text:
1628

January–March

 * January 19 – (26 Jumada al-Awwal 1037 A.H.) The reign of Salef-ud-din Muhammad Shahryar as the Mughal Emperor, Shahryar Mirza, comes to an end a little more than two months after the November 7 death of his father, Jahangir, as Sharyar's older brother, Shihab defeats him in battle. Prince Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram takes the name Shah Jahan and sentences Shahryar and other members of the court to death.
 * January 23 – After being incarcerated and blinded on orders of his brother, former Mughal Emperor Shahryar Mirza is put to death, along with his nephews, co-ruler Dawar Bakhsh, and Princes Garshasp, Tahmuras and Hoshang.
 * February 3 – In what is now the South American nation of Chile, the indigenous Mapuche lay siege to the Spanish colonial settlement of Nacimiento. The Spanish captain and a force of 40 men are able to hold out until reinforcements arrive two days later, but the attackers take muskets and two cannons.
 * February 5 – The Chongzhen Era begins in Ming dynasty China after the October 2 ascension of Zhu Youjian, the Chongzhen Emperor, on the first day of the Chinese New Year, and the Tianqi era formally ends.
 * February 10 – King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden issues an order bringing an end to the "foolishness and insanity" ("dårskap och galenskap") of religious visionary Margareta i Kumla, prohibiting Swedes from making pilgrimages to see her on pain of imprisonment, and threatening her with incarceration if she continues to preach about her visions from the angels.
 * February 14 – The coronation of Shah Jahan as ruler of the Mughal Empire takes place in Agra.
 * March 1 – Writs issued in February, by King Charles I, require every county in England (not just seaport towns) to pay ship tax by this date.
 * March 17 – Oliver Cromwell makes his first appearance in the English Parliament, as Member for Huntingdon.

April–June

 * April 6 – Damat Halil Pasha is fired from his position as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Murad IV after failing again to suppress the rebellion started by Abaza Mehmed Pasha or to win the war of the Ottomans against Persia. Halil is replaced by Gazi Hüsrev Pasha.
 * April 8 – A decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites of the Roman Catholic Church is made to prohibit the veneration of saints whose sanctity has not been declared by the Holy See.
 * April 21 – Generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein of the Holy Roman Empire is made Admiral of the Baltic Sea by Emperor Ferdinand II.
 * April 26 – Cardinal Girolamo Grimaldi-Cavalleroni is appointed as the Governor of Rome by Pope Urban VIII.
 * May 5 – Catholic League Field Marshal Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, succeeds in taking control of the German city of Stade after a long siege. Tilly allows the remaining 3,500 Danish and English defenders safe passage out of Germany, and captures most of the Duchy of Bremen except for the city of Bremen itself, which he turns to next.
 * May 13
 * In North America, Matthew Cradock is elected by shareholders as the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company.
 * Thirty Years' War: As a result of its refusal to accept the capitulation of Franzburg, the siege of Stralsund is begun by Field Marshals Hans Georg von Arnim-Boitzenburg and Wallenstein's of the Holy Roman Imperial Army, and lasts until August 4.
 * May 21 – (17 Ramadan 1037 AH) Muhsin ibn Husayn, Emir of Mecca and King of Hejaz, surrenders control to Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib.
 * May 31 – Mehmed III Giray, the Khan of Crimea, is forced to leave after an invasion of 4,000 Cossacks and a four week siege of the capital Bakhchysarai. The attack is led by Mykhailo Doroshenko, who is killed in the battle.
 * June 7 – King Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament, and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.

July–September

 * July 9 – Prince Minyedeippa assassinates his father, Anaukpetlun, King of Burma and takes over the throne upon the death of his father. Minyedeippa is arrested by the palace guards a year later and turned over to Anaukpetlun's brother, Thalun, for execution.
 * August 4 – Thirty Years' War: With the help of Danish and Swedish reinforcements, Stralsund is able to resist Wallenstein's siege until the landing of a Danish army, led by Christian IV of Denmark, forces Wallenstein to raise the siege, and move his army to confront the new threat.
 * August 10 – The Swedish 64-gun sailing ship Vasa sinks 20 minutes into her maiden voyage, in Stockholm Harbor.
 * August 22 – Sultan Agung of Mataram (located on the island of Java sends a fleet of ships to besiege the Dutch fort at Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia). The siege fails after four months.
 * August 23 – English courtier George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham, is assassinated by John Felton.
 * September 2 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Wolgast: Wallenstein defeats Christian IV of Denmark's army.
 * September 6 – Puritans settle Salem, which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 * September 7–8 – Eighty Years' War – Battle in the Bay of Matanzas: Dutch admiral Piet Hein captures 16 ships of the Spanish treasure fleet. The immense booty taken brings in over 11 million guilders, part of which is used to fund the entire army of the Dutch Republic for eight months.
 * September 8 – In a persecution of Christians in Japan, 21 Christian converts are executed on the same day.

October–December

 * October 22 – Abaza Mehmed Pasha surrenders to Ottoman forces, ending the Abaza rebellion.
 * October 28 – The siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.
 * November 29 – English Army Lieutenant John Felton, who stabbed the Duke of Buckingham to death on August 23, is hanged at Tyburn prison.
 * December 3 – The attempt by the Mataram Sultanate to drive the Dutch East India Company from the western part of the island of Java fails after 103 days.
 * December 11 – Muhammad Imaduddin I becomes the Sultan of Maldives and reigns for the next 29 years.
 * December 12 – At the age of 15, Chetthathirat is crowned as the new King of Thailand upon the death of his father, Intharacha III. Prince Chetthathirat takes the regnal name of Borommaracha II and is killed less than a year later.
 * December 16 – In the Joseon Kingdom of Korea, O Yun-gyeom becomes the new Yeonguijeong (Chief of the State Council, similar to Prime Minister) during the reign of King Injo.

Date unknown

 * The War of the Mantuan Succession breaks out over Mantua and Montferrat. The war is fought between the Duke of Savoy, who is supported by Spain, and the Duke of Nevers, who is supported by France.
 * William Harvey publishes Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus in Frankfurt, containing his findings about blood circulation.
 * Publication of Sir Edward Coke's Institutes of the Lawes of England begins with A Commentary upon Littleton. This will remain an influential legal text on both sides of the Atlantic for three centuries.
 * The Collegiate School, the oldest surviving educational institution in the United States, is established.
 * The first black slaves arrive in Dutch Manhattan.

January–March

 * January 1 – Christoph Bernhard, German composer (d. 1692)
 * January 3 – Alvise II Mocenigo, Doge of Venice (d. 1709)
 * January 8 – François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, French general (d. 1695)
 * January 10
 * John Bennet, English landowner and politician (d. 1663)
 * Jan Theunisz Blanckerhoff, Dutch Golden Age marine painter (d. 1669)
 * January 12 – Charles Perrault, French folklorist (d. 1703)
 * January 14 – Sir Roger Bradshaigh, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1684)
 * January 19 – Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby, English noble (d. 1672)
 * January 20 – Henry Cromwell, 4th son of Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier (d. 1674)
 * January 23 – Johann Reinhard II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German aristocrat (d. 1666)
 * January 30 – George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (d. 1687)
 * February 1 – Jan Hackaert, Dutch painter (d. 1685)
 * February 5 – César d'Estrées, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1714)
 * February 14 – Valentine Greatrakes, Irish faith healer (d. 1682)
 * February 24 – Paolo Spinola, 3rd Marquis of the Balbases and 3rd Duke of San Severino and Sesto (d. 1699)
 * February 25 – Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé, French noblewoman (d. 1694)
 * March 2 – Cornelis Speelman, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (d. 1684)
 * March 10
 * Marcello Malpighi, Italian biologist and physician (d. 1694)
 * François Girardon, French sculptor (d. 1715)
 * March 12 – Jacques Frémin, French Jesuit missionary to Canada (d. 1691)
 * March 17 – Daniel Papebroch, Flemish Jesuit hagiographer (d. 1714)
 * March 20 – Sir John Hobart, 3rd Baronet, English landowner and politician (d. 1683)
 * March 24 – Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1685)

April–June

 * April 2 – Constantin Christian Dedekind, German poet, dramatist and composer (d. 1715)
 * April 16 – Cornelis Evertsen the Younger, Dutch admiral (d. 1679)
 * April 22 – Georg Matthäus Vischer, Austrian cartographer (d. 1696)
 * April 23
 * Johann van Waveren Hudde, Dutch mathematician (d. 1704)
 * Johannes Hudde, burgomaster (mayor) of Amsterdam (d. 1704)
 * April 24 – William Beecher, English politician (d. 1694)
 * April 25 – Sir William Temple, 1st Baronet, English statesman and essayist (d. 1699)
 * May 7 – Étienne Le Hongre, French sculptor (d. 1690)
 * May 8 – Angelo Italia, Sicilian Jesuit architect (d. 1700)
 * May 9 – Sir William Gardiner, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1691)
 * May 15
 * Dominique Bouhours, French Jesuit priest (d. 1702)
 * Carlo Cignani, Italian painter of the Bolognese and the Forlivese school (d. 1719)
 * May 17 – Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (d. 1662)
 * May 24 – Marek Sobieski, Polish noble (szlachcic) (d. 1652)
 * June 1 – John Dugdale, English herald in the College of Arms (d. 1700)
 * June 4 – Christopher Delphicus zu Dohna, Swedish diplomat (d. 1668)
 * June 5 – Arthur Sparke, English lawyer and politician (d. 1677)
 * June 15 – Walter Marshall, British theologian (d. 1680)
 * June 21 – Alexander Parker, English Quaker preacher and author (d. 1689)
 * June 30 – Miguel de Molinos, Spanish mystic (d. 1696)

July–September

 * July 11 – Tokugawa Mitsukuni, Japanese warlord (d. 1701)
 * July 12 – Henry Howard, 6th Duke of Norfolk (d. 1684)
 * July 17 – Richard Powle, English politician (d. 1678)
 * August 12 – Gabriel Gerberon, French Jansenist monk (d. 1711)
 * August 20 – Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano, Prince of Savoy (d. 1709)
 * August 29
 * Jan Pieter Brueghel, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1664)
 * John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English royalist statesman (d. 1701)
 * September 7 – Sir William Courtenay, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1702)
 * September 21 – Barend Graat, Dutch painter (d. 1709)
 * September 23 – David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl, German artist (d. 1698)

October–December

 * October 12
 * Hermann of Baden-Baden, Imperial field marshal and president of the Hofkriegsrat (d. 1691)
 * William Christopher of Baden-Baden, margrave of Baden and canon at Cologne (d. 1652)
 * October 21 – Úrsula Micaela Morata, Spanish writer (d. 1703)
 * October 23 – Henry Eyre, English politician and lawyer (d. 1678)
 * October 24 – Lucrezia Barberini, Italian noblewoman (d. 1699)
 * November 20 – Matthias Sention Jr., Connecticut settler (d. 1728)
 * November 30 (baptised) – John Bunyan, English writer (d. 1688)
 * December 2 – Johannes Rothe, Dutch preacher (d. 1702)
 * December 10 – Jan Baptist Martin Wans, Flemish painter (d. 1684)
 * December 12 – Anna Salome of Manderscheid-Blankenheim, German abbess of Thorn Abbey, later abbess of Essen Abbey (d. 1691)
 * December 19 – Charlotte of the Palatinate, German noble (d. 1631)
 * December 21 – Samuel Capricornus, Czech composer (d. 1665)
 * December 25 – Noël Coypel, French painter (d. 1707)
 * December 26 – John Page, American politician (d. 1692)

Probable

 * Josias Fendall, Colonial governor of Maryland (d. 1687)
 * Anne Greene, English domestic servant and execution survivor (d. 1659)
 * Jacob Isaacksz van Ruisdael, Dutch landscape painter (d. 1682)

Deaths

 * January 12 – Francisco Ribalta, Spanish painter (b. 1565)
 * January 21 – Gregor Aichinger, German composer (b. c. 1565)
 * January 23 – Shahryar, fifth son of the Mughal emperor Jahangir (b. 1605)
 * January 29 – Philip Ernest, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1610–1628) (b. 1584)
 * March 12 – John Bull, English composer (b. c. 1562)
 * March 29 – Tobias Matthew, English Archbishop of York (b. 1546)
 * April 17 – Rudolf Christian, Count of East Frisia, ruler of East Frisia (b. 1602)
 * June 8 – Rudolph Goclenius, German philosopher (b. 1547)
 * July 11 – David Origanus, German astronomer (b. 1558)
 * July 13 – Robert Shirley, English adventurer (b. c. 1581)
 * July 18 – John Frederick, Duke of Württemberg (1608–1628) (b. 1582)
 * August 6 – Johannes Junius, Mayor of Bamberg, Germany (b. 1573)
 * August 20 – Sir Charles Morrison, 1st Baronet, Member of the Parliament of England (b. 1587)
 * August 23 – George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (b. 1592)
 * September 23 – Amalia von Hatzfeld, Swedish-Finnish governor (b. 1560)
 * September 25 – Magdalene of Bavaria, Consort of Wolfgang William, Count Palatine of Neuburg (b. 1587)
 * September 30 – Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke, English writer (b. 1554)
 * October 16 – François de Malherbe, French poet and critic (b. 1555)
 * October 17 – John Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (b. 1600)
 * November 15 – Roque Gonzales, Paraguayan missionary (b. 1576)
 * November 16 – Paolo Quagliati, Italian composer (b. c. 1555)

title: 1628


text:
1629

January–March

 * January 7 – Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate, the 15-year-old son of the German Palatinate elector, Frederick V, drowns in an accident while sailing to Amsterdam.
 * January 19 – Abbas the Great, one of the greatest rulers in Iranian history and the most powerful of the Safavid dynasty Shahs, dies after a reign of more than 40 years.
 * January 28 – Sam Mirza, son of the late Mohammad Baqer Mirza and grandson of Abbas the Great, is crowned as the new Shah of Persia and takes the regnal name Safi.
 * February 11 – Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640): Around 350 English Puritans on six ships, led by Francis Higginson in the Lyon's Whelp, sail from Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, heading to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America. They arrive on June 19.
 * March 4 – Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a royal charter, and the colony is the first to be created in what will become the United States 150 years later, covering almost all of what will be the U.S. state of Massachusetts.
 * March 6 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Restitution, ordering all Catholic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 to be restored. The Edict further provides that Catholics and Lutherans (but not Calvinists, Hussites or members of other sects) are to be allowed to practice their faith.
 * March 10 – Charles I of England dissolves Parliament, starting the Eleven Years' Tyranny

April–June

 * April 30 – Eighty Years' War: Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange lays siege to 's-Hertogenbosch, one of Spain's most important fortresses along the Spanish–Dutch border.
 * May 14–28 – Huguenot rebellions: After a 15-day siege, Louis XIII of France captures Privas.
 * May 22 – Thirty Years' War: Christian IV of Denmark and Albrecht von Wallenstein sign the Treaty of Lübeck, ending Denmark's involvement in the Thirty Years' War.
 * May 29 – Thirty Years' War: Prince Frederick of Denmark, the Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, is expelled by the Catholic League as a result of the Edict of Restitution. He is replaced by the staunch catholic Francis of Wartenberg.
 * June 4 – The Dutch East India Company ship Batavia is wrecked on a reef near Beacon Island, off Western Australia, on her maiden voyage to the Indies. Following mutiny among the survivors, two exiled murderers become the first Europeans to settle in Australia. Their subsequent fate is unknown.
 * June 7 – The Dutch States-General ratifies the Dutch West India Company's Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, making it more attractive to invest in the colony of New Netherland in North America.
 * June 17
 * Huguenot rebellions: Alès surrenders after an intense siege. As a result, the leader of the Huguenot Rebellions, the Duke of Rohan, surrenders.
 * Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630): A Spanish expedition, led by Fadrique de Toledo, wipes out the English colony on Nevis.
 * June 19 – Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640): The six ships of Puritans, led by Francis Higginson in the Lyon's Whelp, arrive in America at Salem, to settle in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 * June 28 – Huguenot rebellions: Louis XIII of France signs in his camp at Lédignan the Peace of Alès, ending the Huguenot rebellions. The Huguenots are allowed religious freedom, but lose their political, territorial and military rights.

July–September

 * July 19 – Anglo-French War (1627–1629): New France's Samuel de Champlain surrenders the city of Quebec to an English force led by David Kirke.
 * July 20 – In Morocco, the city of Salé is bombarded by French Admiral Isaac de Razilly with a fleet composed of the ships Licorne, Saint-Louis, Griffon, Catherine, Hambourg, Sainte-Anne, Saint-Jean; his forces destroyed three corsair ships
 * July 24 – Later Jin invasion of Joseon: In the Kingdom of Joseon (now Korea), Mao Wenlong is executed for smuggling and other crimes after being captured by Ming Chinese general Yuan Chonghuan.
 * August 19 – Eighty Years' War: The Spanish garrison of Wesel is surprised by a small Dutch army, and the city is taken by the Dutch Republic. As Wesel functioned as the principal supply base of Hendrik van den Bergh's army, the loss of supply forces him to retreat to the Spanish Netherlands, leaving him unable to intervene in the ongoing siege of 's-Hertogenbosch.
 * August 21 – Huguenot rebellions: Montauban, one of the last Huguenot strongholds, surrenders without a fight to Richelieu's troops.
 * August 26 – The Cambridge Agreement is signed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America, providing for the colony to be under the control of stockholders who actually emigrate to New England.
 * August 29 – As a result of the Cambridge Agreement, the Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes a self-governing entity.
 * September 7 – Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630): A Spanish expedition, led by Fadrique de Toledo, wipes out the English colony on St. Kitts.
 * September 14 – Eighty Years' War: After a five-month-long siege, 's-Hertogenbosch surrenders to Frederick Henry. As a result of the capture of this key fortress, Spain's situation along the Spanish–Dutch border worsens greatly.
 * September 20 – 1629–1631 Italian plague: the plague arrives in the nation-state of Milan as German soldiers are granted a stay at the Forte di Fuentes.
 * September 22 – (5 Safar 1039 AH) Ahmad ibn Abd al-Muttalib, who had become Emir of Mecca and King of the Hejaz by force 16 months earlier, is assassinated by order of Kansuh Pasha, Governor of Yemen.
 * September 25 – Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629): Sweden and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth sign the Truce of Altmark, ending the war in highly favourable terms for Sweden.

October–December

 * October 2 – In what is now the state of Western Australia, administered at the time by the Dutch East India Company, seven members of the crew of the Batavia are hanged on the Abrolhos Islands for their massacre of 125 passengers and crew.
 * October 24 – Portuguese Navy Captain Pedro Teixeira leads 2,000 men in the capture of Fort Taurege from England in what is now Brazil.
 * November 30 – The St Etienne baronets British nobility title is created.
 * December 22 – (Kan'ei 6, 8th day of the 11th month) Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan abdicates the throne in favor of his daughter, Princess Okiko, who becomes Empress Meishō.
 * December 23 – Giovanni I Cornaro, Doge of the Republic of Venice since 1625, dies and is succeeded by Nicolò Contarini.

Undated

 * Fort San Domingo is built in Formosa by the Spanish settlers.
 * Chongzhen, the Chinese emperor of the Ming dynasty, reiterates the state prohibition against female infanticide, while the empire and the Chinese economy begins to crumble. In the same year, a third of the courier stations are closed down due to lack of government funds to sustain them.
 * The rule of Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba ends.
 * Actresses are banned in Japan.
 * William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling briefly establishes a Scottish colony at Port Royal, Nova Scotia.

January–March

 * January 2 – Christian Scriver, German hymnwriter (d. 1693)
 * January 8 – Sir William Hickman, 2nd Baronet, Member of the House of Commons of England (d. 1682)
 * January 13 – Lelio Colista, Italian composer and lutenist (d. 1680)
 * January 16 – Theodorick Bland of Westover, American politician (d. 1671)
 * January 23 – Adolph, Prince of Nassau-Schaumburg and Count of Nassau-Schaumburg (1653–1676) (d. 1676)
 * February 5 – Henry Muddiman, English journalist and publisher (d. 1692)
 * February 16 – Gert Miltzow, Norwegian clergyman and historical writer (d. 1688)
 * February 25 – Francis Erdmann, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, Germany (d. 1666)
 * February 26
 * Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll, Scottish peer (d. 1685)
 * Iver Leganger, Norwegian priest, non-fiction writer (d. 1702)
 * March 1 – Abraham Teniers, Flemish painter (d. 1670)
 * March 5 – Philip Howard, English politician (d. 1711)
 * March 8 – Johannes Caioni, Transylvanian Franciscan friar (d. 1687)
 * March 9 – Sebastian Valfrè, Italian Oratorian priest (d. 1710)
 * March 10 – Metcalfe Robinson, English politician (d. 1689)
 * March 29 – Tsar Alexis of Russia (d. 1676)

April–June

 * April 1 – Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, French harpsichordist and composer (d. 1691)
 * April 7 – John of Austria the Younger, Spanish general (d. 1679)
 * April 14 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch scientist (d. 1695)
 * April 23 – Jan Commelin, Dutch botanist (d. 1692)
 * May 8 – Niels Juel, Danish admiral (d. 1697)
 * May 23 – William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1637–1663) (d. 1663)
 * June 5 – George Mason I, American politician (d. 1686)

July–September

 * July 2 – Elizabeth Claypole, daughter of Oliver Cromwell (d. 1658)
 * July 26 – John Ferrers, English politician (d. 1680)
 * July 27 – Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy, Princess of Savoy (d. 1692)
 * August 6 – Thomas Walcot, British judge (d. 1685)
 * August 10 – Agostino Scilla, Italian painter and scientist (d. 1700)
 * August 12 – Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1685)
 * August 17 – King John III Sobieski, of Poland (d. 1696)
 * August 18 – Agneta Horn, Swedish writer (d. 1672)
 * August 20 – Matthew Wren, English politician (d. 1672)
 * August 31 – Anna Margaret of Hesse-Homburg, Duchess consort of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (d. 1686)
 * September 1 – Dorothea Elisabeth Christiansdatter, daughter of king Christian IV of Denmark (d. 1687)
 * September 3
 * Lady Mary Dering, English composer (d. 1704)
 * Cornelis Tromp, Dutch naval officer (d. 1691)
 * September 4 – Lorenzo Pasinelli, Italian painter (d. 1700)
 * September 10 – John Heydon, English Neoplatonist occult philosopher (d. 1667)
 * September 17 – Sir John Perceval, 1st Baronet, Anglo-Irish nobleman (d. 1665)
 * September 21 – Philip Howard, English Roman Catholic Cardinal (d. 1694)
 * September 24 – Raj Singh I, Maharaja of Mewar (d. 1680)

October–December

 * October 3
 * Charles II, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat, son of Charles of Gonzaga-Nevers of Rethel (d. 1665)
 * Armand Jean de Vignerot du Plessis, French duke (d. 1715)
 * October 7 – George Ernest, Count of Erbach-Wildenstein, Count of Erbach and Wildenstein (1647–1669) (d. 1669)
 * October 10 – Richard Towneley, English mathematician and astronomer from Towneley near Burnley (d. 1707)
 * October 11 – Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, Frondeur (d. 1666)
 * October 17 – Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias (d. 1646)
 * October 18 – Lodewijk Meyer, Dutch physician and scholar (d. 1681)
 * October 21 – Adolph John I, Count Palatine of Kleeburg, Swedish prince (d. 1689)
 * October 28 – Maria van Riebeeck, South African settler (d. 1664)
 * October 29 – Agnes Block, Dutch horticulturalist (d. 1704)
 * November 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish saint (d. 1681)
 * November 11 – Lodewijck van Ludick, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d. 1724)
 * November 20 – Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1698)
 * December 2 – Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1704)
 * December 7 – Ezekiel, Freiherr von Spanheim, Swiss diplomat (d. 1710)
 * December 11 – Sir Baynham Throckmorton, 3rd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1681)
 * December 12 – Symeon of Polotsk, Belarusian churchman and poet (d. 1680)
 * December 16 – Ahasverus Fritsch, German jurist, poet and hymn writer (d. 1701)
 * December 19 – Melchor Liñán y Cisneros, Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1708)
 * December 20 – Pieter de Hooch, Dutch painter (d. 1684)
 * December 23 – Paul Rycaut, British diplomat (d. 1700)
 * December 26 – Jaswant Singh of Marwar, ruler of Marwar in the present-day Indian state of Rajasthan (d. 1678)

Date unknown

 * Katherine Austen, English diarist and poet (d. c. 1683)
 * Don John of Austria the Younger, soldier (d. 1679)
 * Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh (Roderick O'Flaherty), Irish chieftain and historian (d. 1718)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Henry Frederick, Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate (b. 1614)
 * January 13 – Sri Chand, founder of the ascetic sect of Udasi (b. 1494)
 * January 19 – Abbas the Great, 5th Safavid Shāh of Persia (b. 1571)
 * January 23 – Andreas Schott, Flemish philologist, academic, linguist and Jesuit priest (b. 1552)
 * January 27 – Hieronymus Praetorius, German composer (b. 1560)
 * March 16 – Countess Emilia of Nassau, Dutch noble, daughter of William the Silent (b. 1559)
 * March 23 – Francis Fane, 1st Earl of Westmorland, English politician (b. c. 1580)
 * March 25 – John Guy, English merchant venturer and first Governor of Newfoundland (b. 1568)
 * March 26 – Agnes of Brandenburg, Duchess of Pomerania, later Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. 1584)
 * March 27 – George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes, English noble, general and administrator (b. 1555)
 * March 29 – Jacob de Gheyn II, Dutch painter and engraver (b. c. 1585)
 * April 8 – Willem Teellinck, Dutch pastor (b. 1579)
 * April 17 – Catherine de' Medici, Governor of Siena, Italian princess (b. 1593)
 * May 5 – Szymon Szymonowic, Polish writer (b. 1558)
 * May 19 – Petrus Ryff, Swiss scientist (b. 1552)
 * May 30 – Thomas Schreiber, German innkeeper and alleged witch (b. c. 1598)
 * June 18 – Piet Pieterszoon Hein, Dutch naval officer (b. 1577)
 * July 6 – Georg Friedrich von Greiffenklau, Archbishop of Mainz (b. 1573)
 * July 13 – Caspar Bartholin the Elder, Swedish physician and theologian (b. 1585)
 * August 18 – Vendela Skytte, Swedish noble (b. 1608)
 * August 29 – Pietro Bernini, Italian sculptor (b. 1562)
 * September 11 – Herman Hugo, Dutch Jesuit priest, writer, military chaplain (b. 1588)
 * September 13 – Johannes Buxtorf, German Calvinist theologian (b. 1564)
 * September 21 – Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1587)
 * September 22 – Robert Radclyffe, 5th Earl of Sussex, English noble (b. 1573)
 * October 2
 * Pierre de Bérulle, French cardinal and statesman (b. 1575)
 * Antonio Cifra, Italian composer (b. 1584)
 * October 3 – Giorgi Saakadze, Georgian military commander (b. 1570)
 * October 5 – Heribert Rosweyde, Dutch Jesuit hagiographer (b. 1569)
 * October 13 – Petrus Bertius, Flemish theologian and scientist (b. 1565)
 * November – Hendrick ter Brugghen, Dutch painter (b. c. 1558)
 * November 9 – Sixtinus Amama, Dutch Reformed theologian and orientalist (b. 1593)
 * December 13 – Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger, Polish noble (b. 1558)
 * December 23 – Giovanni I Cornaro, Doge of Venice (b. 1551)
 * date unknown – Antonio Vassilacchi ("Il Aliense"), Greek Venetian painter (b. 1556)
 * probable – Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer (b. c. 1582)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1629


text:
1540

Year 1540 (MDXL) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 6 – King Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort; the marriage lasts six months.
 * February 14 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, enters Ghent without resistance, and executes rebels, ending the Revolt of Ghent (1539–1540).
 * March 23 – Waltham Abbey is the last to be closed as part of Henry VIII of England's dissolution of the monasteries.

April–June

 * April 3– Estêvão da Gama becomes the new Governor of Portuguese India.
 * April 7– The English cathedral priories of Canterbury and Rochester are transformed into secular cathedral chapters on Easter Sunday, concluding the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
 * April 12– Printing of the first translation of the New Testament into the Icelandic language is completed after King Christian III of Denmark finishes having Oddur Gottskálksson's text compared to the original Latin.
 * May 17 – Battle of Kannauj: Sher Shah Suri defeats and deposes Mughal Emperor Humayan, establishing the Sur Empire.
 * June 10 – Thomas Cromwell, Chief Minister for King Henry VIII, is arrested at meeting of the Privy Council of England at Westminster and charged with treason. Cromwell is removed from his positions as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord Privy Seal, Lord Great Chamberlain and Governor of the Isle of Wight, and will be executed on July 28.

July–September

 * July 7 – Spanish conquistador Francisco Vázquez de Coronado captures Hawikuh in modern-day New Mexico, at this time known as part of Cíbola, but fails to find the legendary gold.
 * July 9 – King Henry VIII of England's marriage to Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort, is annulled.
 * July 28 – Thomas Cromwell, is executed for treason on the orders of king Henry VIII of England. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
 * August 15 – In Peru, Spanish captain Garcí Manuel de Carbajal founds the Villa Hermosa de Arequipa; one year later, Charles V of Germany and I of Spain will give the valley a status of 'city' by royal decree.
 * September 3 – Gelawdewos succeeds his father Lebna Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia.
 * September 10 – Gibraltar is sacked by the fleet of Barbary pirate Ali Hamet, a Sardinian renegade in the service of the Ottoman Empire, and many of its leading citizens are taken as captives to Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera in Morocco. This leads to construction of the defensive Charles V Wall, at this time known as the Muralla de San Benito.
 * September 27 – The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is approved by Pope Paul III, in his bull Regimini militantis Ecclesiae.

October–December

 * October 1 – Battle of Alborán: A Habsburg Spanish fleet, under the command of Bernardino de Mendoza, destroys an Ottoman fleet commanded by Ali Hamet off Alborán Island in the Mediterranean.
 * October 18 – An expedition led by Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto destroys the fortified village of Mabila in modern-day Alabama, killing paramount chief Tuskaloosa.
 * November 8 – William Whorwood becomes the new Attorney General for England and Wales, succeeding Sir John Baker
 * December 16 – Honoré I, Lord of Monaco reaches the age of 19 and after the future principality of Monaco had been administered by regents for more than 18 years.
 * December 20 – Stephen V, Prince of Moldavia, is assassinated by two of the Moldavian nobles (boyars), Mihul and Trotsanul, after word arrives that he will be replaced by Petru IV Rareş, who had paid a bribe to the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman in order to be appointed the new Prince. Alexandru Cornea is crowned temporarily as Prince Alexandru III.
 * December 31 – Estêvão da Gama, Governor of Portuguese India, departs from Goa with a plan to sail into the Red Sea, and destroy the Ottoman Empire's access to the Indian Ocean by plundering Suez. The planned attack fails.

Date unknown

 * Europe is hit by a heat wave and drought lasting for about seven months. Rivers such as the Rhine and Seine dry up, and many people die from dysentery and other illnesses, caused by lack of safe drinking water.
 * Georg Joachim Rheticus publishes De libris revolutionum Copernici narratio prima in Danzig, an abstract of Copernicus' as yet unpublished De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, and the first printed publication of Copernican heliocentrism.
 * Martin Luther expels theologian Caspar Schwenckfeld from Silesia.
 * approximate date – The musket is introduced into Japan from Europe.

Births

 * January 18 – Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza, claimant to the Portuguese throne in 1580 (d. 1614)
 * January 25 – Edmund Campion, English Jesuit and Roman Catholic martyr (d. 1581)
 * January 28 – Ludolph van Ceulen, German mathematician (d. 1610)
 * February 12 – Won Gyun, Korean general and admiral during the Joseon Dynasty (d. 1597)
 * February 23 – Hedwig of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1602)
 * February 25 – Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton, English aristocrat and courtier (d. 1614)
 * March 1 – Enrique de Guzmán, 2nd Count of Olivares, Spanish noble (d. 1607)
 * March 17 – Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1570)
 * April 3 – Maria de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1557)
 * April 8 – Toyotomi Hidenaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1591)
 * May 9 – Maharana Pratap, Indian warrior king (d. 1597)
 * May 14
 * Paolo Paruta, Italian historian (d. 1598)
 * Bartholomäus Scultetus, German mayor of Görlitz, astronomer (d. 1614)
 * May 22 – James, Duke of Rothesay, Scottish prince (d. 1541)
 * May 31 – Henry Cheyne, 1st Baron Cheyne, English politician and baron (d. 1587)
 * June 3 – Charles II, Archduke of Austria, regent of Inner Austria (d. 1590)
 * June 9 – Shima Sakon, Japanese samurai (d. 1600)
 * June 11 – Barnabe Googe, English poet (d. 1594)
 * June 29 – Ana de Mendoza, Princess of Eboli, Spanish countess (d. 1592)
 * June 30 – Countess Palatine Elisabeth of Simmern-Sponheim, Duchess of Saxony (d. 1594)
 * July 7 – John Sigismund Zápolya, King of Hungary (d. 1571)
 * July 11 – Adolf of Nassau, Count of Nassau, Dutch soldier (d. 1568)
 * July 16 – Alfonso Carafa, Italian cardinal (d. 1565)
 * July 19 – Ludowika Margaretha of Zweibrücken-Bitsch, spouse of Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1569)
 * August 4 – Sisto Fabri, Italian theologian (d. 1594)
 * August 5 – Joseph Justus Scaliger, French Protestant scholar (d. 1609)
 * August 25 – Lady Catherine Grey, English noblewoman, potential successor to the throne (d. 1568)
 * September 5 – Magnus, Duke of Holstein, Prince of Denmark (d. 1583)
 * September 9 – John VII, Count of Oldenburg (d. 1603)
 * October 1 – Johann Jakob Grynaeus, Swiss Protestant clergyman (d. 1617)
 * November 12 – Anna of Veldenz, Margrave of Baden (d. 1586)
 * November 16 – Princess Cecilia of Sweden (d. 1627)
 * December 8 – Giovanni Vincenzo Gonzaga, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1591)
 * December 21 – Thomas Schweicker, German artist (d. 1602)
 * December 28 – Charles I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1610)
 * December 31 – Silvio Antoniano, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1603)
 * date unknown
 * Andrea Andreani, Italian wood engraver (d. 1623)
 * Inés de Hinojosa, Venezuelan hacendada (d. 1571)
 * Francis Drake, English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, pirate and politician (d. 1596)
 * Christopher Hatton, English politician (d. 1591)
 * George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon, English nobleman (d. 1604)
 * Pierre Jeannin, French statesman (d. 1622)
 * François Viète, French mathematician (d. 1603)
 * Amago Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1610)
 * probable
 * William Byrd, English composer (d. 1623)
 * Bernardino de Mendoza, Spanish military commander (d. 1604)
 * Paschal Baylon, Spanish friar (d. 1592)

Deaths

 * c. January – Elizabeth Blount, mistress of Henry VIII of England (b. 1502)
 * January 27 – Angela Merici, Italian religious leader and saint (b. 1474)
 * March 30 – Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg, German statesman and archbishop of Salzburg (b. 1469)
 * April 21 – Afonso of Portugal, Catholic cardinal (b. 1509)
 * May 6 – Juan Luís Vives, Spanish scholar (b. 1492)
 * May 22 – Francesco Guicciardini, Italian statesman and historian (b. 1483)
 * June 16 – Konrad von Thüngen, German noble (b. c. 1466)
 * July 22 – John Zápolya, King of Hungary (b. c. 1490)
 * July 28 – Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, English statesman (executed) (b. c.1485)
 * July 30
 * Thomas Abel, English priest (martyred) (b. c. 1497)
 * Robert Barnes, English reformer (martyred) (b. 1495)
 * Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg (1491–1540) (b. 1470)
 * August 23 – Guillaume Budé, French scholar (b. 1467)
 * August 24 – Girolamo Francesco Maria Mazzola (Parmigianino), Italian artist (b. 1503)
 * August 28 – Federico II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (b. 1500)
 * September 2 – Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia (in battle) (b. 1501)
 * September 16 – Enrique de Borja y Aragón, Spanish noble of the House of Borgia (b. 1518)
 * September 20 – Infante Duarte, Duke of Guimarães, son of King Manuel I of Portugal (b. 1515)
 * October 5 – Helius Eobanus Hessus, German Latin poet (b. 1488)
 * date unknown – Francisco de Ulloa, Spanish explorer
 * probable
 * Tristão da Cunha, Portuguese explorer (b. 1460)
 * Johann Georg Faust, German alchemist (b. 1480)

title: 1540


text:
1560

Year 1560 (MDLX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 7 – In the Kingdom of Scotland, French troops commanded by Henri Cleutin and Captain Corbeyran de Cardaillac Sarlabous sail across the Firth of Forth from Leith, which they are occupying, and fight with the Lords of the Congregation at Pettycur Bay near Kinghorn.
 * February 27 – Treaty of Berwick: Terms are agreed upon with the Lords of the Congregation in Scotland, for forces of the Kingdom of England to enter Scotland, to expel French troops defending the Regency of Mary of Guise.
 * March 7 – A Spanish-led expedition, commanded by Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli, overruns the Tunisian island of Djerba.
 * March 17 – Leaders of the Amboise conspiracy, including Godefroy de Barry, seigneur de La Renaudie, make an unsuccessful attempt to storm the château of Amboise, where the young French king and queen are residing. La Renaudie is subsequently caught and executed, along with over 1,000 of his followers.
 * March – Bairam Khan, the Vakil or prime minister of India's Mughal Empire, is forced to retire by the Emperor Akbar.

April–June

 * April 15 – Denmark–Norway buys the Estonian island of Ösel, from its last prince-bishop.
 * May 11 – In the Battle of Djerba, the Ottoman fleet, commanded by Piali Pasha, overwhelms a large joint European (mainly Spanish) fleet, sinking about half its ships.
 * June 12 (19th day of 5th month of Eiroku 3) – In Japan, Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto in the Battle of Okehazama.

July–September

 * July 6 – The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed between England, France and Scotland, ending the Siege of Leith. The French withdraw from Scotland, largely ending the Auld Alliance between the two countries, and also ending the wars between England and its northern neighbour.
 * August 2 – Livonian War – Battle of Ergeme: Russians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, precipitating the dissolution of the order.
 * August 17 – The Scottish Reformation Parliament adopts a Protestant confession of faith and rejects papal authority, beginning the Scottish Reformation, and disestablishing Roman Catholicism in Scotland.
 * August 21 – A total eclipse of the sun is observable in Europe, which inspires Tycho Brahe's interest in astronomy.
 * September 18 – After Robert Sempill, 3rd Lord Sempill, a Scottish Catholic, continues to resist the Scottish Reformation, the Duke of Châtellerault and the Earl of Arran commence a siege of Castle Semple at Lochwinnoch. They begin firing artillery at the castle on September 23 and destroy the gatehouse.
 * September 29 – Eric XIV becomes King of Sweden, upon the death of his father, Gustav Vasa.

October–December

 * October 4 – Queen Elizabeth of England notifies the official treasurers and Lords Mayor throughout the kingdom that the existing coins will be replaced and that those in circulation are to be devalued, to be stricken with a special mark to indicate lesser worth. Treasurers are all instructed to send the coins withdrawn from circulation to be sent to the Royal Mint to be melted down for the new coins.
 * October 19 – The siege of Castle Semple ends after 31 days when the defenders wave the white flag of surrender.
 * October 29 – Queen Elizabeth directs the minting of the first machine produced coins in the Kingdom to completely replace hammered coinage, produced manually.
 * November 8 – Eloy Mestrelle is given authority to commence the production of the new English coinage on machines he has brought over from France for the purpose of mass production.
 * December 5 – Charles IX succeeds his brother Francis as King of France, after Francis dies of a severe ear infection at the age of 16. Francis's mother (Mary's mother-in-law), Catherine de' Medici, becomes regent of France.

Date unknown

 * The complete Geneva Bible is published.
 * The first scientific society, the Academia Secretorum Naturae, is founded in Naples by Giambattista della Porta.
 * Solihull School is founded in the West Midlands of England.
 * The oldest surviving violin (dated inside), known as the Charles IX, is made in Cremona, in northern Italy.
 * The Mongols invade and occupy Qinghai.
 * The great age of piracy in the Caribbean starts around this time.

Births

 * January 17 – Gaspard Bauhin, Swiss botanist (d. 1624)
 * January 29 – Scipione Dentice, Neapolitan keyboard composer (d. 1633)
 * March 13 – William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, Dutch count (d. 1620)
 * March 29 – Erekle I, Prince of Mukhrani, Georgian noble (d. 1605)
 * April 19 – Count Jobst of Limburg (d. 1621)
 * May 6 – Guido Pepoli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1599)
 * June 25 – Wilhelm Fabry, German surgeon (d. 1634)
 * June 28 – Giovanni Paolo Lascaris, Italian Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (d. 1657)
 * July 1 – Charles III de Croÿ, Belgian noble (d. 1612)
 * July 7 – Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland, English noblewoman and maid of honor to Elizabeth I (d. 1616)
 * August 6 – Antoine Arnauld, French lawyer (d. 1619)
 * August 7 – Elizabeth Báthory, Hungarian noblewoman and purported serial killer (d. 1614)
 * August 10 – Hieronymus Praetorius, German composer (d. 1629)
 * August 19 – James Crichton, Scottish polymath (d. 1582)
 * August 25 – Park Jin, Korean naval commander (d. 1597)
 * September 4 – Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d. 1600)
 * September 19 – Thomas Cavendish, English naval explorer, leader of the third expedition to circumnavigate the globe (d. 1592)
 * October 10 – Jacobus Arminius, Dutch theologian (d. 1609)
 * October 17 – Ernest Frederick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d. 1604)
 * October 29 – Christian I, Elector of Saxony (d. 1591)
 * November 3 – Annibale Carracci, Italian painter (d. 1609)
 * November 22 – Charles, Margrave of Burgau, German nobleman (d. 1618)
 * November 28 – Baltasar Marradas, Count of Spain (d. 1638)
 * December 3 – Jan Gruter, Dutch critic and scholar (d. 1627)
 * December 13 – Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully, 2nd Prime Minister of France (d. 1641)
 * December 28 – Samuel Sandys, English politician (d. 1623)
 * December 29 – Wolfgang Ernst I of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein, German count (d. 1633)
 * date unknown
 * Felice Anerio, Italian composer (d. 1614)
 * Marco Antonio de Dominis, Dalmatian archbishop and apostate (d. 1624)
 * Amalia von Hatzfeld, Swedish countess governor (d. 1628)
 * Lieven de Key, Dutch architect (d. 1627)
 * Ishida Mitsunari, Japanese samurai (d. 1600)
 * Hugh Myddelton, Welsh businessman (d. 1631)
 * Anton Praetorius, German pastor (d. 1613)
 * probable
 * Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, Polish military commander (d. 1621)
 * Adam Haslmayr, Tyrolean commentator on Rosicrucian manifestos (d. 1630)
 * Ketevan the Martyr, Georgian queen and saint (d. 1624)

Deaths

 * January 1 – Joachim du Bellay, French poet (b. 1522)
 * January 8 – Jan Łaski, Polish Protestant evangelical reformer (b. 1499)
 * January 22 – Wang Zhi, Chinese pirate
 * February 7 – Bartolommeo Bandinelli, Florentine sculptor (b. 1493)
 * February 14 – Philip I, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (b. 1515)
 * February 16 – Jean du Bellay, French cardinal and diplomat (b. 1493)
 * March 5 – Pedro Pacheco de Villena, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1488)
 * April 19 – Philip Melanchthon, German humanist and reformer (b. 1497)
 * June 11 – Mary of Guise, queen of James V of Scotland and regent (b. 1515)
 * June 12
 * Imagawa Yoshimoto, Japanese daimyō (b. 1519)
 * Ii Naomori, Japanese warrior (b. 1506)
 * August 4 – Maeda Toshimasa, Japanese samurai
 * August 7 – Anastasia Romanovna, Tsarina of Russia, married to Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible (b. 1530)
 * September 8 – Amy Robsart, English noblewoman (b. 1532)
 * September 14 – Anton Fugger, German merchant (b. 1493)
 * September 29 – King Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1496)
 * September 30 – Melchor Cano, Spanish theologian (b. 1525)
 * November 7 – Petrus Lotichius Secundus, German Neo-Latin poet (b. 1528)
 * November 25 – Andrea Doria, Italian naval commander (b. 1466)
 * December 2 – Georg Sabinus, German writer (b. 1508)
 * December 5 – King Francis II of France (b. 1544)
 * December 7 – Ernest of Bavaria, pledge lord of the County of Glatz (b. 1500)
 * Date unknown – Benvenida Abrabanel, philanthropist and businesswoman.

title: 1560


text:
1638

January–March

 * January 4
 * A naval battle takes place in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Goa in South India as a Netherlands fleet commanded by Admiral Adam Westerwolt decimates the Portuguese fleet.
 * A fleet of 80 Spanish ships led by Governor-General Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera attacks the Sultanate of Sulu in the Philippines by beginning an invasion of Jolo island, but Sultan Muwallil Wasit I puts up a stiff resistance.
 * January 8 – Shimabara Rebellion: The siege of Shimabara Castle ends after 27 days in Japan's Tokugawa shogunate (part of modern-day Nagasaki prefecture) as the rebel peasants flee reinforcements sent by the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu.
 * January 22 – The Shimabara and Amakusa rebels, having joined up after fleeing the shogun's troops, begin the defense of Hara Castle in modern-day Minamishimabara in the Nagasaki prefecture. The siege lasts more than 11 weeks before the peasants are massacred.
 * February 28 – The Scottish National Covenant is signed in Edinburgh, Scotland, in opposition to changes to the Church of Scotland proposed by King Charles I.
 * March 3 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Rheinfelden – A mercenary army under Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, fighting for France, defeats forces of the Holy Roman Empire.
 * March 5 – Thirty Years' War: The Treaty of Hamburg is signed by France and Sweden, providing the latter with funds.
 * March 22
 * Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and his sons capture the city of Kandahar from the Safavids.
 * Anne Hutchinson is banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for heresy and goes to Rhode Island.
 * March 28 – Dutch merchant Willem Kieft is appointed Director of New Netherland by the Dutch East India Company to succeed Wouter van Twiller.
 * March 29 – Settlers from Sweden arrive on the ships Kalmar Nyckel and Fogel Grip to establish the settlement of New Sweden in Delaware, beginning the Swedish colonization of the Americas.

April–June

 * April 3 – Preacher John Wheelwright is banished from Boston and founds Exeter, New Hampshire.
 * April 14 – The Netherlands colonizes Mauritius, with colonists from the ship Dragon going ashore after sighting it the day before, an event chronicled by British traveler Peter Mundy.
 * April 15 – Shogunate forces defeat the last remnants of the Shimabara Rebellion, in the fortress of Hara. In the aftermath, suppression of Christianity is strictly enforced, Portuguese traders are expelled and Japan enters more than two centuries of isolationism.
 * April 25 – Settlement of what will become New Haven, Connecticut begins.
 * May 13 – Construction begins on the Red Fort in Delhi (India) for Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan who is transferring his capital there from Agra.
 * May 23 – The Kandyan Treaty is signed between Singhala King Rajasimha II and the Dutch, to rid Ceylon of the Portuguese.
 * June 20 – Eighty Years' War: Battle of Kallo – Spanish troops under Ferdinand of Austria defeat a much larger Dutch force, near Antwerp.
 * June 27 – Patriarch Cyril of Constantinople is deposed for high treason, strangled and thrown into the sea by Janissaries, on Ottoman Sultan Murad IV's command.

July–September

 * July 16 – Thirty Years War: The siege of Saint-Omer ends after almost two months as the French-held Flemish city falls after being besieged by Spanish and German troops.
 * July 20 – Scottish Covenanters meet at Muchalls Castle to compose a response to the 14 demands of the Bishops of Aberdeen.
 * July 28 – Thirty Years War: Swedish Army Field Marshal Johan Banér begins a destructive campaign against the Duchy of Pomerania, held by the Holy Roman Empire.
 * August 15 – The Portuguese expedition led by Pedro Teixeira completes the first ascent of the Amazon River, crossing the Quijos River and arriving at Quito in Ecuador soon after (the same trip had been made in the opposite direction, in 1541).
 * August 22 – Franco-Spanish War (1635–59): The Battle of Getaria is fought between the navies of France and Spain, with the French sinking all 17 Spanish Navy ships and killing 2,000 Spanish sailors and officers.
 * August 27 – Tayyar Mehmed Pasha becomes the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire after Bayram Pasha dies while fighting in Baghdad.
 * September 6 – The Finnish mail service, predecessor of Posti Group, is established.
 * September 21 – The Treaty of Hartford is signed, ending the Pequot War between British American colonists and the Pequot.
 * September – John Spofford arrives in Boston Harbor, on the ship John of London, and is one of the first people to establish Rowely, Essex County, Massachusetts.

October–December

 * October 21 – The Great Thunderstorm in Widecombe-in-the-Moor, England: probable ball lightning strikes the parish church, killing 4 and injuring about 60.
 * November 21 – The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is summoned to Glasgow, by King Charles I.
 * November 24 – New Haven, the first planned city in America, is founded when local Indians make a deed of Quinnipiac to Theophilus Eaton and other English settlers.
 * December 18 – Cardinal Mazarin becomes the first adviser to French potentate Richelieu, on the death of Leclerc du Tremblay.
 * December 21 – The full moon is in total eclipse from 1:12 to 2:47 UT, and the solstice occurs later in the day, at 16:05 UT.
 * December 25 – Capture of Baghdad by the Ottomans under Sultan Murad IV.

Date unknown

 * Shipwrecked English buccaneer Peter Wallace, called Balis by the Spanish, settles near and perhaps gives his name to the Belize River, the first known European settlement in Belize.
 * The Peking Gazette makes an official switch in its production process of newspapers, from woodblock printing to movable type printing (private newspapers in Ming dynasty China were first mentioned in 1582).

January–March

 * January 1
 * Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde Deshoulières, French writer (d. 1694)
 * Emperor Go-Sai of Japan (d. 1685)
 * Nicolas Steno, Danish pioneer in anatomy and geology, bishop (d. 1686)
 * January 7
 * Filippo Bonanni, Italian Jesuit scholar (d. 1723)
 * Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, German noblewoman (d. 1687)
 * January 8 – Elisabetta Sirani, Italian painter (d. 1665)
 * January 12 – Ernst Rüdiger von Starhemberg, Austrian field marshal (d. 1701)
 * January 20 – Sir William Glynne, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1690)
 * January 21
 * David Elias Heidenreich, German poet, dramatist, librettist and translator (d. 1688)
 * Beata Rosenhane, Swedish writer (d. 1674)
 * February 13 – Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow, German nobleman, titular Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1688)
 * February 18 – Ikeda Tsunamasa, Japanese daimyō, ruler of the Okayama Domain (d. 1714)
 * February 25 – Jørgen Iversen Dyppel, Governor of the Danish West Indies (d. 1683)
 * February 28 – John Carmichael, 1st Earl of Hyndford, Scottish nobleman (d. 1710)
 * March 6
 * Henry Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Tewkesbury, First Lord’s of the British Admiralty (d. 1696)
 * Statz Friedrich von Fullen, German-born nobleman, Geheimrat of war for Poland (d. 1703)
 * March 10 – John Vesey, Irish archbishop (d. 1716)
 * March 14 – Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic and religious leader, critic of Lutheranism (d. 1710)
 * March 15 – Shunzhi Emperor of China (d. 1661)
 * March 16 – François Crépieul, Jesuit missionary in Canada (d. 1702)
 * March 28 – Frederik Ruysch, Dutch physician and anatomist (d. 1731)

April–June

 * April 2
 * Sir Henry Beaumont, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1689)
 * John Covel, English clergyman and scientist, Master of Christ's College (d. 1722)
 * May 9 – Gregorio Vasquez de Arce y Ceballos, Colombian painter (d. 1711)
 * May 11 – Guy-Crescent Fagon, French physician and botanist (d. 1718)
 * May 12 – Pedro Atanasio Bocanegra, Spanish artist (d. 1688)
 * May 13 – Richard Simon, French Biblical critic (d. 1712)
 * May 29 – John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland, English nobleman and politician (d. 1711)
 * June 2 – Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, English nobleman (d. 1709)
 * June 3 – Thomas Smith, English scholar (d. 1710)
 * June 8 – Pierre Magnol, French botanist (d. 1715)
 * June 21 – Sir William Roberts, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1688)
 * June 23 – Princess Christine Elisabeth of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, German noblewoman (d. 1679)
 * June 27 – Samuel Frisching, Bernese soldier and politician (d. 1721)
 * June 28 – Louise Marie de La Grange d'Arquien, French noblewoman (d. 1728)
 * June 29 – Heinrich Meibom, German physicist and scholar (d. 1700)

July–September

 * July 10 – David Teniers III, Flemish painter (d. 1685)
 * July 11 – Olympia Mancini, French courtier (d. 1708)
 * July 15 – Giovanni Buonaventura Viviani, Italian composer (d. 1693)
 * July 20 – Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve, leading Norwegian general during the Scanian War (d. 1704)
 * July 25 – Cristobal of Saint Catherine, Spanish Catholic priest (d. 1690)
 * August 3 – William Louis, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen (1650–1665) (d. 1665)
 * August 6 – Nicolas Malebranche, French philosopher (d. 1715)
 * August 7 – John Tufton, 4th Earl of Thanet, English politician (d. 1680)
 * August 13 – Durgadas Rathore, Indian ruler (d. 1718)
 * August 15 – Pieter de Graeff, Dutch politician and noble (d. 1707)
 * August 22 – Georg Christoph Eimmart, German engraver (d. 1705)
 * September 5 – King Louis XIV of France, King of France from 1643 until his death (d. 1715)
 * September 10 – Maria Theresa of Spain, queen consort of Louis XIV of France (d. 1683)
 * September 19 – Isaac Milles, English minister (d. 1720)
 * September 20 – Antonio Gherardi, Italian painter (d. 1702)
 * September 21 – Philippe de Courcillon, French officer and author (d. 1720)
 * September 30 – Maximilian Philipp Hieronymus, Duke of Bavaria-Leuchtenberg, German nobleman (d. 1705)

October–December

 * October 7 – Miguel Jerónimo de Molina, Spanish prelate, Bishop of Malta, then of Lleida in Catalonia (d. 1698)
 * October 14 – Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Jena, German noble (d. 1678)
 * October 17 – John Charles, Count Palatine of Gelnhausen (1654–1704) (d. 1704)
 * October 21 – Lucia Wijbrants, Dutch artist (d. 1719)
 * October 31 – Meindert Hobbema, Dutch painter (d. 1709)
 * November 4 – Nuno Álvares Pereira de Melo, 1st Duke of Cadaval, Portuguese nobleman and statesman (d. 1725)
 * November 8 – Anton van Dale, Dutch minister (d. 1708)
 * November 22 – Christoph Cellarius, German classical scholar (d. 1707)
 * November 25 – Catherine of Braganza, Portuguese princess, queen consort of Charles II of England (d. 1705)
 * November 30 – Joachim Feller, German professor at the University of Leipzig (d. 1691)
 * December 17 – Anna Sophia II, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1683)
 * December 24 – Tomás de la Cerda, 3rd Marquis of la Laguna, Spanish nobleman (d. 1692)
 * December 25 – Michel Bégon, French ancien regime official (d. 1710)

Date unknown

 * Hannah Allen, British writer (d. 1668)

Deaths

 * January 21 – Ignazio Donati, Italian composer (b. c. 1570)
 * January 27 – Gonzalo de Céspedes y Meneses, Spanish novelist (b. c. 1585)
 * February 26 – Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician (b. 1581)
 * March 2 – William Spring of Pakenham, English Member of Parliament (b. 1588)
 * March 22 – Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (b. 1578)
 * April 1 – Henry Ley, 2nd Earl of Marlborough, English politician (b. 1595)
 * April 7 – Shimazu Tadatsune, Japanese ruler of Satsuma (b. 1576)
 * April 13 – Henri, Duke of Rohan, French Huguenot leader (b. 1579)
 * April 19 – Jeremias Drexel, Jesuit writer and professor of rhetoric (b. 1581)
 * April 26 – Margareta Brahe, Swedish political activist (b. 1564)
 * May 6
 * Cornelius Jansen, French bishop and religious reformer (b. 1585)
 * Gaj Singh of Marwar, Raja of Marwar Kingdom (b. 1595)
 * May 9 – Frederick I, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (b. 1585)
 * May 27 – Pietro Paolo Floriani, Italian architect (b. 1585)
 * June 25 – Juan Pérez de Montalbán, Spanish writer (b. 1602)
 * July 27 – John VIII, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1583)
 * July 31 – Sibylla Schwarz, German poet (b. 1621)
 * August 3 – Philipp Moritz, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (b. 1605)
 * August 10 – Anton Henry, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1586–1638) (b. 1571)
 * August 12 – Baltasar Marradas, Spanish count (b. 1560)
 * August 13 – Carolus Mulerius, Dutch Hispanist (b. 1601)
 * August 27 – John Hoskins, English poet (b. 1566)
 * September – Christoph Besold, German jurist (b. 1577)
 * September 5 – Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noblewoman (b. 1556)
 * September 14 – John Harvard, American clergyman (b. 1607)
 * September 24 – Georg Friedrich, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1604–1622) (b. 1573)
 * October 6 – Jacob Dircksz de Graeff, Dutch mayor (b. 1579)
 * October 4 – Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy (b. 1632)
 * October 8 – Raja Wodeyar II, King of Mysore (b. 1612)
 * October 14 – Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (b. 1552)
 * October 23 – John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach, German duke (b. 1566)
 * October 28 – Robert Petre, 3rd Baron Petre, English baron (b. 1599)
 * November 9 – Johann Heinrich Alsted, German theologian (b. 1588)
 * November 11 – Cornelis Corneliszoon van Haarlem, Dutch painter (b. 1562)
 * November 16 – Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon, English noble (b. 1572)
 * November 19 – Lelio Biscia, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1575)
 * November 27
 * Redemptus of the Cross, Portuguese Carmelite lay brother and martyr (b. 1598)
 * Denis of the Nativity, French sailor and cartographer (b. 1600)
 * December 8 – Ivan Gundulić, Croatian poet (b. 1589)
 * December 13 – Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg (b. 1584)
 * December 17 – François Leclerc du Tremblay, French Greyfriar (b. 1577)
 * December 23 – Barbara Longhi, Italian painter (b. 1552)

title: 1638


text:
1588

January–March

 * January 22 – Pope Sixtus V issues the papal bull Immensa aeterni Dei, a major reorganization of the Roman Curia creating 15 congregations of cardinals, including the Congregation of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Church list of forbidden books; the Congregation of the Inquisition; and the Congregation of the Vatican Press.
 * January 24 – War of the Polish Succession: The Battle of Pitschen takes place at Pitschen (now Byczyna in Poland, with Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by the Polish hetman Jan Zamoyski defending against an invading Austrian force commanded by Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria. After his army is routed, Archduke Maximilian surrenders and is taken as a prisoner of war, and will be held for more than a year until his release is compelled by the intervention of Pope Sixtus V.
 * February 9 – The sudden death of Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, in the midst of preparations for the Spanish Armada, forces King Philip II of Spain to re-allocate the command of the fleet.
 * February 18 – In what is now Sri Lanka, the siege of Colombo by King Rajasinha I of Sitawaka ends when Portuguese Admiral Pedro Teixeira arrives with a fleet of 80 ships and frees the capital of Portuguese Ceylon. King Rajasinha and his troops flee back to his capital at Seethawakapura.
 * March 20 – The ascension of Shah Abbas I as Emperor in Iran, of the Safavid Empire, is made official on the first day of the New Year on the Zoroastrian Calendar. Abbas has ruled since October 16, 1587.
 * March 25 – The English Army begins the recruitment of volunteers to prepare for the expected invasion by Spain. On April 10, 1593, the English Parliament will enact the first military pension, "An Acte for relief of Soudiours", providing that "forasmuch as it is agreable with Christian Charity Policy and the Honor of our Nation, that shuch as have since the 25th day of March 1588, adventured their lives and lost their limbs or disabled their bodies, or shall hereafter adventure the lives, lose their limbs or disable their bodies, in defence and service of Her Majesty and the State, should at their return be relieved and rewarded to the end that they may reap the fruit of their good deservings, and others may be encouraged to perform like endeavors..."

April–June

 * April 4 – Christian IV becomes king of Denmark–Norway, upon the death of his father, Frederick II.
 * May 12 – Day of the Barricades in Paris: Henry I, Duke of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee.
 * May 28 – The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from the Tagus estuary, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sedonia and Juan Martínez de Recalde, heading for the English Channel (it will take until May 30 for all of the ships to leave port).
 * June 18 – Sailing across the South Atlantic Ocean towards England, near the end of their voyage around the world, Thomas Cavendish and his East India Company fleet stumble across the Portuguese-controlled island of Saint Helena. While Saint Helena has been under the control of Portugal for 80 years, England had been unaware of its existence.
 * June 19 – Twenty days after departing from Spain, the Spanish Armada receives a foreshadowing of disaster to come during the summer as a storm scatters part of the fleet, postponing the invasion. Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor, Duke of Medina Sidonia and commander of the Spanish expedition, returns the fleet to the port of Coruna for repairs, and writes a letter to King Philip, urging him to abandon plans for invasion of England, and to reach an honorable settlement, but the King refuses. The Spanish expedition resumes on July 21.

July–September

 * July 15 – At Rouen, King Henry III of France gives in to the latest demands of the Catholic League and the Duke of Guise, and signs the Edict of Union, agreeing to not allow French Protestants to participate in government, in return for being able to return to Paris.
 * July 31 – The first engagement between the English and Spanish fleets (off Plymouth) results in a victory for the English, under command of Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake.
 * August 2 – The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet, off the Isle of Portland.
 * August 7 – The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet off the coast of Flanders.
 * August 8 (July 29 Old Style) – Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by the English naval force off the coast of Gravelines, in the Spanish Netherlands (modern France).
 * August 9 – The Duke of Medina Sidonia, commander of the Spanish Armada, decides to return the fleet to Spain after two days of trying to reach the coast of Flanders, to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma.
 * August 12 – Much of the Spanish Armada is destroyed by storms during an attempt to around Scotland and Ireland. The fleeing Spanish fleet sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English call off their pursuit, avoiding the storm entirely.
 * August 19 (August 9 Old Style) – Speech to the Troops at Tilbury by Queen Elizabeth I.
 * August 29 (8th day of the 7th month, Tensho 16) – In Japan, the Chancellor of the Realm, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, issues an edict for the katanagari (the sword hunt), the confiscation of swords from any persons thought to be opposed to his rule.
 * September 1 – The Ganja Fortress in what is now Azerbaijan is captured by Ottoman general Serdar Ferhad Pasha.
 * September 9 – English captain Thomas Cavendish and a fleet of ships complete sailing around the world in a record time of 781 days, returning to Plymouth more than two years after setting off on July 21, 1586. The previous record had been 1,018 days by the expedition of Sir Francis Drake from 1577 to 1580. By the time of his return, Cavendish has only his flagship, Desire, after having started with the two other vessels, the warship Content, and the 40-ton supply ship Hugh Gallant.
 * September 13 – Dutch General Charles III de Croÿ captures the German city of Bonn in the Electorate of Cologne.

October–December

 * October 7 – The first biography of Nicolaus Copernicus (d.1543) is completed by Bernardino Baldi.
 * November 13 – Dutch Republic and English forces capture Bergen op Zoom, a fortress in the Spanish Netherlands, after a siege of 41 days.
 * November 15 – The English Navy ship Great Spaniard, formerly the Spanish Armada ship San Salvador until its capture on August 1, sinks off of the coast of England's Isle of Purbeck, with the loss of 23 of the 57 crew. The survivors are rescued by an English man-o-war boat.
 * December 5 – The Order of Augustinian Recollects is formally recognised as a separate province from the Order of Saint Augustine, an event later known as the Día de la Recolección or Day of Recollection.
 * December 23 – Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, killed, and holding the Cardinal de Bourbon a prisoner. As a result, large parts of France reject Henry III as their king, forcing him to side with Henry of Navarre.

Unknown

 * William Morgan's Welsh translation of the Bible is published.
 * The Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I of England is created, to celebrate the English defeat of the Spanish Armada, and to assert the strength of Elizabeth herself.

January–June

 * January 4 – Arnold Vinnius, Dutch lawyer (d. 1657)
 * January 6 – Elizabeth Stanley, Countess of Huntingdon, English noblewoman and writer (d. 1633)
 * January 20 – Francesco Gessi, Italian painter (d. 1649)
 * February 2 – Georg II of Fleckenstein-Dagstuhl, German nobleman (d. 1644)
 * February 15 – Benjamin Bramer, German mathematician (d. 1652)
 * March 12 – Herman de Neyt, Flemish painter (d. 1642)
 * March 21 – Egon VIII of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, Bavarian count and field-marshal (d. 1635)
 * March 22 – Frederick IX, Margrave of Brandenburg, Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (d. 1611)
 * March 27 – Celestyn Myślenta, Polish theologian (d. 1653)
 * March 29 – Margherita Aldobrandini, Parmesan regent (d. 1646)
 * March – Johann Heinrich Alsted, German theologian (d. 1638)
 * April 4 – Padovanino, Italian painter (d. 1649)
 * April 5 – Thomas Hobbes, English philosopher (d. 1679)
 * April 15 – Claudius Salmasius, French classical scholar (d. 1653)
 * April 16 – Emanuel Filibert of Savoy, Viceroy of Sicily (d. 1624)
 * May 2 – Étienne Pascal, French mathematician (d. 1651)
 * May 9 – Herman Hugo, Jesuit priest, writer, military chaplain (d. 1629)
 * May 13 – Ole Worm, Danish physician and antiquary (d. 1654)
 * May 28 – Pierre Séguier, Chancellor of France (d. 1672)
 * June 3 – Julius Frederick, Duke of Württemberg-Weiltingen (1617–16135) (d. 1635)
 * June 9 – Johann Andreas Herbst, German composer and music theorist (d. 1666)
 * June 11 – George Wither, English poet and satirist (d. 1667)
 * June 14 – Hoshina Masasada, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Ino Domain (d. 1661)
 * June 30 – Giovanni Maria Sabino, Italian composer, organist and teacher (d. 1649)

July–December

 * July 7 – Wolrad IV, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1588–1640) (d. 1640)
 * July 29 – William Spring of Pakenham, Member of Parliament (d. 1638)
 * August 25 – Elizabeth Poole, English settler in Plymouth Colony (d. 1654)
 * August – François de La Mothe Le Vayer, French writer (d. 1672)
 * September 1 – Henri, Prince of Condé (d. 1646)
 * September 8 – Marin Mersenne, French theologian (d. 1648)
 * September 10 – Nicholas Lanier, English composer (d. 1666)
 * September 13 – Edward Vaux, 4th Baron Vaux of Harrowden, English baron (d. 1661)
 * October 7 – Sir Drue Drury, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1632)
 * October 16 – Luke Wadding, Irish Franciscan friar and historian (d. 1657)
 * October 17 – Matthias Gallas, Austrian soldier (d. 1647)
 * November 25 – Gilbert Ironside the elder, English bishop (d. 1671)
 * December 10
 * Johann von Aldringen, Austrian field marshal (d. 1634)
 * Isaac Beeckman, Dutch philosopher and scientist (d. 1637)
 * December 15
 * Charles de Condren, French theologian (d. 1641)
 * Adolf Frederick I, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1592–1628 and again 1631–1658) (d. 1658)
 * December 23 – Claude Bernard, French priest (d. 1641)
 * December 24 – Constance of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1631)

Date unknown

 * John Danvers, English politician (d. 1655)
 * John Endecott, English politician (d. 1665)
 * Robert Filmer, English political writer (d. 1653)
 * Accepted Frewen, English churchman (d. 1664)
 * Madame Ke, influential nanny of the Tianqi Emperor of China (approximately; d. 1627)
 * Francis Higginson, colonial American Puritan (d. 1630)
 * Jan Janssonius, Dutch cartographer (d. 1664)
 * Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet (d. 1665)
 * John Winthrop, influential Puritan in the history of Massachusetts (d. 1649)

Deaths

 * January 17 – Qi Jiguang, Chinese general (b. 1528)
 * February 9 – Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, Spanish admiral (b. 1526)
 * February 24 – Johann Weyer, Dutch physician and occultist (b. 1515)
 * March 3 – Henry XI of Legnica, Duke of Legnica (b. 1539)
 * March 5 – Henri, Prince of Condé (b. 1552)
 * March 10 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss scholar (b. 1533)
 * April 4 – King Frederick II of Denmark (b. 1534)
 * April 19 – Paolo Veronese, Italian painter (b. c. 1528)
 * May 5 – Giorgio Biandrata, Italian physician (b. 1515)
 * May 12 – Peter Monau, German physician (b. 1551)
 * June 5 – Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford, English countess (b. 1556)
 * June 7 – Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1559)
 * June 10 – Valentin Weigel, German theologian (b. 1533).
 * June 13 – Countess Anna of Nassau (b. 1563)
 * June 18 – Robert Crowley, London stationer (b. 1517)
 * July 17 – Mimar Sinan, Ottoman architect (b. 1489)
 * August 6 – Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (b. 1554)
 * August 8 – Alonso Sánchez Coello, Spanish painter (b. c. 1531)
 * August 12 – Alfonso Ferrabosco the elder, Italian composer (b. 1543)
 * August 30 – Margaret Ward, English saint (birthdate unknown)
 * August 31 – Juliana of Nassau-Dillenburg, Dutch prince (b. 1546)
 * September 3 – Richard Tarlton, English actor (b. 1530)
 * September 4 – Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (b. 1532)
 * September 25 – Tilemann Heshusius, German Gnesio-Lutheran theologian (b. 1527)
 * September 26 – Amias Paulet, Governor of Jersey (b. 1532)
 * October 1 – Edward James, English Catholic martyr (executed at Chichester)
 * October 2 – Bernardino Telesio, Italian philosopher and natural scientist (b. 1509)
 * October 23 – Juan Martínez de Recalde, Spanish admiral (b. c. 1540)
 * November 1 – Jean Daurat, French poet and scholar (b. 1508)
 * December 19 – Esther Handali, Ottoman businessperson
 * December 23 – Henry I, Duke of Guise, French Catholic leader (b. 1550)
 * December 24 – Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, French Catholic cardinal (b. 1555)
 * date unknown
 * Diego Durán, Dominican friar and historian in colonial Mexico (b. c. 1537).
 * John Field, British Puritan clergyman and controversialist (b. 1545)
 * Sonam Gyatso, 3rd Dalai Lama, the first Dalai Lama to use the title (b. 1543)
 * Plautilla Nelli, Italian painter (b. 1524)
 * Edwin Sandys, English prelate (b. 1519)
 * Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer, Dutch war heroine (b. 1526)

title: 1588


text:
1453

Year 1453 (MCDLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1453rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 453rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 15th century, and the 4th year of the 1450s decade. It is sometimes cited as the notional end of the Middle Ages by historians who define the medieval period as the time between the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, due to the Fall of Constantinople.

January–December

 * April – Tarabya and Studius are taken by the Ottoman Empire, in preparation for the assault on Constantinople, as are the Prince Islands, by the Ottoman fleet under Admiral Baltaoglu.
 * April 6–May 29 – Siege and Fall of Constantinople: The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror puts a decisive final end to the Roman Empire, nearly one and a half thousand years after its foundation by Augustus, by capturing the capital, Constantinople. Mortars are (perhaps) used in battle for the first time in this action. The consequent closure of the traditional overland route from Western Europe to the Far East, and need to identify new maritime routes, leads to the Age of Discovery, and ends the Middle Ages.
 * May 22 – May 1453 lunar eclipse, a partial eclipse, is visible during the siege of Constantinople.
 * July 17 – Battle of Castillon: In the last pitched battle of the Hundred Years' War, the French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed.
 * July 23 – Battle of Gavere in Flanders: Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, is victorious over the rebels of Ghent, leading to surrender of their city and the end of the Revolt of Ghent.
 * October 19 – The French recapture Bordeaux, ending the Hundred Years' War and leaving the English retaining only Calais on French soil.
 * October 28 – Ladislaus the Posthumous is crowned King of Bohemia, although George of Poděbrady remains in control of the government.
 * November 10 – Sejo of Joseon kills his enemy General Kim Jong-seo and gains control of the government in Joseon Korea (where this rebellion is called Gyeyujeongnan).

Births

 * January 1 – Bernardin Frankopan, Croatian nobleman, diplomat and soldier (d. 1529)
 * February 6 – Girolamo Benivieni, Florentine poet (d. 1542)
 * March 2 – Johannes Engel, German doctor, astronomer and astrologer (d. 1512)
 * March 3 – Philip II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1486–1524) (d. 1524)
 * March 25 – Giuliano de' Medici, co-ruler of Florence with Lorenzo de' Medici (d. 1478)
 * April 18 – Margaret of Brandenburg, abbess of the Poor Clares monastery at Hof (d. 1509)
 * May 13 – Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran, Scottish princess (d. 1488)
 * June 10 – Francesco Soderini, Catholic cardinal (d. 1524)
 * September 1 – Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general and statesman (d. 1515)
 * October 13 – Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales (d. 1471)
 * November 13 – Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1475–1515) (d. 1527)
 * November 17 – Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (d. 1468)
 * date unknown – Jacob Obrecht, Flemish composer (d. 1505)
 * probable – Afonso de Albuquerque, Portuguese admiral (d. 1515)

Deaths

 * February 28 – Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine (b. 1400)
 * May 29
 * Constantine XI Palaiologos, last Byzantine Emperor (b. 1405)
 * Athanasius II of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
 * Theophilos Palaiologos, Byzantine grammarian, humanist and mathematician. Cousin of Constantine XI.
 * Demetrios Palaiologos Metochites, last governor of Constantinople
 * Orhan Çelebi, Ottoman prince (b. 1412)
 * June 1 – Giovanni Giustiniani, Italian captain
 * June 2 – Álvaro de Luna, Duke of Trujillo, Constable of Castille
 * June 3 – Loukas Notaras, last megas doux of the Byzantine Empire (b. 1402)
 * June 4 – Andronikos Palaiologos Kantakouzenos, last Grand Domestic of the Byzantine Empire
 * July 10 – Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger, Ottoman grand vizier from 1439 to 1 June 1453
 * July 17
 * Dmitry Shemyaka, Grand Prince of Moscow
 * John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, English military leader
 * July 20 – Enguerrand de Monstrelet, French chronicler
 * October 13 – Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1431–1453) (b. 1407)
 * October 20 – Yi Jing-ok, Korean military General (b. 1399)
 * December 24 – John Dunstaple, English composer (b. 1390)
 * Demetrius III, former co-king of Georgia (b. c. 1413)
 * Orban, iron founder and engineer
 * Francesco de Aiello, Catholic bishop and Archbishop of Bari-Canosa
 * Angelo Marcuzzi, Roman Catholic prelate
 * William Beaumont, lord of the manor of Shirwell (b. 1427)

title: 1453


text:
1200s (decade)

The 1200s began on January 1, 1200, and ended on December 31, 1209.

title: 1200s (decade)


text:
1300s (decade)

The 1300s was a decade of the Julian Calendar that began on 1 January 1300 and ended on 31 December 1309.

title: 1300s (decade)


text:
1310s

The 1310s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1310, and ended on December 31, 1319.

Significant people

 * Louis the Bavarian
 * Wang Zhen (inventor)

title: 1310s


text:
1320s

The 1320s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1320, and ended on December 31, 1329.

title: 1320s


text:
1380s

The 1380s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1380, and ended on December 31, 1389.

title: 1380s


text:
430s

The 430s decade ran from January 1, 430, to December 31, 439.

title: 430s


text:
430

Year 430 (CDXXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Valentinianus (or, less frequently, year 1183 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 430 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Spring – The Vandals under King Genseric extend their power in North Africa along the Mediterranean Sea, and lay siege to Hippo Regius (where Augustine has recently been bishop).
 * Aetius wips out a band of the Goths not far from Arles, their optimate Anaulph is taken prison.
 * April - Aetius defeats the Juthungi during his campaign in the Alps.
 * May - Flavius Felix, his wife and a deacon are accused of plotting against Aetius. They are arrested in Ravenna and executed. Aetius is granted the title of patricius (Roman nobility).
 * The Huns led by Octar attack the Burgundians, who occupied territory on the Rhine near the city of Worms (Germany). During the fighting Octar dies, and his army is destroyed.

Asia

 * Feng Ba abdicates as emperor of the Northern Yan, one of the states vying for control of China. He is succeeded by his brother Feng Hong.

Religion

 * August 28 – Augustine dies during the siege of Hippo Regius at age 75, leaving behind his monumental work The City of God and other works that will have influence on Christianity.
 * Saint Patrick reaches Ireland on his missionary expedition (approximate date).
 * Peter the Iberian founds a Georgian monastery near Bethlehem.

Births

 * Asclepigenia, Athenian philosopher and mystic (d. 485)
 * Julius Nepos, Western Roman Emperor (d. 480)
 * Marcia Euphemia, Roman Empress (approximate date)
 * Sidonius Apollinaris, bishop and diplomat (approximate date)
 * Syagrius, Roman official and son of Aegidius
 * Victor Vitensis, African bishop (approximate date)
 * Xiao Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 464)

Deaths

 * August 28 – Augustine of Hippo, bishop and theologian (b. 354)
 * Abdas, bishop of Susa
 * Saint Aurelius, bishop of Carthage (approximate date)
 * Feng Ba, emperor of the Chinese state Northern Yan
 * Flavius Felix, Roman consul
 * Nilus of Sinai, bishop and saint (approximate date)
 * Octar, Hunnic ruler (approximate date)
 * Plutarch of Athens, Greek philosopher

title: 430


text:
342 BC

Year 342 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ahala and Rutilus (or, less frequently, year 412 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 342 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Macedonia

 * The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, is invited by Philip II to his capital at Pella to tutor his son, Alexander. As the leading intellectual figure in Greece, Aristotle is commissioned to prepare Alexander for his future role as a military leader. (or 343 BC)
 * Philip begins a series of campaigns in Thrace with the aim of annexing it to be a province of Macedonia. When the Macedonian army approaches Thracian Chersonese (the Gallipoli Peninsula), an Athenian general named Diopeithes ravages this district of Thrace, thus inciting Philip's rage for operating too near one of his towns in the Chersonese. Philip demands his recall. In response, the Athenian Assembly is convened. Demosthenes convinces the Athenians not to recall Diopeithes.

Sicily

 * The Corinthian general Timoleon spreads his rule over Sicily, removing a number of other tyrants and preparing Sicily for another threatened Carthaginian invasion.

Roman Republic

 * The Battle of Mount Gaurus is fought between the Romans and the Samnites. The battle is a success for the Romans, who, it is said, are led by Marcus Valerius Corvus. Fought at the foot of Mount Gaurus, near Cumae, it is the most notable engagement of the First Samnite War.

China

 * In the course of the Warring States period, the army of the state of Qi defeats the army of the state of Wei in the Battle of Maling. This battle involves the military strategy of the general Sun Bin (descendant of Sun Tzu), and is the first battle in recorded history to give a reliable account of the handheld crossbow with trigger mechanism.

Births

 * Menander, Greek playwright (d. 291 BC)

Deaths

 * Pang Juan, Chinese general
 * Antiphon, Greek arsonist, execution

title: 342 BC


text:
771

The year 771 (DCCLXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 771 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * December 4 – King Carloman I, youngest son of Pepin III ("the Short"), dies (of a severe nosebleed, according to one source) at the Villa of Samoussy, leaving his brother Charlemagne sole ruler of the now reunified Frankish Kingdom. Gerberga, the widow of Carloman, flees with her two sons to the court of King Desiderius of the Lombards, at Pavia.
 * Charlemagne repudiates his Lombard wife Desiderata, daughter of Desiderius, after one year of marriage. He marries the 13-year-old Swabian girl Hildegard, who will bear him nine children. Desiderius, furious at Charlemagne, plans a punitive campaign against the Franks and Rome.

 * King Offa of Mercia defeats the Haestingas, and joins their little region to his sub-kingdom of Sussex.

Americas

 * Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat dedicates a 65-ton stele, the largest stone known to be quarried by the Maya civilization, at his city of Quiriguá.

Births

 * Al-Hakam I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (d. 822)
 * Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi, Abbasid prince and Politician (d. 810)
 * Constantine VI, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 797)

Deaths

 * December 4 – Carloman I, king of the Franks (b. 751)
 * Amir Kror Suri, also known as Jahan Pahlawan, is a fictional character in Pashtun history (approximate date)
 * Coirpre mac Fogartaig, king of Brega (Ireland)
 * Fujiwara no Nagate, Japanese nobleman (b. 714)
 * Remigius of Rouen, illegitimate son of Charles Martel

title: 771


text:
1090s

The 1090s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1090, and ended on December 31, 1099.

Significant people

 * Nizam al-Mulk
 * Pope Urban II
 * Al-Muqtadi caliph of Baghdad
 * Malik-Shah I Seljuk sultan

title: 1090s


text:
1099

Year 1099 (MXCIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

First Crusade

 * January 16 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, count of Toulouse (Raymond of Saint-Gilles), leave Antioch, and head south towards Jerusalem. They are joined by forces of Tancred (a nephew of Bohemond I) and Robert II, duke of Normandy. Raymond is given free passage and supplies, and accepts guides from the Emir of Shaizar (modern Syria), who conducts the army (6,000 men) across the Orontes River (between Shaizar and Hama).
 * January 22 – The Crusaders, under Raymond IV, reach Masyaf, where a treaty is agreed to. They decide to continue the march, rather than to capture or destroy the town. The next day the Crusaders enter the deserted town of Rafaniyah, that provides them with much-needed supplies. Raymond moves into the Buqaia Valley, and takes the strategic Kurdish fortress of Hosn al-Akrad (the future Krak des Chevaliers castle).
 * February – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon set out from Antioch to Latakia. They are joined by forces of Bohemond I and Robert II, count of Flanders. On their arrival, Bohemond decides to turn back to consolidate his power in Antioch. Godfrey and Robert move on to besiege the small sea-port of Jabala. After two weeks, the Emir of Jabala makes a truce, and accepts the suzerainty of the Crusaders.
 * February 14 – The Crusaders under Raymond IV besiege the fortified town of Akkar – whose garrison is loyal to Jalal al-Mulk Abu'l-Hasan, emir of Tripoli (modern Lebanon). On May 13 after a 3-month siege the investment of Akkar is raised and Raymond orders the camp to be struck. The Crusader host, finally joined by the forces of Godfrey of Bouillon and Robert II, resumes his march southwards to Tripoli.
 * February 17 – Raymond IV sends a small part of his army under Raymond Pilet to attack the port of Tortosa on the Syrian coast. The Crusaders led many fires around the port to make believe their number is greater than it is. Fooled by the deception, the governor and the garrison flees by sea in the night leaving the port open for the Crusaders to capture. The port becomes strategically important for supplies.
 * May – The Crusaders march past Tripoli, accompanied by guides provided by the emir who lead them safely through the towns of Batroun and Byblos. On May 19 they cross the Dog River north of Beirut into Fatimid territory. There local governors supply the Crusaders with tribute and food in return for no damage to the agricultural area. The Fatimids keep no large troops in the north, except for small garrisons.
 * May 20 – The Fatimid governor of Sidon refuses to cooperate and his garrison attacks the Crusader host while they are looting local villages. The Fatimids are repulsed, the towns further south generally follow the example of Beirut. The Crusaders move on to Tyre – Raymond IV decides to wait for two days to allow a force under Baldwin of Le Bourg (supported by knights from Antioch) to catch up with him.
 * May 26 – The Crusaders march to Haifa and along the coast under Mount Carmel to Caesarea (modern Israel), where they rest for four days in order to celebrate Whitsun (Whit Sunday).
 * June 2–6 – The Crusaders occupy Arsuf and turn inland towards Ramlah, where they reorganise for the march against Jerusalem. A Crusader force under Tancred liberates Bethlehem.
 * June 7 – Siege of Jerusalem: The Crusaders reach the outskirts of Jerusalem, and begin the siege of the Holy City. Iftikhar al-Dawla offers a peace agreement but this is refused.
 * June 13 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Boullion launch their first assault on Jerusalem, while the Fatimid garrison and Jewish militia defend the northern wall at the Damascus Gate.
 * June 17 – A naval squadron of six Genoese ships led by Guglielmo Embriaco (loaded with military materials) enters the port of Jaffa; all except one are trapped by a larger Fatimid fleet.
 * July 8 – The Crusaders attempt to take Jerusalem by storm but are repulsed. In a procession they walk around the walls under leadership of priests in the hope the city would surrender.
 * July 13 – The Crusader army (some 12,000 men) launch a final assault on Jerusalem. The attacks against the northern and southern wall are repulsed without establishing a foothold.
 * July 15
 * The Crusaders breach the walls of Jerusalem after a two-pronged assault.
 * Iftikhar al-Dawla surrenders Jerusalem to Raymond IV in the Tower of David with a great sum of treasure in return for his life. He is escorted out of the city with his bodyguard.
 * July 22 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem is established in the Middle East. Godfrey of Bouillon is named king (but refuses to be crowned) and takes the title Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri.
 * August 10 – The Crusaders under Godfrey of Bouillon (supported by 1,200–1,300 knights) assemble at Yibna (Ibelin) – close to the coast and almost halfway from Jaffa to Ascalon.
 * August 12 – Battle of Ascalon: The Crusader army (some 10,000 men) decisively defeats the Fatimids who are sent to relieve Jerusalem. Vizier Al-Afdal is forced to retreat to Egypt.
 * November – A Crusader army under Bohemond I travels south to begin a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They are accompanied by Baldwin of Boulogne, brother of Godfrey of Bouillon.
 * December 21 – The Crusaders under Bohemond I and Baldwin arrive at Jerusalem. Four days later, Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, is installed as the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.

Religion

 * The commune in Emilia founds the Modena Cathedral, dedicated to the patron saint Geminianus. The Italian sculptor Wiligelmo creates reliefs with Genesis scenes.
 * July 29 – Pope Urban II (or Urbanus) dies after a 9-year pontificate at Rome. He is succeeded by Paschal II as the 160th pope of the Catholic Church.

Births

 * Olav Magnusson, king of Norway (d. 1115)
 * Ranulf de Gernon, Norman nobleman (d. 1153)
 * Raymond of Poitiers, prince of Antioch (d. 1149)
 * Thierry of Alsace, count of Flanders (d. 1168)
 * William X (the Saint), French nobleman (d. 1137)
 * Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1157)

Deaths

 * April 14 – Conrad, bishop of Utrecht (Bishopric of Utrecht)
 * April 20 – Peter Bartholomew, French soldier and mystic
 * July 8 – Lawrence, Croatian monk and archbishop
 * July 10 – Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar (El Cid), Spanish nobleman
 * July 18 – Fujiwara no Moromichi, Japanese nobleman (b. 1062)
 * July 29 – Urban II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1035)
 * August 21 – Éverard III of Puiset, French nobleman
 * December 3 – Osmund, bishop of Salisbury (b. 1065)
 * Ermengarde de Carcassonne, French noblewoman
 * Donald III (the Fair), king of Scotland (b. 1032)
 * Qutb Shah, Persian Sufi and religious leader
 * Rhygyfarch, Welsh bishop of St. David's (b. 1057)
 * Walter of Pontoise, French abbot (approximate date)

title: 1099


text:
1098

Year 1098 (MXCVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

First Crusade

 * February 9 – Battle of the Lake of Antioch: The Crusaders under Bohemond I defeat a Seljuk relief force (some 12,000 men) led by Sultan Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan of Aleppo. Bohemond gathers 700 knights, and marches in the night to ambush the Seljuk Turks at the Lake of Antioch (modern Turkey). After several successful cavalry charges the Crusaders rout the Seljuk army, forcing Radwan to retreat back to Aleppo.
 * March 10 – Baldwin of Boulogne enters Edessa, and is welcomed as liberator by the Armenian clergy. The local population massacres the Seljuk garrison and officials – or forces them to flee. Baldwin is acknowledged as their ruler (or doux). He assumes the title of count and establishes the first crusader state. Baldwin marries Arda of Armenia, daughter of Lord Thoros of Marash, and consolidates his conquered territory.
 * June 3 – Siege of Antioch: The Crusaders under Bohemond I capture Antioch after a 8-month siege. He established secret contact with Firouz, an Armenian guard who controlled the "Tower of the Two Sisters". He opened the gates and Bohemond entered the city. Thousands of Christians are massacred along with Muslims. Bohemond is named Prince of Antioch (under protest) and creates the Principality of Antioch.
 * June 5 – Battle of Antioch: Emir Kerbogha, ruler (atabeg) of Mosul, arrives at Antioch with a Seljuk army (35,000 men) to relieve the city. He lays siege to the Crusaders who have just captured the city themselves (although they do not have full control of it). A Byzantine relief force led by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos turns back after Count Stephen of Blois convinces them that the situation in Antioch is hopeless.
 * June 28 – Following the Holy Lance discovery by Peter Bartholomew in Antioch, the Crusaders under Bohemond I (leaving only 200 men) sortie from the city and defeat the Seljuk army. Kerbogha is forced to withdraw to Mosul, the garrison in the citadel surrenders to Bohemond personally (who raises his banner above the city) and the Crusaders occupy Antioch. The Crusade is delayed for the rest of the year.
 * July 14 – Donation of Altavilla: Bohemond I grants commercial privileges and the right to use warehouses (fondaco) to the Republic of Genoa. This marks the beginning of Italian merchant settlements in the Levant.
 * August 1 – Adhemar of Le Puy (or Aimar), French bishop and nominal leader of the First Crusade, dies during an epidemic (probably typhus). With this, Rome's direct control over the Crusade effectively ends.
 * August – Fatimid forces under Caliph Al-Musta'li recapture Jerusalem and occupy Palestine. The Crusaders threaten the borders of the Fatimid Caliphate which already has lost the Emirate of Sicily (see 1091).
 * December 12 – Siege of Ma'arra: The Crusaders capture the city of Ma'arra after a month's siege and massacre part of the population. Short of supplies, the army is accused of widespread cannibalism.

Britain

 * June or July – Battle of Anglesey Sound: A Norwegian fleet led by King Magnus Barefoot reverses an Anglo-Norman invasion of North Wales. Magnus conquers the Orkney Islands, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man.
 * King Edgar of Scotland signs a treaty with Magnus III in which he agrees that the northern territories including the Hebrides belong to Norway. At Dunfermline Abbey, Edgar seeks support from Anselm of Canterbury.

Religion

 * March 21 – Cîteaux Abbey, located in Saint-Nicolas-lès-Cîteaux, is founded by Robert of Molesme, founder of the Cistercian Order.
 * October – The Council of Bari presided by Pope Urban II discusses relations between the Western and the Eastern Church.

Births

 * Amadeus I, Swiss nobleman (House of Geneva) (d. 1178)
 * Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani, Persian philosopher and poet (d. 1131)
 * Hedwig of Gudensberg, German countess and regent (d. 1148)
 * Hildegard of Bingen, German Benedictine abbess (d. 1179)
 * John of the Grating, French bishop and saint (d. 1163)
 * Pons, French nobleman (House of Toulouse) (d. 1137)
 * Simon II de Senlis, Earl of Huntingdon-Northampton, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1153)
 * Wibald, German abbot and councillor (d. 1158)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Walkelin, Norman bishop of Winchester
 * February 22 – Hugh de Grandmesnil, Norman sheriff (b. 1032)
 * July 31 – Hugh of Montgomery, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury
 * August 1 – Adhemar of Le Puy, French bishop (b. 1045)
 * Alan the Black, Norman nobleman and lord of Richmond
 * Baldwin II, count of Hainaut (House of Flanders) (b. 1056)
 * Ephraim of the Caves, Kievan bishop of Pereiaslav
 * Raymond IV (Raimundus), count of Pallars Jussà
 * Robert de Say (Fitz-Picot), Norman nobleman
 * Vinayaditya, Indian king of the Hoysala Empire
 * Walo II of Chaumont-en-Vexin (or Galon II de Beaumont), viscount and constable of France (b. 1060)
 * Yaghi Siyan, Seljuk governor of Antioch (b. 1011)

title: 1098