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NS32000

The NS32000, sometimes known as the 32k, is a series of microprocessors produced by National Semiconductor. The first member of the family came to market in 1982, briefly known as the 16032 before becoming the 32016. It was the first general-purpose microprocessor on the market that used 32-bit data internally: the Motorola 68000 had 32-bit registers and instructions to perform 32-bit arithmetic, but used a 16-bit ALU for arithmetic operations on data, and thus took twice as long to perform those arithmetic operations. However, the 32016 contained many bugs and often could not be run at its rated speed. These problems, and the presence of the otherwise similar 68000 which had been available since 1980, led to little use in the market.

Several improved versions followed, including 1985's 32032 which was essentially a bug-fixed 32016 with an external 32-bit data bus. While it offered about 50% better speed than the 32016, it was outperformed by the 32-bit Motorola 68020, released a year prior. The 32532, released in 1987, outperformed the contemporary Motorola 68030 by almost two times, but by this time most interest in microprocessors had turned to RISC platforms and this otherwise excellent design saw almost no use as well.

National was working on further improvements in the 32732, but eventually gave up attempting to compete in the central processing unit (CPU) space. Instead, the basic 32000 architecture was combined with several support systems and relaunched as the Swordfish microcontroller. This had some success in the market before it was replaced by the CompactRISC architecture in mid-1990s.

Design concept

The NS32000 series traces its history to an effort by National Semiconductor to produce a single-chip implementation of the VAX-11 architecture. The VAX is well known for its highly "orthogonal" instruction set architecture (ISA), in which any instruction can be applied to any data. For instance, an  instruction might add the contents of two processor registers, or one register against a value in memory, two values in memory, or use the register as an offset against an address. This flexibility was considered the paragon of design in the era of complex instruction set computers (CISC).

National took DEC to court in California to ensure the legality of the design, but when DEC had the lawsuit moved to Massachusetts, DEC's home state, the lawsuit was dropped and the Series 32000 architecture was developed instead. Although the new instruction set architecture was not VAX-11 compatible, it did retain its highly "orthogonal" design philosophy. That is, every instruction could be used with any type of data. Articles of the time also referred to this as "symmetrical".

The original processor family consisted of the NS16032 CPU and a NS16C032 low-power variant, both having a 16-bit data path and so requiring two machine cycles to load a single 32-bit word. Both could be used with the NS16082 memory management unit, which provided 24-bit virtual memory support for up to 16 MB physical memory. The NS16008 was a cut-down version with an 8-bit external data path and no virtual memory support, which had a reduced pin count and was thus somewhat easier to implement. Early announcements of the family included the NS16016 with a 16-bit data bus, and both the NS16008 and NS16016 were to feature an emulation mode for the Intel 8080 running at four times the speed of that processor.

At the same time, National Semiconductor also announced two future versions, the NS32032 and NS32132. The former was essentially a version of the NS16032 with a 32-bit external data bus, allowing it to read data at twice the rate. This was project to be released in 1984. The NS32132 was a version with a 29-bit internal addresses and 32-bit external, allowing it to address a complete 4 GB of memory. It was to be released in 1985.

All of these could also be used with the NS16081 floating point unit.

Architecture
The processors have 8 general-purpose 32-bit registers, plus a series of special-purpose registers: (Additional system registers not listed).
 * Frame pointer
 * Stack pointer (one each for user and supervisor modes)
 * Static base register, for referencing global variables
 * Link base register for dynamically linked modules (object orientation)
 * Program counter
 * A typical processor status register, with a low-order user byte and a high-order system byte.

The instruction set is very much in the CISC model, with 2-operand instructions, memory-to-memory operations, flexible addressing modes, and variable-length byte-aligned instruction encoding. Addressing modes can involve up to two displacements and two memory indirections per operand as well as scaled indexing, making the longest conceivable instruction 23 bytes. The actual number of instructions is much lower than that of contemporary RISC processors.

Unlike some other processors, autoincrement of the base register is not provided; the only exception is a "top of stack" addressing modes that pop sources and push destinations. Uniquely, the size of the displacement is encoded in its most significant bits: 0, 10 and 11 preceded 7-, 14- and 30-bit signed displacements. (Although the processors are otherwise consistently little-endian, displacements in the instruction stream are stored in big-endian order).

General-purpose operands are specified using a 5-bit field. To this can be added an index byte (specifying the index register and 5-bit base address), and up to 2 variable-length displacements per operand.

32016
The first chip in the series was originally referred to as the 16032, but later renamed 32016 to emphasize its 32-bit internals. This contrasts it with its primary competitor in this space, 1979's Motorola 68000 (68k). The 68k used 32-bit instructions and registers, but its arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which controls much of the overall processing task, was only 16-bit. This meant it had to cycle 32-bit data through the ALU twice to complete an operation. In contrast, the NS32000 has a 32-bit ALU, so that 16-bit and 32-bit instructions take the same time to complete.

The 32016 first shipped in 1982 in a 46-pin DIP package. It may have been the first 32-bit chip to reach mass production and sale (at least according to National's marketing). In a report in a June 1983 publication, however, it was remarked that National was "promising production quantities this summer" of 16032 parts, having been "shipping sample quantities for several months", with the floating point co-processor sampling "this month". Although a 1982 introduction post-dates the 68k by about two years, the 68k was not yet being widely used in the market and the 32016 generated significant interest. Unfortunately, the early versions were filled with bugs and could rarely be run at their rated speed. By 1984, after two years, the errata list still contained items specifying uncontrollable conditions that would result in the processor coming to a halt, forcing a reset.

The original product roadmap envisaged 6 MHz and 10 MHz parts during 1983 and 12 MHz and 14 MHz parts during 1984. However, press reports in 1984 indicated difficulties in keeping to this roadmap, with it reportedly having taken five months to increase the frequency of the parts from 6 MHz to 8 MHz, and with representatives estimating a further "two, three or five months" to increase the frequency to 10 MHz. Two unspecified chips of the five in the chipset were reported to be the cause of these problems. An early 1985 article about the 32016-based Whitechapel MG-1 workstation noted that the 32081 memory management unit was "suffering from bugs" and had been situated on its own board providing hardware fixes. In 1986, Texas Instruments announced a "fully qualified 10 MHz TI32000 32-bit microprocessor chip set" consisting of the TI32016 CPU and TI32082 memory management unit as 48-pin devices, the TI32201 timing control unit and TI32081 floating-point unit as 24-pin devices, and the TI32202 interrupt control unit as a 40-pin device, with the five-device chipset "priced at $289 in 100-unit quantities".

National changed its design methodology to make it possible to get the part into production and a design system based on the language "Z" was co-developed with the University of Tel-Aviv, close to the "NSC" design centre in Herzliya, Israel. The "Z" language is similar to today's Verilog and VHDL, but has a Pascal-like syntax and is optimized for two-phase clock designs. However, by the times the fruit of these efforts were being felt in the design, numerous 68k machines were already on the market, notably the Apple Macintosh, and the 32016 never saw widespread use.

The 32016 has a 16-bit external data bus, a 24-bit external address bus, and a full 32-bit instruction set. It also includes a coprocessor interface, allowing coprocessors such as FPUs and MMUs to be attached as peers to the main processor. The MMU is based on demand paging Virtual Memory, which is the most unusual feature compared to the segmented memory approach used by the competition, and has become the standard for how microprocessors are designed today. The architecture supports an instruction restart mechanism on a page fault, which is much cleaner than the Motorola approach to dump the internal status on a page fault, which has to be read back, before the instruction is continued.

While often compared to the 68k's instruction set, this was rejected by NSC employees; one of the key marketing phrases of the time was "Elegance is Everything", comparing the highly orthogonal Series 32000 to the "kludge". One key difference is Motorola's use of address registers and data registers, with instructions only working on either address or data registers. The Series 32000 has general-purpose registers, described as "address-data" registers in technical documentation.

32032

The 32032 was introduced in 1984. It is almost completely compatible with the 32016, but features a 32-bit data bus (although keeping the 24-bit address bus) for somewhat faster performance, described as "minicomputer performance" comparable with that of a VAX-11 system. There was also a 32008, a 32016 with a data bus cut down to 8-bits wide for low-cost applications. It is philosophically similar to the MC68008, and equally unpopular.

National also produced a series of related support chips like the NS32081 Floating Point Unit (FPU), NS32082 Memory Management Units (MMUs), NS32203 Direct Memory Access (DMA) and NS32202 Interrupt Controllers. With the full set plus memory chips and peripherals, it was feasible to build a 32-bit computer system capable of supporting modern multi-tasking operating systems, something that had previously been possible only on expensive minicomputers and mainframes.

32332, 32532
In 1985, National Semi introduced the NS32332, a much-improved version of the 32032. From the datasheet, the enhancements include "the addition of new dedicated addressing hardware (consisting of a high speed ALU, a barrel shifter and an address register), a very efficient increased (20 bytes) instruction prefetch queue, a new system/memory bus interface/protocol, increased efficiency slave processor protocol and finally enhancements of microcode." There was also a new NS32382 MMU, NS32381 FPU and the (very rare) NS32310 interface to a Weitek FPA. The aggregate performance boost of the NS32332 from these enhancements only made it 50 percent faster than the original NS32032, and therefore less than that of the main competitor, the MC68020.

National Semi introduced the NS32532 in early 1987. Running at 20-, 25- & 30-MHz, it was a complete redesign of the internal implementation with a five-stage pipeline, an integrated Cache/MMU and improved memory performance, making it about twice as performant as the competing MC68030 and i80386. At this stage RISC architectures were starting to make inroads, and the main competitors became the now equally dead AM29000 and MC88000, which was considered faster than the NS32532. For floating-point, the NS32532 used the existing NS32381 or the NS32580 interface to a Weitek FPA. The NS32532 was the basis of the PC532, a "public domain" hardware project, and one of the few to produce a useful machine running a real operating system (in this case, Minix or NetBSD).

The semi-mythical NS32732 (sometimes called NS32764), envisioned as the high-performance successor to the NS32532, never came to the market.

Swordfish
A derivative of the NS32732 called Swordfish was aimed at embedded systems and arrived in about 1990. Swordfish has an integrated floating point unit, timers, DMA controllers and other peripherals not normally available in microprocessors. It has a 64-bit data bus and is internally overclocked from 25 to 50 MHz. The chief architect of the Swordfish is Donald Alpert, who went on to manage the architectural team designing the Pentium. The Pentium internal microarchitecture is similar to the preceding Swordfish.

The focus of Swordfish was high-end Postscript laser printers, and performance was exceptional at the time. Competing solutions could render about one new page per minute, but the Swordfish demo unit would print out sixteen pages per minute, limited only by the laser-engine mechanics. On each page it would print out how much time it was idling, waiting for the engine to complete.

The Swordfish die is huge, and it was eventually decided to drop the project altogether, and the product never went into production. The lessons from the Swordfish were used for the CompactRISC designs. In the beginning, there were both a CompactRISC-32 and a CompactRISC-16, designed using "Z". National never brought a chip to the market with the CompactRISC-32 core. National's Research department worked with the University of Michigan to develop the first synthesizable Verilog Model, and Verilog was used from the CR16C and onwards.

Others
Versions of the older NS32000 line for low-cost products such as the NS32CG16, NS32CG160, NS32FV16, NS32FX161, NS32FX164 and the NS32AM160/1/3, all based on the NS302CG16 were introduced from 1987 and onwards. These processors had some success in the laser printer and fax market, despite intense competition from AMD and Intel RISC chips. Especially the NS32CG16 should be noted. The key difference between this and the NS32C016 is the integration of the expensive TCU (Timing Control Unit) which generates the needed two-phase clock from a crystal, and the removal of the floating point coprocessor support, which freed up microcode space for the useful BitBLT instruction set, which significantly improves the performance in laser printer operations, making this 60,000 transistor chip faster than the 200,000 transistor MC68020. The NS32CG160 is the CG16 with timers and DMA peripherals, while the NS32FV/FX16x chips have extra DSP functionality on top of the CG16 BitBLT core for the Fax/Answering Machine market. They are complemented by the NS32532 based NS32GX32 later. Unlike the previous chips, there was no extra hardware. The NS32GX32 is the NS32532 without the MMU sold at an attractive price for embedded system. In the beginning, this was just a remarked chip. It is unclear if the chip was redesigned for lower-cost production.

Datasheets exist for an NS32132, apparently designed for multiprocessor systems. This is the NS32032 extended with an arbiter. The bus usage of the NS32032 is about 50 percent, owing to its very compact instruction set, or its very slow pipeline as competitors would phrase it. Indeed, one suggested application of the NS32032 was as part of a "fault-tolerant transaction system" employing "two 32032s in parallel and comparing results on alternate memory cycles to detect soft errors". The NS32132 chip allows a pair of CPUs to be connected to the same memory system, without much change of the PCB. Prototype systems were built by Diab Data AB in Sweden, but did not perform as well as the single-CPU MC68020 system designed by the same company.

Machines using the NS32000 series

 * Acorn Cambridge Workstation – NS32016 (with 6502-based BBC Micro host)
 * BBC Micro 32016 Second Processor - a separate expansion for the BBC Micro providing the NS32016 capabilities from the Acorn Cambridge Workstation
 * Canon LBP-8 Mark III Laser Printer – NS32CG16
 * CompuPro 32016 – NS32016 S-100 Card
 * Encore Multimax – NS32032, NS32332 and NS32532 Multiprocessor
 * E-mu Systems Emax – NS32008
 * E-mu Systems Emulator III – NS32016
 * ETH Zürich Ceres workstation – NS32032
 * ETH Zürich Ceres-2 workstation – NS32532
 * ETH Zürich Ceres-3 workstation – NS32GX32
 * General Robotics Corp. Python – NS32032 & N32016 Q-Bus card
 * Heurikon VME532 – NS32532 VME Card (with cache)
 * IBM RT PC – Some early models used the NS32081 FPU as a coprocessor for the IBM ROMP microprocessor
 * Intermec (previously A-Tech and then UBI) Label Printer – NS32CG16
 * Labtam Unix System NS32032 and NS32332 CPUs
 * Lauterbach Incircuit Emulator ICE (System Controller 32-bit, first version in 1996, max 16 MB ZIP20-RAM, Z180 to serve Ethernet)
 * National Semiconductor ICM-3216 – NS32016
 * National Semiconductor ICM-332-1 – NS32332 w/ NS32016 I/O processor
 * National Semiconductor SYS32/20 – NS32016 PC add-on board w/ Unix
 * Opus Systems Opus516 Personal Mainframe – NS32016 PC Add-On Board
 * Opus Systems Opus532.32 Personal Mainframe – NS32032 PC Add-On Board
 * PC532 – NS32532
 * Sequent Balance – NS32016, NS32032 and NS32332 multiprocessor
 * Siemens PC-MX2 – NS32016
 * Siemens MX300-05/-10/-15/-30 – NS32332 (−05/-10) or NS32532 (−15/-30) under SINIX (MX300-55 and later use i486)
 * Siemens MX500-75/-85 – NS32532 (2-8x CPUs; Sequent Boards / MX500-90 uses 2-12x i486)
 * Symmetric Computer Systems S/375 – NS32016, used to cross-develop 386BSD
 * Syte Information Technology Model 300 – NS32032-based Unix graphics workstation, several such "multiple tightly coupled microcomputers organized in a mainframe architecture" comprising the Syte Series 3000 "micro-mainframe" running the Global Environment Manager to manage multiple virtual environments on each processor node, with Syte eventually failing before initial product shipments
 * Tektronix 6130 and 6250 Workstation – NS32016 and NS32032
 * Tolerant Systems Eternity Series – NS32032 w/ NS32016 I/O processor
 * Trinity College Workstation – NS32332
 * Teklogix 9020 network controller – NS32332
 * Teklogix 9200 network controller – NS32CG160
 * Whitechapel MG-1 – NS32016
 * Whitechapel MG200 – NS32332

Legacy
In June 2015, Udo Möller released a complete Verilog implementation of an NS32000 processor on OpenCores. Fully software-compatible with an NS32532 CPU with N32381 FPU, it is significantly faster when implemented on an FPGA, both operating at a higher clock rate and using fewer cycles per instruction.

title: NS32000


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1521

1521 (MDXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1521st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 521st year of the 2nd millennium, the 21st year of the 16th century, and the 2nd year of the 1520s decade.

January–June

 * January 3 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther, in the papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.
 * January 22 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, opens the Diet of Worms in Worms, Germany.
 * January 27 – Suleiman the Magnificent suppresses a revolt by the ruler of Damascus, Janbirdi al-Ghazali.
 * February 2 – The Nydala Abbey Bloodbath takes place at Nydala Abbey, Sweden; the abbot and many monks are murdered by Danes.
 * March 6
 * Ferdinand Magellan makes the first European contact with Guam, most likely landing in Tumon.
 * Martin Luther is summoned to appear before the Diet of Worms.
 * March 16 – Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines, in eastern Samar.
 * March 31 – The First Mass in the Philippines is held.
 * April or May – Battle of Tunmen in Tuen Mun (present-day Hong Kong): The Ming Dynasty navy defeats the Portuguese navy (arguably the first Sino-European battle in world history).
 * April 7
 * Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.
 * Martin Luther preaches an inflammatory sermon to students at Erfurt, while on his way to Worms.
 * April 16–18 – Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the Diet of Worms, where he refuses to recant his writings and allegedly proclaims, "Here I stand", regarding his belief in the Bible alone, as the standard of Christian doctrine.
 * April 23 – Revolt of the Comuneros – Battle of Villalar: Castilian royalists defeat the rebels. Juan López de Padilla, Francisco Maldonado, and Juan Bravo are executed the following day as the leaders of the rebels.
 * April 26 – Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for around a year – he is rumored to be murdered, but is actually in hiding at the Wartburg castle.
 * April 27 – Battle of Mactan: Ferdinand Magellan is killed in the Philippines.
 * May – The Italian War of 1521–1526 breaks out between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France.
 * May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason in Tower Hill.
 * May 20 – Battle of Pampeluna: Allied French-Navarrese forces defeat the Spanish.
 * May 25 – The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw and banning his literature.
 * May 27 – Jiajing Emperor ascends the throne of the Ming dynasty.
 * June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent begins the siege of Belgrade.
 * June 29 or 30 – The oldest surviving dateable document written primarily in the Romanian language: Neacșu's letter, written by a trader from Câmpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Brașov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania; the script used is Romanian Cyrillic.
 * June 30 – Battle of Esquiroz: French forces under André de Foix, fighting for the exiled King of Navarre Henri d'Albret, are defeated by the Spanish, and forced to abandon their attempt to recover Henri's kingdom.

July–December

 * July – Pfaffensturm: Students rebel against priests in Erfurt.
 * July 15 — San Juan Bautista is founded as the new capital of the archipelago of Puerto Rico.
 * August 13 – Fall of Tenochtitlan: Cuauhtémoc surrenders to Cortés, thus incorporating the Aztec Empire into the Spanish Empire and ending the Late Postclassic period in Mesoamerica.
 * August 29 – Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman army of Suleiman the Magnificent.
 * October 25 – Revolt of the Comuneros is crushed.
 * November 23 – Spanish–German–Papal forces under Prospero Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.
 * December 27 – The Zwickau prophets arrive in Wittenberg, disturbing the peace and spreading the idea of rejecting infant baptism.

Date unknown

 * Jacopo Berengario da Carpi publishes Commentaria cum amplissimus additionibus super anatomiam Mundini in Bologna, including observation of the vermiform appendix.
 * The Grand Duchy of Ryazan is annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

Births

 * March 21 – Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1553)
 * April 5 – Francesco Laparelli, Italian architect (d. 1570)
 * April 14 – Johann Marbach, German theologian (d. 1581)
 * April 18 – François de Coligny d'Andelot, French general (d. 1569)
 * May 8 – Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit (d. 1597)
 * May 10 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, (d. 1553)
 * June 8 – Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu, daughter of King Manuel I (d. 1577)
 * June 21 – John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev (d. 1580)
 * August 4 – Pope Urban VII (d. 1590)
 * August 19 – Lodovico Guicciardini, Italian historian (d. 1589)
 * October 1 – Frederick Magnus I, Count of Solms-Laubach, (d. 1561)
 * November 21 – Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield, English baron (d. 1549)
 * November 29 – Marcantonio Maffei, Italian Catholic archbishop and cardinal (d. 1583)
 * December 1 – Takeda Shingen, Japanese warlord (d. 1573)
 * December 13 – Pope Sixtus V (d. 1590)
 * date unknown
 * Anne Askew, English Protestant martyr (d. 1546)
 * John Aylmer, English divine (d. 1594)
 * Sue Harukata, Japanese retainer and later daimyō under Ōuchi Yoshitaka (d. 1555)
 * Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (d. 1565)
 * Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer (d. 1603)
 * Rokkaku Yoshikata, Japanese daimyō (d. 1598)
 * Thomas Wyatt the Younger, English rebel (d. 1554)
 * possible
 * Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Cardinal William de Croÿ (b. 1497)
 * January 15 – John II, Duke of Cleves (b. 1458)
 * April 20 – Zhengde Emperor of China (b. 1491)
 * April 24 – Spanish rebels (executed)
 * Juan López de Padilla
 * Juan Bravo
 * Francisco Maldonado
 * April 27 – Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer (b. 1480)
 * April 28 – Suzanne, Duchess of Bourbon (b. 1491)
 * May 10 – Sebastian Brant, German humanist and satirist (b. 1457)
 * May 17 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (executed) (b. 1478)
 * June 15 – Tamás Bakócz, Hungarian Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1442)
 * June 22 – Leonardo Loredan, Doge of Venice (b. 1436)
 * July – Juan Ponce de León, Spanish conquistador (b. 1460)
 * July 9 – Raffaele Riario, Italian cardinal (b. 1461)
 * August 27 – Josquin des Prez, Flemish composer (b. c. 1450)
 * October 7 – Margaret of Anhalt-Köthen, Princess of Anhalt by birth, Duchess consort of Saxony (b. 1494)
 * October 22 – Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (b. 1459)
 * October 24 – Robert Fayrfax, English Renaissance composer (b. 1464)
 * November 2 – Margaret of Lorraine, French Duchess of Alençon, Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1463)
 * December 1 – Pope Leo X (b. 1475)
 * December 13 – King Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1469)
 * December 21 – Domenico Spadafora, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1450)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1521


text:
1500s (decade)

The 1500s ran from January 1, 1500, to December 31, 1509.

title: 1500s (decade)


text:
1510s

The 1510s decade ran from January 1, 1510, to December 31, 1519.

title: 1510s


text:
1560s

The 1560s decade ran from January 1, 1560, to December 31, 1569.

title: 1560s


text:
1565

Year 1565 (MDLXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 3 – In the Tsardom of Russia, Ivan the Terrible originates the oprichnina (repression of the boyars (aristocrats)).
 * January 23 – Battle of Talikota: The Vijayanagara Empire, the last Hindu kingdom in South India, is greatly weakened by the Deccan sultanates.
 * February 13 – Spanish Conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi lands with his troops on the shores of Cebu Island in the Philippines.
 * March 1 – The city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is founded as São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro by Estácio de Sá.
 * March 16 – Spanish Conquistador López de Legazpi makes a blood compact (sandugan) with Datu Sikatuna in the island of Bohol, Philippines.

April–June

 * April 27 – Cebu City is established as San Miguel by López de Legazpi, becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
 * May 2 – Huntingdon Grammar School is established in England.
 * May 18 – Ottoman troops land on the island of Malta, beginning the Great Siege of Malta.
 * June 4 – The Treaty of Cebu is signed between Miguel López de Legazpi, representing Philip II of Spain, and Rajah Tupas of Cebu. This effectively creates Spanish suzerainty over Cebu.
 * June 17 – (19th day of 5th month, Eiroku 8); In Japan, Ashikaga Yoshiteru, the Ashikaga shogun, commits ritual suicide after Matsunaga Hisahide invades Kyoto.

July–September

 * July 29 – The widowed Mary, Queen of Scots, marries her half-cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, in a Catholic ceremony.
 * August 6 – Sark, in the Channel Islands, is granted as a fief by Elizabeth I of England to Hellier de Carteret, Seigneur of Saint Ouen.
 * August 26 – The Chaseabout Raid begins in Scotland as a rebellion against Mary, Queen of Scots by her half-brother, by James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, following her July 29 marriage to Lord Darnley.
 * August 28 (feast day of St. Augustine) – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés first sights land in Florida.
 * August 31 – Chaseabout Raid: Moray and at least 1,000 of his rebels arrive in Edinburgh for a confrontation with the Scottish crown. After cannon fire from Edinburgh Castle, the rebels retreat toward England to seek help. The rebellion is ended by the end of September.
 * September 4 – The Spanish fleet of Pedro Menéndez de Avilés lands in Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault. He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline.
 * September 8 – St. Augustine, Florida (named after Augustine of Hippo), is established by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, becoming the oldest surviving European settlement in the modern-day United States, and a mass of Thanksgiving is said.
 * September 11 – The Knights of Malta lift the Great Siege of Malta after four months.

October–December

 * October 11 – Ottavio Gentile Oderico is elected to a two-year term as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa.
 * October 18 – Battle of Fukuda Bay: Ships belonging to the Matsura clan of Japan fail to capture a Portuguese trading carrack, in the first recorded naval battle between Japan and a European nation.
 * October 20 – In the Northern Seven Years' War, the Battle of Axtorna is fought in Sweden, near Falkenberg, as Daniel Rantzau of the Army of Denmark and Norway leads 7,400 troops in defeating a counterattack by over 11,000 Swedish troops led by Jacob Henriksson Hästesko.
 * October – The first Martello tower, the Tour de Mortella, designed by Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino (el Fratin), is completed as part of the Genovese defence system at Mortella (Myrtle) Point, in Upper Corsica.
 * November 25 – The army of Burma, under the command of King Bayinnaung conquers Chiang Mai, capital of the Siamese Kingdom of Lan Na, and departs on November 30.
 * December 31 – The Burmese Army conquers Vientiane, the main city of the kingdom of Lan Xang (now Laos).
 * December – The Mariovo and Prilep rebellion occurs, the very first recorded rebellion by the Macedonian hajduks or voivode against the Ottoman Empire.

Date unknown

 * The pencil is first documented by Conrad Gesner; it is becoming common in England.
 * John Beddoes School is founded at Presteigne, Wales.
 * Herlufsholm School is founded at Næstved, Denmark.
 * Bungay Grammar School is established in England.

Births

 * January 17 – Mariana Navarro de Guevarra Romero, Spanish Roman Catholic nun, member of the Mercedarian Tertiaries (d. 1624)
 * February 13 – Willem Baudartius, Dutch theologian (d. 1640)
 * March 23 – Eilhard Lubinus, German theologian (d. 1621)
 * April 2 – Cornelis de Houtman, Dutch explorer (d. 1599)
 * April 3 – Anna III, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1601)
 * May 15 – Hendrick de Keyser, Dutch sculptor and architect born in Utrecht (d. 1621)
 * June 2 – Francisco Ribalta, Spanish painter (d. 1628)
 * June 14 – Francis Tanfield, English governor of the South Falkland colony
 * July 6 – Hugh Hamersley, Lord Mayor of London, 1627–1628 (d. 1636)
 * August 5 – Paola Massarenghi, Italian composer (d. unknown)
 * August 9 – Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1627)
 * August 16 – Christina, Grand Duchess of Tuscany (d. 1637)
 * August 20 – Margaretha van Valckenburch, Dutch shipowner, only female member of the VOC (d. 1650)
 * August 29 – Agostino Ciampelli, Italian painter (d. 1630)
 * September 17 – Edward Fortunatus, German nobleman (d. 1600)
 * September 28 – Alessandro Tassoni, Italian poet and writer (d. 1635)
 * October 6 – Marie de Gournay, French writer (d. 1645)
 * October 12 – Ippolito Galantini, Italian founder of the Congregation of Christian Doctrine of Florence (d. 1619)
 * October 22 – Benedikt Carpzov the elder, German legal scholar (d. 1624)
 * November 10
 * Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, English nobleman and politician (d. 1601)
 * Laurentius Paulinus Gothus, Swedish theologian and astronomer (d. 1646)
 * November 14 – Petrus Bertius, Flemish theologian and scientist (d. 1629)
 * December 2 – Toby Caulfeild, 1st Baron Caulfeild, Northern Irish politician (d. 1627)
 * date unknown
 * Reza Abbasi, Persian painter and calligrapher (d. 1635)
 * Gregor Aichinger, German composer (d. 1628)
 * John Davies of Hereford, Welsh poet (d. 1618)
 * Camillo Graffico, Italian engraver (d. 1615)
 * George Kirbye, English composer (d. 1634)
 * Francis Meres, English churchman and author (d. 1647)
 * María Pita, Spanish heroine (d. 1643)
 * John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. Andrews (d. 1639)
 * Edmund Whitelocke, English soldier and courtier (d. 1608)
 * probable
 * Duarte Lobo, Portuguese composer (d. 1646)

Deaths

 * January 19 – Diego Laynez, Spanish Jesuit theologian (b. 1512)
 * January 28 – Francisco Cesi, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1500)
 * February 28 – John, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels and Count of Glatz (b. 1509)
 * March 17 – Alexander Ales, Scottish theologian (b. 1500)
 * c. March – Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist (b. c. 1510)
 * April 2 – Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton, English noble (b. 1526)
 * April 27 – Osanna of Cattaro, Dominican visionary and anchoress (b. 1493)
 * May 14 – Nicolaus von Amsdorf, German Protestant reformer (b. 1483)
 * May 5 – Queen Munjeong, Korean queen (b. 1501)
 * May 28 – Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (b. 1515)
 * June 12 – Adrianus Turnebus, French classical scholar (b. 1512)
 * June 17 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shogun (b. 1536)
 * June 19 – Wolfgang Lazius, Austrian historian (b. 1514)
 * June 23 – Turgut Reis, Ottoman naval commander (b. 1485)
 * July 18 – Kat Ashley, governess of Elizabeth I of England
 * August – Jacques Buus, Flemish composer and organist (b. 1500)
 * August 29 – Alfonso Carafa, Italian cardinal (b. 1540)
 * June 25 – Herluf Trolle, Danish Admiral of the Fleet and co-founder of Herlufsholm School (b. 1516)
 * September 13 – William Farel, French evangelist (b. 1489)
 * September 11–20 – Cipriano de Rore, Flemish composer and teacher (b. 1515)
 * October 4 – Pier Paolo Vergerio, Italian reformer (b. 1498)
 * October 5 – Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (b. 1522)
 * October 7 – Johannes Mathesius, German theologian (b. 1504)
 * October 12 – Jean Ribault, French explorer and colonizer (b. 1520)
 * October 14 – Thomas Chaloner, English statesman and poet (b. 1521)
 * October 21 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (b. 1538)
 * October 22 – Jean, Vicomte d'Aguisy Grolier de Servieres, French bibliophile (b. 1479)
 * October 29 – Ranuccio Farnese, Italian prelate (b. 1530)
 * November 2 – Mechthild of Bavaria, German duchess (b. 1532)
 * November 25 – Hu Zongxian, Chinese general (b. 1512)
 * December 9 – Pope Pius IV (b. 1499)
 * December 12 – Johan Rantzau, German general (b. 1492)
 * December 13 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (b. 1516)
 * date unknown
 * Antonio Bernieri, Italian painter of the Renaissance period (b. 1516)
 * Yadegar Mokhammad of Kazan, last khan of Kazan Khanate
 * Paweł Tarło, canon of Kraków, Poland

title: 1565


text:
1767

January–March

 * January 1 – The first annual volume of The Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris, produced by British Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, gives navigators the means to find longitude at sea, using tables of lunar distance.
 * January 9 – William Tryon, governor of the Royal Colony of North Carolina, signs a contract with architect John Hawks to build Tryon Palace, a lavish Georgian style governor's mansion on the New Bern waterfront.
 * February 16 – On orders from head of state Pasquale Paoli of the newly independent Republic of Corsica, a contingent of about 200 Corsican soldiers begins an invasion of the small island of Capraia off of the coast of northern Italy and territory of the Republic of Genoa. By May 31, the island is conquered as its defenders surrender.
 * February 19 – The Earl of Shelburne, British Secretary of State for the Southern Department (which has jurisdiction over Britain's American colonies) fires the unpopular Governor of West Florida, George Johnstone, and summons him back to London.
 * February 27 – King Carlos III of Spain issues a decree expelling the Jesuits from the dominions of the Spanish Empire worldwide.
 * March 13 – British Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, having already pushed through the unpopular Townshend Acts to recoup war expenses from Britain's American colonies, presents a comprehensive plan for more taxes in a closed door session of the House of Commons, with most proposals passed within a month.
 * March 14 – Antonio de Ulloa, the Colonial Governor of Spanish Louisiana (Luisiana), dispatches Captain Francisco Ríu y Morales up the Mississippi River to establish two forts, one at San Luis (now St. Louis, Missouri) and to set up a colony for displaced French-speaking Acadians and protect shipping on the river.
 * March 24 – Spain acquires control of what are now called the Falkland Islands from France, compensating French Admiral Louis Antoine de Bougainville for the money spent on the construction of the settlement at Fort Saint Louis. The islands, named les Îles Malouines by the French, are renamed las Islas Malvinas by the Spanish, and Fort Saint Louis is renamed as Puerto Soledad. In 1816, Argentina declares independence from Spain and takes the Malvinas; and in 1833, Britain's Royal Navy captures the islands from the Argentines and renames them the Falklands, and renames Puerto Soledad as Port Louis.
 * March 31 – Enforcement begins of the February 27 decree by King Carlos III of Spain, ordering the suppression of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) in the colonies in Spanish America. Over the next few months approximately 2,200 Jesuit priests and missionaries are deported.

April–June

 * April 2 – Suppression of the Jesuits begins, in the Spanish Empire and Kingdom of Naples.
 * April 7 – Troops of the Burmese Konbaung dynasty sack the Siamese city of Ayutthaya, ending the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–67) after 15 months, and bringing the four-century-old Ayutthaya Kingdom to an end. King Ekkathat is found dead inside the city walls on April 9.
 * May 3 – A fleet of ships from the Republic of Genoa arrives at Capraia and sends 150 men ashore to drive out the Corsicans, but the outnumbered Genoese marines are "quickly cut to pieces".
 * May 10 – Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, acting on behalf of Great Britain, meets with representatives of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy at German Flatts, New York, opening negotiations on the boundary between the New York colony and the Native Americans, eventually concluded by the Treaty of Fort Stanwix.
 * May 16 – Ahmed al-Ghazzal, the emissary from Sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah of Morocco to the Spanish Empire, makes a triumphant return to Marrakesh with almost 300 Muslims who had been held captive in Spain, as well as sacred Islamic manuscripts that had been seized by the Spanish in 1612. The negotiation of the release had started with al-Ghazzal's meeting with Spain's King Carlos III on August 21, 1766.
 * May 31 – The Genoese island of Capraia is conquered by the Corsican Army after a ten-week campaign.
 * June 17 – British Royal Navy Captain Samuel Wallis becomes the first European to visit the island of Tahiti in the Pacific Ocean, during HMS Dolphin's second circumnavigation; he also sights Mehetia.

July–September

 * July 3
 * Pitcairn Island in the Pacific Ocean is sighted from HMS Swallow, by 15-year-old Midshipman Robert Pitcairn, on a British Royal Navy expeditionary voyage commanded by Philip Carteret, the first definite European sighting.
 * Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, is first published.
 * August 26 – Construction begins on Tryon Palace in New Bern, North Carolina. The construction proves more expensive than initially expected, leading the government to increase local taxes. This stirs resentment among some North Carolinians, and helps prolong the War of the Regulation.
 * September 29 – The Spanish Empire's Governorate of the Río de la Plata and Governorate of Paraguay begin the process of expulsion of the 456 members of the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) from southern South America, placing them on five ships bound for Spain.

October –December

 * October 7 – Frederick North, Lord North becomes the new British Chancellor of the Exchequer after the sudden death of Charles Townshend.
 * October 9 – Surveying of the "Mason–Dixon line", which will later become the traditional division between the northern and southern states of the United States, is completed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon after four years, initially to settle a boundary dispute between the colonies of Delaware, Pennsylvania and Maryland. The survey party is halted at Dunkard Creek when a chief of the Mohawk Indians tells them that they are in Native American territory and that the Mohawks guiding the property "would not proceed one step further Westward"; the line, slightly west the 80th meridian west, is now part of the boundary between Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
 * October 12 – At the Foundling Hospital in London, Dr. William Watson becomes the first physician to conduct a controlled clinical trial, selecting 32 boys and girls of similar age who have not yet had smallpox. He divides them into three groups in order to test treatments before inoculation for smallpox, with one group receiving a mixture of mercury and jalap, another senna glycoside, and the third getting no pre-treatment at all.
 * October 17 – Šćepan Mali, nicknamed "Stephen the Little", is selected as the legislature at Podgorica to be the Tsar of Montenegro, representing "a short but an important break in the succession of the Petrovic dynasty".
 * October 24 – In France, several anti-Jewish regulations in place since October 12, 1661, are repealed by the King's Council that advises Louis XV of France. While Jewish merchants are still prohibited from owning their own retail stores, they are allowed to sell merchandise on credit to gentile merchants at legal interest rates, to legally enforce debts, and to sell jewelry.
 * October 28 – A boycott, of 38 types of goods imported from England, is resolved by Boston merchants meeting at Faneuil Hall as a response to the taxes imposed by Great Britain, and one of the first "Buy American" campaigns is started in order to encourage the purchase of items manufactured and produced in the 13 colonies. Copies of the agreement, to be signed by participating merchants, are circulated beyond the Province of Massachusetts Bay to other colonial provinces in New England.
 * November 1 – Scottish-born American merchant and shipowner Andrew Sprowle of Portsmouth, Virginia, establishes the Gosport Shipyard on the western shore of the Elizabeth River in the Virginia Colony, on the site of what will eventually become the Norfolk Naval Shipyard.
 * November 3 – King Ferdinand IV of the Spanish dominated Kingdom of Naples follows Spain's lead and orders the expulsion of the Jesuits from Naples and has them marched northward to the Neapolitan border with the Papal States.
 * November 4 – Francisco de Paula Bucareli, the Governor of Buenos Aires (at the time, a province within the Spanish Empire's Viceroyalty of Peru), hosts the caciques who are the Guarani chiefs of the 30 mission towns established by Jesuit missionaries, in an effort to gain Guarani peoples' support in the expulsion of the Jesuits.
 * November 9 – At the new King's College medical school in New York City (later the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons), Dr. John Jones gives the first lecture by a surgical professor in North America.
 * November 14 – The Timucua Indian tribe, native to central Florida, becomes extinct with the death of the last speaker of the Timucuan language, Juan Alonso Cabale. Eight years earlier, the last 95 surviving Timucuan people had been forcibly relocated by the Spanish colonial government to Guanabacoa, a township in western Cuba.
 * November 19 – Under the coercion of Russian occupation armies, the legislature of Poland follows the wishes of Russian Minister Nicholas Repnin and agrees to allow the kingdom to become a Russian protectorate.
 * November 20 – The new American Colonies Act 1766, commonly called the "Declaratory Act", goes into effect, virtually providing for Great Britain's Parliament to govern lawmaking in 13 colonies and exacerbating tensions there.
 * November 27 – Oconostota and Attakullakulla, Chiefs of the Cherokee people in the Carolinas, depart from Charleston, South Carolina on a ship voyage to New York City, where they are welcomed by British colonial officials as a prelude to negotiations with Britain's Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Sir William Johnson.
 * November 29 – The Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria, in her capacity as Queen of Hungary, issues an edict against the Romani people (commonly called the gypsies), prohibiting them from marrying and calling for gypsy children to be taken away by the government so that they can be brought up by Christian families, a proclamation that "produced little or no effect in comparison with the trouble involved".
 * December 2 – Future Pennsylvania chief executive John Dickinson begins publishing his revolutionary "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in the Pennsylvania Chronicle.
 * December 28 – Phraya Taksin, a minor provincial official in Siam (now Thailand), crowns himself as King of Siam, establishing the Siamese Thonburi Kingdom, taking the regnal name of Borommaracha IV and begins a 14-year reign of liberation and conquest; historically, he is known as "Taksin the Great".
 * December 29 – Oconostota and Attakullakulla arrive at Johnstown, New York where they, along with leaders of the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (the Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora tribal nations) meet with Sir William Johnson to begin peace negotiations with the British Empire.

Births

 * January 8 – Jean-Baptiste Say, French economist, originator of Say's law (d. 1832)
 * February 2 – Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link, German naturalist, botanist (d. 1851)
 * March 15 – Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States (d. 1845)
 * March 25 – Joachim Murat, French marshal, King of Naples (d. 1815)
 * April 21 – Elisabeth of Württemberg, Archduchess of Austria (d. 1790)
 * April 25 – Nicolas Oudinot, French marshal (d. 1847)
 * May 4 – Tyagaraja, Indian Carnatic music composer (d. 1847)
 * May 12 – Manuel Godoy, Spanish statesman (d. 1851)
 * May 13 – John VI of Portugal, King of Portugal (d. 1826)
 * May 15 – Ezekiel Hart, Canadian entrepreneur, politician (d. 1843)
 * June 24 – Jean-Baptiste Benoît Eyriès, French geographer, author and translator (d. 1846)
 * July 4 – Kyokutei Bakin, Japanese author (d. 1848)
 * July 11 – John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States, son of John Adams and Abigail Adams (d. 1848)
 * July 28 – James A. Bayard (elder), U.S. Senator from Delaware (d. 1815)
 * August 24 – Bernhard Meyer, German physician, ornithologist (d. 1836)
 * August 25 – Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, French revolutionary (d.1794)
 * September 20 – José Maurício Nunes Garcia, Brazilian composer (d. 1830)
 * October 25 – Benjamin Constant, Swiss writer (d. 1830)
 * November 2 – Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, member of the British Royal Family (d. 1820)
 * November 20 – Andreas Hofer, Austrian national hero (d. 1810)
 * December 3 – Antoine Fabre d'Olivet, French writer (d. 1825)
 * date unknown
 * Black Hawk, Sauk Indian Chief, autobiographer (b. Saukenuk village, now Rock Island, Illinois) (d. 1838)
 * Marianna Malińska, Polish ballerina (d. 1797)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Thomas Clap, first president of Yale University (b. 1703)
 * January 22 – Johann Gottlob Lehmann, German mineralogist, geologist (b. 1719)
 * February 15 – Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov, Russian noble, politician (b. 1714)
 * March 7 – Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, French colonizer and Governor of Louisiana (b. 1680)
 * March 13 – Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France (b. 1731) (tuberculosis)
 * April 5 – Princess Charlotte Wilhelmine of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, countess by marriage of Hanau-Münzenberg (b. 1685)
 * April 7 – Franz Sparry, composer (b. 1715)
 * May 26 – Prince Frederick Henry of Prussia (b. 1747) (smallpox)
 * May 28 – Maria Josepha of Bavaria (b. 1739) (smallpox)
 * June 12 – Florida Cevoli, Italian Capuchin Poor Clare and Blessed (b. 1685)
 * June 25 – Georg Philipp Telemann, German composer (b. 1681)
 * July 13 – John Quincy, American Soldier (b. 1689)
 * July 19 – John Carmichael, 3rd Earl of Hyndford (b. 1701)
 * September 4 – Charles Townshend, English politician (b. 1725)
 * October 15 – Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria (b. 1751) (smallpox)
 * October 16 – Burkhard Christoph von Münnich, Russian military leader (b. 1683)
 * October 26 – Harry Pulteney, British politician (b. 1686)
 * November 5 – John Reading (New Jersey governor), Colonial Governor of New Jersey (b. 1686)
 * December 1 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (b. 1710)
 * December 22
 * Jacques Bridaine, French Catholic preacher and missionary (b. 1701)
 * John Newbery, English publisher (b. 1713)
 * December 28 – Emer de Vattel, Swiss philosopher (b. 1714)
 * date unknown
 * Firmin Abauzit, French scientist (b. 1679)
 * Blas María de la Garza Falcón, Spanish settler of Texas (b. 1712)
 * Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon, French mathematician (b. 1724)
 * Ana III of Matamba, African monarch

title: 1767


text:
530s

The 530s decade ran from January 1, 530, to December 31, 539.

Significant people

 * Belisarius

title: 530s


text:
500s (decade)

The 500s decade ran from January 1, 500, to December 31, 509.

title: 500s (decade)


text:
510s

The 510s decade ran from January 1, 510, to December 31, 519.

title: 510s


text:
520s

The 520s decade ran from January 1, 520, to December 31, 529.

Significant people

 * Ahkal Mo' Nahb I, Ajaw (Lord) of Palenque (Mayan Empire)
 * Boethius, philosopher
 * Childebert I, Frankish king, 524-558
 * Clodoald, saint
 * Chlodomer, King of Orleans, 511-524
 * Chlothar I, Frankish King
 * Dionysius Exiguus, inventor of the Anno Domini
 * Godomar, King of Burgundy
 * Guntheuc, Queen of Orleans
 * Justin I, Eastern Roman Emperor, 518-527
 * Kaleb of Axum, King of Ethiopia
 * Sigismund of Burgundy, King of the Burgundians, 516-524
 * Theoderic the Great, King of the Ostrogoths, 475-526

title: 520s


text:
540s

The 540s decade ran from January 1, 540, to December 31, 549.

Significant people

 * Totila
 * Pope Gregory I
 * Abu Quhafa

title: 540s


text:
550s

The 550s decade ran from January 1, 550, to December 31, 559.

title: 550s


text:
560s

The 560s decade ran from January 1, 560, to December 31, 569.

title: 560s


text:
570s

The 570s decade ran from January 1, 570, to December 31, 579.

title: 570s


text:
580s

The 580s decade ran from January 1, 580, to December 31, 589.

Significant people

 * Pope Gregory I
 * Bahrām Chōbin
 * Fredegund
 * Guntram
 * Emperor Wen of Sui
 * Yan Zhitui

title: 580s


text:
590s

The 590s decade ran from January 1, 590, to December 31, 599.

title: 590s


text:
1300

The year 1300 (MCCC) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, the 1300th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 300th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 13th century, and the 1st year of the 1300s. The year 1300 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.

January – March

 * January 6 – In the Middle East, Mahmud Ghazan, designated by the Mongol Empire to be the Ilkhanate ruler of what is now Iran, completes the conquest of Damascus.
 * January 17 – The marriage of Eleanor of Anjou, daughter of King Charles II of Naples, to Philippe II de Toucy is annulled by Pope Boniface VIII because neither husband nor wife is more than 10 years old and their parents had not sought permission from the Pope to approve the marriage. The dissolution cleared the way for Eleanor to marry again, and she would wed Frederick III of Sicily on May 17, 1302, to become Queen Consort of the Italian island kingdom.
 * January 22 – In the Himalayan Mountains kingdom of Nepal, armies from Mithila capture Bhadagon and occupy the area until the ruling house of Tripura withdraws.
 * February 14 – Egyptian monk Yohanna Ben-Ebsal is ordained as the 80th Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church and takes the regnal name Pope John VIII, following the death on January 13 of Theodosia III.
 * February 22 – Pope Boniface VIII begins the practice of Roman pontiffs declaring a Jubilee or "Holy Year" to be observed every 100 years, and issues the papal bull Antiquorum habet fida relatio. Boniface declares that Christians who make a pilgrimage to visit Saint Peter's Basilica will receive a plenary indulgence forgiving them from purgatorial punishment for certain sins. The papal declaration, which also applies to a visit to the Basilica of Saint Paul, results in tens of thousands of people visiting Rome during the Jubilee Year. It is at this celebration that Giovanni Villani decides to write his universal history of Florence, called the Nuova Cronica ("New Chronicles").
 * March 6 – King Edward I of England convenes his 47th meeting of parliament in 25 years at Westminster for a two week session. Before dissolving on March 20, the parliament approves the articuli super cartas, a 20-article amendment to the original Magna Carta.
 * March 22 – Shortly after a failed coup d'état attempt by Marin Bocconio, the Republic of Venice makes major reforms of its Quarantia (from Consiglio dei Quranta or "Council of Forty"), the 40 nobles allowed to elect the Republic's chief executive (the Doge of Venice) and the members of its legislative body, the Mazor Consegio. The change in law requires at least 20 votes by the 40 electors to be added to the Consegio, which had grown to 1,100 members.
 * March – Franco–Flemish War: King Philip IV ("Philip the Fair") begins to invade Flanders again after the expiration of an armistice in January. French forces plunder and devastate the countryside around Ypres. The king's brother, Charles of Valois, marches from Bruges to the outskirts of Ghent. He burns Nevele and twelve other towns. In March, French forces besiege Damme and Ypres.

April – June

 * April 30 – Thomas of Corbridge consecrated by Pope Boniface VIII as Archbishop of York on February 28, is given use by the Pope of the income from all of the possessions of the Roman Catholic Church in the ecclesiastical province of York, covering all of the northern counties of England from Nottingham to the Scottish border.
 * April – Franco–Flemish War: At the end of April, Damme, Aardenburg and Sluis surrender.
 * May 8 – Franco-Flemish War: In Flanders (now part of Belgium), the city of Ghent surrenders. By the time that Ypres surrenders on May 21, all of Flanders has been conquered. By the end of the month, all of Flanders is under French control, and several Flemish nobles (like Guy of Namur) are taken into captivity in France.
 * May 10 – A session of the Parliament of Scotland is held at Rutherglen. Sir Ingram de Umfraville replaces Sir Robert the Bruce as one of the three members of the Guardians of the Kingdom of Scotland, a group of regents who govern Scotland during the "Second Interregnum", a period when King Edward I of England is threatening to annex Scotland. Umfraville joins Baron John Comyn III of Badenoch and Bishop William de Lamberton, but the three step down the following year to make way for a single Guardian, John de Soules. Robert the Bruce later becomes King of Scotland in 1306.
 * May 25 – Rudolf III, the Habsburg Duke of Austria since 1298, marries the eldest daughter of King Philip III of France, Princess Blanche. The couple remain married until her death on March 1, 1305.
 * May – After the destruction of Aleppo and withdrawal of the Mongol Empire troops of Khan Ghazan, the Mamluks return to the Middle East from Egypt.
 * June 15 – In Spain, Diego López V de Haro, Spanish nobleman and Lord of Biscay, founds the city of Bilbao through a municipal charter in Valladolid.
 * June 17 – In Finland, Turku Cathedral is consecrated by Bishop Magnus I at Turku. During his reign, he helps to complete the Christianization in Finland.
 * June 24 – English invasion of Scotland (1300): On Midsummer Day, after crossing the border from England into Scotland, England's King Edward I holds a conference at English-occupied Scottish territory at Roxburgh with his advance force King Edward starts another Scottish campaign and marches north with his army, accompanied by several knights of Brittany and Lorraine. The 16-year-old Prince Edward of Caernarfon is appointed to take command of the rearguard of the English army but part from a small skirmish, he sees no action.
 * June 26 – English invasion of Scotland (1300): The largest part of the English Army marches from Carlisle to renezvous with King Edward I at Caerlaverock Castle. p. 264

July – September

 * July 10 – English invasion of Scotland (1300): King Edward I of England begins a five-day siege of Caerlaverock Castle in Scotland. Enraged by the defending garrison's request for honorable surrender terms, Edward orders the destruction of the castle with battering rams and stone-lobbing trebuchet catapults, then pulls down the walls of the garrison.
 * July 17 – English invasion of Scotland (1300): King Edward I ("Edward Longshanks") and the English Army arrive in Galloway and set up camp on July 19 at Kirkcudbright where they remain for 10 days while laying waste to the surrounding country side. They confront a Scottish army under John Comyn III ("the Red") on the River Cree. During the battle, the Scottish cavalry is again defeated. Edward is unable to pursue the fugitives into the wild country, where they flee and take refuge. John escapes with his life and begins to raid the English countryside in smaller groups.
 * July 18 – Gerard Segarelli, Italian founder of the Apostolic Brethren, is burned at the stake in Parma during a brutal repression of the Apostolics.
 * July 20 – A fleet of 16 ships led by Jacques de Molay (Grand Master of the Knights Templar), Henry II of Cyprus (the last European King of Jerusalem), Amalric of Tyre, and an emissary of the Mongol leader Ghazan departs from the Cyprus port of Famagusta and begins a raid of Muslim-occupied cities in Egypt and Palestine before returning to Cyprus.
 * July 25 – Wenceslaus II, King of Bohemia is crowned King of Poland in a ceremony at Gniezno, near Poznań.
 * August 9 – After crossing the River Dee and reaching Twynholm, King Edward I and his troops receive new provisions from the English Navy and fights a brief skirmish with the Scots.
 * August 27 – Robert Winchelsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, arrives at Sweetheart Abbey in Scotland with the papal envoy Lumbardus, to deliver a letter from Boniface VIII to England's King Edward I ("Edward Longshanks") demanding that Edward withdraw from the Kingdom of Scotland. Edward ignores the letter, but because the campaign is not a success, the English forces begin on their home journey and Edward arranges a truce.
 * September 20 – Italian diplomat Ciolo Bofeti di Anastasio, commonly called "Isol of Pisa", is appointed by Pope Boniface VIII to be the Church's liaison between the European settlements in the Middle East (the Crusader states) and the Mongol Empire, and given the title "Vicar of Syria and the Holy Land for Ghazan the Emperor of the Tartars".
 * September 26 – King Edward I summons the English Parliament to Lincoln. The parliamentary session will last until January 30, 1301.

October – December

 * October 28 – (13 Safar 700 AH) After learning that the Mongol Empire plans to stage a new attack on the Middle East, including what is now the area occupied by Syria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine, the Mamluk Sultan, Nasir ad-Din Muhammad, leads an army from Cairo to confront the invasion.
 * October 30 – At Dumfries, a truce is concluded between England and Scotland after being mediated by France and both sides agree to a cease hostilities until Whitsunday (May 21) of 1301. King Edward then returns to England.
 * November 11 – King Edward I holds a session of the English parliament at York, then remains there until shortly after Christmas.
 * December 30 – (17 Rabi II 700 AH) Mahmud Ghazan, ruler of the Mongol Empire's Ikhanate area in the Middle East, crosses the Euphrates River at Qala'at Jabar (now Raqqa in to invade Syria. Residents of Damascus, Aleppo and other areas of Syria, fearing a repeat of the massacre a few months earlier, flee toward Gaza. Ghazan turns back less than five weeks later because of unusually cold weather (including heavy snow and rain) that kills almost all of his cavalry's 12,000 horses.

Europe

 * Spring – Bohemian forces under Wenceslaus II of the Czech House of Přemyslid, seize Pomerania and Greater Poland (Wielkopolska). The 28-year-old Wenceslaus has ruled Lesser Poland (Małopolska) since 1291, and forced a number of Silesian princes to swear allegiance to him. He is crowned as king and reunites the Polish territories. During his reign, Wenceslaus also introduces a number of laws and reforms, the most important being the creation of a new type of official known as a starosta (or "Elder"), who rules a small territory as the king's direct representative.

North America

 * In "Oasisamerica" in what is now the southwestern United States, the Ancestral Puebloans abandon the Mesa Verde region in the Colorado Plateau.

Births

 * January 21 – Roger Clifford, English nobleman and knight (d. 1322)
 * January 28 – Chūgan Engetsu, Japanese poet and writer (d. 1375)
 * February 1 – Bolko II of Ziębice, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1341)
 * April 4 – Constance of Aragon, Aragonese princess (infanta) (d. 1327)
 * June 1 – Thomas of Brotherton, English nobleman and prince (d. 1338)
 * September 27 – Adolf of the Rhine, German nobleman (d. 1327)
 * October 9 – John de Grey, English nobleman and knight (d. 1359)
 * December 22 – Khutughtu Khan Kusala, Mongol emperor (d. 1329)
 * Charles d'Artois, Neapolitan nobleman, knight and chancellor (d. 1346)
 * Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro, Italian bishop and theologian (d. 1342)
 * Gerard III, Dutch nobleman, knight, bailiff and rebel leader (d. 1358)
 * Guillaume de Harsigny, French doctor and court physician (d. 1393)
 * Guillaume de Machaut, French priest, poet and composer (d. 1377)
 * Immanuel Bonfils, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1377)
 * Jakov of Serres, Serbian scholar, hierarch and translator (d. 1365)
 * Jeanne de Clisson, French noblewoman and privateer (d. 1359)
 * Joanna of Pfirt, German noblewoman (House of Habsburg) (d. 1351)
 * Johannes Tauler, German preacher, mystic and theologian (d. 1361)
 * John III, Dutch nobleman and knight (House of Reginar) (d. 1355)
 * John Sheppey, English administrator, treasurer and bishop (d. 1360)
 * Jordan of Quedlinburg, German preacher, hermit and writer (d. 1380)
 * Richard FitzRalph, Norman-Irish archbishop and theologian (d. 1360)
 * Simon Locard (or Lockhart), Scottish landowner and knight (d. 1371)
 * Thomas Bradwardine, English archbishop and theologian (d. 1349)

Deaths

 * January 14 – Isabella of Lusignan, French noblewoman (b. 1224)
 * February 19 – Munio of Zamora, Spanish friar and bishop (b. 1237)
 * July 18 – Gerard Segarelli, Italian founder of the Apostolic Brethren
 * September 24 – Edmund of Cornwall, English nobleman (b. 1249)
 * September 29 – Juliana FitzGerald, Norman noblewoman (b. 1263)
 * December 12 – Bartolo da San Gimignano, Italian priest (b. 1228)
 * Albert III, German nobleman, knight and co-ruler (House of Ascania)
 * Albertus de Chiavari, Italian priest, Master General and philosopher
 * Berengaria of Castile, Spanish noblewoman and princess (b. 1253)
 * Demetrios Pepagomenos, Byzantine physician, scientist and writer
 * Geoffrey de Mowbray, Scottish nobleman, knight and Chief Justiciar
 * Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet and friend of Dante Alighieri (b. 1250)
 * Güneri of Karaman, Turkish nobleman (bey) (House of Karamanid)
 * Herman VIII, German nobleman and co-ruler (House of Zähringen)
 * Jeanne de Montfort de Chambéon, Swiss noblewoman and regent
 * Kangan Giin, Japanese Buddhist scholar and Zen Master (b. 1217)
 * Thomas de Somerville, Scottish nobleman and rebel leader (b. 1245)
 * Tran Hung Dao, Vietnamese Grand Prince and statesman (b. 1228)
 * William of Nangis, French monk, chronicler and historian (b. 1250)

title: 1300


text:
1845

January–March

 * January 1 – The Philippines began reckoning Asian dates by hopping the International Date Line through skipping Tuesday, December 31, 1844. That time zone shift was a reform made by Governor–General Narciso Claveria on August 16, 1844, in order to align the local calendars in the country with the rest of Asia as trade interests with Imperial China, Dutch East Indies and neighboring countries increased, after Mexico became independent in 1821. The reform also applied to Caroline Islands, Guam, Marianas Islands, Marshall Islands, and Palau as part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines.
 * January 10 – Elizabeth Barrett receives a love letter from the younger poet Robert Browning; on May 20, they meet for the first time in London. She begins writing her Sonnets from the Portuguese.
 * January 23 – The United States Congress establishes a uniform date for federal elections, which will henceforth be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.
 * January 29 – The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is published for the first time, in the New York Evening Mirror.
 * February 1 – Anson Jones, President of the Republic of Texas, signs the charter officially creating Baylor University (the oldest university in the State of Texas operating under its original name).
 * February 7 – In the British Museum, a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase, which takes months to repair.
 * February 28 – The United States Congress approves the annexation of Texas.
 * March 1 – President John Tyler signs a bill authorizing the United States to annex the Republic of Texas.
 * March 3
 * Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state.
 * The United States Congress passes legislation overriding a presidential veto for the first time.
 * March 4 – James K. Polk is sworn in as the 11th President of the United States.
 * March 11 – New Zealand Wars open with the Flagstaff War: Chiefs Kawiti and Hōne Heke lead 700 Maoris in the burning of the British colonial settlement of Kororareka (modern-day Russell, New Zealand).
 * March 13 – The Violin Concerto by Felix Mendelssohn premieres in Leipzig, with Ferdinand David as soloist.
 * March 17 – Stephen Perry patents the rubber band, in the United Kingdom.
 * March 30 – Due to different transition dates to the Gregorian calendar, Finland (then part of the Russian Empire) is the only place in the world to have Easter day on this particular Sunday.

April–June

 * April 7 – An earthquake destroys part of Mexico City, along with the nearby towns of Tlalpan and Xochimilco.
 * April 10 – The Great Fire of Pittsburgh destroys much of the American city of Pittsburgh.
 * April 20 – Ramón Castilla becomes president of Peru.
 * May – Frederick Douglass's autobiographical Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is published by the Boston Anti-Slavery Society.
 * May 2 – Yarmouth suspension bridge in Great Yarmouth, England, collapses leaving around 80 dead, mostly children.
 * May 19 – HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, with 134 men, comprising Sir John Franklin's expedition to find the Northwest Passage, sail from Greenhithe on the Thames. They will last be seen in the summer, entering Baffin Bay.
 * May 25 – A theater fire in Canton, China, kills 1,670.
 * May 30 – Fatel Razack (Fath Al Razack, "Victory of Allah the Provider", Arabic: قتح الرزاق) is the first ship to bring indentured labourers from India to Trinidad and Tobago, landing in the Gulf of Paria with 227 immigrants.
 * June 8 – Former U.S. President Andrew Jackson, 78, dies at The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee).

July–September

 * July 26–August 10 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel's iron steamship Great Britain makes the transatlantic crossing from Liverpool to New York, the first screw propelled vessel to make the passage.
 * July 28 – HMS Terror and HMS Erebus of the Franklin Expedition go missing in the Davis Strait west of Greenland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.
 * August 4 – British emigrant barque Cataraqui is wrecked on King Island (Tasmania) with 400 people killed and only 9 survivors.
 * August 9 – The Aberdeen Act is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, empowering the British Royal Navy to search Brazilian ships, as part of the abolition of the slave trade from Africa.
 * August 19 – Tornado in Montville destroys two large factories, killing 200 people.
 * August 28 – The journal Scientific American begins publication.
 * September 9 – Potato blight breaks out in Ireland, beginning the Great Famine.
 * September 18 – The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata is formally declared.
 * September 25 – The Phi Alpha Literary Society is founded, in Jacksonville, Illinois.

October–December

 * October 9 – The eminent and controversial Anglican, John Henry Newman, is received into the Roman Catholic Church.
 * October 10 – In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opens with fifty midshipmen and seven professors.
 * October 13 – A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approve a proposed constitution that, if accepted by the United States Congress, will make Texas a U.S. state.
 * October 19 – Richard Wagner's opera Tannhäuser debuts at the Dresden Royal Court Theater.
 * October 21 – The New York Herald becomes the first newspaper to mention the game of baseball.
 * November 20 – Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata – Battle of Vuelta de Obligado: The Argentine Confederation is narrowly defeated by an Anglo–French fleet on the waters of the Paraná River, but the victors suffer serious damage to their ships, and Argentina attracts political support in South America.
 * December 2 – Manifest destiny: U.S. President James K. Polk announces to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced, and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.
 * December 11 – First Anglo-Sikh War: Sikh army crosses the Sutlej in the Punjab.
 * December 22–23 – Battle of Ferozeshah (Anglo-Sikh War): East India Company forces are victorious over those of the Sikh Empire.
 * December 27
 * Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time, by Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia.
 * American newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan claims (in connection with the annexation of the Oregon Country) in The United States Magazine and Democratic Review that the United States should be allowed "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions". It is the second time he uses the term manifest destiny (first in connection with the Republic of Texas in July – August), and it will have a huge influence on American imperialism in the following century.
 * December 29 – Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state.
 * December 30 – Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway are incorporated in Ireland.

Date unknown

 * The Republic of Yucatán separates from Mexico for a second time.
 * Ephraim Bee reveals that the Emperor of China has given him a special dispensation: that he has entrusted him with certain sacred and mysterious rituals through Caleb Cushing, the U.S. Commissioner to China, to "extend the work and influence of the Ancient and Honorable Order of E Clampus Vitus" in the New World.
 * Friedrich Engels' treatise The Condition of the Working Class in England is published in Leipzig as Die Lage der arbeitenden Klasse in England.
 * Heinrich Hoffmann publishes a book (Lustige Geschichten und drollige Bilder), introducing his character, Struwwelpeter, in Germany.
 * The Ancient and Accepted Rite for England and Wales and its Districts and Chapters Overseas is founded in Freemasonry.
 * Eugénie Luce founds the Luce Ben Aben School in Algiers.

January–June

 * January 7 – King Ludwig III of Bavaria (d. 1921)
 * January 29 – Pyotr Bezobrazov, Russian admiral (d. 1906)
 * February 2 – Ivan Puluj, Ukrainian physicist, inventor (d. 1918)
 * February 14 – Quintin Hogg, British philanthropist (d. 1903)
 * February 15 – Elihu Root, American statesman, diplomat, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1937)
 * February 25 – Sir George Reid, 4th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1918)
 * March 3 – Georg Cantor, German mathematician (d. 1918)
 * March 4 – Henry Clay Taylor, American admiral (d. 1904)
 * March 10 – Emperor Alexander III of Russia (d. 1894)
 * March 20 – Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey, 18th Governor of New South Wales (d. 1915)
 * March 27 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923)
 * April 4 – František Plesnivý, Austro-Hungarian architect (d. 1918)
 * April 5 – Jules Cambon, French diplomat (d. 1935)
 * April 22 – Carlo Caneva, Italian general (d. 1922)
 * April 24 – Carl Spitteler, Swiss writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1924)
 * May 4 – William Kingdon Clifford, English mathematician, philosopher (d. 1879)
 * May 9 – Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer, inventor (d. 1913)
 * May 12 – Gabriel Fauré, French composer (d. 1924)
 * May 14 – Charles J. Train, American admiral (d. 1906)
 * May 15 – Élie Metchnikoff, Russian microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1916)
 * May 17 – Jacint Verdaguer, Catalan poet (d. 1902)
 * May 25 – Eugène Grasset, Swiss-born artist (d. 1917)
 * May 30 – King Amadeo I of Spain (d. 1890)
 * May 31 – R. E. B. Crompton, British electrical engineer, industrialist and inventor (d. 1940)
 * June 7 – Leopold Auer, Hungarian violinist, composer (d. 1930)
 * June 18 – Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, French physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1922)
 * June 22 – Richard Seddon, 15th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1906)

July–December

 * July 4 – Thomas John Barnardo, Irish philanthropist (d. 1905)
 * July 19 – Horatio Nelson Young, American naval hero (d. 1913)
 * August 9 – André Bessette, Canadian religious leader and saint (d. 1937)
 * August 10 – Abai Qunanbaiuly, Kazakh poet (d. 1904)
 * August 16
 * Gabriel Lippmann, Luxembourger-French physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1921)
 * Jacinta Parejo, First Lady of Venezuela (d. 1914)
 * August 19 – Edmond James de Rothschild, French philanthropist (d. 1934)
 * August 20 – Albert Chmielowski, Polish painter, Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (d. 1916)
 * August 21 – William Healey Dall, American naturalist, biologist and explorer (d. 1927)
 * August 25 – King Ludwig II of Bavaria (d. 1886)
 * September 1 – Paul Methuen, 3rd Baron Methuen, British field marshal (d. 1932)
 * September 9 – Warner B. Bayley, United States Navy rear admiral (d. 1928)
 * September 11 – Emile Baudot, French telegraph engineer and inventor (d. 1903)
 * October 13 – Charles Stockton, American admiral (d. 1924)
 * October 21 – William McKendree Carleton, American poet (d. 1912)
 * November 3 – Inoue Yoshika, Japanese admiral (d. 1929)
 * November 4 – Vasudev Balwant Phadke, Indian revolutionary (d. 1883)
 * November 10 – Sir John Thompson, 4th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1894)
 * November 13 – Marta Abreu, Cuban philanthropist (d. 1909)
 * November 25 – José Maria de Eça de Queirós, Portuguese writer (d. 1900)
 * December 9 – Joel Chandler Harris, American writer (d. 1908)
 * December 24 – George I of Greece (d. 1913)

January–June

 * January 11 – Etheldred Benett, British geologist (b. 1776)
 * January 24 – Emiliano Madriz, acting Supreme Director of Nicaragua (b. 1800)
 * January 28 – Mary Ann Browne, British poet and writer of musical scores (b. 1812)
 * February 13 – Henrik Steffens, Norwegian philosopher (b. 1773)
 * February 22 – William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington, British politician (b. 1763)
 * March – Nicolás Espinoza, Head of State of El Salvador (b. 1795)
 * March 13 – Charles-Guillaume Étienne, French playwright (b. 1778)
 * March 18 – Johnny Appleseed, American pioneer (b. 1774)
 * April 10 – Dr. Thomas Sewall, American anatomist (b. 1786)
 * April 20 – Seku Amadu, founder of the Fula Massina Empire (b. 1773)
 * May 12
 * János Batsányi, Hungarian poet (b. 1763)
 * August Wilhelm Schlegel, German poet, translator and critic (b. 1767)
 * May 15 – Braulio Carrillo Colina, Costa Rican Head of State (b. 1800)
 * June 4 – Lasse-Maja, notorious Swedish criminal (b. 1785)
 * June 8 – Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States (b. 1767)

July–December

 * July 12
 * Friedrich Ludwig Persius, German architect (b. 1803)
 * Henrik Wergeland, Norwegian writer (b. 1808)
 * July 17 – Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1764)
 * July 22 – Heinrich Graf von Bellegarde, Austrian field marshal, statesman (b. 1756)
 * August 3 – Charlotte Ann Fillebrown Jerauld, American poet and story writer (b. 1820)
 * August 23 – Rafael Urdaneta, hero of the Latin American War of Independence (b. 1788)
 * October 12 – Elizabeth Fry, British humanitarian (b. 1780)
 * October 18 – Jacques Dominique, comte de Cassini, French astronomer (b. 1748)
 * October 26 – Lady Nairne, Scottish songwriter (b. 1766)
 * November 17 – Sir Salusbury Pryce Humphreys, British admiral (b. 1778)
 * November 18 – King Aleamotuʻa of Tonga (b. 1738)

Date unknown

 * Wazir Akbar Khan, Afghan prince and general (b. 1816)
 * Hadji Trendafila, Bulgarian educator (b. 1785)

title: 1845