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Edward VII

Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.

The second child and eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward, nicknamed "Bertie", was related to royalty throughout Europe. He was Prince of Wales and heir apparent to the British throne for almost 60 years. During his mother's reign, he was largely excluded from political influence and came to personify the fashionable, leisured elite. He married Princess Alexandra of Denmark in 1863, and the couple had six children. As Prince of Wales, Edward travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial public duties and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and of the Indian subcontinent in 1875 proved popular successes, but despite public approval, his reputation as a playboy prince soured his relationship with his mother.

Edward inherited the throne upon his mother's death in 1901. He played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War of 1899–1902. He re-instituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised. He fostered good relations between Britain and other European countries, especially France, for which he was popularly called "Peacemaker", but his relationship with his nephew, German Emperor Wilhelm II, was poor. The Edwardian era, which covered Edward's reign and was named after him, coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society, including steam turbine propulsion and the rise of socialism. Edward died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was succeeded by his only surviving son, George V.

Early life and education
Edward was born on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace. He was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 25 January 1842. He was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the royal family throughout his life.

As the eldest son of the British sovereign, Edward was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth. As a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850,  a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his succession rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother Alfred.

The Queen and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a model constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on a rigorous educational programme devised by Albert, and supervised by several tutors. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, he did not excel in his studies. He tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent and of sweet manner. After the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor Frederick Waymouth Gibbs was replaced by Robert Bruce as his personal governor.

After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, Edward spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, the chemist Lyon Playfair. In October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the educational strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time and performed satisfactorily in examinations. In 1861, he transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was tutored in history by Charles Kingsley, Regius Professor of Modern History. Kingsley's efforts brought forth the best academic performances of Edward's life, and Edward actually looked forward to his lectures.

Early adulthood
In 1860, Edward undertook the first tour of North America by a Prince of Wales. His genial good humour and confident bonhomie made the tour a great success. He inaugurated the Victoria Bridge, Montreal, across the St Lawrence River, and laid the cornerstone of Parliament Hill, Ottawa. He watched Charles Blondin traverse Niagara Falls by highwire, and stayed for three days with President James Buchanan at the White House. Buchanan accompanied the prince to Mount Vernon, to pay his respects at the tomb of George Washington. Vast crowds greeted Edward everywhere. He met Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. Prayers for the royal family were said in Trinity Church, New York, for the first time since 1776. The four-month tour throughout Canada and the United States considerably boosted Edward's confidence and self-esteem, and had many diplomatic benefits for Great Britain.

Edward had hoped to pursue a career in the British Army, but his mother vetoed an active military career. He had been gazetted colonel on 9 November 1858 —to his disappointment, as he had wanted to earn his commission by examination. In September 1861, he was sent to Germany, supposedly to watch military manoeuvres, but actually in order to engineer a meeting between him and Princess Alexandra of Denmark. The Queen and Prince Albert had already decided that Edward and Alexandra should marry. They met at Speyer on 24 September under the auspices of Edward's elder sister, Victoria, who had married the Crown Prince of Prussia in 1858. Princess Victoria, acting upon instructions from her mother, had met Alexandra at Strelitz in June; Alexandra made a very favourable impression. She and Edward were friendly from the start, and marriage plans advanced.

Edward gained a reputation as a playboy. Determined to get some army experience, he attended manoeuvres in Ireland, during which he spent three nights with an actress, Nellie Clifden, who was hidden in the camp by his fellow officers. Albert, though ill, was appalled and visited Edward at Cambridge to issue a reprimand. Albert died in December 1861, just two weeks after the visit. The Queen was inconsolable, wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life and blamed Edward for his father's death. At first, she regarded her son with distaste as frivolous, indiscreet and irresponsible. She wrote to her eldest daughter, "I never can, or shall, look at him without a shudder."

Marriage
Once widowed, the Queen effectively withdrew from public life. Shortly after Prince Albert's death, she arranged for Edward to embark on an extensive tour of the Middle East, visiting Egypt, Jerusalem, Damascus, Beirut and Istanbul. The British Government wanted Edward to secure the friendship of Egypt's ruler, Said Pasha, to prevent French control of the Suez Canal if the Ottoman Empire collapsed. It was the first royal tour on which an official photographer, Francis Bedford, was in attendance. As soon as Edward returned to Britain, preparations were made for his engagement, which was sealed at Laeken in Belgium on 9 September 1862. Edward married Alexandra at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 10 March 1863. He was 21; she was 18. The couple established Marlborough House as their London residence and Sandringham House in Norfolk as their country retreat. They entertained on a lavish scale. Their marriage met with disapproval in certain circles because most of the Queen's relations were German, and Denmark was at loggerheads with Germany over the territories of Schleswig and Holstein. When Alexandra's father, King Christian IX, inherited the throne of Denmark in November 1863, the German Confederation took the opportunity to invade and annex Schleswig-Holstein. The Queen was in two minds as to whether it was a suitable match, given the political climate. After the marriage, she expressed anxiety about their socialite lifestyle and attempted to dictate to them on various matters, including the names of their children. Edward had mistresses throughout his married life. He socialised with actress Lillie Langtry; Lady Randolph Churchill; Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick; actress Sarah Bernhardt; noblewoman Lady Susan Vane-Tempest; singer Hortense Schneider; prostitute Giulia Beneni (known as "La Barucci"); wealthy humanitarian Agnes Keyser; and Alice Keppel. At least fifty-five liaisons are conjectured. How far these relationships went is not always clear. Edward always strove to be discreet, but this did not prevent society gossip or press speculation. Keppel's great-granddaughter Camilla Parker Bowles became the mistress and subsequent wife of King Charles III, Edward's great-great-grandson. It was rumoured that Camilla's grandmother Sonia Keppel was fathered by Edward, but she was "almost certainly" the daughter of George Keppel, whom she resembled. Edward never acknowledged any illegitimate children. Alexandra was aware of his affairs, and seems to have accepted them.

In 1869, Sir Charles Mordaunt, a British Member of Parliament, threatened to name Edward as co-respondent in his divorce suit. Ultimately, he did not do so but Edward was called as a witness in the case in early 1870. It was shown that Edward had visited the Mordaunts' house while Sir Charles was away sitting in the House of Commons. Although nothing further was proven and Edward denied he had committed adultery, the suggestion of impropriety was damaging.

Heir apparent
During his mother's widowhood, Edward pioneered the idea of royal public appearances as they are understood today—for example, opening the Thames Embankment in 1871, the Mersey Tunnel in 1886, and Tower Bridge in 1894 —but his mother did not allow him an active role in the running of the country until 1898. He was sent summaries of important government documents, but she refused to give him access to the originals. Edward annoyed his mother, who favoured the Germans, by siding with Denmark on the Schleswig-Holstein Question in 1864 and in the same year annoyed her again by making a special effort to meet Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Italian general and revolutionary, who was a leader in the movement for Italian unification. Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone sent him papers secretly. From 1886, Foreign Secretary Lord Rosebery sent him Foreign Office despatches, and from 1892 some Cabinet papers were opened to him.

In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain was given a boost when the French Emperor, Napoleon III, was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and the French Third Republic was declared. However, in the winter of 1871, a brush with death led to an improvement in both Edward's popularity with the public and his relationship with his mother. While staying at Londesborough Lodge, near Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Edward contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father. There was great national concern, and one of his fellow guests (Lord Chesterfield) died. Edward's recovery was greeted with almost universal relief. Public celebrations included the composition of Arthur Sullivan's Festival Te Deum. Edward cultivated politicians from all parties, including republicans, as his friends, and thereby largely dissipated any residual feelings against him.

On 26 September 1875, Edward set off for India on an extensive eight-month tour; on the way, he visited Malta, Brindisi and Greece. His advisors remarked on his habit of treating all people the same, regardless of their social station or colour. In letters home, he complained of the treatment of the native Indians by the British officials: "Because a man has a black face and a different religion from our own, there is no reason why he should be treated as a brute." Consequently, Lord Salisbury, the Secretary of State for India, issued new guidance and at least one resident was removed from office. He returned to England on 11 May 1876, after stopping off at Portugal. At the end of the tour, Queen Victoria was given the title Empress of India by Parliament, in part as a result of the tour's success.

Edward was regarded worldwide as an arbiter of men's fashions. He made wearing tweed, Homburg hats and Norfolk jackets fashionable, and popularised the wearing of black ties with dinner jackets, instead of white tie and tails. He pioneered the pressing of trouser legs from side to side in preference to the now normal front and back creases, and was thought to have introduced the stand-up turn-down shirt collar, created for him by Charvet. A stickler for proper dress, he is said to have admonished Lord Salisbury for wearing the trousers of an Elder Brother of Trinity House with a Privy Councillor's coat. Deep in an international crisis, Salisbury informed Edward that it had been a dark morning, and that "my mind must have been occupied by some subject of less importance." The tradition of men not buttoning the bottom button of waistcoats is said to be linked to Edward, who supposedly left his undone because of his large girth. His waist measured 48 inches (122 cm) shortly before his coronation. He introduced the practice of eating roast beef and potatoes with horseradish sauce and Yorkshire pudding on Sundays, a meal that remains a staple British favourite for Sunday lunch. He was a lifelong heavy smoker, but not a heavy drinker, though he did drink champagne and, occasionally, port.

Edward was a patron of the arts and sciences and helped found the Royal College of Music. He opened the college in 1883 with the words, "Class can no longer stand apart from class ... I claim for music that it produces that union of feeling which I much desire to promote." At the same time, he enjoyed gambling and country sports, and was an enthusiastic hunter. He ordered all the clocks at Sandringham to run half an hour ahead to provide more daylight time for shooting. This tradition of so-called Sandringham time continued until 1936, when it was abolished by Edward VIII. He also laid out a golf course at Windsor. By the 1870s Edward had taken a keen interest in horseracing and steeplechasing. In 1896, his horse Persimmon won both the Derby Stakes and the St Leger Stakes. In 1900, Persimmon's brother, Diamond Jubilee, won five races (Derby, St Leger, 2000 Guineas Stakes, Newmarket Stakes and Eclipse Stakes) and another of Edward's horses, Ambush II, won the Grand National.

In 1891 Edward was embroiled in the royal baccarat scandal, when it was revealed he had played an illegal card game for money the previous year. He was forced to appear as a witness in court for a second time when one of the participants unsuccessfully sued his fellow players for slander after being accused of cheating. In the same year Edward was involved in a personal conflict, when Lord Charles Beresford threatened to reveal details of Edward's private life to the press, as a protest against Edward interfering with Beresford's affair with Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick. The friendship between the two men was irreversibly damaged, and their bitterness would last for the remainder of their lives. Usually, Edward's outbursts of temper were short-lived, and "after he had let himself go ... [he would] smooth matters by being especially nice".

In late 1891, Edward's eldest son, Albert Victor, was engaged to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck. Just a few weeks later, in early 1892, Albert Victor died of pneumonia. Edward was grief-stricken. "To lose our eldest son", he wrote, "is one of those calamities one can never really get over". Edward told the Queen, "[I would] have given my life for him, as I put no value on mine". Albert Victor was the second of Edward's children to die. In 1871, his youngest son, Alexander John, had died just 24 hours after being born. Edward had insisted on placing Alexander John in a coffin personally with "the tears rolling down his cheeks".

On his way to Denmark through Belgium on 4 April 1900, Edward was the victim of an attempted assassination when 15-year-old Jean-Baptiste Sipido shot at him in protest over the Second Boer War. The culprit was acquitted by a Belgian court because he was underage. The perceived laxity of the Belgian authorities, combined with British disgust at Belgian atrocities in the Congo, worsened the already poor relations between the United Kingdom and the Continent. However, in the next ten years, Edward's affability and popularity, as well as his use of family connections, assisted Britain in building European alliances.

Accession
When his mother died on 22 January 1901, Edward became King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India and, in an innovation, King of the British Dominions. He chose to reign under the name of Edward VII, instead of Albert Edward—the name his mother had intended for him to use—declaring that he did not wish to "undervalue the name of Albert" and diminish the status of his father with whom the "name should stand alone". The numeral VII was occasionally omitted in Scotland, even by the national church, in deference to protests that the previous Edwards were English kings who had "been excluded from Scotland by battle". J. B. Priestley recalled, "I was only a child when he succeeded Victoria in 1901, but I can testify to his extraordinary popularity. He was in fact the most popular king England had known since the earlier 1660s." Edward donated his parents' house, Osborne on the Isle of Wight, to the state and continued to live at Sandringham. He could afford to be magnanimous; his private secretary, Sir Francis Knollys, claimed that he was the first heir to succeed to the throne in credit. Edward's finances had been ably managed by Sir Dighton Probyn, Comptroller of the Household, and had benefited from advice from Edward's financier friends, some of whom were Jewish, such as Ernest Cassel, Maurice de Hirsch and the Rothschild family. At a time of widespread antisemitism, Edward attracted criticism for openly socialising with Jews.

Edward's coronation had originally been scheduled for 26 June 1902. However, two days before, he was diagnosed with appendicitis. The disease was generally not treated operatively. It carried a high mortality rate, but developments in anaesthesia and antisepsis in the preceding 50 years made life-saving surgery possible. Sir Frederick Treves, with the support of Lord Lister, performed a then-radical operation of draining a pint of pus from the infected abscess through an incision in the king's abdomen; this outcome showed that the cause was not cancer. The next day, Edward was sitting up in bed, smoking a cigar. Two weeks later, it was announced that he was out of danger. Treves was honoured with a baronetcy (which the King had arranged before the operation) and appendix surgery entered the medical mainstream. Edward was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 9 August 1902 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Frederick Temple.

Edward refurbished the royal palaces, reintroduced the traditional ceremonies, such as the State Opening of Parliament, that his mother had foregone, and founded new honours, such as the Order of Merit, to recognise contributions to the arts and sciences. In 1902, the Shah of Persia, Mozzafar-al-Din, visited England expecting to receive the Order of the Garter. The King refused to bestow the honour on the Shah because the order was meant to be in his personal gift and the Foreign Secretary, Lord Lansdowne, had promised it without his consent. He also objected to inducting a Muslim into a Christian order of chivalry. His refusal threatened to damage British attempts to gain influence in Persia, but Edward resented his ministers' attempts to reduce his traditional powers. Eventually, he relented and Britain sent a special embassy to the Shah with a full Order of the Garter the following year.

"Uncle of Europe"
As king, Edward's main interests lay in the fields of foreign affairs and naval and military matters. Fluent in French and German, he reinvented royal diplomacy by numerous state visits across Europe. He took annual holidays in Biarritz and Marienbad. One of his most important foreign trips was an official visit to France in May 1903 as the guest of President Émile Loubet. Following a visit to Pope Leo XIII in Rome, this trip helped create the atmosphere for the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale, an agreement delineating British and French colonies in North Africa, and ruling out any future war between the two countries. The Entente was negotiated in 1904 between the French foreign minister, Théophile Delcassé, and the British foreign secretary, Lord Lansdowne. It marked the end of centuries of Anglo-French rivalry and Britain's splendid isolation from Continental affairs, and attempted to counterbalance the growing dominance of the German Empire and its ally, Austria-Hungary.

Edward was related to nearly every other European monarch, and came to be known as the "uncle of Europe". German Emperor Wilhelm II and Emperor Nicholas II of Russia were his nephews; Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain, Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden, Crown Princess Marie of Romania, Crown Princess Sophia of Greece, and Empress Alexandra of Russia were his nieces; King Haakon VII of Norway was both his nephew and his son-in-law; kings Frederick VIII of Denmark and George I of Greece were his brothers-in-law; kings Albert I of Belgium, Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, and Carlos I and Manuel II of Portugal were his second cousins. Edward doted on his grandchildren, and indulged them, to the consternation of their governesses. However, there was one relation whom Edward did not like: Wilhelm II. His difficult relationship with his nephew exacerbated the tensions between Germany and Britain.

In April 1908, during Edward's annual stay at Biarritz, he accepted the resignation of British Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. In a break with precedent, Edward asked Campbell-Bannerman's successor, H. H. Asquith, to travel to Biarritz to kiss hands. Asquith complied, but the press criticised the action of the King in appointing a prime minister on foreign soil instead of returning to Britain. In June 1908, Edward became the first reigning British monarch to visit the Russian Empire, despite refusing to visit in 1906, when Anglo-Russian relations were strained in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, the Dogger Bank incident, and the Tsar's dissolution of the Duma. The previous month, he visited the Scandinavian countries, becoming the first British monarch to visit Sweden.

Political opinions
While Prince of Wales, Edward had to be dissuaded from breaking with constitutional precedent by openly voting for W. E. Gladstone's Representation of the People Bill (1884) in the House of Lords. On other matters, he was more conservative; for example, he did not favour giving votes to women, although he did suggest that the social reformer Octavia Hill serve on the Commission for Working Class Housing. He was also opposed to Irish Home Rule, instead preferring a form of dual monarchy.

As Prince of Wales, Edward had come to enjoy warm and mutually respectful relations with Gladstone, whom his mother detested. But the statesman's son, Home Secretary Herbert Gladstone, angered the King by planning to permit Roman Catholic priests in vestments to carry the Host through the streets of London, and by appointing two ladies, Lady Frances Balfour and May Tennant (wife of H. J. Tennant), to serve on a Royal Commission on reforming divorce law—Edward thought divorce could not be discussed with "delicacy or even decency" before ladies. Edward's biographer Philip Magnus-Allcroft suggests that Gladstone may have become a whipping boy for the King's general irritation with the Liberal government. Gladstone was sacked in the reshuffle the following year and the King agreed, with some reluctance, to appoint him Governor-General of South Africa.

Edward involved himself heavily in discussions over army reform, the need for which had become apparent with the failings of the Second Boer War. He supported the redesign of army command, the creation of the Territorial Force, and the decision to provide an Expeditionary Force supporting France in the event of war with Germany. Reform of the Royal Navy was also suggested, partly due to the ever-increasing Naval Estimates, and because of the emergence of the Imperial German Navy as a new strategic threat. Ultimately a dispute arose between Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, who favoured increased spending and a broad deployment, and the First Sea Lord Admiral Sir John Fisher, who favoured efficiency savings, scrapping obsolete vessels, and a strategic realignment of the Royal Navy relying on torpedo craft for home defence backed by the new dreadnoughts.

The King lent support to Fisher, in part because he disliked Beresford, and eventually Beresford was dismissed. Beresford continued his campaign outside of the navy and Fisher ultimately announced his resignation in late 1909, although the bulk of his policies were retained. The King was intimately involved in the appointment of Fisher's successor as the Fisher-Beresford feud had split the service, and the only truly qualified figure known to be outside of both camps was Sir Arthur Wilson, who had retired in 1907. Wilson was reluctant to return to active duty, but Edward persuaded him to do so, and Wilson became First Sea Lord on 25 January 1910.

Edward was rarely interested in politics, although his views on some issues were notably progressive for the time. During his reign, he said use of the word nigger was "disgraceful", despite it then being in common parlance. In 1904, Wilhelm II and Edward met during an Anglo-German summit in Kiel. Wilhelm, with the Russo-Japanese War in mind, started to go on about the "Yellow Peril", which he called "the greatest peril menacing ... Christendom and European civilisation. If the Russians went on giving ground, the yellow race would, in twenty years time, be in Moscow and Posen". Wilhelm went on to attack his British guests for supporting Japan against Russia, suggesting that the British were committing "race treason". In response, Edward stated that he "could not see it. The Japanese were an intelligent, brave and chivalrous nation, quite as civilised as the Europeans, from whom they only differed by the pigmentation of their skin". Although Edward lived a life of luxury often far removed from that of the majority of his subjects, they expected it, and his personal charm with all levels of society and his strong condemnation of prejudice went some way to assuage republican and racial tensions building during his lifetime.

Constitutional crisis
In the last year of his life, Edward became embroiled in a constitutional crisis when the Conservative majority in the House of Lords refused to pass the "People's Budget" proposed by the Liberal government of Prime Minister Asquith. The crisis eventually led—after Edward's death—to the removal of the Lords' right to veto legislation. The King was displeased at Liberal attacks on the peers, which included a polemical speech by David Lloyd George at Limehouse. Cabinet minister Winston Churchill publicly demanded a general election, for which Asquith apologised to the King's adviser Lord Knollys and rebuked Churchill at a Cabinet meeting. Edward was so dispirited at the tone of class warfare—although Asquith told him that party rancour had been just as bad over the First Home Rule Bill in 1886—that he introduced his son to Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane as "the last King of England". After the King's horse Minoru won the Derby on 26 July 1909, he returned to the racetrack the following day and laughed when a man shouted: "Now, King. You've won the Derby. Go back home and dissolve this bloody Parliament!"

In vain, the King urged Conservative leaders Arthur Balfour and Lord Lansdowne to pass the budget, which Lord Esher had advised him was not unusual, as Queen Victoria had helped to broker agreements between the two Houses over Irish disestablishment in 1869 and the Third Reform Act in 1884. On Asquith's advice, however, he did not offer them an election (at which, to judge from recent by-elections, they were likely to gain seats) as a reward for doing so.

The Finance Bill passed the Commons on 5 November 1909, but was rejected by the Lords on 30 November; they instead passed a resolution of Lord Lansdowne's stating that they were entitled to oppose the bill as it lacked an electoral mandate. The King was annoyed that his efforts to urge passage of the budget had become public knowledge and had forbidden Knollys, who was an active Liberal peer, from voting for the budget, although Knollys had suggested that this would be a suitable gesture to indicate royal desire to see the budget pass. In December 1909, a proposal to create peers (to give the Liberals a majority in the Lords) or give the prime minister the right to do so was considered "outrageous" by Knollys, who thought the King should abdicate rather than agree to it.

Talk of removing the Lords' veto played a major role in the January 1910 election. Early in the election campaign, Lloyd George talked of "guarantees" and Asquith of "safeguards" that would be necessary before forming another Liberal government, but such talk ceased after the King informed Asquith that he would not be willing to contemplate creating peers until after a second general election. Balfour refused to say whether or not he would be willing to form a Conservative government, but advised the King not to promise to create peers until he had seen the terms of any proposed constitutional change. During the campaign, the leading Conservative Walter Long asked Knollys for permission to state that the King did not favour Irish Home Rule, but Knollys refused on the grounds that it was not appropriate for the monarch's views to be known in public.

The election resulted in a hung parliament, with the Liberal government dependent on the support of the third-largest party, the nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party. The King suggested a compromise whereby only 50 peers from each side would be allowed to vote, which would also obviate the large Conservative majority in the Lords, but Lord Crewe, Liberal leader in the Lords, advised that this would reduce the Lords' independence, as only peers who were loyal party supporters would be picked. Pressure to remove the Lords' veto now came from the Irish nationalist MPs, who wanted to remove the Lords' ability to block the introduction of Home Rule. They threatened to vote against the budget unless they had their way (an attempt by Lloyd George to win their support by amending whiskey duties was abandoned as the Cabinet felt this would recast the budget too much). Asquith now revealed that there were no "guarantees" for the creation of peers. The Cabinet considered resigning and leaving it up to Balfour to try to form a Conservative government.

The King's Speech from the Throne on 21 February made reference to introducing measures restricting the Lords' power of veto to one of delay, but Asquith inserted a phrase "in the opinion of my advisers" so the King could be seen to be distancing himself from the planned legislation. The Commons passed resolutions on 14 April that would form the basis for the Parliament Act 1911: to remove the power of the Lords to veto money bills, to replace their veto of other bills with a power to delay, and to reduce the term of Parliament from seven years to five (the King would have preferred four ). But in that debate Asquith hinted—to ensure the support of the nationalist MPs—that he would ask the King to break the deadlock "in that Parliament" (i.e. contrary to Edward's earlier stipulation that there be a second election). The budget was passed by both Commons and Lords in April.

By April, the Palace was having secret talks with Balfour and Randall Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury, who both advised that the Liberals did not have sufficient mandate to demand the creation of peers. The King thought the whole proposal "simply disgusting" and that the government was "in the hands of Redmond & Co". Lord Crewe announced publicly that the government's wish to create peers should be treated as formal "ministerial advice" (which, by convention, the monarch must accept), although Lord Esher argued that the monarch was entitled in extremis to dismiss the government rather than take their "advice". Esher's view has been called "obsolete and unhelpful".

Death
Edward habitually smoked twenty cigarettes and twelve cigars a day. In 1907, a rodent ulcer, a type of cancer affecting the skin next to his nose, was cured with radium. Towards the end of his life he increasingly suffered from bronchitis. He suffered a momentary loss of consciousness during a state visit to Berlin in February 1909. In March 1910, he was staying at Biarritz when he collapsed. He remained there to convalesce, while in London Asquith tried to get the Finance Bill passed. The King's continued ill health was unreported, and he attracted criticism for staying in France while political tensions were so high. On 27 April he returned to Buckingham Palace, still suffering from severe bronchitis. Alexandra returned from visiting her brother, George I of Greece, in Corfu a week later on 5 May.

On 6 May, Edward suffered several heart attacks, but refused to go to bed, saying, "No, I shall not give in; I shall go on; I shall work to the end." Between moments of faintness, his son the Prince of Wales (shortly to be King George V) told him that his horse, Witch of the Air, had won at Kempton Park that afternoon. The King replied, "Yes, I have heard of it. I am very glad": his final words. At 11:30 p.m. he lost consciousness for the last time and was put to bed. He died 15 minutes later.

Alexandra refused to allow Edward's body to be moved for eight days afterwards, though she allowed small groups of visitors to enter his room. On 11 May, the late king was dressed in his uniform and placed in a massive oak coffin, which was moved on 14 May to the throne room, where it was sealed and lay in state, with a guardsman standing at each corner of the bier. Despite the time that had elapsed since his death, Alexandra noted his body remained "wonderfully preserved". On the morning of 17 May, the coffin was placed on a gun carriage and drawn by black horses to Westminster Hall, with the new king, his family and Edward's favourite dog, Caesar, walking behind. Following a brief service, the royal family left, and the hall was opened to the public; over 400,000 people filed past the coffin over the next two days. As Barbara Tuchman noted in The Guns of August, his funeral, held on 20 May 1910, marked "the greatest assemblage of royalty and rank ever gathered in one place and, of its kind, the last." A royal train conveyed the King's coffin from London to Windsor Castle, where Edward was buried at St George's Chapel.

Legacy
Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson Charles III on 20 April 2011. The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing. Edward was the longest-serving holder of that title until surpassed by Charles on 9 September 2017. Edward was Prince of Wales between 8 December 1841 and 22 January 1901 (59 years, 45 days); Charles held the title between 26 July 1958 and 8 September 2022 (64 years).

As king, Edward VII proved a greater success than anyone had expected, but he was already past the average life expectancy and had little time left to fulfil the role. In his short reign, he ensured that his second son and heir, George V, was better prepared to take the throne. Contemporaries described their relationship as more like affectionate brothers than father and son, and on Edward's death George wrote in his diary that he had lost his "best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief".

Edward has been recognised as the first truly constitutional British sovereign and the last sovereign to wield effective political power. Though lauded as "Peacemaker", he had been afraid that German Emperor Wilhelm II, who was one of his nephews, would tip Europe into war. Four years after Edward's death, the First World War broke out. The naval reforms he had supported and his part in securing the Triple Entente between Britain, France, and Russia, as well as his relationships with his extended family, fed the paranoia of the German Emperor, who blamed Edward for the war. Publication of the official biography of Edward was delayed until 1927 by its author, Sidney Lee, who feared German propagandists would select material to portray Edward as an anti-German warmonger. Lee was also hampered by the extensive destruction of Edward's personal papers; Edward had left orders that all his letters should be burned on his death. Subsequent biographers have been able to construct a more rounded picture of Edward by using material and sources that were unavailable to Lee.

Historian R. C. K. Ensor, writing in 1936, praised the King's political personality:

"...he had in many respects great natural ability. He knew how to be both dignified and charming; he had an excellent memory; and his tact in handling people was quite exceptional. He had a store of varied, though unsystematized, knowledge gathered at first-hand through talking to all sorts of eminent men. His tastes were not particularly elevated, but they were thoroughly English; and he showed much (though not unfailing) comprehension for the common instincts of the people over whom he reigned. This was not the less remarkable because, though a good linguist in French and German, he never learned to speak English without a German accent."

Ensor rejects the widespread notion that the King exerted an important influence on British foreign policy, believing he gained that reputation by making frequent trips abroad, with many highly publicized visits to foreign courts. Ensor thought surviving documents showed "how comparatively crude his views on foreign policy were, how little he read, and of what naïve indiscretions he was capable." Edward received criticism for his apparent pursuit of self-indulgent pleasure, but he received great praise for his affable manners and diplomatic tact. As his grandson Edward VIII wrote, "his lighter side ... obscured the fact that he had both insight and influence." "He had a tremendous zest for pleasure but he also had a real sense of duty", wrote J. B. Priestley. Lord Esher wrote that Edward VII was "kind and debonair and not undignified—but too human".

Honours

 * British honours
 * KG: Royal Knight Companion of the Garter, 9 November 1858
 * GCSI: Extra Knight Companion of the Star of India, 25 June 1861; Extra Knight Grand Commander, 24 May 1866
 * FRS: Fellow of the Royal Society, 12 February 1863
 * PC: Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, 8 December 1863
 * GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Bath (military), 10 February 1865; Great Master, 22 June 1897
 * KT: Extra Knight of the Thistle, 24 May 1867
 * KP: Extra Knight of St. Patrick, 18 March 1868
 * PC(I): Member of the Privy Council of Ireland, 21 April 1868
 * GCStJ: Knight of Justice of St. John, 1876; Grand Prior, 1888
 * GCMG: Extra Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George, 31 May 1877
 * GCIE: Extra Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire, 21 June 1887
 * GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 6 May 1896
 * Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, 1901
 * Founder and Sovereign of the Order of Merit, 26 June 1902
 * Founder and Sovereign of the Imperial Service Order, 8 August 1902
 * Founder of the Royal Victorian Chain, 1902

 * Foreign honours

Honorary foreign military appointments

 * 1870: Honorary Colonel of the Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)
 * 1883: Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) of the German Army
 * 5 February 1901: Honorary Colonel of the 27th (King Edward's) Regiment of Dragoons of Kiev
 * 26 June 1902: Admiral of the Fleet (Großadmiral) à la suite of the Imperial German Navy
 * Honorary Captain General of the Spanish Army
 * Honorary Admiral of the Spanish Navy
 * Colonel-in-Chief of the German regiment 5th (Pomeranian) Hussars "Prince Blücher of Wahlstatt"
 * Colonel-in-Chief 1st Guards Dragoons "Queen of Great Britain and Ireland"
 * Honorary Colonel of the Infantry Regiment "Zamora" No. 8 (Spain)
 * 1905: Honorary Admiral of the Swedish Navy
 * 1908: Honorary General of the Swedish Army
 * Honorary Admiral of the Greek Navy
 * Honorary General of the Norwegian Army

Arms
Edward's coat of arms as the Prince of Wales was the royal arms differenced by a label of three points argent and an inescutcheon of the Duchy of Saxony, representing his paternal arms. When he acceded as King, he gained the royal arms undifferenced.

title: Edward VII


text:
Duncan Campbell (died 1758)

Duncan Campbell was a Scots nobleman who died on 18 July 1758 as a result of wounds received in an unsuccessful frontal attack against French forces at Fort Carillon (renamed Fort Ticonderoga when the British took the fort a year later). The legend associated with Campbell is that a number of years prior—while still living in Scotland—Campbell gave shelter to a stranger who turned out to have killed Duncan's cousin. Faced with the conflict between betraying a guest or taking vengeance for the death of his cousin, Campbell compromised by allowing the killer to hide out in a cave. The ghost of Campbell's cousin is claimed to have appeared to Campbell in a dream and promised to meet him again at Ticonderoga, a place that Duncan surely had never heard of previously. This story was published in the poem "Ticonderoga a Legend of the West Highlands" by Robert Louis Stevenson in Scribner's Magazine December 1887. Campbell's 42nd Regiment of Foot Highlanders took many casualties in the ill-fated attack on Fort Carillon. Legend has it that the battle was replicated in the clouds over Inveraray Castle in Scotland on the afternoon of the attack. The story of the ghostly prediction and the apparition in the clouds over Inverawe has been repeated a number of times in magazines, song, and used several times in television scripts. His remains are interred at the Union Cemetery in Fort Edward, NY alongside Jane McCrea and her cousin Sara McNeil.

Songs
Inspired by the history and legend, Rich Nardin wrote (circa 1980) the song "Piper's Refrain", about the end of Campbell's story. The song was first released on Nardin's 1983 album, and has been recorded by multiple artists since. The song is in the folk tradition and may be thought by some to be a traditional ballad when sung by others. The story further inspired Margaret MacArthur to write "The Legend of Duncan Campbell" as an accompanying song which explores the beginning of the tale in Scotland.
 * (1983) by Rich Nardin at Mudcat Café
 * (1989) by Margaret MacArthur at Mudcat Café

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Duncan Campbell (died 1758)


text:
Pope Paul I

Pope Paul I (Paulus I; 700 – 28 June 767) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the emerging Papal States from 29 May 757 to his death. He first served as a Roman deacon and was frequently employed by his brother, Pope Stephen II, in negotiations with the Lombard kings.

Rise
Paul was a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family. He and his brother Stephen had been educated for the priesthood at the Lateran Palace. Stephen became pope in 752. After Stephen's death on 26 April 757, Paul prevailed over a faction that wanted to make Archdeacon Theophylact pope and was chosen to succeed his brother by the majority that wished a continuation of Stephen's policy.

Pontificate
Paul I's reign was dominated by relations with the Frankish and Lombard kings and with the Eastern Roman emperor. He wrote to Pepin the Short that the Frankish alliance should be maintained unimpaired. Paul was likely concerned of the danger posed by the Lombard king Desiderius. The Lombards held the cities of Imola, Osimo, Bologna, and Ancona, which were claimed by the papacy, and in 758 seized upon the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento.

On his return from suppressing a revolt in Benevento, Desiderius visited Rome and compelled Paul to write to Pepin asking him to concede all the Lombard claims. He promised to return Imola, but on condition that the pope should persuade Pepin to send back Lombard hostages held by the Franks. Paul agreed and sent a letter to Pepin. Pepin found it advisable to maintain good relations with Desiderius, and Paul apparently accomplished little by his double-dealing. Later, however, Pepin gave the pope some support and acted as arbiter between the Roman and Lombard claims.

In 765, papal privileges were restored in the duchies of Benevento and Tuscany and partially in Spoleto. Meanwhile, the alienation from the Eastern Roman Empire grew greater. On several occasions, especially in 759, Paul feared that the emperor would send an army against Rome. This meant that he lived in constant dread of Eastern Roman ambitions turning the Frankish influence in favor of the Lombards. This was actually attempted, but Pepin held to his original policy regarding Italy.

Paul died in Rome on 28 June 767.

title: Pope Paul I


text:
Talk:Gospel of Luke

Christology (Luke 3:22)
"where virtually all the earliest witnesses have God saying, "This day I have begotten you."[41]Ehrman 1996, p. 66." What earliest sources are these? The only relatively early text I found with "begotten" is Bezae.
 * P4, Vaticanus, Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Washingtonianus have "well pleased".
 * P75, P45, Borgianus do not contain the passage.

"Luke, Gospel according to" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke,_Gospel_according_to&redirect=no Luke, Gospel according to] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Veverve (talk) 07:15, 11 June 2023 (UTC)

Citing Ehrman
Ehrman's argument about Luke 3:22 is fringe. It is only attested in one manuscript although also used by some Church Fathers.

Joseph Fitzmyer argues the passage was changed to the "today I have begotten thee" because of its parallel to Psalm 2:7. Divus303 (talk) 16:23, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what it actually means. Does it mean "what Luke originally wrote" or does it mean "what was originally spoken"? StAnselm (talk) 16:27, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Ehrman argues that later scribes, in accordance with dogmatic theology, changed the reading of Luke 3:22 to "with you I am pleased," and that it originally had a more Adoptionist reading. Divus303 (talk) 16:30, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, he's just flat wrong about "virtually all the earliest witnesses". Yes, delete all the text relying on that reference (i.e. from "An important example". It's not an important example.) StAnselm (talk) 16:32, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not as WP:FRINGE as you think, see e.g. this. tgeorgescu (talk) 23:29, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Fringe
I have reverted some WP:FRINGE edits. Here is why:

"r/Academic8iblical @ Search Redditpsstein • 16 days ago Moderator MA I History of Science I don't know if I'd call Blomberg an outright apologist, though he frequently writes with an apologetic slant or purpose. He strikes me as part of the conservative evangelical scholarly ecosystem that really only talks to itself. Scholars like Blomberg are not publishing in the leading journals or with major presses.Very broadly speaking, if you're routinely publishing with academic or respected religious publishers (e.g. Eerdmans, Fortress, Eisenbrauns) and have articles appear in mainstream journals (CBQ, JSNT), you're much less likely to be an apologist."

See the evidence quoted at User:Tgeorgescu/sandbox3. The mainstream academic view is that the NT gospels are fundamentally anonymous.

I don't say that conservative evangelicals should not get WP:CITED, but they do not speak for the mainstream academia. Conservative evangelical scholars generally do not write mainstream history about the Bible and Christianity. So, while their views are theology, such views do not amount to history. tgeorgescu (talk) 17:20, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Reddit is not a reliable source. StAnselm (talk) 18:13, 13 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Actually read tgeorgescu's list of sources instead of dismissing his comment outright. Dimadick (talk) 18:26, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gospel of Luke


text:
Arion

Arion (Ἀρίων) was a kitharode in ancient Greece, a Dionysiac poet credited with inventing the dithyramb. The islanders of Lesbos claimed him as their native son, but Arion found a patron in Periander, tyrant of Corinth. Although notable for his musical inventions, Arion is chiefly remembered for the fantastic myth of his kidnapping by pirates and miraculous rescue by dolphins, a folktale motif.

Origins
Arion was a native of Methymna in Lesbos, and, according to some mythological accounts, a son of Cyclon or of Poseidon and the nymph Oncaea. All traditions about him agree in describing him as a contemporary and friend of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. He appears to have spent a great part of his life at the court of Periander, but respecting his life and his poetical or musical productions, scarcely anything is known beyond the story of his escape from the sailors with whom he sailed from Sicily to Corinth.

The dithyramb
Arion is often called the inventor of the dithyrambic poetry, and of the name dithyramb. As Arthur Wallace writes: "As a literary composition for chorus dithyramb was the creation of Arion of Corinth," His fame was established in antiquity, and Herodotus says "Arion was second to none of the lyre-players in his time and was also the first man we know of to compose and name the dithyramb and teach it in Corinth". However, J. H. Sleeman observes of the dithyramb, or circular chorus, "It is first mentioned by Archilochus (c. 665 BC) ... Arion flourished at least 50 years later ... probably gave it a more artistic form, adding a chorus of 50 people, personating satyrs... who danced around an altar of Dionysus. He was doubtless the first to introduce the dithyramb into Corinth". Armand D'Angour notes that Arion's contribution to the reform of the dithyramb, which was eventually performed in a circle and called kuklios choros, was recognised by ancient sources by the fact that they named his father Kukleus ("Circle-man").

Arion is also associated with the origins of tragedy: of Solon John the Deacon reports: “Arion of Methymna first introduced the drama [i.e. action] of tragedy, as Solon indicated in his poem entitled Elegies".

Kidnapping by pirates

According to Herodotus' account of the Lydian empire under the Mermnads, Arion attended a musical competition in Sicily, which he won. On his return trip from Tarentum, whose onomastic founder has a similar story, avaricious sailors plotted to kill Arion and steal the rich prizes he carried home. Arion was given the choice of suicide with a proper burial on land, or being thrown in the sea to perish. He asked for permission to sing a last song to win time. Playing his kithara, Arion sang a praise to Apollo, the god of poetry, and his song attracted a number of dolphins around the ship. Some argue that the dolphins were sent by Apollo to rescue Arion. At the end of the song, Arion threw himself into the sea rather than be killed, but one of the dolphins saved his life and carried him to safety at the sanctuary of Poseidon at Cape Tainaron. When he reached land, being eager for his journey, he failed to return the dolphin to the sea and it perished there. He told his misfortunes to Periander, the Tyrant of Corinth, who ordered the dolphin to be buried, and monument raised to it. Shortly after, word came to Periander that the ship on which Arion had sailed had been brought to Corinth by a storm. He ordered the crew to be led before him, and inquired about Arion, but they replied that he had died and that they had buried him. The tyrant replied: "Tomorrow you will swear to that at the Dolphin's monument." Because of this he ordered them to be kept under guard, and instructed Arion to hide in the dolphin's monument the next morning, attired as he had been when he had thrown himself into the sea. When the tyrant brought the ship's crew to the dolphin's monument and ordered them to swear by the departed spirit of the dolphin that Arion was dead, Arion came out of the monument. In amazement, wondering by what divinity he had been saved, the ship's crew was silent. The tyrant ordered them to be crucified at the dolphin's monument. Apollo, because of Arion's skill with the kithara, placed him and the dolphin among the stars. This dolphin was catasterised as the constellation Delphinus, by the blessing of Apollo.

The story as Herodotus tells it was taken up in other literature. Lucian of Samosata wittily imagined the dialogue between Poseidon and the very dolphin who bore Arion.

Augustine of Hippo asserted that pagans "believed in what they read in their own books" and took Arion to be a historical individual. "There is no historicity in this tale", according to Eunice Burr Stebbins, Arion and the dolphins are given as an example of "a folkloristic motif especially associated with Apollo" by Irad Malkin. Erasmus instanced Arion as one of the traditional poet's topics that sound like historia rather than fabulae, though he misremembered that Augustine had taken the Arion story to be historical.

Mythological parallels
The pirates episode may be seen as a doublet of the fate of Melicertes, where the leap into the sea was that of his mother, Ino. transformed into the "white goddess" Leucothea; Melicertes was carried more dead than alive to the shores where the Isthmian Games were celebrated in his honour, as he was transformed to the hero Palaimon, who was placated with a nocturnal chthonic rite, and the whose winners were crowned with a barren wreath of spruce.

A similar story of told of the founding of Taras in Megale Hellas (Magna Graecia), modern Taranto, Apulia, Italy. When a son of Poseidon called Taras was shipwrecked, his father rescued him by sending a dolphin which he rode to traverse the sea from the promontory of Taenarum to the south of Italy. Brought ashore, Taras founded the city of the same name. According to Pausanias, he was worshiped as a hero who named both the city and the river, Taras after himself.

Another parallel is the myth of Dionysus and the sailors, related in the Homeric Hymns: Tyrrhenian pirates try to lash the god to the mast, but the wood itself starts to sprout and the mast is entwined with ivy (like the god's thyrsus); the sailors leap into the sea and are transformed into dolphins. This is especially interesting because Arion is credited with the invention of the dithyramb, a dionysiac song form.

Scholarly interpretations
In light of the above parallels, Walter Burkert interprets the story as a significant development in the history of Dionysiac cult: "Released from this gloomy background, the cheerful and liberating legend of the sixth century further developed the image of the dolphin-rider under the colours of the renewed cult of Dionysus.". C. M. Bowra tied the myth to the period following the expulsion from Corinth of the aristocratic Bacchiadae, who traced their descent from Dionysus: "the cult of the god had to develop new and more democratic forms."

Stewart Flory identified Herodotus' characteristic use of the episode in a historicising context as an example of what Flory calls his "brave gestures", a man faced with death performs with calm dignity some spirited but unnecessary gesture that demonstrates contempt for danger.

Surviving fragment
A fragment of a hymn to Poseidon, quoted by Aelian and by him ascribed to Arion, has survived, and is contained in Bergk's Poetae Lyrici Graeci. A poetic translation was made by the English schoolmaster Herbert Kynaston. A more literal prose rendering follows: Chiefest of Gods, sea-lord Poseidon of the trident of gold, earth-shaking king of the swelling brine, the beasts that swim dance all about thee with fins, and lightly bound with nimble flingings of the foot, the snub-nosed coarsing hounds of bristling mane, the dolphin-lovers of the Muse, sea-creatures of Nereus' goddess-daughters that he had of Amphitrite, the beasts that bore a wanderer on the Sicilian sea to Taenarum's shore in Pelops' land, ploughing to the untrodden furrow of Nereus' field astride their humpèd back, when crafty men had cast me from out the hollow wave-going ship into the sea-purple billows of the ocean.

In literature
Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem Arion examines and illustrates the story of Arion's return to Greece. Alexander Pushkin's 1827 Arion poem, where Arion is the sole survivor of a shipwreck after a sea storm and continues to sing the same songs with which he used to delight his shipmates, is thought to be a thinly veiled allusion to his own situation after the Decembrist revolt of 1825.

George Eliot's poem of the same name recounts Arion's murder by pirates ("sailors"), with, however, no mention of him being saved by dolphins.

In Amor Towles' 2016 novel A Gentleman in Moscow, the Count tells Anna the story of Arion, after tracing freckles that reminded him of a dolphin on her back.

In Astronomy
Inspired by the lifeguard dolphin story, the name Arion was given in 2015 to a possible exoplanet orbiting the star 18 Delphini, which was named Musica at the same time.

title: Arion


text:
T1

T1, T01, T.1 or T-1 may refer to:

Biology

 * The first of the thoracic vertebrae in the vertebral column
 * Thoracic spinal nerve 1, a nerve emerging from the vertebrae
 * Cyclin T1, a human gene
 * GalNAc-T1, a human gene
 * Ribonuclease T1, a fungal endonuclease
 * TNM staging system, classification for a small cancer tumor

Computing

 * Apple T1, a system on a chip used by Apple
 * T1 font, or cork encoding, a character encoding
 * T1, a component of the T-carrier system for telecommunication
 * UltraSPARC T1, a microprocessor
 * AYYA T1, a smartphone developed by Rostec as part of the Ayya (smartphone) line

Aircraft

 * Raytheon T-1 Jayhawk, a jet aircraft used by the US Air Force for advanced pilot training
 * Lockheed T2V SeaStar, a.k.a. T1 Seastar, a carrier-capable jet trainer in the US Navy
 * Fuji T-1, Japan's first jet-powered trainer aircraft
 * Perry Beadle T.1, a 1913 British biplane fighter
 * Sopwith Cuckoo, a British biplane torpedo bomber of 1918

Automobiles

 * Bentley T-series, Bentley Motors model in the UK
 * Caparo T1, a 2006 British sports car
 * CWS T-1, first serially-built car manufactured in Poland
 * Ford T1 platform, a large SUV automobile platform
 * Mercedes-Benz T1, a 1977 van/truck also called a transporter
 * Volkswagen Type 2 (T1), the first generation of Volkswagen transporter

Rail

 * T series (Toronto subway), a subway car in Toronto, Canada
 * North Shore & Western Line, a commuter rail line in Sydney, Australia
 * Île-de-France tramway Line 1, a.k.a. T1, a tramway near Paris, France
 * LSWR T1 class, an 1888 0-4-4T steam tank locomotives class
 * Pennsylvania Railroad class T1, a 1942 4-4-4-4 steam locomotive class
 * Reading T-1, a 1945 4-8-4 steam locomotive class
 * LNER Class T1, a class of British steam locomotives
 * Tatra T1, a 1951 Czechoslovakian tramcar
 * T1 (Istanbul Tram), a tram line in Istanbul, Turkey
 * Nakano Station (Tokyo), station number T-01 in Tokyo Metro Tozai Line

Roads

 * T1 road (Zambia), a road in Zambia
 * T1 road (Tanzania), a road in Tanzania

Ships

 * USS T-1, several United States Navy ships
 * HMNZS Matai (T01), a Royal New Zealand Navy lighthouse tender of 1941
 * MV Transpacific (T-1), a 1992 US oil tanker
 * Yugoslav torpedo boat T1, a torpedo boat in the Yugoslav Navy, 1921–1941
 * T1 tanker a mass-produced tanker used during and after World War II

Buses

 * T1 Bristol–Thornbury, a bus route in England

Tanks and weapons

 * T1 Light Tank, a U.S. prototype tank
 * EE-T1 Osório, a 1985 Brazilian main battle tank
 * AC NM AE T1 mine, a Brazilian anti-tank blast mine
 * AP NM AE T1 mine, a Brazilian anti-personnel mine
 * G7a torpedo, a WWII German torpedo

Mathematics, physics and chemistry

 * T1 Aquarii, a star
 * T1 Carinae, a star
 * Soyuz T-1, a 1979 space mission
 * T1 space, a topological space satisfying the T1 separation axiom
 * $$\mathbb{T}^1$$, the 1-torus
 * Spin–lattice relaxation time in nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging

Products

 * vivo T1 series, the 5 smartphones manufactured by Vivo Communication Technology Co.

Other uses

 * The Terminator, the first film in the Terminator franchise
 * T1 (album), 2018 album by Tatianna
 * T1 (classification), a para-cycling classification
 * T1 General, a tax form used in Canada
 * T-1 visa, allowing victims of human trafficking to remain in the United States
 * Tour T1, an office skyscraper in La Défense, Paris, France
 * T1 Mall of Tallinn, shopping and entertainment centre in Tallinn, Estonia
 * Estonian national road 1, officially T1, connecting Tallinn and Narva
 * T1 (esports), Korean esports team.
 * Target One, a Mesoamerican archaeological site in Honduras
 * T1, a tornado intensity rating on the TORRO scale
 * T+1, "trade date plus one day" in financial markets
 * Tekken, a 1994 fighting game
 * Tyler1, an American internet personality and streamer on Twitch
 * T1 League, a Taiwanese men's professional basketball league

title: T1


text:
E-carrier

The E-carrier is a member of the series of carrier systems developed for digital transmission of many simultaneous telephone calls by time-division multiplexing. The European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) originally standardised the E-carrier system, which revised and improved the earlier American T-carrier technology, and this has now been adopted by the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). It was widely used in almost all countries outside the US, Canada, and Japan. E-carrier deployments have steadily been replaced by Ethernet as telecommunication networks transition towards all IP.

E1 frame structure
An E1 link operates over two separate sets of wires, usually unshielded twisted pair (balanced cable) or using coaxial (unbalanced cable). A nominal 3 volt peak signal is encoded with pulses using a method avoiding long periods without polarity changes. The line data rate is 2.048 Mbit/s (full duplex, i.e. 2.048 Mbit/s downstream and 2.048 Mbit/s upstream) which is split into 32 timeslots, each being allocated 8 bits in turn. Thus each timeslot sends and receives an 8-bit PCM sample, usually encoded according to A-law algorithm, 8,000 times per second (8 × 8,000 × 32 = 2,048,000). This is ideal for voice telephone calls where the voice is sampled at that data rate and reconstructed at the other end. The timeslots are numbered from 0 to 31.

Special timeslots
One timeslot (TS0) is reserved for framing purposes, and alternately transmits a fixed pattern. This allows the receiver to lock onto the start of each frame and match up each channel in turn. The standards allow for a full cyclic redundancy check to be performed across all bits transmitted in each frame, to detect if the circuit is losing bits (information), but this is not always used. An alarm signal may also be transmitted using timeslot TS0. Finally, some bits are reserved for national use.

One timeslot (TS16) is often reserved for signalling purposes, to control call setup and teardown according to one of several standard telecommunications protocols. This includes channel-associated signaling (CAS) where a set of bits is used to replicate opening and closing the circuit (as if picking up the telephone receiver and pulsing digits on a rotary phone), or using tone signalling which is passed through on the voice circuits themselves. More recent systems use common-channel signaling (CCS) such Signalling System 7 (SS7) where no particular timeslot is reserved for signalling purposes, the signalling protocol being transmitted on a freely chosen set of timeslots or on a different physical channel.

When using E1 frames for data communication, some systems use those timeslots slightly differently, either

 * TS0: Framing, TS1–TS31: Data traffic — This is named Channelized E1, and is used where the framing is required, it allows any of the 32 timeslots to be identified and extracted.
 * TS0–TS31: Data traffic — Often referred to as Clear Channel E1 or Unchannelized, it is used where no framing is required, timeslot extraction is not required and the full bandwidth (2 Mb/s) is required.

Hierarchy levels
The PDH based on the E0 signal rate is designed so that each higher level can multiplex a set of lower level signals. Framed E1 is designed to carry 30 or 31 E0 data channels plus 1 or 2 special channels, all other levels are designed to carry 4 signals from the level below. Because of the necessity for overhead bits, and justification bits to account for rate differences between sections of the network, each subsequent level has a capacity greater than would be expected from simply multiplying the lower level signal rate (so for example E2 is 8.448 Mbit/s and not 8.192 Mbit/s as one might expect when multiplying the E1 rate by 4).

Note, because bit interleaving is used, it is very difficult to demultiplex low level tributaries directly, requiring equipment to individually demultiplex every single level down to the one that is required.

title: E-carrier


text:
Talk:Ludo

Backgammon
Is ludo and backgammon related? Though not the same, there are some similarities. 1. if your piece land on an opponent piece, you send him home. 2. if you stack up your pieces, you protect them from being capture. 3. I played a version that rolls two dices at a time and a free replay whenever you roll double, i.e. similar to backgammon again.

Cut and paste history
Can the history and the talk page of the board game be associated with the new disambiguated page? I don't really know how to fix this. Vadmium 02:15, 16 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I think I was referring to a WP:cut-and-paste move that got reverted a couple months later. Vadmium (talk) 01:52, 28 May 2011 (UTC).

Slovenian link
The Slovenian game link seems to just go to a chat page... I won't delete it, because I don't speak the languages to know if I'm missing something!

 * Probably gone by now. Vadmium (talk) 01:52, 28 May 2011 (UTC).

Criticism
I have removed the following recent addition from the article:
 * Ludo's very simple to grasp rules and quick nature lend it well to a family game, particularly when young children are involved (and of course, any game involving numbers can aid in early math development).
 * Despite this, Ludo is criticised by many as being a game of futility, as absolutely no player skill is involved in winning - the victor is decided by successive dice rolls. Most board games, especially fiercely competitive examples such as Chess, allow the players to form a strategy of some form in order to attain victory; Ludo lacks this depth. Even games such as Monopoly, which famously involve many dice rolls, contain an element of player skill (in the form of purchase decisions).

When more than one piece is on the move, it is not correct that "absolutely no player skill is involved". I'm not sure the rest of this section really belongs to this encyclopaedia article. Feel free to put it back in, but please make sure it is correct.--Niels Ø 07:42, 16 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I beg to differ that, if the ability to spot all possible moves is taken as a player skill too. That is, if the experienced player is able to spot all optimal moves (such as all the moves to kick an opponent's piece back to the starting point), he has a certain advantage than an inexperienced opponent. There is also more optimal moves in the Chinese version, such as moving a piece to a space of its own colour whenever possible, in order to move 4 more spaces, or moving a piece to exploit the arrow move which provides a shortcut. Kiwi8 08:15, 17 November 2006 (UTC)
 * That's why Ludo world championships are so crowded of Ludo Grandmasters and hard-working students of such a complex game. Whenever I play with the World Ludo Champion, I always lose... certainly a game of skill, not luck. --Taraborn 22:35, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

Better play description?
I find several bits of the description utterly confusing. Would something mind explaining (in the article!) what these statements mean?

 * "To the left of each home column, one square from the edge of the board, is a starting square, also coloured."
 * In the diagram I cannot find such a square. I can see a large squarish object, but these have many details inside, which look a lot like the "spaces" on the board. Are these details to be ignored? IE, is the entire red block with the cross of red squares inside it the starting square? If so, this should be mentioned!

 * "At the start of the game, the player's pieces are placed in the areas to the next to the arms."
 * Do you mean the "starting square"? I'm pretty sure it does. If so, this should say that as opposed to the unclear "areas next to the arms". The tabletop is next to the arms, for instance.

 * "A player moves one of their pieces forward"
 * What is "forward"? There is an earlier mention of "clockwise around the perimeter of the board", but I am equally confused about "perimeter of the board". The starting squares are on the perimeter of the board, but I'm guessing they are not included?

 * "it passes along the "home column" of its colour."
 * I assume "passes along" means "moves up the column"? If this is true, where does it enter the column? On the colored square that lies in the outside row? Does it have to be an exact roll?

I assume there is some sort of pattern of moving from the starting square out into the uncolored squares (starting where?), along the white ones (stopping on the triangles in the middle?), then to the colored home row (entering it where?) and finally to the center? Can someone explain how a single red marker would move around the board? That would help greatly!

Pictures should be used for explaining how the pieces move. Anyone good with vector graphics? Tronic2 (talk) 07:03, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

Maury 19:48, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that several parts of the explanation are obscure. I'm not sure is this is just because they are badly written, or because different variants of the game are being muddled together. None of the sources cited seems authoritative. The description of 'blocks' is especially unclear.  There is a reference to blocks being 'advanced', but no explanation of what this means.  Does it mean that a block of two or more pieces can be moved together?  If so, how does this work?  If a player gets a 5, does it mean they can move a block along 5 places,. or what? For comparison, in Backgammon there is something similar to 'blocks', where two or more pieces of the same colour are on the same point, but the block cannot be moved as a whole unless the player throws a double, which is possible in Backgammon (since 2 dice are thrown) but not in Ludo.2A00:23C8:7907:4B01:E902:FD8D:24AA:A82E (talk) 14:44, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

Mensch_ärgere_dich_nicht

Ludo in East Africa
Momo2008 uk recently added three paragraphs about ludo in East Africa. I wonder: --Noe (talk) 09:42, 11 January 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) Can any sources be given for this info?
 * 2) Are the variants described actually known as Ludo in that area, or is it in fact one of the many other Cross and circle games?

 * Hey ludo in East africa goes with the name ludoverse it's on Facebook as ludoverse with great tournaments
 * It's a game of skill/strategy chance and luck Hirstshiluli (talk) 19:45, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I'm Noe, but I've changed my username sinde 2009 ;-) Sound more like a related cross-and-cirlce game than actually Ludo, as Ludo has very little skill or strategy? Nø (talk) 19:15, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

Variants
This seems to be the same game as Kimble/Trouble but just with a different board. Could someone who knows more write a section about their similarities and differences? Tronic2 (talk) 07:08, 29 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The English version of the page about this game and Parchisi are really kind of, well, unclear on variation. Compare with this german language section Dlamblin (talk) 11:49, 24 December 2014 (UTC)

Globe and star
Are the globe and star spaces unique to Denmark? I have never seen a board without them.

--Klausok (talk) 07:20, 27 September 2011 (UTC)
 * May be. I was never in Denmark, and I have never seen a board with them. Eddau (talk) 11:07, 27 September 2011 (UTC)

Need more ref?
Wil this help?

Who is going to write the strategy section?
I wrote one in the Hebrew article, so in case I do not translate it, feel free to write it yourselfs. Eddau (talk) 18:02, 13 December 2012 (UTC)

Other variants
The "other variants" section should somehow link to the article and the category on cross and circle games. And list of national names and variants should be either complete, balanced ("due weight"), or absent (except for the aforementioned links).--Nø (talk) 08:53, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

Ludo and Uckers
The gameboard is precisely the same. They are identical gameboards. Doesn't that provide basis enough, that Uckers is closely related to Ludo enough, that Uckers would qualify as a 'See also' item, at the Ludo article? (Looking at the same question from a different perspective, if Uckers is not included as a 'See also' item at the Ludo article, when their gameboards are precisely the same and identical ... wouldn't that cause a bit of confusion to an average reader ... seeing that there is no link whatever or connection or mention of game of Uckers, at the Ludo article?)

I could understand disclusion without a criteria for comparing the closeness of their relationship, if there were, say, multiple games that use the same board, that have their own articles. Maybe there are. (Do you know if their are? My assumption is that Uckers is the only other game, that has its own article, using that precise gameboard. Maybe that is wrong. Do you know if there are any others?)

Ihardlythinkso (talk) 18:23, 27 January 2013 (UTC)

 * I do not know how many of the cross-and-circle games that are identical, or nearly so, or how nearly... The matter is complicated by the fact that many players around the world have various "house rules" or variants, so that e.g. "Ludo" is far from being well-defined. It would be great if someone could do a systematic revision and comparison of all these articles, or even better, find the answer in a reliable source. Until then, I think the "see also" section in each article should be composed of at most these things:
 * A link to the article about this broad family of games
 * Possibly one or more links to specific games with an explicit statement of the relationship between these games that warrant inclusion.
 * Possibly other "See also" links (such as a link to an article about the World Championship in the game in question, if such a thing existed)
 * This way, if you re-add your links with an explicit statement that the games are identical, there will be a fact that someone might challenge if they disagree.
 * By the way, if they really ARE identical, I think the correct solution would be to merge the articles, mentioning both names in boldface in the lead, and make "the other" article a redirect. The name for the article proper should be the one that makes moste sense to an English-speaking audience; I don't know which name that would be in this case. (I'm strongly inclined to the name "Ludo" since that is the name of the game in my language, Danish, but that, of course, is an invalid argumenmt!)--Nø (talk) 16:50, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Not sure I'm following you ... My only contention is, since article Uckers exists, and that sister-game uses the identical gameboard Ludo uses, making a 'See also' to Uckers in the Ludo article is appropriate. (And to *not* include it, is begging confusion!) Whatever criteria a future review or research would produce re what s/ or s/not be included in the Ludo 'See also' list, will no doubt include Uckers. (So, how can including it now, be a mistake?) Ihardlythinkso (talk) 23:08, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Uckers See also Ihardlythinkso (talk) 23:18, 28 January 2013 (UTC)

 * OK, there are several ways of doing this. One may simply include Uckers under "see also" as you suggest; I'm against this as it will not be clear on what reasons Uckers is included while other Cross-and-circle games are not and including all of them is silly; that's what the category is for). Secondly, one may include Uckers in the "see also" section with a brief explanation like "(similar game played on identical board)" or whatever is appropriate. I'd have no objection to that. Thirdly, "see also" sections should only contain links that for some reason don't fit in elsewhere in the article. One might instead write a short paragraph on Uckers and link from there. Finally, if the games are virtually identical, as I said the appropriate solution is a full merge.--Nø (talk) 07:59, 29 January 2013 (UTC)

GB189616426 (A) - A New Drawing Room Game
Xb2u7Zjzc32 (talk) 10:00, 15 August 2015 (UTC)
 * http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=22&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=18960912&CC=GB&NR=189616426A&KC=A

"Don't be Angry"
I have heard of this imitation called "Don't be Angry". Is that simply an imitation of Ludo? Qwertyxp2000 (talk | contribs) 23:54, 4 December 2015 (UTC)

 * As mentioned in the article, the German version of Ludo is called "Mensch ärgere dich nicht" which roughly translates to "Man, don't get angry." So it may be a different variation of Ludo. Digitarchive (talk) 10:14, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

Pakistani variation
An IP user recently added this:
 * In Pakistan, there is a variation that is really interesting and it keeps all the player's interest held within the game. It is played wiih two dice. Each player has an option to move its piece/token either forward or backward. for example if rolling the dice gives 1 and 4 then player can move its single piece 4 blocks forward and then brings it 1 step backwards or 1 step forwards and 4 steps backward or 1 & 4 backward/forward. Its all about the different possibilties. Moreover player can move one of his piece 1 step backward/forward and another piece 4 steps backward/forward.

I agree this is an interesting variation, but someone are likey to revert the addition because (a) it's not quite encyclopaedic in style, and (b) it lacks a valid source/citation. Is there a source one could cite for this?

Another thing, what is this game called in Pakistan? We have a rather unfortunate situation on Wikipedia where there's one article on Ludo, another on Parcheesi, etc., though these games are really just variations or different localized names for one and the same game - see also Cross and circle game. Perhaps this addition belongs in one of those other articles? (Actually, in terms of likely cultural travel routes, I'd guess the game in Pakistan either descends directly from the Indian Pachisi, or comes through the British Ludo, rather than through the American Parcheesi - but I don't know.)--Nø (talk) 14:52, 12 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Re backwards movement, the sole advantage/use (that I can see) is for landing on an opponent's token. (Am I seeing it right?) --IHTS (talk) 01:06, 13 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Oh! -- and also getting to home in a precise roll. Ok, --IHTS (talk) 01:07, 13 March 2017 (UTC)
 * Or landing two pieces (of same colour) on the same square, if that's allowed, or landing on a protected square, if such exist in this variant. As I said, I think it's an interesting variant, simply becuase it gives the player more options and thus removes Ludo a bit further from a simplistic race game like Game of the Goose.--Nø (talk) 08:08, 13 March 2017 (UTC)

Translation of "Mensch ärgere dich nicht"
In the nomencaltuer section, we say: "Upset" was "irritated" until a recent edit. Google translate suggests "Man, don't fret". My German is not good so I may be influenced by the similar Danish "ærgre", but I think "ärgere" is more "irritate" or "annoy" than "upset" or "fret". (Another thing: "Man" must here be in the sense "human", but I guess "man" is the best translation in agreement with current English usage and style.)--Nø (talk) 07:16, 3 April 2017 (UTC)
 * In Germany, this game is called "Mensch ärgere dich nicht" which means "Man, don't get upset"...

Semi-protected edit request on 5 June 2018
"change link of encarta encylopedia in reference to https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pachisi " "add a column of trend of becoming this game hit online with links from google play like: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.akshita.ludobattle and others" Vanshajdaga (talk) 16:59, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
 * Replaced the broken source w/ a source that actually supports the text. --IHTS (talk) 22:09, 5 June 2018 (UTC)
 * As far as the game app, no, it's advertisement, spam, see WP:ELNO. --IHTS (talk) 09:35, 6 June 2018 (UTC)

Origin from a game from Sumeria
The british museum released a video about a game from Sumeria that in it's simplified form at least is very similar to games like Ludo. At least it felt very similar to me. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZskjLq040I / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHjznvH54Cw) I have absolutely no reference about this but is there any connection between the presented game and Ludo/parchesi? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Valmendil (talk • contribs) 23:02, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

 * You're certainly correct that there are some similarities between the Royal Game of Ur and Pachisi, both in play and design. I take these as similarities of genre (they're both Race games). Offhand, I'm not aware of a reliable source that suggests a historical connection between them. Irving Finkel does not mention Pachisi in his paper "On the Rules for the Royal Game of Ur" in Ancient Board Games in Perspective -- more provocatively, in his introduction to Sedentary Games of India, he does not mention a connection to Pachisi while writing about the Royal Game of Ur occurring in India, both archeologically and as played by the Cochin Jews at least down to the 20th century. If Finkel doesn't postulate a historical connection, then I suspect there's not good evidence for one. Phil wink (talk) 05:46, 22 April 2020 (UTC)

 * I would argue the your premise should be exactly the opposite. Even if (or better especially if) there is no evidence: If the Royal Game of Ur existed already 4,500 years ago and has been played continuously since then and references to Pachisi don't date earlier than 1100-800BC (which is about 1500 years later) it can be safely assumed that the earlier game developed into the later game with the change of creating the cross shape for up to 4 players. Both of them falling into the category of race games doesn't negate the fact that Pachisi is more or less the 2-4 player version of the Royal Game of Ur. I mean the Settlers of Catan with the 6 player extension is still a variant of the Settlers of Catan, isn't it? The fact that both are in the strategy building board game category is a consequence of them being derivates and thus cannot be used as an argument against them being derivates of the same game. Tcs75 (talk) 16:15, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
 * But wikipedia does not make up such connections. Maybe the two games share a source. Maybe one is the source of the other. Maybe they are creations of a type almost bound to happen in cultures of a certain complexity. (The native American games similar to Ludo are either transmitted via some undocumented Thor Heyerdahl-like connection, or independently created.) We do not know - and to include speculations like these in the article, we need proper sources.--Nø (talk) 18:45, 22 June 2020 (UTC)

Nomenclature sec
, "This is not a dictionary. Non-English names in individual countries are not relevant, except as interwiki links." A dictonary provides definitions. The entires in the Nomenclature sec weren't definitions. I'd think the foreign names & translations w/ have some encyclopedic value, do you have a WP policy that says only in interwiki links? Instead of eliminating the sec, how about moving it to less prominent position, as is done at Scholar's Mate? --IHTS (talk) 04:31, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Translation dictionaries may only have definitions where they are needed to avoid ambiguity.
 * I am not on top of policies, but any random article could have a list of translations into any random number of languages. What would the criterion for inclusion be? It does not make sense to me!--Nø (talk) 08:37, 12 June 2020 (UTC)

Origin of the name "Ludo"
Is it known what the origin/etymology of the name "Ludo" is? Can anyone find a source for it and add this information to the article? (I know "ludo" is Esperanto for "game", but I've got no idea whether that's got anything to do with it.) 95.90.232.67 (talk) 10:04, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
 * May I discreetly point you the the first few words of the article: "Ludo (/ˈljuːdoʊ/; from Latin ludo 'I play')" ;-)--Nø (talk) 16:31, 27 October 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:07, 28 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Cover of Game of Headache (UK version).jpg

Requested move 29 September 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (non-admin closure)  ‡ Night Watch ω     (talk)   18:45, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

– Per pageviews analysis of past 12 months of 9 articles starting with "Ludo", Ludo (board game), Ludo (film) and Ludo King (not mentioned at dab) have comparable pageviews with the board game coming on top by a small margin, while the remaining Ludos are far far below them. However, both Ludo (film) & Ludo King (mobile game app) are named so because of the Ludo (board game) and their names are thus, dependent on it. Ludo (board game) has far greater long-term significance than a 2020 bollywood movie & a mobile game app and hence is the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for "Ludo". See also, clickstream data from Ludo (currently dab page). —CX Zoom[he/him] (let's talk • {C•X}) 16:44, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Ludo (board game) → Ludo
 * Ludo → Ludo (disambiguation)
 * Support per nom. Very clear primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:50, 6 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Support definitely seems to be a long-time primary topic. Move and hatnote to relocated disambiguation page. Skynxnex (talk) 16:47, 6 October 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Wiki Education assignment: Sparks Gaming the System
— Assignment last updated by KabimosM (talk) 18:44, 4 October 2022 (UTC)

Jamaican variant
I realise I'm not logged in, don't have an account, and I have no intention of editing. I just wanted to point out that there is a Jamaican variant of Ludo,known as Ludi, played with much excitement and delight on the streets of Brixton, London,(they balance the board on a bin top near here). I believe some gambling goes on ;). Obviously I won't edit this in myself, but I hope someone here can find a source for it and put it in. 82.69.45.81 (talk) 15:21, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ludo


text:
E1

E1, E01, E.I or E-1 may refer to:

Aircraft

 * Azcárate E-1, a Mexican sesquiplane trainer
 * Fokker E.I, a German fighter aircraft
 * Grumman E-1 Tracer, an American airborne early warning aircraft
 * Hydra Technologies E1 Gavilán, a hand-launched Mexican unmanned electronic surveillance drone
 * Junkers E.I, the Idflieg designation for the 1916 Junkers J1 monoplane
 * LVG E.I, a 1915 German two-seat monoplane
 * NFW E.I, a 1917 German monoplane fighter
 * Pfalz E.I, a Morane-Saulnier H monoplane built under licence for Germany
 * Siemens-Schuckert E.I, a 1915 German single seat monoplane
 * Standard E-1, a 1917 early American Army fighter aircraft

Automobiles

 * BMW E1, a 1991 and 1993 German electric/hybrid city car concept
 * BYD e1, a 2019–present Chinese electric city car
 * Dongfeng Fengguang E1, a 2019–present Chinese electric mini crossover
 * Haima E1, a 2020–present Chinese electric city car
 * Roewe E1, a 2012 Chinese electric city car concept later produced as the Roewe E50
 * E1, a Mazda E type piston engine
 * Switch E1, a bus Built by Switch Mobility
 * Bestune E01, a compact electric crossover

Submarines

 * HMS E1, an E-class submarine of the Royal Navy
 * USS E-1 (SS-24), a 1917 E-class submarine of the United States Navy

Roads

 * E01, Southern Expressway in Sri Lanka
 * European route E01, from Northern Ireland to Spain
 * E1 European long distance path, a long-distance hiking route from Norway to Italy
 * London Buses route E1, a transport for London contracted bus route
 * Tomei Expressway and Meishin Expressway, route E1 in Japan
 * North–South Expressway Northern Route and New Klang Valley Expressway, route E1 in Malaysia
 * E1 expressway (Philippines) (North Luzon Expressway, Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway, and Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway), expressway route in the Philippines
 * E1 expressway (Pakistan)

Trains and locomotives

 * E1 Series Shinkansen, a Japanese high-speed train
 * Bavarian E I, a German steam engines locomotive model
 * EMC E1, a diesel locomotive
 * LB&SCR E1 class, an 1874 British 0-6-0 steam locomotive
 * NCC Class E1, a Northern Counties Committee Irish steam locomotive
 * NER Class E1, an 1898 class of small 0-6-0T steam locomotive
 * PRR E1, an American PRR 4-4-2 steam locomotive
 * SP&S Class E-1, a 1934 steam locomotives class

Biochemistry

 * E1 (HCV), a viral structural protein found in hepatitis C
 * E1, a unimolecular elimination mechanism in organic chemistry
 * E1-enzymes, also known as Ubiquitin-activating enzymes, an enzyme which catalyzes the first step in the ubiquitination reaction, which targets a protein for degradation via a proteasome]
 * E1 regulatory sequence for the insulin gene
 * Estrone, a hormone
 * Pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), the first component enzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
 * Acireductone synthase, an enzyme
 * Haplogroup E1 (Y-DNA), a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Mathematics

 * Exponential integral, $E_1(z)= \int_1^\infty \frac{e^{-tz}}{t}\, {\rm d}t~$, mathematical function
 * the E1 series (number series) of preferred numbers

Medicine

 * E1-isoprostane, a type of isoprostane

Businesses and organizations

 * E1 Music, an independent record label in the United States
 * E1 Corp., a Korean chemical and oil company, member of the LS Group
 * Entertainment One, an international media company

Electronics

 * Honda E1, a predecessor of the ASIMO humanoid robot
 * Olympus E-1, a digital single-lens reflex camera

Places

 * E1 (Jerusalem), an area east of Jerusalem in the West Bank
 * E1 postcode district, London, England, United Kingdom

Other uses

 * E01, ECO code for the closed variation of the Catalan Opening in chess
 * E01, the Encase Image File Format
 * E-1 (rank), the pay grade for enlisted ranks of Private, Airman Basic, and Seaman Recruit in the United States Military
 * E1 grade, a difficulty level in rock climbing
 * E-1 (rocket engine), a liquid propellant rocket engine
 * E1 carrier, an E-carrier European telecommunications standard
 * E1, an AMD CPU from the Bobcat (microarchitecture) family
 * E1, abbreviation for the Oracle JD Edwards EnterpriseOne software
 * E1 on Gardiner's sign list, representing the bull

title: E1