionaire saw five video game adaptations for personal computers and Sony's PlayStation and Sega's Dreamcast consoles, as well as Nintendo's Game Boy Advance, produced by Hothouse Creations and Eidos Interactive. Between 1999 and 2001, Jellyvision produced five games based on the US network version for PCs and the PlayStation, all of them featuring Philbin's likeness and voice. The first of these adaptations – Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – was published by Disney Interactive, while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio. Of the five games, three featured general trivia questions,  one was sports-themed, and another was a "Kids Edition" featuring easier questions. Eurocom ported the game to the Game Boy Color for the second edition. Two additional US Millionaire games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011; the first of these was a game for Nintendo's Wii console and DS handheld system, as well as a PlayStation 3 port of the Wii version, based on the 2008–2010 clock format, with the Wii version offered on the show as a consolation prize to audience contestants during the 2010–2011 season. The second, for Microsoft's Xbox 360, was based on the "shuffle format" and was offered as a consolation prize during the next season (2011–2012).

Ludia also made a Facebook game based on Millionaire available to players in North America from 2011 to 2016. This game featured an altered version of the "shuffle format", condensing the number of questions to twelve – eight in round one and four in round two. Contestants competed against eight other Millionaire fans in round one, with the top three playing round two alone. There was no "final answer" rule; the contestant's responses were automatically locked in. Answering a question correctly earned a contestant the value of that question, multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly. Contestants were allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as "Jump the Question" lifelines in round one, and to use the "Ask the Audience" lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question.

On 29 October 2020, Microids published a video game under the same name and released it on Steam, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch.

Scrapped animated spin-off
In September 2001, Celador signed a deal with DIC Entertainment to produce a cartoon based on the show titled ''The Adventures of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? – The Animated Series''. The series was to follow fictional winners of the show, who would have used their prize money to take trips to various exotic locations, while the fictional host would keep in touch with them through the Millionaire Command Center.

The series was planned to be shown off at MIPCOM that year, however nothing else was confirmed for the series, and was silently scrapped without a formal announcement.

Disney Parks attraction
A theme park attraction based on the show, known as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It!, appeared at Disney's Hollywood Studios (when it was known as Disney-MGM Studios) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim, California. Both the Florida and California Play It! attractions opened in 2001; the California version closed in 2004, and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania!

The format in the Play It! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it. When a show started, a "Fastest Finger" question was given, and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show. However, the main game had some differences: for example, contestants competed for points rather than dollars, the questions were set to time limits, and the "Phone a Friend" lifeline became "Phone a Complete Stranger" which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction's theatre who would find a guest to help. After the contestant's game was over, they were awarded anything from a collectible pin, to clothing, to a Millionaire CD game, to a three-night Disney Cruise.

Spin-off
The Italian version worked in 2008 on a spin-off of the game show called 50–50 (Fifty Fifty). Such a spin-off aired in North Macedonia, Nepal, Albania, Kosovo, Spain, Sweden, Greece, Japan, Thailand, Turkey and Egypt.

50–50
50–50 was a television game show which offers large cash prizes for correctly answering a series of randomised multiple-choice questions of varying difficulty with two options. The format is a spin-off of the quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and was created by Intellygents, 2waytraffic, Endemol and RTI (Reti Televisive Italiane) company of Mediaset, moreover, was exported and aired in many countries around the world.

Gameplay
Unlike the traditional Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, this game is played by a team of two players.

In round 1, the playing pair will answer ten questions. Each question is worth a different random amount, and all the money they win goes into their jackpot. If at any point they get an answer wrong, the value of the jackpot is halved. The team plays together but will answer each question separately.

Only one player in the couple (determined at random) sees the question and its two answers. They will have ten seconds to lock in their answer. After the first player selects an answer, the host turns to the second player and shows them the question and the answer that the first player chose. (They are not shown the answer that their partner turned down.) Player 2 must now decide whether to agree with Player 1's answer, or to switch the team's answer to the other answer, whatever it may be. If the question is ultimately answered correctly, the value of the question will be added to the bank. Otherwise, the current value of the bank is halved.

In round 2, the host poses five questions to one player of the team in succession. After playing them, the other player would have only seen one of the two choices. Now the second player will look at all five answers and determine how many questions the first player answered correctly. If the player guesses too few or too many, the winnings are reduced to zero.

In the final round, the host asks five questions to one of the two competitors, this will have 10 seconds to answer each question and her partner will on his electronic screen stand the answer. He or she will decide whether to confirm or choose the option that has not been seen. At the end of the questions the contestant who does not see both answers will have to make a prediction of the number of correct answers given. The total prize money can be won only if the forecast is 5 and proves correct, otherwise the part of the prize money that is won will be proportionately less. If the number of correct answers is guessed, the pair win the prize, otherwise they receive the consolation prize.

title: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?


text:
Lingerie

Lingerie is a category of primarily women's clothing including undergarments (mainly brassieres), sleepwear, and lightweight robes. The choice of the word is often motivated by an intention to imply that the garments are alluring, fashionable, or both. In a 2015 US survey, 75% of women reported having worn "sexy lingerie" in their lifetime.

Lingerie is made of lightweight, stretchy, smooth, sheer or decorative fabrics such as silk, satin, Lycra, charmeuse, chiffon, or (especially and traditionally) lace. These fabrics can be made of various natural fibres like silk, cotton or of various synthetic fibres such as polyester or nylon.

Etymology
The word lingerie is a word taken directly from the French language, meaning undergarments, and used exclusively for more lightweight items of female undergarments. The French word in its original form derives from the French word, meaning 'linen' or 'clothes'. Informal usage suggests visually appealing or even erotic clothing. Although most lingerie is designed to be worn by women, some manufacturers now design lingerie for men.

Origins
The concept of lingerie as a visually appealing undergarment was developed during the late nineteenth century. Lady Duff-Gordon of Lucile was a pioneer in developing lingerie that freed women from more restrictive corsets. Through the first half of the 20th century, women wore underwear for three primary reasons: to alter their outward shape (first with corsets and later with girdles or brassieres), for hygienic reasons and for modesty. Before the invention of crinoline, women's underwear was often very large and bulky.

During the late 19th century, corsets became smaller, less bulky and more constricting and were gradually supplanted by the brassiere, first patented in the 20th century by Caresse Crosby. When the First World War broke out, women found themselves filling in men's work roles, creating a demand for more practical undergarments. Manufacturers began to use lighter and more breathable fabrics. In 1935, brassières were updated with padded cups to flatter small breasts and three years later underwire bras were introduced that gave a protruding bustline. There was also a return to a small waist achieved with girdles. The 1940s woman was thin, but had curvaceous hips and breasts that were pointy and shapely. In the 1960s, the female silhouette was liberated along with social mores. The look was adolescent breasts, slim hips, and extreme thinness. André Courrèges was the first to make a fashion statement out of the youth culture when his 1965 collection presented androgynous figures and the image of a modern woman comfortable with her own body.

As the 20th century progressed, underwear became smaller and more form fitting. In the 1960s, lingerie manufacturers such as Frederick's of Hollywood begin to glamorise lingerie. The lingerie industry expanded in the 21st century with designs that doubled as outerwear. The French refer to this as 'dessous-dessus,' meaning something akin to innerwear as outerwear.

Market structure
The global lingerie market in 2003 was estimated at $29 billion, while in 2005, bras accounted for 56 per cent of the lingerie market and briefs represented 29 per cent. The United States's largest lingerie retailer, Victoria's Secret, operates almost exclusively in North America, but the European market is fragmented, with Triumph International and DB Apparel predominant. Also prominent are French lingerie houses, including Chantelle and Aubade.

In March 2020 The Guardian reported a trend for male lingerie on the catwalk and predictions as to the likelihood of it successfully extending to the high street fashion stores.

Legality
The Iranian regime regularly bans vendors who procure and sell imported lingerie dresses.

Typology

 * Babydoll, a short nightgown, or negligee, intended as nightwear for women. A shorter style, it is often worn with panties. Babydolls are typically loose-fitting with an empire waist and thin straps.
 * Basque, a tight, form-fitting bodice or coat.
 * Bloomers, baggy underwear that extends to just below or above the knee. Bloomers were worn for several decades during the first part of the 20th century, but are not widely worn today.
 * Bodystocking, a unitard. Bodystockings may be worn over the torso, or they may be worn over the thighs and abdomen.
 * Bodice, covers the body from the neck to the waist. Bodices are often low cut in the front and high in the back, and are often connected with laces or hooks. Bodices may also be reinforced with steel or bone to provide greater breast support.
 * Brassiere, more commonly referred to as a bra, a close-fitting garment that is worn to help lift and support a woman's breasts
 * Bustier, a form fitting garment used to push up the bust and to shape the waist.
 * Camisole, sleeveless and covering the top part of the body. Camisoles are typically constructed of light materials and feature thin spaghetti straps.
 * Chemise, a one-piece undergarment that is the same in shape as a straight-hanging sleeveless dress. It is similar to the babydoll, but it is fitted more closely around the hips.
 * Corset, a bodice worn to mould and shape the torso. This effect is typically achieved through boning, either of bone or steel.
 * Corselet, or merry widow, combined brassiere and girdle. The corselet is considered to be a type of foundation garment, and the modern corselet is most commonly known as a shaping slip.
 * G-string, or thong, a type of panty, characterised by a narrow piece of cloth that passes between the buttocks and is attached to a band around the hips. A G-string or thong may be worn as a bikini bottom or as underwear.

 * Garter/Garter belt/Suspender belt, used to keep stockings up.
 * Girdle, a type of foundation garment. Historically, the girdle extended from the waist to the upper thigh, though modern styles more closely resemble a tight pair of athletic shorts.
 * Hosiery, close-fitting, elastic garments that cover the feet and legs.
 * Negligee, a dressing gown. It is usually floor length, though it can be knee length as well.
 * Nightgown, or nightie, a loosely hanging item of nightwear, may vary from hip-length (babydoll) to floor-length (peignoir).
 * Nightshirt, a shirt meant to be worn while sleeping. It is usually longer and looser than the average T-shirt, and it is typically made of softer material.
 * Panties or knickers, a generic term for underwear covering the genitals and sometimes buttocks that come in all shapes, fabrics and colours, offering varying degrees of coverage.
 * Petticoat, an underskirt. Petticoats were prominent throughout the 16th to 20th centuries. Today, petticoats are typically worn to add fullness to skirts in the Gothic and Lolita subcultures.
 * Pettipants, a type of bloomer featuring ruffles, resembling petticoats. Pettipants are most commonly worn by square dancers and people participating in historical reenactment.
 * Tanga, a type of panty featuring full back and front coverage, but string-like sides that are typically thicker than those found on a string bikini.
 * Tap pants, a type of short typically made of lace, silk or satin.
 * Teddy, an undergarment that resembles the shape of a one-piece bathing suit because it is typically sleeveless, and sometimes even strapless.
 * Undergarment, a garment which one wears underneath clothes. Also known as "underwear."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lingerie


text:
Avignon

Avignon (,,  ; Avinhon (Classical norm) or Avignoun (Mistralian norm), ; Avenio) is the prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France. Located on the left bank of the river Rhône, the commune had a population of 93,671 as of the census results of 2017, with about 16,000 (estimate from Avignon's municipal services) living in the ancient town centre enclosed by its medieval walls. It is France's 35th-largest metropolitan area according to INSEE with 337,039 inhabitants (2020), and France's 13th-largest urban unit with 459,533 inhabitants (2020). Its urban area was the fastest-growing in France from 1999 until 2010 with an increase of 76% of its population and an area increase of 136%. The Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Avignon, a cooperation structure of 16 communes, had 197,102 inhabitants in 2022.

Between 1309 and 1377, during the Avignon Papacy, seven successive popes resided in Avignon and in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought the town from Joanna I of Naples. Papal control persisted until 1791 when during the French Revolution it became part of France. The city is now the capital of the Vaucluse department and one of the few French cities to have preserved its city walls. This is why Avignon is also known as La Cité des Papes (The City-State of Popes).

The historic centre, which includes the Palais des Papes, the cathedral and the Pont d'Avignon, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 because of its architecture and importance during the 14th and 15th centuries. The medieval monuments and the annual Festival d'Avignon – one of the world's largest festivals for performing arts – have helped to make the town a major centre for tourism.

Toponymy
The earliest forms of the name were reported by the Greeks: Аὐενιὼν Aueniṑn (Stephen of Byzantium, Strabo, IV, 1, 11) and Άουεννίων Aouenníōn (Ptolemy II, x).

The Roman name Avennĭo Cavărum (Mela, II, 575, Pliny III, 36), i.e. "Avignon of Cavares", accurately shows that Avignon was one of the three cities of the Celtic-Ligurian tribe of Cavares, along with Cavaillon and Orange.

The current name dates to a pre-Indo-European or pre-Latin theme ab-ên with the suffix -i-ōn(e). This theme would be a hydronym—i.e. a name linked to the river (Rhône), but perhaps also an oronym of terrain (the Rocher des Doms).

The Auenion of the 1st century BC was Latinized to Avennĭo (or Avēnĭo), -ōnis in the 1st century and is written Avinhon in classic Occitan spelling or Avignoun in Mistralian spelling. The inhabitants of the commune are called avinhonencs or avignounen in both standard Occitan and Provençal dialect.

Geography
Avignon is on the left bank of the Rhône river, a few kilometres above its confluence with the Durance, about 580 km south-east of Paris, 229 km south of Lyon and 85 km north-north-west of Marseille. On the west it shares a border with the department of Gard and the communes of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon and Les Angles and to the south it borders the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and the communes of Barbentane, Rognonas, Châteaurenard, and Noves.

The city is in the vicinity of Orange (north), Nîmes, Montpellier (south-west), Arles (to the south), Salon-de-Provence, and Marseille (south-east). Directly contiguous to the east and north are the communes of Caumont-sur-Durance, Morières-lès-Avignon, Le Pontet, and Sorgues.

Geology and terrain

The region around Avignon is very rich in limestone which is used for building material. For example, the current city walls, measuring 4,330 metres long, were built with the soft limestone abundant in the region called mollasse burdigalienne.

Enclosed by the city walls, the Rocher des Doms is a limestone elevation of Urgonian type, 35 metres high (and therefore safe from flooding of the Rhone which it overlooks) and is the original core of the city. Several limestone massifs are present around the commune (the Massif des Angles, Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, Alpilles...) and they are partly the result of the oceanisation of the Ligurian-Provençal basin following the migration of the Sardo-Corsican block.

The other significant elevation in the commune is the Montfavet Hill—a wooded hill in the east of the commune.

The Rhone Valley is an old alluvial zone: loose deposits cover much of the ground. It consists of sandy alluvium more or less coloured with pebbles consisting mainly of siliceous rocks. The islands in the Rhone, such as the Île de la Barthelasse, were created by the accumulation of alluvial deposits and also by the work of man. The relief is quite low despite the creation of mounds allowing local protection from flooding.

In the land around the city there are clay, silt, sand, and limestone present.

Hydrography

The Rhone passes the western edge of the city, but is divided into two branches: the Petit Rhône, or "dead arm", for the part that passes next to Avignon and the Grand Rhône, or "live arm", for the western channel which passes Villeneuve-lès-Avignon in the Gard department. The two branches are separated by an island, the Île de la Barthelasse. The southernmost tip of the Île de la Barthelasse once formed of a separated island, the L'Île de Piot.

The banks of the Rhone and the Île de la Barthelasse are often subject to flooding during autumn and March. The publication Floods in France since the 6th century until today – research and documentation by Maurice Champion tells about a number of them (until 1862, the flood of 1856 was one of the largest, which destroyed part of the walls). They have never really stopped as shown by the floods in 1943–1944 and again on 23 January 1955 and remain important today—such as the floods of 2 December 2003. As a result, a new risk mapping has been developed.

The Durance flows along the southern boundary of the commune into the Rhone and marks the departmental boundary with Bouches-du-Rhône. It is a river that is considered "capricious" and once feared for its floods (it was once called the "3rd scourge of Provence" as well as for its low water: the Durance has both Alpine and Mediterranean morphology which is unusual.

There are many natural and artificial water lakes in the commune such as the Lake of Saint-Chamand east of the city.

Artificial diversions

There have been many diversions throughout the course of history, such as feeding the moat surrounding Avignon or irrigating crops.

In the 10th century part of the waters from the Sorgue d'Entraigues were diverted and today pass under the walls to enter the city. (See Sorgue). This watercourse is called the Vaucluse Canal but Avignon people still call it the Sorgue or Sorguette. It is visible in the city in the Rue des teinturiers (street of dyers). It fed the moat around the first defensive walls then fed the moat on the newer eastern city walls (14th century). In the 13th century (under an Act signed in 1229) part of the waters of the Durance were diverted to increase the water available for the moats starting from Bonpas. This river was later called the Durançole. The Durançole fed the western moats of the city and was also used to irrigate crops at Montfavet. In the city, these streams are often hidden beneath the streets and houses and are currently used to collect sewerage.

The Hospital Canal (joining the Durançole) and the Crillon Canal (1775) were dug to irrigate the territories of Montfavet, Pontet, and Vedène. They were divided into numerous "fioles" or "filioles" (in Provençal filhòlas or fiolo). Similarly, to irrigate the gardens of the wealthy south of Avignon, the Puy Canal was dug (1808). All of these canals took their water from the Durance. These canals were initially used to flood the land, which was very stony, to fertilize them by deposition of silt.

All of these canals have been used to operate many mills.

Seismicity

Under the new seismic zoning of France defined in Decree No. 2010-1255 of 22 October 2010 concerning the delimitation of the seismicity of the French territory and which entered into force on 1 May 2011, Avignon is located in an area of moderate seismicity. The previous zoning is shown below for reference.

"The cantons of Bonnieux, Apt, Cadenet, Cavaillon, and Pertuis are classified in zone Ib (low risk). All other cantons the Vaucluse department, including Avignon, are classified Ia (very low risk). This zoning is for exceptional seismicity resulting in the destruction of buildings."

The presence of faults in the limestone substrate shows that significant tectonic shift has caused earthquakes in different geological ages. The last major earthquake of significant magnitude was on 11 June 1909. It left a visible trace in the centre of the city since the bell tower of the Augustinians, which is surmounted by an ancient campanile of wrought iron, located in Rue Carreterie, remained slightly leaning as a result of this earthquake.

Climate
Avignon has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), though the dry-summer effect is not as strong as coastal locations like Marseille due to its more sheltered inland location. The city experiennces mild-cool winters and hot summers, with moderate rainfall year-round. The city is often subject to windy weather; the strongest wind is the mistral. A medieval Latin proverb said of the city: Avenie ventosa, sine vento venenosa, cum vento fastidiosa (Windy Avignon, pest-ridden when there is no wind, wind-pestered when there is).

The record temperature record since the existence of the weather station at Orange is 40.7 °C on 26 July 1983 and the record lowest was −14.5 °C on 2 February 1956.

The mistral
The prevailing wind is the mistral for which the windspeed can be beyond 110 km/h. It blows between 120 and 160 days per year with an average speed of 90 km/h in gusts. The following table shows the different speeds of the mistral recorded by Orange and Carpentras Serres stations in the southern Rhone valley and its frequency in 2006. Normal corresponds to the average of the last 53 years from Orange weather reports and that of the last 42 at Carpentras.

Legend: "=" same as normal; "+" higher than normal; "-" lower than normal

Demographics
In 2017, the commune had 91,921 inhabitants.

Administration
Avignon is the prefecture (capital) of Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region. It forms the core of the Grand Avignon metropolitan area (communauté d'agglomération), which comprises 15 communes on both sides of the river:
 * Les Angles, Pujaut, Rochefort-du-Gard, Sauveterre, Saze and Villeneuve-lès-Avignon in the Gard département;
 * Avignon, Caumont-sur-Durance, Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue, Jonquerettes, Morières-lès-Avignon, Le Pontet, Saint-Saturnin-lès-Avignon, Vedène and Velleron in the Vaucluse département.

List of mayors
List of successive mayors

 * Mayors from 1940

Twin towns – sister cities
Avignon is twinned with:

 * Colchester, United Kingdom since 1972
 * Guanajuato, Mexico since 1990
 * Diourbel, Senegal since 1961
 * New Haven, Connecticut, USA since 1993
 * Siena, Italy since 1981
 * Tarragona, Spain since 1968
 * Tortosa, Spain since 1968
 * Wetzlar, Germany since 1960

Evolution of the borders of the commune
Avignon absorbed Montfavet between 1790 and 1794 then ceded Morières-lès-Avignon in 1870 and Le Pontet in 1925. On 16 May 2007 the commune of Les Angles in Gard ceded 13 hectares to Avignon.

Area and population
The city of Avignon has an area of 64.78 km2 and a population of 92,078 inhabitants in 2010 and is ranked as follows:

Economy
Avignon is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Vaucluse which manages the Avignon–Caumont Airport and the Avignon-Le Pontet Docks.

Avignon has 7,000 businesses, 1,550 associations, 1,764 shops, and 1,305 service providers. The urban area has one of the largest catchment areas in Europe with more than 300,000 square metres of retail space and 469 m2 per thousand population against 270 on average in France. The commercial area of Avignon Nord is one of the largest in Europe.

The tertiary sector is the most dynamic in the department by far on the basis of the significant production of early fruit and vegetables in Vaucluse, The MIN (Market of National Importance) has become the pivotal hub of commercial activity in the department, taking precedence over other local markets (including that of Carpentras).

A Sensitive urban zone was created for companies wanting to relocate with exemptions from tax and social issues. It is located south of Avignon between the city walls and the Durance located in the districts of Croix Rouge, Monclar, Saint-Chamand, and La Rocade.

Areas of economic activity
There are nine main areas of economic activity in Avignon.

The Courtine area is the largest with nearly 300 businesses (of which roughly half are service establishments, one third are shops, and the rest related to industry) and more than 3,600 jobs. The site covers an area of 300 hectares and is located south-west of the city at the TGV railway station.

Then comes the Fontcouverte area with a hundred establishments representing a thousand jobs. It is, however, more oriented towards shops than the Courtine area.

The MIN area of Avignon is the Agroparc area (or "Technopole Agroparc"). The Cristole area is contiguous and both have a little less than a hundred establishments.

Finally, the areas of Castelette, Croix de Noves, Realpanier, and the airport each have fewer than 25 establishments spread between service activities and shops. The area of the Castelette alone represents more than 600 jobs—i.e. 100 more than Cristole.

Tourism
Four million visitors come annually to visit the city and the region and also for its Festival d'Avignon. In 2011 the most visited tourist attraction was the Palais des Papes with 572,972 paying visitors. The annual Festival d'Avignon is the most important cultural event in the city. The official festival attracted 135,800 people in 2012.

River tourism began in 1994 with three river boat-hotels. In 2011 there is a fleet of 21 river boat-hotel vessels, including six sight-seeing boats which are anchored on the quay along the Oulle walkways. In addition, a free shuttle boat connects Avignon to the Île de la Barthelasse and, as of 1987, a harbor master has managed all river traffic.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Agriculture

The city is the headquarters of the International Association of the Mediterranean Tomato, the World Council of the Tomato Industry, and the Inter-Rhône organisation.

Industry
Only EDF (Grand Delta) with about 850 employees and Onet Propreté with just over 300 exceed 100 employees.

Public sector (excluding government)
The Henri Duffaut hospital, the City of Avignon, and the CHS of Montfavet are the largest employers in the town with about 2,000 employees each. Then comes the General Council of Vaucluse with about 1,300 employees.

Employment
In 2017 the unemployment rate was 26.0% while it was 20.7% in 2007. There are 38,731 people in the Avignon workforce: 102 (0.3%) agricultural workers, 2,194 (5.7%) tradesmen, shopkeepers, and business managers, 5,598 (14.5%) managers and intellectuals, 8,486 (21.9%) middle managers, 11,734 (30.3%) employees, and 9,247 (23.9%) workers.

Roads
Avignon is close to two motorways:
 * the A7 autoroute (E714) is a north–south axis on which there are two exits: Avignon-Nord (Northern districts of Avignon, Le Pontet, Carpentras) and  Avignon-Sud (Southern districts of Avignon, Avignon-Caumont Airport);
 * the A9 autoroute (E15) which branches from the A7 near Orange along a north-east south-west axis towards Spain.

The main roads are:
 * Route nationale N100 which goes west to Remoulins
 * The D225 which goes north towards Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue
 * The D62 which goes north-east to Vedène
 * The D28 which goes east to Saint-Saturnin-lès-Avignon
 * The D901 which goes south-east to Morières-lès-Avignon
 * Route nationale N570 which goes south to Rognonas

The city has nine paid multi-storey car parks with a total of 7,100 spaces, multi-storey car parks under surveillance with a capacity for 2,050 cars with a free shuttle to the city centre, as well as five other free parking areas with a capacity of 900 cars.

Railways
Avignon is served by two railway stations: the historic station built in 1860, the Gare d'Avignon-Centre, just outside the city walls, which can accommodate any type of train and, since 2001, the Gare d'Avignon TGV in the 'Courtine' district south of the city, on the LGV Méditerranée line. Since December 2013 the two stations have been connected by a link line—the Virgule. The Montfavet district, which was formerly a separate commune, also has a station.

Airports
The Avignon - Caumont Airport on the south-eastern commune border has several international routes to England. The major airport in the region with domestic and international scheduled passenger service is the Marseille Provence Airport.

Water transport

The Rhône has for many centuries been an important means of transportation for the city. River traffic in Avignon has two commercial ports, docking stations for boat cruises, and various riverfront developments. A free shuttle boat has been established between the quay near the city walls and the opposite bank (the île de la Barthelasse).

Public transport
Tecelys via the Orizo network is the public transport operator for the commune of Avignon and its surrounding suburbs. Tecelys operates bus services (including BRT named Chron'hop ), as well as bike sharing and car pooling services. The first tram line opened in October 2019.

Bicycles
Avignon has 110 km of bicycle paths. In 2009 the TCRA (former public transport operator) introduced a bicycle sharing system called the Vélopop'.

Cultural heritage
Avignon has a very large number of sites and buildings (177) that are registered as historical monuments.

In the part of the city within the walls the buildings are old but in most areas they have been restored or reconstructed (such as the post office and the Lycée Frédéric Mistral). The buildings along the main street, Rue de la République, date from the Second Empire (1852–70) with Haussmann façades and amenities around Place de l'Horloge (the central square), the neoclassical city hall, and the theatre district.

Listed below are the major sites of interest with those sites registered as historical monuments indicated:

 * Notre Dame des Doms (12th century), the cathedral is a Romanesque building, mainly built during the 12th century; the most prominent feature of the cathedral is the 19th century gilded statue of the Virgin which surmounts the western tower. The mausoleum of Pope John XXII (1334), within the cathedral, is a noteworthy example of 14th-century Gothic carving.
 * Palais des Papes ("Papal Palace") (14th century) almost dwarfs the cathedral. The palace is a monument and sits within a square of the same name. The palace was begun in 1316 by John XXII and continued by succeeding popes through the 14th century, until 1370 when it was finished.
 * Minor churches of the town include three built in the Gothic architectural style:
 * Church of Saint-Pierre (14th century) which has a graceful façade and richly carved doors;
 * Church of Saint-Didier (14th century); and
 * Church of Saint-Agricol (14th century).
 * Other religious buildings:
 * Church of Saint-Symphorien (14th century, former Carmelite monastery church).
 * Church of Montfavet (14th century).
 * Chapel of the Oratory.
 * Chapel of the White penitents (16th century).
 * Chapel of the Grey penitents (18th century).
 * Chapel of the Black penitents.
 * Synagogue (19th century).
 * Civic buildings are represented most notably by:
 * The Hôtel de Ville (city hall) (1846), a relatively modern building with a bell tower from the 14th century,
 * The old Hôtel des Monnaies, the papal mint which was built in 1610 and became a music-school.
 * Hospital Sainte-Marthe.
 * Hotel of Saint-Priest (Hotel de Monery, 18th century).
 * House of King René (15th century).
 * The city walls, built by the popes in the 14th century and still encircle Avignon. They are one of the finest examples of medieval fortification in existence. The walls are of great strength and are surmounted by machicolated battlements flanked at intervals by 39 massive towers and pierced by several gateways, three of which date from the 14th century. The walls were restored under the direction of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.
 * Bridges include:
 * The Pont Saint-Bénézet, better known as the Pont d'Avignon and for the French song Sur le pont d'Avignon. Only four of the twenty one piers are left and the bridge ends mid-channel. On one of the piers stands the small Romanesque chapel of Saint-Bénézet.
 * The Pont Édouard Daladier and the Pont de Royaume, which together span both channels of the Rhone leading to Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, thus replacing the Pont Saint-Bénézet
 * The Pont de l'Europe, which provides a second road crossing over the Rhone.
 * Two railway bridges over the Rhone, one carrying the conventional Paris–Marseille line and the other the LGV Méditerranée line
 * Calvet Museum, so named after Esprit Calvet, a physician who in 1810 left his collections to the town. It has a large collection of paintings, metalwork and other objects. The library has over 140,000 volumes.
 * The town has a Statue of Jean Althen, who migrated from Persia and in 1765 introduced the culture of the madder plant, which long formed the staple—and is still an important tool—of the local cloth trade in the area.
 * Musée du Petit Palais (opened 1976) at the end of the square overlooked by the Palais des Papes, has an exceptional collection of Renaissance paintings of the Avignon school as well as from Italy, which reunites many "primitives" from the collection of Giampietro Campana.
 * The Hotel d'Europe, one of the oldest hotels in France, in business since 1799.
 * The Collection Lambert, houses contemporary art exhibitions
 * The Musée Angladon exhibits the paintings of a private collector who created the museum
 * Musée Lapidaire, with collections of archaeological and medieval sculptures from the Fondation Calvet in the old chapel of the Jesuit College.
 * Musée Louis-Vouland
 * Musée Requien
 * Palais du Roure
 * Les Halles is a large indoor market that offers fresh produce, meats, and fish along with a variety of other goods.
 * The Place Pie is a small square near Place de l'Horloge where you can partake in an afternoon coffee on the outdoor terraces or enjoy a night on the town later in the evening as the square fills with young people.
 * Note: the name of Pablo Picasso's 1907 painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (The Young Ladies of Avignon) is misleading; Picasso's models for this painting were in fact not women of the city of Avignon, but rather of the Carrer d'Avinyó (Avignon Street) in Barcelona.

The commune houses more than 500 historical objects, many of which are religious.

Avignon Festival
A theatre festival is held annually in Avignon. Founded in 1947, the Festival d'Avignon (Avignon Festival) comprises traditional theatrical events as well as other art forms such as dance, music, and cinema, making use of the town's historical monuments. Every summer approximately 100,000 people attend the festival. There are really two festivals that take place: the more formal "Festival In", which presents plays inside the Palace of the Popes and the more bohemian "Festival Off", which is known for its presentation of largely undiscovered plays and street performances.

Avignon festival was founded by Jean Vilar. This cultural initiative brought, year after year, a major economic boost to the city and to the region of Provence. Indeed, the tourists visiting Avignon during the month of July usually take benefit of their presence to go to the smaller villages around, to discover the local food, local wines, touristic activities, learn some French.

International Congress Centre
The centre was created in 1976 within the premises of the Palace of the Popes and hosts many events throughout the entire year. The Congress Centre, designed for conventions, seminars, and meetings for 10 to 550 persons, now occupies two wings of the Popes' Palace.

"Sur le Pont d'Avignon"
Avignon is commemorated by the French song 'Sur le Pont d'Avignon' ('On the bridge of Avignon'), which describes folk dancing. The song dates from the mid-19th century when Adolphe Adam included it in the Opéra comique Le Sourd ou l'Auberge Pleine, which was first performed in Paris in 1853. The opera was an adaptation of the 1790 comedy by Desforges.

The bridge of the song is the Pont Saint-Bénézet over the Rhône, of which only four arches (out of the initial 22) now remain. A bridge across the Rhone was built between 1171 and 1185, with a length of some 900 m, but was destroyed during the siege of Avignon by Louis VIII of France in 1226. It was rebuilt but suffered frequent collapses during floods and had to be continually repaired. Several arches were already missing (and spanned by wooden sections) before the remainder was abandoned in 1669.

Sport
Sporting Olympique Avignon is the local rugby league football team. During the 20th century it produced a number of French international representative players.

AC Arles-Avignon was a professional association football team. They competed in Ligue 2, after the 2010–2011 season competing in Ligue 1 and being relegated back down the following season and ultimately folding in 2016. They played at the Parc des Sports, which has a capacity of just over 17,000.

Education
The schools within the commune of Avignon are administered by the Académie d'Aix-Marseille. There are 26 state nursery schools (Écoles maternelles) for children up to 6, and 32 state primary schools (Écoles élémentaires) up to 11. There are also 4 private schools.

University before the Revolution
The medieval University of Avignon, formed from the existing schools of the city, was formally constituted in 1303 by Boniface VIII in a Papal Bull. Boniface VIII and King Charles II of Naples were the first great protectors and benefactors to the university. The Law department was the most important department covering both civil and ecclesiastical law. The law department existed nearly exclusively for some time after the university's formation and remained its most important department throughout its existence.

In 1413 Pope John XXIII founded the university's department of theology, which for quite some time had only a few students. It was not until the 16th and 17th centuries that the school developed a department of medicine. The bishop of Avignon was chancellor of the university from 1303 to 1475. After 1475 the bishop became an archbishop but remained chancellor of the university. The papal vice-legate, generally a bishop, represented the civil power (in this case the pope) and was chiefly a judicial officer who ranked higher than the Primicerius (Rector).

The Primicerius was elected by the Doctors of Law. In 1503 the Doctors of Law had 4 Theologians and in 1784 two Doctors of Medicine added to their ranks. Since the Pope was the spiritual head and, after 1348, the temporal ruler of Avignon, he was able to have a great deal of influence in all university affairs. In 1413 John XXIII granted the university extensive special privileges, such as university jurisdiction and tax exempt status. Political, geographical, and educational circumstances in the latter part of the university's existence caused it to seek favour from Paris rather than Rome for protection. During the chaos of the French Revolution the university started to gradually disappear and, in 1792, the university was abandoned and closed.

Modern university
A university annex of the Faculté des Sciences d'Aix-Marseille was opened in Avignon in 1963. Over the next 20 years various changes were made to the provision of tertiary education in the town until finally in 1984 the Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse was created. This was nearly 200 years after the demise of the original Avignon university. The main campus lies to the east of the city centre within the city walls. The university occupies the 18th century buildings of the Hôpital Sainte-Marthe. The main building has an elegant façade with a central portico. The right hand side was designed by Jean-Baptiste Franque and built between 1743 and 1745. Franque was assisted by his son François in the design of the portico. The hospital moved out in the 1980s and, after major works, the building opened for students in 1997. In 2009–2010 there were 7,125 students registered at the university.

The Arts

 * Nicolas Dipre (c. 1495-1532), early Renaissance painter.
 * Trophime Bigot (1579 in Arles – 1650 in Avignon), French painter of the Baroque era.
 * Pierre Simon Jaillot (1631-1681), sculptor of ivory objects
 * Pierre Parrocel (1664–1739), painter of the late-Baroque period.
 * Claude-Joseph Vernet (1714-1789), a painter of night landscapes.
 * Dorothea von Rodde-Schlözer (1770 in Göttingen – 1825 in Avignon), artist and scholar.
 * Pierre Grivolas (1823–1906), painter of landscapes, portraits and genre scenes.
 * Émile Beaussier (1874–1943), painter of maritime scenes and sunny landscapes.
 * Albert Gleizes (1881–1953), artist, theoretician, philosopher, self-proclaimed founder of Cubism
 * Yahel Chirinian (born 1970), contemporary sculptor and installation artist

Music

 * Justine Favart (1727–1772), an operatic singer, actress, playwright and dancer.
 * Albert Guille (1854–1914), operatic tenor
 * Marie Grisier-Montbazon (1859−1922), a French actress and singer.
 * Olivier Messiaen (1908–1992), composer, organist, and ornithologist
 * Jean-Claude Malgoire (1940–2018), oboist and later conductor.
 * Mireille Mathieu (born 1946), singer
 * Christophe Rousset (born 1961), harpsichordist and conductor of Baroque music
 * Peste Noire (formed 2000), a black metal band

Science & Business

 * Procopius Waldvogel (15th C.), a medieval printer and silversmith by trade.
 * Alexis-Hubert Jaillot (1632–1712), geographer and cartographer
 * Pierre-Esprit Radisson (1636/1640–1710), fur trader and explorer
 * Esprit Pézenas (1692–1776), Jesuit astronomer, hydrographer and mathematician
 * Honoré Blanc (1736–1801), gunsmith, pioneered the use of interchangeable parts.
 * Yves Delage (1854–1920), zoologist, worked on invertebrate physiology and anatomy.
 * Christine Ourmières-Widener (born 1964), CEO of TAP Air Portugal.

Public service & the Church

 * Pope Gregory XI (ca.1329 – 1378), the seventh and last Avignon pope.
 * Francis Lambert (ca.1486 – 1530), a Protestant reformer.
 * Georges d'Armagnac (ca.1501 – 1585), humanist, patron of arts, Cardinal and diplomat
 * Alexandre de Rhodes (1591–1664), Jesuit missionary.
 * Chevalier de Folard (1669–1752), soldier and military theorist, championed infantry columns
 * Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon (1717–1796), Captain general of the Army.
 * Étienne-Antoine Boulogne (1747–1825), cleric, Bishop of Troyes, 1809–1825.
 * Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas (1771–1839), antiquarian, nobleman and diplomat
 * Joseph Agricol Viala (1778–1793), child hero in the French Revolutionary Army, killed aged 15
 * John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873 in Avignon), an English philosopher, political economist and MP; he is buried in the local cemetery.
 * Édouard Daladier (1884–1970), politician and 3 x pre-war Prime Minister of France
 * Bernard Kouchner (born 1939), politician, co-founded Médecins Sans Frontières
 * Edmond Alphandéry (born 1943), politician, public-sector company executive
 * Muriel Casals i Couturier (1945–2016), a Catalan economist and academic

Writing

 * Bertran Folcon d'Avignon (fl. 1202–1233), a Provençal nobleman, troubadour and poet
 * Abraham Farissol (ca.1451 – ca.1525), a Jewish-Italian geographer, cosmographer, scribe and polemicist.
 * Marianne-Agnès Falques (1720-1785), author of romance novels and other topical writing
 * Armand de Pontmartin (1811–1890), journalist, critic and man of letters.
 * Henri Bosco (1888–1976), writer, nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times.
 * Pierre Boulle (1912–1994), author of the novels: The Bridge over the River Kwai and Planet of the Apes
 * René Girard (1923–2015), polymath, historian, literary critic and philosopher of social science
 * Daniel Arsand (born 1950), writer and publisher
 * Mazarine Pingeot (born 1974), writer, journalist and associate Professor of philosophy at the Paris 8 University and daughter of former French President François Mitterrand.
 * Vincent Almendros (born 1978), writer, winner of the 2015 prix Françoise Sagan

Sport

 * Philippe Gache (born 1962), racing driver
 * Éric Di Meco (born 1963), former footballer with 342 club caps and 23 with France
 * Jean Alesi, (born 1964), professional racing driver for Formula 1 & DTM
 * Teddy Richert (born 1974), goalkeeper coach and former goalkeeper with 464 club caps
 * Jean-Christophe Ravier (born 1979), racing driver
 * Cédric Carrasso (born 1981), former footballer with 379 club caps
 * Philippe Toledo (born 1983), former footballer with 449 club caps
 * Camille Ayglon (born 1985), retired handballer with 270 caps with France women and an Olympic team silver medallist
 * Benoît Richaud (born 1988), figure skating choreographer and former competitive ice dancer.
 * Benoît Paire (born 1989), tennis player, best singles ranking is World No. 18, in January 2016
 * Younès Belhanda (born 1990), footballer with over 360 club caps and 58 for Morocco
 * Tony Gigot (born 1990), rugby league footballer with 233 club caps and 19 for France
 * Giuliano Alesi (born 1999), Super Formula driver
 * Clément Novalak (born 2000), FIA Formula 2 driver
 * Pierre-Louis Chovet (born 2002), racing driver

title: Avignon