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John C. Portman Jr.

John Calvin Portman Jr. (December 4, 1924 – December 29, 2017) was an American neofuturistic architect and real estate developer widely known for popularizing hotels and office buildings with multi-storied interior atria. Portman also had a particularly large impact on the cityscape of his hometown of Atlanta, with the Peachtree Center complex serving as downtown's business and tourism anchor from the 1970s onward. The Peachtree Center area includes Portman-designed Hyatt, Westin, and Marriott hotels. Portman's plans typically deal with primitives in the forms of symmetrical squares and circles.

Early life and career
Portman was born to John C. Portman Sr. and Edna Rochester Portman. He had five sisters. He graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1950. His firm completed the Merchandise Mart (now AmericasMart) in downtown Atlanta in 1961. The multi-block Peachtree Center was begun in 1965 and would expand to become the main center of hotel and office space in Downtown Atlanta, taking over from the Five Points area just to the south. Portman would develop a similar multiblock complex at San Francisco's Embarcadero Center (1970s), which unlike its Atlanta counterpart, heavily emphasized pedestrian activity at street level.

The Hyatt Regency Atlanta, Portman's first atrium hotel, would lead to many more iconic hotels and multi-use complexes with atria, including the Westin Bonaventure Hotel in Los Angeles (1974–1976), the New York Marriott Marquis (1982–1985), and the Renaissance Center in Detroit (first phase 1973–1977), whose central tower remained the tallest hotel in the Western Hemisphere until the completion of 1717 Broadway in 2013.

His signature work in China, the Shanghai Centre (1990), was the first of many major projects in China and elsewhere in Asia. The 5-star hotel inside, The Portman Ritz-Carlton, Shanghai (formerly Portman Shangri-La Hotel), was named after him.

In 2009 Portman's work was featured in a major exhibition at Atlanta's High Museum of Art.

Portman was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects.

Personal life
Portman married Joan "Jan" Newton. They had six children.

Portman died on December 29, 2017, aged 93. He was survived, among others, by his wife and five of his children, as well as his daughter-in-law, actress Traylor Howard, and three of his five siblings.

Portfolio
In chronological order by first listed completion date — for complexes, by completion date of first building in complex

An asterisk (*) following a listing indicates a work done in partnership with H. Griffith Edwards.

1960s

 * AmericasMart (formerly the Atlanta Market Center), Atlanta
 * AmericasMart 1 (also known as the Merchandise Mart), 1961*
 * AmericasMart 2 (also known as the Gift Mart), 1992
 * AmericasMart 2 West, 2008
 * AmericasMart 3 (also known as the Apparel Mart), 1979
 * Atlanta Decorative Arts Center (ADAC), Peachtree Hills, Atlanta, 1961
 * Cary Reynolds Elementary (formerly Sequoyah Elementary and Northwoods Area Elementary before that), 1961
 * Sequoyah Middle School (formerly Sequoyah High School), 1963
 * 230 Peachtree Building (formerly the Peachtree Center Tower), Atlanta, 1965*
 * Antoine Graves, Atlanta, 1965*
 * Antoine Graves Annex, Atlanta, 1966*
 * Henderson High School, Chamblee, 1967*
 * Peachtree Center, Atlanta
 * Peachtree Center North (formerly the Atlanta Gas Light Tower), 1967*
 * Peachtree Center South, 1969
 * Peachtree Center International Tower (formerly the Peachtree Cain Building), 1972*
 * Harris Tower, 1975*
 * Marquis One, 1985
 * Marquis Two, 1989
 * Hyatt Regency Atlanta (formerly the Regency Hyatt House), 1967*
 * Hyatt Regency O'Hare, Rosemont, 1969

1970s

 * BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee (now The Westin Chattanooga Hotel), Chattanooga, 1971
 * Embarcadero Center, San Francisco
 * One Embarcadero Center (formerly the Security Pacific Tower), 1971
 * Two Embarcadero Center, 1974
 * Three Embarcadero Center (formerly the Levi Strauss Building), 1977
 * Four Embarcadero Center, 1982
 * Hyatt Regency San Francisco (also known as Five Embarcadero Center), 1973
 * Embarcadero West, 1989
 * Le Méridien San Francisco (formerly the Park Hyatt San Francisco), 1988
 * The Mall at Peachtree Center, Atlanta, 1973
 * The Tower (formerly the Block 82 Tower, Bank One Tower, Team Bank, Texas American Bank, and Fort Worth National Bank Building), Fort Worth, 1969–1974
 * Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel, Atlanta, 1976
 * Westin Bonaventure Hotel, Los Angeles, 1974–1976
 * Renaissance Center, Detroit
 * Detroit Marriott at the Renaissance Center (formerly the Detroit Plaza Hotel, The Westin Hotel Renaissance Center Detroit), 1973–1977
 * Renaissance Center Tower 100, 1973–1977
 * Renaissance Center Tower 200, 1973–1977
 * Renaissance Center Tower 300, 1973–1977
 * Renaissance Center Tower 400, 1973–1977
 * Renaissance Center Tower 500, 1979–1981
 * Renaissance Center Tower 600, 1979–1981

1980s

 * The Regent Singapore (formerly the Pavilion InterContinental Hotel), Singapore, 1982
 * George W. Woodruff Physical Education Center, Emory University, 1983
 * Peachtree Center Athletic Club, Atlanta, 1985
 * Atlanta Marriott Marquis, 1985
 * Hyatt Regency Jeju, Jungmun, Jeju-do, South Korea, 1985
 * Marina Square, Singapore
 * Marina Square Shopping Centre, 1985
 * Mandarin Oriental Singapore, 1985
 * Marina Mandarin Singapore, 1985
 * The Pan Pacific Singapore, 1986
 * Entelechy II, Sea Island, 1986
 * New York Marriott Marquis, New York City, 1982–1985
 * R. Howard Dobbs University Center, Emory University, 1986 (demolished)
 * Northpark Town Center, Sandy Springs
 * Northpark 400, 1986
 * Northpark 500, 1989
 * Northpark 600, 1998
 * JW Marriott San Francisco Union Square (formerly the Pan Pacific San Francisco and Portman Hotel), 1987
 * American Cancer Society Center (formerly the Inforum Technology Center), Atlanta, 1989
 * Riverwood 100 (formerly the Barnett Bank Building), Vinings, 1989

1990s

 * Shanghai Centre, Shanghai, China, 1990
 * Shanghai Centre West Apartment (also known as the Exhibition Centre North Apartment 1)
 * Shanghai Centre Apartments 2 (also known as the Shanghai East Apartment)
 * The Portman Ritz-Carlton, Shanghai (formerly the Shanghai Centre Main Tower and Portman Shangri-La Hotel)
 * Truist Plaza (formerly One Peachtree Center), Atlanta, 1992
 * Cap Square (short for Capital Square), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 * Menara Multi Purpose (also known as the Capital Square Tower 1), 1994
 * Capital Square Condominiums, 2007

2000s

 * Bank of Communications, Shanghai, China, 2000
 * Shi Liu Pu Building (also known as the Bank of Telecommunications), Shanghai, China, 2000
 * Bund Center, Shanghai, China, 2002
 * Bund Center (also known as the Shanghai Golden Beach Tower)
 * The Westin Bund Center, Shanghai
 * Westin Residences
 * Westin Warsaw Hotel, Warsaw, Poland, 2001–2003
 * Beijing Yintai Centre (also known as the Silvertie Center), Beijing, China, 2002–2007
 * Beijing Yintai Centre Tower 1
 * Beijing Yintai Centre Tower 2
 * Beijing Yintai Centre Tower 3
 * The Westin Charlotte, Charlotte, 2003
 * Tomorrow Square (contains the JW Marriott Hotel Shanghai at Tomorrow Square), Shanghai, China, 1997–2003
 * Taj Wellington Mews Luxury Residences, Mumbai, India, 2004
 * Renaissance Schaumburg Convention Center Hotel, Schaumburg, 2006
 * ICON, San Diego, 2004–2007
 * Hilton San Diego Bayfront (also known as the Hilton San Diego Convention Center Hotel and Campbell Shipyard Hilton), San Diego, 2006–2008

2010s

 * JW Marriott Hotel Shenzhen Bao'an, Shenzhen, China, 2015
 * CODA Tech Square, Atlanta, Georgia, Georgia Institute of Technology, Midtown Atlanta, 2017

Awards and honors

 * 1968 Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
 * 1978 Medal for Innovations in Hotel Design – American Institute of Architects
 * 1980 Silver Medal Award for Innovative Design – American Institute of Architects, Atlanta Chapter
 * 1984 Urban Land Institute Award for Excellence – for Embarcadero Center
 * 2009 The Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award – Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
 * 2011 The Atlanta City Council renamed Harris Street in Downtown Atlanta as John Portman Boulevard at Historic Harris Street.
 * 2013 Four Pillar Award – Council for Quality Growth

Criticism
Portman was praised for his "cinematic" interiors artfully relating interior space and elements to the individual. In the 1960s and 1970s the placement of such buildings in America's decaying downtowns was considered salvation of the city centers, but some contemporary city planners are critical of such insular environments that "turn their back" on the city streets. For example, the New York Marriott Marquis with its 8-floor high lobby was praised as a "town square", but is now criticized by some for turning its back to Times Square. Nonetheless, at the time the hotel was built, due to the still-seedy character of Times Square, Portman's style of inwardly-oriented spaces made logical sense. Also, he did, in fact, design buildings (like San Francisco's Embarcadero Center) that heavily emphasized pedestrian activity at street level.

title: John C. Portman Jr.


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Methuselah

Methuselah ( Məṯūšélaḥ, in pausa Məṯūšālaḥ, "His death shall send" or "Man of the Javelin" or "Death of Sword";  Mathousalas) was a biblical patriarch and a figure in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He is claimed to have lived the longest life, dying at 969 years of age. According to the Book of Genesis, Methuselah was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah. Elsewhere in the Bible, Methuselah is mentioned in genealogies in 1 Chronicles and the Gospel of Luke.

His life is described in further detail in other texts such as the Book of Enoch, Slavonic Enoch, and the Book of Moses. Bible commentators have offered various explanations as to why the Book of Genesis describes him as having died at such an advanced age; some believe that Methuselah's age is the result of a mistranslation, while others believe that his age is used to give the impression that part of Genesis takes place in a very distant past. Methuselah's name has become synonymous with longevity, and he has been portrayed and referenced in film, television and music.

In the Bible
Methuselah is a biblical patriarch mentioned in Genesis 5:21–27, as part of the genealogy linking Adam to Noah. The following is taken from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible:

"When Enoch had lived sixty-five years, he became the father of Methuselah. Enoch walked with God after the birth of Methuselah three hundred years, and had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty-five years. Enoch walked with God; then he was no more, because God took him. When Methuselah had lived one hundred eighty-seven years, he became the father of Lamech. Methuselah lived after the birth of Lamech seven hundred eighty-two years, and had other sons and daughters. Thus all the days of Methuselah were nine hundred sixty-nine years; and he died. 5:21–27"

According to the Hebrew Bible, Methuselah begets Lamech and then lives 782 more years. When Lamech is 182 he begets Noah, and the Genesis Flood comes when Noah is 600 years old. This would imply that Methuselah dies the year of the Flood. (In the Septuagint, most of the ages in this section are different. Lamech begets Noah at age 188, and Methuselah lives 802 years after begetting Lamech. ) He was also the oldest of all the figures mentioned in the Bible. Methuselah is mentioned once in the Hebrew Bible outside of Genesis, in. Methuselah is mentioned a single time in the New Testament, when the Gospel of Luke traces Jesus' lineage back to Adam in Luke 3.

In other religious texts

The apocryphal Book of Enoch claims to be revelations of Enoch, transcribed by him and entrusted to be preserved for future generations by his son, Methuselah. In this book, Enoch recounts two visions he has had to Methuselah. The first is about the Flood, and the second chronicles the history of the world from Adam to the Last Judgment. In the latter vision, men are represented as animals – the righteous are white cattle and sheep, the sinners and enemies of Israel are black cattle and wild animals. Following his father's death in the Book of Enoch, Methuselah is designated by God as a priest, while Methuselah's grandson, Noah's brother Nir, is designated by God as his successor. In Slavonic Enoch, Methuselah asks his father for a blessing, and is given instructions on how to live righteously. After their father ascends into heaven, Methuselah and his brothers build an altar and make "a great festivity, praising God who had given such a sign by means of Enoch, who had found favor with Him."

The Book of Jubilees presents itself as "the history of the division of the days of the Law, of the events of the years, the year-weeks, and the jubilees of the world" and claims to be a revelation of God to Moses, given through the Angel of the Presence in addition to the written Law received by Moses on Mount Sinai; and, while the written Law was to be imparted to all, this was to be a secret tradition entrusted only to the saints of each generation, to Enoch, Methuselah, Noah, and Shem, then to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Levi, and finally to the priests and scribes of the latter times.

Rabbinic literature states that when Noah was 480 years old, all the righteous men were dead—except Methuselah and himself. At God's command, they both announced that 120 years would be given to men for repentance; if in that time they had not mended their evil ways, the earth would be destroyed. But their plea was in vain; even while Noah was engaged in building the ark, the wicked—who were of immense stature as they were descended from the sons of God—made sport of him and his work, saying: "If the Flood should come, it could not harm us. We are too tall; and, moreover, we could close up with our feet [which were of monstrous size] the springs from below." They resorted to these tactics; but God heated the water, and their feet and the flesh of their bodies was scalded.

The 17th-century midrashic Sefer haYashar ("Book of Jasher") describes Methuselah with his grandson Noah attempting to persuade the people of the earth to return to godliness. All other very long-lived people died, and Methuselah was the only one of this class left. God planned to bring the flood after all the men who walked in the ways of the Lord had died (besides Noah and his family). Methuselah lived until the ark was built but died before the flood, since God had promised he would not be killed with the unrighteous. The Sefer haYashar gives Methuselah's age at death as 960.

Methuselah (Arabic: Matūshalaḥ) is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of stories of the pre-Islamic prophets, which also say he was an ancestor of Noah. Furthermore, early Islamic writers like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of Muhammad.

The Book of Moses, a 19th century Mormon text, says that after Enoch and the City of Zion were taken up to heaven, Methuselah stayed behind; this was so that God's promises to Enoch – that he would always have descendants on earth and that he would be an ancestor of Noah – would be fulfilled. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints further teaches that Methuselah was a prophet.

Literal
Some biblical literalists attempt to justify "969 years": perhaps early humans had a better diet, or a hypothetical "water vapor canopy" protected the earth from radiation before the Flood. Others introduce theological causes: humans were originally to have everlasting life, but sin was introduced into the world by Adam and Eve, its influence became greater with each generation, and God progressively shortened human life, particularly after the Flood. The Catholic Encyclopedia says "Certain exegetes solve the difficulty to their own satisfaction by declaring that the year meant by the sacred writer is not the equivalent of our year."

Mistranslation
Some believe that Methuselah's extreme age is the result of an ancient mistranslation that converted "months" to "years", producing a more credible 969 lunar months, or 78½ years, but the same calculation applied to Enoch would have him fathering Methuselah at the age of 5 using numbers from the Masoretic Text. Donald V. Etz suggested that the Genesis 5 numbers "might for convenience have all been multiples of 5 or 10".

Ellen Bennet argued that the Septuagint Genesis 5 numbers are in tenths of years, which "will explain how it was that they read 930 years for the age of Adam instead of 93 years, and 969 years for Methuselah instead of 96 years, and 950 years for that of Noah instead of 95 years"... "Surely it is much more rational to conclude that Noah lived 50 years instead of 500 years before he took a wife and begat Shem, Ham, and Japheth..." and then lists the Septuagint total ages with decimal points: 93.0 for Adam, 91.0 for Cainan, 96.9 for Methuselah, 95.0 for Noah, etc. This, however, also implies that Enoch became a father at the age of 6.5 and that the other antediluvian patriarchs did so at implausibly young ages.

Myth
Yigal Levin states that these long lifespans are intended simply to speed the reader from Adam to Noah. Claus Westermann states they are intended to create the impression of a distant past.

Some versions of the Sumerian King List mention a character named Ubara-Tutu who seems almost identical to Methuselah. He was the son of En-men-dur-ana, a Sumerian mythological figure often compared to Enoch, as he entered heaven without dying. Ubara-Tutu was the king of Sumer until a flood swept over his land. Although the ages of Methuselah and Ubara-Tutu are different, they both died in a Great Flood. Babylonian writer Berossus also claims that, prior to the events of Babylon's flood myth, kings could live for tens of thousands of years, which bears some similarity to Genesis 5. In Forever Young: A Cultural History of Longevity, Lucian Boia says that the Bible's portrayal of Methuselah and other long lived figures features "traces of the Mesopatamian legends" found in the Epic of Gilgamesh, where Gilgamesh rules Uruk for 126 years, and his ancestors are said to have ruled for several hundred years each. Boia also notes that tales of kings who lived for thousands of years can be found in both Hindu and Chinese mythology, and that the Bible is comparatively "restrained" in depicting early humans as being able to live for hundreds of years, rather than thousands.

Boia notes that following the Flood, the Bible depicts its characters' lifespans as gradually diminishing; Noah's sons lived between 400 and 500 years, while Abraham died at 175, Moses died at 120, and David died at 70, an age that the Bible portrays as old for David's time period. Boia compares early biblical figures and their vast lifespans to the people of the Golden Age in Hesiod's poem Works and Days, whose bodies are perpetually youthful.

Symbolic
Methuselah's father Enoch, who does not die but is taken by God, is the seventh patriarch, and Methuselah, the eighth, dies in the year of the Flood, which ends the ten-generational sequence from Adam to Noah, in whose time the world is destroyed. Boia believes that Methuselah serves the symbolic function of linking the Creation and the Flood, as Adam would have died during Methuselah's lifetime and Methuselah could have learned about the Garden of Eden from Adam. The kings of the Sumerian King List lived for over a thousand years, and Mesopotamians believed both that living over a thousand years made someone divine or somewhat divine, and that their contemporary kings were descended from the kings of the Sumerian King List. Robert Gnuse hypothesizes that the author of Genesis made all of its characters die before they turned one-thousand as a polemic against these Mesopotamian beliefs, as well as any claim that a king is divine. Gnuse also believes that the author of Genesis said that Methuselah died before he lived a thousand years to show that he was not divine.

Cultural influence

Methuselah's name "has become a synonym for longevity". Saying that someone is "as old as Methuselah" is a humorous way of saying that someone is very elderly. In this context, dogs which have lived long lives have been described as "Methuselah dogs".

The word "Methuselarity", a blend of Methuselah and singularity, was coined in 2010 by the biomedical gerontologist Aubrey de Grey to mean a future point in time where people are expected not to die from age-related causes anymore, however long they live.

A 0-year-old Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) tree growing high in the White Mountains of Inyo County in eastern California is called Methuselah.

In the 1970s mathematician John Conway introduced the Game of Life, a cellular automaton. In cellular automata, methuselahs refer to a small initial state of cells that continue to grow for a large number of generations.

The character Flint from the Star Trek: The Original Series episode "Requiem for Methuselah" is a nearly-immortal man who was born in ancient Mesopotamia during the year 3,834 BC; and was a soldier (probably of Babylon) before his powers. His identities include Methuselah, Alexander the Great, Solomon, Lazarus of Bethany, Merlin, Leonardo da Vinci and Johannes Brahms. He knew Moses, Socrates, Jesus, Galileo Galilei, and many more. Flint becomes lonely after living for a time on a deserted planet, and creates an immortal gynoid to keep him company. He eventually begins to slowly die because he left Earth's atmosphere, and dedicates the remainder of his days to the betterment of Mankind.

In the TV series Altered Carbon, based on Richard K. Morgan's 2002 novel of the same name, a class of people who can afford to live forever by transferring their consciousness into cloned bodies are called "Meths" or "Methuselahs."

In the children's Literuature series Redwall, Brian Jacques has multiple anthropomorphic characters named after several biblical figures, one of which is an old abbey mouse named Methuselah, who is described to be the oldest mouse to have ever lived in Redwall Abbey.

The subgiant star HD 140283, believed to be the oldest extant star discovered, is often nicknamed "The Methuselah Star" after the ancient biblical figure. The name is also used to refer to the exoplanet PSR B1620−26 b, which is one of the oldest known exoplanets with an estimated age of 12.7 billion years old.

A giant monster or "Titan" named Methuselah appears in the 2019 film Godzilla: King of the Monsters, residing in Monarch Outpost 67 in Munich, Germany. In the film, it is woken up by King Ghidorah alongside the other Titans. It also makes an appearance in the 2021 graphic novel Godzilla Dominion.

The Steinhart Aquarium in the California Academy of Sciences has an Australian lungfish named Methuselah. It is the world's oldest aquarium fish with an estimated age of 93 years old (± 9 years).

Methuselah appeared in Darren Aronofsky's 2014 film Noah, with Thor Kjartansson playing him as a youth and Anthony Hopkins playing the elderly character. In the film, Noah's adopted daughter Ila (played by Emma Watson) is infertile until Methuselah blesses her. Aronofsky's version of Methuselah is an eccentric but virtuous hermit who lives on a mountaintop and is friends with Watchers. In this retelling of the Genesis flood, Methuselah dies during the deluge.

The lyrics of Ira Gershwin's song "It Ain't Necessarily So" (1935) cast doubt on various aspects of the Bible, such as the idea that Methuselah lived so long, the idea that the devil is evil, the story of Jonah, and the story of David and Goliath.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Methuselah


text:
List of short-story authors

This is a partial list of published short-story authors:

A–B
• Sait Faik Abasıyanık (1906–1954)

• Mazhar Abro (born 1971)

• Chinua Achebe (1930–2013)

• Mirza Adeeb (1914–1999)

• Stan Ageira (born 1961)

• Ama Ata Aidoo (1940–2023)

• Ryūnosuke Akutagawa (1892–1927)

• Sholem Aleichem (1859–1916)

• Sherman Alexie (born 1966)

• Syed Mujtaba Ali (1904–1974)

• Steve Almond (born 1966)

• Martin Amis (1949–2023)

• Poul Anderson (1926–2001)

• Sherwood Anderson (1876–1941)

• Leonid Andreyev (1871–1919)

• Núria Añó (born 1973)

• Jacob M. Appel (born 1973)

• Max Apple (born 1941)

• Helena Araújo Ortiz (1934–2015)

• Isaac Asimov (1920–1992)

• Michael "Atters" Attree (born 1965)

• Margaret Atwood (born 1939)

• Isaac Babel (1894–1940)

• Latifa Baka (born 1964)

• Julia K. Wetherill Baker (1858–1931)

• Manik Bandopadhyay (1908–1956)

• Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay (1898–1971)

• Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni (born 1956)

• Christine Barkhuizen le Roux (1959–2020)

• José Baroja (born 1983)

• Andrea Barrett (born 1964)

• Lynne Barrett (born 1950)

• John Barth (born 1930)

• Donald Barthelme (1931–1989)

• Subimal Basak (born 1939)

• Charles Baxter (born 1947)

• Ann Beattie (born 1947)

• Elizabeth Whitfield Croom Bellamy (1837–1900)

• Pinckney Benedict (born 1964)

• Aimee Bender (born 1969)

• Abdelmajid Benjelloun (1919–1981)

• Arnold Bennett (1867–1931)

• Stefano Benni (born 1947)

• Mohammed Berrada (born 1938)

• Wendell Berry (born 1934)

• Eva Best (1851–1925)

• Ambrose Bierce (1842–c. 1914)

• Jennie M. Bingham (1859–1933)

• Michael Bishop (born 1945)

• Terry Bisson (born 1942)

• Korban Blake

• Robert Bloch (1917–1994)

• Annie R. Blount (1839–unknown)

• Ruskin Bond (born 1934)

• Leslie Bonnet (1902–1985)

• Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986)

• Ahmed Bouzfour (born 1945)

• Ben Bova (1932–2020)

• T. C. Boyle (born 1948)

• Leigh Brackett (1915–1978)

• Ray Bradbury (1920–2012)

• Radovan Brenkus (born 1974)

• Maeve Brennan (1917–1993)

• Richard Brautigan (1935–1984)

• Besmilr Brigham (1913–2000)

• Kevin Brockmeier (born 1974)

• Fredric Brown (1906–1972)

• Mary K. Buck (1849–1901)

• Lois McMaster Bujold (born 1949)

• Charles Bukowski (1920–1994)

• Ivan Bunin (1870–1953)

• Robert Olen Butler (born 1945)

• Dino Buzzati (1906–1972)

C–D
• Morley Callaghan (1903–1990)

• Italo Calvino (1923–1985)

• Ramsey Campbell (born 1946)

• Albert Camus (1913–1960)

• Kevin Canty (born 1953)

• Ron Carlson (born 1947)

• Angela Carter (1940–1992)

• Raymond Carver (1938–1988)

• Michael Chabon (born 1963)

• Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay (1876–1938)

• Katharine Hopkins Chapman (1870/72/73-1930)

• John Cheever (1912–1982)

• Anton Chekhov (1860–1904)

• Ted Chiang (born 1967)

• Emelie C. S. Chilton (1838–1864)

• Agatha Christie (1890-1976)

• Brian Cleeve (1921–2003)

• Dan Chaon (born 1964)

• Kate Chopin (1850–1904)

• Mohamed Choukri (1935–2003)

• Wanda Coleman (1946–2013)

• John Collier (1901–1980)

• Aaron Cometbus (born 1968)

• Richard Connell (1893–1949)

• Frank Conroy (1936–2005)

• Carolyn Cooke (born 1964)

• J. California Cooper (1931-2014)

• Robert Coover (born 1932)

• Stephen Crane (1871–1900)

• Catherine Crowe (1800–1876)

• Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930)

• Julio Cortázar (1914–1984)

• Cola Barr Craig (1861-1930)

• A. J. Cronin (1896–1981)

• Anne Virginia Culbertson (1857-1918)

• Roald Dahl (1916–1990)

• Edwidge Danticat (born 1969)

• Manoj Das (1934–2021)

• Avram Davidson (1923–1993)

• Peter Ho Davies (born 1966)

• Amparo Dávila (1928–2020)

• Lydia Davis (born 1947)

• Nalini Prava Deka (1944–2014)

• Leoncio P. Deriada (born 1938)

• Tibor Déry (1894–1977)

• Paul Di Filippo (born 1954)

• Junot Díaz (born 1968)

• Philip K. Dick (1928–1982)

• Isak Dinesen (1885–1962)

• Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930)

• Andre Dubus (1936–1999)

• Guadalupe Dueñas (1910–2002)

• Andy Duncan (born 1964)

• Stuart Dybek (born 1942)

E–F
• C. M. Eddy, Jr. (1896–1967)

• Dave Eggers (born 1970)

• Deborah Eisenberg (born 1945)

• Youssouf Amine Elalamy (born 1961)

• Harlan Ellison (1934–2018)

• Louise Erdrich (born 1954)

• Jeffrey Eugenides (born 1960)

• F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940)

• Rubem Fonseca (1925–2020)

• John M. Ford (1957–2006)

• Richard Ford (born 1944)

• Thelma Forshaw (1923–1995)

• Eugie Foster (born 1971)

• Janet Frame (1924–2004)

• Golda Fried (born 1972)

• Jacques Futrelle (1875–1912)

G–H
• Neil Gaiman (born 1960)

• Mary Gaitskill (born 1954)

• Stephen Gallagher (born 1954)

• Mavis Gallant (1922–2014)

• Paul Gallico (1897–1976)

• John Galt (1779–1839)

• Gabriel García Márquez (1928–2014)

• Helen Garner (born 1942)

• William H. Gass (1924–2017)

• Tim Gautreaux (born 1947)

• Eleanor Churchill Gibbs (1840-1925)

• William Gibson (born 1948)

• Nikolai Gogol (1809–1852)

• Nadine Gordimer (1923–2014)

• Elizabeth Graver (born 1964)

• Ben K. Green (1912–1974)

• Frances Nimmo Greene (1867-1937)

• Graham Greene (1904–1991)

• Davis Grubb (1919–1980)

• Richard Guest (born 1967)

• Aaron Gwyn (born 1972)

• Hubert Haddad (born 1947)

• Per Hallström (1866–1960)

• Edmond Hamilton (1904–1977)

• Barry Hannah (1942–2010)

• Ethel Hillyer Harris (1859-1931)

• Peter Härtling (1933–2017)

• Bret Harte (1836–1902)

• Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804–1864)

• Victor Heck (born 1967)

• Robert A. Heinlein, (1907–1988)

• Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961)

• Amy Hempel (born 1951)

• O. Henry (1862–1910)

• Hans Herbjørnsrud (born 1938)

• Patricia Highsmith (1921–1995)

• Tobias Hill (born 1970)

• E. T. A. Hoffmann (1776–1822)

• Hugh Hood (1928–2000)

• Rhys Hughes (born 1966)

• Zora Neale Hurston (1891–1960)

• Aldous Huxley (1894–1963)

• Aamer Hussein (born 1955)

• Hwang Sun-wŏn (1915–2000)

I–J
• Yusuf Idris (1927–1991)

• Washington Irving (1783–1859)

• Mazhar ul Islam (born 1949)

• Shirley Jackson (1916–1965)

• M. R. James (1862–1936)

• Barbara Jenkins (born 1941)

• Sarah Orne Jewett (1849–1909)

• Denis Johnson (1949–2017)

• Electa Amanda Wright Johnson (1938-1929)

• T.D. Johnston (born 1961)

• Edward P. Jones (born 1951)

• Thom Jones (1945–2016)

• James Joyce (1882–1941)

K–L
• Franz Kafka (1883–1924)

• Wladimir Kaminer (born 1967)

• Driss El Khouri (1939–2022)

• Stephen King (born 1947)

• Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936)

• Phil Klay (born 1983)

• Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811)

• R. A. Lafferty (1914–2002)

• Geoffrey A. Landis (born 1955)

• Jhumpa Lahiri (born 1967)

• Lori L. Lake (born 1960)

• Helen Langworthy (1899–1991)

• Joe R. Lansdale (born 1951)

• Ring Lardner (1885–1933)

• D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930)

• Henry Lawson (1867–1922)

• Ursula K. Le Guin (1929–2018)

• Murray Leinster (1896–1975)

• Doris Lessing (1919–2013)

• Primo Levi (1919–1987)

• Norman Levine (1923–2005)

• William Levy (1939–2019)

• Luis López Nieves (born 1950)

• Thomas Ligotti (born 1951)

• Tao Lin (born 1983)

• Kelly Link (born 1969)

• Jack London (1876–1916)

• Earl Lovelace (born 1935)

• H. P. Lovecraft (1890–1937)

• Fitz Hugh Ludlow (1836–1870)

• Anne Bozeman Lyon (1860–1936)

M–N
• Darko Macan (born 1966)

• John D. MacDonald (1916–1986)

• Della Campbell MacLeod (ca. 1884 – ?)

• Ian R. MacLeod (born 1956)

• Naguib Mahfouz (1911–2006)

• Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi (born 1967)

• Bernard Malamud (1914–1986)

• Barry N. Malzberg (born 1939)

• Andreas Mand (born 1959)

• Katherine Mansfield (1888–1923)

• Valerie Martin (born 1948)

• Bobbie Ann Mason (born 1942)

• W. Somerset Maugham (1874–1965)

• Guy de Maupassant (1850–1893)

• Julian May (1931–2017)

• Angel Leigh McCoy (born 1962)

• John McGahern (1934–2006)

• Reginald McKnight (born 1956)

• Cormac McCarthy (born 1933)

• Annie Virginia McCracken (1868–1892?)

• Thomas McGuane (born 1939)

• Georgie A. Hulse McLeod (1827–1890)

• Herman Melville (1819–1891)

• Holdemar Menezes (1921–1996)

• William Michaelian (born 1956)

• Steven Millhauser (born 1943)

• Marijane Minaberri (1926–2017)

• Edward Page Mitchell (1852–1927)

• Lorrie Moore (born 1957)

• Mary McGarry Morris (born 1943)

• Honoré Willsie Morrow (1880–1940)

• Bharati Mukherjee (1940–2017)

• Alice Munro (1931–2024)

• H. H. Munro ('Saki') (1870–1916)

• Beverle Graves Myers (born 1951)

• R. K. Narayan (1906–2001)

• John Neal (1793–1876)

O–R
• Joyce Carol Oates (born 1938)

• Patrick O'Brian (1914–2000), born Richard Patrick Russ

• Tim O'Brien (born 1946)

• Joe M. O'Connell (born 1959)

• Flannery O'Connor (1925–1964)

• Frank O'Connor (1903–1966)

• Liam O'Flaherty (1896–1984)

• John O'Hara (1905–1970)

• Brian O'Nolan (1911–1966)

• Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941)

• Rodrigues Ottolengui (1861–1937)

• Grace Paley (1922–2007)

• Dorothy Parker (1893–1967)

• Dave Pelzer (born 1960)

• Lyudmila Petrushevskaya (born 1938)

• Jayne Anne Phillips (born 1952)

• Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936)

• James Plunkett (1920–2003)

• Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849)

• Eileen Pollack (born 1956)

• Neal Pollack (born 1970)

• Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980)

• William Sydney Porter, pen name O. Henry (1862–1910)

• Erin Pringle (born 1981)

• Annie Proulx (born 1935)

• Bolesław Prus (1847–1912)

• Indra Bahadur Rai (1927–2018)

• James Robison (born 1946)

• José Luis Rodríguez Pittí (born 1971)

• Emma May Alexander Reinertsen (1853–1920)

• Susanne Ringell (born 1955)

• Radoslav Rochallyi (born 1980)

• Philip Roth (1933–2018)

• Judi Rohrig

• Malay Roy Choudhury (born 1939)

• Samir Roychoudhury (1933–2016)

• Damon Runyon (1884–1947)

• Karen Russell (born 1981)

S–T
• J. D. Salinger (1919–2010)

• James Salter (1925–2015)

• "Saki" (H. H. Munro) (1870–1916)

• Sérgio Sant'Anna (1941–2020)

• Sarojini Sahoo (born 1956)

• Widad Sakakini (1913–1991)

• Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)

• John L. Saul (born 1948)

• George Saunders (born 1958)

• Daniel Scott (born 1963)

• Sanu Sharma

• Robert Sheckley (1928–2005)

• Lucius Shepard (1947–2014)

• Mary Shelley (1797–1851)

• Hilda Siller (1861-1945)

• Robert Silverberg (born 1935)

• Mona Simpson (born 1957)

• Isaac Bashevis Singer (1902–1991)

• Will Scott (1893−1964)

• Jaspreet Singh (born 1969)

• George Singleton (born 1958)

• Clark Ashton Smith (1893–1961)

• Dag Solstad (born 1941)

• Gary Soto (born 1952)

• Robin Spriggs (born 1974)

• Jean Stafford (1915–1979)

• Wallace Stegner (1909–1993)

• Bruce Sterling (born 1954)

• Frank R. Stockton (1834–1902)

• Charles Stross (born 1964)

• Theodore Sturgeon (1918–1985)

• Michael Swanwick (born 1950)

• Anastasia Syromyatnikova (1915-1997

• Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941)

• Zakaria Tamer (born 1931)

• Peter Taylor (1917–1994)

• William Tenn (pseudonym of Philip Klass) (1920–2010)

• Adeline Margaret Tesky (1855-1924)

• Melanie Rae Thon (born 1957)

• Lisa Tolliver

• Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1883–1945)

• Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)

• William Trevor (1928–2016)

• Sergio Troncoso (born 1961)

• Judy Troy (born 1951)

• Ivan Turgenev (1818–1883)

• Harry Turtledove (born 1949)

• Mark Twain (1835–1910)

U–Z
• Kavisekhara Dr Umar Alisha (1885–1945)

• John Updike (1932–2009)

• Andrew Vachss (1942–2021)

• Anne Valente (born 1982)

• Jeff VanderMeer (born 1968)

• Voltaire (1694–1778)

• Kurt Vonnegut (1922–2007)

• Howard Waldrop (born 1946)

• Eli Waldron (1916–1980)

• David Foster Wallace

• Robert Walser (1878–1956)

• Marion E. Warner (1839–1918)

• Manly Wade Wellman (1903–1986)

• Eudora Welty (1909–2001)

• Jessamyn West (1902–1984)

• Edith Wharton (1862–1937)

• Edmund White (born 1940)

• Christopher Willard (born 1960)

• D. Harlan Wilson (born 1971)

• P. G. Wodehouse (1881–1975)

• Gene Wolfe (1931–2019)

• Tobias Wolff (born 1945)

• Kirby Wright

• Mary Tappan Wright (1851–1917)

• Richard Yates (1926–1992)

• Marguerite Yourcenar (1903–1987)

• Mohamed Zafzaf (1942–2001)

• Gul M. Zhowandai(1905–1988)

• Aleksandar Žiljak (born 1963)

• Charles White Jr. (born 1994)

• Stefan Zweig (1881–1942)

title: List of short-story authors


text:
Talk:List of short-story authors

Some distinction ought to be made between authors who are known primarily as short story writers -- where the short story was the primary expression of their craft -- and novelists who also wrote short stories. The former would include people like Raymond Carver, Harlan Ellison and Bobbie Ann Mason. The latter would, IMO, include people like William Gibson.

 * Agree wholeheartedly. Almost every author has written a short story at some time. BartlebytheScrivener (talk) 17:58, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Writers who are primarily novelists have also published notable collections of short stories and deserve inclusion. The list currently contains some dubious names...Sanjay Janagal (1981 to conti...), Hanna Yusuf (2001-)? Inscription (talk) 04:46, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

WorldCat Genres
Maximilianklein (talk) 23:51, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of short-story authors


text:
Puffin

Puffins are any of three species of small alcids (auks) in the bird genus Fratercula. These are pelagic seabirds that feed primarily by diving in the water. They breed in large colonies on coastal cliffs or offshore islands, nesting in crevices among rocks or in burrows in the soil. Two species, the tufted puffin and horned puffin, are found in the North Pacific Ocean, while the Atlantic puffin is found in the North Atlantic Ocean.

All puffin species have predominantly black or black and white plumage, a stocky build, and large beaks that get brightly colored during the breeding season. They shed the colorful outer parts of their bills after the breeding season, leaving a smaller and duller beak. Their short wings are adapted for swimming with a flying technique underwater. In the air, they beat their wings rapidly (up to 400 times per minute) in swift flight, often flying low over the ocean's surface.

Etymology
The English name "puffin" – puffed in the sense of swollen – was originally applied to the fatty, salted meat of young birds of the unrelated Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus), formerly known as the "Manks puffin". Puffin is an Anglo-Norman word (Middle English pophyn or poffin) for the cured carcasses of nestling Manx shearwaters.

Taxonomy
The genus Fratercula was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) as the type species. The name Fratercula is Latin for "friar" from the word fraterculus "little brother", because the puffin's black and white plumage resemble robes worn by monks.

The genus contain three species. The rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata) has sometimes been included in the genus Fratercula, and some authors place the tufted puffin in the genus Lunda. The puffins and the rhinoceros auklet are closely related, together composing the subfamily Fraterculini. The oldest alcid fossil is Hydrotherikornis from Oregon dating to the Late Eocene while fossils of Aethia and Uria go back to the Late Miocene. Molecular clocks have been used to suggest an origin in the Pacific in the Paleocene. Fossils from North Carolina were originally thought to have been of two Fratercula species, but were later reassigned to one Fratercula, the tufted puffin, and a Cerorhinca species. Another extinct species, Dow's puffin (Fratercula dowi) was found on the Channel Islands of California until the Late Pleistocene or early Holocene.

The Fraterculini are thought to have originated in the Pacific, primarily due to their greater diversity there; there exists only one extant species in the Atlantic, compared to two in the Pacific. This species has shown some significant signs of animal intelligence. On January, 2020, some researchers reported that, Atlantic puffins were seen using sticks as a tool to scratch themselves. The Fraterculini fossil record in the Pacific extends at least as far back as the middle Miocene, with three fossil species of Cerorhinca, and material tentatively referred to that genus, in the middle Miocene to late Pliocene of southern California and northern Mexico. Although there are no records from the Miocene in the Atlantic, a re-examination of the North Carolina material indicated that the diversity of puffins in the early Pliocene was as great in the Atlantic as it is in the Pacific today. This diversity was achieved through influxes of puffins from the Pacific; the later loss of species was due to major oceanographic changes in the late Pliocene due to closure of the Panamanian Seaway and the onset of severe glacial cycles in the North Atlantic.

Description
The puffins are stocky, short-winged, and short-tailed birds, with black upper parts and white or brownish-grey underparts. The head has a black cap, the face is mainly white, and the feet are orange-red. The bill appears large and colorful during the breeding season. The colorful outer part of the bill is shed after the breeding season, revealing a smaller and duller true bill beneath. Because of their striking appearance they are also referred to as "clowns of the sea" and "sea parrots".

Although the puffins are vocal at their breeding colonies, they are silent at sea. They fly relatively high above the water, typically 10 m as compared with the 1.6 m of other auks.

Breeding
Puffins breed in colonies on coasts and islands; several current or former island breeding sites are referred to as Puffin Island. The male Atlantic puffin builds the nest and exhibits strong nest-site fidelity. Both sexes of the horned puffin help to construct their nest. Horned puffin burrows are usually about 1 m deep, ending in a chamber, while the tunnel leading to a tufted puffin burrow may be up to 2.75 m long. The nesting substrate of the tufted and Atlantic puffins is soft soil, into which tunnels are dug; in contrast, the nesting sites of horned puffins are rock crevices on cliffs. The Atlantic puffin burrow is usually lined with material such as grass, leaves, and feathers but is occasionally unlined. The eggs of the Atlantic puffin are typically creamy white but the occasional egg is tinged lilac.

Where rabbits breed, sometimes Atlantic puffins breed in rabbit burrows.

Puffins form long-term pair bonds or relationships. The female lays a single egg, and both parents incubate the egg and feed the chick (or "puffling"). The incubating parent holds the egg against its brood patch with its wings. The chicks fledge at night. After fledging, the chicks spend the first few years of their lives at sea, returning to breed about five years later. Puffins in captivity have been known to breed as early as three years of age.

After breeding, all three puffin species winter at sea, usually far from coasts and often extending south of the breeding range.

Iceland is the home to most of the Atlantic puffins with about 10 million individuals. The largest single puffin colony in the world is in the Westmann Isles of Iceland. In 2009, scientists estimated the number of nests to be 1.1 million, and number of individuals there is estimated to be up to 4 million.

Feeding
Like many auks, puffins eat both fish and zooplankton but feed their chicks primarily with small marine fish several times a day. The puffins are distinct in their ability to hold several (sometimes over a dozen) small fish at a time, crosswise in their bill, rather than regurgitating swallowed fish. This allows them to take longer foraging trips since they can come back with more food energy for their chick than a bird that can only carry one fish at a time. This behavior is made possible by the unique hinging mechanism of their beak, which allows the upper and lower biting edges to meet at any of a number of angles.

In 2019, animal experts observed puffins, in two separate geographic locations, using sticks to scratch themselves indicating that the seabirds have a basic ability to use tools.

Hunting
Puffins are hunted for eggs, feathers, and meat. Atlantic puffin populations drastically declined due to habitat destruction and exploitation during the 19th century and early 20th century. They continue to be hunted in Iceland and the Faroe Islands.

The Blasket Islands off the Irish coast of County Kerry saw a serious decline due to harvesting. Until the islands were abandoned in 1953, the islanders often lived just above starvation level. As a result, the puffins were hunted in large numbers for food.

The Atlantic puffin forms part of the national diet in Iceland, where the species does not have legal protection. Puffins are hunted by a technique called "sky fishing", which involves catching the puffins in a large net as they dive into the sea. Their meat is commonly featured on hotel menus. The fresh heart of a puffin is eaten raw as a traditional Icelandic delicacy. On the small Icelandic island of Grimsey as many as 200 puffins can be caught in a single morning.

Related places and products
The name of the English island Lundy is believed to come from the old Norse word for "puffin island" (Lundey), although an alternative explanation has been suggested with Lund referring to a copse, or wooded area.

The Atlantic puffin is the provincial bird of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

title: Puffin


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Robert Venturi

Robert Charles Venturi Jr. (June 25, 1925 – September 18, 2018) was an American architect, founding principal of the firm Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates.

Together with his wife and partner, Denise Scott Brown, he helped shape the way that architects, planners and students experience and think about architecture and the built environment. Their buildings, planning, theoretical writings, and teaching have also contributed to the expansion of discourse about architecture.

Venturi was awarded the Pritzker Prize in Architecture in 1991; the prize was awarded to him alone, despite a request to include his equal partner, Scott Brown. Subsequently, a group of women architects attempted to get her name added retroactively to the prize, but the Pritzker Prize jury declined to do so. Venturi coined the maxim "Less is a bore", a postmodern antidote to Mies van der Rohe's famous modernist dictum "Less is more". Venturi lived in Philadelphia with Denise Scott Brown. He is the father of James Venturi, founder and principal of ReThink Studio.

Early life and education
Venturi was born in Philadelphia to Robert Venturi Sr. and Vanna (née Luizi) Venturi, and was raised as a Quaker. Venturi attended school at the Episcopal Academy in Merion, Pennsylvania. He graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University in 1947 where he was a member-elect of Phi Beta Kappa and won the D'Amato Prize in Architecture. He received his M.F.A. from Princeton in 1950. The educational program at Princeton under Professor Jean Labatut, who offered provocative design studios within a Beaux-Arts pedagogical framework, was a key factor in Venturi's development of an approach to architectural theory and design that drew from architectural history and commercial architecture in analytical, as opposed to stylistic, terms. In 1951 he briefly worked under Eero Saarinen in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, and later for Louis Kahn in Philadelphia. He was awarded the Rome Prize Fellowship at the American Academy in Rome in 1954, where he studied and toured Europe for two years.

From 1959 to 1967, Venturi held teaching positions at the University of Pennsylvania, where he served as Kahn's teaching assistant, an instructor, and later, as associate professor. It was there, in 1960, that he met fellow faculty member, architect and planner Denise Scott Brown. Venturi taught later at the Yale School of Architecture and was a visiting lecturer with Scott Brown in 2003 at Harvard University's Graduate School of Design.

Career
A controversial critic of what he saw as the blithely functionalist and symbolically vacuous architecture of corporate modernism during the 1950s, Venturi was one of the first architects to question some of the premises of the Modern Movement. He published his "gentle manifesto", Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture in 1966; in its introduction, Vincent Scully called it "probably the most important writing on the making of architecture since Le Corbusier's Vers Une Architecture of 1923." The work was derived from course lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, and Venturi received a grant from the Graham Foundation in 1965 to aid in its completion. The book demonstrated, through countless examples, an approach to understanding architectural composition and complexity, and the resulting richness and interest. Citing vernacular as well as high-style sources, Venturi drew new lessons from the buildings of architects familiar (Michelangelo, Alvar Aalto) and, at the time, forgotten (Frank Furness, Edwin Lutyens). He made a case for "the difficult whole" rather than the diagrammatic forms popular at the time, and included examples — both built and unrealized — of his own work to demonstrate the possible application of such techniques. The book has been published in 18 languages to date.

Immediately hailed as a theorist and designer with radical ideas, Venturi went to teach a series of studios at the Yale School of Architecture in the mid-1960s. The most famous of these was a studio in 1968 in which Venturi and Scott Brown, together with Steven Izenour, led a team of students to document and analyze the Las Vegas Strip, perhaps the least likely subject for a serious research project imaginable. In 1972, Venturi, Scott Brown and Izenour published the folio, A Significance for A&P Parking Lots, or Learning from Las Vegas. It was revised using the student work as a foil for new theory, and reissued in 1977 as Learning from Las Vegas: the Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form. This second manifesto was an even more stinging rebuke to orthodox modernism and elite architectural tastes. The book coined the terms "Duck" and "Decorated Shed", descriptions of the two predominant ways of embodying iconography in buildings. The work of Venturi, Scott Brown, and John Rauch adopted the latter strategy, producing formally simple "decorated sheds" with rich, complex, and often shocking ornamental flourishes. Venturi and his wife co-wrote several more books at the end of the century, but these two have so far proved to be the most influential.

Architecture
The architecture of Robert Venturi, although perhaps not as familiar today as his books, helped redirect American architecture away from a widely practiced modernism in the 1960s to a more exploratory design approach that openly drew lessons from architectural history and responded to the everyday context of the American city. Venturi's buildings typically juxtapose architectural systems, elements and aims, to acknowledge the conflicts often inherent in a project or site. This "inclusive" approach contrasted with the typical modernist effort to resolve and unify all factors in a complete and rigidly structured—and possibly less functional and more simplistic—work of art. The diverse range of buildings of Venturi's early career offered surprising alternatives to then current architectural practice, with "impure" forms (such as the North Penn Visiting Nurses Headquarters), apparently casual asymmetries (as at the Vanna Venturi House), and pop-style supergraphics and geometries (for instance, the Lieb House).

Venturi created the firm Venturi and Short with William Short in 1960. In his architectural design Venturi was influenced by early masters such as Michelangelo and Palladio, and modern masters including Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto, Louis Kahn and Eero Saarinen. After John Rauch replaced Short as partner in 1964, the firm's name changed to Venturi and Rauch. Venturi married Denise Scott Brown on July 23, 1967, in Santa Monica, California, and in 1969, Scott Brown joined the firm as partner in charge of planning. In 1980, The firm's name became Venturi, Rauch, and Scott Brown, and after Rauch's resignation in 1989, Venturi, Scott Brown, and Associates. The firm, based in Manayunk, Philadelphia, was awarded the Architecture Firm Award by the American Institute of Architects in 1985. The practice's recent work includes many commissions from academic institutions, including campus planning and university buildings, and civic buildings in London, Toulouse, and Japan.

Venturi's architecture has had worldwide influence, beginning in the late 1960s with the dissemination of the broken-gable roof of the Vanna Venturi House and the segmentally arched window and interrupted string courses of Guild House. The playful variations on vernacular house types seen in the Trubeck and Wislocki Houses offered a new way to embrace, but transform, familiar forms. The facade patterning of the Oberlin Art Museum and the laboratory buildings demonstrated a treatment of the vertical surfaces of buildings that is both decorative and abstract, drawing from vernacular and historic architecture while still being modern. Venturi's work arguably provided a key influence at important times in the careers of architects Robert A. M. Stern, Rem Koolhaas, Philip Johnson, Michael Graves, Graham Gund and James Stirling, among others.

Venturi was a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome, the American Institute of Architects, The American Academy of Arts and Letters and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Death
Venturi died on September 18, 2018, in Philadelphia from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was 93.

In the wake of Venturi's death, Michael Kimmelman, the current architecture critic for The New York Times, tweeted..."RIP the great, inspiring Robert Venturi who opened millions of eyes and whole new ways of thinking about the richness of our architectural environment, and whose diverse work with Denise Scott Brown contains a mix of wit and humanity that continues to transcend labels and time".

Notable students
Venturi's notable students include Amy Weinstein and Peter Corrigan.

Selected works

 * Vanna Venturi House; Philadelphia (1964) won the AIA Twenty-five Year Award and was recognized as a "Masterwork of Modern American Architecture" by the United States Postal Service in May 2005.
 * Guild House; Philadelphia (1964)
 * The Lieb House located in Barnegat Light, New Jersey was designed by Venturi and his wife Denise Scott Brown and built in 1967. It is best known for the huge number 9 on its front, and the sailboat-shaped window on one side. A Long Island, New York couple purchased this home in early March 2009 for just $1 to save it from demolition, paying at least $100,000 to move it on a barge to Glen Cove, Long Island.
 * Fire Station #4; Columbus, Indiana (1968)
 * Hartford Stage; Hartford, Connecticut (1968)
 * Trubek and Wislocki Houses; Nantucket, Massachusetts (1971)
 * Brant House; Greenwich, Connecticut (1972)
 * Dixwell Fire Station, New Haven, Connecticut (1974)
 * Allen Memorial Art Museum modern addition, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio (1976)
 * BASCO Showroom; Philadelphia (1976)
 * Franklin Court; Philadelphia (1976)
 * Best Products Catalog Showroom; Langhorne, Pennsylvania (1978)
 * Western Plaza, later renamed to Freedom Plaza, Washington, D.C. (1980)
 * The Park Regency Terrace Residences, later renamed to Park Regency Condominium Houston (1981)
 * Coxe-Hayden House and Studio; Block Island, Rhode Island (1981)
 * Abrams House; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1982)
 * Gordon Wu Hall; Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey (1983)
 * House in New Castle, Delaware (1983)
 * Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Princeton University, New Jersey (1986)
 * House in East Hampton, Long Island, New York (1990)
 * Gordon and Virginia MacDonald Medical Research Laboratories, UCLA; Los Angeles (1991)
 * Sainsbury Wing, National Gallery, London; United Kingdom (1991)
 * Seattle Art Museum; Seattle, Washington (1991)
 * Restoration of the Fisher Fine Arts Library, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia (1991)
 * Children's Museum; Houston (1992)
 * Charles P. Stevenson Jr. Library, Bard College; Annandale-on-Hudson, New York (1994)
 * University of Delaware, Trabant Student Center (1996)
 * Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, La Jolla, California (1996)
 * Mielparque Nikko Kirifuri Resort; Nikko National Park, Japan (1997)
 * Gonda (Goldschmied) Neurosciences and Genetics Research Center, UCLA; Los Angeles, California (1998)
 * Seat of the departmental council; Toulouse, France (1999)
 * Frist Campus Center, Princeton University; New Jersey (2000)
 * Rauner Special Collections Library, Dartmouth College; Hanover, New Hampshire (2000)
 * Perelman Quadrangle, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia (2000)
 * Baker Memorial Library, Dartmouth College; Hanover, New Hampshire (2002)
 * Dumbarton Oaks Library, Harvard University; Washington, D.C. (2005)
 * Undergraduate Science Building, Life Sciences Institute and Palmer Commons complex, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michigan (2005)
 * Biomedical Biological Science Research Building (BBSRB), University of Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky (2005)
 * Congregation Beth El Synagogue - Sunbury, Pennsylvania (2007)
 * Episcopal Academy Chapel; Newtown Square, Pennsylvania (2008)

Awards

 * Fellow, American Academy in Rome; 1954-1956
 * AIA Medal for Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture; 1978
 * Fellow in the American Institute of Architects, 1978
 * AIA Architecture Firm Award, to Venturi, Rauch and Scott Brown; 1985
 * Commendatore of the Order of Merit, Republic of Italy; 1986
 * AIA Twenty-five Year Award to the Vanna Venturi House; 1989
 * Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters; 1990
 * The Pritzker Architecture Prize; 1991
 * National Medal of Arts, United States Presidential Award; 1992 (with Denise Scott Brown)
 * Commandeur de L'Ordre des Arts et Lettres, Republique Française, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication; 2000
 * Vincent Scully Prize, National Building Museum; 2002 (with Denise Scott Brown)
 * Elected to the American Philosophical Society; 2006
 * Design Mind Award, Cooper-Hewitt National Design Awards; 2007 (with Denise Scott Brown)
 * AIA Gold Medal (with Denise Scott Brown) 2016

title: Robert Venturi


text:
Auk

Auks or alcids are a group of birds of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes. The alcid family includes the murres, guillemots, auklets, puffins, and murrelets. The family contains 25 extant or recently extinct species that are divided into 11 genera. Auks are found throughout the Northern Hemisphere.

Apart from the extinct great auk, all auks can fly, and are excellent swimmers and divers (appearing to "fly" in water), but their walking appears clumsy.

Names
Several species have different English names in Europe and North America. The two species known as "murres" in North America are called "guillemots" in Europe, and the species called little auk in Europe is referred to as dovekie in North America.

Etymology
The word "auk" is derived from Icelandic álka and Norwegian alka or alke from Old Norse ālka from Proto-Germanic *alkǭ (sea-bird, auk).

Taxonomy
The family name Alcidae comes from the genus Alca given by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the razorbill (Alca torda) from the Norwegian word alke.

Description
Auks are superficially similar to penguins, having black-and-white colours, upright posture, and some of their habits. Nevertheless, they are not closely related to penguins, but rather are believed to be an example of moderate convergent evolution. Auks are monomorphic (males and females are similar in appearance).

Extant auks range in size from the least auklet, at 85 g (3 oz) and 15 cm, to the thick-billed murre, at 1 kg and 45 cm. Due to their short wings, auks have to flap their wings very quickly to fly.

Although not to the extent of penguins, auks have largely sacrificed flight, and also mobility on land, in exchange for swimming ability; their wings are a compromise between the best possible design for diving and the bare minimum needed for flying. This varies by subfamily, with the Uria guillemots (including the razorbill) and murrelets being the most efficient under the water, whereas the puffins and auklets are better adapted for flying and walking.

Feeding and ecology
The feeding behaviour of auks is often compared to that of penguins; both groups are wing-propelled, pursuit divers. In the region where auks live, their only seabird competition are cormorants (which are dive-powered by their strong feet). In areas where the two groups feed on the same prey, the auks tend to feed further offshore. Strong-swimming murres hunt faster, schooling fish, whereas auklets take slower-moving krill. Time depth recorders on auks have shown that they can dive as deep as 100 m in the case of Uria guillemots, 40 m for the Cepphus guillemots and 30 m for the auklets.

Breeding and colonies
Auks are pelagic birds, spending the majority of their adult lives on the open sea and going ashore only for breeding, although some species, such as the common guillemot, spend a great part of the year defending their nesting spot from others.

Auks are monogamous, and tend to form lifelong pairs. They typically lay a single egg, and they use the nesting site year after year.

Some species, such as the Uria guillemots (murres), nest in large colonies on cliff edges; others, such as the Cepphus guillemots, breed in small groups on rocky coasts; and the puffins, auklets, and some murrelets nest in burrows. All species except the Brachyramphus murrelets are colonial.

Evolution and distribution
Traditionally, the auks were believed to be one of the earliest distinct charadriiform lineages due to their characteristic morphology, but genetic analyses have demonstrated that these peculiarities are the product of strong natural selection, instead; as opposed to, for example, plovers (a much older charadriiform lineage), auks radically changed from a wading shorebird to a diving seabird lifestyle. Thus today, the auks are no longer separated in their own suborder (Alcae), but are considered part of the Lari suborder, which otherwise contains gulls and similar birds. Judging from genetic data, their closest living relatives appear to be the skuas, with these two lineages separating about 30 million years ago (Mya). Alternatively, auks may have split off far earlier from the rest of the Lari and undergone strong morphological, but slow genetic evolution, which would require a very high evolutionary pressure, coupled with a long lifespan and slow reproduction.

The earliest unequivocal fossils of auks are from the late Eocene, some 35 Mya. The genus Miocepphus, (from the Miocene, 15 Mya) is the earliest known from good specimens. Two very fragmentary fossils are often assigned to the Alcidae, although this may not be correct: Hydrotherikornis (Late Eocene) and Petralca (Late Oligocene). Most extant genera are known to exist since the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene (about 5 Mya). Miocene fossils have been found in both California and Maryland, but the greater diversity of fossils and tribes in the Pacific leads most scientists to conclude they first evolved there, and in the Miocene Pacific, the first fossils of extant genera are found. Early movement between the Pacific and the Atlantic probably happened to the south (since no northern opening to the Atlantic existed), with later movements across the Arctic Ocean. The flightless subfamily Mancallinae, which was apparently restricted to the Pacific Coast of southern North America and became extinct in the Early Pleistocene, is sometimes included in the family Alcidae under some definitions. One species, Miomancalla howardae, is the largest charadriiform of all time.

The family contains 25 extant or recently extinct species that are divided into 11 genera. The extant auks (subfamily Alcinae) are broken up into two main groups - the usually high-billed puffins (tribe Fraterculini) and auklets (tribe Aethiini), as opposed to the more slender-billed murres and true auks (tribe Alcini), and the murrelets and guillemots (tribes Brachyramphini and Cepphini). The tribal arrangement was originally based on analyses of morphology and ecology. mtDNA cytochrome b sequences, and allozyme studies  confirm these findings except that the Synthliboramphus murrelets should be split into a distinct tribe, as they appear more closely related to the Alcini; in any case, assumption of a closer relationship between the former and the true guillemots was only weakly supported by earlier studies.

Of the genera, only a few species are placed in each. This is probably a product of the rather small geographic range of the family (the most limited of any seabird family), and the periods of glacial advance and retreat that have kept the populations on the move in a narrow band of subarctic ocean.

Today, as in the past, the auks are restricted to cooler northern waters. Their ability to spread further south is restricted as their prey hunting method, pursuit diving, becomes less efficient in warmer waters. The speed at which small fish (which along with krill are the auk's principal prey) can swim doubles as the temperature increases from 5 to 15 C, with no corresponding increase in speed for the bird. The southernmost auks, in California and Mexico, can survive there because of cold upwellings. The current paucity of auks in the Atlantic (six species), compared to the Pacific (19–20 species) is considered to be because of extinctions to the Atlantic auks; the fossil record shows many more species were in the Atlantic during the Pliocene. Auks also tend to be restricted to continental-shelf waters and breed on few oceanic islands.

Hydotherikornis oregonus (Described by Miller in 1931), the oldest purported alcid from the Eocene of California, is actually a petrel (as reviewed by Chandler in 1990) and is reassigned to the tubenoses (Procellariiformes). A 2003 paper, "The Earliest North American Record of Auk (Aves: Alcidae) From the Late Eocene of Central Georgia", reports a Late Eocene, wing-propelled, diving auk from the Priabonain stage of the Late Eocene. These sediments have been dated through Chandronian NALMA {North American Land Mammal Age}, at an estimate of 34.5 to 35.5 million years on the Eocene time scale for fossil-bearing sediments of the Clinchfield Formation, Gordon, Wilkinson County, Georgia. Furthermore, the sediments containing this unabraded portion of a left humerus (43.7 mm long) are tropical or subtropical as evidenced by a wealth of warm-water shark teeth, palaeophied snake vertebrae, and turtles.

Systematics

 * Basal and incertae sedis
 * Miocepphus (fossil: Middle Miocene of CE USA)
 * Miocepphus mcclungi Wetmore, 1940
 * Miocepphus bohaskai Wijnker and Olson, 2009
 * Miocepphus blowi Wijnker and Olson, 2009
 * Miocepphus mergulellus Wijnker and Olson, 2009
 * Subfamily Alcinae
 * Tribe Alcini – typical auks and murresXantus adult.gif'') is quite distinct from the brachyramphine murrelets.]]
 * Uria
 * Common murre or common guillemot, Uria aalge
 * Thick-billed murre or, Brünnich's guillemot, Uria lomvia
 * Alle
 * Little auk or dovekie, Alle alle
 * Pinguinus
 * Great auk, Pinguinus impennis (extinct, c.1844)
 * Alca
 * Razorbill, Alca torda
 * Tribe Synthliboramphini – synthliboramphine murreletsBlackguillemot44.jpg (Cepphus grylle, a true guillemot) in summer (front) and winter plumage]]
 * Synthliboramphus
 * Scripps's murrelet, Synthliboramphus scrippsi – formerly in S. hypoleucus ("Xantus's murrelet")
 * Guadalupe murrelet, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus – sometimes separated in Endomychura
 * Craveri's murrelet, Synthliboramphus craveri – sometimes separated in Endomychura
 * Ancient murrelet, Synthliboramphus antiquus
 * Japanese murrelet, Synthliboramphus wumizusume
 * Tribe Cepphini – true guillemotsMarbled murrelet breeding plumage.jpg (Brachyramphus marmoratus, a brachyramphine murrelet) in breeding plumage]]
 * Cepphus
 * Black guillemot or tystie, Cepphus grylle
 * Pigeon guillemot, Cepphus columba
 * Kurile guillemot, Cepphus columba snowi
 * Spectacled guillemot, Cepphus carbo
 * Tribe Brachyramphini – brachyramphine murrelets
 * Brachyramphus
 * Marbled murrelet, Brachyramphus marmoratus
 * Long-billed murrelet, Brachyramphus perdix
 * Kittlitz's murrelet, Brachyramphus brevirostris
 * Subfamily Fraterculinae
 * Tribe Aethiini – aukletsPuffin Mrkoww.jpg (Fratercula cirrhata)]]
 * Ptychoramphus
 * Cassin's auklet, Ptychoramphus aleuticus
 * Aethia
 * Parakeet auklet, Aethia psittacula
 * Crested auklet, Aethia cristatella
 * Whiskered auklet, Aethia pygmaea
 * Least auklet, Aethia pusilla
 * Tribe Fraterculini – puffins
 * Cerorhinca
 * Rhinoceros auklet, Cerorhinca monocerata
 * Fratercula
 * Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica
 * Horned puffin, Fratercula corniculata
 * Tufted puffin, Fratercula cirrhata

Biodiversity of auks seems to have been markedly higher during the Pliocene. See the genus accounts for prehistoric species.

title: Auk


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Talk:Essayist

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What separates "essayist" from another type of writer? — Preceding unsigned comment added by RjLesch (talk • contribs) 13:57, 28 September 2001 (UTC)
 * They write non-fiction and it's short. Simplistic, I know, but it works.  --MichaelTinkler — Preceding unsigned comment added by Conversion script (talk • contribs) 15:43, 25 February 2002  (UTC)

title: Talk:Essayist


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Paolo Soleri

Paolo Soleri (21 June 1919 – 9 April 2013) was an Italian-born American architect and urban planner. He established the educational Cosanti Foundation and Arcosanti. Soleri was a lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a National Design Award recipient in 2006. He coined the concept of 'arcology' – a synthesis of architecture and ecology as the philosophy of democratic society. He died at home of natural causes on 9 April 2013 at the age of 93.

Soleri authored several books, including The Bridge Between Matter & Spirit is Matter Becoming Spirit and Arcology – City In the Image of Man.

Early life and education
Soleri was born in Turin, Italy, Europe. He was awarded his "laurea" (master's degree) in architecture from the Politecnico di Torino in 1946. He visited the United States in December 1946 and spent a year and a half in fellowship with Frank Lloyd Wright at Taliesin West in Arizona, and at Taliesin in Spring Green, Wisconsin. During this time, he gained international recognition for a bridge design that was displayed at the Museum of Modern Art.

In 1950, Soleri, with his wife Colly (née Corolyn Woods), returned to Italy where he was commissioned to build a large ceramics factory, Ceramica Artistica Solimene, in Vietri on the Amalfi coast.

Soleri adapted ceramics industry processes learned at this time to use in his award-winning designs and production of ceramic and bronze windbells and silt-cast architectural structures. For more than 40 years, proceeds from sales of the wind-bells have been an important source of funds for construction that is meant to test his theoretical work. Ceramic and bronze bells continue to be produced and sold at Arcosanti and Cosanti in Arizona.

In 1956, Soleri settled in Scottsdale, Arizona, with Colly and the elder of their two daughters; the younger was born in Arizona. He began building Arcosanti in 1970 with the help of architecture and design students, as a place to test his urban design hypotheses. This "urban laboratory" (so-dubbed by Ada Louise Huxtable, who at the time was the architecture critic of The New York Times) became internationally renowned.

Paolo and Colly Soleri made a lifelong commitment to research and experimentation in urban planning. They established the Cosanti Foundation, a not-for-profit 501(c)(3) educational non-profit foundation. Soleri's philosophy and works were strongly influenced by the Jesuit paleontologist and philosopher Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.

Career
The International Architecture Symposium "Mensch und Raum" (Man and Space) at the Vienna University of Technology in 1984 received international attention. Paolo Soleri participated with, among others: Justus Dahinden, Dennis Sharp, Bruno Zevi, Jorge Glusberg, Otto Kapfinger, Frei Otto, Pierre Vago, Ernst Gisel, and Ionel Schein.

Soleri was a distinguished lecturer in the College of Architecture at Arizona State University and a member of the Lindisfarne Association.

In 1966, Paolo Soleri began working on the design for the Paolo Soleri Amphitheater in Santa Fe, New Mexico. It was built for the IAIA (Institute of American Indian Arts) on what is now the campus of the Santa Fe Indian School using large silt cast forms. The property is owned by the nineteen Native American Pueblos of New Mexico and is therefore not protected by local or state preservation laws.

A landmark exhibition, "City in the Image of Man – The Architectural Visions of Paolo Soleri", organized in 1970 by the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, traveled extensively thereafter in the U.S. and Canada, breaking records for attendance. "Two Suns Arcology, A Concept for Future Cities" opened in 1976 at the Xerox Square Center in Rochester, New York. In 1989, "Paolo Soleri Habitats: Ecologic Minutiae", an exhibition of arcologies, space habitats, and bridges, was presented at the New York Academy of Sciences. More recently, "Soleri's Cities, Architecture for the Planet Earth and Beyond" was featured at the Scottsdale Center for the Arts in Scottsdale, AZ. A Soleri bell appears in the film What the *Bleep* Do We Know? His work has been exhibited worldwide.

In 1976, Paolo Soleri was a key participant at UN Habitat I, the first UN forum on human settlements, held it Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, North America. Soleri appeared there together with Buckminster Fuller.

In 1986, four years after the death of his wife from cancer, Soleri was commissioned to design the Arizona Cancer Center Chapel at the University of Arizona. The highly personal architectural expression featured a sand-cast barrel vault ceiling with botanical motifs, sculptural elements and a bell system.

On 10 December 2010, the Soleri Bridge and Plaza was completed. The structure had been commissioned by Scottsdale Public Art. The 130 ft pedestrian bridge based on Paolo Soleri's design is located on the South Bank of the Arizona Canal and connects a developed retail area of the Scottsdale Waterfront with Old Town Scottsdale. The bridge is incorporated into a 22,000 sqft plaza including silt cast artwork, as well as a large bell assembly called The Goldwater Bell, also designed by Paolo Soleri.

The feature-length documentary film The Vision Of Paolo Soleri: Prophet In The Desert (2013) contains interviews with Morley Safer, Paul Goldberger, Catherine Hardwicke, Will Bruder, Jean-Michel Cousteau, Steven Holl, and Eric Lloyd Wright.

Arcosanti
The Cosanti Foundation's major project is Arcosanti. Arcosanti, as originally designed by Soleri, was intended for 5,000 people; it has been in construction since 1970. Located near Cordes Junction, about 70 mi north of Phoenix and visible from Interstate I-17 in central Arizona, the intention of the project is to provide a model that can demonstrate Soleri's concept of "Arcology", architecture coherent with ecology. Arcology was envisioned by Soleri as a hyper-dense city, designed to: maximize human interaction with ready access to shared, cost-effective infrastructural services; conserve water and reduce sewage; minimize the use of energy, raw materials and land; reduce waste and environmental pollution; increase interaction with the surrounding natural environment. In 2010, construction was underway to complete Arcosanti's Greenhouse Apron, but that initiative was put on hold not long after Soleri's death in 2013.

Arcosanti is intended as a prototype of a desert arcology. Soleri's other arcology designs envisioned sites such as the ocean (Nova Noah), et al. (see: Arcology: City in the Image of Man). Since 1970, over 7000 people have participated in Arcosanti's construction. Their international affiliation group is called the Arcosanti Alumni Network.

Sexual abuse allegation
In October 2010, Daniela Soleri – Paolo Soleri's daughter – resigned from the Cosanti Foundation board, citing abuse by her father. She stated that some of Soleri's inner circle had been told decades earlier, but nothing had been done about it at the time. After the resignation, Soleri stepped down as chairman, but the board made no public statement on the reasons.

After the Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art had a major retrospective exhibition on Paolo Soleri in October 2017, Daniela published an article on the website Medium on 13 November 2017 accusing her father of persistent sexual abuse, writing: "'In my early adolescence, my father, an architect and craftsman, began sexually molesting me, eventually attempting rape when I was 17.'" Encouraged to publish the article by the #MeToo movement, Daniela wrote that she had already come forward to many of her father's colleagues but received little response:

"I finally told some of Soleri's inner circle about my experiences about 24 years ago, others learned of them six years ago when I tendered my letter of resignation from the board of Soleri's Cosanti Foundation, with an explanation of why. In response to receiving my letter, one of my father's long time colleagues and board member wrote "I am disappointed in everyone." A strange reaction from a man I had known since I was seven. Two years later he presided at a memorial seminar eulogizing Soleri and his work. His message seemed to be that, yes, he's disappointed that those things occurred, but he's equally disappointed that they are being brought up, instead of silenced."

In the article, Daniela wrote about her lingering admiration for some of Soleri's work and ideas. However, she also warned against uncritical praise of artists with abusive tendencies and the tendency to "accept abusive behavior as a necessary and justified cost for the contributions of intellect or creativity". Of her father, Daniela wrote:

"Soleri has been dead for nearly five years. The swell of hagiographic films, essays and performances has slowed, hopefully making room for a more useful perspective that includes not only consideration of his work, but also honest acknowledgment that he was flawed. That work will have to stand on its own, and not be seen as an inseparable part of Soleri as a person, including his best and worst behaviors."

As noted in Dezeen, Daniela's article suggested that she had approached The New York Times or other news publishers to discuss her father's abuse, but had been turned away. The Cosanti Foundation Board released an official statement in response to Daniela Soleri's:

"We are saddened by Daniela Soleri's trauma. Her decision to speak out about her father's behavior towards her helps us confront Paolo Soleri's flaws, and compels us to reconsider his legacy. With Paolo Soleri's creative intelligence, he understood the need for discipline and limits to the urban form. However, his narcissism prevented him from understanding the need for discipline and limits on abusive behavior. We support and stand firmly with Daniela.

We know that Arcosanti and Cosanti are much greater than the ideas of one man. Over the past fifty years, more than 8,000 participants from all over the world have contributed to Arcosanti and Cosanti through our workshops and programs. Our work in urban planning will continue. It was considered radical fifty years ago and has proven itself relevant today. Our goal is a built environment inspired by Soleri's architecture that fosters community, integrates the natural world, and nurtures the best of human nature."

Curbed editor-in-chief Kelsey Keith wrote "[Daniela] Soleri's account is breathtaking not only for its thorough and very personal reckoning with the truth, but for its clear-eyed articulation of the reasons why assigning all intellectual power to a solitary genius is so harmful." Keith noted that architecture as a profession "hasn't (yet) experienced its Weinstein moment", referring to the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations and the resulting "Weinstein effect" of reporting sexual misconduct committed by powerful men in media and other industries. In a 2018 Curbed article, Hilary George-Parkin said: "'While Hollywood, tech, sports, media, politics, the restaurant industry, and others are reeling from high-profile revelations and resignations, the design world has remained—with the notable exception of Daniela Soleri's account of sexual abuse by her father, architect Paolo Soleri—mostly undisturbed in the public realm.'"

Death
Soleri died on 9 April 2013 and was buried at Arcosanti in its private cemetery, beside his wife.

Major projects

 * Dome House, 1949 - 1950, 7199 E. Grapevine Road, Cave Creek, Arizona, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, PRIVATE HOME
 * Ceramica Artistica Solimene (Solimene Ceramic Factory), 1955, Vietri sul Mare, Italy
 * Cosanti, 1956 - 2013, 6433 E Doubletree Ranch Rd, Paradise Valley, Arizona, listed on the Arizona Register of Historic Places
 * Paolo Soleri Amphitheater, 1970, 1501 Cerrillos Rd, Santa Fe, New Mexico
 * Arcosanti, 1970 - 2013, 13555 S Cross L Road, Mayer, Arizona
 * Arizona Cancer Center Chapel, 1986, Univierty of Arizona Medical Campu, Tucson, Arizona
 * Glendale Community College Amphitheater, 1995, 6000 W Olive Ave, Glendale, Arizona
 * Soleri Bridge and Plaza, 2010, 4420 N Scottsdale Rd, Scottsdale, AZ 85251
 * DeConcini House, 1982, 5107 North 21st Street, Phoenix, Arizona, PRIVATE HOME

Bell and art projects

 * Bell System Mobile, Sanctuary Camelback Mountain Resort, 5700 E McDonald Dr, Paradise Valley, Arizona
 * Il Donnone, Phoenix Art Museum, 1625 N Central Ave, Phoenix, Arizona
 * Bell System Mobile, The Mayo Clinic, 13737 N. 92nd St., Scottsdale, Arizona
 * Bell System Mobile, Phoenix Public Library - Burton Barr Central Branch, 1221 N Central Ave, Phoenix, Arizona
 * Bell System Mobile, Sky Harbor Airport - International Terminal, 3400 E Sky Harbor Blvd, Phoenix, Arizona
 * Bell System Mobile, Neiman Marcus Department Store, 6900 E Camelback Rd Scottsdale, Arizona

Awards
Soleri received fellowships from the Graham Foundation and from the Guggenheim Foundation (1964, Architecture, Planning, & Design ). He was awarded three honorary doctorates and several awards from design groups worldwide:
 * 1963 – American Institute of Architects Gold Medal for Craftmanship
 * 1981 – Gold Medal at the World Bienniale of Architecture held by the International Academy of Architecture in Sofia, Bulgaria
 * 1984 – Silver Medal of the Academie d' Architecture in Paris
 * 1996 – Honorary Fellow, Royal Institute of British Architects
 * 2000 – Leone d'oro at the Venice Biennale of Architecture for his lifelong achievement
 * 2006 – Cooper Hewitt National Design Award for lifetime achievement

Legacy
Paolo Soleri's architectural and philosophical contributions have left a lasting impact on the fields of architecture, urban planning, and environmental design. His legacy can be observed through various aspects:

Arcosanti and urban laboratory concepts
Soleri's experimental urban laboratory, Arcosanti, serves as a testament to his commitment to the concept of arcology — the fusion of architecture and ecology. The ongoing development of Arcosanti since its inception in 1970 underscores Soleri's vision of creating compact, sustainable communities.

Ecological consciousness
Soleri's work reflects a deep ecological consciousness, emphasizing the need for harmonious coexistence between human settlements and the natural environment. His theoretical framework proposed efficient land use, resource conservation, and a reconsideration of societal norms in favor of ecological balance.

Influence on contemporary architects and urban planners
Many contemporary architects and urban planners acknowledge Soleri's influence on their work. His innovative ideas have inspired a generation of designers to explore sustainable and efficient urban solutions, contributing to the ongoing discourse on environmentally conscious architecture.

Philosophical contributions
Soleri's writings, including his seminal work "Arcology===: The City in the Image of Man," continue to be referenced in discussions about the future of urban living and the relationship between architecture and society. His philosophical contributions to the understanding of human settlement patterns have sparked interdisciplinary dialogues and debates.

Recognition and awards
Soleri's impact is further evident in the numerous awards and honors he received during his lifetime, including the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal (2010) for his enduring commitment to blending architecture with ecology.

The Paolo Soleri Archives, the collection of Soleri's drawings and writings, is located at Arcosanti. The Soleri Archives is managed by Sue Kirsch. This collection is shared through exhibits, publication and is made available to scholars and historians.

While Paolo Soleri's arcological vision has faced both praise and criticism, his legacy persists as a source of inspiration for those seeking innovative and sustainable solutions to the challenges of urbanization and environmental stewardship.

A number of films and recorded interviews have focused on Soleri's life and architectural contributions including: Paolo Soleri: Ideas and Work (1972), Soleri's Cities: Architecture for Planet Earth and Beyond Reviews (1993), Paolo Soleri: Beyond Form (2013), The Vision of Paolo Soleri: Prophet in the Desert (2013), and Paolo Soleri: Citizen of the Planet (2016). An interview with Soleri was featured in the environmental documentary The 11th Hour (2007).

Exhibitions

 * Documenta; the Paolo Soleri retrospective, Corcoran Gallery of Art, 1970
 * Paolo Soleri: Mesa City to Arcosanti, Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art, 2013
 * Permeant Loan, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 * Conceptions of Space: Recent Acquisitions in Contemporary Architecture, 2014, Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * In Situ: Architecture and Landscape, 2010, Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * Wunderkammer: A Century of Curiosities, 2008, Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * Built in USA: Post-War Architecture, 1953, Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * The Architectural Vision of Paolo Soleri 1966-1971, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, Ill.
 * Northern Arizona Univierty Museum, Paolo Soleri Retrospective, 2013, Flagstaf Arizona,

Museum collections

 * Museum of Modern Art, New York
 * Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 * Arizona State Univierty, Design and the Arts Special Collections, Phoenix, Arizona
 * Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC
 * Cosanti Foundation
 * Arcosanti Archives
 * AD&A Museum UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California

Major publications

 * Soleri, Paolo, Documenta: Paolo Soleri is the Only Architect
 * Soleri, Paolo, The Sketchbooks of Paolo Soleri, 1971
 * Soleri, Paolo, The Bridge between Matter Spirit Is Matter Becoming Spirit: The Arcology of Paolo Soleri, 1973
 * Soleri, Paolo, Envisioned Cities of the 21st Century, 1980
 * Soleri, Paolo, The Omega Seed: An eschatological hypothesis, 1981
 * Soleri, Paolo, Arcosanti: An Urban Laboratory?, 1984
 * Soleri, Paolo, Paolo Soleris Earth Casting For Sculpture, Models and Construction, 1984
 * Soleri, Paolo, Technology and Cosmogenesis, 1985
 * Soleri, Paolo, Itinerario di architettura. Antologia degli scritti, 2003
 * Soleri, Paolo; Strohmeier, John, The Urban Ideal: Conversations with Paolo Soleri
 * Soleri, Paolo, Life Time Furniture Cloister Styles
 * Soleri, Paolo, What if? Quaderno 1 - Quaderno 9, Ecominutiae.
 * Soleri, Paolo, Arcologie. La ville à l'image de l'homme
 * Soleri, Paolo, Arcology: The City in the Image of Man, 2006
 * Paolo Soleri; Alvar Aalto; Louis I Kahn; Le Corbusier, 1964
 * International Dialogue of Experimental Architecture. IDEA, 1966
 * Wilcoxen, Ralph, Paolo Soleri: a Bibliography, 1969
 * Fragments: A Selection from the Sketchbooks of Paolo Soleri : The Tiger Paradigm-Paradox, 1981
 * Le architetture di Paolo Soleri. Un viaggio in Arizona
 * Carter, Claire C., Repositioning Paolo Soleri: The City Is Nature, 2019
 * Gianluca Frediani, Paolo Soleri e Vietri
 * Soleri, Paolo; Davis, Scott M. Paolo Soleri's Earth Casting for Sculpture, Models and Construction
 * Antoinette iolanda lima, Soleri architecture as human ecology, 2000
 * Soleri, Paolo, Visionary Cities: The Arcology of Paolo Soleri

title: Paolo Soleri