text:
User talk:Miguel~enwiki

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need any questions answered about the project then check out Help or drop me a line. Cheers! --maveric149

User talk:Miguel/Mathematics

User talk:Miguel/Law

User talk:Miguel/JoeM

User talk:Miguel/Sam Spade

User talk:Miguel/Madrid

User talk:Miguel/AMA — please note I have not been an AMA member for over a year now.

Given your conversation with User:JoeM, you may be interested in helping to improve common sense conservative.

Hey Miguel! Thanks for pointing out the spider/FooBar inconsistency on my User page, well spotted! ;-)  Nice job on self-organization, the page is looking pretty respectable.  Perhaps we could suggest it go on the front page in the "New articles", as some of them have been there for a few days. -- Lexor 21:34, 16 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Salut Miguel. I appreciate your work on Jean-Marie Le Pen. I have no idea how to get people to agree that the Le Pen article is NPOV. In a certain sense it's a test for Wikipedia NPOV policy. The problem with le Pen is that there many people have some irrational sympathy for him. Obviously Anthere is not of suporters but she feels that the article fail NPOV. I've tried to write some facts with references and avoid as much as possible judgement. But with Le Pen facts will give a rather negative feeling. Strangeless it seems nobody has found positive facts to balance the article. Except the fact that le Pen studied at the university and voluntered for Algeria and things like that... When you read what le Pen write or say.... well it stinks (to say the less), and everything that le Pen say is said with extreme care because there are laws in France that that prevent the expression of Nazi, racist or anti-Semitic ideology. Very few people will say "I agree with le Pen" but they believe there's something positive because le Pen is "against current establishment". That's the key of the problem with fascism : this is mainly irrationnal. I have searched for fact or quote to balance the article I can't find anything. I remember when le Pen was the guest in "Le Tribunal des Flagrants Délires" (a radio show on France Inter where personnalities were judged by humorists) while all other guest showed some sense of humor (even Arlette Laguiller made some good jokes). I can't remenber any good joke from le Pen. My conclusion is we don't have to try to convice anyone. We should go on feeding the article with documented facts and let's see what happen.

Ericd 00:41, 18 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hi Miguel, just noticed that you marked the addition of a sentence to the Talk:Albert Einstein page as a 'minor edit'. If that was an accident, ignore me, but if not then I'll just let you know that generally, minor edits are supposed to be things like adding a wikilink, fixing a wiki, spelling, etc. Adding a comment is never a minor edit. Later, Isomorphic 08:08, 19 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Radical centrist?
Hi Miguel, I noticed you made a change to the radical centrist page, but I couldn't figure out what, exactly. Perhaps you can clarify on the talk page? Drernie 00:47, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Anarchism
Dear Miguel, your modification to Anarchism's section on information technology changes was most excellent and improved the paragraph immensely. Thanks, User:fifelfoo 3 March 2004

Dear Miguel, I disagree with your removal of some of the historical events from the "see also" section at the bottom. (3.58 and 4.01 5 March). I am tempted to revert them! I think its useful to put the series of events in a context, or to fold them all into either functioning anarchies and / or history as a group. The importance is having links to major events in one place in relation to one another. Fifelfoo 22:10, 4 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Spanish
Dear Miguel, I see you are working, if your Ph.D. can wait, please goto Loop Quantum Gravity es: and see translation. Leave comments in Talk. Por supuesto prefiero el castellano. aún en en:. Saludos. DefLog 17:01, 20 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Otra: una miradita a lazo de Wilson es:, sobre todo 'framing' y 'fuerte interacción' (obviamente no 'interacción fuerte'). Gracias. DefLog 23:14, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Gracias. 'framing' queda DefLog 23:35, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * No, si ya lo sé ;-) Miguel

--

Quadragesimo Anno
Could you please write Quadragesimo Anno ? -- Kaihsu 15:19, 2004 May 4 (UTC)

Limited Sovereignty
Sorry if I came off sounding argumentative, particularly when I think our views on this are similar. That phrase limited sovereignty just ticks me off. I hate it when officials weasel out of things by successfully changing the meanings of words. The locution you've used, "what the US government terms limited sovereignty" is fine, because it at least indicates there is some question about the term; thanks. Dpbsmith 19:04, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

Hola de Berlin
I saw you are a Spanish guy in America, so I thought you might be interested in a project I have started. It is about learning, especially languages. Please check my page and let me know. Get-back-world-respect 23:19, 9 May 2004 (UTC)

What's up with me?
[No acentos por teclado bananero]

Nada especial, salvo que ultimamente me han dicho cosas como "yo no reconozco ningun derecho a la privacidad ni al honor", y asi (un sysop) y la gente se quedaba tan ancha....... entonces me he preguntado "¿Que hago aqui y para que contribuyo?" y estoy aun pensandolo... No he llegado a ninguna conclusion todavia.

La semana pasada estuve haciendo unos ejercicios esprituales (no pense en la wikipedia, eran mas profundos :) y no te he contestado hasta ahora por eso.

Hope everything goes fine with you and your PhD. Me parece que no siges los debates en la mailing list.

I think I think too much on everything.

Gracias por el interes. Pfortuny 10:51, 31 May 2004 (UTC)

Loop quantum gravity
Sorry Miguel, please don't let my comments de-motivate you. I'm generally sympathetic to the article and your editing of it. OTOH, of course your comments on becoming the de-facto maintainer of the page are valid. I considered doing something myself, but I'm too far from the actual proceedings (did my diploma 20 years ago, in AQFT, and working totally outside the field since then). Pjacobi 21:13, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Re: History of Spain
This might set a record for the 'longest time it has ever taken for someone to respond to a message.' You sent me a message way, way back in April about the History of Spain article, but I never checked my talk page. Sorry. :)

Anyway, your top-down approach is definitely an excellent way to start on things, particularly given the state of the History of Spain article if one scrolls down very far at all. There is a lot on Spanish history already in the Wiki, just that it isn't actually pulled together into the History of Spain article very well.

If you're still interested, I would be most happy to help any way I can to work up the history on the Spain section and elsewhere in the Wiki. Adam Faanes 09:56, 17 Aug 2004 (UTC)

I have tried to shorten the Spain history here but it still might take some shortening - I'm not sure how long it ought to be, and I'm not sure how much we want to shear away. It's not too much longer than the France/United Kingdom histories. The Germany article is much longer. Adam Faanes 01:50, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

WP:COTW
Hi, thought you might be interested in voting to get Culture of Spain to be the collaboration of the week. With a few more votes it may win and we can have a great, eventually featured article. Please see that page. - Taxman 16:11, Oct 6, 2004 (UTC)

algebra of random variables
Hello. In light of objections expressed by several persons at Talk:Stochastic process, who seemed to be planning on simply deleting the "algebraic approach" section, apparently written by you, I have moved that material to a new article, algebra of random variables. I have created links to that new article from five other pages. Michael Hardy 02:28, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Various discussions
Thanks for pointing out the problrm with my user talk (probably my ISP having a bad morning). On the LQG pages: you generally have been acting reasonably, while others have not. It is difficult to do anything very positive while the situation seems so volatile.

Charles Matthews 06:41, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

About an image you uploaded.
Howdy! I'm here because of the Humungous Image Tagging Project, and I'm curious about the copyright status of an image you uploaded. The picture in question is Image:11-M.jpeg, and it doesn't currently have an image copyright tag on it. If you could tag it with something to let us know what the copyright is, that would be great. A couple of common tags are, if you made the picture and release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use. For a full page of these, you can go to the image copyright tags page. If none of this makes sense, you can leave a message describing the coypright status on my talk page, and I'll tag it for you. Thanks much! ^_^ --Sparky the Seventh Chaos 23:18, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

Congratulaciones
Ditto. DefLog

¡Felicitaciones!
Acabo de ver esto

 * I am a Spanish mathematical physicist based in California. I obtained my Ph.D. from the University of California at Riverside on 2004 December 11.

¡Pues, te felicito!. ¡Y no te desaparezcas! CSTAR 22:36, 11 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Stochastic processes
Hi Miguel. I've been doing some work on this page, which I see you've also had a lot to do with. I'd like to know what you think if you have any time free.... SgtThroat 01:14, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

11-M image
I changed the 11-M image on your user page, since the larger jpg one was deleted. I hope you don't mind. – Quadell (talk) (help)  20:30, Dec 16, 2004 (UTC)

New Mathematics Wikiportal
I noticed you've done some work on Mathematics articles. I wanted to point out to you the new Mathematics Wikiportal- more specifically, to the Mathematics Collaboration of the Week page. I'm looking for any math-related stubs or non-existant articles that you would like to see on Wikipedia. Additionally, I wondered if you'd be willing to help out on some of the Collaboration of the Week pages.

I encourage you to vote on the current Collaboration of the Week, because I'm very interested in which articles you think need to be written or added to, and because I understand that I cannot do the enormous amount of work required on some of the Math stubs alone. I'm asking for your help, and also your critiques on the way the portal is set up.

Please direct all comments to my user-talk page, the Math Wikiportal talk page, or the Math Collaboration of the Week talk page. Thanks a lot for your support! ral315 02:54, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Notation for the empty set: "{}" vs. "∅"
I do not really know if you care but I will tell you anyhow. Just today I realized what you meant by saying

 * I would say that {} is the empty set, while $$\emptyset$$ is a symbol for it. Which notation to use should depend on the context.

in

I think you are completely correct. $$\emptyset$$ is a name which is usually used for empty sets in the same way as t is usually used for a variable which changes with time. So if for example I am talking about the topology of the set {0,1} I could say { } and {0,1} are open sets. But I might also define X:={0,1} and say X and $$\emptyset$$ are open sets. So what symbol I use depends on the context. The confusion, at least in my case, arose because in some sense there is only one $$\emptyset$$, which is the equivalence class of all {}s. MathMartin 18:12, 3 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * There's also $$\varnothing$$. Michael Hardy 00:38, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes that's true:) But I think it would be very hard to construct a difference in meaning between $$\emptyset$$ and $$\varnothing$$. They are (in some sense) on the same level of abstraction, whereas $$\emptyset$$ and $$\lbrace \rbrace$$ are not. MathMartin 16:38, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Bell's theorem etc
Hi Miguel I fear you may be precisely the wrong person to ask for help (I suspect that you have studied too much quantum theory!) but I shall ask anyway.

Last summer I expended considerable time and effort in modifying existing pages related to Bell's theorem so as to present the full facts of the matter, thus redressing the bias of the existing pages towards the quantum mechanical POV. The theorem was designed as a test between QM and local realism. The inequalities used are derived using the assumption of local realism. Since Bell's contribution consisted primarily of local realist arguments, I feel that the bias, if any, should be towards that POV.

I introduced new pages so as to give the reader the information he needs to judge whether or not the Bell test experiments have been conducted on a level playing field. Recently (starting in January) my new pages have been mauled and watered down, culminating in Pjabcobi's request for deletion of Bell inequalities and Bell test loopholes. It seems clear to me that the motivation behind this request was preservation of the status quo, protecting the public from "inconvenient" facts. The facts concerned are:

(a) the existence of many different Bell inequalities, not all equivalent. The ones featured in popular books are rarely the ones actually used. By failing to make the differences clear, the reader is left with the false impression that a "violation of a Bell inequality" is a convincing proof the local realism does not work. See Bell inequalities (currently re-directed, most of the material having got lost).

(b) the existence and empirical importance of the various Bell test loopholes (now re-directed, a little of the material being incorporated into Bell test experiments).

Throughout the discussions, every conflict has been resolved in favour of the status quo, arguing (when all else failed) that I am a crank, attempting self-promotion and advocating my own POV. My version of the matter is that my opponents have been attempting to suppress inconvenient facts in order to safeguard the opinion that quantum entanglement is convincingly supported by the experiments. [I think, incidentally, that my continued efforts to publicise the above facts despite all refs to my own work having now been removed is evidence that this is not a matter of self-promotion.]

There are certainly others out there who share my POV! Unfortunately, I have been unable to find anyone with sufficient confidence in the subject to actively support me. I am tempted to list the authorities who have not treated me as a crank, but do not wish to be accused of name-dropping. Perhaps, though, I can do so here. Experts with whom I have corresponded and who like my Chaotic Ball model include Abner Shimony, Philippe Grangier, Frank Laloe (among the proponents of "accepted" theory), and Franco Selleri, Trevor Marshall, Emilio Santos among the "dissidents".

Caroline Thompson 10:51, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Wait a minute
Miguel, as you can see for yourself in all the relevant talk pages (particularly, Bell's theorem and on my User talk page which is now archived), I and others have expended a great deal of effort in locating and cleaning up Caroline Thompson's viewpoints sprinked quite liberally throughout wikipedia. You will note that Thompson has not spared me in particular of attacks (that I am ignorant of this that and the other, I am unqualified etc.)

The current Bell's theorem article which Thompson vociferously rails about is quite standard based on material from Asher Peres book and Nielsen and Chuang. Writing that page took nearly a month, having to deal at every turn with a very hostile Thompson.

As to Thompson's claim:

 * every conflict has been resolved in favour of the status quo, arguing (when all else failed) that I am a crank, attempting self-promotion and advocating my own POV.

Whoa! All her arguments have been refuted, in a painstakingly clear and methodical way. BTW, I have never used the word crank in the context of an argument with CT, although yes, now that she brings it up, she is a notorious crank. I do admit, that when she did claim at one point to be an authority on the matter, I placed, without comment a link to one of the crank pages.

Thanks CSTAR 23:21, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

New Mathematics Project Participants List
Hola Miguel.

In case you didn't follow the discussion on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics here: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mathematics, I'm writing to you to let you know that I've converted the "WikiProject Mathematics Participants List" into a table. It is now alphabetical, includes links to the participant's talk page and contribution list, and has a field for "Areas of Interest". Since your name is on the list, I thought you might want to check and/or update your entry.

Regards, Paul August ☎ 21:07, Mar 19, 2005 (UTC)

Thank you
Thanks for the heads-up on the Valencian wikipedia section. Quite frankly I'm rather indignant about the whole sham. You're absolutely right about not entering some IQ-reducing "revert dispute", though I hope the other character isn't immune to reason and common sense. Latinoeuropa

Article reversion
Would you mind explaining the reversion of my edits on the article on the Exponential family? — Miguel 07:14, 2005 Apr 18 (UTC)

It said:

 * A is important in its own right, as it the cumulant-generating function of the probability distribution of the sufficient statistic T(X) when the distribution of X is H.

You changed it to:

 * A is important in its own right, as it is the cumulant-generating function of the probability distribution of the sufficient statistic T(X).

The edit consisted of deleting the words "when the distribution of X is H. The statement doesn't make sense without those words.  A cumulant-generating function is always a cumulant-generating function of some particular probability distribution.

I see now that you also changed some other things. I haven't looked at those closely, but I now see that you changed "cdf" to "Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrator". I don't think that change makes sense either. That it is the Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrator is true, but the fact that it is the cdf is more to the point in this context. Michael Hardy 21:59, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)

reply regarding normal distribution
And you thought you were avoiding controversial topics? Sorry about my prickly response. No offense was taken. I find it a difficult topic and apparently there was too big a gap in our understandings of this for either of us to figure out what I was having trouble with. Thanks for the additional replies. alteripse 15:23, 21 Apr 2005 (UTC) Thanks for the additional clarification. The article looks like it addresses my interest directly. alteripse 11:51, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Math
Just a remark. On Wikipedia, one writes math as

$$\varepsilon$$

instead of $\varepsilon$. I will now fix your addition to Linear regression. Cheers, Oleg Alexandrov 20:33, 19 May 2005 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedians in Spain
Hello Miguel this message is a invitation to categorize your userpage in the category: Category:Wikipedians in Spain or in the adecuate sub-category and erasing your name from the equivalent list since the lists of users are in process of being transformed into categories. Remember: You can categorize your user page in more than one category. example: your actual location and your origin country.

for more info see: User categorisation and Category:Wikipedians by location

Saludos. --Mnts 07:10, 1 September 2005 (UTC)
 * You were listed on the Wikipedians/Europe page as living in or being associated with Europe. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Europe for instructions.--Rmky87 04:20, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

Thermodynamics
Miguel, I'm working to smooth over the thermodynamics article. Could you check what I've done so far and offer further suggestions? Thanks: --Wavesmikey 21:25, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

hi miguel... user:Silvestre
Hello miguel, i'm from valencia Spain. I see your discussion and Martorell.
 * Disculpa pero de ingles voy very bad, espero me entiendas y sino me lo dices, para tu información el usuario Martorell utiliza las diferentes wikis para difundir sus Creencias políticas, y todos los nombres oficiales los vandaliza continuamente, según el por el rigor eciclopédico. En fin si quieres cualquier cosa me lo dices un saludo. Ah! y no te creas que más a haya de vandalizar nombres, etc... no hace na más.

 * PD:si me respondes... dime si te podría referenciar algún artículo creado por mi en la wiki es para corregirlo. de momento sólo he pasado uno es este Seaports of Valencia (Spain), llevan poco texto.

garcias --Silvestre 13:35, 25 October 2005 (UTC)
 * gracias por tu respuesta __ vaya!! un saludo y perdona.--Silvestre 18:06, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

La constitución española
He visto que hace unos años, contribuiste al artículo Spanish Constitution of 1978, así que tengo una pregunta para tí: La constitución menconada sí declara que el castellano será la lengua oficial del país, ¿no? Y que esa inclusión fue importante, ¿verdad? Dime lo que piensas. - ElAmericano | talk 01:39, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Lo que quería saber es, ¿debemos comentar en eso en el artículo mencionado? De todas maneras, gracias por mostrarme donde puede encontrarse la Constitución Española. -  El Americano ( dímelo ) 17:22, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Hola
No nos conocemos, pero llevo escribiendo ocasionalmente, aunque desde hace varios años, en esta wikipedia en inglés. Siendo así, he retomado algunas de tus aportaciones, como en el artículo Spanish Empire, donde incluso partí de la información que dabas en la página de discusión para ampliar el período de tiempo abarcado por el artículo. Si revisas ahora el artículo verás que adopta gran parte del texto de Habsburg Spain. La verdad es que soy muy aficionado al corta y pega (dado mi pésimo inglés :p). Sea como fuere, lo cierto es que el artículo ha crecido mucho.

Ahora me he encontrado con el artículo 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings que creo iniciaste tú. El caso es que, en la última versión, se denigraba a medios como El Mundo, que están investigando el sumario. Se decía que era un periódico de derechas, por ejemplo (esto es absurdo, escribiendo en él autores como Arcadi Espada, Antonio Gala o Francisco Umbral). Para mí, esto es una violación del POV, y le he dado voz, añadiendo algo de la información que recogen estos medios, oportunamente enlazados, para que no se vea que invento nada (sobre todo porque no soy experto en este tema). También desconozco tus tendencias políticas, pero indepedientemente de ello, creo que un buen artículo exige recoger todos los puntos de vista relevantes (y el de medios como El Mundo, segundo periódico más leído de España y con un papel tan relevante en la investigación de casos como El Gal) lo es. En fin, espero que, desde tus conocimientos de los mecanismos de esta wikipedia en inglés, puedas mediar en la discusión que tiene lugar en [], donde el usuario Burgas00 justifica sus continuos borrado de TODO lo que añadi a su versión. Nada salva--Gimferrer 15:49, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

 * En efecto me pase los dias del 11 al 14 de Marzo dale que te pego con el articulo del 11-M, traduciendo los medios de comunicacion en castellano y organizando la informacion, pero como no vivo en España desde el 2000 la verdad es que la polemica en torno a la investigacion me pilla un poco a contrapié. Las guerras de ediciones las pierden todos, y como os descuidéis vais a acabar los de los dos bandos expulsados de la wikipedia, o con el articulo protegido frente a futuras ediciones. — Miguel 21:10, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Welcome!
 Welcome!

Hi, and welcome to the Countries WikiProject! As you may have guessed, we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of counties.

There are a variety of interesting things to do within the project; you're free to participate however much—or little—you like:

 * Starting some new articles? See some model pages such as Cambodia!
 * Want to know how good our articles are? The assessment department is working on rating the quality of every country article in Wikipedia.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask another fellow member, and we'll be happy to help you. Again, welcome! We look forward to seeing you around! Shy1520 11:03, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Regarding Association of Members' Advocates
Hi, you are receiving this message because you have listed yourself as an active member of WP:AMA. If you aren't currently accepting inquiries for AMA, or if you have resigned, please de-list yourself from AMA Members. If you are still active, please consider tending to any new requests that may appear on Category:AMA Requests for Assistance. We're going to put AMA on wheels. :) Sorry for the template spamming - we're just trying to update our records, after we had a huge backlog earlier in the week (if you've been taking cases, then sorry, and please ignore this :)). Again, sorry, and thanks! M a  rtinp23  21:23, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

Fair use image in userspace
I removed a fair use logo from your user page. Fair use images are not allowed outside of article namespace. For more info, see WP:FUC.--NMajdan •talk 16:27, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

Mathematics CotW
Hey Miguel, I am writing you to let you know that the Mathematics Collaboration of the week(soon to "of the month") is getting an overhaul of sorts and I would encourage you to participate in whatever way you can, i.e. nominate an article, contribute to an article, or sign up to be part of the project. Any help would be greatly appreciated, thanks--Cronholm144 23:43, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Citizens for Blank Votes
Hola, Miguel: I've found your article Citizens for Blank Votes to be very interesting. Would you please provide with a precise reference to the legal text declaring that "a distinction is made between valid votes, blank votes (votos en blanco) and null votes" in Spain? Gracias anticipadas, --Zack Holly Venturi (talk) 23:21, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks a lot, Miguel  (you forgot to sign).
 * Your information is quite complete. I realize this business in Spain is more or less the same as everywhere else.
 * It's very kind of you, --Zack Holly Venturi (talk) 13:10, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Request for help
I thought it might be a good idea to run a contest or two through the Countries WikiProject to attract editors to improve country coverage on Wikipedia, especially the country outlines.

I noticed you are a member of the WikiProject, and was wondering if you could help.

I've posted a message at Countries WikiProject talk page to get discussion started on what the awards programs should be and how they should be run.

Your ideas and feedback would be greatly appreciated.

The Transhumanist 23:34, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:Iran2009waves.png
Thank you for uploading File:Iran2009waves.png. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

If you have uploaded other files, consider checking that you have specified their license and tagged them, too. You can find a list of files you have uploaded by following this link.

If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. J Milburn (talk) 20:59, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * The image lacked a copyright tag, and it wasn't stated on the image page how it was licensed, so I didn't want to guess. You're welcome to remove the notice once you have added an image copyright tag (for instance- GFDL-self) to the image description page. Note that if I hadn't tagged it, one of the bots would- every image on Wikipedia must have a valid copyright tag. Sorry for any confusion. J Milburn (talk) 21:16, 14 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, that's fine, I've removed the deletion notice. Apologies, this was more of a technicality than anything else. I realise our image policies are a little murky at best. J Milburn (talk) 21:26, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Groupe de Bruges
A tag has been placed on Groupe de Bruges requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about an organization or company, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable, as well as our subject-specific notability guideline for organizations and companies. You may also wish to consider using a Wizard to help you create articles - see the Article Wizard.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the page meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the page that would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Lastly, please note that if the page does get deleted, you can contact one of these admins to request that they userfy the page or have a copy emailed to you. Eeekster (talk) 11:14, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Sociology membership
You are listed in the Category:Wikipedians interested in sociology, probably due to the use of "This user is interested in sociology" userbox, but you have not added yourself to our official member list for WikiProject Sociology. This prevents you from, among other things, receiving our sociology newsletter, as that member list acts as our newsletter mailing list (you can find the latest issue of our sociology newsletter here). If you'd like to receive the newsletter and help us figure out how many members we really have, please consider joining our WikiProject and adding yourself to our official member list. Thank you, --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus 13:17, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

Notification: changes to "Mark my edits as minor by default" preference
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Looking for further reading about physical systems
Hi! I don't know if you're active and logged in any longer, but I'll make an attempt.

On the page Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, there is an interesting statement, which in its current form is due to you:

 * A physical system is generally described by three basic ingredients: states; observables; and dynamics (or law of time evolution) or, more generally, a group of physical symmetries.

Where can I read more about this structure of a general, physical system? —Bromskloss (talk) 14:42, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

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Bitch (slang)

Bitch is a pejorative slang word for a person, usually a woman. When applied to a woman or girl, it means someone who is belligerent, unreasonable, malicious, controlling, aggressive, or dominant. When applied to a man or boy, bitch reverses its meaning and is a derogatory term for being subordinate, weak, or cowardly. In gay speech the word bitch can refer approvingly to a man who is unusually assertive or has the characteristics used pejoratively of a woman.

The term bitch is one of the most common profanities in the English language. It has been used as a "term of contempt towards women" for "over six centuries", and is a slur that fosters sexism against women. It has been characterized as "an archaic word demeaning women since as early as the 15th century" that seeks to control women. The word is considered taboo in mainstream media, and euphemisms such as "the B-word" are used to minimize its negative impact.

The term bitch literally means a female dog. Its original use as a vulgarism carried a meaning suggesting high sexual desire in a woman, comparable to a dog in heat. The range of meanings has expanded in modern usage (such as when applied to a man). In a feminist context, it can indicate a strong or assertive woman and has therefore been reappropriated by some women.

History
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term bitch comes from the Old English word bicce or bicge, meaning "female dog", which dates to around 1000 CE. It may have derived from the earlier Old Norse word bikkja, also meaning "female dog".

"Dog" has long been used as an insult toward both women and men. In ancient Greece, dog was often used in a derogatory sense to refer to someone whose behavior was improper or transgressive. This could include shamelessness or lack of restraint, lack of hospitality, lack of loyalty, and indiscriminate or excessive violence, among other qualities. Over time, classicist C. Franco argues, a "persistent symbolic connection" developed between dogs and women in Greek literature that expressed and reinforced women's subordinate position in society and their supposedly inferior nature.

There may also be a connection between less literal senses of "bitch" and the Greek goddess Artemis. As she is the goddess of the hunt, she was often portrayed with a pack of hunting dogs and sometimes transformed into an animal herself. She was seen as free, vigorous, cold, impetuous, unsympathetic, wild, and beautiful.

The earliest use of "bitch" specifically as a derogatory term for women dates to the 15th century. Its earliest slang meaning mainly referred to sexual behavior, according to the English language historian Geoffrey Hughes:

The early applications were to a promiscuous or sensual woman, a metaphorical extension of the behavior of a bitch in heat. Herein lies the original point of the powerful insult son of a bitch, found as biche sone ca. 1330 in Arthur and Merlin ... while in a spirited exchange in the Chester Play (ca. 1400) a character demands: "Whom callest thou queine, skabde bitch?" ("Who are you calling a whore, you miserable bitch?").

Bitch remained a strong insult through the nineteenth century. The entry in Francis Grose's Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue (1785) reads:

A she dog, or doggess; the most offensive appellation that can be given to an English woman, even more provoking than that of whore, as may be gathered from the regular Billinsgate or St Giles answer—"I may be a whore, but can't be a bitch." Throughout the word's evolution into the nineteenth century, it became gradually less offensive. The Oxford English Dictionary in the nineteenth century described the insult as "strictly a lewd or sensual woman". The word went through many similar phases throughout history. It was not until the 20th century that feminism began to reevaluate the term and its appropriation.

In the 1920s, bitch became once again a common insult used against women. The term bitch became more popular in common language during this era. Between 1915 and 1930, the use of "bitch" in newspapers and literature more than doubled. The writing of Ernest Hemingway popularized the more modern meaning of "bitch" in this era. He used it to represent favorable qualities such as ferocity, edginess, and grit. It was during this time that women began gaining more freedom (such as the right to vote through the Nineteenth Amendment). The word "bitch" during the twenties meant "malicious or consciously attempting to harm", "difficult, annoying, or interfering", and "sexually brazen or overly vulgar".

According to Dr. Timothy Jay, there are "over 70 different taboo words", but 80 percent of the time only ten words are used, and bitch is included in that set. Being called the term bitch has been associated with worsening the mental health of women.

Modern use
In modern usage, the slang term bitch has different meanings depending largely on social context and may vary from very offensive to endearing, and as with many slang terms, its meaning and nuances can vary depending on the region in which it is used.

The term bitch can refer to a person or thing that is very difficult, as in "Life's a bitch" or "He sure got the bitch end of that deal". It is common for insults to lose intensity as their meaning broadens ("bastard" is another example). In the film The Women (1939), Joan Crawford could only allude to the word: "And by the way, there's a name for you ladies, but it isn't used in high society—outside of a kennel." At the time, use of the actual word would have been censored by the Hays Office. By 1974, Elton John had a hit single (#4 in the U.S. and #14 in the U.K.) with "The Bitch Is Back", in which he says "bitch" repeatedly. It was, however, censored by some radio stations. On late night U.S. television, the character Emily Litella (1976-1978) on Saturday Night Live (portrayed by Gilda Radner) would frequently refer to Jane Curtin under her breath at the end of their Weekend Update routine in this way: "Oh! Never mind...! Bitch!"

Bitchin'  arose in the 1950s to describe something found to be desirable or exciting.

Modern use can include self-description, often as an unfairly difficult person. For example, in the New York Times bestseller The Bitch in the House, a woman describes her marriage: "I'm fine all day at work, but as soon as I get home, I'm a horror....I'm the bitch in the house." Boy George admitted "I was being a bitch" in a falling out with Elton John.

Generally, the term bitch is still considered offensive, and not accepted in formal situations. According to linguist Deborah Tannen, "Bitch is the most contemptible thing you can say about a woman. Save perhaps the four-letter C word." It's common for the word to be censored on prime time TV, often rendered as "the b-word". During the 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, a John McCain supporter referred to Hillary Clinton by asking, "How do we beat the bitch?" The event was reported in censored format: On CNN's "The Situation Room," Washington Post media critic and CNN "Reliable Sources" host Howard Kurtz observed that "Senator McCain did not embrace the 'b' word that this woman in the audience used." ABC reporter Kate Snow adopted the same locution. On CNN's "Out in the Open," Rick Sanchez characterized the word without using it by saying, "Last night, we showed you a clip of one of his supporters calling Hillary Clinton the b-word that rhymes with witch." A local Fox 25 news reporter made the same move when he rhymed the unspoken word with rich.

A study reported that, when used on social media, bitch "aims to promote traditional, cultural beliefs about femininity". Used hundreds of thousands of times per day on such platforms, it is associated with sexist harassment, "victimizing targets", and "shaming" victims who do not abide by degrading notions about femininity.

Reappropriation

In the context of modern feminism, bitch has varied reappropriated meanings that may connote a strong female (anti-stereotype of weak submissive woman), cunning (equal to males in mental guile), or else it may be used as a tongue-in cheek backhanded compliment for someone who has excelled in an achievement. For example, Bitch magazine describes itself as a "feminist response to pop culture".

Feminist attorney Jo Freeman (Joreen) authored "The BITCH Manifesto" in 1968: A Bitch takes shit from no one. You may not like her, but you cannot ignore her. ... [Bitches] have loud voices and often use them. Bitches are not pretty. ... Bitches seek their identity strictly thru themselves and what they do. They are subjects, not objects. ... Often they do dominate other people when roles are not available to them which more creatively sublimate their energies and utilize their capabilities. More often they are accused of domineering when doing what would be considered natural by a man. Bitch has also been reappropriated by hip-hop culture, rappers use the adjective "bad bitch" to refer to an independent, confident, attractive woman. The term is used in a complimentary way, meaning the woman is desirable. One of the first instances of "bitch" being used in this way is in the song "Da Baddest Bitch" by Trina, released in 1999. This can also be seen throughout multiple different songs from Rihanna's song entitled "Bad Bitch" featuring Beyoncé which reiterates the line "I'm a bad bitch" multiple times. "BitchSlut" by Anna Wise prominently uses the words bitch and slut to reclaim identity. This use of the word bitch shows women reappropriating the meaning to be a more positive and empowering word for women. The increased usage of the word bitch casually or in a friendly way by women has been characterized by Sherryl Kleynman as a result of the absorption of sexist culture by women. Such usage has been cited by Kleinman et al. as increasing the perception the word is acceptable and excusing men who use it against women.

Pop culture
In pop culture, the use of the term bitch has increased through media such as television, movies, magazines, social media, etc. The use of the word "bitch" on television shows tripled between 1998 and 2007, which had much to do with the word's feminist facelift in the previous decade.

In a 2006 interview titled "Pop Goes the Feminist", Bitch magazine co-founder Andi Zeisler explained the naming of the magazine:

When we chose the name, we were thinking, well, it would be great to reclaim the word "bitch" for strong, outspoken women, much the same way that "queer" has been reclaimed by the gay community. That was very much on our minds, the positive power of language reclamation.

Pop culture contains a number of slogans of self-identification based on bitch. For example, There are several backronyms. Heartless Bitches International is a club with the slogan "Because we know BITCH means: Being In Total Control, Honey!" Other imagined acronyms include As stated in Scallen's Bitch Thesis, "As Asim demonstrates with his discussion of the appropriation of the N word by black communities, the term bitch is deployed in pop culture in multiple ways (with multiple meanings) at the same time." Derogatory terms are constantly appropriated. Many women, such as Nicki Minaj, refer to themselves as bitches. By calling oneself a bitch in today's culture, these women are referencing their success, money, sexuality, and power. Asha Layne's article Now That's a Bad Bitch!: The State of Women in Hip-Hop, "The change in the meaning of the word thus subverts the tools of oppression used to dominate women to now empower them."
 * "You call me 'Bitch' like it's a bad thing."
 * "I go zero to bitch in 3.5 seconds."
 * "Beautiful Intelligent Talented Creative Honest"
 * "Beautiful Individual That Causes Hardons"
 * "Babe In Total Control of Herself".

Hip hop culture
In the realm of hip-hop culture, the word 'bitch' stands as an enigma, evolving from a narrow term referring solely to a female dog into a complex and multifaceted term with profound implications. This evolution is deeply intertwined with the history of hip-hop, where the word has been wielded with various connotations and meanings, reflecting the intricate dynamics of gender relations and power struggles. Early examples, such as Duke Bootee classic 1983 song with Grandmaster Flash, 'New York New York,' and Slick Rick's 'La Di Da Di' (1985), marked the emergence of 'bitch' in hip-hop lyrics. Since then, artists and followers of the culture have frequently used the term, with variations like 'bee-otch' popularized by Oakland-based rapper Too $hort in the late 1980s.

Reaching back to the dozens and dirty blues, early rappers like Slick Rick established the bitch as a character: a woman, often treacherous, but sometimes simply déclassé. N.W.A.'s song 'One Less Bitch' exemplifies misogynistic attitudes, equating women with negative stereotypes such as 'money hungry scandalous groupies.' These lyrics highlight the ongoing tensions within hip-hop culture regarding gender representation and language usage. While some misogynistic rap perpetuates harmful stereotypes of women as 'money-hungry, scandalous, manipulating, and demanding, 'as stated by Adams and Fuller (2006), the word has also been directed towards men, often to denote subordination or perceived inferiority toward "unmanly" or homosexual men. An example of this is the song Bitches 2 by Ice-T, which gives an example of a male "bitch" in each verse.

However, amidst the prevalence of derogatory usage, female hip-hop artists have challenged the word's appropriation by male rappers. Queen Latifah's 1993 track 'U.N.I.T.Y.' confronts this misogyny, demanding, "Who you callin' a bitch?" Similarly, Roxanne Shante and MC Lyte reclaimed the term, with Shante even releasing an album entitled 'The Bitch Is Back ' in 1992. Popular culture has inspired women to redefine the word bitch as a euphemism for "Strong black woman". A modern example would be Megan Thee Stallion's track 'B.I.T.C.H.' which exemplifies this; flipping the script to portray 'bitch' as a descriptor of self-respect and autonomy.

In 2016, Kanye West released his seventh studio album called The Life of Pablo. On the song called "Famous" West raps, "I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why? I made that bitch famous." This sparked a controversy with Taylor Swift as she "cautioned him about releasing a song with such a strong misogynistic message." These lyrics highlight the ongoing tensions within hip-hop culture regarding gender. In response to Swift's remarks, West went on Twitter and posted a tweet which said how the word "bitch" is an endearing term in hip hop like the word "nigga".

In reference to men
When used to describe a male, bitch may also confer the meaning of subordinate, especially to another male, as in prison. Generally, this term is used to indicate that the person is acting outside the confines of their gender roles, such as when women are assertive or aggressive, or when men are passive or servile. According to James Coyne from the Department of Psychology at the University of California, "'Bitch' serves the social function of isolating and discrediting a class of people who do not conform to the socially accepted patterns of behavior."

Son of a bitch
The first known appearance of "son-of-a-bitch" in a work of American fiction is Seventy-Six (1823), a historical fiction novel set during the American Revolutionary War by eccentric writer and critic John Neal. The protagonist, Jonathan Oadley, recounts a battle scene in which he is mounted on a horse: "I wheeled, made a dead set at the son-of-a-bitch in my rear, unhorsed him, and actually broke through the line."

The term's use as an insult is as old as that of bitch. Euphemistic terms are often substituted, such as gun in the phrase "son of a gun" as opposed to "son of a bitch", or "s.o.b." for the same phrase. Like bitch, the severity of the insult has diminished. Roy Blount Jr. in 2008 extolled the virtues of "son of a bitch" (particularly in comparison to "asshole") in common speech and deed. Son of a bitch can also be used as a "how about that" reaction, or as a reaction to excruciating pain.

In politics the phrase "Yes, he is a son of a bitch, but he is our son of a bitch" has been attributed, probably apocryphally, to various U.S. presidents from Franklin Roosevelt to Richard Nixon. Immediately after the detonation of the first atomic bomb in Alamogordo, New Mexico, in July 1945 (the device codenamed Gadget), the Manhattan Project scientist who served as the director of the test, Kenneth Tompkins Bainbridge, exclaimed to Robert Oppenheimer "Now we're all sons-of-bitches."

In January 2022, U.S. president Joe Biden was recorded on a hot mic responding to Fox News correspondent Peter Doocy asking, "Do you think inflation is a political liability ahead of the midterms?" Biden responded sarcastically, saying, "It's a great asset—more inflation. What a stupid son of a bitch."

The 19th-century British racehorse Filho da Puta took its name from "Son of a Bitch" in Portuguese.

The Curtiss SB2C, a World War II U.S. Navy dive bomber, was called "Son-of-a-Bitch 2nd Class" by some of its pilots and crewmen.

In cards
To have the "bitch end" of a hand in poker is to have the weaker version of the same hand as another player. This situation occurs especially in poker games with community cards. For example, to have a lower straight than one's opponent is to have the bitch end.

The bitch is slang for the queen of spades.

Other forms
When used as a verb, to bitch means to complain. Usage in this context is almost always pejorative in intent. As an adjective, the term sometimes has a meaning opposite its usual connotations. Something that is bitching (the bitch) is really great. For example, an admired motorcycle may be praised as a "bitchin' bike".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bitch (slang)


text:
Visby

Visby is an urban area in Sweden and the seat of Gotland Municipality in Gotland County on the island of Gotland with 24,330 inhabitants. Visby is also the episcopal see for the Diocese of Visby. The Hanseatic city of Visby is arguably the best-preserved medieval city in Scandinavia, and, since 1995, it has been on the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. Among the most notable historical remains are the 3.4 km long town wall that encircles the town center, and a number of church ruins. The decline as a Hanseatic city in the Late Middle Ages was the cause for many stone houses being preserved in their original medieval style.

Visby is a popular vacation destination for Scandinavians during the summer and receives thousands of tourists every year. It is by far the most populous Swedish locality outside the Swedish mainland. The Gotland University is in Visby, and since 1July 2013, it is a department of Uppsala University under the name Uppsala University–Campus Gotland. Visby is also the sole county seat in Sweden accessible from the mainland only by boat and air.

Important annual events held in Visby include the annual political forum Almedalen Week.

Etymology
The name "Visby" comes from the Old Norse Vis, (genitive singular of Vi) meaning "(pagan) place of sacrifices", and by, meaning "village". In the Gutasagan (mid 14th century) the place is referred to as just Wi meaning "holy place, place of worship".

Visby is sometimes called "The City of Roses" or "The City of Ruins".

History
The earliest history of Visby is uncertain, but it is known to have been a centre of merchandise around 900 AD. It was inhabited as early as the Stone Age, probably because of the access to fresh water and a natural harbour. The oldest finds at the site of present-day Visby are what have been interpreted as "beach huts", with the radiocarbon dating method to the 7th–9th centuries AD.

In the 12th century, Visby Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Mary, was constructed. It was reshaped in the 13th century to its current appearance, and was officially opened in 1225, by the bishop of the Swedish city of Linköping (in regional map). Several other churches were also constructed in the ensuing centuries. The city flourished, thanks to the German Hanseatic League.

The work on the ring wall was likely begun in the 12th century. Around 1300, it was rebuilt to reach its current height, acquiring the characteristic towers, although some towers were not constructed until the 15th century. The ringwall is still largely intact.

In the first half of the 14th century (1300–1350), Visby was at the height of its wealth and influence, and it was during this time that Laws of Wisbuy, a set of maritime laws that had broad influence in the Baltic and beyond, were probably promulgated.

In 1361, Gotland was conquered by Valdemar IV of Denmark. 1,800 Gotlanders were killed in battle in front of the city. Valdemar tore down part of the wall, set up three huge beer barrels and threatened to turn his men loose to pillage the town unless they were filled with silver and gold. The Visby city fathers fulfilled the demand, with churches stripped of their valuables. Valdemar added "King of Gotland" to his title list. His treatment of Visby, a member of the Hanseatic League, precipitated that League into war with Denmark; however, though Valdemar was forced into various concessions, he retained Visby as a Danish city.

In 1391, 1394 and 1398, it was taken and plundered by the Victual Brothers, pirates who sailed the Baltic Sea. An invading army of Teutonic Knights conquered Gotland in 1398, destroyed Visby and expelled the Victual Brothers. In 1409, Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen of the Teutonic Knights guaranteed peace with the Kalmar Union of Scandinavia by selling the island of Gotland to Queen Margaret of Denmark, Norway and Sweden.

In 1411, the Norwegian, Danish and Swedish King Eric of Pomerania had the castle of Visborg constructed, and settled himself there for 12 years, during which the city virtually became a pirates' nest, and the commerce halted. As of 1470, the Hanseatic League rescinded Visby's status as a Hanseatic town.

In 1525, the final blow came. In the Danish throne quarrel, Lübeck, a Free City of the Holy Roman Empire and a leading member of the Hanseatic League, supported Frederick I, while Søren Norby the Danish governor of Gotland fought for Christian II, even after Christian's official resignation in 1523. While Norby fought a military action in Sweden, the Lübeckers successfully attacked Visby and set the city on fire from four sites. But unlike widespread belief, several churches survived at first. The churches of St. James (which already had been closed before), St. Nicholas and St. Gertrude were sacked by Lübeck's army. With the reformation, all churches except St. John, which became the city parish, were closed. In 1528, the citizens of Visby sacked the church of the Holy Trinity, or the church of Our Lord (Drottens kyrka) in revenge for the plundering of their town. In 1533–34, the new Danish governor,, demolished St. John's and St. Peter's churches to improve the defence of his castle Visborgs slott. St. Mary's Cathedral remained the last functional church and became the new city parish.

Gotland was again taken into Sweden's possession in 1645, by the Treaty of Brömsebro, after 300 years of Danish rule. The city developed slowly as things were left as they were. In the mid 18th century, after a plague had reduced Visby's population, some attempts were made by Swedish government officials to improve living standards, but little was accomplished. Not until the early 19th century did Visby once again attract commerce and a harbour industry. At the same time – 1808 – Gotland was conquered by Russia, but was peacefully taken back by the Swedes after only a couple of months.

Geography
Visby is the name of the locality, or town, as well as the name of the larger area surrounding it, Visby socken. In 1936, the socken was incorporated within the newly formed Visby stad (Visby city), the only locality with historical city status on Gotland. Visby socken comprises the same area as the administrative Visby District, established on 1January 2016. , Visby Cathedral, Visborg Church and Terra Nova Church in Visby belong to Visby Cathedral parish (Visby Domkyrkoförsamling). Visby is also the only municipality seat of Sweden that is accessible from the mainland only by boat and air traffic.

Visby is situated on the central west coast of Gotland, on the rather steep slopes of limestone cliffs surrounding the first natural harbor. The town has evolved around the medieval harbor that now constitutes the Almedalen park. Long streets run parallel with the old shoreline with shorter alleys at a straight angle from these, lead from the harbor and up the slope up to the eastern higher part of town known as Klinten.

The old, original part of Visby is more or less enclosed by the city wall to the north, east and south, with the old harbor and the Baltic Sea in the west. The more modern parts of the town expand mostly east and inland from the wall. Along the shore south of the wall is the modern harbor with its ferry terminals and further south is a green recreational area called Södra Hällarna. Just inside the north part of the wall as well as along the north coast outside the wall, are several beaches: Kallbadhuset, Norderstrand, Snäckgärdsbaden (or simply Snäck) and Gustavsvik.

Visby and Tallinn are the only two North-European towns in which the city's medieval grid plan has been fully preserved into present day.

One of the asteroids in the asteroid belt, 6102 Visby, is named after this place.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Visby has an oceanic climate (Cfb). This renders the summers cooler and the winters milder than in most of mainland Sweden. However, in spite of its maritime location the city's climate is very much influenced by continental airflows. Precipitation amounts are quite moderate, especially for an oceanic climate, and relatively consistent throughout the year. Visby is one of the sunniest towns in Sweden and in the Nordic countries, especially so during summer.

Transport
Visby is linked to the mainland of Sweden by ferry and by plane. Ferries arrive from both Oskarshamn in Småland and Nynäshamn, near Stockholm, each taking about three hours. The ferries are run by Destination Gotland and subsidized by the Swedish government. Destination Gotland is the only ferry operator – in summer 2016, independent shipping company Gotlandsbåten ran ferries to Västervik and Nynäshamn, but this service was unprofitable and was not repeated in 2017.

Visby Airport is located about 5 km north of the city and offers connections to the Swedish mainland. With 467,857 passengers in 2018, it is the 9th largest airport in Sweden. Daily flights to Stockholm Arlanda Airport is a common way to reach or depart from the island.

There are also city buses in Visby as well as buses to other parts of Gotland.

Visby gave its name to the 1968 Visby Amendments, which were an amendment of the Hague Rules of shipping law, leading to the Hague–Visby Rules.

Visby was previously served by two railway lines, the Gotland Railway which ran from Lärbro in the north, to Burgsvik in the south, via Visby harbour and the Visby – Visborgsslätt – Bjärs Railway, south to Visborgsslätt and Västerhejde. The first line, from Visby to Hemse was started in 1878, under the auspices of the Gotland Railway. Passenger transport was discontinued in September 1960. Freight traffic on the Slakteriet – Visby port route ran until May 1962. The last sections of the port track in Visby were removed in March 1964. Visby railway station, just south of the Söderport on Söderväg, was completed in 1878 and is one of the few remaining vestiges of the railway in Visby.

Utilities
Near Visby, there is the static inverter plant for the first HVDC interconnection of a windpark (HVDC Visby–Näs).

Sights and events
During the first week of July, Visby is the scene of the Almedalen Week, an important forum for everyone involved in Swedish politics. During the week, representatives from the major political parties in Sweden take turns giving speeches in the Almedalen park.

In August, the tourist season is at its peak. During week 32, from Sunday to Sunday, the annual Medieval Week on Gotland is held. During this week, regularly dressed tourists are outnumbered by people that are dressed in Medieval costumes. The festival started in 1984 and comprises a variety of events including music, jesters, theatre, a medieval market, and jousting tournaments.

The headquarters of the World Ecological Forum is located in Visby.

Culture and the arts
Visby is home to the Baltic Centre for Writers and Translators and Visby International Centre for Composers.

In popular culture
Swedish author Mari Jungstedt set nine detective novels on the island of Gotland. The principal character, DS Anders Knutas, is based at police headquarters in Visby, and there are numerous descriptive passages of the city and the island.

Hayao Miyazaki noted that Visby is the main visual inspiration for the town in Kiki's Delivery Service, with elements of other locations such as Stockholm also blended in.

In 1971, Ingmar Bergman filmed The Touch (Beröringen) with Bibi Andersson, Max von Sydow and Elliott Gould in Visby.

Visby is referenced in the Yorushika song, "Rain with Cappuccino".

Current sport
The following sports clubs are located in Visby:

 * Endre IF (floorball)
 * Visby Ladies (women's basketball)
 * Visby IBK (floorball)
 * Visby/Roma HK (ice hockey)
 * FC Gute (football)
 * IFK Visby (football)
 * Visby AIK (football)
 * Visby Klätterklubb (Climbing)

Former sport
Motorcycle speedway took place at the Gamla Speedway Track in Galgberget (directly opposite the junction of Hangarvägen and Lummelundsväg). The venue existed from 1951 until 2007 and hosted the Bysarna speedway team, who were four times league champions of Sweden.

Notable people
A number of notable people have originated from Visby, they are included in the Gotland list.

Gallery

 * History

 * Visby harbour

title: Visby


text:
Talk:Ethics

Changes to the article
I was thinking about implementing changes to this article with the hope of moving it in the direction of GA status. There is still a lot to do. Major parts lack references, there are many "citation needed" tags and one "Synthesis" tag.

At some points, the article has too much information: this type of overview article should mostly focus on general patterns and leave the details to more specific articles (see WP:SUMMARYSTYLE). For example, the section "Normative ethics" has 12 subsections, many of which have themselves several subsubsections. A similar problem applies to the 12 subsubsection of the subsection "Particular fields of application". One way to address this issue would be to only include subsections for the most important topics and summarize the remaining subsections maybe to one paragraph each without a separate subsection. For example, the subsection "State consequentialism" could be included in the section "Consequentialism" rather than having a separate subsection. And the subsection "Intuitive ethics" talks about ethical intuitionism, which belongs to metaethics rather than normative ethics. Many of the subsubsections of "Particular fields of application" only have one or two sentences and it shouldn't be a problem to merge them into another section.

An important part that is missing in the current version is the history of ethics. I think it deserves its own section without going too much into detail, maybe one or two paragraphs per main period (ancient, medieval,...). Various smaller adjustments would be needed for the different topics discussed in the article but they can be addressed later. I was hoping to get some feedback on these ideas and possibly other suggestions. I still have to do some research to work out the details. After that, I would start implementing them one at a time but it will probably take a while to address all the points. Phlsph7 (talk) 08:43, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Your progress looks great so far!
 * I think the history section could use one or two more sentences which go further into the 20th and 21st century. My suggestion would be an mentioning the introduction of Personal identity via Parfit and something perhaps something from Rawls—two huge figures who seem to be missing.
 * Considering that consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics are the chief normative ethical approaches, it might be good to single them out, like how certain traditions were singled out in the Philosophy article's history section.
 * Also, it seems a bit jarring to me that the first section of the article would be on metaethics, considering it is the youngest tradition of the three branches and definitely not the first thing people think of when they think of ethics (presumably that's normative ethics).  Aza24  (talk)   09:44, 25 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello and thanks for the feedback! I think it's a good proposal to focus on consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics in the section on normative ethics. My idea was to have one subsection for each together with one additional subsection called "Others" to discuss alternative theories.
 * I was thinking about mentioning Parfit but I'm not sure how to best include him in the history section. His discussions of personal identity were groundbreaking and have various implications for moral philosophy but they are not directly part of it. Maybe something about his rationalist moral realism stating that ethics is about responding to reasons and his attempt to reconcile consequentialism and deontology. Rawls is a heavy-weight in political philosophy so the article should mention him somewhere. I'm not sure if it's best to discuss Parfit and Rawls in the history section or in another part of the article.
 * You are right that in terms of the age of the branches and the reader's expectations, metaethics shouldn't come first. The main motivation for having it first is probably to go from abstract to concrete. Some sources follow this idea. Another approach would be to discuss metaethics after normative and applied ethics. Phlsph7 (talk) 13:14, 25 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The "Others" division makes sense to me—that's what I was getting at when I mentioned modeling this after your work on the philosophy article's history section.
 * For Rawls, history section might make sense, given that so huge subsequent literature responding to him, the direct legal impact and the revitalization of political philosophy that his work had. For Parfit, I think both of your suggestions would work well, or perhaps something about his inauguration of population ethics. Contrasting Parfit with Bernard Williams on their opposing adherence to moral realism could be a natural way to include Williams as well (although I see he's in the definition section already, albeit in a rather general way, not particularly revealing of his contributions).
 * Your abstract to concrete idea makes sense, but the newness of metaethics + the oldness of normative makes it difficult to reconcilce that decision. But, per usual, I defer to your expertise.  Aza24  (talk)   23:33, 25 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I found a way to mention Parfit and Rawls in the history section. I haven't fully made up my mind about the section order and I would be interested to hear what others think. I'll keep my eyes open on how reliable sources deal with this issue as I do the research for the other sections. Phlsph7 (talk) 09:16, 27 December 2023 (UTC)

Images
Hi. I have created this image on ethics. Do you think it would be good to put it in the introduction, and to move the image that is currently in the introduction into "Normative ethics"? Then, the image caption would replace the sentence "It is usually divided into three major fields: normative ethics, applied ethics, and metaethics."

However, I realize that descriptive ethics is less popular than the 3 other subfields of ethics. Do you think "Descriptive ethics" should be removed from the image? Alenoach (talk) 23:07, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

 * It's maybe not as informative as the current image, and it shows the subfields of ethics but without directly providing links. So, I'm actually not sure whether it would be an improvement or not. Alenoach (talk) 00:36, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Well to reflect the article, descriptive ethics would indeed make sense removing.
 * Although I don't know if the image itself really adds much information. It conveys a rather base level of information, which is already easily readable in the text (and perhaps more comprehensible there).  Aza24  (talk)   02:22, 26 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Actually, I tend agree with you. No problem. Alenoach (talk) 02:29, 26 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ethics


text:
Basic

Basic or BASIC may refer to:

Science and technology

 * BASIC, a computer programming language
 * Basic (chemistry), having the properties of a base
 * Basic access authentication, in HTTP

Entertainment

 * Basic (film), a 2003 film
 * Basic, one of the languages in Star Wars

Music

 * Basic (Glen Campbell album), 1978
 * Basic (Robert Quine and Fred Maher album), 1984
 * B.A.S.I.C. (Alpinestars album), 2000
 * Basic (Brown Eyed Girls album), 2015
 * B.A.S.I.C. (The Basics album), 2019

Places

 * Basic, Mississippi, a community in the US
 * BASIC countries, Brazil, South Africa, India and China in climate change negotiations

Organizations

 * BASIC Bank Limited, government owned bank in Bangladesh
 * Basic Books, an American publisher

Other uses

 * Basic (cigarette), a brand of cigarettes manufactured by the Altria Group (Philip Morris Company)
 * Basic (dance move), the dance move that defines the character of a particular dance
 * Basic (slang), a pejorative term in American English
 * British American Security Information Council, a think tank based in London
 * Bašić, South Slavic surname
 * BASIC countries

title: Basic


text:
Gödel, Escher, Bach

Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, also known as GEB, is a 1979 book by Douglas Hofstadter.

By exploring common themes in the lives and works of logician Kurt Gödel, artist M. C. Escher, and composer Johann Sebastian Bach, the book expounds concepts fundamental to mathematics, symmetry, and intelligence. Through short stories, illustrations, and analysis, the book discusses how systems can acquire meaningful context despite being made of "meaningless" elements. It also discusses self-reference and formal rules, isomorphism, what it means to communicate, how knowledge can be represented and stored, the methods and limitations of symbolic representation, and even the fundamental notion of "meaning" itself.

In response to confusion over the book's theme, Hofstadter emphasized that Gödel, Escher, Bach is not about the relationships of mathematics, art, and music—but rather about how cognition emerges from hidden neurological mechanisms. One point in the book presents an analogy about how individual neurons in the brain coordinate to create a unified sense of a coherent mind by comparing it to the social organization displayed in a colony of ants.

Gödel, Escher, Bach won the Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction and the National Book Award for Science Hardcover. Despite the success of the book, Hofstadter felt that audiences did not adequately grasp what he felt was the main idea of the book: strange loops. In an attempt to remedy this, he published I Am a Strange Loop in 2007.

Structure
Gödel, Escher, Bach takes the form of interweaving narratives. The main chapters alternate with dialogues between imaginary characters, usually Achilles and the tortoise, first used by Zeno of Elea and later by Lewis Carroll in "What the Tortoise Said to Achilles". These origins are related in the first two dialogues, and later ones introduce new characters such as the Crab. These narratives frequently dip into self-reference and metafiction.

Word play also features prominently in the work. Puns are occasionally used to connect ideas, such as "the Magnificrab, Indeed" with Bach's Magnificat in D; "SHRDLU, Toy of Man's Designing" with Bach's Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring; and "Typographical Number Theory", or "TNT", which inevitably reacts explosively when it attempts to make statements about itself. One dialogue contains a story about a genie (from the Arabic "Djinn") and various "tonics" (of both the liquid and musical varieties), which is titled "Djinn and Tonic". Sometimes word play has no significant connection, such as the dialogue "A Mu Offering", which has no close affinity to Bach's The Musical Offering.

One dialogue in the book is written in the form of a crab canon, in which every line before the midpoint corresponds to an identical line past the midpoint. The conversation still makes sense due to uses of common phrases that can be used as either greetings or farewells ("Good day") and the positioning of lines that double as an answer to a question in the next line. Another is a sloth canon, where one character repeats the lines of another, but slower and negated.

Themes
The book contains many instances of recursion and self-reference, where objects and ideas speak about or refer back to themselves. One is Quining, a term Hofstadter invented in homage to Willard Van Orman Quine, referring to programs that produce their own source code. Another is the presence of a fictional author in the index, Egbert B. Gebstadter, a man with initials E, G, and B and a surname that partially matches Hofstadter. A phonograph dubbed "Record Player X" destroys itself by playing a record titled I Cannot Be Played on Record Player X (an analogy to Gödel's incompleteness theorems), an examination of canon form in music, and a discussion of Escher's lithograph of two hands drawing each other.

To describe such self-referencing objects, Hofstadter coins the term "strange loop"—a concept he examines in more depth in his follow-up book I Am a Strange Loop. To escape many of the logical contradictions brought about by these self-referencing objects, Hofstadter discusses Zen koans. He attempts to show readers how to perceive reality outside their own experience and embrace such paradoxical questions by rejecting the premise—a strategy also called "unasking".

Elements of computer science such as call stacks are also discussed in Gödel, Escher, Bach, as one dialogue describes the adventures of Achilles and the Tortoise as they make use of "pushing potion" and "popping tonic" involving entering and leaving different layers of reality. The same dialogue has a genie with a lamp containing another genie with another lamp and so on. Subsequent sections discuss the basic tenets of logic, self-referring statements, ("typeless") systems, and even programming. Hofstadter further creates BlooP and FlooP, two simple programming languages, to illustrate his point.

Puzzles
The book is filled with puzzles, including Hofstadter's MU puzzle, which contrasts reasoning within a defined logical system with reasoning about that system. Another example can be found in the chapter titled Contracrostipunctus, which combines the words acrostic and contrapunctus (counterpoint). In this dialogue between Achilles and the Tortoise, the author hints that there is a contrapunctal acrostic in the chapter that refers both to the author (Hofstadter) and Bach. This can be spelled out by taking the first word of each paragraph, to reveal "Hofstadter's Contracrostipunctus Acrostically Backwards Spells J. S. Bach". The second acrostic is found by taking the first letters of the words of the first, and reading them backwards to get "J S Bach", as the acrostic sentence self-referentially states.

Reception and impact
Gödel, Escher, Bach won the Pulitzer Prize for general non-fiction and the National Book Award for Science Hardcover.

Martin Gardner's July 1979 column in Scientific American stated, "Every few decades, an unknown author brings out a book of such depth, clarity, range, wit, beauty and originality that it is recognized at once as a major literary event."

For Summer 2007, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology created an online course for high school students built around the book.

In its February 19, 2010, investigative summary on the 2001 anthrax attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation suggested that Bruce Edwards Ivins was inspired by the book to hide secret codes based upon nucleotide sequences in the anthrax-laced letters he allegedly sent in September and October 2001, using bold letters, as suggested on page 404 of the book. It was also suggested that he attempted to hide the book from investigators by throwing it in the trash.

In 2019, British mathematician Marcus du Sautoy curated a series of events at London's Barbican Centre to celebrate the book's fortieth anniversary.

I Am a Strange Loop
Hofstadter has expressed some frustration with how Gödel, Escher, Bach was received. He felt that readers did not fully grasp that strange loops were supposed to be the central theme of the book, and attributed this confusion to the length of the book and the breadth of the topics covered.

To remedy this issue, Hofstadter published I Am a Strange Loop in 2007, which had a more focused discussion of the idea.

Translation
Hofstadter claims the idea of translating his book "never crossed [his] mind" when he was writing it—but when his publisher brought it up, he was "very excited about seeing [the] book in other languages, especially… French." He knew, however, that "there were a million issues to consider" when translating, since the book relies not only on word-play, but on "structural puns" as well—writing where the form and content of the work mirror each other (such as the "Crab canon" dialogue, which reads almost exactly the same forwards as backwards).

Hofstadter gives an example of translation trouble in the paragraph "Mr. Tortoise, Meet Madame Tortue", saying translators "instantly ran headlong into the conflict between the feminine gender of the French noun tortue and the masculinity of my character, the Tortoise." Hofstadter agreed to the translators' suggestions of naming the French character Madame Tortue, and the Italian version Signorina Tartaruga. Because of other troubles translators might have retaining meaning, Hofstadter "painstakingly went through every sentence of Gödel, Escher, Bach, annotating a copy for translators into any language that might be targeted."

Translation also gave Hofstadter a way to add new meaning and puns. For instance, in Chinese, the subtitle is not a translation of an Eternal Golden Braid, but a seemingly unrelated phrase Jí Yì Bì (集异璧, literally "collection of exotic jades"), which is homophonic to GEB in Chinese. Some material regarding this interplay is in Hofstadter's later book, Le Ton beau de Marot, which is mainly about translation.

title: Gödel, Escher, Bach


text:
Locri

Locri is a town and comune (municipality) in the province of Reggio Calabria, Calabria, southern Italy. Its name derives from that of the ancient Greek region of Locris. Today it is an important administrative and cultural centre on the Ionian Coast and within its province.

History
Epizephyrian Locris or Locri Epizefiri (Λοκροί Ἐπιζεφύριοι; from the plural of Λοκρός (, "a Locrian"), ἐπί (, "on"), Ζέφυρος (, "West Wind"), thus "the Western Locrians") was founded about 680 BC on the Italian shore of the Ionian Sea, near modern Capo Zefirio, by the Locrians, apparently by Opuntii (East Locrians) from the city of Opus, but including Ozolae (West Locrians) and Lacedaemonians. Its Latin name, Locri, is the plural of the Latin Locrus, which was used both to mean an inhabitant of Locris and the eponymous ancestor of the Locrians. Strabo suggests that the Ozolian Locrians were the principal founders, while Ephorus held that the Locri was a colony of Opuntian Locris. Due to fierce winds at an original settlement, the settlers moved to the present site. After a century, a defensive wall was built. Outside the city there are several necropoleis, some of which are very large.

Its renowned lawgiver Zaleucus decreed that anyone who proposed a change in the laws should do so with a noose about their neck, with which they should be hanged if the amendment did not pass. Plato called it "The flower of Italy", due to the local peoples' characteristics.

Locris was the site of two great sanctuaries, that of Persephone and of Aphrodite. Perhaps uniquely, Persephone was worshiped as protector of marriage and childbirth, a role usually assumed by Hera, and Diodorus Siculus knew the temple there as the most illustrious in Italy.

In the early centuries Locris was allied with Sparta, and later with Syracuse. It founded two colonies of its own, Hipponion and Medma.

During the 5th century BC, votive pinakes in terracotta were often dedicated as offerings to the goddess, made in series and painted with bright colors, animated by scenes connected to the myth of Persephone. Many of these pinakes are now on display in the National Museum of Magna Græcia in Reggio Calabria. Locrian pinakes represent one of the most significant categories of objects from Magna Graecia, both as documents of religious practice and as works of art. In the iconography of votive plaques at Locri, her abduction and marriage to Hades served as an emblem of the marital state, children at Locri were dedicated to Persephone, and maidens about to be wed brought their peplos to be blessed.

During the Pyrrhic Wars (280-275 BC) fought between Pyrrhus of Epirus and Rome, Locris accepted a Roman garrison and fought against the Epirote king. However, the city changed sides numerous times during the war. Bronze tablets from the treasury of its Olympeum, a temple to Zeus, record payments to a 'king', generally thought to be Pyrrhus. Despite this, Pyrrhus plundered the temple of Persephone at Locris before his return to Epirus, an event which would live on in the memory of the Greeks of Italy. At the end of the war, perhaps to allay fears about its loyalty, Locris minted coins depicting a seated Rome being crowned by 'Pistis', a goddess personifying good faith and loyalty, and returned to the Roman fold.

The city was abandoned in the 5th century AD. The town was finally destroyed by the Saracens in 915. The survivors fled inland about 10 km to the town Gerace on the slopes of the Aspromonte.

Modern Locri
After 1850 Gerace developed along the coast, forming a new centre Gerace Marina, to house new public buildings and a railway station. In 1934 it changed its name in Locri, which is now the administrative centre of the Locride area. The city boasts a National Museum and an Archaeological Park. Apart from the archeological sites, the town is also an important sea-side resort along the Costa dei Gelsomini, or Jasmine Coast, one of the wildest coastlines of Italy.

Locri, with over 12,000 inhabitants, is an important administrative and cultural centre on the Ionian Coast, in the Italian Province of Reggio Calabria. The town is easily reached by plane; in fact, it is only 90 minutes away from the International Airport of Lamezia Terme and from the Airport of Reggio Calabria. Locri is well connected to all regional and national towns and cities by train, shuttle, taxi, and bus. The A2 autoroute makes Locri easy to reach by car, too. Sicily is accessible by ferry boat from Villa San Giovanni or Reggio Calabria, both of which are a car or a train journey away from Locri. There are several hotels, residences, hostels, and bed&breakfast establishments where tourists and visitors can find comfortable accommodation for their stay. The Tourist Information Centre can offer assistance and information on matters of accommodation. In Locri, you can find many administrative bodies and public services, such as a criminal and civil court, a revenue agency, a police station, travel agencies, three post offices (two of which have ATM facilities), banks, the State Archive, the City Hall (built in 1880), trade unions, the bishop's office, several Catholic churches, and an Indian and an Evangelical church. The city is also home to the most important hospital of the area, an emergency medical service, many private doctors, and three pharmacies. There are in the locality several state schools – including Elementary Schools, High Schools, Lyceums, and Vocational Schools  – as well as private schools and two private English language schools. The city boasts a National Museum and an Archaeological Park, two cinemas, two cultural centres, a theatre, and a library. In Locri you will find many shops, restaurants, pizzerias, fast food outlets, pubs, bars, cafeterias, patisseries, farm restaurants, fruit and vegetable market halls, florists, supermarkets, and shopping malls. You also have facilities for a wide range of sports, including soccer, basketball, volleyball, tennis, swimming, snorkeling, fishing and diving, and, because there is nearby hilly and mountainous terrain, trekking and hiking are further options. Finally, being a seaside city, Locri can offer enjoyable walks on the sea-front boulevard or on the beach and in the summer months it plays host to an assortment of beach-side lidos.

Ionic temple of Marasà
In the first half of the fifth century BC, the Locrians demolished their archaic temple and rebuilt a new temple in the Ionic style. The temple was designed by Syracusan architects around 470 BC, based on the idea of Hiero I of Syracuse.

The new temple occupies the same place as the previous one but it has a different orientation. The temple was destroyed in the 11th century. The dimensions of the temple were 45.5 by. The cella is free of supports on the central axes. The pronaos had two columns. The temple has seventeen Ionic columns on the long side, and six on the front. The height of the temple was 12 m.

According to Italian scholar Margherita Guarducci, the famous Ludovisi Throne comes from the temple of Aphrodite of Locri Epizephyrii, where it was used as the parapet of the bothros. This theory is strengthened by the measures of the sculpture which fit perfectly together with the three great stones of the covering of the bothros; stones still existing and open to visits inside the archaeological area of the Temple of contrada Marasà.

The theatre
The theatre was built in the fourth century BC not far from the ancient city, in the Contrada Pirettina, taking advantage of a hillside slope. The original structure had space for more than 4,500 people; now only the central part of the theatre is visible.

Part of the Cavea was cut into the rocks. Each plane was divided in 7 wedges between 6 scales. A horizontal separation divided the upper theater from the lower theatre.

Ludovisi Throne

In 1982, the exquisite and famous Ludovisi Throne, found reused in the ancient Roman gardens of Sallust in 1887, was securely linked to the newly studied Ionic temple at Marasà, in Locri. A reconstruction of the throne was shown to fit exactly into remaining blocks in the temple's foundations, and it has been suggested that terracotta votive plaques, or pinakes, of cults at Lokri Epizefiri, are the only stylistic parallel to the Throne. The marble sculpture, in its bas-relief decoration, represents on the front side Aphrodite born from the sea foam (but some scholars sees in it the representation of Persephone coming back from the Hades) and helped by two maidservants to raise from the water, while on the left side is represented a naked flute-girl seated on a cushion and playing the double-flute, and on the right side a veiled woman using an incense-burner.

Notable people

 * Acrion (Pythagorean philosopher)
 * Nossis (ancient epigrammist and poet)
 * Philistion of Locri (ancient physician and writer on medicine)
 * Timaeus of Locri (Pythagorean philosopher)
 * Zaleucus (devised the first written Greek law code)

title: Locri


text:
Recurrence

Recurrence and recurrent may refer to:
 * Disease recurrence, also called "relapse"
 * Eternal recurrence, the concept that the universe is perpetually recurring
 * Historic recurrence, the repetition of similar events in history
 * Poincaré recurrence theorem, Henri Poincaré's theorem on dynamical systems
 * Radial recurrent artery – arising from the radial artery immediately below the elbow
 * Recursive definition
 * Recurrent neural network, a special artificial neural network
 * Recurrence period density entropy, an information-theoretic method for summarising the recurrence properties of dynamical systems
 * Recurrence plot, a statistical plot that shows a pattern that re-occurs
 * Recurrence relation, an equation which defines a sequence recursively
 * Recurrent rotation, a term used in contemporary hit radio for frequently aired songs
 * Recurrence The Railway Children (band) album

title: Recurrence


text:
CTW

CTW may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Children's Television Workshop, an American educational non-profit (now Sesame Workshop)
 * Crypt The Warchild (born 1980), American rapper
 * West TV (callsign: CTW-32), an Australian television station (2010–2020)

Data science

 * Computer Technology Workshop activity at the Joint Statistical Meetings
 * Context tree weighting, a lossless compression and prediction algorithm

Other uses

 * Carat (mass) total weight, related to diamond jewellery
 * CentralWorld, a shopping mall complex in Thailand
 * Change to Win Federation, the former name of the Strategic Organizing Center, a group of United States labor unions

title: CTW


text:
Dick Bruna

Dick Bruna (born Hendrik Magdalenus Bruna, 23 August 1927 – 16 February 2017) was a Dutch author, artist, illustrator and graphic designer.

Bruna was best known for his children's books which he authored and illustrated, numbering over 200. His most notable creation was Miffy (Nijntje in the original Dutch), a small rabbit drawn with heavy graphic lines, simple shapes and primary colours. Bruna also created stories for characters such as Lottie, Farmer John, and Hettie Hedgehog.

Aside from his prolific catalog of children's books, Bruna also illustrated and designed book covers, posters and promotional materials for his father's publishing company A.W. Bruna & Zoon. His most popular designs graced the covers of the Zwarte Beertjes series of books. Well known among his designs are those for Simenon's Maigret books, typified by graphic silhouettes of a pipe on various backgrounds.

Biography
Dick Bruna's father, A. W. Bruna, directed the family-owned publishing company Bruna, with his brother Henk Bruna. His father's intentions were for Bruna to follow in his footsteps, but Bruna had different plans and wanted to be an artist. He traveled to London and lived for a while in Paris, where he fell under the influence of Fernand Léger, Pablo Picasso, and especially Henri Matisse. Back in the Netherlands he attended the Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten in Amsterdam but soon quit; he said afterwards that he had no talent as a painter and could not draw perspective.

In 1955, while on family holiday, he saw a rabbit hopping around and later made attempts to draw it, thereby creating "Nijntje" ("Miffy" in English), the word a Dutch child might use as the diminutive for "konijntje", "little rabbit".

Bruna illustrated over 2,000 covers and over 100 posters for the family business, A.W. Bruna & Zoon. But when the Amsterdam company Art Unlimited decided to publish Poster & Postcards following Roby Bellemans traveling international exhibitions with Dutch and other children book illustrators, Dick Bruna approached Roby about this collaboration and decided to let Art Unlimited publish his “Nijntje” cards. His most recognized illustrations were for the Zwarte Beertjes (English: little black bears) series of books, including The Saint, James Bond, Simenon, and Shakespeare. He has said that the Japanese character Hello Kitty was copied from Miffy.

In 2014, Bruna announced his retirement, after which the rights to the Miffy character were not to be sold. In March 2016 he was awarded the Max Velthuijs-prijs.

Bruna died of natural causes in his sleep in Utrecht on 16 February 2017 at the age of 89.

Bibliography (as children's author)

Bruna published 120 children's book titles, the last being Miffy is Naughty in 2017.

Influences
At a young age Bruna started drawing, but was also influenced by artists of other art forms. He drew covers for his school newspaper in Walt Disney style. Later he admired Rembrandt and Van Gogh.

The biggest influence was perhaps Matisse. Dick Bruna's first works were based on collages by the French painter. Bruna has also been noted to have been influenced by the Dutch graphic design movement, De Stijl, in particular the work of architect Gerrit Rietveld.

title: Dick Bruna