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Visitor pattern

A visitor pattern is a software design pattern that separates the algorithm from the object structure. Because of this separation, new operations can be added to existing object structures without modifying the structures. It is one way to follow the open/closed principle in object-oriented programming and software engineering.

In essence, the visitor allows adding new virtual functions to a family of classes, without modifying the classes. Instead, a visitor class is created that implements all of the appropriate specializations of the virtual function. The visitor takes the instance reference as input, and implements the goal through double dispatch.

Programming languages with sum types and pattern matching obviate many of the benefits of the visitor pattern, as the visitor class is able to both easily branch on the type of the object and generate a compiler error if a new object type is defined which the visitor does not yet handle.

Overview
The Visitor design pattern is one of the twenty-three well-known Gang of Four design patterns that describe how to solve recurring design problems to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software, that is, objects that are easier to implement, change, test, and reuse.

What problems can the Visitor design pattern solve?

 * It should be possible to define a new operation for (some) classes of an object structure without changing the classes.

When new operations are needed frequently and the object structure consists of many unrelated classes, it's inflexible to add new subclasses each time a new operation is required because "[..] distributing all these operations across the various node classes leads to a system that's hard to understand, maintain, and change."

What solution does the Visitor design pattern describe?
This makes it possible to create new operations independently from the classes of an object structure by adding new visitor objects.
 * Define a separate (visitor) object that implements an operation to be performed on elements of an object structure.
 * Clients traverse the object structure and call a dispatching operation accept (visitor) on an element — that "dispatches" (delegates) the request to the "accepted visitor object". The visitor object then performs the operation on the element ("visits the element").

See also the UML class and sequence diagram below.

Definition
The Gang of Four defines the Visitor as: "Represent[ing] an operation to be performed on elements of an object structure. Visitor lets you define a new operation without changing the classes of the elements on which it operates."

The nature of the Visitor makes it an ideal pattern to plug into public APIs, thus allowing its clients to perform operations on a class using a "visiting" class without having to modify the source.

Advantages
Moving operations into visitor classes is beneficial when
 * many unrelated operations on an object structure are required,
 * the classes that make up the object structure are known and not expected to change,
 * new operations need to be added frequently,
 * an algorithm involves several classes of the object structure, but it is desired to manage it in one single location,
 * an algorithm needs to work across several independent class hierarchies.

A drawback to this pattern, however, is that it makes extensions to the class hierarchy more difficult, as new classes typically require a new  method to be added to each visitor.

Application
Consider the design of a 2D computer-aided design (CAD) system. At its core, there are several types to represent basic geometric shapes like circles, lines, and arcs. The entities are ordered into layers, and at the top of the type hierarchy is the drawing, which is simply a list of layers, plus some added properties.

A fundamental operation on this type hierarchy is saving a drawing to the system's native file format. At first glance, it may seem acceptable to add local save methods to all types in the hierarchy. But it is also useful to be able to save drawings to other file formats. Adding ever more methods for saving into many different file formats soon clutters the relatively pure original geometric data structure.

A naive way to solve this would be to maintain separate functions for each file format. Such a save function would take a drawing as input, traverse it, and encode into that specific file format. As this is done for each added different format, duplication between the functions accumulates. For example, saving a circle shape in a raster format requires very similar code no matter what specific raster form is used, and is different from other primitive shapes. The case for other primitive shapes like lines and polygons is similar. Thus, the code becomes a large outer loop traversing through the objects, with a large decision tree inside the loop querying the type of the object. Another problem with this approach is that it is very easy to miss a shape in one or more savers, or a new primitive shape is introduced, but the save routine is implemented only for one file type and not others, leading to code extension and maintenance problems. As the versions of the same file grows it becomes more complicated to maintain it.

Instead, the visitor pattern can be applied. It encodes the logical operation (i.e. save(image_tree)) on the whole hierarchy into one class (i.e. Saver) that implements the common methods for traversing the tree and describes virtual helper methods (i.e. save_circle, save_square, etc.) to be implemented for format specific behaviors. In the case of the CAD example, such format specific behaviors would be implemented by a subclass of Visitor (i.e. SaverPNG). As such, all duplication of type checks and traversal steps is removed. Additionally, the compiler now complains if a shape is omitted since it is now expected by the common base traversal/save function.

Iteration loops
The visitor pattern may be used for iteration over container-like data structures just like Iterator pattern but with limited functionality. For example, iteration over a directory structure could be implemented by a function class instead of more conventional loop pattern. This would allow deriving various useful information from directories content by implementing a visitor functionality for every item while reusing the iteration code. It's widely employed in Smalltalk systems and can be found in C++ as well. A drawback of this approach, however, is that you can't break out of the loop easily or iterate concurrently (in parallel i.e. traversing two containers at the same time by a single i variable). The latter would require writing additional functionality for a visitor to support these features.

UML class and sequence diagram

In the UML class diagram above, the  class doesn't implement a new operation directly. Instead,  implements a dispatching operation    that "dispatches" (delegates) a request to the "accepted visitor object". The  class implements the operation. then implements  by dispatching to. The  class implements the operation.

The UML sequence diagram shows the run-time interactions: The  object traverses the elements of an object structure  and calls   on each element. First, the  calls   on, which calls   on the accepted   object. The element itself is passed to the   so that it can "visit"  (call  ). Thereafter, the  calls   on, which calls   on the   that "visits"   (calls  ).

Details
The visitor pattern requires a programming language that supports single dispatch, as common object-oriented languages (such as C++, Java, Smalltalk, Objective-C, Swift, JavaScript, Python and C#) do. Under this condition, consider two objects, each of some class type; one is termed the element, and the other is visitor.

The visitor declares a  method, which takes the element as an argument, for each class of element. Concrete visitors are derived from the visitor class and implement these  methods, each of which implements part of the algorithm operating on the object structure. The state of the algorithm is maintained locally by the concrete visitor class.

The element declares an  method to accept a visitor, taking the visitor as an argument. Concrete elements, derived from the element class, implement the  method. In its simplest form, this is no more than a call to the visitor's  method. Composite elements, which maintain a list of child objects, typically iterate over these, calling each child's  method.

The client creates the object structure, directly or indirectly, and instantiates the concrete visitors. When an operation is to be performed which is implemented using the Visitor pattern, it calls the  method of the top-level element(s).

When the  method is called in the program, its implementation is chosen based on both the dynamic type of the element and the static type of the visitor. When the associated  method is called, its implementation is chosen based on both the dynamic type of the visitor and the static type of the element, as known from within the implementation of the   method, which is the same as the dynamic type of the element. (As a bonus, if the visitor can't handle an argument of the given element's type, then the compiler will catch the error.)

Thus, the implementation of the  method is chosen based on both the dynamic type of the element and the dynamic type of the visitor. This effectively implements double dispatch. For languages whose object systems support multiple dispatch, not only single dispatch, such as Common Lisp or C# via the Dynamic Language Runtime (DLR), implementation of the visitor pattern is greatly simplified (a.k.a. Dynamic Visitor) by allowing use of simple function overloading to cover all the cases being visited. A dynamic visitor, provided it operates on public data only, conforms to the open/closed principle (since it does not modify extant structures) and to the single responsibility principle (since it implements the Visitor pattern in a separate component).

In this way, one algorithm can be written to traverse a graph of elements, and many different kinds of operations can be performed during that traversal by supplying different kinds of visitors to interact with the elements based on the dynamic types of both the elements and the visitors.

C# example
This example declares a separate  class that takes care of the printing. If the introduction of a new concrete visitor is desired, a new class will be created to implement the Visitor interface, and new implementations for the Visit methods will be provided. The existing classes (Literal and Addition) will remain unchanged.

Smalltalk example
In this case, it is the object's responsibility to know how to print itself on a stream. The visitor here is then the object, not the stream.

Go
Go does not support method overloading, so the visit methods need different names. A typical visitor interface might be

Java example
The following example is in the language Java, and shows how the contents of a tree of nodes (in this case describing the components of a car) can be printed. Instead of creating  methods for each node subclass (,  ,  , and  ), one visitor class  performs the required printing action. Because different node subclasses require slightly different actions to print properly,  dispatches actions based on the class of the argument passed to its   method. , which is analogous to a save operation for a different file format, does likewise.

Output
Visiting front left wheel Visiting front right wheel Visiting back left wheel Visiting back right wheel Visiting body Visiting engine Visiting car Kicking my front left wheel Kicking my front right wheel Kicking my back left wheel Kicking my back right wheel Moving my body Starting my engine Starting my car

Output
"front-left-wheel" "front-right-wheel" "rear-left-wheel" "rear-right-wheel" "body" "engine" kicking wheel "front-left-wheel" 42 times kicking wheel "front-right-wheel" 42 times kicking wheel "rear-left-wheel" 42 times kicking wheel "rear-right-wheel" 42 times don't know how "body" and 42 should interact starting engine "engine" 42 times kicking wheel "front-left-wheel" symbolically using symbol ABC kicking wheel "front-right-wheel" symbolically using symbol ABC kicking wheel "rear-left-wheel" symbolically using symbol ABC kicking wheel "rear-right-wheel" symbolically using symbol ABC don't know how "body" and ABC should interact starting engine "engine" symbolically using symbol ABC

Python example
Python does not support method overloading in the classical sense (polymorphic behavior according to type of passed parameters), so the "visit" methods for the different model types need to have different names.

Abstraction
Using Python 3 or above allows to make a general implementation of the accept method:

One could extend this to iterate over the class's method resolution order if they would like to fall back on already-implemented classes. They could also use the subclass hook feature to define the lookup in advance.

Related design patterns

 * Iterator pattern – defines a traversal principle like the visitor pattern, without making a type differentiation within the traversed objects
 * Church encoding – a related concept from functional programming, in which tagged union/sum types may be modeled using the behaviors of "visitors" on such types, and which enables the visitor pattern to emulate variants and patterns.

title: Visitor pattern


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1518

Year 1518 (MDXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

France
In France, the year 1518 lasted from 4 April 1518 to 23 April 1519. Since Constantine (around year 325) and until the year 1565, the year was reckoned as beginning at Easter. For instance, the will of Leonardo da Vinci, drafted in Amboise on 23 April 1519, shows the legend "Given on the 23rd of April 1518, before Easter".
 * See Wikisource "1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Easter".

January–June

 * April 18 – The widowed Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, marries Milanese noblewoman Bona Sforza in Wawel Cathedral and she is crowned as Queen consort of Poland.
 * May 26 – A transit of Venus occurs.

July–December

 * July – Dancing plague of 1518: A case of dancing mania breaks out in Strasbourg, in which many people die from constant dancing.
 * August 10 – Construction of the Manchester Grammar School is completed in England. The total cost of the project was £218 13s 5d.
 * October 3 – The Treaty of London temporarily ensures peace in Western Europe.
 * December 7 – The Deccan sultanates in southern India of Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda formally declare their independence from the Bahmani Sultanate.

Date unknown

 * The Rajput Mewar Kingdom under Rana Sanga achieves a major victory over Sultan Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi.
 * A swarm of stinging ants devastates crops on Hispaniola.
 * Johann Froben publishes Erasmus's work Colloquies, which was unauthorized, and it took until 1519 that an authorized version would be published.
 * Henricus Grammateus publishes Ayn neu Kunstlich Buech in Vienna, containing the earliest printed use of plus and minus signs for arithmetic.
 * The remnants of The Abbasid Caliphate (stationed in Egypt under the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) hands over the title of caliph to the Ottoman Empire that had conquered Constantinople in 1453, 65 years earlier

Births

 * February 2
 * Johann Hommel, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1562)
 * Godfried van Mierlo, Dutch Dominican friar and bishop (d. 1587)
 * February 7 – Johann Funck, German theologian (d. 1566)
 * February 13 – Antonín Brus of Mohelnice, Moravian Catholic archbishop (d. 1580)
 * February 20 – Georg, Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim, (d. 1569)
 * February 21 – John of Denmark, Danish prince (d. 1532)
 * February 28 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Duke of Brittany (d. 1536)
 * March 8 – Sidonie of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg (d. 1575)
 * April 22 – Antoine de Bourbon, father of Henry IV of France (d. 1562)
 * July 3 – Li Shizhen, Chinese physician, pharmacologist and mineralogist (d. 1593)
 * August 8 – Conrad Lycosthenes, Alsatian humanist and encyclopedist (d. 1561)
 * September/October – Tintoretto, Italian painter (d. 1594)
 * November 26 – Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1564)
 * December 13 – Clara of Saxe-Lauenburg, Princess of Saxe-Lauenburg and Duchess of Brunswick-Gifhorn by marriage (d. 1576)
 * December 17 – Ernest III, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1567)
 * December 19 – Enrique de Borja y Aragón, Spanish noble of the House of Borgia (d. 1540)
 * date unknown
 * James Halyburton, Scottish reformer (d. 1589)
 * Hubert Languet, French diplomat and reformer (d. 1581)
 * Edmund Plowden, English legal scholar (d. 1585)
 * Mayken Verhulst (a.k.a. Marie Bessemers), Flemish artist (d. 1596 or 1599)
 * possible – Catherine Howard, fifth queen consort of Henry VIII of England (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

Deaths

 * February 9 – Jean IV de Rieux, Breton noble and Marshal (b. 1447)
 * May 31 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, German margravine (b. 1494)
 * July 10 – Sibylle of Baden, Countess consort of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1485)
 * August 16 – Loyset Compère, French composer (b. c. 1445)
 * August 27 – Joan of Naples, queen consort of Naples (b. 1478)
 * November 20
 * Marmaduke Constable, English soldier (b. c. 1455)
 * Pierre de La Rue, Flemish composer (b. c. 1452)
 * November 24 – Vannozza dei Cattanei, mistress of Pope Alexander VI (b. 1442)
 * December – Moxammat Amin of Kazan, khan of Kazan (b. c. 1469)
 * December 5 – Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, Italian military commander (b. c. 1440)
 * December 27 – Mahmood Shah Bahmani II, sultan of the Bahmani Sultanate (b. c. 1470)
 * date unknown
 * Kabir, Indian mystic (b. 1440)
 * Oruç Reis, Ottoman corsair, brother of Hayreddin Barbarossa
 * Guido Mazzoni, sculptor (b. c. 1445)
 * Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din, sultan of Adal (assassinated) (b. c. 1473)
 * Basil Solomon, Syriac Orthodox Maphrian of the East.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1518


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1517

Year 1517 (MDXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–June

 * January 22 – Battle of Ridaniya: The Holy Ottoman army of the sultan Selim I defeat the Mamluk army in Egypt, under Tuman bay II.
 * January 30 – Cairo is captured by the Ottoman Empire after a three day battle, and the Mamluk Sultanate falls.
 * February 8 – Bernal Díaz del Castillo, a chronicler who documents the conquest of Mexico, sets out with the Hernández de Córdoba expedition from Jaruco. They arrive at Cape Catoche twenty-one days later, and are met with hostility by the natives.
 * March 16 – The Fifth Council of the Lateran ends.
 * May 1 – Evil May Day: Xenophobic riots break out in London.

July–December

 * August 15 – Portuguese merchant Fernão Pires de Andrade meets Ming Dynasty Chinese officials through an interpreter, at the Pearl River estuary and lands, at what is now in the jurisdiction of Hong Kong. Although the first European trade expeditions to China took place in 1513 and 1516 by Jorge Álvares and Rafael Perestrello, respectively, Andrade's mission is the first official diplomatic mission of a European power to China, commissioned by a ruler of Europe (Manuel I of Portugal).
 * October 31 – Reformation: Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses (posting them on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church). This story is possibly apocryphal.

Date unknown

 * Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy conquers Ryazan.
 * A third outbreak of the sweating sickness in England hits Oxford and Cambridge. It is said that in Oxford that upwards of 400 students died in less than a week.
 * The Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo, reestablished in 1261, falls to the Ottomans.

Births

 * January 17
 * Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English duke (d. 1554)
 * Antonio Scandello, Italian composer (d. 1580)
 * January 30 – Joannes Aurifaber Vratislaviensis, German theologian (d. 1568)
 * January 31 – Gioseffo Zarlino, Italian composer (d. 1590)
 * February 2 – Gotthard Kettler, Duke of Courland and Semigallia (d. 1587)
 * February 12 – Luigi Cornaro, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1584)
 * March 29 – Carlo Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1561)
 * May 1 – Svante Stensson Sture, Swedish count (d. 1567)
 * June 18 – Emperor Ōgimachi, Japanese emperor (d. 1593)
 * June 29 – Rembert Dodoens, Flemish botanist (d. 1585)
 * July 10 – Odet de Coligny, French cardinal and Protestant (d. 1571)
 * July 16 – Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk, English duchess (d. 1559)
 * July 20 – Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort, Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands (d. 1604)
 * July 25 – Jacques Pelletier du Mans, French mathematician (d. 1582)
 * August 20 – Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle, statesman, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)
 * August 23 – Francis I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1545)
 * September 6 – Francisco de Holanda, Portuguese artist (d. 1585)
 * October 17 – Amalia of Cleves, German princess and writer (d. 1586)
 * October 18 – Manuel da Nóbrega, Spanish Catholic priest (d. 1570)
 * December 15 – Giacomo Gaggini, Italian artist (d. 1598)
 * date unknown
 * Hayashi Narinaga, Japanese samurai (d. 1605)
 * Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, English aristocrat (d. 1547)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Francesco Raibolini, Italian painter (b. c. 1450)
 * January 7 – Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples (b. 1454)
 * January 22 – Hadım Sinan Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1459)
 * March 7 – Maria of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (b. 1482)
 * March 26 – Heinrich Isaac, Flemish composer (b. c. 1450)
 * April 14 – Tuman bay II, last Mamluk sultan of Egypt (b. c. 1476)
 * June 19 – Luca Pacioli, Mathematician, collaborator with Leonardo da Vinci and 'father of accounting' (b. c. 1447)
 * September 13 – Yunus Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
 * September 21 – Dyveke Sigbritsdatter, mistress of Christian II of Denmark (b. 1490)
 * September 24 – Frederick IV of Baden, Dutch bishop (b. 1455)
 * October 31 – Fra Bartolomeo, Italian artist (b. 1472)
 * November 6 – Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll, Bishop of Passau (1500–1517) (b. 1445)
 * November 8 – Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Spanish Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1436)
 * date unknown
 * Badi' al-Zaman, Timurid ruler of Herat
 * Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, Spanish conquistador
 * Marcus Musurus, Greek scholar and philosopher (b. 1470)
 * probable
 * Gaspar van Weerbeke, Dutch composer (b. 1445)

title: 1517


text:
1516

Year 1516 (MDXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, there is also a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

January–June

 * January – Juan Díaz de Solís is said to have discovered the Río de la Plata (in future Argentina), although there was likely an expedition earlier in 1511-1512 by João de Lisboa and Estevão de Fróis.
 * January 23 – With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson, Charles of Ghent, becomes King of Spain; his mother Queen Joanna of Castile also succeeds as Queen of Aragon and co-monarch with Carlos, but remains confined at Tordesillas.
 * March 1 – Desiderius Erasmus publishes a new Greek edition of the New Testament, Novum Instrumentum omne, in Basel.
 * March 29 – The Venetian Ghetto is instituted in the Republic of Venice.
 * April 23 – The Reinheitsgebot is instituted in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, regulating the purity of beer permissible for sale.

July–December

 * July – Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and invades Syria.
 * August 13 – The Treaty of Noyon is signed. Francis I of France recognizes Charles I of Spain's claim to Naples, and Charles recognizes Francis's claim to Milan. The treaty also promised Louise of France to Charles.
 * August 18 – King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X sign the Concordat of Bologna, agreeing on the relationship between church and state in France.
 * August 24 – Battle of Marj Dabiq (Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)): The Ottoman Sultan Selim I defeats the mamluk forces commanded by the sultan Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri.
 * October 28 – Battle of Yaunis Khan (Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17)): Ottoman forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mamluks near Gaza.
 * December 4 – Treaty of Brussels: Peace is declared between the Kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
 * c. December – Thomas More's most famous work, Utopia, completed this year, is published in Leuven (in Latin).

Date unknown

 * Italian explorer Rafael Perestrello, a cousin of the wife of Christopher Columbus, commands an expedition from Portuguese Malacca to land on the shores of mainland southern China, and trade with Chinese merchants at Guangzhou, during the Ming Dynasty.
 * Portuguese soldier Fernão Lopes becomes the first known permanent inhabitant of Saint Helena.
 * Leonardo da Vinci accepts Francis I's invitation to France.
 * The predecessor of the Royal Mail, known as the Master of the Posts, is established by Henry VIII of England.
 * Gillingham School is founded, the oldest in Dorset, England.
 * Fuggerei is established in Augsburg (Bavaria), as the world's oldest social housing complex still in use.
 * The fall of the Nantan meteorite is possibly observed near the city of Nantan, Nandan County, Guangxi (China).

Births

 * January 1 – Margaret Leijonhufvud, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1551)
 * January 14 – Herluf Trolle, Danish admiral (d. 1565)
 * January 16 – Bayinnaung, King of Burma (d. 1581)
 * February 2 – Girolamo Zanchi, Italian theologian (d. 1590)
 * February 16 – Prospero Spani, Italian sculptor (d. 1584)
 * February 18 – Queen Mary I of England, daughter of King Henry VIII of England and Queen Catherine of Aragon (d. 1558)
 * March 15 – Alqas Mirza, Safavid prince (d. 1550)
 * March 26 – Conrad Gessner, Swiss naturalist (d. 1565)
 * April 16 – Tabinshwehti, King of Burma (d. 1550)
 * April 23 – Georg Fabricius, Protestant German poet (d. 1571)
 * June 28 – Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy, English courtier and patron of learning (d. 1544)
 * July 27 – Emilie of Saxony, German nobleman (d. 1591)
 * July 28 – William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, German nobleman (d. 1592)
 * August 13 – Hieronymus Wolf, German historian (d. 1580)
 * September 2 – Francis I, Duke of Nevers (d. 1561)
 * September 21 – Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox (d. 1571)
 * October 23 – Charlotte of Valois, French princess (d. 1524)
 * October 27 – Ruy Gómez de Silva, Portuguese noble (d. 1573)
 * November 5 – Martin Helwig, German cartographer of Silesia (d. 1574)
 * December 21 – Giuseppe Leggiadri Gallani, Italian poet and dramatist (d. 1590)
 * date unknown
 * John Foxe, biographer (d. 1587)
 * Manco Inca Yupanqui, ruler of the Inca (d. 1544)
 * Canghali of Kazan, khan of Qasim and Kazan (d. 1535)
 * Margaretha Coppier, Dutch heroine (d. 1597)

Deaths

 * January 20 – Juan Díaz de Solís, Spanish navigator and explorer (b. 1470)
 * January 23 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon (b. 1452)
 * February 4 – Anthony of Supraśl, Polish Orthodox priest and saint
 * March 13 – Vladislaus II, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia (b. 1456)
 * March 17 – Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, ruler of Florence (b. 1449)
 * April 25 – John Yonge, English diplomat (b. 1467)
 * June 14 – King John III of Navarre (b. 1469)
 * July 10 – Alice FitzHugh, English heir (b. 1448)
 * July 30 – John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count (b. 1455)
 * August 9 (bur.) – Hieronymus Bosch, Dutch painter (b. 1450)
 * August 21 – John III of Egmont, Dutch count (b. 1438)
 * August 24 – Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, Mamluk sultan (b. c. 1441)
 * October 30 – Louis Malet de Graville, Admiral of France, politician, military leader and art patron (b. c. 1440).
 * November 26 – Giovanni Bellini, Venetian painter (b. 1430)
 * December 13 – Johannes Trithemius, German scholar and cryptographer (b. 1462)
 * date unknown – Giuliano da Sangallo, Florentine sculptor and architect (b. 1443)

title: 1516


text:
1515

Year 1515 (MDXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–June

 * January 1 – Death of Louis XII of France and ascension of Francis, Dauphin of France.
 * January 25 – Francis I of France is crowned King of France in the Cathedral of Reims.
 * May 13 – Mary Tudor, Queen of France, and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, are officially married at Greenwich (near London).
 * June 13 – Battle of Turnadag: The army of Ottoman sultan Selim I defeats the beylik of Dulkadir under Bozkurt of Dulkadir.

July–December

 * July 2 – Manchester Grammar School is endowed by Hugh Oldham, the first free grammar school in England.
 * July 22 – At the First Congress of Vienna, a double wedding takes place to cement agreements. Louis, only son of King Vladislaus II of Hungary, marries Mary of Austria, granddaughter of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor; and Mary's brother, Archduke Ferdinand, marries Vladislaus' daughter, Anna.
 * August 25 – Conquistador Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founds Havana, Cuba.
 * September 13–14 – Battle of Marignano: The army of Francis I of France defeats the Swiss mercenaries, thanks to the timely arrival of a Venetian army. Francis restores French control of Milan.
 * November 15 – Thomas Wolsey is invested as a Cardinal.
 * December 24 – Thomas Wolsey is named Lord Chancellor of England.

Date unknown

 * Cardinal Wolsey orders construction to begin on what is to become Henry VIII's future summer residence Hampton Court Palace.
 * Bartolomé de las Casas urges Ferdinand II of Aragon to end Amerindian slavery, and recommends experimental free towns.
 * The Portuguese are the first Europeans to land in Timor island, as the first settlers arrive to the north coast of Madeira Island, there establishing Saint George.

 * Dürer's Rhinoceros is cut.
 * The Ottomans conquer the last beyliks of Anatolia, the Beylik of Dulkadir and the Ramadanid Emirate.
 * Henry Cornelius Agrippa returns to Northern Italy.

Births

 * January 1 – Johann Weyer, Dutch physician (d. 1588)
 * February 4 – Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (d. 1565)
 * February 14 – Frederick III, Elector Palatine, ruler from the house of Wittelsbach (d. 1576)
 * February 18 – Valerius Cordus, German physician, botanist and author (d. 1544)
 * March 10 – Injong of Joseon, 12th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (d. 1545)
 * March 12 – Caspar Othmayr, German Protestant priest, theologian and composer (d. 1553)
 * March 28 – Teresa of Ávila, Spanish Carmelite nun, poet and saint (d. 1582)
 * May 2 – Sibylle of Saxony, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1592)
 * May 12
 * Christoph, Duke of Württemberg (1550–1568) (d. 1568)
 * Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis, Scottish politician and judge (d. 1558)
 * June 15 – Anne Parr, Countess of Pembroke, English countess (d. 1552)
 * July 4 – Eleonora d'Este, Ferranese noblewoman (d. 1575)
 * July 10 – Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of Peru (d. 1582)
 * July 14 – Philip I, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (d. 1560)
 * July 21 – Philip Neri, Italian Roman Catholic saint (d. 1595)
 * September 8 – Alfonso Salmeron, Spanish biblical scholar and early Jesuit (d. 1585)
 * September 22 – Anne of Cleves, Fourth Queen of Henry VIII of England (d. 1557)
 * October 4 – Lucas Cranach the Younger, German painter (d. 1586)
 * October 7 – Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães, son of King Manuel I of Portugal (d. 1540)
 * October 8 – Margaret Douglas, daughter of Archibald Douglas (d. 1578)
 * October 15 – Leone Strozzi, French Navy admiral (d. 1554)
 * October 29
 * Vincenzo Borghini, Italian monk (d. 1580)
 * Mary of Bourbon, daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme (d. 1538)
 * November 22 – Mary of Guise, queen of James V of Scotland and regent of Scotland (d. 1560)
 * December 15 – Maria of Saxony, Duchess of Pomerania (d. 1583)
 * date unknown
 * Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis, Scottish peer (d. 1558)
 * Sebastian Castellio, rector of the College of Geneva (d. 1563)
 * Sehzade Mustafa, First born son of Suleiman the Magnificent by Mahidevran Hatun (d. 1553)
 * Cristóbal Acosta, Portuguese doctor and natural historian (d. 1580)
 * Injong of Joseon, 12th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (d. 1545)
 * Pierre de la Ramée, French humanist scholar (d. 1572)
 * Thomas Seckford, Master of Requests for Elizabeth I of England (d. 1587)
 * Thomas Watson, English Catholic bishop (d. 1584)
 * probable
 * Leonard Digges, English mathematician and surveyor (d. c. 1559)
 * Jean Maillard, French composer
 * Laurence Nowell, English antiquarian (d. 1571)
 * Cipriano de Rore, Flemish composer and teacher (d. 1565)
 * Nicholas Throckmorton, English churchman, last abbot of Westminster (d. 1571)
 * John Willock, Scottish reformer (d. 1585)

Deaths

 * January 1 – King Louis XII of France (b. 1462)
 * February 6 – Aldus Manutius, Venetian printer (b. c. 1449)
 * March 16 – Queen Janggyeong, Korean royal consort (b. 1491)
 * April 15 – Mikołaj Kamieniecki, Polish nobleman (szlachcic) and first Great Hetman of the Crown (b. 1460)
 * June 13 – Alaüddevle Bozkurt, Bey of Anatolian Dulkadir
 * September 4 – Barbara of Brandenburg, Bohemian queen (b. 1464)
 * September 9 – Joseph Volotsky, caesaropapist ideologist of the Russian Orthodox Church
 * October – Bartolomeo d'Alviano, Venetian general (b. 1455)
 * November 5 – Mariotto Albertinelli, Italian painter (b. 1474)
 * December 2 – Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general and statesman (b. 1453)
 * December 16 – Afonso de Albuquerque, Portuguese naval general (b. 1453)
 * December 18 – Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross, Scottish prince (b. 1514)
 * date unknown
 * Giovanni Giocondo, Italian friar, architect and classical scholar (b. c. 1433 in Verona)
 * Eoghan Mac Cathmhaoil, Irish Bishop of Clogher since 1505
 * Meñli I Giray, khan of the Crimean Khanate (b. 1445)
 * Pietro Lombardo, Italian Renaissance sculptor and architect (b. 1435 in Carona (Ticino))
 * Nezahualpilli, Aztec philosopher (b. 1464)
 * Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador (b. 1466)
 * probable
 * Vincenzo Foppa, Italian Renaissance painter (b. 1430)
 * Quilago, queen regnant of the Cochasquí in Ecuador (b. 1490)

title: 1515


text:
1514

Year 1514 (MDXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–June

 * January 10 – A great fire breaks out, in the Rialto of Venice.
 * March 12 – A huge exotic embassy sent by King Manuel I of Portugal to Pope Leo X arrives in Rome, including Hanno, an Indian elephant.
 * March – Louis XII of France makes peace with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.
 * May 2 – The Poor Conrad peasant revolt against Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg begins in Beutelsbach.
 * May 15 – The earliest printed edition of Saxo Grammaticus' 12th century Scandinavian history Gesta Danorum, edited by Christiern Pedersen from an original found near Lund, is published as Danorum Regum heroumque Historiae, by Jodocus Badius in Paris.
 * June 13 – Henry Grace à Dieu, at over 1,000 tons the largest warship in the world at this time, built at the new Woolwich Dockyard in England, is dedicated.
 * June – Battle of Hornshole in the Scottish Borders: Young men from Hawick defeat a raiding party from England.

July–December

 * July 20 – King Christian II is crowned King of Norway in Oslo. This coronation was the last in Norway for 304 years until King Charles III John was crowned king in 1818.
 * August 7 – King Henry VIII of England concludes an independent peace treaty with France in the War of the League of Cambrai, negotiated by Thomas Wolsey.
 * August 23 – Battle of Chaldiran: Selim I crushes the Persian army of Shah Ismail I.
 * September 8 – Battle of Orsha: In one of the biggest battles of the century, Jagiellonian dynasty forces comprising Belarusians of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poles defeat the army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
 * September 15 – Thomas Wolsey is appointed Archbishop of York in England.
 * October 9 – Louis XII of France marries Mary Tudor (sister of King Henry VIII of England) at Abbeville, as part of the English peace with France.

Date unknown

 * Albrecht Dürer makes his famous engraving Melencolia I.
 * Paolo Ricci (Camillo Renato) moves to Augsburg.
 * Nicolaus Copernicus's Commentariolus, outlining his theory of heliocentrism, is written by this date.

Births

 * January 1 – George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, Scottish noble (d. 1562)
 * January 23 – Hai Rui, Chinese official of the Ming Dynasty (d. 1587)
 * January 27 – Bernardino Maffei, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1553)
 * February 8 – Daniele Barbaro, Venetian churchman, diplomat and scholar (d. 1570)
 * February 10 – Domenico Bollani, Bishop of Milan (d. 1579)
 * February 16 – Georg Joachim Rheticus, Austrian cartographer and scientific instrument maker (d. 1574)
 * February 22 – Tahmasp I, Shah of Iran (d. 1576)
 * February 22 – Johannes Gigas, German theologian (d. 1581)
 * February 26 – Otto Truchsess von Waldburg, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1573)
 * March 8 – Amago Haruhisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1561)
 * March 23 – Lorenzino de' Medici, Italian writer and assassin (d. 1548)
 * April 2 – Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, Italian condottiero (d. 1574)
 * April 5 – Joachim Mörlin, German bishop (d. 1571)
 * April 30 – Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross, Scottish prince (d. 1515)
 * May 28 – Shimazu Takahisa, daimyō and fifteenth head of the Shimazu clan (d. 1571)
 * June 16 – John Cheke, English classical scholar and statesman (d. 1557)
 * August 29 – García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and admiral (d. 1577)
 * September 12 – Philip, Duke of Mecklenburg, (d. 1557)
 * September 20 – Philipp IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1590)
 * September 24 – Prospero Santacroce, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1589)
 * October 7 – Queen Inseong, Korean royal consort (d. 1578)
 * October 31 – Wolfgang Lazius, Austrian historian (d. 1565)
 * November 29 – Andreas Musculus, German theologian (d. 1581)
 * November 30 – Andreas Masius, German Catholic priest (d. 1573)
 * December 31 – Andreas Vesalius, Flemish anatomist (d. 1564)
 * date unknown
 * Hosokawa Harumoto, Japanese military leader (d. 1563)
 * George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly, Scottish nobleman (d. 1562)
 * Charles de Mornay, Swedish (originally French) court official, diplomat and royal favorite (d. 1574)
 * John Knox, Scottish clergyman, theologian and writer (d. 1572)
 * Barbara Uthmann, German businessperson (d. 1575)

Deaths

 * January 2 – William Smyth, English bishop and statesman (b. 1460)
 * January 9 – Anne of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII of France and Louis XII of France (b. 1477)
 * March 11 – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (b. 1444)
 * April 21 – Ichijō Fuyuyoshi, Japanese court noble (b. 1465)
 * May 3 – Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess consort of Schleswig and Holstein (b. 1487)
 * June 23 – Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1463)
 * June 25 – Suster Bertken Dutch anchorite (b. 1426)
 * July 20 – György Dózsa, Transylvanian peasant revolt leader (b. 1470)
 * October 21 – Alexander, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken and Count of Veldenz (1489–1514) (b. 1462)
 * October 25 – William Elphinstone, Scottish bishop and statesman (b. 1431)
 * November 28 – Hartmann Schedel, German cartographer (b. 1440)
 * December – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, third son of Henry VIII of England (stillborn)
 * date unknown
 * Agnes Fingerin, German philanthropist and businessperson

title: 1514


text:
1513

Year 1513 (MDXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–June

 * March 11 – Pope Leo X (layman Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici) succeeds Pope Julius II, as the 217th pope, despite a strong challenge by Italian cardinal Raffaele Riario and his group of seniors, or cardinals that were elected by Sixtus IV and Innocent VIII, who were opposed to the relatively newer juniors that included Medici.
 * March 27 – Juan Ponce de León becomes the first European definitely known to sight Florida, mistaking it for another island.
 * April 2
 * Juan Ponce de León and his expedition become the first Europeans known to visit Florida, landing somewhere on the east coast.
 * Juan Garrido (as part of Juan Ponce de León's expedition) becomes the first African known to visit North America, landing somewhere on the east coast of Florida.
 * May – Portuguese explorer Jorge Álvares lands on Lintin Island, in the Pearl River estuary.
 * June 6 – Italian Wars – Battle of Novara: Swiss mercenaries defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, forcing the French to abandon Milan and Italy.

July–December

 * July 22 – Christian II becomes King of Denmark and Norway.
 * August 16
 * Battle of Dubica (part of the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War): Croatian troops under Petar Berislavić, Ban (Viceroy) of Croatia, defeat an Ottoman army under Sanjak-bey Junuz-aga
 * Battle of the Spurs (or Battle of Guinegate, part of the War of the League of Cambrai): English and allied troops under Henry VIII defeat French cavalry under Marshal La Palice.
 * August 23 – Thérouanne is given to Henry VIII of England after a treaty is concluded in the aftermath of the Battle of the Spurs.
 * September – The dispute between Johann Reuchlin and Johannes Pfefferkorn concerning the Talmud and other Jewish books, is referred to Pope Leo X.
 * September 9
 * Battle of Flodden: King James IV of Scotland is defeated and killed by an English army under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey. James's son, the Duke of Rothesay, becomes James V, King of Scots.
 * Johann Reuchlin is summoned for an inquisition trial, which was initiated by Jacob van Hoogstraaten. The verdict of the trial was never revealed, as when it was going to be announced on October 12, the archbishop of Mainz ordered the court to go into recess on threat of resigning the court, and the trial never went on.  Eventually, in March 1514, an ecclesiastical court presided over by George, Bishop of Speyer cleared Reuchlin of any charges and ordered Hoogstraten to pay the cost of 111 guldens,  although this was overturned by Leo X in a papal decision in 1520.
 * September 25 – Vasco Núñez de Balboa, first sees what will become known as the Pacific Ocean from the Isthimus of Darién. This moment is later referenced in a poem by John Keats called "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer" with the line "silent upon a peak in Darién" although he mistakenly references Hernán Cortés as the one who saw the Pacific from Darién.
 * September 30 – A major rock avalanche occurs in the Southern side of the Swiss Alps at Monte Crenone, which destroys the village of Biasca, floods Bellinzona, and formed a lake of 390 m.a.s.l.
 * October 7 – Battle of La Motta (War of the League of Cambrai): Spanish troops under Ramón de Cardona decisively defeat those of the Republic of Venice under Bartolomeo d'Alviano in Schio.
 * December – Louis XII of France makes peace with the Pope. He attempts to make peace with Spain by offering King Ferdinand his daughter Renée to one of his grandsons along with renouncing his claims on Naples, but the proposal was never accepted.
 * December 17 – Appenzell becomes a member of the Swiss Confederacy.

Undated

 * Niccolò Machiavelli is suspected of trying to overthrow the House of Medici and is arrested and tortured. He is soon after released and he moves to his farm in San Casciano, and he writes The Prince.
 * Leo Africanus visits Timbuktu, second city of the Songhai Empire.
 * Paracelsus begins studying at Ferrara University.

Births

 * February 14 – Domenico Ferrabosco, Italian composer (d. 1573)
 * March 15 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg (d. 1573)
 * April 22 – Tachibana Dōsetsu, Japanese Daimyō (d. 1585)
 * June 10 – Louis, Duke of Montpensier (1561–1582) (d. 1582)
 * August 3 – John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Küstrin (d. 1571)
 * September 23 – Hans Buser, Swiss noble (d. 1544)
 * September 24 – Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1535)
 * October 30 – Jacques Amyot, French writer (d. 1593)
 * December 3 – Lorenzo Strozzi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1571)
 * December 23 – Thomas Smith, English scholar and diplomat (d. 1577)
 * date unknown
 * Abe Motozane, Japanese general (d. 1587)
 * Anna Hogenskild, Swedish lady-in-waiting (d. 1590)
 * Michael Baius, Belgian theologian (d. 1589)
 * George Cassander, Flemish theologian (d. 1566)
 * Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare (d. 1537)
 * Elisabeth Plainacher, Austrian alleged witch (d. 1583)

Deaths

 * January – Hans Folz, German author (b. c. 1437)
 * January 20 – Helena of Moscow, Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania and queen consort of Poland (b. 1476)
 * February 20 – King John of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (b. 1455)
 * February 21 – Pope Julius II (b. 1443)
 * March 10 – John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, English general (b. 1443)
 * April 24 – Şehzade Ahmet, oldest son of Sultan Bayezid II (executed) (b. 1465)
 * April 30 – Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk, Duke of Suffolk (b. 1471)
 * August 3 – Ernst II of Saxony, Archbishop of Magdeburg (1476–1513) and Administrator of Halberstadt (b. 1464)
 * September 9 (killed at the Battle of Flodden)
 * James IV of Scotland (b. 1473)
 * George Douglas, Master of Angus (b. 1469)
 * William Douglas of Glenbervie (b. 1473)
 * William Graham, 1st Earl of Montrose, Scottish politician (b. 1464)
 * George Hepburn, Scottish bishop
 * Adam Hepburn, 2nd Earl of Bothwell, Scottish politician, Lord High Admiral of Scotland
 * Adam Hepburn of Craggis
 * David Kennedy, 1st Earl of Cassilis, Scottish soldier (b. 1478)
 * Alexander Lauder of Blyth, Scottish politician
 * Alexander Stewart, Scottish archbishop (b. 1493)
 * Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox, Scottish politician (b. 1488)
 * October 27 – George Manners, 11th Baron de Ros, English nobleman
 * date unknown
 * Claudine de Brosse, duchess Consort of Savoy (b. 1450)
 * Hua Sui, Chinese inventor and printer (b. 1439)

title: 1513


text:
1511

Year 1511 (MDXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–June

 * March 26 – The 1511 Idrija earthquake occurs, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). The epicenter is around the town of Idrija in present-day Slovenia, although some place it some 15-20 kilometers to the west, between Gemona and Pulfero in Friulian Slovenia. The earthquake affects a large territory between Carinthia, Friuli, present-day Slovenia and Croatia.
 * April 9
 * St John's College, Cambridge, England, founded by Lady Margaret Beaufort, receives its charter.
 * The Şahkulu Rebellion breaks out in Anatolia.

July–December

 * July – Henry VIII of England's flagship, the Mary Rose, is launched at Portsmouth.
 * August 15 – Capture of Malacca: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca, the capital of the Sultanate of Malacca, giving Portugal control over the Strait of Malacca, through which all sea-going trade between China and India is concentrated. The Sultanate then establishes rule from Johor, starting decades of skirmishes against the Portuguese to regain the fallen city. While taking the city, the Portuguese slaughter a large community of Chinese merchants living there. Malacca is the first city in Southeast Asia to be taken by a Western nation, gaining home rule only in 1957, when it becomes part of Malaysia.
 * October 1 – During the War of the League of Cambrai Pope Julius II proclaims a Holy League against French dominance in Italy. It is an alliance between the Papal States, the Swiss Confederation, Venice (which had been the opponent of the League of Cambrai) and Aragon. Emperor Maximilian and the English king Henry VIII join the League soon after.
 * October 12 – James IV of Scotland's great ship, the Michael, is launched at Newhaven, Edinburgh; she is the largest ship afloat at this date.
 * November – The Treaty of Westminster creates an alliance between Henry VIII of England and Ferdinand II of Aragon against France.
 * November 20 – The vessel Frol de la Mar, transporting Afonso de Albuquerque and the valuable treasure of the conquest of Malacca, sinks en route to Goa.

Date unknown

 * Diego Velázquez and Hernán Cortés conquer Cuba; Velázquez is appointed Governor.
 * Duarte Barbosa arrives in India for the second time. He works as clerk in the factory of Cananor, and as the liaison with the Indian rajah.
 * After the fall of Malacca, Afonso de Albuquerque sends Duarte Fernandes on a diplomatic mission to Burma and Siam, becoming the first European to visit these countries diplomatically.
 * Ferdinand II of Aragon observes that "one black can do the work of four Indians".
 * Juan de Agramonte, a sailor from Spain, is thought possibly to have travelled to Newfoundland.
 * The indigenous Taíno people revolt against the Spanish in southwestern Puerto Rico near Guánica.
 * The first black slaves arrive in Colombia.
 * The Spanish conquest of Yucatán begins.
 * Erasmus publishes his most famous work, The Praise of Folly (Laus stultitiae).

Births

 * January 1 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, eldest son of Henry VIII of England
 * April 2 – Ashikaga Yoshiharu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1550)
 * April 5 – John III, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken, German noble (d. 1574)
 * June 4 – Honorat II of Savoy, French Navy admiral (d. 1580)
 * June 6 – Jakob Schegk, German physician (d. 1587)
 * June 18 – Bartolomeo Ammannati, Florentine architect and sculptor (d. 1592)
 * July 9 – Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg, consort of Christian III from 1525, and Queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1571)
 * July 30 – Giorgio Vasari, Italian painter and architect (d. 1574)
 * August 24 – Jean Bauhin, French physician (d. 1582)
 * September 28 – Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, Japanese daimyo (d. 1535)
 * September 29 – Michael Servetus, Spanish theologian (d. 1553)
 * October 22 – Erasmus Reinhold, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1553)
 * November 8 – Paul Eber, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1569)
 * November 15 – Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (d. 1536)
 * December 5 – Maldev Rathore, ruler of Marwar (d. 1562)
 * date unknown
 * Amato Lusitano, Portuguese Jewish physician (d. 1568)
 * Birgitte Gøye, Danish county administrator, lady in waiting, landholder and educator (d. 1574)
 * Kimotsuki Kanetsugu, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1566)
 * Luís de Velasco, Spanish viceroy of New Spain (d. 1564)
 * Nicola Vicentino, Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1576)
 * Nicholas Bobadilla, one of the first Spanish Jesuits (d. 1590)
 * Pierre Viret, Swiss reformed theologian (d. 1571)
 * Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta, Spanish cardinal (d. 1575)

Deaths

 * January 9 – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek classical scholar (b. 1424)
 * January 20 – Oliviero Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1430)
 * February 22 – Henry, Duke of Cornwall, eldest son of Henry VIII of England
 * April 1 – Francis of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1497)
 * April 2 – Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe, German nobleman (b. 1428)
 * June 3 – Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, North African Islamic scholar, author of the Oran fatwa
 * June 13 – Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg (b. 1445)
 * July 2 – Şahkulu, leader of the Şahkulu Rebellion
 * July 6 – Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, Germany noble (b. 1443)
 * July 12 – Albert I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko (b. 1468)
 * August 2 – Andrew Barton, Scottish naval leader (b. c. 1466)
 * September 6
 * Ashikaga Yoshizumi, Japanese shogun (b. 1481)
 * William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg, Count of Ravensberg (b. 1455)
 * October 18 – Philippe de Commines, French-speaking Fleming in the courts of Burgundy and France (b. 1447)
 * November 23
 * Mahmud Begada, Sultan of Gujarat (b. 1458)
 * Anne of York, daughter of King Edward IV of England (b. 1475)
 * date unknown
 * Diego de Nicuesa, Spanish conquistador and explorer
 * Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish composer and music theorist (b. c. 1435)
 * Estefania Carròs i de Mur, Spanish educator (b. 1455)
 * Matthias Ringmann, German cartographer and humanist poet (b. 1482)
 * Yusuf Adil Shah, founding leader of the Adil Shahi Dynasty
 * probable – Antoine de Févin, French composer (b. c. 1470)

title: 1511


text:
1510

Year 1510 (MDX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–June

 * January – Catherine of Aragon gives birth to her first child, a stillborn daughter.
 * January 23 – An 18-year-old Henry VIII of England jousts anonymously at Richmond, Surrey and draws applause, before revealing his identity.
 * January 29 – The Mary Rose ship is laid out. The next year the ship is launched on July 29, 1511, and is afterwards towed to London to be fitted, and is finally completed in 1512. In 1545, during the Battle of the Solent, she sank. The reason for her sinking is disputed with contemporary accounts claiming the ship was heeled over or sank by French ships with gunfire, although modern historians believe it was sunk due to being unstable.
 * February 27–November 25 – Portuguese conquest of Goa: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Goa.
 * March 1 – Battle of Salt River: Indigenous ǃUriǁʼaekua decisively defeat sailors of the Portuguese Empire in South Africa.
 * May 12 – The Prince of Anhua rebellion begins when Zhu Zhifan, Prince of Anhua, kills all the officials invited to a banquet, and declares his intent on ousting the powerful Ming dynasty eunuch Liu Jin, during the reign of the Zhengde Emperor in China.
 * May 30 – Rebel leader Zhu Zhifan is defeated and captured by commander Qiu Yue, ending the Prince of Anhua rebellion.

July–December

 * July – The Holy League, formed to defend the Italian States, attacks French-occupied Genoa. The 1510 influenza pandemic reaches Sicily, where it is nicknamed coccolucio, before spreading to the Italian states and the rest of Europe.
 * August 10 – The Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy is founded when Henrich Krummedige is appointed chief captain of all those who are at sea.
 * September 3 – Sir Thomas More becomes undersheriff of the City of London.
 * October 16 – Mingyi Nyo declares independence from the Ava Kingdom in upper Burma, by establishing the Toungoo dynasty.
 * December 2 – Battle of Marv: Shah Ismail I's defeats the Uzbek forces of Shaybani Khan, in Khorasan. Shaybani flees the battle only to be captured and killed by Ismail I troops, his head is turned into a skull cup used as a drinking goblet.

Date unknown

 * The Grand Prince of Moscow Vasili III conquers Pskov.
 * Paolo Cortese (humanist) publishes De Cardinalatu, a manual for cardinals, including advice on palatial architecture – which inspires Thomas Wolsey in his construction work at Hampton Court Palace.
 * Sunflowers are brought to Europe by Spaniards.

Births

 * February 24 – Costanzo II Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1512)
 * March 25 – Guillaume Postel, French linguist (d. 1581)
 * March 30 – Antonio de Cabezón, Spanish composer and organist (d. 1566)
 * June 6 – Giovanni Battista Cicala, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1570)
 * August 11 – Margaret Paleologa, Sovereign Marchioness of Montferrat (1531–1540) (d. 1566)
 * August 24 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen (1525–1540) (d. 1558)
 * October 6
 * Rowland Taylor, English Protestant martyr (d. 1555)
 * John Caius, English physician (d. 1573)
 * October 25 – Renée of France, French princess (d. 1574)
 * October 28 – Francis Borgia, Spanish General of the Jesuits (d. 1572)
 * December 28 – Nicholas Bacon, English politician (d. 1579)
 * date unknown
 * Jörg Breu the Younger, German painter (d. 1547)
 * Ferenc Dávid, Hungarian founder of the Unitarian Church (d. 1579)
 * Solomon Luria, Polish-born Kabbalist (d. 1574)
 * Oda Nobuhide, Japanese warlord (d. 1551)
 * Bernard Palissy, French potter and writer
 * Elizabeth Lucar, English calligrapher (d. 1537)
 * Ambroise Paré, French surgeon (d. 1590)
 * Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon, French naval officer (d. 1571)
 * Pierre de Manchicourt, Flemish composer (d. 1564)
 * Gracia Mendes Nasi, Portuguese businessperson and philanthropist (d. 1569)
 * Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, Spanish conquistador (d. 1554)
 * probable
 * Tullia d'Aragona, Italian poet, author and philosopher (d. 1556)
 * Aloysius Lilius, Italian inventor of the Gregorian calendar (d. 1576)
 * Luis de Morales, Spanish religious painter (d. 1586)
 * Lope de Rueda, Spanish dramatist and author (d. 1565)
 * Claudio Veggio, Italian composer

Deaths

 * February 1 – Sidonie of Poděbrady, Bohemian princess, duchess consort of Saxony (b. 1449)
 * February 28 – Juan de la Cosa, Spanish cartographer and explorer (b. c. 1460)
 * March 1 – Francisco de Almeida, Portuguese soldier and explorer (b. c. 1450)
 * March 10 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, German preacher (b. 1445)
 * March 12 – Mihnea cel Rău, Prince of Wallachia (b. c. 1460)
 * May 17 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (b. 1445)
 * May 25 – Cardinal Georges d'Ambroise, aka Monseigneur le Ledat. Adviser to King Louis XII of France. (b. 1460)
 * July 10 – Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (b. 1454)
 * July 14 – Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the Scottish throne (b. 1509)
 * July 27 – Giovanni Sforza, Italian condottiere (b. 1466)
 * August 17
 * Edmund Dudley, English statesman (b. c. 1462)
 * Richard Empson, English statesman
 * September 15 – Saint Catherine of Genoa (b. 1447)
 * September 17 – Giorgione, Italian painter (b. c. 1477)
 * September 18 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1488)
 * November 11 – Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian writer (b. 1461)
 * December 2 – Muhammad Shaybani, Khan of Bukhara (b. 1451)
 * December 14 – Friedrich of Saxony (b. 1473)
 * December 31 – Bianca Maria Sforza, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1472)
 * date unknown
 * Agüeybaná, Taino chief
 * Giovanna d'Aragona, Duchess of Amalfi, Italian regent (b. 1478)
 * Mandukhai Khatun, Mongolian queen

title: 1510


text:
1507

Year 1507 (MDVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 24 – Sigismund I the Old is formally crowned King of Poland, at a ceremony in Kraków.
 * February 9 – The crew of the Portuguese ship Cirne, commanded by Diogo Fernandes Pereira, become the first Europeans to sight the Indian ocean island of Réunion, and name it Santa Apolonia.
 * March 1 – Eleven months after the Lisbon Massacre, King Manuel I of Portugal issues an edict permitting the cristãos-novos ("New Christians", Portuguese Jews who had been forced to convert to Christianity) to freely emigrate from the kingdom.
 * March 11 – Italian mercenary leader and former prince Cesare Borgia, later cited by Niccolò Machiavelli in The Prince as an example of "conquest by fortune", completes his conquest of the Spanish city of Viana by driving out the defenders of the castle of the Count of Lerín, but makes the mistake of pursuing the fleeing enemy by himself. He is killed the next day by his captors.
 * March 28 – The revolutionary council of the Republic of Genoa declares a war against French invaders.

April–June

 * April 3 – At Erfurt, German monk Martin Luther is ordained by the suffragan bishop Johann Bonemilch as a priest of the Catholic Church.
 * April 10 – Installed by the Revolutionary Council, Paolo da Novi becomes the first Doge of the Republic of Genoa in almost 19 years, after the office had been made vacant in 1488 by the conqueror Francesco Sforza. He reigns for only 18 days before fleeing from office by French occupation forces on April 28, and the dogeship will remain vacant again for five years.
 * April 25 – Martin Waldseemüller publishes his Cosmographiae Introductio ("Introduction to Universal Cosmography") and accompanying wall map, the first to show the Americas as a separate continent, naming them in honour of Amerigo Vespucci, his friend and idol.
 * April 27
 * In India, in what is now the state of Kerala, troops from the Kingdom of Cannanore begin a four-month siege of the Portuguese garrison at the Fort of Saint Angelo. Despite being outnumbered, the 150 defenders of the fort hold out for four months against 60,000 attackers until rescue arrives four months later.
 * In Germany, the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire convenes at Konstanz and begins a series of reforms.
 * April 29 – French troops retake the city of Genoa after a seven-day siege, defeating rebels who had taken control in July 1506.
 * May 14
 * Lorenzo Lotto's painting, the Santa Cristina al Tiverone Altarpiece, is unveiled at the Church of Santa Cristina in the Italian city of Treviso.
 * In Italy, King Louis XII of France departs from Genoa and makes a triumphant entry into Milan on May 24.
 * June 4 – Having been denied recognition by Pope Julius II as King of Naples, King Ferdinand II of Aragon departs from Naples to return to his home in Spain.
 * June 28 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon is welcomed by King Louis XII of France at the Italian city of Savona in a spectacular ceremony, and the two monarchs begin a series of meetings on the division of the Italian kingdoms between France and Spain.

July—September

 * July 3 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon and King Louis XII of France complete their six-day summit at Savona.
 * July 20 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon returns to Valencia to resume his rule of his Spanish kingdom.
 * August 10 – Afonso de Albuquerque departs with six ships from the Yemeni island of Socotra to begin pillaging towns along the way to conquering the Persian Gulf port of Hormuz.
 * August 27 – A fleet of 11 ships from the Portuguese Navy's 8th Armada arrives in India and rescues the Portuguese defenders of the fort of Saint Angelo from the attack by the Kingdom of Cannanore.
 * September 15 – King James IV grants a patent for the first printing press in Scotland, to Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar "to furnis and bring hame ane prent, with all stuff belangand tharto, and expert men to use the samyne, for imprenting within our Realme of the bukis of our Lawis, actis of parliament, croniclis, mess bukis, and portuus efter the use of our Realme, with addicions and legendis of Scottis sanctis, now gaderit to be ekit tharto, and al utheris bukis that salbe sene necessar, and to sel the sammyn for competent pricis."
 * September 26 – A fleet commanded by Portugal's Afonso de Albuquerque arrives at the port of Hormuz on the Persian Gulf and sets about to conquer it.

October—December

 * October 10 – The Kingdom of Portugal conquers the island of Ormuz in the Persian Gulf.
 * November 24 – Portuguese Admiral Tristao da Cunha, with 12 ships, attacks a fleet of 13 Muslim merchant ships leaving the Indian port of Ponnani, and is confronted by the forces of Kutti Ali. The Portuguese win the battle.
 * November 26 – Pope Julius II issues a damnatio memoriae forcing the members of the House of Borgia out of control of the Papal States.
 * December 21 – Princess Mary of England, the 11-year-old daughter of King Henry VII, is betrothed to the 7-year-old Duke of Burgundy.

Date unknown

 * The Timurid Dynasty ends, when Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani capture the capital, Herat, and Emir Badi' al-Zaman Mirza flees.
 * The Portuguese occupy Mozambique, and the islands of Socotra and Lamu.
 * The Portuguese found the town of Stone Town in Mozambique.
 * Cardinal Cisneros is appointed inquisitor general of Castile.
 * King Henry VII of England prosecutes lords for keeping private armies, which might threaten his régime.
 * Raphael paints The Deposition, among other works.
 * The Aztec New Fire ceremony is held for the last time (according to Bernardino de Sahagún).

Births

 * January 1 – Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (d. 1567)
 * January 14
 * Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal (d. 1578)
 * Luca Longhi, Italian painter (d. 1580)
 * January 25 – Johannes Oporinus, Swiss printer (d. 1568)
 * February 11 – Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow, Russian Orthodox monk (d. 1569)
 * February 21 – James, Duke of Rothesay, Scottish prince (d. 1508)
 * March 7 – Magdalena of Saxony (d. 1534)
 * March 25 – Thomas White, English politician (d. 1566)
 * March 29 – Henry II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels and Count of Glatz (d. 1548)
 * April 13 – Konrad Hubert, German theologian and hymnwriter (d. 1577)
 * May 9 – Tijmen Groenewegen, Dutch politician
 * June 5 – Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1534)
 * June 6 – Annibale Caro, Italian poet and Knight of Malta (d. 1566)
 * June 25 – Marie of Baden-Sponheim, duchess consort of Bavaria (d. 1580)
 * July 25 – Chamaraja Wodeyar IV, King of Mysore (d. 1576)
 * August 2 – William Waldegrave, English Member of Parliament (d. 1554)
 * August 15 – George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, German prince (d. 1553)
 * September 16 – Jiajing Emperor of China (d. 1567)
 * September 27 – Guillaume Rondelet, French physician (d. 1566)
 * October 1
 * Johannes Sturm, German educator (d. 1589)
 * Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Italian architect (d. 1573)
 * October 4 – Francis Bigod, British noble (d. 1537)
 * October 19 – Viglius, Dutch politician (d. 1577)
 * October 26 – Alvise I Mocenigo, Doge of Venice (d. 1577)
 * October 29 – Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Spanish general (d. 1582)
 * November 25 – Joos de Damhouder, Belgian jurist (d. 1581)
 * December 18 – Ōuchi Yoshitaka, Japanese warlord (d. 1551)
 * date unknown
 * Bálint Bakfark, Hungarian composer (d. 1576)
 * Sir Ralph Sadler, English statesman (d. 1587)
 * probable
 * Jacques Arcadelt, Franco-Flemish composer (d. 1568)
 * Inés Suárez, Spanish conquistadora (d. 1580)
 * possible
 * Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England (b. this year or 1501; d. 1536)

Deaths

 * January 17 – Henry IV of Neuhaus (b. 1442)
 * March 12 – Cesare Borgia, Italian general and statesman. (b. 1475)
 * March 21 – Jan Feliks "Szram" Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (b. 1471)
 * April 1 – Sigismondo d'Este, Italian nobleman (b. 1433)
 * April 2 – Francis of Paola, Italian founder of the Order of the Minims (b. 1416)
 * July 5 – Crinitus, Italian humanist (b. 1475)
 * July 8 – Anna Notaras, Byzantine noblewoman (b. 1436)
 * July 29 – Martin Behaim, German navigator and geographer (b. 1459)
 * August 15 – John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. 1439)
 * August 23 – Jean Molinet, French writer (b. 1435)
 * August 24 – Cecily of York, English princess (b. 1469)
 * December – Ingeborg Tott, influential Swedish noblewoman, spouse of Swedish regent Sten Sture the elder
 * Date unknown – Agnes Jónsdóttir, Icelandic abbess (b. year unknown)

title: 1507


text:
1508

Year 1508 (MDVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 24 – Maximilian, King of the Romans, requests permission to march to Rome through Venetian territory, but is denied and begins his Italienzug.
 * February 2 – During the Glinski rebellion, Lithuanian noble Mykolas Glinskis attacks Grodno (now in Belarus) and decapitates Jan Zabrzeziński, the top ally of Grand Duke Alexander.
 * February 4 – Maximilian, King of the Romans, proclaims himself Holy Roman Emperor at the Italian city of Trento, after having been blocked by Venice from traveling to Rome to be crowned by Pope Julius II.
 * February 20 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, attacks the Republic of Venice and sack Ampezzo the next day.
 * February 28 – Louis V becomes the new prince elector of the Palatinate upon the death of his father, Philip.
 * March 2 – The Republic of Venice defeats Maximilian I in the Battle of Cadore.
 * March 5 – La Cassaria by Ludovico Ariosto, the first Italian language comedy, is premiered at Ferrara.
 * March 13 – The oldest annual foot race in Europe, the "Red Hose Race", is run for the first time, taking place in Scotland at Carnwath, Lanarkshire.
 * March 18 – Wilhelm IV becomes the new Duke of Bavaria upon the death of his father, Albrecht IV.
 * March 22
 * Working from the house of Piero di Braccio Martelli at Florence, Leonardo da Vinci begins writing his "collection without order" of his scientific discoveries.
 * Ferdinand II of Aragon appoints Florentine merchant Amerigo Vespucci to the post of Chief Navigator of Spain.

April–June

 * April 23 – Prince Mihnea cel Rău, son of Vlad the Impaler, becomes the Voivode of Wallachia, with a palace at Târgoviște (now in Romania), upon the death of his cousin Radu IV the Great.
 * May 8 – Italian renaissance artist Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni of Florence signs a contract with the Vatican to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling, in return for a promised fee of 3,000 gold ducats (equivalent in 2023 to more than U.S. $600,000).
 * June 4 – The coronation of Prince Lajos as the designated successor to his father, King Vladislaus II of Hungary, takes place in Székesfehérvár.
 * June 6 – Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I signs a humiliating armistice with the Republic of Venice, which for the moment stops any of his further plans for Italy.

July–September

 * July 23 – Upon the death of his father, King Oxlahuh-Tz'i, Hun-Iqʼ becomes one of the two kings of Guatemala's Kaqchikel Maya civilization. Hun-Iqʼ reigns jointly with King Kablahuh-Tihax until the latter's death on February 4.
 * July 27 – The process of removing the former layers of paint on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel is completed, and Michelangelo begins the next phase of marking the surface for painting.
 * July 31 – The Emperor of Ethiopia, Na'od, dies in battle. His son Lebna Dengel takes on the regnal name of Dawit II, and becomes the new emperor starting on August 11.
 * August 12 – The Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico begins when Juan Ponce de León lands on the island. Upon his arrival, Ponce is welcomed by Agüeybaná I, the island's leader a Cacique of the Taíno people. The Spanish explorer soon settles and founds the city of Caparra, near what is now the town of Guaynabo.
 * September 11 – England is left without a Roman Catholic Cardinal protector when Cardinal Galeotto Franciotti della Rovere dies suddenly. England's King Henry VII dies seven months later before the monarchy and the Pope can agree on a new cardinal protector. The King's successor, Henry VIII, later abolishes the office entirely after Lorenzo Campeggio dies in the course of the English Reformation and the creation of the Church of England.

October–December

 * October 8 – An inconclusive peace treaty is signed to end the third of the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars.
 * October 24 – King Louis XII of France convenes court at the Parlement de Normandie building in Rouen.
 * November 1 – At the age of 16, Prince Wolfgang of the House of Ascania becomes the new ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Köthen, succeeding his father Waldemar VI. In 1521, he will meet Martin Luther and, in 1525, will introduce the Reformation to his principality, making Anhalt-Köthen only the second nation (after the Electorate of Saxony) to officially adopt Protestantism.
 * November 29 – Astronomer Mikołaj Kopernik of Poland is granted benefits by Pope Julius II in order to perform his work.
 * December 10 – The League of Cambrai is formed as an alliance against the Republic of Venice, between Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
 * December 29 – Battle of Dabul: Portuguese forces, under the command of Francisco de Almeida, attack Khambhat.
 * December – Michelangelo begins painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling in the Holy See of Rome, on a commission by Pope Julius II (signed May 10).

Births

 * February 17 – Bernardo Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1568)
 * March 6 – Mirza Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad, emperor of the Mughal Empire (d. 1556)
 * April 3 – Jean Daurat, French writer and scholar (d. 1588)
 * April 5 – Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1559)
 * April 23 – Georg Sabinus, German writer (d. 1560)
 * May 8 – Charles Wriothesley, English Officer of Arms (d. 1562)
 * June 8 or June 9 – Primož Trubar, Slovenian Protestant reformer who lays the foundations for the Slovenian written language (d. 1586)
 * June 12 – Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels, German noble (d. 1531)
 * June 13 – Alessandro Piccolomini, Italian humanist and philosopher from Siena (d. 1579)
 * June 29 – Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (d. 1534)
 * September 19 – Maria Paleologa, Italian noblewoman (d. 1530)
 * September 23 – Simon Sulzer, Swiss theologian (d. 1585)
 * September 25 – Francisco Mendoza de Bobadilla, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1566)
 * November 23 – Francis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, youngest son of Henry the Middle (d. 1549)
 * November 26 – Cristofano Gherardi, Italian painter (d. 1556)
 * November 30 – Andrea Palladio, Italian architect (d. 1580)
 * December 8 – Gemma Frisius, Dutch mathematician and cartographer (d. 1555)
 * December 21 – Thomas Naogeorgus, German playwright (d. 1563)
 * December 24 – Pietro Carnesecchi, Italian humanist (d. 1567)
 * date unknown
 * Livio Agresti, Italian painter (d. 1580)
 * Matsunaga Hisahide, Japanese daimyo (d. 1577)
 * Marin Držić, Croatian playwright (d. 1567)
 * possible
 * Jane Seymour, third queen of Henry VIII of England (d. 1537)

Deaths

 * February – Robert Lauder of the Bass, governor of Berwick-on-Tweed (b. c. 1440)
 * February 4 – Conrad Celtes, German humanist (b. 1459)
 * February 16 – Giovanni II Bentivoglio, tyrant of Bologna (b. 1443)
 * February 27 – James, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland (b. 1507)
 * February 28 – Philip, Elector Palatine (b. 1448)
 * March 18 – Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1447)
 * March – Lourenço de Almeida, Portuguese explorer
 * April 10 – Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Italian condottiero (b. 1472)
 * May 21 – Giles Daubeney, 1st Baron Daubeney (b. 1451)
 * May 27 – Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1452)
 * June 6 – Ercole Strozzi, Italian poet (b. 1473)
 * June 15 – Bernard Stewart, 4th Lord of Aubigny (b. c. 1452)
 * July 28 or July 29 – Robert Blackadder, Bishop of Glasgow
 * July 31 – Na'od, Emperor of Ethiopia (in battle)
 * August 3 – Raphael de Mercatellis, abbot and bibliophile (b. 1437)
 * September 23 – Beatrice of Naples, queen consort of Hungary (b. 1457)
 * October 10 – János Thurzó, Hungarian businessman (b. 1437)
 * October 18 – Patrick Hepburn, 1st Earl of Bothwell, Lord High Admiral of Scotland
 * October 23 – Edmund de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (b. 1446)
 * November 25 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Münsterberg-Oels and Countess of Glatz (b. 1450)
 * December 10 – René II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1451)
 * December 16 – Henry the Younger of Stolberg, Stadtholder of Friesland (1506–1508) (b. 1467)
 * December 22 – Eric II, Duke of Mecklenburg (b. 1483)
 * date unknown
 * Isaac Abravanel, Portuguese statesman, philosopher and theologian (b. 1437)
 * Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan), Khan of Tashkent
 * Micheletto Corella, Valencian condottieri
 * Damkhat Reachea, emperor of Cambodia
 * Ahmad al-Wansharisi, North African Islamic jurist and theologian

title: 1508


text:
1509

Year 1509 (MDIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 21 – The Portuguese first arrive at the Seven Islands of Bombay and land at Mahim after capturing a barge of the Gujarat Sultanate in the Mahim Creek.
 * February 3 – Battle of Diu: The Portuguese defeat a coalition of Indians, Muslims and Italians.
 * March 18 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, names Margaretha land guardians of the Habsburg Netherlands.

April–June

 * April 7 – The Kingdom of France declares war on the Republic of Venice.
 * April 15 – The French army under the command of Louis XII leaves Milan to invade Venetian territory. Part of the War of the League of Cambrai and the Italian Wars.
 * April 21 – Henry VIII becomes King of England on the death of his father, Henry VII.
 * April 27 – Pope Julius II places Venice under interdict and excommunication for refusing to cede part of Romagna to papal control.
 * May 2 – Juan Ponce de León obtains authorization to bring his family from Spain to his home in the Casa de Contratación in Caparra, Puerto Rico.
 * May 9
 * The French army under the command of Louis XII crosses the Adda River at Cassano d'Adda.
 * The Venetians, encamped around the town of Treviglio, move south towards the Po River in search of better positions.
 * May 14 – Battle of Agnadello: French forces defeat the Venetians. The League of Cambrai occupies Venice's mainland territories.
 * June 11
 * Henry VIII of England marries Catherine of Aragon.
 * Luca Pacioli's De divina proportione, concerning the golden ratio, is published in Venice, with illustrations by Leonardo da Vinci.
 * June 19 – Brasenose College, Oxford, is founded by a lawyer, Sir Richard Sutton, of Prestbury, Cheshire, and the Bishop of Lincoln, William Smyth.
 * June 24 – King Henry VIII of England and Queen Consort Catherine of Aragon are crowned.

July–September

 * July 17 – Venetian forces retake the city of Padua from French forces.
 * July 26 – Krishnadevaraya ascends the throne of the Vijayanagara Empire.
 * August 8 – Maximillian I of the Holy Roman Empire along with French allies begins a siege of Padua that would last for months to retake the city.
 * August 19 – Maximillian I orders all Jews within the Holy Roman Empire to destroy all books opposing Christianity.
 * September 10 – The Constantinople earthquake destroys 109 mosques and kills an estimated 10,000 people.
 * September 11 – Portuguese fidalgo Diogo Lopes de Sequeira becomes the first European to reach Malacca, having crossed the Gulf of Bengal.
 * September 27 – A violent storm ravages the Dutch coast, killing potentially thousands of people.

October–December

 * October 2 – The siege of Padua ends with Venetian victory, causing the retreat of HRE and French forces back to Tyrol and Milan. The Venetians soon recapture the city of Vicenza.
 * November 4 – Afonso de Albuquerque becomes the Viceroy of Portuguese India, replacing Francisco de Almeida, who departs five days later from Diu. Almeida never makes it home, getting killed along with his 64 men in a battle on March 1 with the local Khoekhoe people at South Africa's Cape of Good Hope.
 * November 10 – Uriel von Gemmingen is assigned to secure others' opinions before continuing the Jewish book purge started on August 19th.
 * December 1 – Prince Le Oanh is installed as the new Emperor of Vietnam by a coup d'etat against his cousin, Emperor Le Uy Muc, and is enthroned at the age of 14 as Emperor Le Tuong Duc. Uy Muc is granted his request to be allowed to commit suicide rather than to be executed.

Date unknown

 * Erasmus writes his most famous work, In Praise of Folly.
 * St Paul's School, London is founded by John Colet, Dean of St Paul's Cathedral.
 * Royal Grammar School, Guildford, England, is founded under the will of Robert Beckingham.
 * Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn, England, is founded as a grammar school for boys.
 * Georg Tannstetter is appointed by Maximilian I as the Professor of Astronomy at the University of Vienna.
 * Johannes Pfefferkorn writes his fourth and fifth pamphlets condemning the Jewish faith and people, Das Osterbuch and Der Judenfeind.
 * Basil Solomon becomes Syriac Orthodox Maphrian of the East.

Births

 * January 2 – Henry of Stolberg, German nobleman (d. 1572)
 * January 3 – Gian Girolamo Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1591)
 * January 25 – Giovanni Morone, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1580)
 * February 2 – John of Leiden, Dutch Anabaptist leader (d. 1536)
 * February 10 – Vidus Vidius, Italian surgeon and anatomist (d. 1569)
 * March 25 – Girolamo Dandini, Italian Cardinal
 * March 27 – Wolrad II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg, German nobleman (d. 1578)
 * April 23 – Afonso of Portugal, Portuguese Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1540)
 * July 4 – Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, German Lutheran bishop of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin (d. 1550)
 * July 10 – John Calvin, French religious reformer (d. 1564)
 * July 25 – Philip II, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken, German nobleman (d. 1554)
 * August 3 – Étienne Dolet, French scholar and printer (d. 1546)
 * August 7 – Joachim I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, German prince (d. 1561)
 * August 25 – Ippolito II d'Este, Italian cardinal and statesman (d. 1572)
 * October 20 – Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, Scottish prince (d. 1510)
 * November 4 – John, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Polish-German nobleman (d. 1565)

Date unknown

 * Anneke Esaiasdochter, Dutch Anabaptist (d. 1539)
 * Bernardino Telesio, Italian philosopher and natural scientist (d. 1588)
 * Élie Vinet, French humanist (d. 1587)
 * François de Scépeaux, French governor (d. 1571)
 * François Douaren, French jurist (d. 1559)
 * Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, Spanish conquistador (d. 1579)
 * Guillaume Le Testu, French privateer (d. 1573)
 * John Erskine of Dun, Scottish religious reformer (d. 1591)
 * Naoe Kagetsuna, Japanese Clan Officer (d. 1577)
 * Stanisław Odrowąż, Polish nobleman (d. 1545)

Deaths

 * January – Adam Kraft, German sculptor and architect (b. circa 1460)
 * January 27 – John I, Count Palatine of Simmern, German nobleman (b. 1459)
 * March 14 – Giovanni Antonio Sangiorgio, Italian cardinal (b. unknown)
 * April 21 – Henry VII of England, King of England and Lord of Ireland (b. 1457)
 * April 27 – Margaret of Brandenburg, German abbess of the Poor Clares monastery at Hof (b. 1453)
 * May 28 – Caterina Sforza, Italian countess of Forlì (b. 1463)
 * June 29 – Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, mother of Henry VII of England (b. 1443)
 * July 11 – William II, Landgrave of Hesse, German nobleman (b. 1469)
 * July 16
 * Joao da Nova, Portuguese explorer (b. 1460)
 * Mikalojus Radvila the Old, Lithuanian nobleman (b. circa 1450)
 * July 28 – Ignatius Noah of Lebanon, Syriac Orthodox patriarch of Antioch (b. 1451).
 * December 1 – Lê Uy Mục, 8th king of the later Lê Dynasty of Vietnam (b. 1488)

Date unknown

 * Dmitry Ivanovich, Russian Grand Prince (b. 1483)
 * Eleanor de Poitiers, Burgundian courter and writer (b. circa 1444)
 * Hans Seyffer, German sculptor and woodcarver (b. circa 1460)
 * Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (b. 1427)
 * Viranarasimha Raya, Indian ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire (b. unknown)

title: 1509


text:
1505

Year 1505 (MDV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 14 – Pope Julius II issues the papal bull Cum tam divino, decreeing a reform in the Roman Catholic Church to prohibit simony, the buying and selling of church offices ranging from bishops to the pope himself.
 * January 23 – Lunkaran begins his reign as the Rao of the Indian kingdom of Bikaner in what is now the Rajasthan state of India.
 * January 24 – Under the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas, Pope Julius II sets the line of demarcation in the New World between Spain's and Portugal's territory as a line of longitude 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands. The ambiguous definition of the measure of a league places the line between 42°30' W to 49°45' W.
 * February 7 – During a visit to Windsor Castle as guests of King Henry VII of England, Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy, plays a game of tennis against Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset in the first recorded use of tennis rackets. A year later, a chronicler notes that on the 7th of February, "the kynge of Castelle played w the Rackete and gave the marques xv".
 * March 25 – Appointed as the Viceroy of Portuguese India by King Manuel I of Portugal, Dom Francisco de Almeida departs from Portugal with an armada of 22 ships and 1,500 men, according to one estimate by João de Barros.
 * March 31 – King Alexander Jagiellon of Poland agrees to support the Act of Nihil novi, prohibiting the king to issue laws without consent of the nobles represented by their parliament, the Sejm. The official title is "Nihil novi nisi commune consensu", Latin for "Nothing new without common consent."

April–June

 * April 3 – Italian explorer Sebastiano Caboto is granted a lifetime annuity of £10 per year by England's King Henry VII for services "in and aboute the fyndynge of the new founde landes" in North America.
 * April 27 – In Tbilisi, David X becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Kartli in what is now the Republic of Georgia, upon the death of his father Constantine II.
 * May 1 – Christ's College, Cambridge, England, is re-founded, receiving its charter from Lady Margaret Beaufort.
 * May 30 – Poland's Act of Nihil novi is granted by King Alexander I Jagiellon after being passed by the Sejm, making Poland a Nobles' Democracy rather than an absolute monarchy.
 * June 6 – The M8.2–8.8 Lo Mustang earthquake strikes Nepal, causing severe damage in Kathmandu, western Nepal, and some parts of the Indo-Gangetic plain.
 * June 19 – Zhu Houzhao, the 13-year-old son of the late Hongzhi Emperor of Ming Dynasty China, is enthroned as the Zhengde Emperor upon his father's death.
 * June 27 – The future King Henry VIII of England repudiates his engagement to Catherine of Aragon, at his father's command.

July–September

 * July 2
 * The Kalmar Bloodbath, a mass execution of participants in the Swedish Uprising against King Hans of Denmark (who also rules Norway and Sweden) takes place in the Swedish city of Kalmar after a judgment of treason is pronounced against the mayor, city officials and other leaders.
 * Martin Luther, aged 22, vows to become a monk in a moment of terror, as a result of a close lightning strike during a thunderstorm, near the village of Stotternheim.
 * July 17 – Luther enters the monastic life, at an Augustinian cloister in Erfurt called St. Augustine's Monastery.
 * July 24 – Travelling to India, a group of Portuguese explorers led by Francisco de Almeida, with 22 ships and 1,500 men, sack the city-state of Kilwa in East Africa, killing the Emir Abraham for failing to pay tribute. Almeida installs Mohammed Ankoni as the new ruler.
 * August 15 – The Portuguese State of India is founded in what is now the state of Kerala, after the Kingdom of Portugal takes over territory of the Bijapur sultanate at Calicut.
 * August 16 – Almeida's fleet destroys the East African city of Mombassa.
 * September 13
 * Francisco de Almeida arrives in the Anjediva Islands to begin construction on the first of four fortresses he needed to construct for his appointment as viceroy.
 * In what is now Algeria, the Spanish Army under the command of Ramón de Cardona, captures the city of Mers-el-Kébir, a port of the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen, ruled by the Sultan Abu Abdallah V.

October–December

 * October 11 – Lucien Grimaldi takes over as the new Lord of Monaco after stabbing his brother Jean II to death.
 * October 23 – In Portuguese India, the King of Cannanore gives permission to Francisco de Almeida to build the Fortaleza de Santo Ângelo in Kannur.
 * November 6 (October 27 O.S.) – Vasili III succeeds Ivan III, as Grand Prince of Muscovy, comprising much of modern-day Russia.
 * November 15 – Portuguese explorer Lourenço de Almeida and his fleet encounter a storm and are driven to the island of Sri Lanka and travels to Colombo. The King of Kotte, Dharma Parakramabahu IX, allows Almeida to build a trade station and a Roman Catholic chapel.
 * November 24 – The Treaty of Salamanca is signed by Spain's King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Philip, Duke of Burgundy, agreeing that the two will serve as co-regents for Joanna the Mad, Queen of Castile.
 * December 30 – Érard de La Marck is elected prince-bishop of Liège.

Date unknown

 * The Pomander Watch of 1505, the earliest known pocket watch, is made by Peter Henlein in Germany at Nuremberg. After an absence of 480 years, the watch will be rediscovered at a flea market in London; an inscription on the watch, "MDVPHN", will be interpreted in 2014 as meaning a rendition of the year (MDV, 1505 in Roman numerals); the inventor (PH for Peter Henlein) and the place of manufacture (N for Nuremberg).
 * Portuguese merchants establish factories and fortresses on the east coast of Africa in Kilwa, Sofala, and Malindi.
 * Bermuda is discovered by Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez.
 * Judah Abravanel becomes personal physician to the viceroy of Naples.
 * Battle of Achnashellach in Scotland: The Clan Cameron emerges victorious over Clan Munro and Clan MacKay.
 * Portuguese explorer Gonçalo Álvares is the first to sight what will later be known as Gough Island in the South Atlantic.
 * The St Catherine's Monastery on the Sinai is captured and sacked by Bedouins. Though the Mamluk sultan attempts to punish the raiders, he is unable to subdue them and preserve order.

Births

 * January 12 – Louis, Count of Stolberg, German nobleman (d. 1574)
 * January 13 – Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg, Imperial Elector (d. 1571)
 * February 4 – Mikołaj Rej, Polish poet and prose writer, politician and musician of the Renaissance (d. 1569)
 * February 5 – Aegidius Tschudi, Swiss historian (d. 1572)
 * March 16 – Francisco Balbi di Correggio (d. 1589)
 * March 25 – Elizabeth Grey, Viscountess Lisle, English heiress (d. 1519)
 * May 20 – Levinus Lemnius, Dutch writer (d. 1568)
 * September 15 – Mary of Hungary, Dutch ruler (d. 1558)
 * September 23 – Anne de Laval, Viscountess of Thouars, French noblewoman and nominal pretender to the Kingdom of Naples (d. 1554)
 * November 3 – Achilles Gasser, German physician and astrologer (d. 1577)
 * November 23 – Ercole Gonzaga, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1563)
 * December 18 – Philipp von Hutten, German explorer (d. 1546)
 * December 21 – Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton, English politician (d. 1550)
 * December 25 – Christine of Saxony, German noble (d. 1549)
 * date unknown
 * Philip Hoby, English politician (d. 1558)
 * Guillaume Morel, French classical scholar (d. 1564)
 * Margaret Roper, English writer (d. 1544)
 * Shahghali, Khan of Qasim
 * probable
 * Christopher Tye, English composer and organist (d. 1572)
 * Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford, English noblewoman (executed 1542)

Deaths

 * January 25 – Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian politician (b. 1431)
 * February 4 – Jeanne de Valois, French princess, Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1464)
 * February 19 – Matilda of Hesse, German noblewoman (b. 1473)
 * February 20 – Arvid Trolle, Swedish politician (b. 1440)
 * March 5 – Philip of Cleves, Bishop of Nevers, Amiens, Autun (b. 1467)
 * March 29 – Sidonie of Bavaria, eldest daughter of Duke Albrecht IV of Bavaria-Munich (b. 1488)
 * April 23 – Muhammad Jaunpuri, Indian-born religious leader (b. 1443)
 * May 28 – Ascanio Sforza, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1455)
 * June 8 – Hongzhi Emperor of China (b. 1470)
 * June 18 – Osanna of Mantua, Italian Dominican tertiary and blessed (b. 1449)
 * July – Jacob Obrecht, Flemish composer (plague) (b. 1457)
 * October 27 – Emperor Ivan III of Russia (b. 1440)
 * date unknown
 * Adam of Fulda, German music writer (b. c. 1445)
 * Heinrich Kramer, German churchman and inquisitor (b. 1430)

title: 1505