text:
1631

January–March

 * January 23 – Thirty Years' War: Sweden and France sign the Treaty of Bärwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany.
 * February 5 – Puritan leader Roger Williams arrives in Boston.
 * February 16 – The Reval Gymnasium is founded in Tallinn, Estonia, by Swedish king Gustavus II Adolphus.
 * February 20 – A fire breaks out in Westminster Hall, but is put out before it can cause serious destruction.
 * March 7 – Ambrósio I Nimi a Nkanga, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo (in what is now Angola) dies after a reign of five years.
 * March 10 – Al Walid ben Zidan becomes the new Sultan of Morocco upon the death of Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II.
 * March 20 – The siege of the Protestant German city of Magdeburg by the Catholic League begins and lasts for more than two months before the city falls and the inhabitants are massacred.

April–June

 * April 13 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden defeats an imperial garrison at the city of Frankfurt an der Oder.
 * May 18 – In Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office, and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.
 * May 20 – Thirty Years' War: After a two-month siege, the army of the Holy Roman Empire, under the command of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly sacks the Protestant German city of Magdeburg, and massacres over 20,000 inhabitants. Shocked by the massacre, many Protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire decide to ally with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, and support his ongoing invasion.
 * May 28 – William Claiborne sails from England to establish a trading post on Kent Island, the first English settlement in Maryland.
 * May 30
 * Thirty Years' War: Bavaria and France sign the Treaty of Fontainebleau, forming a secret alliance; however, this does not last long.
 * Gazette de France, the first weekly French newspaper, is published.
 * June 17 – The death in childbirth of Mumtaz Mahal at Burhanpur causes her husband Shah Jahan to commission the Taj Mahal at Agra, as a mausoleum for her. Construction is started in 1632, and finished in 1653.
 * June 19 – War of the Mantuan Succession: The Treaty of Cherasco is signed, ending the War of the Mantuan Succession.
 * June 20 – Algerian pirates sack Baltimore, County Cork, in Ireland.

July–September

 * July 9 – Koca Musa Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, arranges the murder of Emir Kitas Bey, commander of Turkish troops who had been scheduled to invade Persia.
 * July 16 – The city of Würzburg is taken by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, putting an end to the Würzburg witch trials, but not before an estimated 900 people from the city and its environs have been burned at the stake for witchcraft.
 * July 22 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Werben: Tilly defeats Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, but not decisively.
 * August 22 – The Treaty of Werben is signed as an alliance between Hesse-Cassel and Sweden.
 * August 29 – (1 Safar 1041 A.H.) Abd Allah ibn Hasan, Emir of Mecca, abdicates in favor of two successors, his son Muhammad ibn Abd Allah and his great-nephew Zayd ibn Muhsin.
 * August – Thirty Years' War: Running out of supplies, Tilly is forced to send his army into the Electorate of Saxony in order to secure supplies, as well as to force a reaction from John George, Elector of Saxony and Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
 * September 11 – Thirty Years' War: As a result of Tilly's invasion, John George, Elector of Saxony, who has until now stayed neutral, allies with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, in order to drive the Imperial army out of Saxony.
 * September 12 – Eighty Years' War – Battle of Albrolhos: A Spanish fleet, under the command of Admiral Antonio de Oquendo, defeats a Dutch fleet off the coast of Brazil.
 * September 13– Eighty Years' War – Battle of the Slaak: A Spanish fleet of 95 ships, carrying 5,500 soldiers tasked with taking over the Dutch Republic, is almost completely destroyed (with 83 ships sunk) the day after being intercepted by a Dutch fleet off of the coast of the Netherlands.
 * September 17 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Breitenfeld: Tilly's Holy Roman Imperial army is decisively defeated by Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden, shattering the imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire, and marking the first significant victory for the Protestants in the war.

October–December

 * October 10 – Thirty Years' War: A Saxon army takes over Prague.
 * November 15 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden takes possession of Prague, capital of Bohemia.
 * November 21 – In Venice, a special mass celebrates the end of the two years of bubonic plague that had killed thousands of people.
 * November 29 – The Treaty of Höchst is signed between King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, with Darmstadt giving up the fortress of Rüsselsheim in return for Sweden's recognition of Darmstadt's neutrality.
 * December 16 – A volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius at Pompeii occurs, for the first time in several centuries.
 * December 23 – Thirty Years' War: Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden takes the city of Mainz, without any resistance.

Date unknown

 * Publication of
 * Moses Amyraut's Traite des Religions.
 * Antonio Colmenero de Ledesma's Chocolate: or, An Indian Drinke.

January–March

 * January 1 or 1632 – Katherine Philips, Anglo-Welsh poet (d. 1664)
 * January 2 – Anthonie van Borssom, Dutch painter (d. 1677)
 * January 6 – Anne Hamilton, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton, Scottish peeress (d. 1716)
 * January 12 – Hasanuddin of Gowa, 16th Ruler of The Sultanate of Gowa (d. 1670)
 * January 23 – Vincent Houdry, French Jesuit preacher and writer on ascetics (d. 1729)
 * February 6 – Edward Abney, English politician (d. 1727)
 * February 10 – Louise of Anhalt-Dessau, Duchess suo jure of Oława and Wołów (1672–1680) (d. 1680)
 * February 22 – Peder Syv, Danish historian (d. 1702)
 * March 3 – Esaias Boursse, Dutch painter (d. 1672)
 * March 9 – Claude-François Ménestrier, French heraldist, Jesuit, courtier (d. 1705)
 * March 13 – Lodewijck Huygens, Dutch diplomat (d. 1699)
 * March 16 – René Le Bossu, French critic (d. 1680)

April–June

 * April 8 – Cornelis de Heem, Dutch painter (d. 1695)
 * April 15
 * Piero de Bonzi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1703)
 * Walter Vincent, English politician (d. 1680)
 * April 21 – Francesco Maidalchini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1700)
 * April 29 – Joseph Bridger, Colonial Governor of Virginia (d. 1686)
 * May 2 – John Murray, 1st Marquess of Atholl (d. 1703)
 * May 4 – William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton, English politician (d. 1680)
 * May 10 – Flavio Chigi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1693)
 * May 18 – Stanislaus Papczyński, Polish priest (d. 1701)
 * May 19 – Christoffel Pierson, Dutch painter (d. 1714)
 * May 28 – Louis André, French Jesuit priest, missionary and translator (d. 1715)
 * May 29 – Robert Paston, 1st Earl of Yarmouth, English politician, earl (d. 1683)
 * June 13 – Gilbert Hay, 11th Earl of Erroll, Scottish noble (d. 1674)
 * June 17 – Gauharara Begum, Mughal noblewoman (d. 1706)
 * June 22 – Francis Rombouts, Dutch Mayor of New York City (d. 1691)
 * June 25 – António das Chagas, Portuguese Franciscan friar and ascetical writer (d. 1682)
 * June 26 – Vincenzo Albrici, Italian composer (d. 1695)

July–September

 * July 4 – John Roettiers, English engraver (d. 1703)
 * July 15
 * Richard Cumberland, English philosopher (d. 1718)
 * Jens Juel, Danish diplomat (d. 1700)
 * August 5 – Adam Adamandy Kochański, Polish mathematician (d. 1700)
 * August 7 – Nicholas Tufton, 3rd Earl of Thanet, England (d. 1679)
 * August 19
 * Maffeo Barberini, Prince of Palestrina (d. 1685)
 * John Dryden, English writer (d. 1700)
 * August 24 – Philip Henry, English minister (d. 1696)
 * August 29 – Henry Noris, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1704)
 * September 1 – Anne Crawford-Lindsay, Scottish noblewoman (d. 1689)
 * September 6 – Charles Porter, English-born judge (d. 1696)
 * September 29
 * Richard Edlin, English astrologer (d. 1677)
 * Johann Heinrich Roos, Dutch painter (d. 1685)

October–December

 * October 1
 * Toussaint de Forbin-Janson, French Catholic cardinal and Bishop of Beauvais (d. 1713)
 * Eugene Maximilian, Prince of Hornes (d. 1709)
 * October 3 – Sebastian Anton Scherer, German organist and composer (d. 1712)
 * October 6 – Emmanuel, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1670)
 * October 12 – George Saunderson, 5th Viscount Castleton, English Member of Parliament (d. 1714)
 * October 13 – Richard Hampden, English politician (d. 1695)
 * October 18
 * Heinrich Müller, German theologian and writer (d. 1675)
 * Michael Wigglesworth, American Puritan minister (d. 1705)
 * October 22 – Gilles Boileau, French translator (d. 1669)
 * October 26 – Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch, Hungarian Catholic cardinal (d. 1707)
 * October 30 – Pierre Beauchamp, French choreographer, dancer and composer (d. 1705)
 * November 4 – Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (d. 1660)
 * November 10 – Daniel Harvey, English merchant and politician (d. 1672)
 * November 17 – Marco d'Aviano, Italian Capuchin friar (d. 1699)
 * November 21 – Catharina Questiers, Dutch poet (d. 1669)
 * November 28 – Abraham Brueghel, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1690)
 * December 14 – Anne Conway, English philosopher (d. 1679)
 * December 24
 * Bernhard Gustav of Baden-Durlach, Swedish general, Prince-Abbot of Fulda and Kempten, and cardinal (d. 1677)
 * Gabrielle Suchon, French Catholic moral philosopher, feminist (d. 1703)

Date unknown

 * Joaquim Juncosa, Carthusian monk and Baroque painter (d. 1708)
 * Klara Izabella Pacowa, politically active Polish court official (d. 1685)
 * William Stoughton, American judge at the Salem witch trials (d. 1701)

Deaths

 * January 1 – Thomas Hobson, English carrier and origin of the phrase "Hobson's choice" (b. 1544)
 * January 3 – Michelagnolo Galilei, Italian composer and lutenist, younger brother of Galileo Galilei (b. 1575)
 * January 14 – Charlotte of the Palatinate, German noble (b. 1628)
 * January 20 – Jacob Matham, Dutch artist (b. 1571)
 * January 26 – Louis Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1617–1631) (b. 1586)
 * January 30 – Sophie Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, duchess consort of Pomerania-Wolgast (1577-1592) (b. 1561)
 * February 7 – Gabriel Harvey, English writer (b. c. 1552/3)
 * February 14 – Tsugaru Nobuhira, Japanese daimyō (b. 1586)
 * March 24 – Philipp Dulichius, German composer (b. 1562)
 * March 31 – John Donne, English writer and prelate (b. 1572)
 * March 28 – Juan van der Hamen, Spanish artist (b. 1596)
 * April 2 – Nicolò Contarini, Doge of Venice (b. 1553)
 * April 5 – Sinibaldo Scorza, Italian painter (b. 1589)
 * April 23 – Francesco Maria II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, last Duke of Urbino (b. 1549)
 * May 6 – Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington, English politician (b. 1570)
 * May 26 – Enrico Caterino Davila, Italian historian and diplomat (b. 1576)
 * June 17 – Mumtaz Mahal, favorite wife of Shah Jahan (b. 1593)
 * June 18 – Robert Payne, English politician (b. 1573)
 * June 21 – John Smith of Jamestown, English soldier and colonist (b. 1580)
 * July 16 – Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll, Scottish noble (b. 1564)
 * July 19 – Cesare Cremonini, Italian philosopher (b. 1550)
 * July 28 – Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish dramatist (b. 1569)
 * August 3 – Kim Jang-saeng, Korean scholar and writer (b. 1548)
 * August 8 – Konstantinas Sirvydas, Lithuanian religious leader (b. 1579)
 * September 6 – Honda Tadamasa, Japanese daimyō (b. 1575)
 * September 18 – Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern (b. 1581)
 * September 21 – Federico Borromeo, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (b. 1564)
 * October 14 – Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, queen and regent of Denmark (b. 1557)
 * October 20 – Michael Maestlin, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1550)
 * October 26 – Catherine de Parthenay, French noblewoman and mathematician (b. 1554)
 * October 28 – Sir Richard Beaumont, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1574)
 * November 1 – Archduchess Maria Maddalena of Austria (b. 1589)
 * November 7 – Patrick Fleming, Irish Franciscan friar and scholar (murdered) (b. 1599)
 * November 29 – Edmond Richer, French theologian (b. 1559)
 * December 5 – Tommaso Caracciolo, Field Marshal of Spanish forces in the Thirty Years' War (b. 1572)
 * December 7 – Johannes Hartmann, German chemist (b. 1568)
 * December 9 – Liborius Wagner, German Roman Catholic priest (b. 1593)
 * December 10 – Hugh Myddelton, Welsh businessman (b. 1560)
 * December 23 – Michael Drayton, English poet (b. 1563)
 * December 30 – Frederick Achilles, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt (b. 1591)

title: 1631


text:
1633

January–March

 * January 20 – Galileo Galilei, having been summoned to Rome on orders of Pope Urban VIII, leaves for Florence for his journey. His carriage is halted at Ponte a Centino at the border of Tuscany, where he is quarantined for 22 days because of an outbreak of the plague.
 * February 6 – the formal coronation of Władysław IV Vasa as King of Poland takes place at the cathedral in Kraków. He had been elected as king on November 8.
 * February 9 – the Duchy of Hesse-Cassel captures Dorsten from the Electorate of Cologne without resistance.
 * February 13
 * Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.
 * Fire engines are used for the first time in England in order to control and extinguish a fire that breaks out at London Bridge, but not before 43 houses are destroyed.
 * March 1 – Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France, on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.

April–June

 * April 12 – Galileo Galilei is convicted of heresy by the Roman Catholic Church.
 * May 22 – Samuel de Champlain, founder of the French colony of New France, returns to Quebec after being gone for four years, commissioned as Lieutenant General of the troops of New France, but not as governor.
 * May 28 – Aurangzeb, Crown Prince of the Mughal Empire in India, narrowly escapes death when an elephant stampedes through his encampment, but is able to defend himself with a lance.
 * June 18 – Charles I is crowned King of Scots at St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, according to Anglican rite in his first visit to Scotland since early childhood, although he has been Scottish monarch since 1625.
 * June 22 – the Roman Catholic Church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the Solar System. According to legend, he claims Eppur si muove.

July–September

 * July 7 – the Dutch East India Company fleet, led by Hans Putmans, attacks its ally Zheng Zhilong's base by surprise, near Xiamen.
 * July 8
 * Thirty Years' War: Battle of Oldendorf – Sweden defeats the Holy Roman Empire near Hessisch Oldendorf.
 * The epoch of the Javanese calendar, created by Sultan Agung of Mataram. It coincides with the start of the Hijri Year 1043 but the year numbering continues those of the pre-existing Saka calendar, thus making the calendar start from year 1555 instead of 1.
 * August 6 – William Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
 * September 25 – King Louis XIII of France enters into Nancy, marking the occupation of the Duchy of Lorraine by France.
 * September 26 – a group from the Plymouth Colony settles in Windsor, Connecticut, making it the first settlement in the state.

October–December

 * October 17 – thirty Years' War: Siege of Rheinfelden – Spain recaptures Rheinfelden from Sweden.
 * October 22 – Battle of Liaoluo Bay: A large Ming dynasty fleet under Zheng Zhilong defeats a Dutch East India Company fleet at the island of Quemoy.
 * November 11 – the Dutch expedition of Jan Janszoon van Hoorn, against Spanish pirates in Central America, ends after six months with van Hoorn's success.
 * November 22 – commissioned by Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore to transport 140 English colonists to the province of Maryland in America, The Ark and another ship, the Dove (with 128 settlers), depart Gravesend in England for the New World. Three days later, the two ships become separated by a storm in the English Channel, and the crew of The Ark assumes that the Dove sank.
 * November 29 – The Ark runs into a more violent storm, but manages to stay afloat and to continue on its journey to America. The Dove turns out to have survived the storms, and both ships will arrive in Maryland on February 24.
 * December 9 – Francisco de Murga, Spain's Governor of the South American province of Cartagena (now in Colombia), crushes a revolt by escaped African slaves in an attack against the palenque of Limón. De Murga captures 80 residents, and, after a trial, has 13 executed, with the drawing and quartering of their bodies.

Date unknown

 * The Jews of Poznań are granted the privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter.
 * Emperor of Ethiopia Fasilides expels Jesuit missionaries.
 * Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu of Japan issues the Sakoku Edict of 1635 outlawing Christianity, enforcing a policy of extreme isolationism (sakoku) until 1853.
 * St Columb's Cathedral, Derry, Ireland, the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe, is completed.
 * Mission San Luis de Apalachee is built in the New World by two Spanish friars.
 * English colonists settle what will become the town of Hingham, Massachusetts.
 * A professorship in Arabic studies is founded at the University of Cambridge in England.

January–March

 * January 20 – Edmund Maine, English Member of Parliament (d. 1711)
 * January 31 – Nathaniel Crew, 3rd Baron Crew of England (d. 1721)
 * February 20 – Jan de Baen, Dutch portrait painter (d. 1702)
 * February 23
 * Charles Patin, French physician (d. 1693)
 * Samuel Pepys, English civil servant and diarist (d. 1703)
 * February 26 – Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and last Administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1695)
 * March 1 – Yi Seo-woo, Korean scholar (d. 1709)
 * March 7 – Giovanni Battista Volpati, Italian painter (d. 1706)
 * March 12 – Sir John Evelyn, 1st Baronet, of Godstone, English noble (d. 1671)
 * March 17 – Alessandro Marchetti, Italian mathematician (d. 1714)
 * March 25 – Samuel Whiting, Jr., American clergyman (d. 1713)
 * March 26 – Mary Beale, British artist (d. 1699)
 * March 30
 * Miron Costin, Moldavian (Romanian) political figure and chronicler (d. 1691)
 * Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, German general, Landgraf of Hesse-Homburg (d. 1708)

April–June

 * April 16 – Salomon Jansz van den Tempel, Dutch shipbuilder (d. 1673)
 * April 19
 * Willem Drost, Dutch painter (d. 1659)
 * Abraham Hill, British merchant (d. 1721)
 * April 20 – Emperor Go-Kōmyō of Japan (d. 1654)
 * April 24
 * Paolo Boccone, Italian botanist from Sicily (d. 1704)
 * Gilbert Holles, 3rd Earl of Clare, English politician and earl (d. 1689)
 * May 1
 * Walter Chetwynd, English antiquary, politician (d. 1693)
 * Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, French noble and military engineer noted for designing fortifications (d. 1707)
 * May 21 – Joseph Chabanceau de La Barre, French composer (d. 1678)
 * June 1 – Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer (d. 1687)
 * June 16 – Jean de Thévenot, French traveler and scientist (d. 1667)
 * June 19 – Philipp van Limborch, Dutch Protestant theologian (d. 1712)
 * June 27 – Auguste of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, German noble (d. 1701)

July–September

 * July 1 – Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (d. 1698)
 * July 6 – Sir Henry Yelverton, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1670)
 * July 12 – Thofania d'Adamo, Italian poisoner
 * July 25 – Joseph Williamson, English politician (d. 1701)
 * September 6 – Sebastian Knüpfer, German composer (d. 1676)
 * September 7 – Catharina Regina von Greiffenberg, Austrian writer and noble (d. 1695)
 * September 8 – Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans (d. 1654)
 * September 15 – William Croone, English physician and one of the original Fellows of the Royal Society (d. 1684)

October–December

 * October 4
 * Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1714)
 * Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician (d. 1714)
 * October 14 – King James II of England (d. 1701)
 * October 15 – Giordano Vitale, Italian mathematician (d. 1711)
 * October 19 – Benedetto Gennari II, Italian painter (d. 1715)
 * October 25 – Esaias Fleischer, Danish priest (d. 1697)
 * October 29 – Antonio Magliabechi, Italian librarian (d. 1714)
 * November 2 – George Gordon, 15th Earl of Sutherland, Scottish noble (d. 1703)
 * November 10 – Thomas Jermyn, 2nd Baron Jermyn, Governor of Jersey (d. 1703)
 * November 11 – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, English writer and statesman (d. 1695)
 * November 15 – Gesina ter Borch, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1690)
 * November 20 – Étienne de Carheil, French Jesuit priest, missionary to the Iroquois and Huron Indians (d. 1726)
 * November 26 – Johann Christoph Wagenseil, German Christian Hebraist (d. 1705)
 * December 18 – Willem van de Velde the Younger, Dutch painter (d. 1707)
 * December 27 – Jean de Lamberville, French missionary (d. 1714)
 * December 29
 * Jean Le Pelletier, French polygraph and alchemist (d. 1711)
 * Johannes Zollikofer, Swiss vicar (d. 1692)

Date unknown

 * Sir Edward Seymour, 4th Baronet, English politician (d. 1708)

Deaths

 * January 15 – Polykarp Leyser II, German theologian (b. 1586)
 * January 20 – Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon, English noblewoman and writer (b. 1588)
 * March 1 – George Herbert, English poet and orator (b. 1593)
 * March 3 – Magnus Brahe, Swedish noble (b. 1564)
 * April 21 – Scipione Dentice, Neapolitan keyboard composer (b. 1560)
 * May 5 – Thomas Freke, English politician (b. 1563)
 * May 16 – Magdalena of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noblewoman (b. 1547)
 * May 21 – Wolfgang Ernst I of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein, German count (b. 1560)
 * June – Étienne Brûlé, French explorer (b. c. 1592)
 * June 11 – Johannes Crellius, Polish–German theologian (b. 1590)
 * June 14 – Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ærø (1622–1633) (b. 1570)
 * July 1 – Thomas Robarts, English parliamentarian (b. 1568)
 * July 5 – Archduchess Margaret of Austria (b. 1567)
 * July 7 – Lew Sapieha, Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. 1557)
 * July 16 – John Casimir, Duke of Saxe-Coburg (b. 1564)
 * July 22 – Trijntje Keever, Dutchwoman, presumed to have been the tallest woman ever (b. 1616)
 * August 5 – George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1562)
 * August 10 – Anthony Munday, English writer (b. 1553)
 * August 12
 * Jacopo Peri, Italian composer (b. 1561)
 * Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (b. 1611)
 * August 17 – Gertrude More, English nun (b. 1606)
 * August 30 – Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Countess Palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (b. 1553)
 * September – Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland (b. c. 1575)
 * September 4 – Richard Cecil, English politician (b. 1570)
 * September 22 – Joam Mattheus Adami, Italian Jesuit missionary (b. 1576)
 * September 26 – Bernardino de Almansa Carrión, Spanish Catholic prelate and Archbishop (b. 1579)
 * October 2 – Scipione Borghese, Italian Catholic cardinal and art collector (b. 1577)
 * October 24 – Jean Titelouze, French organist (b. c.1562)
 * October 26 – Horio Tadaharu, Japanese warlord (b. 1596)
 * November 3 – Lucio Massari, Italian painter (b. 1569)
 * November 7 – Cornelis Drebbel, Dutch inventor (b. 1572)
 * November 8
 * Xu Guangqi, Chinese astronomer, Roman Catholic convert, mathematician, scholar, scientist and servant of God (b. 1562)
 * Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Lüneburt (1611–1633) (b. 1566)
 * November 14 – William Ames, English philosopher (b. 1576)
 * December 1 – Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (b. 1566)
 * December 8 – Theodoor Galle, Flemish engraver (b. 1571)
 * December 12 – Hortensio Félix Paravicino, Spanish preacher and poet from the noble house of Pallavicini (b. 1580)
 * December 17 or December 27 – Meletius Smotrytsky, Ruthenian religious activist and author (b. 1577)
 * December 28 – Maria Maddalena de' Medici, Italian princess (b. 1600)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1633


text:
1070s

The 1070s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1070, and ended on December 31, 1079.

Significant people

 * Omar Khayyam
 * William the Conqueror
 * Al-Qa'im
 * Alp Arslan Seljuk sultan
 * Malik-Shah I Seljuk sultan

title: 1070s


text:
1071

Year 1071 (MLXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * August 26 – Battle of Manzikert: The Byzantine army (35,000 men) under Emperor Romanos IV meets the Seljuk Turk forces of Sultan Alp Arslan, near the town of Manzikert. Although the armies are initially evenly matched, as the Byzantines advance, the Seljuk Turks withdraw before them, launching hit-and-run attacks on the Byzantine flanks. While attempting to withdraw, the Byzantine army falls apart, either through treachery or confusion; the battle ends in a decisive defeat for the Byzantine Empire. Romanos is captured (later released by Alp Arslan within a week), and much of the elite Varangian Guard is destroyed (this will prove catastrophic for the Byzantine Empire).
 * October 24 – Romanos IV is deposed by Caesar John Doukas and his political advisor Michael Psellos (after his return to Constantinople). Michael VII (Doukas) is crowned co-emperor – and his mother Eudokia is forced to retire to a monastery.

Europe

 * February 22 – Battle of Cassel: Robert I (the Frisian) defeats his sister-in-law Richilde (widow of Baldwin VI) and her nephew Arnulf III, in a succession struggle for the County of Flanders. Robert is appointed count by King Philip I (the Amorous).
 * April 15 – Siege of Bari: The capital of Bari, the last Byzantine-controlled city in the Catepanate of Italy, is captured by Italo-Norman forces under Duke Robert Guiscard after a 32-month siege.

England

 * The English rebels under Hereward (the Wake) and Morcar, Saxon former earl of Northumbria, are forced to retreat to their stronghold on the Isle of Ely. They make a desperate stand against the Norman forces led by King William I (the Conqueror), but are defeated.
 * Edwin, earl of Mercia, rebels against William I, but is betrayed and killed. His castle and lands at Dudley (located in the West Midlands) are given to William's Norman subjects.

Africa

 * May – Zaynab an-Nafzawiyyah marries Yusuf ibn Tashfin, leader of the Almoravids, and becomes his queen and co-regent.

Births

 * October 22 – William IX (the Troubador), duke of Aquitaine (d. 1127)
 * Ibn al-Qalanisi, Arab politician and chronicler (d. 1160)

Deaths

 * January 26 – Adelaide of Eilenburg, German noblewoman
 * February 17 – Frozza Orseolo, German noblewoman (b. 1015)
 * February 22 (killed at the Battle of Cassel):
 * Arnulf III, count of Flanders (House of Flanders)
 * William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford
 * April 17 – Manuel Komnenos, Byzantine aristocrat
 * May 24 – Wulfhild of Norway, duchess of Saxony (b. 1020)
 * August 22 – Lambert II Suła, archbishop of Kraków
 * September 5 – Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Arab scholar (b. 1002)
 * October 16 – Almodis de la Marche, French nobleman
 * December 2 – Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, Moorish judge (b. 978)
 * Domenico I Contarini, doge of Venice
 * Durand de Bredons, French abbot and bishop
 * Edwin (or Ēadwine), earl of Mercia
 * Eleanor of Normandy, countess of Flanders (b. 1010)
 * Fujiwara no Yorimichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 992)
 * Geoffrey of Hauteville, Norman military leader
 * Guido da Velate (or Guy), archbishop of Milan
 * Henry II, count of Leuven (House of Reginar)
 * Ibn Zaydún, Andalusian poet and writer (b. 1003)
 * Isabella of Urgell, queen consort of Aragon
 * Robert Crispin, Norman mercenary leader
 * William Malet, Norman nobleman (approximate date)

title: 1071


text:
1060s

The 1060s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1060, and ended on December 31, 1069.

Significant people

 * William the Conqueror
 * Harold Godwinson
 * Harald Hardrada
 * Edward the Confessor
 * Edgar the Ætheling
 * Tostig Godwinson
 * Al-Qa'im
 * Tughril
 * Alp Arslan

title: 1060s


text:
1170s

The 1170s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1170, and ended on December 31, 1179.

Significant people

 * Saladin also known as Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub
 * Al-Mustadi caliph of Baghdad
 * Pope Alexander III

title: 1170s


text:
900s (decade)

The 900s decade ran from January 1, 900, to December 31, 909.

Significant people

 * Al-Mu'tadid
 * Ali al-Muktafi
 * Al-Muqtadir
 * Leo VI of Byzantium
 * Badr al-Mu'tadidi military leader
 * Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz

title: 900s (decade)


text:
1100s (decade)

The 1100s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1100, and ended on December 31, 1109.

Significant people

 * Henry I of England
 * Su Song
 * Al-Mustazhir
 * Berkyaruq

title: 1100s (decade)


text:
910s

The 910s decade ran from January 1, 910, to December 31, 919.

Significant people

 * Al-Ash'ari
 * Al-Muqtadir Abbasid caliph
 * Leo VI of Byzantium

title: 910s


text:
920s

The 920s decade ran from January 1, 920, to December 31, 929.

Significant people

 * Al-Ash'ari
 * Al-Muqtadir Abbasid caliph
 * Constantine VII Byzantine emperor

title: 920s


text:
930s

The 930s decade ran from January 1, 930, to December 31, 939.

Significant people

 * Al-Muqtadir
 * Constantine VII
 * Pope John XI
 * Pope Leo VII
 * Al-Qahir
 * Al-Radi
 * Al-Ash'ari

title: 930s


text:
940s

The 940s decade ran from January 1, 940, to December 31, 949.

Significant people

 * Al-Radi Abbasid caliph
 * Abd al-Rahman III caliph of Córdoba
 * Constantine VII of Byzantium
 * Al-Muttaqi caliph of Baghdad
 * Al-Mustakfi caliph of Baghdad
 * Al-Qa'im of Fatimid dynasty
 * Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah of Fatimid dynasty
 * Al-Muti caliph of Baghdad

title: 940s


text:
950s

The 950s decade ran from January 1, 950, to December 31, 959.

Significant people

 * Abd al-Rahman III caliph of Córdoba
 * Al-Muti caliph of Baghdad
 * Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah of Fatimid dynasty
 * Pope John XII
 * Pope Agapetus II

title: 950s


text:
960s

The 960s decade ran from January 1, 960, to December 31, 969.

Significant people

 * Abd al-Rahman III caliph of Córdoba
 * Otto I of Holy Roman empire
 * Al-Muti caliph of Baghdad
 * Al-Hakam II caliph of Córdoba
 * Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah of Fatimid dynasty
 * Pope John XII
 * Pope Benedict V
 * Pope Leo VIII

title: 960s


text:
970s

The 970s decade ran from January 1, 970, to December 31, 979.

Significant people

 * Mar Abdisho I, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East, held position 963–986
 * Eric the Red (950–1003), Norse Explorer
 * Richard I of Normandy (933–996), Duke of Normandy, r. 942–996
 * Mieszko I of Poland (945?–992), Duke of Poland, r. c.960–992
 * Vladimir of Kiev (958-1015), Kievan Prince and future Grand Prince of Kievan Rus
 * Hisham II caliph of Córdoba
 * Al-Aziz Billah Fatimid caliph of Cairo
 * Al-Muti caliph of Baghdad
 * At-Ta'i caliph of Baghdad

title: 970s


text:
980s

The 980s decade ran from January 1, 980, to December 31, 989.

Significant people

 * At-Ta'i
 * Pope John XV

title: 980s


text:
990s

The 990s decade ran from January 1, 990, to December 31, 999.

Significant people

 * Al-Qadir
 * Mahmud of Ghazni
 * Pope John XV
 * Pope Gregory V

title: 990s


text:
955

Year 955 (CMLV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * August 10 – Battle of Lechfeld: King Otto I ("the Great") defeats the Hungarians (also known as Magyars) near Augsburg (Germany). Otto's army (7,000 men), mainly composed of heavy cavalry, overwhelms the Hungarians along the Lech River. The German losses are heavy, among them Conrad ("the Red") and many other nobles. The commanders of the Hungarian army, Bulcsú and Lehel, are captured and executed. This victory puts an end to the Hungarian campaigns into western Europe.
 * October 16 – Battle on the Raxa: Otto I, allied with the Rani tribe, defeats the Obotrite federation, led by Nako and his brother Stoigniew (probably at the Recknitz or Elde rivers) near Mecklenburg. The Elbe Slavs are forced to pay tribute, and accept a peace agreement.

England

 * November 23 – King Eadred (or Edred) dies childless after a 9-year reign at Frome (Somerset). He is succeeded by his 15-year-old nephew, Eadwig, as King of England.

Africa

 * The Kharijite Banu Ya'la tribe revolts against the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya and destroys the city of Oran (modern Algeria). They construct a new capital, Ifgan, near Mascara.

Religion

 * November 8 – Pope Agapetus II dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by John XII, aged around 19 and the son of Alberic II (the late ruler of Rome), as the 130th pope of the Catholic Church.

Births

 * May 10 – Al-Aziz Billah, caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate (d. 996)
 * October 22 – Qian Weijun, king of Wuyue (Ten Kingdoms) (d. 991)
 * November 9 – Gyeongjong of Goryeo, ruler of Korea (d. 981)
 * Aboazar Lovesendes, Portuguese nobleman (approximate date)
 * Ælfric of Eynsham, English abbot and writer (approximate date)
 * Arduin of Ivrea (I), Lombard margrave and king of Italy (approximate date)
 * Eido I (or Ägidius), German nobleman and bishop (d. 1015)
 * Ezzo (or Ehrenfried), Count Palatine of Lotharingia (Germany) (approximate date)
 * Gisela of Burgundy, duchess of Bavaria (approximate date)
 * Gunther of Bohemia, German hermit and saint (d. 1045)
 * Lutgardis of Luxemburg, countess of Holland (Netherlands)
 * Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg, German princess-abbess and daughter of Otto I (d. 999)
 * Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor ("the Red") (d. 983)
 * Theophanu, empress consort of the Holy Roman Empire (d. 991)
 * Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu, king of the Pagan dynasty (d. 1048)

Deaths

 * July 23 – He Ning, Chinese official and chancellor (b. 898)
 * August 10
 * Bulcsú, Hungarian tribal chieftain (horka)
 * Conrad ("the Red"), duke of Lorraine
 * October 16 – Stoigniew, Obotrite prince and co-ruler
 * November 1 – Henry I, Duke of Bavaria
 * November 8 – Pope Agapetus II, Catholic Church pontiff (b. 905)
 * November 23 – Eadred (or Edred), king of England (b. 923)
 * Abu 'Ali Chaghani, ruler of Chaghaniyan (Turkmenistan)
 * Bermudo Núñez, count of Cea (Spain) (approximate date)
 * Gamle Eirikssen, Norwegian Viking ruler (b. 910)
 * Hervé I, count of Mortagne and Perche
 * Lehel, Hungarian tribal chieftain (horka)
 * Muhammad ibn Shaddad, Shaddadid ruler
 * Parantaka I, ruler of Chola Kingdom (India)
 * Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan, Kara-Khanid ruler

title: 955


text:
991

Year 991 (CMXCI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

 * March 1: In Rouen, Pope John XV ratifies the first Truce of God, between Æthelred the Unready and Richard I of Normandy.
 * March 29: Bishop Adalberon imprisons the treasonous Duke Charles of Lorraine and his nephew Arnulf, the Archbishop of Reims. Adalberon delivers the two men to King Hugh Capet, who imprisons them and their family in Orléans. The cities of Reims and Laon are returned to Capet.
 * April 5: 991 Damascus earthquake in Syria: According to historian George Elmacin (13th century), the earthquake caused the fall of 1,000 houses in Damascus itself, and many people were trapped in their ruins and died. The village of Beglabec was reportedly engulfed, due to the earthquake.
 * Spring: Byzantine Emperor Basil II begins a campaign against the Bulgarians.
 * June 15: Theophanu dies in Nijmegen, and Adelaide of Italy assumes full regency over her grandson, Otto III.
 * June 17 – 18: The royal council of Saint-Basle de Verzy is marked by opposition between the bishops and the monks. Gerbert d'Aurillac is elected as the deposed Arnulf's successor as the Archbishop of Reims, to the anger of Pope John XV, who had no involvement in the decision.
 * August 11: Following a raid by Olaf Tryggvason at the mouth of the River Thames, ealdorman Byrhtnoth is killed in the Battle of Maldon in Essex, which is commemorated in the Old English poem The Battle of Maldon. Æthelred the Unready is forced to pay a tribute of 22,000 pounds of silver for Tryggvason to withdraw his troops; this is the first in a series of Danegelds.
 * November 22: The beginning of the reign of al-Qadir, Abbasid caliph of Baghdad, under the tutelage of the Buyids and following the deposition of al-Ta'i.

Unknown dates

 * Count Odo I of Blois, who captured Melun, is driven out of the city by the coalition of King Hugh Capet, Count Fulk III of Anjou and Richard I of Normandy; Odo is defeated in Orsay by Bouchard I of Vendôme, a faithful vassal of Capet charged with guarding Melun.
 * Stavoren is sacked in Viking raids on the ports of Frisia and the mouths of the Rhine.
 * Pietro II Orseolo becomes the 26th Doge of Venice. Venice establishes a protectorate on the coast of the Dalmatian Islands.
 * Taranto is sieged by Sicilian Arabs.
 * The Dagome iudex, a document which enumerates the possessions of Mieszko I, is written and entrusted to Pope John XV, who places the Polish territories under papal protection.
 * Mount Vesuvius erupts.

Births

 * Guido Monaco, Italian monk and music theorist (or 992)
 * Pons II (or Pons William), count of Toulouse (d. 1060)
 * Yan Shu, Chinese statesman and poet (d. 1055)

Deaths

 * March 1 – En'yū, emperor of Japan (b. 959)
 * April 2 – Bardas Skleros, Byzantine general
 * April 4 – Reginold, bishop of Eichstätt
 * May 11 – Heriward, Frankish abbot
 * May 20 – Piligrim, bishop of Passau
 * August 11 – Byrhtnoth, ealdorman of Essex
 * Aleramo, marquess of Montferrat and Liguria
 * Al-Muqaddasi, Arab Muslim geographer
 * Ashot-Sahak, king of Vaspurakan (Armenia)
 * Bakjur, Hamdanid mercenary and governor
 * Gausfred I, count of Empúries and Roussillon
 * Ibn Babawayh, Persian Shi'ite scholar
 * Meng Xuanzhe, prince of Later Shu (b. 937)
 * Nakatsukasa, Japanese waka poet (b. 912)
 * Ōnakatomi no Yoshinobu, Japanese nobleman (b. 921)
 * Pan Mei, Chinese general and statesman
 * Qian Weijun, king of Wuyue (Ten Kingdoms) (b. 955)
 * Sa'd al-Dawla, Hamdanid emir (b. 952)
 * Suero Gundemáriz, Spanish nobleman
 * Taira no Kanemori, Japanese nobleman
 * Ya'qub ibn Killis, Fatimid vizier (b. 930)

title: 991


text:
AD 1

AD 1 (I) or 1 CE was a common year starting on Saturday or Sunday, a common year starting on Saturday by the proleptic Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Monday by the proleptic Gregorian calendar. It is the epoch year for the Anno Domini (AD) Christian calendar era, and the 1st year of the 1st century and 1st millennium of the Christian or Common Era (CE).

In the Roman Empire, AD 1 was known as the "Year of the consulship of Gaius Caesar and Lucius Paullus", and less frequently, as the year (see ab urbe condita). The denomination "AD 1" for this year has been in consistent use since the mid-medieval period when the Anno Domini (AD) calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. It was the beginning of the Christian era/common era. The preceding year is 1 BC; there is no year 0 in this numbering scheme. The Anno Domini dating system was devised in AD 525 by Dionysius Exiguus.

The Julian calendar, a 45 BC reform of the Roman calendar, was the calendar used by Rome in AD 1.

Roman Empire

 * Tiberius, under order of Emperor Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (AD 1–5).

Asia

 * Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Baocheng Xuan Ni Gong.

Religion

 * Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think that Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).

Births

 * Sextus Afranius Burrus, Roman praetorian prefect (d. AD 62)
 * Izates II, King of Adiabene (d. AD 54)
 * Seneca, Roman stoic philosopher was born in Cordoba (d. AD 65)

Deaths

 * Amanishakheto, queen of Kush (Nubia)

title: AD 1


text:
AD 3

AD 3 (III) or 3 AD was a common year starting on Monday or Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Monday of the proleptic Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was the Year of the Consulship of Lamia and Servilius (or, less frequently, year 756 Ab urbe condita). The denomination "AD 3" for this year has been used since the early medieval period when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

AD 3 was the only prime-numbered Year of the Pig.

Roman Empire

 * The rule of Emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period.

China

 * Wang Mang foils a plot by his son, Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to oust him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.

Births

 * Ban Biao, Chinese historian and official (d. AD 54)
 * Geng Yan, Chinese general of the Han dynasty (d. AD 58)
 * Tiberius Claudius Balbilus, Roman politician and astrologer (d. AD 79)

Deaths

 * Bao Xuan, Chinese politician of the Han dynasty

title: AD 3


text:
AD 4

AD 4 was a common year starting on Wednesday or a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Catus and Saturninus (or, less frequently, year 757 Ab urbe condita). The denomination "AD 4" for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor. At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.
 * Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.
 * The Lex Aelia Sentia regulates the manumission of slaves.
 * A pact of non-aggression and friendship is signed between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops.
 * Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.
 * Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, son of Tiberius.

Middle East

 * King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia—the beginning of the interregnum.

Korea

 * Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date).

China

 * Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping), daughter of Wang Mang, cementing his influence.
 * Wang Mang is given the title "superior duke".

Arts and sciences

 * Nicolaus of Damascus writes the 15-volume History of the World.

Births

 * Columella, Roman Latin writer (d. AD 70)
 * Daemusin, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. AD 44)
 * Publius Quinctilius Varus the Younger, Roman nobleman (d. AD 27)
 * Possible date – Jesus, Jewish preacher and religious leader (executed c. AD 30/33)

Deaths

 * February 21 – Gaius Caesar, son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (b. 20 BC)
 * June 26 – Ariobarzanes II, Roman client king of Armenia (b. 40 BC)
 * Gaius Asinius Pollio, Roman orator, poet and historian (b. 65 BC)
 * Hyeokgeose, Korean king of Silla (b. 75 BC)
 * Lucius Cornelius Lentulus, Roman consul

title: AD 4


text:
AD 5

AD 5 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Cinna (or, less frequently, year 758 Ab urbe condita). The denomination "AD 5" for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Rome acknowledges Cunobelinus, king of the Catuvellauni, as king of Britain.
 * The Germanic tribes of Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome.
 * Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior.
 * Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus, her second cousin.

Births

 * Habib the Carpenter, Syrian disciple, martyr
 * Paul the Apostle, Jewish leader of the Christians
 * Ruzi Ying, great-grandson of Xuan of Han (d. AD 25)
 * Yin Lihua, empress of the Han dynasty (d. AD 64)

title: AD 5


text:
AD 6

6 was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius (or less frequently as year 759 Ab urbe condita). The denomination "AD 6" for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system - the vigiles, initially manned only by freedmen - is created by the Princeps Augustus to allow quicker response to outbreaks of fire in the city.
 * Due to a food shortage in Rome, Augustus doubles the grain rations distributed to the people, sends away his slave retinue, and places the senate in recess indefinitely.
 * The Princeps Augustus sets up a treasury, the aerarium militare (170 million sestertii), with the specific purpose of paying bonuses to retiring legion veterans. This is financed by a 5% tax on inheritances, a system said to have been suggested in Julius Caesar's memoirs.
 * The Temple of Castor and Pollux is rededicated in Rome by Tiberius after being destroyed by fire in 14 BC.
 * A pamphletting campaign in Rome is quashed by the Princeps Augustus. Publius Plautius Rufus is accused but found innocent of the crime.
 * Princeps Augustus banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia.
 * Tiberius makes Carnuntum his base of operations against Maroboduus; The Roman legion XX Valeria Victrix fight with Tiberius against the Marcomanni.
 * The building of a Roman fort signifies the origin of the city of Wiesbaden.
 * The Illyrian tribes in Dalmatia and Pannonia revolt and begin the Bellum Batonianum or Great Illyrian Revolt.
 * Troops are levied in Rome to send to Illyricum from freedmen and slaves freed specifically for the purpose.
 * Tiberius marches back from the northern border to Illyricum to commence operations against the Illyrians.
 * Gaius Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia, and is heavily involved in the first battles of the Bellum Batonianum or Great Illyrian Revolt.
 * Marcus Plautius Silvanus is made governor of Galatia and Pamphylia and suppresses an uprising of the Isaurians in Pamphylia.
 * Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, is deposed and banished to Vienne in Gaul.
 * Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces.
 * Quirinius conducts a census in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas of Galilee, and supported by the Pharisee Zadok. The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard the God of Judaism as their only master.

China

 * January – Some Chinese fear for the life of the young, ailing Emperor Ping Di as the planet Mars disappears behind the moon this month.
 * February 3 – The boy emperor, Ping Di, dies of unexpected causes at age 14; Wang Mang alone selects the new emperor, Ruzi Ying, age 2, starting the Jushe era of the Han dynasty.
 * Candidates for government office must take civil-service examinations.
 * The imperial Liu clan suspects the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong (a/k/a Marquis of An-chung), with a small force starting in May or June.

Births

 * Gaius Manlius Valens, Roman senator and consul (d. AD 96)
 * John the Apostle, Jewish Christian mystic (approximate date)
 * Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman politician (d. AD 39)
 * Milonia Caesonia, Roman empress (d. AD 41)
 * Nero Julius Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (d. AD 30)

Deaths

 * February 3 – Ping, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 9 BC)
 * Cleopatra Selene II, Egyptian ruler of Cyrenaica and Libya (b. 40 BC)
 * Orodes III, king (shah) of the Parthian Empire
 * Terentia, wife of Marcus Tullius Cicero (b. 98 BC)

title: AD 6


text:
AD 7

AD 7 was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Metellus and Nerva (or, less frequently, year 760 Ab urbe condita). The denomination "AD 7" for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Illyrian tribes in Pannonia and Dalmatia continue the Great Illyrian Revolt against Roman rule.
 * Publius Quinctilius Varus is appointed governor of Germania, charged with organizing Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which creates dissension among the Germanic tribes.
 * Abgarus of Edessa is deposed as king of Osroene.
 * Construction of the Temple of Concord begins.

China

 * Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong), emperor. This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han.
 * Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes.

Persia

 * Vonones I becomes ruler of the Parthian Empire (approximate date).

Africa

 * The epoch of the Ethiopian calendar begins.

Births

 * Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman general (d. AD 67)
 * Julia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar and Livilla (d. AD 43)

Deaths

 * Athenodoros Cananites, Stoic philosopher (b. 74 BC)
 * Aulus Licinius Nerva Silianus, Roman consul
 * Glaphyra, daughter of Archelaus of Cappadocia (approximate date)
 * Lucius Sempronius Atratinus, Roman politician

title: AD 7


text:
AD 8

AD 8 was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Camillus and Quinctilianus (or, less frequently, 761 Ab urbe condita). The denomination "AD 8" for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * August 3 – Roman general Tiberius defeats the Illyrians in Dalmatia on the River Bathinus, but the Great Illyrian Revolt continues.
 * Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced. Augustus breaks off the engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida. An effort is made to betroth Claudius to Livia Medullina Camilla.
 * Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (modern-day Constanța).

Europe

 * Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome; Eppillus becomes king.

Persia

 * Vonones I becomes king (shah) of the Parthian Empire.

Judea

 * Finding in the Temple: Jesus is found in the Temple of Jerusalem reasoning with the learned men of Judea.

China

 * Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han dynasty.
 * Wang Mang crushes a rebellion by Chai I, and on the winter solstice (which has been dated January 10 of the following year) officially assumes the title emperor, establishing the short-lived Xin dynasty.

Arts

 * After completing Metamorphoses, Ovid begins the Fasti (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year and provide valuable insights into the Roman calendar.

Births

 * Drusus Caesar, member of the Julio-Claudian dynasty (d. AD 33)
 * Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul and brother of Vespasian (d. AD 69)

Deaths

 * Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Roman general (b. 64 BC)

title: AD 8


text:
AD 10

AD 10 (X) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, throughout the Roman Empire it was known as the year of the consulship of Dolabella and Silanus (or, less frequently, year 763 ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 10 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for counting years.

Roman Empire

 * Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones.
 * Senatus consultum Silanianum is adopted.

Central Asia

 * The Euthydemid dynasty a Greek dynasty in Bactria is brought to an end.

China

 * The usurper Wang Mang (who rules during a brief interregnum known as the Xin dynasty) outlaws the private purchase and use of crossbows. Despite this, Liu Xiu, the later Emperor Guangwu of Han, buys crossbows in the winter of AD 22 to aid the rebellion of his brother Liu Yan (styled Bosheng) and Li Tong.

Judea

 * According to the Gospel of Luke, Jesus visits Herod's Temple and gets lost.

Arts

 * Ovid completes Tristia III (the "Sorrows") describing the sadness of banishment.

Births

 * Hero of Alexandria, Greek engineer (d. c. AD 70)
 * Pope Linus, Pope in Catholic church (d. AD 76)
 * Liu Penzi, Chinese puppet emperor (d. after AD 27)
 * Lucius Vipstanus Poplicola, Roman consul (d. after AD 59)
 * Tigellinus, Roman Praetorian prefect (d. AD 69)

Deaths

 * Didymus Chalcenterus, Greek scholar and grammarian (b. c. 63 BC)

 * Hillel the Elder, Babylonian sage, scholar, and Jewish leader (b. c. 110 BC)

title: AD 10


text:
AD 11

AD 11 (XI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Taurus (or, less frequently, year 764 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 11 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Germania Inferior and the Rhine are secured by Germanicus.
 * Emperor Augustus abandons his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe, in order to reinforce the Roman defenses along the Rhine and the Danube.
 * An edict is issued effecting an empire-wide ban on divinatory practices, especially astrology. The edict requires any consultation between a customer and a practitioner to be conducted with at least one third party witness present, and bans inquiry into anyone's death.

Persia

 * Artabanus II becomes ruler of Parthia.

India

 * Satakarni begins his reign as Emperor of the Andhra Empire (AD 11–29).

China

 * The yellow river experiences a major flood. This flood is credited for the downfall of the short-lived Xin dynasty.

Deaths

 * Marcus Antistius Labeo, prominent Roman jurist

title: AD 11


text:
AD 12

AD 12 (XII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Capito (or, less frequently, year 765 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 12 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Annius Rufus is appointed Prefect of Judea.
 * Augustus orders a major invasion of Germany beyond the Rhine.
 * Quirinius returns from Judea to become a counselor to Tiberius.
 * The Armenian Artaxiad dynasty is overthrown by the Romans.

Arts and sciences

 * Ovid stops writing Fasti, because of the lack of resources (being far from the libraries of Rome). He completes 6 books that detail festivals found in the Roman calendar.

Births

 * Mark the Evangelist, Christian evangelist, martyr, known for The Gospel of Mark (approximate date) (d. 68 AD)
 * August 31 – Caligula, Roman emperor (d. 41 AD)

Deaths

 * Rhoemetalces I – king of the Odrysian kingdom of Thrace from 12 BC to 12 AD

title: AD 12


text:
1634

.

January–March

 * January 12 – After suspecting that he will be dismissed, Albrecht von Wallenstein, supreme commander of the Holy Roman Empire's Army, demands that his colonels sign a declaration of personal loyalty.
 * January 14 – France's Compagnie normande obtains a one-year monopoly on trade with the African kingdoms in Guinea.
 * January 19 – Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine abdicates in favor of his brother Nicholas II, who is only able to hold the duchy for 75 days.
 * January 24 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a classified order dismissing Albrecht von Wallenstein, the supreme commander of the Imperial Army.
 * February 18 – Emperor Ferdinand II's dismissal of Commander Wallenstein for high treason, and the order for his capture, dead or alive, is made public.
 * February 25 – Rebel Scots and Irish soldiers assassinate Bohemian military leader Albrecht von Wallenstein at Cheb.
 * March 1 – The Russians vacate their camp, ending the Siege of Smolensk.
 * March 4 – Belgian scientist Jan Baptist van Helmont is interrogated by the Spanish Inquisition and put under house arrest for his experiments into plant growth.
 * March 25 – Leonard Calvert arrives in Maryland, with Jesuit missionaries Andrew White, John Altham Gravenor, and Thomas Gervase, establishing St. Mary's as the fourth permanent settlement in British North America. In this year they also establish an institution of higher learning there, which later becomes Georgetown University, the United States's oldest university.

April–June

 * April 1 – Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine, who assumed rule of the duchy on January 19 upon the abdication of his older brother Charles IV abdicates in favor of Charles.
 * April 14 – The Battle of Amritsar begins in India when Mughal Empire troops attempt to eliminate the Sikh religious leader, Guru Hargobind, by attacking Amritsar. The Sikh defenders hand the Mughal invaders an unprecedented defeat.
 * May 2 – With Albrecht Wallenstein having been eliminated, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II personally takes command of the Imperial Army.
 * May 5 – King Charles I of England and Scotland first refers to the banner of the British Isles as the "Union Flag" in a proclamation that the flag shall not be used on any ships other than those "in our immediate Service and Pay, and none other." The term evolves into the description of the British flag as the "Union Jack".
 * June 14 – The Treaty of Polyanovka is signed between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia, concluding the Smolensk War.

July–September

 * July 4 – The city of Trois-Rivières is founded in New France, in what is the modern-day Canadian province of Quebec.
 * August 18 – In France, Urbain Grandier, accused of wizardry, is burned alive in Loudun.
 * August (prob.) – Jean Nicolet becomes the first European to set foot in what is now the U.S. state of Wisconsin. He is in search of a water-route to the Pacific, when he lands at Green Bay of Lake Michigan.
 * September 6 – The Battle of Nördlingen ends after two days with a decisive victory for the Army of the Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg Spain over the Army of Sweden and Protestant German troops.
 * September 12 – A gunpowder factory explodes in Valletta, Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.

October–December

 * October 11 – The Burchardi flood (also known as the second Grote Mandrenke) strikes the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark, causing at least 8,000 deaths and perhaps as many as 12,000.
 * November 11 – The Irish House of Commons passes an Act for the Punishment of the Vice of Buggery.
 * December 8 – Francesco Niccolini obtains an audience with Pope Urban VIII and pleads him to reconsider the Church's punishment of astronomer Galileo Galilei. The Pope replies that although he esteems Galileo highly, nothing will change.
 * December 16 – Gregorio Panzani, an emissary of Pope Urban VIII, is welcomed in England by King Charles I, marking the first time since England's break with the Roman Catholic Church that a monarch has received an agent of the Vatican.

Date unknown

 * Curaçao is captured by the Dutch.
 * The English establish a settlement at Cochin (modern-day Kochi) on the Malabar Coast.
 * Suspecting that Patriarch Afonso Mendes played a part in the Portuguese assault on Mombasa, Emperor Fasilides expels him and several Jesuit missionaries from Ethiopia.
 * The Académie Française is formed by Cardinal Richelieu (it will be formally established in 1635).
 * The first performance of the Oberammergau Passion Play is held in Bavaria.
 * Moses Amyraut's Traité de la predestination is published.
 * The Paulaner Brewery is established in Munich, by Minim friars.

January–March

 * January 1 – Fleetwood Sheppard, English poet (d. 1698)
 * January 7
 * Sophia Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt, Landgravine consort of Hesse-Homburg (d. 1663)
 * Adam Krieger, German composer (d. 1666)
 * Katarzyna Sobieska, Polish noble (d. 1694)
 * January 16 – Dorothe Engelbretsdotter, Norway's first professional female author (d. 1716)
 * January 25 – Gaspar Fagel, Dutch statesman (d. 1688)
 * January 30 – Johann Hugo von Orsbeck, Archbishop-Elector of Trier (d. 1711)
 * February 2 – Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena, Italian noble (d. 1662)
 * February 5 – Maria Antonia Scalera Stellini, Italian poet (d. 1704)
 * February 6 – George Christian, Prince of East Frisia, prince of Ostfriesland (d. 1665)
 * February 7 – Robert Robartes, Viscount Bodmin, English diplomat and politician (d. 1682)
 * February 8 – Teodósio, Prince of Brazil, Brazilian prince (d. 1653)
 * March 4 – Kazimierz Łyszczyński, Polish philosopher (d. 1689)
 * March 11 – Nicholas Gassaway, Colonel, Maryland Provincial Forces (d. 1691)
 * March 12 – Cornelis Kick, Dutch painter (d. 1681)
 * March 18 – Marie-Madeleine de La Fayette, French novelist (d. 1693)
 * March 20 – Balthasar Bekker, Dutch minister and author of philosophical and theological works (d. 1698)
 * March 23 – Philip Smythe, 2nd Viscount Strangford, English Member of Parliament (d. 1708)
 * March 25 – George Bull, English theologian and Bishop of St David's (d. 1710)
 * March 26 – Domenico Freschi, Italian opera composer, Catholic priest (d. 1710)
 * March 28 – Sir Richard Temple, 3rd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1697)

April–June

 * April 3 – Stanisław Jan Jabłonowski, Polish noble (d. 1702)
 * April 8
 * John Adolphus, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön, German duke (d. 1704)
 * Joseph Alleine, English Nonconformist pastor, author (d. 1668)
 * April 9 – Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau, Regent of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe (1664–1679) (d. 1696)
 * April 14 – Sir John Reresby, 2nd Baronet, 17th-century English politician and diarist (d. 1689)
 * April 25 – Robert Montagu, 3rd Earl of Manchester, English politician (d. 1683)
 * May 4 – Lady Katherine Ferrers, English aristocrat and heiress (d. 1660)
 * May 7 – Richard Legh, English politician (d. 1687)
 * May 8 – Alexander Stuart, 5th Earl of Moray, Scottish nobleman (d. 1701)
 * June 1 – Roeloff Swartwout, American city founder in New York (d. 1715)
 * June 6 – Maria Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp, Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1665)
 * June 14 – Nathaniel Bond, English politician (d. 1707)
 * June 20 – Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (d. 1675)
 * June 27 – Andreas Cleyer, German physician, pharmacist, botanist, and trader of the Dutch East India Company (d. 1698)

July–September

 * July 3 – Countess Palatine Dorothea Catherine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler, Countess of Nassau-Ottweiler (d. 1715)
 * July 8 – Thomas Butler, 6th Earl of Ossory (d. 1680)
 * July 12 – John George I, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, German duke (d. 1686)
 * July 14 – Pasquier Quesnel, French Jansenist theologian (d. 1719)
 * July 18 – Johannes Camphuys, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1695)
 * July 23 – Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1705)
 * August 12 – Adam Colonia, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1685)
 * August 16 – Johann Daniel Major, German professor of theoretical medicine (d. 1693)
 * August 24 – Mary Eastey, American witch (d. 1692)
 * August 31 – Paul Amman, German physician, botanist (d. 1691)
 * September 4 – Robert South, English churchman known for his combative preaching (d. 1716)
 * September 6 – Thomas Tryon, British hat maker (d. 1703)
 * September 7 – Sir Richard Bulkeley, 1st Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1685)
 * September 22 – Christiana of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, duchess consort of Saxe-Merseburg (1650–1691) (d. 1701)

October–December

 * October 10 – Jan van Neck, Dutch painter (d. 1714)
 * October 18 – Luca Giordano, Italian late Baroque painter and printmaker in etching (d. 1705)
 * November 6 – Giuseppe Ghezzi, Italian painter (d. 1721)
 * November 7 – Francis Winnington, Solicitor-General for England and Wales (d. 1700)
 * November 23 – Paulet St John, 3rd Earl of Bolingbroke, English politician (d. 1711)
 * November 25 – Richard Slater, English politician (d. 1699)
 * November 27 – Roger Toothaker, victim of the Salem witch trials (d. 1692)
 * November 28 – Marie Luise von Degenfeld, morganatic second wife of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine of Germany (d. 1677)
 * December 15 – Thomas Kingo, Danish bishop (d. 1703)
 * December 22 – Mariana of Austria (d. 1696)
 * December 31 – Hotta Masatoshi, Japanese rōjū to Shōgun Tokugawa Ietsuna (d. 1684)

Deaths

 * January 17 – Albert Szenczi Molnár, Hungarian translator (b. 1574)
 * February 15 – Anna Maria of Ostfriesland, German noblewoman (b. 1601)
 * February 25 – Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian general (assassinated) (b. 1583)
 * March 23 – Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea, English countess (b. 1556)
 * April 2 – Maria Celeste, Italian nun, daughter of Galileo Galilei (b. 1600)
 * April 8 – Giovanni Srofenaur, Italian musician (b. 1580)
 * May 12 – George Chapman, English author (b. c.1559)
 * May 15 (bur.) – Hendrick Avercamp, Dutch painter (b. 1585)
 * June 22 – Johann von Aldringen, Austrian field marshal (b. 1588)
 * June 25 – John Marston, English dramatist (b. 1576)
 * July 25 – Francesco de' Medici, Tuscan prince (b. 1614)
 * August 9 – William Noy, English jurist (b. 1577)
 * August 11 – Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1591)
 * August 18 – Urbain Grandier, French priest (b. 1590)
 * September 3 – Edward Coke, English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (b. 1552)
 * September 6 – Frederick III, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1616)
 * September 26 – Dorothea of Anhalt-Zerbst, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. 1607)
 * October 6 – Otto Louis of Salm-Kyrburg-Mörchingen, Swedish general in the Thirty Years' War (b. 1597)
 * October 8 – Francis Julius of Saxe-Lauenburg, Prince (b. 1584)
 * October 19 – Agnes of Jesus, French Catholic nun (b. 1602)
 * November 14 – Sophia of Holstein-Gottorp, Regent of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1603–1608) (b. 1569)
 * November 19 – Alexander Charles Vasa, 5th son of King Sigismund III Vasa (b. 1614)
 * November 20 – Anna Maria of Solms-Sonnewalde, Countess consort of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b. 1585)
 * December 11 – Fadrique de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza, Spanish noble and admiral (b. 1580)
 * December 25
 * Count Walter Butler, Irish immigrant living in Germany (b. 1600s)
 * Lettice Knollys, English noblewoman (b. 1543)
 * December 29 – John Albert Vasa, Polish bishop (b. 1612)
 * date unknown
 * Adriano Banchieri, Italian composer (b. 1568)
 * Johan Bara, Dutch painter, engraver (b. c. 1581)

title: 1634


text:
1635

January–March

 * January 23 – 1635 Capture of Tortuga: The Spanish Navy captures the Caribbean island of Tortuga off of the coast of Haiti after a three-day battle against the English and French Navy.
 * January 25 – King Thalun moves the capital of Burma from Pegu to Ava.
 * February 22 – The Académie française in Paris is formally constituted, as the national academy for the preservation of the French language.
 * March 22 – The Peacock Throne of India's Mughal Empire is inaugurated in a ceremony in Delhi to support the seventh anniversary of Shah Jahan's accession to the throne as Emperor.
 * March 26 – Philipp Christoph von Sötern, the Archbishop-Elector of Trier, is taken prisoner in a surprise attack by Spanish Habsburg troops, leading to a declaration of war against Spain by France and the beginning of the Franco-Spanish War.

April–June

 * April 13 – Druze warlord Fakhr-al-Din II is executed in Constantinople.
 * April 23 – Boston Latin School, the oldest school in the United States of America, is founded in Boston, Massachusetts.
 * May 19 – France declares war on Spain.
 * May 30 – Thirty Years' War – The Peace of Prague is signed, which ends the German civil war aspect of the conflict.
 * June 28 – France's Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique begins its occupation of the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe, with Charles Liénard de L'Olive as its first Governor.

July–September

 * July 31 – The Royal Mail service is made available to the public, by Charles I of England.
 * August 3 – Cossack rebel leader Ivan Sulyma stages a surprise attack on Poland's newly constructed Kodak fortress, and his raiders kill most of the 200 mercenaries stationed there. Sulyma and his allies are captured by the army of Stanisław Koniecpolski, and Sulyma is executed on December 12.
 * August 25 – The Great Colonial Hurricane strikes Narragansett Bay as a possible Category 3 hurricane, killing over 46 people.
 * September 12 – The Treaty of Sztumska Wieś is signed, between Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

October–December

 * October 9 – Rhode Island founder Roger Williams is banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony as a religious dissident, after speaking out against punishments for religious offenses, and giving away Native American land.
 * November 15 – Thomas Parr, dead at the alleged age of 152, is buried in Westminster Abbey.
 * November 22 – The Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa, against Taiwanese aborigines, begins.
 * December 23 – Shah Jahan, Emperor of India's Mughal Empire, issues a decree against the Portuguese Jesuits, ordering that the Agra Church be demolished and barring them from attempting to convert Hindus and Muslims to the Christian faith, but allows them to conduct their religious ceremonies in private.

Date unknown

 * Guadeloupe and Martinique are colonized by France.
 * Dominica is claimed by France.
 * The Ottomans are expelled from Yemen.
 * In the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan's Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is completed.
 * Nagyszombat University (predecessor of Budapest University) is established.
 * Japan forbids merchants to travel abroad, under penalty of death.
 * A Japanese imperial memorandum decrees: "Hereafter entry by the Portuguese galeota is forbidden. If they insist on coming, the ships must be destroyed and anyone aboard those ships must be beheaded."
 * Willem and Joan Blaeu publish the first edition of their Atlas Novus, in Amsterdam.

January–March

 * January 2 – Wilhelmus à Brakel, Dutch theologian (d. 1711)
 * January 6 – Charles Fane, 3rd Earl of Westmorland, Member of Parliament and House of Lords (d. 1691)
 * January 8 – Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero, Spanish Archbishop of Toledo (d. 1709)
 * January 10 – Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma, Italian military leader (d. 1689)
 * January 13 – Philipp Spener, German Christian theologian known as the Father of Pietism (d. 1705)
 * January 25 – Daniel Casper von Lohenstein, German writer, diplomat and lawyer (d. 1683)
 * February 1 – Marquard Gude, German archaeologist and classical scholar (d. 1689)
 * February 2 – William Godolphin, English politician (d. 1696)
 * February 18 – Johan Göransson Gyllenstierna, Swedish statesman (d. 1680)
 * February 21 – Thomas Flatman, British artist (d. 1688)
 * February 25 – Walrad, Prince of Nassau-Usingen, German prince and founder of the line of Nassau-Usingen (d. 1702)
 * March 2 – Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons, Italian noble (d. 1673)
 * March 4 – Emilia Butler, Countess of Ossory, English countess (d. 1688)
 * March 10 – Jan van Buken, Flemish painter (d. 1690)
 * March 15 – Sulaiman Shikoh, Mughal Empire emperor (d. 1662)
 * March 31 – Patrick Gordon, Scottish-born Russian general, rear admiral (d. 1699)

April–June

 * April 16 – Frans van Mieris the Elder, Dutch Golden Age genre and portrait painter (d. 1681)
 * April 17 – Edward Stillingfleet, British theologian and scholar (d. 1699)
 * April 25 – William Harbord, British politician (d. 1692)
 * May 4 – Willem van Outhoorn, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1720)
 * May 6 – Johann Joachim Becher, German chemist (d. 1682)
 * May 9 – Augustus, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg (d. 1699)
 * May 26 – Sir Thomas Lee, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1691)
 * June 3 – Philippe Quinault, French writer (d. 1688)
 * June 10 – Federico Caccia, Cardinal Archbishop of Milan (d. 1699)
 * June 15 – Theodor Undereyk, German theologian (d. 1693)
 * June 20 – Patrick Chaworth, 3rd Viscount Chaworth, Irish politician (d. 1693)
 * June 21 – Laurent d'Arvieux, French traveler (d. 1702)

July–September

 * July 11 – Gottfried Wilhelm Sacer, German jurist (d. 1699)
 * July 13 – Jacques Bruyas, French missionary (d. 1712)
 * July 19 – Francine Descartes, daughter of French philosopher René Descartes (d. 1640)
 * July 23 – Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, iconic figure in the history of New France (d. 1660)
 * July 28 – Robert Hooke, English scientist (d. 1703)
 * July 29 – Christian Louis, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1645–1692) and Count of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1692–1706) (d. 1706)
 * August 9 – Philip Traherne, British book collector (d. 1686)
 * August 24 – Peder Griffenfeld, Danish statesman and royal favourite (d. 1699)
 * August 30 – Pieter Spierinckx, Flemish painter (d. 1711)
 * September 1 – Armand de Camboust, duc de Coislin, French lieutenant général (d. 1702)
 * September 5 – Joseph Mezger, Austrian Benedictine (d. 1683)
 * September 7 – Paul I, Prince Esterházy, Hungarian prince (d. 1713)
 * September 9 – Andrzej Stech, Polish painter (d. 1697)
 * September 17 – Peter Colleton, English politician (d. 1694)
 * September 18 – Joana, Princess of Beira, Portuguese infanta (princess) (d. 1653)

October–December

 * October 7
 * Christopher Comstock, American settler (d. 1702)
 * Roger de Piles, French painter (d. 1709)
 * October 28 – Constantin Ranst de Jonge, son of Hieronimus Rans(t) (1607–1660) (d. 1714)
 * November 1 – Johann Michael Vansleb, German theologian (d. 1679)
 * November 3 – Johann Sturm, German philosopher (d. 1703)
 * November 6 – Sir John Carew, 3rd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1692)
 * November 11 – Justus Danckerts, Dutch artist (d. 1701)
 * November 15 – Princess Margaret Yolande of Savoy, duchess consort of Parma (d. 1663)
 * November 19 – Mingju, Qing Dynasty statesman (d. 1708)
 * November 22 – Francis Willughby, English biologist (d. 1672)
 * November 27 – Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon, second wife of Louis XIV of France (d. 1719)
 * December 11 – Sir William Twysden, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1697)
 * December 15 – Valentin Alberti, Silesian philosopher, theologian (d. 1697)
 * December 23 – Ottaviano Jannella, Italian sculptor (d. 1661)
 * December 28 – Elizabeth Stuart, second daughter of King Charles I of England (d. 1650)
 * December 31 – Sir Robert Southwell, English diplomat (d. 1702)

Date unknown
 * Thomas Betterton, English actor (d. 1710)
 * Sir Henry Morgan, Welsh privateer (d. 1688)

Deaths

 * January 16 – Mariana de Jesús Torres, Spanish nun and mystic (b. 1563)
 * February 19 – Franco Burgersdijk, Dutch logician (b. 1590)
 * March – Thomas Randolph, English poet (b. 1605)
 * March 27 – Robert Naunton, English politician (b. 1563)
 * March 28 – Patrick Forbes, bishop in the Church of Scotland (b. 1564)
 * April 13 – Fakhr-al-Din II, Ottoman Emir of Chouf (b. 1572)
 * April 21 – Maria Musch, Dutch shipowner
 * April 23 – Elizabeth Carey, Lady Berkeley, English courtier (b. 1576)
 * April 25
 * Alessandro Tassoni, Italian poet and writer (b. 1565)
 * Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen (b. 1588)
 * April 27
 * Antonio Zapata y Cisneros, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1550)
 * Wolfgang Ratke, German educational reformer (b. 1571)
 * July 10 – Alonso Jerónimo de Salas Barbadillo, Spanish novelist and dramatist (b. c. 1580)
 * August (bur.) – Richard Whitbourne, English colonist of Newfoundland (b. 1561)
 * August 7 – Friedrich von Spee, German writer (b. 1591)
 * August 9 – John II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (b. 1584)
 * August 27 – Lope de Vega, Spanish poet and playwright (b. 1562)
 * September 6 – Metius, Dutch mathematician and astronomer (b. 1571)
 * September 10 – Johann Faulhaber, German mathematician (b. 1580)
 * October 10 – Johann Ulrich Steigleder, German composer (b. 1593)
 * October 24 – Wilhelm Schickard, German inventor (b. 1592)
 * October 31 – Maria Amalia of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noble (b. 1582)
 * November 5 – Jobst Herman, Count of Schaumburg (b. 1593)
 * November 15 – Thomas Parr, English alleged oldest living man (b. 1483)
 * November 25 – John Hall, English physician, son-in-law of William Shakespeare (b. 1575)
 * December 1 – Melchior Teschner, German cantor, composer and theologian (b. 1584)
 * December 9 – Sophie of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania (b. 1587)
 * December 19 – Albrecht of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (b. 1579)
 * December 23 – Henry II, Count of Reuss-Gera (b. 1572)
 * December 25 – Samuel de Champlain, French explorer and founder of Quebec (b. c.1567)
 * date unknown
 * Iravikkutti Pillai, Venad leader in India (b. 1603)
 * Urszula Meyerin, politically influential Polish courtier (b. 1570)
 * probable – Anthony Shirley, English traveller (b. 1565)

title: 1635


text:
1637

January–March

 * January 5 – Pierre Corneille's tragicomedy Le Cid is first performed, in Paris, France.
 * January 16 – The siege of Nagpur ends in what is now the Maharashtra state of India, as Kok Shah, the King of Deogarh, surrenders his kingdom to the Mughal Empire.
 * January 23 – John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen arrives from the Netherlands to become the Governor of Dutch Brazil, and extends the range of the colony over the next six years.
 * January 28 – The Manchu armies of China complete their invasion of northern Korea with the surrender of King Injo of the Joseon Kingdom.
 * February 3 – Tulip mania collapses in the Dutch Republic.
 * February 15 – Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor upon the death of his father, Ferdinand II, although his formal coronation does not take place until later in the year.
 * February 18 – Eighty Years' War – Battle off Lizard Point: Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a Spanish fleet intercepts an Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44 vessels escorted by six warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.
 * March 6 – The world's first opera house, Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice with the premiere of L'Andromeda, with music by Francesco Manelli and libretto by Benedetto Ferrari.
 * March 25 – The Blessed Virgin is proclaimed Queen of Genoa.

April–June

 * April 10 – Plymouth Colony grants the "tenn menn of Saugust" a new settlement on Cape Cod, later named Sandwich, Massachusetts.
 * April 30 – King Charles I of England issues a proclamation, attempting to stem emigration to the North American colonies.
 * May 26 – Pequot War – Mystic massacre: A band of English settlers under Captain John Mason, and their Narragansett and Mohegan allies, set fire to a fortified village of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe near the Mystic River. Between 400 and 700 people, mostly women, children and old men, are killed.
 * May – Chinese encyclopedist Song Yingxing publishes his Tiangong Kaiwu ("Exploitation of the Works of Nature"), considered one of the most valuable encyclopedias of classical China.
 * June 27 – The first English venture to China is attempted by Captain John Weddell, who sails into port in Macau and Canton during the late Ming Dynasty, with six ships. The voyages are for trade, which is dominated here by the Portuguese (at this time combined with the power of Spain). He brings 38,421 pairs of eyeglasses, perhaps the first recorded European-made eyeglasses to enter China.

July–September

 * July 23 – After a court battle, King Charles I of England hands over title to the North American colony of Massachusetts to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, one of the founders of Plymouth Council for New England.
 * August 16 – Adam Olearius, sent along with Philipp Crusius and Otto Bruggemann by the German Duke of Holstein-Gottorp to establish a trade deal with Persia, is welcomed by the Safavid ruler, the Shah Safi at the Persian capital, Isfahan.
 * August 25 – Eighty Years' War: A force of 17,000 Spanish troops, led by the Spanish Netherlands Governor-General, Don Fernando de Austria, recaptures the city of Venlo from the Dutch Republic after a five-day siege
 * August 29 – Fighting in what is now the West African nation of Ghana, troops of the Dutch West India Company capture the Portuguese territory of the Gold Coast after the five-day Battle of Elmina.
 * September 29 – The last five of the "16 Martyrs of Japan" are executed for illegally attempting to spread Christianity in Japan. Lorenzo Ruiz, Guillaume Courtet, Michael de Aozaraza, Vincent Shiwozuka and Lazarus of Kyoto are all put to death by the slow hanging torture of ana-tsurushi. They will be canonized 350 years later as saints of the Roman Catholic Church, on October 18, 1987.

October–December

 * October 13 – English Royal Navy first-rate ship of the line HMS Sovereign of the Seas is launched at Woolwich Dockyard at a cost of £65,586, adorned from stern to bow with gilded carvings, after a design by Anthony van Dyck.
 * November 18 – The coronation as the new Holy Roman Emperor of Ferdinand III, Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia, takes place in Vienna.
 * December 17 – The Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan, when 30,000 peasants in the heavily Catholic area of northern Kyūshū revolt.

Date unknown

 * Pierre de Fermat makes a notation, in a document margin, claiming to have proof of what will become known as Fermat's Last Theorem.
 * René Descartes promotes intellectual rigour in his Discourse on the Method, and introduces the Cartesian coordinate system in its appendix La Géométrie (published in Leiden).
 * France places a few missionaries in the Ivory Coast, a country it will rule more than 200 years later.
 * Scottish army officer Robert Monro publishes Monro, His Expedition With the Worthy Scots Regiment Called Mac-Keys in London, the first military history in English.
 * Elizabeth Poole becomes the first female founder of a town (Taunton, Massachusetts) in the Americas.
 * Richard Norwood's book The Seaman's Practice is published for the first time.

January–March

 * January 14 – Mattia de Rossi, Italian painter (d. 1695)
 * January 18 – Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz, Spanish religious writer, Catholic prelate and bishop (d. 1699)
 * February 10
 * Countess Henriette Catherine of Nassau, daughter of Frederick Henry (d. 1708)
 * William Paget, 6th Baron Paget, English peer and ambassador (d. 1713)
 * February 11 – Friedrich Nicolaus Bruhns, German organist and composer (d. 1718)
 * February 12 – Jan Swammerdam, Dutch biologist and microscopist (d. 1680)
 * February 13 – Denis Granville, English priest (d. 1703)
 * February 21 – William Beveridge, English Bishop of St. Asaph (d. 1708)
 * March 1 – Thomas Watson, Bishop of St. David's (d. 1717)
 * March 2 – Sir Stephen Lennard, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1709)
 * March 5 – Jan van der Heyden, Dutch Baroque-era painter (d. 1712)
 * March 14 – Fitz-John Winthrop, Governor of the Connecticut Colony (d. 1707)
 * March 17 – Anne of England, daughter of King Charles I (d. 1640)
 * March 30 – Samuel Pitiscus, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1727)

April–June

 * April 6 – Sir William Whitmore, 2nd Baronet, English politician and baronet (d. 1699)
 * April 16
 * Jean-Jacques Clérion, French sculptor who worked mainly for King Louis XIV (d. 1714)
 * Johan Vibe, Norwegian noble (d. 1710)
 * April 19 – Mateo Cerezo, Spanish artist (d. 1666)
 * May 13 – Giacinto Cestoni, Italian naturalist (d. 1718)
 * May 22 – John Kyrle, British philanthropist (d. 1724)
 * May 31 – Louis Laneau, French bishop active in the kingdom of Siam (d. 1696)
 * June 1 – Jacques Marquette, French Jesuit missionary and explorer (d. 1675)
 * June 11 – Tamura Muneyoshi, Japanese daimyō of the Iwanuma Domain (d. 1678)
 * June 21 – Asano Tsunaakira, Lord of Hiroshima Domain (d. 1673)
 * June 22
 * Takatsukasa Fusasuke, Japanese court noble of the early Edo period (d. 1700)
 * Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d. 1717)
 * Joseph Werner, Swiss painter (d. 1710)
 * June 25 – Christophe Veyrier, French sculptor (d. 1689)

July–September

 * July 24 – Nathaniel Fairfax, English divine and physician (d. 1690)
 * August 16 – Countess Emilie Juliane of Barby-Mühlingen, German noblewoman and hymn author (d. 1706)
 * August 19 – Roemer Vlacq, Dutch naval commander (d. 1703)
 * August 20 – Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, first Dutch governor of Suriname (d. 1688)
 * August 23 – Francis Turner, British bishop (d. 1700)
 * August 27 – Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, Colonial governor of Maryland (d. 1715)
 * September 1 – Nicolas Catinat, French military commander and Marshal of France under Louis XIV (d. 1712)
 * September 15 – James Brodie, Scottish politician (d. 1708)
 * September 16 – Elisha Cooke, Sr., Massachusetts colonial politician and judge (d. 1715)
 * September 26 – Sébastien Leclerc, French painter (d. 1714)

October–December

 * October 3 – George Gordon, 1st Earl of Aberdeen, Lord Chancellor of Scotland (d. 1720)
 * October 13 – Paul Fugger von Kirchberg und Weißenhorn, German politician (d. 1701)
 * October 22 – Francis North, 1st Baron Guilford (d. 1685)
 * October 24 – Lorenzo Magalotti, Italian philosopher (d. 1712)
 * October 27 – Al-Mahdi Muhammad, Yemeni imam (d. 1718)
 * November 4 – Juan Francisco de la Cerda, 8th Duke of Medinaceli, Spanish politician (d. 1691)
 * November 23 – Paul Mezger, Austrian Benedictine theologian and academic (d. 1702)
 * November 25 – Armand de Gramont, Comte de Guiche, French nobleman (d. 1673)
 * November 30 – Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont, French ecclesiastical historian (d. 1698)
 * December 6 – Edmund Andros, English colonial administrator in North America (d. 1714)
 * December 7
 * William Neile, English mathematician and founder member of the Royal Society (d. 1670)
 * Bernardo Pasquini, Italian composer of operas (d. 1710)
 * December 10 – Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville (d. 1710)
 * December 19 – Sir William Leman, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1701)
 * December 24 – Pierre Jurieu, French Protestant leader (d. 1713)
 * December 27 – Petar Kanavelić, Venetian writer (d. 1719)
 * December 30 – William Cave, English divine (d. 1713)

Deaths

 * January 23 – Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley (b. 1559)
 * February 15 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1578)
 * March 10 – Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania (b. 1580)
 * March 12
 * Cornelius a Lapide, Flemish Jesuit exegete (b. 1567)
 * Anders Arrebo, Danish writer (b. 1587)
 * March 19 – Péter Pázmány, Hungarian cardinal and statesman (b. 1570)
 * April 3 – Joseph Yuspa Nördlinger Hahn, German rabbi
 * April 4 – Fernando Afán de Ribera, duke of Alcalá de los Gazules, Spanish diplomat (b. 1583)
 * April 30 – Niwa Nagashige, Japanese warlord (b. 1571)
 * May 2 – Chamaraja Wodeyar VI, King of Mysore (b. 1603)
 * May 5 – William Petre, 2nd Baron Petre, English peer and MP (b. 1575)
 * May 19 – Isaac Beeckman, Dutch scientist and philosopher (b. 1588)
 * May 29 – Jiří Třanovský, Czech priest and musician (b. 1592)
 * June 6 – Pieter Huyssens, Flemish architect (b. 1577)
 * June 24 – Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, French astronomer (b. 1580)
 * July 1 – Christopher von Dohna, German politician and scholar (b. 1583)
 * July 21 – Daniel Sennert, German physician, chemist (b. 1572)
 * July 28 – Johann Christoph von Westerstetten, German bishop (b. 1563)
 * August 6 – Ben Jonson, English writer (b. 1572)
 * August 17 – Johann Gerhard, German Lutheran leader (b. 1582)
 * August 27 – Princess Catherine Beatrice of Savoy, daughter of the Duke of Savoy (b. 1636)
 * September 8 – Robert Fludd, English mystic (b. 1574)
 * September 9 – Louise de Bourbon, French noble (b. 1603)
 * September 14
 * Theodoor Rombouts, Flemish painter (b. 1597)
 * Pierre Vernier, French mathematician (b. 1580)
 * September 21 – William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1602)
 * September 22 – Charles Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat (b. 1580)
 * September 27 – Lorenzo Ruiz, Filipino saint (b. c.1600)
 * October 5 – Daniel Cramer, German theologian (b. 1568)
 * October 7 – Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (b. 1587)
 * October 16 – Johann Rudolf Stadler, Swiss clock-maker (b. 1605)
 * October 21 – Laurens Reael, Dutch admiral (b. 1583)
 * October 27 – Robert Caesar, English politician (b. 1602)
 * November 26
 * Andries de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland (b. 1573)
 * Humilis of Bisignano, Italian Franciscan friar and saint (b. 1582)
 * December 4 – Nicholas Ferrar, English trader (b. 1592)
 * December 19 – Christina of Lorraine, Tuscan regent (b. 1565)
 * December 24 – Juan López de Agurto de la Mata, Spanish Catholic prelate (b. 1572)
 * December 27 – Vincenzo Giustiniani, Italian banker (b. 1564)
 * December 31 – Christian, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1588–1637) (b. 1585)

title: 1637