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New materials in 20th-century art

New materials in 20th-century art were introduced to art making from the very beginning of the century. The introduction of new materials (and techniques) and heretofore non-art materials helped drive change in art during the 20th century. Traditional materials and techniques were not necessarily displaced in the 20th century. Rather, they functioned alongside innovations that came with the 20th century. Such mainstays as oil-on-canvas painting, and sculpting in traditional materials continued right through the 20th century into the 21st century. Furthermore, even "traditional" materials were greatly expanded in the course of the 20th century. The number of pigments available to artists (painters, primarily) has increased both in quantity and quality, by most reckoning. New formulations for traditional materials especially the commercial availability of acrylic paint have become widely used, introducing initial issues over their stability and longevity.

Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Kurt Schwitters, Joseph Cornell and others incorporated paper collage and mixed drawing (materials) with paint to fashion their work. Both Picasso and Marcel Duchamp pioneered the use of found objects as material for paintings and sculpture during the 1910s. In the 1940s Jackson Pollock pioneered the use of housepaint, silver and aluminum paint, duco, and various objects for use in his paintings. In the 1950s Robert Rauschenberg included 3-D elements like tires and stuffed animals as well as using discarded materials like crushed or flattened cardboard boxes. Yves Klein incorporated live nude models and a symphony orchestra in his performance pieces of his paintings. John Chamberlain used crushed auto parts for sculpture. In the 1960s Pop artists Andy Warhol, Claes Oldenburg, Tom Wesselmann and Roy Lichtenstein made art from commercial products, or art that resembled commercial products like television sets, soup cans, brillo boxes, comic books, household furniture and restaurant items among other things. Edward Kienholz made replicas of actual environments both domestic and commercial, while George Segal made life-size plaster figures in settings using real objects and props. Dan Flavin used electric fluorescent lights and ballasts to create sculpture. In the 1970s Frank Stella introduced honeycombed aluminum and glitter. In the 1980s Julian Schnabel made "plate paintings" with broken crockery stuck to the surface and then painted over, Anselm Kiefer and Richard Long used mud, soil or tar in their works. In the 1960s and again in the 1990s artists used excrement notably - the Italian artist Piero Manzoni in 1961 and the British artist Chris Ofili who specialized in using elephant dung in the 1990s. Tracey Emin included her bed, entitled My Bed, in 1999.

Some innovations concerning materials used in art merely function in a supportive way, and other innovative materials are much more conspicuous. Frank Stella's use of honeycombed aluminum served as a lightweight and strong and very configurable support for imagery. In the sculpture entitled "Monogram," by Robert Rauschenberg, an angora goat assumes a position of central importance.

Early 20th century
The advent of Modernism and Modern Art in the first decades of the 20th century inspired artists to test and transcend the boundaries and the limitations of the traditional and conventional forms of art making in search of newer forms and in search of new materials. The innovations of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and the French Symbolists provided essential inspiration for the development of modern art by the younger generation of artists in Paris and elsewhere in Europe. Henri Matisse and other young artists revolutionized the Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive, paintings that the critics called Fauvism. Henri Rousseau, Pablo Picasso, Giorgio de Chirico, Amedeo Modigliani, Marc Chagall, Robert Delaunay and scores of young artists in Paris made their first modern paintings venturing toward abstraction and other new ways of formulating figurative, still-life and landscape imagery.

1900s
During the first decade of the 20th century modern art developed simultaneously in several different areas in Europe (France, England, Scandinavia, Russia, Germany, Italy), and in the United States. Artists began to formulate different directions of modern art, seemingly unrelated to one another.

In printmaking, the linocut was invented by the artists of Die Brücke in Germany between 1905 and 1913. At first they described their prints as woodcuts, which sounded more respectable. The technique remains popular as a very simple method of printmaking, even suitable for use in schools.

Cubism
Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris and other cubist artists introduced new elements and materials like newspaper clippings, fabric, and sheet music into their paintings. Eventually the movement was called Synthetic Cubism developed between 1912 and 1919. Synthetic cubism is characterized by works with different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of subject matter. It was the beginning of collage materials being introduced as an important ingredient of fine art work by the avant-garde.

Considered the first work of this new style was Pablo Picasso's "Still Life with Chair-caning" (1911–1912), which includes oil cloth that was printed to look like chair-caning pasted onto an oval canvas, with text; and rope framing the whole picture. At the upper left are the letters "JOU", which appear in many cubist paintings and refers to the newspaper titled "Le Journal".

Dada
The Dada movement began during World War I as a protest against the madness and violence of war. Applying shock tactics and anarchy to art the Dadaists pioneered the use of new artistic techniques such as collage, photomontage readymades and the use of found objects. Artists like Marcel Duchamp, Hannah Höch, Kurt Schwitters, Francis Picabia, Man Ray and others incorporated into their work random everyday objects often combined with more conventional artist materials. They included photographs, panes of glass, picture frames, eyeglasses, boxes, newspapers, magazines, ticket stubs, metal pipes, bulbs, bottle racks, urinals, bicycle wheels and other objects. Marcel Duchamp created The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even, working on the piece from 1915 to 1923. He made the work on two panes of glass; with materials such as lead foil, fuse wire, and dust.

Surrealism
During the 1930s Surrealist artist Méret Oppenheim created sexually charged erotic pieces. Oppenheim's best known piece is Object (Le Déjeuner en fourrure) (1936). The sculpture consists of a teacup, saucer and spoon that the artist covered with fur from a Chinese gazelle. It is displayed at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.

1950s
Robert Rauschenberg began to create what became known as his Combine paintings in the early 1950s.

1960s
In 1960 Yves Klein incorporated live nude models and a symphony orchestra in his performance pieces of his paintings. Klein also made use of Photomontage in the famous pseudo-performance picture of himself diving off a wall onto a Paris street Le Saut dans le Vide (Leap into the Void. In the 1960s John Chamberlain continued using crushed auto parts for sculpture. Dan Flavin used electric fluorescent lights and ballasts to create his sculpture. In May 1961 Italian artist Piero Manzoni used his own excrement, selling it in cans titled Artist's Shit (Merda d'Artista). However the contents of the cans remain a much-disputed enigma, since opening them would destroy the value of the artwork. Various theories about the contents have been proposed, including speculation that it is plaster.

title: New materials in 20th-century art


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Talk:Intermolecular force

Sodium ion/water ion-dipole bounding energy
I found on chemwiki.UCdavis.edu an article written by teachers saying: "The sodium ion/water cluster interaction is approximately 50 KJ/mol." We can use this amount of energy in the interraction to compare with hydrogen bounding's strength and say that ion-dipole are generally stronger than HB. (would fix the citation needed in ion-dipole text) --JuRien (talk) 03:22, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

Too complex and gratuitous linking from other articles
Seems like someone (successfully) tried to eradicate the instantaneous dipole explanation of the London dispersion force from Wikipedia. I remember there once was a nice Wikipedia page on this subject (or at the very least a link to a nice external page), but now, wherever I click on a link that says "Induced-dipole attraction", "instantaneous dipole", "dispersion"... I get directed to the "Quantum mechanical theory of dispersion forces" section of this ragtag Wikipedia article (see for instance Dipole, Van_der_Waals_force,...).

Yes, the quantum mechanical second-order perturbation theory is a more rigorous explanation of the dispersion interaction. No, this doesn't render the instantaneous dipole explanation invalid (as the page suggests). Even modern quantum chemists often fall back to the instantaneous dipole explanation because it's a simpler frame of reference to think in. If you don't believe me, read this paper, written by none other than Schroedinger Medal laureate Axel Becke: J. Chem. Phys. 122, 154104 (2005). Note how he derives his theory using the instantaneous dipole moment of the Fermi hole. Then, he refers to the appendix for the formal derivation using second-order perturbation theory. If even the readership of J. Chem. Phys. finds it easier to think in terms of instantaneous dipoles, do you really expect non-experts that read Wikipedia to understand your second-order perturbation theory?

Same with the whole "electrostatic interactions" section. It may all be correct, but it is definitely not the kind of information your average Wikipedian is looking for. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a physical chemistry textbook!!!

On a more constructive note, maybe we could rewrite the current "intermolecular force" page so that it gives only the classical explanations. For each type of intermolecular force, after giving the classical explanation, we'd include a link to a new page "quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions", that would contain most of the content from the current page (albeit organized a bit better). Of course, this would be a major overhaul, so there probably needs to be some discussion on the idea before we can start implementing it.

OneAhead (talk) 01:08, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

Van der Waal's information incorrect?
What I learnt was Van der Waal's forces occur because of assymetrical distribution of electron clouds due to movement of electrons, instead of polarity. jynx 15:59, 24 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Van der Waal's information here has a contrast to what I learnt at school.

See dipole, there's a short conventional division of weak intermolecular forces. Debye, Keesom, Van der Waals, etc. all studied these phenomenon from slightly different angles prior quantum mechanics, i guess hence the confuse. One could say that the uncertainty principle is working here, as the dipole moments at any given time should be exactly derivable but aren't so... ;-)

 * Oh, no. Attractive Van der Waal's forces are of three general types: dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and interactions of "instantaneous dipoles" (London's dispersion attractions), according to good textbook definitions.Biophys 22:56, 17 October 2007 (UTC)
 * yeah ... Biophys is right . GreekAlexander (talk) 15:45, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

HCl as an example for a dipole-dipole reaction
Might it be a good idea to use a different polar molecule for dipole-dipole interaction than HCl? Namely something without hydrogen. maybe Acetone or CO or any other aprotic polar molecule? Fett0001 02:13, 1 November 2005 (UTC)

Van der Waal's Volume?
I came here from "van der Waals volume" on the proline page. I found van der Waals, but what's van der Waals volume? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by PierreAbbat (talk • contribs).
 * I believe van der Waals forces and "van der Waals volume" relate back to the van der Waals equation, which compensates for intermolecular forces and volume. I believe van der Waals volume would be the volume of a gas molecule that is accounted for by the equation.  Don't hold me to that. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mauvila (talk • contribs).

Two atomic dipoles weakly attract by Van der Waals interaction, bringing the two nuclei closer. When they draw closer together, their electron clouds begin to repel each other. When van der Waals attraction balances this repulsive force, the distance is the Van der Waals radius, and atoms are at their van der Waals volume; in the space-filling molecular models the atoms are usually shown at their van der Waals radii/volumes.

In my opn some of the problems of this argument is that the title "intermolecular interaction" could better be "non covalent interaction" because many interaction are between atoms; van der waals volumes are volumes for atoms inside molecules.

83.103.67.194 13:26, 28 March 2007 (UTC)roberto90967

Diagrams
This page would really benefit from some real diagrams. - Omegatron 19:59, May 26, 2004 (UTC)

Van der Waal's forces and London Dispersion Forces as a synonym
I don't think the Van der Waals forces should be used as a synonym for London dispersion forces. In its true definition, Van der Waals forces are those which contribute to the non-volume part of the Van der Waals equation. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.63.61.216 (talk • contribs).

 * Correct. See my comment above.Biophys 22:58, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Under the headline of London dispersion forces I changed: "sometimes called the van der Waals force" to "one of the three types of van der Waals forces".

This after I read comments in the "discussion" banner that agreed with me on that London dispersion forces are not synonomous with van der Waals forces.

There's also a discussion on this from physicsforum.com:

Thγmφ (talk) 21:17, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Polar molecules not in Symmetrical molecules
I've been told that in, say CCl4, even though the electro negativities of the Cls cause each C Cl bond to be a dipole, because of it's symmettry, it causes the overall charge to disappear, meaning that the overall molecule isn't polar whatsoever. Now, why? Surely any charge on the outside of a molecule can't cancel a like force also on the outside of a molecule. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.22.102.86 (talk • contribs). Don't trust me on this one, but my view is that the symmetry of the dipole bonds makes each bond equally susceptible to outside influences, so would there be an environment that effects to these bonds, the molecule still would rotate, unless it'd be 'anchored' from three points, by an outside &delta+, &delta-, and some London forces. This still wouldn't effect the 4th Cl, since partial charges tend cancel themselves out, because on atomic scale they are intentionally divided parts of an Eigenstate of the molecule in question... see also entropy... Had me thinking for a while. I guess quantum chemists could say something more by some formulas... A good question, hope this helps (somethings can be taken as stated).

 * symmetric molecules do not have a dipole moment, so they are not polar --Spoon! 19:07, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Not necessarily. Water molecule has a C2 symmetry axis, and it has a dipole moment.Biophys 23:00, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Intro
I reverted this:

 * Intermolecular forces, the component of the intermolecular bond, are electromagnetic forces...

because the grammar is unsettling and more importantly it adds no useful information. —Keenan Pepper 14:48, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Merging Keesom force to Intermolecular Force
I've proposed a merge of the content from Keesom force to Intermolecular Force, because I believe that the term itself is far too unique to be used commonly. The term "Dipole-dipole interaction" has always been used in every textbook I have read, and the term itself redirects here. Keesom force can be made into a redirect. Kareeser|Talk! 00:56, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

More merging may be done with [intermolecular attraction] perhaps? -Kristan Wifler

So there are 5 forces listed:

Attractive intermolecular forces:

Dipole-dipole forces Ion-dipole forces Van der Waals forces (Keesom force, Debye force, and London dispersion force)

So Keesom force and dipole-dipole forces are not the same. A simple explanation (catchwords: Boltzmann-averaged, rotating, not fixed) why they differ and why those assumptions are needed/useful, why we need both dipole-dipole interactions respectively would be great. Melierax eng (talk) 19:31, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

clean up
You bet this article needs a clean up. It coudn't be any more cluttered. I could have made a better article (no I couldn't). Tourskin.

Aren't London dispersion forces, dipole-induced dipole forces, Debye forces, Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces, and just plain old instantaneous dipole forces all the same thing? This article needs to be more streamlined by having these combined under the same heading if there are the same. Also, ion-dipole forces are not elaborated on, and this needs to be done so. Make the article more systematic that way. Thanks.97.126.84.206 (talk) 06:55, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

Possible mistake
I read in the Hydrogen Bonding section of this article that it occurs when a hydrogen atom is **noncovalently bonded** to an electronegative atom... The fact that it is noncovalently bonded puzzles me. E.g. H is covalently bonded to O in a water molecule. Please explain. -- Freiddie 20:49, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Hydrogen bonding involves a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom and noncovalently bonded to another electronegative atom. For example, a hydrogen bond between two water molecules can be described diagrammatically as follows: O-H···O. The solid line is a covalent O-H bond and the dashed line is a noncovalent O-H bond.  The noncovalent bond is called the hydrogen bond.

 * Ben 20:54, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Apparently, I understood this point. But the fact that it is followed by "The result is a dipolar molecule." seems to indicate that the noncovalent bond between this hydrogen and the electronegative atom forms a dipolar molecule. The way the passage describes the hydrogen is really odd here. -- Freiddie 18:48, 6 August 2007 (UTC)

Question: is the force attraction of solid,liquid,gas,plasma strong or weak or what?? that is our assignment so please answer —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.87.191.146 (talk) 10:52, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

This article is terribly useless.
I think I fell asleep while attempting to read it. People aren't coming to an article about intermolecular forces to see only deep physical theory and accompanying formulae while something as simple as a table comparing types of intermolecular forces is missing. Hell, there's only one mention of kj/mol, and even the most basic chemistry 101 book will tell you the relative strengths of different kinds of intermolecular forces. If an article is going to be chock full of higher-level physics, then it damn well better have the basic, encyclopedic information nailed down.--74.61.4.8 21:28, 19 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Of course it is not useless, but it definitely needs improvement. Your point is well founded. It should be understandable for a high school student. Perhaps we need to move some parts with a lot of math to smaller and more specialized articles to improve readability. At the same time, some missing qualitative concepts (such as dependence of vdW forces on the environment) should be included. Biophys 23:09, 17 October 2007 (UTC) Yes, Quantum Mechanics treatment of intermolecular forces should be made a separate article. Wikipedia suppose to be for general public. BTW, all intermolecular interactions can be described in framework of classical physics. Even dispersion attractions can be described as interactions of fluctuating dipoles, although they are completely of QM nature (electron-electron correlation).Biophys 05:06, 18 October 2007 (UTC)

Overall critic
This article is bad from start.

In the first part:

One should start to talk about ideal gases and why the ideal gas model fails to predict intermolecular bonding. This assumption is not present in the text, and is the basis for the entire description of intermolecular forces, either classical, or quantum mechanics.

In physics, chemistry, and biology (Why not just 'In Nature' ?), intermolecular forces are forces that act between stable molecules or between functional groups of macromolecules (It is not specified the kind of 'action', hence, this phrase does not in any away contribute do define anything, and *non-stable* molecules, such as radicals, also show this kind of interactions!). Intermolecular forces (aka van der Waal's forces) include momentary attractions between molecules, diatomic free elements, and individual atoms (There is a need to specify what other kinds of 'interactions' occurs within intermolecular forces, or rewrite the whole phrase). They differ from covalent and ionic bonding in that they are not stable (This phrase must be rewritten. Intermolecular interaction is not so *strong as*, and due to its nature, it's shortlived), but are caused by momentary polarization of particles (Nonsense! Is covalent bond *due to* momentary polarization of particles? Rewrite!). Because electrons have no fixed position in the structure of an atom or molecule, but rather are distributed in a probabilistic fashion based on quantum probability, there is a positive chance that the electrons are not evenly distributed and thus their electrical charges are not evenly distributed. See Schrödinger equation for the theories on wave functions and descriptions of position and velocity of quantum particles.(Rewrite this! This should be shorter and not so extended! If you wish to speak of this, place it in a new subchapter! And by the way, where are the references for van der waals equation? and for the lack of interpretation provided by ideal gas equation? those are a whole lot more important here!)

In general one distinguishes short and long range van der Waal's forces. The former are due to intermolecular exchange and charge penetration (What is intermolecular exchange and charge penetration? One can't just put names! at least put a link to an article that explains it! intermolecular exchange is not so trivial as this part of the text might lead to think!). They fall off exponentially as a function of intermolecular distance R and are repulsive for interacting closed-shell systems (An equation, followed by this explanation would be a nice coming!). In chemistry they are well known(Suggestion: This effects are well-known in physical chemistry, due to the fact that they give rise...), because they give rise to steric hindrance, also known as Born or Pauli repulsion. Long range forces fall off with inverse powers of the distance, R-n, typically 3 ≤ n ≤ 10, and are mostly attractive.(This paragraph needs to be rewritten! It's too confusing!)

The sum of long and short range forces gives rise to a minimum, referred to as Van der Waal minimum (Some equations would be nice! And the references? I haven't seen one single reference YET!). The position and depth of the Van der Waal's minimum depends on distance and mutual orientation of the molecules.(I suggest some figures here, to enhance understanding) "General theory" This is because before the advent of quantum mechanics the origin of intermolecular forces was not well understood. Especially the causes of hard sphere repulsion, postulated by Van der Waals (OH! Only know you speak of the most important part? And what is the hard sphere repulsion? Just a name?), and the possibility of the liquefaction of noble gases were difficult to understand. Soon after the formulation of quantum mechanics, however, all open questions regarding intermolecular forces were answered, first by S.C. Wang and then more completely and thoroughly by Fritz London. (There is no logical historical sequence in this introduction! I strongly recommend a cleanup in this part! Author should mention the ideal gas model as not being able to explain intermolecular forces (such as liquifying gases), van der Waals theory and equation, Keesom work on permanent dipole-permanent-dipole, Debye's work on the permanent-dipole-induced-dipole, and London's QM work on induced dipole, induced dipole. There is a great mixture of concepts and even some concepts that are not even explained! And please, never *ever* try to explain a concept, aplying the same concept, such as 'a force is a force that...)'

More suggestions will come. Right now I am short of time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Alsimao (talk • contribs) 21:09, 25 May 2008 (UTC)

 * How about a table comparing the relative strengths of each intermolecular force? That's what I was looking for, but it's nowhere to be found in this article. Perhaps it's hard to make a generalization, as indicated by the disclaimer in the chemical bond template, but this information has much broader applications than the esoteric technical details that currently comprise the bulk of the article.Fuzzform (talk) 06:33, 21 January 2009 (UTC)

Starting the clean up!
Just did a little bit of spring cleaning and tidying up of this article. I added some bits at the start explaining the three models- why this was placed somewhere in the middle of the article I do not know. Because of this I had to comment some of the heavy theory, simply because I don't know what it means so I don't want to mess about with it.

Is anyone else thinking that maybe the maths should be put on another page? I'm thinking students and non-experts (myself included here) will get quite scared by all the equations thrown in their face, without a simple explanation of what an intermolecular force is. Thecurran91 (talk) 19:30, 21 July 2009 (UTC)

I couldn't agree more. As I lamented above, while the classical explanation of intermolecular interactions is not 100% accurate, it is elegant, easy to understand, and leads to conclusions that are correct in a vast majority of cases. The quantum mechanical explanation requires a university-level background in mathematics and quantum physics, and has very little added value from the point of view of a non-theoretical chemist (and I'm a theoretical chemist...) Therefore, I feel the quantum stuff should definitely be deferred to a separate "quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions" page. OneAhead (talk) 14:31, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Well I bit the bullet (being bold!) and removed all the QM and put it on a new page. The new page is Quantum mechanical explanation of intermolecular interactions as suggested. Unfortunately, I'm not yet a theoretical chemist (I suppose I'm not technically a chemist at all yet...) so I will have to leave the clean up of the new article to someone who knows it. The stuff I commented last time in this article is still there on the new one. Hopefully someone would maybe be able to do a short intro on this page for the QM theories? I'll have to leave you lot to that! Thecurran91 (talk) 19:23, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

more comments
The article still needs work - yes, I know, I should get to it! And when I have time I will! There's some discussion of the relative strengths of the different types on the London dispersion forces discussion page:

Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula, pg 703, Atkins' Physical Chemistry, Seventh Edition, 2002, Oxford University Press, "The dispersion interaction generally dominates all the interactions between molecules other than hydrogen bonds."

Ray Eston Smith Jr (talk) 18:50, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Yep - your last quote (Atkins & de Paula) puts it correctly - unfortunately there is a lot of misapprehension about dispersion forces because the idea that they are weak settled into textbook and teaching mainstream long ago. So editing is needed.

Ian (talk) 11:33, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

As regards what should be in the article - yes it makes sense to have simple descriptions in this article and elsewhere (or later) for more detailed. However, the math description of the perturbation theory derivation is not an explanation, only a math derivation of a result! and the classical/conventional description, as Richard Feynman pointed out (Phys. Rev. 1939, 56, 340), is merely an attempt to interpret the perturbation theory derivation into real terms. What is happening is much simpler - that the electron density of neighboring molecules are being polarized towards each other - this is well established from molecular calculations. This is potentially a static effect (in solids) but will obviously vary in gases or liquids. see R.F.W Bader J. Phys. Chem. A 1998, 102, 7314-7323. But what of this to include as it isn't what is usually found in textbooks?

Ian (talk) 11:33, 17 September 2009 (UTC)

Table of energies way off - units error?
The table previously described the typical covalent bond energy as 400 kcal/mol, which appears to be off by a factor of 4. Similar factor error observed for the strength of the hydrogen bond, so I changed the units to kJ/mol, which would be roughly correct (and uses SI units) Dllahr —Preceding undated comment added 16:32, 11 November 2009 (UTC).

Someone appears to have changed the units again. Now it is in kJ. I think this is because readers and at least one editor expect to find dissociation energies per bond in the table. Maybe dissociation energies should be listed per bond in eV? At the very least the unit should be changed back to kJ/mol. Maybe it's not good to have such a table comparing intermolecular forces to chemical bonds at all. They are only comparable for solids not liquids and gases where intermolecular bonding changes all the time.195.241.123.113 (talk) 22:07, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Looked up the reference Organic Chemistry by Ege (second edition) and found 30-100 kcal/mol for covalent, 3-10 kcal/mol for hydrogen bonds, 1-3 kcal/mol for dipole-dipole interactions, there is no number in there for van der Waals forces. 195.241.123.113 (talk) 10:40, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

 * This is all wrong. Energy of an H-bond can be as small as zero (obviously), and dipole-dipole interaction (fixed dipoles!) can be repulsive, that is with positive energy.Biophys (talk) 20:28, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

There is a french translation for this page (I don't know how to add it in, will someone take care of this?) http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forces_de_Keesom

As of 2/12/2010 the units have reverted to kcal. This is surely wrong? Would have thought that kJ/mol would be sensible but I'm not a physical chemist. Somebody competent please. 86.17.236.46 (talk) 13:47, 2 December 2010 (UTC)

206.47.3.30 (talk) 21:36, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

HCl bond
The bond in HCl is ionic, unequal sharing of electrons, not covalent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.19.62.158 (talk) 14:58, 9 September 2012 (UTC)

not easy to read and memorize
We need a table to summarize all the intermolecular interactions. You start by mentioning four types, but later in the article you mention hydrogen bond, which you haven't included in the first four types. I understand that they are a subcategory and it may be logical that hydrogen bond wasnt mentioned at the beginning, but this is what I am saying: we need a complete gathered reference of all intermolecular interactions and their characteristics in an one single table. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.251.115.2 (talk) 11:01, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

London Dispersion
This second paragraph in the London Dispersion section seems nonsensical and unrelated to dispersion. I will remove it unless anyone knows what this paragraph is meant to say about dispersion (or intramolecular forces in general).

--BBUCommander (talk) 15:16, 11 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree. Do away with it, it makes not sense. kml (talk) 13:26, 18 June 2013 (UTC)

Chronology of inquiry
Some data concerning the timeline of inquiry of intermolecular forces lack from the article.--188.26.22.131 (talk) 15:10, 30 August 2013 (UTC)

Identification of intermolecular force
The article does not specify how the info on intermolecular force is obtained, through what means.--188.27.144.144 (talk) 14:32, 10 December 2013 (UTC)

Effect on the behavior of gases
I have inserted a new section discussing the effect of intermolecular forces on gases. The article said nothing about why intermolecular forces matter, other than an occasional passing reference to condensed phases and adsorption. I was led to this by making some revisions to the articles on the Joule-Thomson effect and compressibility factor, the latter will be linked to this section. In general, I think that much more could be said about the effects of intermolecular forces. Retired Pchem Prof (talk) 20:39, 16 January 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 19:00, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

Language

 * Intermolecular force (en) <=> 分子間作用力 (zh) instead of 取向力 (zh), 取向力 means 偶極-偶極 (Dipole-Dipole attraction, one kind of Intermolecular force / van der Waals force).

Wilander (talk) 07:30, 21 November 2019 (UTC)

What are the difference between the dipole-dipole interactions and the Keesom forces & Debye forces?
There are two separate sections taking about the similar topics. Can anyone explain the difference between them?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Intermolecular force


text:
Mother's Day

Mother's Day is a celebration honoring the mother of the family or individual, as well as motherhood, maternal bonds, and the influence of mothers in society. It is celebrated on different days in many parts of the world, most commonly in March or May. It complements similar celebrations honoring family members, such as Father's Day, Siblings Day, and Grandparents' Day.

In the 19th century in the British Isles, "Mothering Sunday" was celebrated on the fourth Sunday in Lent. On this day, clerics and curates were encouraged to use the time at their disposal to visit their original mother churches.

While other countries also have a multi-century history of a day to celebrate mothers, the modern American version of the holiday began in the United States in the early 20th century at the initiative of Anna Jarvis. She organized the first Mother's Day service of worship and celebration at Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia, which serves as the International Mother's Day Shrine today. It is not directly related to the many traditional celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have existed throughout the world over thousands of years, such as the Greek cult to Cybele, the mother deity Rhea, the Roman festival of Hilaria, or the other Christian ecclesiastical Mothering Sunday celebration (associated with the image of Mother Church). However, in some countries, Mother's Day is still synonymous with these older traditions. The American version of Mother's Day has been criticized for having become too commercialized. Jarvis herself, who began the celebration as a liturgical observance, regretted this commercialism and expressed that this was never her intention. In response, Constance Adelaide Smith successfully advocated for Mothering Sunday as a commemoration of a broader definition of motherhood in many other parts of the English-speaking world.

Establishment of holiday

The modern holiday was first celebrated in 1907, when Anna Jarvis held the first Mother's Day service of worship at Andrews Methodist Episcopal Church in Grafton, West Virginia. Andrew's Methodist Church now holds the International Mother's Day Shrine. Her campaign to make Mother's Day a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905, the year her mother, Ann Reeves Jarvis, died. Ann Jarvis had been a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the American Civil War, and created Mother's Day Work Clubs to address public health issues. She and another peace activist and suffragist Julia Ward Howe had been urging for the creation of a "Mother's Day For Peace" where mothers would ask that their husbands and sons were no longer killed in wars. 40 years before it became an official holiday, Ward Howe had made her Mother's Day Proclamation in 1870, which called upon mothers of all nationalities to band together to promote the "amicable settlement of international questions, the great and general interests of peace." Anna Jarvis wanted to honor this and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed a mother is "the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world".

In 1908, the U.S. Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother's Day an official holiday, joking that they would also have to proclaim a "Mother-in-law's Day". However, owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis, by 1911 all U.S. states observed the holiday, with some of them officially recognizing Mother's Day as a local holiday (the first being West Virginia, Jarvis' home state, in 1910). In 1914, Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother's Day, held on the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers.

Although Jarvis, who started Mother's Day as a liturgical service, was successful in founding the celebration, she became resentful of the commercialization of the holiday, and it became associated with the phrase "Hallmark holiday". By the early 1920s, Hallmark Cards and other companies had started selling Mother's Day cards. Jarvis believed that the companies had misinterpreted and exploited the idea of Mother's Day and that the emphasis of the holiday was on sentiment, not profit. As a result, she organized boycotts of Mother's Day, and threatened to issue lawsuits against the companies involved. Jarvis argued that people should appreciate and honor their mothers through handwritten letters expressing their love and gratitude, instead of buying gifts and pre-made cards. Jarvis protested at a candy makers' convention in Philadelphia in 1923, and at a meeting of American War Mothers in 1925. By this time, carnations had become associated with Mother's Day, and the selling of carnations by the American War Mothers to raise money angered Jarvis, who was arrested for disturbing the peace.

In Britain, Constance Adelaide Smith was inspired to advocate for Mothering Sunday, an already-existing Christian ecclesiastical celebration in which the faithful visit the church in which they received the sacrament of baptism, as an equivalent celebration. She referred to medieval traditions of celebrating Mother Church, 'mothers of earthly homes', Mary, mother of Jesus, and Mother Nature. Her efforts were successful in the British Isles and other parts of the English-speaking world.

Spelling
In 1912, Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrase "Second Sunday in May, Mother's Day, Anna Jarvis, Founder", and created the Mother's Day International Association. She specifically noted that "Mother's" should "be a singular possessive, for each family to honor its own mother, not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world." This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation, by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills, and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother's Day.

Dates around the world
While the United States holiday was adopted by some other countries, existing celebrations, held on different dates, honoring motherhood have become described as "Mother's Day", such as Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom or, in Greece, the Eastern Orthodox celebration of the presentation of Jesus Christ to the temple (2 February of Julian Calendar). Both the secular and religious Mother Day are present in Greece. Mothering Sunday is often referred to as "Mother's Day" even though it is an unrelated celebration.

In some countries, the date adopted is one significant to the majority religion, such as Virgin Mary Day in Catholic countries. Other countries selected a date with historical significance. For example, Bolivia's Mother's Day is a fixed date, commemorating a battle in which women participated to defend their children.

Some countries, such as Russia, celebrate International Women's Day instead of Mother's Day or simply celebrate both holidays, which is the custom in Ukraine. Kyrgyzstan has recently introduced Mother's Day, but "year on year International Women's Day is certainly increasing in status".

International history and tradition

In most countries, Mother's Day is an observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the United States, promoted by companies who saw benefit in making it popular. As adopted by other countries and cultures, the holiday has different meanings, is associated with different events (religious, historical or legendary), and is celebrated on different dates.

In some cases, countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood, and their celebrations then adopted several external characteristics from the US holiday, such as giving carnations and other presents to one's mother.

The extent of the celebrations varies greatly. In some countries, it is potentially offensive to one's mother not to mark Mother's Day. In others, it is a little-known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants, or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture.

Religion
In certain traditional branches of Christianity, the holiday is strongly associated with revering the Virgin Mary. In some Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican homes, families have a special shrine on their home altar devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary. In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, a special prayer service is held in honor of the Theotokos Virgin Mary.

In Islam there is no concept of Mother's Day, but the Quran teaches that children should give priority to loving their mother over their father.

In Hindu tradition, Mother's Day is called "Mata Tirtha Aunshi" or "Mother Pilgrimage fortnight", and is celebrated in countries with a Hindu population, especially in Nepal, where mothers are honored with special foods. The holiday is observed on the new moon day in the month of Baisakh, i.e., April/May. This celebration is based on the Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the US-inspired celebration by at least a few centuries.

In Buddhism, the festival of Ullambana is derived from the story of Maudgalyayana and his mother.

Albania
In Albania, as in a number of Balkan and Eastern European countries, Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 March, in conjunction with International Women's Day.

Arab world
Mother's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March. It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin and was first celebrated in 1956. The practice has since been adopted by other Arab countries.

Argentina
In Argentina, Mother's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of October. The holiday was originally celebrated on 11 October, the old liturgical date for the celebration of the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary but after the Second Vatican Council, which moved the Virgin Mary festivity to 1 January, the Mother's Day started to be celebrated the third Sunday of October because of popular tradition. Argentina is the only country in the world that celebrates Mother's Day on this date.

Armenia
In Armenia, Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 March, and on 7 April as Maternity and Beauty Day.

Australia
In Australia, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Australia celebrated Mother’s Day for the first time in 1910 with special church services, however, it was not popularly observed until the 1920s. The tradition of giving gifts on Mother’s Day in Australia started in 1924. Sydney woman Janet Heyden was inspired to collect charitable gifts for lonely, old mothers in Newington hospital who had lost husbands and sons during WW1. Because it is autumn in Australia for Mother’s Day, and carnations are a spring flower, white chrysanthemums are the traditional Mother’s Day flower in Australia.

Bangladesh
There is no historical tradition of celebrating Mother's Day in Bangladesh (Bangla: মা/আম্মু দিবস, Ma/ammu dibosh), and it has become popular in the country due to western influences. It is celebrated on the second Sunday of May and is not a public holiday. Mother's Day was not very popular and in recent times it has been spread more widely by the Millennial and Generation Z communities across the country through social media. Although many religious families do not celebrate it, it is more widespread than ever before. There is a popular phrase used by many parents, including mothers, which is "Every day is Father's/Mother's Day so you will love your parents every day." Most people just wish or pray for their mother, but many from big cities like Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Sylhet, Barishal, Narayangonj, Bogura etc. go to restaurants to celebrate, many also cut cakes. Many others cut cakes at home or order meals online. Some children may give small gifts to their mothers.

Belarus
Belarus celebrates Mother's Day on 14 October. Like other ex-Communist republics, Belarus used to celebrate only International Women's Day on 8 March. Mother's Day in Belarus was officially established by the Belarusian government, and it was celebrated for the first time in 1996. The celebration of the Virgin Mary (the holiday of Protection of the Holy Mother of God) is celebrated on the same day.

Bhutan
Mother's Day in Bhutan is celebrated on 8 May. It was introduced in Bhutan by the Tourism Council of Bhutan.

Belgium
In Belgium, Mother's Day (Moederdag or Moederkesdag in Dutch and Fête des Mères in French) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school, which they give to their mothers in the early morning of Mother's Day. Typically, the father will buy croissants and other sweet breads and pastries and bring these to the mother while she is still in bed – the beginning of a day of pampering for the mother. There are also many people who celebrate Mother's Day on 15 August instead; these are mostly people around Antwerp, who consider that day (Assumption) the classical Mother's Day and the observance in May an invention for commercial reasons. It was originally established on that day as the result of a campaign by Frans Van Kuyck, a painter and Alderman from Antwerp.

Bolivia
In Bolivia, Mother's Day is celebrated on 27 May. El Día de la Madre Boliviana was passed into law on 8 November 1927, during the presidency of Hernando Siles Reyes. The date commemorates the Battle of La Coronilla, which took place on 27 May 1812, during the Bolivian War of Independence, in what is now the city of Cochabamba. In this battle, women fighting for the country's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army. It is not a public holiday, but all schools hold activities and festivities throughout the day.

Brazil
In Brazil, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. The first Mother's Day in Brazil was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de Porto Alegre (Young Men's Christian Association of Porto Alegre) on 12 May 1918. In 1932, then President Getúlio Vargas made the second Sunday of May the official date for Mother's Day. In 1947, Archbishop Jaime de Barros Câmara, Cardinal-Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro, decided that this holiday would also be included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church.

Mother's Day is not an official holiday (see Public holidays in Brazil), but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one's mother. Because of this, it is considered one of the celebrations most related to consumerism in the country, second only to Christmas Day as the most commercially lucrative holiday.

Canada

 * See also Other observances in Canada

Mother's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May (it is not a public holiday or bank holiday), and typically involves small celebrations and gift-giving to one's mother, grandmother, or other important female figures in one's family. Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations. A Québécois tradition is for Québécois men to offer roses or other flowers to the women.

China
Mother's Day is becoming more popular in China. Carnations are a very popular Mother's Day gift and the most sold flowers in relation to the day. In 1997 Mother's Day was set as the day to help poor mothers and to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China's western region. In the People's Daily, the Chinese government's official newspaper, an article explained that "despite originating in the United States, people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country's traditional ethics – respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents."

In recent years, the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother's Day in memory of Meng Mu, the mother of Mèng Zǐ. He formed a non-governmental organization called Chinese Mothers' Festival Promotion Society, with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics. Li and the Society want to replace the Western-style gift of carnations with lilies, which, in ancient times, were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home. Mother's Day remains an unofficial festival, except in a small number of cities.

Czech Republic
In the Czech Republic, Mother's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May. It started in former Czechoslovakia in 1923. The promoter of this celebration was Alice Masaryková. After World War II communists replaced Mother's Day with International Woman's Day, celebrated on 8 March. The former Czechoslovakia celebrated Women's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. After the split of the country in 1993, the Czech Republic started celebrating Mother's Day again.

Egypt
Mother's Day in Egypt is celebrated on 21 March, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin in his book Smiling America (1943). The idea was overlooked at the time. Later Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raising her son until he became a doctor. The son then married and left without showing any gratitude to his mother. Hearing this, Amin became motivated to promote "Mother's Day". The idea was first ridiculed by president Gamal Abdel Nasser but he eventually accepted it and Mother's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956. The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries.

When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned, the government changed the name of the holiday from "Mother's Day" to "Family Day", but they reverted the name after Egyptian mothers wrote to complain. Celebrations continued to be held on the same date and classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day.

Ethiopia
Mother's Day is celebrated for three days in Ethiopia, after the end of the rainy season. It comes in mid-fall where people enjoy a three-day feast called "Antrosht".

For the feast, ingredients will be brought by the children for a traditional hash recipe. The ingredients are divided along genders, with girls bringing spices, vegetables, cheese and butter, while the boys bring a lamb or bull. The mother hands out the hash to the family.

A celebration takes place after the meal. The mothers and daughters anoint themselves using butter on their faces and chests. While honoring their family and heroes, men sing songs.

Estonia
In Estonia, Mother's Day (emadepäev in Estonian) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally, but is not a public holiday.

Finland
In Finland, Mother's Day (äitienpäivä in Finnish) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is recognized nationally and is a public holiday. It is usually celebrated at homes where children or grandchildren bring Mother's day cards that they have drawn to their mothers and grandmothers. Usually, some food, coffee and cakes are served for guests. Grown up children visit their parents' homes and bring traditionally Mother's day roses or other flowers accompanied by a Mother's day card. The president of Finland honors with medals every year some mothers who have done something exceptional and positive during the year.

France
In France, amidst alarm at the low birth rate, there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families. In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising "High Maternal Merit" ("Haut mérite maternel"). American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis. They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother's Day that the Union Franco-Américaine created a postal card for that purpose. In 1918, also inspired by Jarvis, the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a "journée des Mères", but instead decided to celebrate a "Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses." The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday, with medals awarded to the mothers of large families. The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families. Since then the French government awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families.

In 1941, by an initiative of Philippe Pétain, the wartime Vichy government used the celebration in support of their policy to encourage larger families, but all mothers were now honored, even mothers with smaller families.

In 1950, after the war, the celebration was reinstated. The law of 24 May 1950 required (in Article 1) that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers. Article 2 stated it should be celebrated on the last Sunday in May as the "Fête des Mères" (except when Pentecost fell on that day, in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June). Article 3 stated that all expenditure shall be covered from the budget of the Ministry of Public Health and Population.

During the 1950s, the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies, and became heavily commercialized.

In 1956, the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action Sociale et des familles. In 2004 responsibility for the holiday was transferred to the Minister responsible for families.

Georgia
Georgia celebrates Mother's Day on 3 March. It was declared by the first President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia in order to replace the International Women Day, and it was officially approved by the Supreme Council in 1991. Nowadays Georgia celebrates both Mother's Day on 3 March and International Women's Day on 8 March.

Germany

In the 1920s, Germany had the lowest birthrate in Europe, and the declining trend was continuing. This was attributed to women's participation in the labor market. At the same time, influential groups in society (politicians of left and right, churchwomen, and feminists) believed that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do so. However, all groups strongly agreed on the promotion of the values of motherhood. In 1923, this resulted in the unanimous adoption of Muttertag, the Mother's Day holiday as imported from America. The head of the Association of German Florists cited "the inner conflict of our Volk and the loosening of the family" as his reason for introducing the holiday. He expected that the holiday would unite the divided country. In 1925, the Mother's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the volk, and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and began emphasizing the need to increase the population in Germany by promoting motherhood.

The holiday was then seen as a means to encourage women to bear more children, which nationalists saw as a way to rejuvenate the nation. The holiday did not celebrate individual women, but an idealized standard of motherhood. The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives and because they saw it as a way to eliminate the rights of working women. Die Frau, the newspaper of the Federation of German Women's Associations, refused to recognize the holiday. Many local authorities adopted their own interpretation of the holiday: it would be a day to support economically larger families or single-mother families. The guidelines for the subsidies had eugenics criteria, but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice, and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic need rather than to families with more children or "healthier" children.

With the Nazi party in power during 1933–1945, the situation changed radically. The promotion of Mother's Day increased in many European countries, including the UK and France. From the position of the German Nazi government, the role of mothers was to give healthy children to the German nation. The Nazi party's intention was to create a pure "Aryan race" according to nazi eugenics. Among other Mother's Day ideas, the government promoted the death of a mother's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood.

The Nazis quickly declared Mother's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV (National Socialist People's Welfare Association) and the NSF (National Socialist Women Organization). This created conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday, including Catholic and Protestant churches and local women's organizations. Local authorities resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and continued assigning resources to families who were in economic need, much to the dismay of the Nazi officials.

In 1938, the government began issuing an award called Mother's Cross (Mutterkreuz), according to categories that depended on the number of children a mother had. The medal was awarded on Mother's Day and also on other holidays due to a large number of recipients. The Cross was an effort to encourage women to have more children, and recipients were required to have at least four.

Hungary
In Hungary, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May. It was first celebrated in 1925 by the Hungarian Red Cross Youth.

India
The modern Mother's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture and is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May. Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious event; its celebration is mostly restricted to urban areas where the occasion has been largely commercialized.

Indonesia
Indonesian Mother's Day (Hari Ibu) is celebrated nationally on 22 December. The date was made an official holiday by President Sukarno under Presidential Decree No. 316/1953, on the 25th anniversary of the 1928 Indonesian Women Congress. The day originally sought to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation. Today, the meaning of Mother's Day has changed, and it is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers. People present gifts to mothers (such as flowers) and hold surprise parties and competitions, which include cooking and kebaya wearing. People also allow mothers a day off from domestic chores.

The holiday is celebrated on the anniversary of the opening day of the first Indonesian Women Congress (Kongres Perempuan Indonesia), which was held from 22 to 25 December 1928. The Congress took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran, which now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation (Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional) in Brigjen Katamso Street, Yogyakarta. The Congress was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra. In Indonesia, feminist organizations have existed since 1912, inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century, e.g., Kartini, Martha Christina Tiahahu, Cut Nyak Meutia, Maria Walanda Maramis, Dewi Sartika, Nyai Ahmad Dahlan, Rasuna Said, etc. The Congress intended to improve women's rights in education and marriage.

Indonesia also celebrates the Kartini Day (Hari Kartini) on 21 April, in memory of activist Raden Ajeng Kartini. This is a celebration of the emancipation of women. The observance was instituted at the 1938 Indonesian Women Congress.

During President Suharto's New Order (1965–1998), government propaganda used Mother's Day and Kartini Day to inculcate into women the idea that they should be docile and stay at home.

Iran
In Iran, Mother's Day is celebrated on 20 Jumada al-thani. This is the sixth month in the Islamic calendar (a lunar calendar) and every year the holiday falls on a different day of the Gregorian calendar. This is the birthday anniversary of Fatimah, the Islamic prophet Muhammad's only daughter according to Shia Islam. On this day, banners reading "Ya Fatemeah (O! Fatemeh)" are displayed on "government buildings, private buildings, public streets and car windows." Mother's Day was originally observed on 16 December but the date was changed after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The celebration is both Women's Day (replacing International Women's Day) and Mother's Day.

In 1960, the Institute for Women Protection adopted the Western holiday and established it on 25 Azar (16 December), the date the Institute was founded. The Institute's action had the support of Empress Farah Pahlavi, the wife of the last Shah of Persia, who promoted the construction of maternity clinics in remote parts of the country to commemorate the day. Pahlavi regime used the holiday to promote "gender ideologies" of the regime. The Shah's government honored and gave awards to women who represented the idealized view of the regime, including mothers who had many healthy children.

According to Shahla Haeri, the Islamic Republic government has used the holiday to "control and channel women's movements" and to promote role models for the traditional concept of family. Fatimah is seen by these critics as the chosen model of a woman completely dedicated to certain traditionally sanctioned feminine roles. However, supporters of the choice contend that there is much more to her life story than simply such "traditional" roles.

Ireland
In Ireland, Mother's Day is celebrated on the fourth Sunday of Lent, as in the United Kingdom, and has the same roots in Mothering Sunday. The practice died out in Ireland around the late 18th century but was revived around the 1950s due to Americanisation.

Israel
The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar, which falls between 30 January and 1 March. The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died (13 February 1945). Henrietta had no biological children, but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them. She also championed children's rights. Szold is considered the "mother" of all those children, and that is why her annual remembrance day (יום השנה) was set as Mother's Day (יוֹם הָאֵם, yom ha'em). The holiday has evolved over time, becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family, called Family Day (יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה, yom hamishpacha). This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited. Mother's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens. There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family, and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration. It is not an official holiday.

Italy
Mother's Day in Italy was celebrated for the first time on 24 December 1933 as the "Day of the mother and the child" (Giornata della madre e del fanciullo). It was instituted by the Opera nazionale maternità e infanzia in order to publicly reward the most prolific Italian women every year.

After World War II, Mother's Day was first celebrated on 12 May 1957 in Assisi, at the initiative of Reverend Otello Migliosi, the parish priest of the Tordibetto church. This celebration was so popular that in the following year Mother's Day was adopted throughout Italy. On 18 December 1958, a proposal was presented to the Italian Senate to make the holiday official.

Japan
In Japan, Mother's Day (母の日) was initially commemorated during the Shōwa period as the birthday of Empress Kōjun (mother of Emperor Akihito) on 6 March. This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women's Union was organized. In 1937, the first meeting of "Praise Mothers" was held on 8 May, and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date for Mother's Day in Japan. Today, people typically give their mothers gifts of flowers such as red carnations and roses. Giving carnations on Mother's Day is the most common in Japan.

Kyrgyzstan
In Kyrgyzstan, Mother's Day is celebrated on 19 May every year. The holiday was first celebrated in 2012. Mothers are also honored on International Women's Day

Latvia
Mother's Day in Latvia was celebrated for the first time in 1922. Since 1934, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. After the end of the Soviet occupation of Baltic states celebration was resumed in 1992. Mothers are also honored on International Women's Day.

Lithuania
Mother's Day in Lithuania was celebrated for the first time in 1928. In Lithuania, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May.

Malawi
In Malawi, Mother's Day is a public holiday. The day is observed on 15 October or the following workday. It is celebrated on the UN's World Rural Women's Day.

Maldives
In the Maldives, Mother's Day is celebrated on 13 May. The day is celebrated in different ways. Children give gifts and spend time with their mothers. Daughters give their mothers cards and handmade gifts and sons give their mothers gifts and flowers. Maldivians love to celebrate Mother's day, and they have it specially written on their calendar.

Malta
The first mention of Mother's Day in Malta occurred during the Radio Children's Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961. Within a few years, Mother's Day became one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar. In Malta, this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May. Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch, usually at a good quality restaurant.

Mexico
In Mexico, the government of Álvaro Obregón imported the Mother's Day holiday from the US in 1922, and the newspaper Excélsior held a massive promotional campaign for the holiday that year. The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families, but that perspective was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding.

In the mid-1930s, the leftist government of Lázaro Cárdenas promoted the holiday as a "patriotic festival". The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts: to stress the importance of families as the basis for national development; to benefit from the loyalty that Mexicans felt towards their mothers; to introduce new morals to Mexican women; and to reduce the influence that the church and the Catholic right exerted over women. The government sponsored the holiday in the schools. However, ignoring the strict guidelines from the government, theatre plays were filled with religious icons and themes. Consequently, the "national celebrations" became "religious fiestas" despite the efforts of the government.

Soledad Orozco García, the wife of President Manuel Ávila Camacho, promoted the holiday during the 1940s, resulting in an important state-sponsored celebration. The 1942 celebration lasted a full week and included an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the Monte de Piedad at no cost.

Due to Orozco's promotion, the Catholic National Synarchist Union (UNS) took heed of the holiday around 1941. Shop-owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (now the Institutional Revolutionary Party) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families. The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes, and in turn, reinforced the systemic social problems of the country. Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative, but the 1940s' UNS saw Mother's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization that was happening at the time. This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state. The fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was seen as evidence of an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society.

The UNS and the clergy of the city of León interpreted the government's actions as an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role for women in society. They concluded that the government's long-term goal was to cause women to abandon their traditional roles at home in order to spiritually weaken men. They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary, inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays. The government sought to counter these claims by organizing widespread masses and asking religious women to assist with the state-sponsored events in order to "depaganize" them. The clergy preferred to promote 2 July celebration of the Santísima Virgen de la Luz, the patron of León, Guanajuato, in replacement of Mother's Day. In 1942, at the same time as Soledad's greatest celebration of Mother's Day, the clergy organized the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a large parade in León.

There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s, including its efforts to influence Mother's Day.

Today the "Día de las Madres" is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May, the day on which it was first celebrated in Mexico.

In Mexico, to show affection and appreciation to the mother, it is traditional to start the celebration with the famous song "Las Mañanitas", either a cappella, with the help of a mariachi or a contracted trio. Families usually gather to celebrate, trying to spend as much time as possible with mothers to honor them. They bring some dishes and eat together or visit a restaurant.

Myanmar
In Myanmar, Mothers' Day (the plural form of mother is used as an official title ) is celebrated on the full moon day of Pyatho, the tenth month of the Myanmar calendar, which usually falls in January. At the proposal and initiative of U Thukha, who put a lot of effort into founding this day, it was first celebrated in Mandalay on the full moon day of Pyatho in 1995, but it was officially added to the Myanmar calendar in 1997, two years after its first celebration.

People who are away from home, send postcards or phone their mothers to express love and gratitude and those who live with their mother, give her personal service, like bathing or shampooing, and usually take her to pagodas.

Nepal
In Nepal, there is a festival equivalent to Mother's Day, called Mata Tirtha Aunsi ("Mother Pilgrimage New Moon"), or Mata Tirtha Puja ("Mother Pilgrimage Worship"). It is celebrated according to the lunar calendar. It falls on the last day of the dark fortnight in the month of Baishakh which falls in April–May (in 2015, it will occur on 18 April). The dark fortnight lasts for 15 days from the full moon to the new moon. This festival is observed to commemorate and honor mothers, and it is celebrated by giving gifts to mothers and remembering mothers who are no more.

To honor mothers who have died, it is the tradition to go on a pilgrimage to the Mata Tirtha ponds, located 6 km to the southwest of downtown Kathmandu. The nearby Mata Tirtha village is named after these ponds. Previously, the tradition was observed primarily by the Newar community and other people living in the Kathmandu Valley. Now this festival is widely celebrated across the country.

Many tragic folklore legends have been created, suggesting different reasons why this pond became a pilgrimage site. The most popular version says that, in ancient times, the mother of a shepherd died, and he made offerings to a nearby pond. There he saw the face of his mother in the water, with her hand taking the offerings. Since then, many people have visited the pond, hoping to see their deceased mother's face. Pilgrims believe that they will bring peace to their mothers' souls by visiting the sacred place. There are two ponds. The larger one is for ritual bathing. The smaller one is used to "look upon mother's face", and is fenced by iron bars to prevent people from bathing in it.

Traditionally, in the Kathmandu valley the South-Western corner is reserved for women and women-related rituals, and the North-Eastern is for men and men-related rituals. The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi is located in Mata Tirtha in the South-Western half of the valley, while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi, the equivalent celebration for deceased fathers is located in Gokarna, Nepal, in the North-Eastern half. This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in Kathmandu valley.

Mother's Day is known as Aama ko Mukh Herne Din in Nepali, which literally means "day to see mother's face". In Nepal Bhasa, the festival is known as Mām yā Khwā Swayegu, which can be translated as "to look upon mother's face".

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, Mother's Day was introduced as early as 1910 by the Dutch branch of the Salvation Army. The Royal Dutch Society for Horticulture and Botany, a group protecting the interest of Dutch florists, worked to promote the holiday; they hoped to emulate the commercial success achieved by American florists. They were imitating the campaign already underway by florists in Germany and Austria, but they were aware that the traditions had originated in the US.

Florists launched a major promotional effort in 1925. This included the publication of a book of articles written by famous intellectuals, radio broadcasts, newspapers ads, and the collaboration of priests and teachers who wanted to promote the celebration for their own reasons. In 1931 the second Sunday of May was adopted as the official celebration date. In the mid-1930s the slogan Moederdag – Bloemendag (Mother's Day – Flowers' Day) was coined, and the phrase was popular for many years. In the 1930s and 1940s "Mother's Day cakes" were given as gifts in hospitals and to the Dutch Queen, who is known as the "mother of the country". Other trade groups tried to cash in on the holiday and to give new meaning to the holiday in order to promote their own wares as gifts.

Roman Catholic priests complained that the holiday interfered with the honoring of the Virgin Mary, the divine mother, which took place during the whole month of May. In 1926 Mother's Day was celebrated on 7 July in order to address these complaints. Catholic organizations and priests tried to Christianize the holiday, but those attempts were rendered futile around the 1960s when the church lost influence and the holiday was completely secularized.

In later years, the initial resistance disappeared, and even leftist newspapers stopped their criticism and endorsed Mother's Day.

In the 1980s, the American origin of the holiday was still not widely known, so feminist groups who opposed the perpetuation of gender roles sometimes claimed that Mother's Day was invented by Nazis and celebrated on the birthday of Klara Hitler, Hitler's mother.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May. Mother's Day is not a public holiday. The New Zealand tradition is to send or give cards and gifts and at-home youngsters to attempt to serve mothers a variation on breakfast in bed.

Nicaragua
In Nicaragua, the Día de la Madre has been celebrated on 30 May since the early 1940s. The date was chosen by President Anastasio Somoza García because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa, his wife's mother.

North Korea
Mother's Day is celebrated on 16 November as a public holiday in North Korea. The date takes its significance from the First National Meeting of Mothers held in 1961, for which Kim Il Sung, the leader of the country, published a work called The Duty of Mothers in the Education of Children. The date was designated as Mother's Day in May 2012 by the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly but only became a public holiday and appeared on the North Korean calendar starting in 2015.

Norway
Mother's Day was first celebrated on 9 February 1919 and was initially organized by religious institutions. Later it has become a family day, and the mother is often treated to breakfast in bed, flowers and cake.

It has gradually become a major commercial event, with special pastries, flowers and other presents offered by retailers. Day-cares and primary schools often encourage children to make cards and other gifts.

Pakistan
In Pakistan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. Media channels celebrate with special shows. Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles. Individuals who have lost their mothers pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost. Schools hold special programs in order to acknowledge the efforts of their mothers.

Panama
In Panama, Mother's Day is celebrated on 8 December, the same day as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception. This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama's President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena. 8 December was adopted as Mother's Day under Law 69, which was passed the same year.

According to another account, in 1924 the Rotary Club of Panama asked that Mother's Day be celebrated on 11 May. Politician Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal so that the celebration would be held on 8 December. He then established Mother's Day as a national holiday on that date.

Paraguay
In Paraguay, Mother's Day is celebrated on 15 May, the same day as the Dia de la Patria, which celebrates the independence of Paraguay. This date was chosen to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay's independence.

In 2008, the Paraguayan Minister of Culture, Bruno Barrios, lamented this coincidence because, in Paraguay, Mother's Day is much more popular than independence day and the independence celebration goes unnoticed. As a result, Barrios asked that the celebration be moved to the end of the month. A group of young people attempted to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother's Day. In 2008, the Comisión de festejos (Celebration Committee) of the city of Asunción asked that Mother's Day be moved to the second Sunday of May.

Philippines
In the Philippines, Mother's Day is officially celebrated on the second Sunday of May, but it is not a public holiday. Although not a traditional Filipino holiday, the occasion owes its popularity to American Colonial Period influence.

According to a 2008 article by the Philippine News Agency, in 1921 the Ilocos Norte Federation of Women's Clubs asked to declare the first Monday of December as Mother's Day "to honor these fabulous women who brought forth God's children into this world." In response, Governor-General Charles Yeater issued Circular No. 33 declaring the celebration. In 1937 President Manuel L. Quezon issued Presidential Proclamation No. 213, changing the name of the occasion from "Mother's Day" to "Parent's Day" to address the complaints that there wasn't a "Father's Day". In 1980 President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2037 proclaiming the date as both Mother's Day and Father's Day. In 1988 President Corazon Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation No. 266, changing Mother's Day to the second Sunday of May, and Father's Day to the third Sunday of June, discontinuing the traditional date. In 1998 President Joseph Estrada returned both celebrations to the first Monday of December.

Portugal
In Portugal, the "Dia da Mãe" ("Mother's Day") is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May (sometimes coinciding with Labour Day). In the weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day preparing a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts from their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family. It used to be celebrated on 8 December, the same date as the Conception of the Virgin celebration.

Romania
In Romania, Mother's Day has been celebrated on the first Sunday of May since 2010. Law 319/2009 made both Mother's Day and Father's Day official holidays in Romania. The measure was passed thanks to campaign efforts from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers (TATA). Previously, Mother's Day was celebrated on 8 March, as part of International Women's Day (a tradition dating back to when Romania was part of the Eastern bloc). Today, Mother's Day and International Women's Day are two separate holidays, with International Women's Day being held on its original date of 8 March.

Russia
Traditionally Russia had celebrated International Women's Day and Mother's Day on 8 March, an inheritance from the Soviet Union, and a public holiday.

Women's Day was first celebrated on the last Sunday in February in 1913 in Russia.

In 1917, demonstrations marking International Women's Day in Saint Petersburg on the last Sunday in February (which fell on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar) initiated the February Revolution. Following the October Revolution later that year, the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai persuaded Vladimir Lenin to make it an official holiday in the Soviet Union, and it was established, but was a working day until 1965.

On 8 May 1965, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, International Women's Day was declared a non-working day in the Soviet Union "in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction, in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War, in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear, and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples, and the struggle for peace. But still, women's day must be celebrated as are other holidays."

Samoa
In Samoa, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May, and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following.

Singapore
In Singapore, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is not recognized as a holiday by the government.

Slovakia
Czechoslovakia celebrated only Women's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989. After the country split in 1993, Slovakia started celebrating both Women's Day and Mother's Day. The politicization of Women's Day has affected the official status of Mother's Day. Center-right parties want Mother's Day to replace Women's Day, and social-democrats want to make Women's Day an official holiday. Currently, both days are festive, but they are not "state holidays". In the Slovak Republic, Mother's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May.

South Africa
In South Africa, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May. It is not recognized as a holiday by the government. The tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed or to go out to lunch together as a family.

South Sudan
In South Sudan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the first Monday in July. The president Salva Kiir Mayardit proclaimed Mother's Day as the first Monday in July after handing over from Sudan. Children in South Sudan are presenting mothers with gifts and flowers. The first Mother's Day was held in that country on 2 July 2012.

Spain
In Spain, Mother's Day or Día de la Madre is celebrated on the first Sunday of May. The weeks leading up to this Sunday, school children spend a few hours a day preparing a gift for their mothers, aided by their school teachers. In general, mothers receive gifts from their family members & this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family. It is also said to be celebrated in May, as May is the month dedicated to the Virgin Mary (mother of Jesus) according to Catholicism. The idea of a month dedicated specifically to Mary can be traced back to baroque times. Although it wasn't always held during May, Mary Month included thirty daily spiritual exercises honoring Mary.

In 1925 the Valencian poet Julio Menéndez García published a Hymn to Mother in a pamphlet in which he proposed the celebration of Mother's Day in all Spanish-speaking countries. The official declaration was never produced, but at that time the initiative was adopted at a local level on different dates; thus, for example, in Madrid, Mother's Day was celebrated on 4 October 1926.

In 1939 the Youth Front of FET y de las JONS party, promoted the celebration of Mother's Day coinciding with the feast of the Immaculate Conception, on 8 December.

In the early 1960s, on the initiative of a chain of department stores (Galerías Preciados), which copied the custom established in Cuba, Mother's Day was also celebrated on the first Sunday of May (El Corte Inglés, the great competitor of Galerías Preciados, celebrated the holiday in December). The two dates, May and December, coexisted until 1965 when the ecclesiastical authorities chose to celebrate the festival in May, within the month consecrated to the Virgin, to recover the authentic character of the Day of the Immaculate Conception.

Sri Lanka
In Sri Lanka, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May.

Sweden
In Sweden, Mother's Day was first celebrated in 1919, by an initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg. It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized. Swedes born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day because of the common belief that the holiday was invented strictly for commercial purposes. This was in contrast to Father's Day, which has been widely celebrated in Sweden since the late 1970s. Mother's Day in Sweden is celebrated on the last Sunday in May. A later date was chosen to allow everyone to go outside and pick flowers.

Switzerland
In Switzerland, the "règle de Pentecôte" law allows Mother's Day to be celebrated a week late if the holiday falls on the same day as Pentecost. In 2008, merchants declined to move the date.

Taiwan
In Taiwan, Mother's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May, coinciding with Buddha's birthday and the traditional ceremony of "washing the Buddha". In 1999 the Taiwanese government established the second Sunday of May as Buddha's birthday, so they would be celebrated in the same day.

Since 2006, the Tzu Chi, the largest charity organization in Taiwan, celebrates the Tzu Chi Day, Mother's Day and Buddha's birthday all together, as part of a unified celebration and religious observance.

Thailand
Mother's day in Thailand is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen Mother of Thailand, Sirikit (12 August). The holiday was first celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand's Royal family. Father's Day is celebrated on the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej's birthday.

Ukraine
Ukraine celebrates Mother's Day (День Матері) on the second Sunday of May. In Ukraine, Mother's Day officially became a holiday in 1999 and has been celebrated since 2000. Ukrainian society also celebrates International Women's Day, a holiday adopted under the Soviet Union that remained a tradition in Ukraine after its collapse.

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom celebrates Mother's Day on the Fourth Sunday in Lent. In the United Kingdom, the holiday has its roots in the religious Mothering Sunday celebration and was originally unrelated to the international Mother's Day holiday. Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from a medieval practice of visiting one's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday.

United States

The United States celebrates Mother's Day on the second Sunday in May. In 1872 Julia Ward Howe called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872, to be established as a "Mother's Day for Peace". Her 1870 "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world" is sometimes referred to as Mother's Day Proclamation. But Howe's day was not for honouring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war. In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American "Mother's Day", but these did not succeed beyond the local level.

In the United States, Mother's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers, greeting cards, and the like; Mother's Day is also the biggest holiday for long-distance telephone calls. Moreover, churchgoing is also popular on Mother's Day, yielding the highest church attendance after Christmas Eve and Easter. Many worshippers celebrate the day with carnations, coloured if the mother is living and white if she is dead.

Mother's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions.

It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries. Other Protestant holidays from the same time, such as Children's Day and Temperance Sunday, do not have the same level of popularity.

title: Mother's Day