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Joan Baez

Joan Chandos Baez (, ; born January 9, 1941 ) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, and activist. Her contemporary folk music often includes songs of protest and social justice. Baez has performed publicly for over 60 years, releasing more than 30 albums.

Baez is generally regarded as a folk singer, but her music has diversified since the counterculture era of the 1960s and encompasses genres such as folk rock, pop, country, and gospel music. She began her recording career in 1960 and achieved immediate success. Her first three albums, Joan Baez, Joan Baez, Vol. 2 and Joan Baez in Concert, all achieved gold record status. Although a songwriter herself, Baez generally interprets other composers' work, having recorded songs by the Allman Brothers Band, the Beatles, Jackson Browne, Leonard Cohen, Woody Guthrie, Violeta Parra, the Rolling Stones, Pete Seeger, Paul Simon, Stevie Wonder, Bob Marley, and many others. She was one of the first major artists to record the songs of Bob Dylan in the early 1960s; Baez was already an internationally celebrated artist and did much to popularize his early songwriting efforts. Her tumultuous relationship with Dylan later became the subject of songs from both and generated much public speculation. On her later albums she has found success interpreting the work of more recent songwriters, including Ryan Adams, Josh Ritter, Steve Earle, Natalie Merchant, and Joe Henry.

Baez's acclaimed songs include "Diamonds & Rust" and covers of Phil Ochs's "There but for Fortune" and the Band's "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down". She is also known for "Farewell, Angelina", "Love Is Just a Four-Letter Word", "Forever Young", "Here's to You", "Joe Hill", "Sweet Sir Galahad" and "We Shall Overcome". Baez performed fourteen songs at the 1969 Woodstock Festival and has displayed a lifelong commitment to political and social activism in the fields of nonviolence, civil rights, human rights, and the environment. Baez was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7, 2017.

Early and personal life
Baez was born in the Staten Island borough of New York City on January 9, 1941. Her grandfather, Alberto Baez, left the Catholic Church to become a Methodist minister and moved to the U.S. when her father was two years old. Her father, Albert Baez (1912–2007), was born in Puebla, Mexico, and grew up in Brooklyn, New York, where his father preached to, and advocated for, a Spanish-speaking congregation. Albert first considered becoming a minister but instead turned to the study of mathematics and physics and received his PhD from Stanford University in 1950. Albert was later credited as a co-inventor of the X-ray microscope. Joan's cousin, John C. Baez, is a mathematical physicist.

Her mother, Joan Chandos Baez (née Bridge), referred to as Joan Senior or "Big Joan", was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, the second daughter of an English Anglican priest who claimed to be descended from the Dukes of Chandos. Born on April 11, 1913, she died on April 20, 2013.

Baez had two sisters, Pauline Thalia Baez Bryan (1938–2016), also known as Pauline Marden, and Margarita Mimi Baez Fariña (1945–2001), who was better known as Mimi Fariña. They both were political activists and musicians.

The Baez family converted to Quakerism during Joan's early childhood, and she has continued to identify with the tradition, particularly in her commitment to pacifism and social issues. While growing up, Baez was subjected to racial slurs and discrimination because of her Mexican heritage. Consequently, she became involved in social causes early in her career. She declined to play in any white student venues that were segregated, which meant that when she toured the Southern states, she would play only at black colleges.

Owing to her father's work with UNESCO, their family moved many times, living in towns across the U.S. as well as in England, France, Switzerland, Spain, Canada, and the Middle East, including Iraq. Joan Baez became involved with a variety of social causes early in her career, including civil rights and nonviolence. Social justice, she stated in the PBS series American Masters, is the true core of her life, "looming larger than music".

Baez spent much of her formative youth living in the San Francisco Bay area, where she graduated from Palo Alto High School in 1958. Here, Baez dated Michael New, a fellow student described as "Trinidad English" whom she met at her college in the late 1950s, and occasionally introduced as her husband. Baez committed her first act of civil disobedience by refusing to leave her Palo Alto High School classroom in Palo Alto, California for an air raid drill.

She remained close to her younger sister Mimi up until Mimi's death in 2001 and mentioned in the 2009 American Masters documentary that she had grown closer to her older sister Pauline in later years. Presently, Baez is a resident of Woodside, California, where she lived with her mother until the latter's death in 2013. She has said that her house has a backyard tree house in which she spends time meditating, writing, and "being close to nature".

Since stepping down from the stage in 2019, she has devoted herself to portraiture. Owing to false assumptions that have been promoted about her, Baez stated in 2019 that she has never been part of the feminist movement and is not a vegetarian.

She is the subject of the 2023 documentary Joan Baez: I Am a Noise, in which she reflected on among other things her personal struggles, her political activism, and her personal and professional relationship with Bob Dylan. She also related that Mimi and she had struggled with depression and after years of therapy came to believe that they had been abused by their father.

Music career
The opening line of Baez's memoir And a Voice to Sing With is "I was born gifted" (referring to her singing voice, which she explained was given to her and for which she can take no credit). A friend of Joan's father gave her a ukulele. She learned four chords, which enabled her to play rhythm and blues, the music she was listening to at the time. Her parents, however, were fearful that the music would lead her into a life of drug addiction. When Baez was 13, her aunt took her to a concert by folk musician Pete Seeger, and Baez found herself strongly moved by his music. She soon began practicing the songs of his repertoire and performing them publicly. One of her very earliest public performances was at a retreat in Saratoga, California, for a youth group from Temple Beth Jacob, a Redwood City, California, Jewish congregation. A few years later, in 1957, Baez bought her first Gibson acoustic guitar.

College music scene in Massachusetts
In 1958, after Baez graduated from high school, her father accepted a faculty position at MIT and moved his family from the San Francisco area to Boston, Massachusetts. At that time, it was in the center of the up-and-coming folk-music scene, and Baez began performing near home in Boston and nearby Cambridge. She also performed in clubs and attended Boston University for about six weeks. In 1958, at the Club 47 in Cambridge, she gave her first concert. When designing the poster for the performance, Baez considered changing her performing name to either Rachel Sandperl, the surname of her longtime mentor Ira Sandperl, or Maria from the song "They Call the Wind Maria". She later opted against doing so, fearing that people would accuse her of changing her last name because it was Spanish. The audience consisted of her parents, her sister Mimi, her boyfriend, and a few friends, resulting in a total of eight patrons. She was paid ten dollars. Baez was later asked back and began performing twice a week for $25 per show.

A few months later, Baez and two other folk enthusiasts made plans to record an album in the cellar of a friend's house. The three sang solos and duets and a family friend designed the album cover, which was released on Veritas Records that same year as Folksingers 'Round Harvard Square. Baez later met Bob Gibson and Odetta, who were at the time two of the most prominent vocalists singing folk and gospel music. Baez cites Odetta as a primary influence along with Marian Anderson and Pete Seeger. Gibson invited Baez to perform with him at the 1959 Newport Folk Festival, where the two sang two duets, "Virgin Mary Had One Son" and "We Are Crossing Jordan River". The performance generated substantial praise for the "barefoot Madonna" with the otherworldly voice, and it was this appearance that led to Baez signing with Vanguard Records the following year, although Columbia Records tried to sign her first. Baez later claimed that she felt she would be given more artistic license at a more "low key" label. Baez's nickname at the time, "Madonna", has been attributed to her clear voice, long hair, and natural beauty, and to her role as "Earth Mother".

First albums and 1960s breakthrough
Her true professional career began at the 1959 Newport Folk Festival. Following that appearance, she recorded her first album for Vanguard, Joan Baez (1960), produced by Fred Hellerman of The Weavers, who produced many albums by folk artists. The collection of traditional folk ballads, blues, and laments sung to her own guitar accompaniment sold moderately well. It featured many popular Child Ballads of the day and was recorded in only four days in the ballroom of New York City's Manhattan Towers Hotel. The album also included "El Preso Numero Nueve", a song sung entirely in Spanish, which she would re-record in 1974 for inclusion on her Spanish-language album Gracias a la Vida.

She made her New York concert debut on November 5, 1960, at the 92nd Street Y and on November 11, 1961, Baez played her first major New York concert at a sold-out performance at Town Hall. Robert Shelton, folk critic of the New York Times, praised the concert, saying, "That superb soprano voice, as lustrous and rich as old gold, flowed purely all evening with a wondrous ease. Her singing (unwound) like a spool of satin." Years later when Baez thought back to that concert, she laughed, saying: "I remember in 1961 my manager sending me this newspaper (clipping) in the mail (which) read, 'Joan Baez Town Hall Concert, SRO.' I thought SRO meant 'sold right out.' I was so innocent of it all." Her second release, Joan Baez, Vol. 2 (1961), went gold, as did Joan Baez in Concert, Part 1 (1962) and Joan Baez in Concert, Part 2 (1963). Like its immediate predecessor, Joan Baez, Vol. 2 contained strictly traditional material. Her two albums of live material, Joan Baez in Concert, Part 1 and its second counterpart were unique in that unlike most live albums, they contained only new songs rather than established favorites. It was Joan Baez in Concert, Part 2 that featured Baez's first-ever Dylan cover.

From the early to the mid-1960s, Baez emerged at the forefront of the American roots revival, where she introduced her audiences to the then-unknown Bob Dylan and was emulated by artists such as Judy Collins, Emmylou Harris, Joni Mitchell, and Bonnie Raitt. On November 23, 1962, Baez appeared on the cover of Time Magazine—a rare honor then for a musician.

Though primarily an album artist, several of Baez's singles have charted, the first being her 1965 cover of Phil Ochs' "There but for Fortune", which became a mid-level chart hit in the U.S. and Canada, and a top-ten single in the United Kingdom.

Baez added other instruments to her recordings on Farewell, Angelina (1965), which features several Dylan songs interspersed with more traditional fare.

Deciding to experiment with different styles, Baez turned to Peter Schickele, a classical music composer, who provided classical orchestration for her next three albums: Noël (1966), Joan (1967), and Baptism: A Journey Through Our Time (1968). Noël was a Christmas album of traditional material, while Baptism was akin to a concept album, featuring Baez reading and singing poems written by celebrated poets such as James Joyce, Federico García Lorca, and Walt Whitman. Joan featured interpretations of work by contemporary composers, including John Lennon and Paul McCartney, Tim Hardin, Paul Simon, and Donovan.

In 1968, Baez traveled to Nashville, Tennessee, where a marathon recording session resulted in two albums. The first, Any Day Now (1968), consists exclusively of Dylan covers. The other, the country-music-infused David's Album (1969), was recorded for husband David Harris, a prominent anti-Vietnam War protester eventually imprisoned for draft resistance. Harris, a country music fan, turned Baez toward more complex country-rock influences beginning with David's Album.

Later in 1968, Baez published her first memoir, Daybreak (by Dial Press). In August 1969, her appearance at Woodstock in upstate New York raised her international musical and political profile, particularly after the successful release of the documentary film Woodstock (1970).

Beginning in the late 1960s, Baez began writing many of her own songs, beginning with "Sweet Sir Galahad" and "A Song For David", both songs appearing on her 1970 (I Live) One Day at a Time album; "Sweet Sir Galahad" was written about her sister Mimi's second marriage, while "A Song For David" was a tribute to Harris. One Day at a Time, like David's Album, featured a decidedly country sound.

Baez's distinctive vocal style and political activism had a significant impact on American popular music. She was one of the first musicians to use her popularity as a vehicle for social protest, singing and marching for human rights and peace. Pete Seeger, Odetta, and decades-long friend Harry Belafonte were her early social justice advocate influences. Baez came to be considered the "most accomplished interpretive folksinger/songwriter of the 1960s". Her appeal extended far beyond the folk music audience. Of her fourteen Vanguard albums, thirteen made the top 100 of Billboard's mainstream pop chart, eleven made the top forty, eight made the top twenty, and four made the top ten.

1970s and the end of Vanguard years
After eleven years with Vanguard, Baez decided in 1971 to cut ties with the label that had released her albums since 1960. She delivered Vanguard one last success with the gold-selling album Blessed Are... (1971), which included a top-ten hit in "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down", her cover of the Band's signature song. With Come from the Shadows (1972), Baez switched to A&M Records, where she remained for four years and six albums.

Joan Baez wrote "The Story of Bangladesh" in 1971. This song was based on the Pakistani army crackdown on unarmed sleeping Bengali students at Dhaka University on March 25, 1971, which ignited the prolonged nine-month Bangladesh Liberation War. The song was later entitled "The Song of Bangladesh" and released in a 1972 album from Chandos Music.

During this period in late 1971, she reunited with composer Peter Schickele to record two tracks, "Rejoice in the Sun" and "Silent Running" for the science-fiction film Silent Running. The two songs were issued as a single on Decca (32890). In addition to this, another LP was released on Decca (DL 7-9188) and was later reissued by Varèse Sarabande on black (STV-81072) and green (VC-81072) vinyl. In 1998, a limited release on CD by the "Valley Forge Record Groupe" was released.

Baez's first album for A&M, Come from the Shadows, was recorded in Nashville, and included a number of more personal compositions, including "Love Song to a Stranger" and "Myths", as well as work by Mimi Farina, John Lennon, and Anna Marly.

Where Are You Now, My Son? (1973) featured a 23-minute title song which took up all of the B-side of the album. Half spoken word poem and half tape-recorded sounds, the song documented Baez's visit to Hanoi, North Vietnam, in December 1972 during which she and her traveling companions survived the 11-day-long Christmas Bombings campaign over Hanoi and Haiphong. (See Vietnam War in Civil rights section below.)

Gracias a la Vida (1974) (the title song written and first performed by Chilean folk singer Violeta Parra) followed and was a success in both the U.S. and Latin America. It included the song "Cucurrucucú paloma". Flirting with mainstream pop music as well as writing her own songs for Diamonds & Rust (1975), the album became the highest selling of Baez's career and included a second top-ten single in the form of the title track.

After Gulf Winds (1976), an album of entirely self-composed songs and From Every Stage (1976), a live album that had Baez performing songs "from every stage" of her career, Baez again parted ways with a record label when she moved to CBS Records for Blowin' Away (1977) and Honest Lullaby (1979).

1980s and 1990s
In 1980, Baez was given honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degrees by Antioch University and Rutgers University for her political activism and the "universality of her music". In 1983, she appeared on the Grammy Awards, performing Dylan's anthemic "Blowin' in the Wind", a song she first performed twenty years earlier.

Baez also played a significant role in the 1985 Live Aid concert for African famine relief, opening the U.S. segment of the show in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She has toured on behalf of many other causes, including Amnesty International's 1986 A Conspiracy of Hope tour and a guest spot on their subsequent Human Rights Now! tour.

Baez found herself without an American label for the release of Live Europe 83 (1984), which was released in Europe and Canada but not released commercially in the U.S. She did not have an American release until the album Recently (1987) on Gold Castle Records.

In 1987, Baez's second autobiography, called And a Voice to Sing With, was published and became a New York Times bestseller. That same year, she traveled to the Middle East to visit with and sing songs of peace for Israel and the Palestinians.

In May 1989, Baez performed at a music festival in communist Czechoslovakia called Bratislavská lýra. While there, she met future Czechoslovak president Václav Havel, whom she let carry her guitar so as to prevent his arrest by government agents. During her performance, she greeted members of Charter 77, a dissident human-rights group, which resulted in her microphone being shut off abruptly. Baez then proceeded to sing a cappella for the nearly four thousand gathered. Havel cited her as a great inspiration and influence in that country's Velvet Revolution, the revolution in which the Soviet-dominated Communist government there was overthrown.

Baez recorded two more albums with Gold Castle: Speaking of Dreams, (1989) and Brothers in Arms (1991). She then landed a contract with a major label, Virgin Records, recording Play Me Backwards (1992) for Virgin shortly before the company was purchased by EMI. She then switched to Guardian, with whom she produced a live album, Ring Them Bells (1995), and a studio album, Gone from Danger (1997).

In 1993, at the invitation of Refugees International and sponsored by the Soros Foundation, she traveled to the war-torn Bosnia and Herzegovina region of former-Yugoslavia in an effort to help bring more attention to the suffering there. She was the first major artist to perform in Sarajevo since the outbreak of the Yugoslav civil war.

In October of that year, Baez became the first major artist to perform in a professional concert presentation on Alcatraz Island (a former U.S. federal prison) in San Francisco, California, in a benefit for her sister Mimi's Bread and Roses organization. She later returned for another concert in 1996.

2000s
Beginning in 2001, Baez has had several successful long-term engagements as a lead character at San Francisco's Teatro ZinZanni. In August 2001, Vanguard began re-releasing Baez's first 13 albums, which she recorded for the label between 1960 and 1971. The reissues, being released through Vanguard's Original Master Series, feature digitally restored sound, unreleased bonus songs, new and original artwork, and new liner-note essays written by Arthur Levy. Likewise, her six A&M albums were reissued in 2003. In 2003, Baez was also a judge for the third annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers. Her album, Dark Chords on a Big Guitar (2003), features songs by composers half her age, while a November 2004 performance at New York City's Bowery Ballroom was recorded for a live release, Bowery Songs (2005).

On October 1, 2005, she performed at the Hardly Strictly Bluegrass festival, at San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. Then, on January 13, 2006, Baez performed at the funeral of Lou Rawls, where she led Jesse Jackson Sr., Wonder, and others in the singing of "Amazing Grace". On June 6, 2006, Baez joined Bruce Springsteen on stage at his San Francisco concert, where the two performed the rolling anthem "Pay Me My Money Down". In September 2006, Baez contributed a live, retooled version of her classic song "Sweet Sir Galahad" to a Starbucks's exclusive XM Artist Confidential album. In the new version, she changed the lyric "here's to the dawn of their days" to "here's to the dawn of her days", as a tribute to her late sister Mimi, about whom Baez wrote the song in 1969. Later on, October 8, 2006, she appeared as a special surprise guest at the opening ceremony of the Forum 2000 international conference in Prague. Her performance was kept secret from former Czech Republic President Havel until the moment she appeared on stage. Havel was a great admirer of both Baez and her work. During Baez's next visit to Prague, in April 2007, the two met again when she performed in front of a sold-out house at Prague's Lucerna Hall, a building erected by Havel's grandfather. On December 2, 2006, she made a guest appearance at the Oakland Interfaith Gospel Choir's Christmas Concert at the Paramount Theatre in Oakland, California. Her participation included versions of "Let Us Break Bread Together" and "Amazing Grace". She also joined the choir in the finale of "O Holy Night". In February 2007, Proper Records reissued her 1995 live album Ring Them Bells, which featured duets with artists ranging from Dar Williams and Mimi Fariña to the Indigo Girls and Mary Chapin Carpenter. The reissue features a 16-page booklet and six unreleased live tracks from the original recording sessions. In addition, Baez recorded a duet of "Jim Crow" with John Mellencamp which appears on his album Freedom's Road (2007). Also in February 2007, she received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. The day after receiving the honor, she appeared at the Grammy Awards ceremony and introduced a performance by the Dixie Chicks.

September 2008 saw the release of the studio album Day After Tomorrow, produced by Steve Earle and featuring three of his songs. The album was Baez's first charting record in nearly three decades. On June 29, 2008, Baez performed on the acoustic stage at the Glastonbury Festival playing out the final set to a packed audience. On July 6, 2008, she played at the Montreux Jazz Festival in Montreux, Switzerland. During the concert's finale, she spontaneously danced on stage with a band of African percussionists.

On August 2, 2009, Baez played at the 50th Newport Folk Festival, which also marked the 50th anniversary of her breakthrough performance at the first festival. On October 14, 2009, PBS aired an episode of its documentary series American Masters, entitled Joan Baez: How Sweet the Sound. It was produced and directed by Mary Wharton. A DVD and CD of the soundtrack were released at the same time.

2010s and 2020s
On April 4, 2017, Baez released on her Facebook page her first new song in 27 years, "Nasty Man", a protest song against US President Donald Trump, which became a viral hit. On April 7, 2017, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. On March 2, 2018, she released a new studio album entitled Whistle Down the Wind, which charted in many countries and was nominated for a Grammy, and undertook her "Fare Thee Well Tour" to support the album. On April 30, 2019, Baez told Rolling Stone that she had been approached to perform at the Woodstock 50 festival, but had turned the offer down for "it was too complicated to even get involved in" and her "instincts" were telling her "no".

On July 28, 2019, following dates across Europe, Baez performed her final concert at Madrid's Teatro Real.

In January 2021, it was announced that Baez would receive a 2020 Kennedy Center Honor in a ceremony that was postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic. She was honored along with Debbie Allen, Garth Brooks, Midori, and Dick Van Dyke in May 2021.

Civil rights
In 1956, Baez first heard Martin Luther King Jr. speak about nonviolence, civil rights and social change in a speech that brought tears to her eyes. Several years later, the two became friends, with Baez participating in many of the Civil Rights Movement demonstrations that King helped organize.

When she was a senior in high school, Baez met anti-war activist Ira Sandperl and through their interests in various philosophies and political causes they developed a friendship. In 1965 they founded together the Institute for the Study of Non-violence in Carmel Valley, California with Sandperl running the general operations and funding coming from Baez.

The early years of Baez's career saw the Civil Rights Movement in the U.S. become a prominent issue. Her performance of "We Shall Overcome", the civil rights anthem written by Pete Seeger and Guy Carawan, at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom permanently linked her to the song. Baez again sang "We Shall Overcome" in Sproul Plaza during the mid-1960s Free Speech Movement demonstrations at the University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, California, and at many other rallies and protests.

Her recording of the song "Birmingham Sunday" (1964), written by her brother-in-law, Richard Fariña, was used in the opening of 4 Little Girls (1997), Spike Lee's documentary film about the four young victims killed in the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing.

In 1965, Baez announced that she would be opening a school to teach nonviolent protest. She also participated in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches for voting rights.

In November 2017 as part of a release of documents from the National Archives that were supposed to relate to the assassination of John F. Kennedy, a 1968 FBI report alleged that Baez was involved in the 1960s in an intimate affair with Dr. Martin Luther King, an accusation described by history professor Clayborne Carson, the director of the Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute at Stanford University, as "part of a smear campaign" against King.

Vietnam War
Highly visible in civil-rights marches, Baez became more vocal about her disagreement with the Vietnam War. In 1964, she publicly endorsed resisting taxes by withholding sixty percent of her 1963 income taxes. In 1964, she founded the Institute for the Study of Nonviolence (along with her mentor Sandperl) and encouraged draft resistance at her concerts. The Institute for the Study of Nonviolence would later branch into the Resource Center for Nonviolence.

In 1966, Baez's autobiography, Daybreak, was released. It is the most detailed report of her life through 1966 and outlined her anti-war position, dedicating the book to men facing imprisonment for resisting the draft.

Baez was arrested twice in 1967 for blocking the entrance of the Armed Forces Induction Center in Oakland, California, and spent over a month in jail. (See also David Harris section below.)

She was a frequent participant in anti-war marches and rallies, including:
 * Numerous protests in New York City organized by the Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee, starting with the March 1966 Fifth Avenue Peace Parade;
 * A conversation with husband David Harris at UCLA in 1968 discussing the resistance to the draft during the Vietnam War.
 * A free 1967 concert at the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., that had been opposed by the Daughters of the American Revolution which attracted a crowd of 30,000 to hear her anti-war message;
 * The 1969 Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam protests.

There were many others, culminating in Phil Ochs's The War Is Over celebration in New York City in May 1975.

During the Christmas season 1972, Baez joined a peace delegation traveling to North Vietnam, both to address human rights in the region, and to deliver Christmas mail to American prisoners of war. During her time there, she was caught in the U.S. military's "Christmas bombing" of Hanoi, North Vietnam, during which the city was bombed for eleven straight days.

She was critical of Vietnam's government and organized the May 30, 1979, publication of a full-page advertisement (published in four major U.S. newspapers) in which the government was described as having created a nightmare. Her one-time anti-war ally Jane Fonda refused to join in Baez's criticism of the Vietnamese government,  leading to what was publicly described as a feud between the two.

Prison and death penalty reform
In 2016, Baez advocated for the Innocence Project and Innocence Network. At each concert, Baez informs the audience about the organizations' efforts to exonerate the wrongfully convicted and reform the system to prevent such incidents.

In December 2005, Baez appeared and sang "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" at the California protest at the San Quentin State Prison against the execution of Tookie Williams. She had previously performed the same song at San Quentin at the 1992 vigil protesting the execution of Robert Alton Harris, the first man to be executed in California after the death penalty was reinstated. She subsequently lent her prestige to the campaign opposing the execution of Troy Davis by the State of Georgia.

LGBT rights
Baez has also been prominent in the struggle for gay and lesbian rights. In 1978, she performed at several benefit concerts to defeat the Briggs Initiative, which proposed banning openly gay people from teaching in public schools in California. Later that same year, she participated in memorial marches for the assassinated San Francisco city supervisor, Harvey Milk, who was openly gay.

In the 1990s, she appeared with her friend Janis Ian at a benefit for the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, a gay lobbying organization, and performed at the San Francisco Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride March.

Her song "Altar Boy and the Thief" from Blowin' Away (1977) was written as a dedication to her gay fanbase.

Iran
On June 25, 2009, Baez created a special version of "We Shall Overcome" with a few lines of Persian lyrics in support of peaceful protests by Iranian people. She recorded it in her home and posted the video on YouTube and on her personal website. She dedicated the song "Joe Hill" to the people of Iran during her concert at Merrill Auditorium in Portland, Maine on July 31, 2009.

Environmental causes
On Earth Day 1999, Baez and Bonnie Raitt honored environmental activist Julia Butterfly Hill with Raitt's Arthur M. Sohcot Award in person on her 180 ft-high redwood treetop platform, where Hill had camped to protect ancient redwoods in the Headwaters Forest from logging.

War in Iraq
In early 2003, Baez performed at two rallies of hundreds of thousands of people in San Francisco protesting the U.S. invasion of Iraq.

In August 2003, she was invited by Emmylou Harris and Steve Earle to join them in London, England, at the Concert For a Landmine-Free World.

In the summer of 2004, Baez joined Michael Moore's "Slacker uprising Tour" on American college campuses, encouraging young people to get out and vote for peace candidates in the upcoming presidential election.

In August 2005, Baez appeared at an anti-war protest in Crawford, Texas, which had been started by Cindy Sheehan.

Tree sit-in for urban farmers
On May 23, 2006, Baez once again joined Julia Butterfly Hill, this time in a "tree sit" in a giant tree on the site of the South Central Farm in a poor neighborhood of downtown Los Angeles, California. Baez and Hill were hoisted into the tree, where they remained overnight. The women, in addition to many other activists and celebrities, were protesting the imminent eviction of the community farmers and demolition of the site, which is the largest urban farm in the state. Because many of the South Central Farmers are immigrants from Central America, Baez sang several songs from her 1974 Spanish-language album, Gracias a la Vida, including the title track and "No Nos Moverán" ("We Shall Not Be Moved").

2008 presidential election
Throughout most of her career, Baez remained apprehensive about involving herself in party politics. However, on February 3, 2008, Baez wrote a letter to the editor at the San Francisco Chronicle endorsing Barack Obama in the 2008 U.S. presidential election. She noted: "Through all those years, I chose not to engage in party politics. ... At this time, however, changing that posture feels like the responsible thing to do. If anyone can navigate the contaminated waters of Washington, lift up the poor, and appeal to the rich to share their wealth, it is Sen. Barack Obama." Playing at the Glastonbury Festival in June, Baez said during the introduction of a song that one reason she likes Obama is because he reminds her of another old friend of hers: Martin Luther King Jr.

Although a highly political figure throughout most of her career, Baez had never publicly endorsed a major political party candidate prior to Obama. However, after Obama was elected, she expressed that she would likely never do so again, saying in a 2013 interview in The Huffington Post that "In some ways I'm disappointed, but in some ways it was silly to expect more. If he had taken his brilliance, his eloquence, his toughness and not run for office he could have led a movement. Once he got in the Oval Office he couldn't do anything."

She performed at the White House on February 10, 2010, as part of an evening celebrating the music associated with the civil rights movement, performing "We Shall Overcome".

Occupy Wall Street
On November 11, 2011, Baez played as part of a musical concert for the protestors at Occupy Wall Street. Her three-song set included "Joe Hill", a cover of the Rolling Stones' "Salt of the Earth" and her own composition "Where's My Apple Pie?".

Catalan independence movement
Baez has been a strong defender of the Catalan independence movement. On July 21, 2019, she described jailed Catalan independence leaders as political prisoners. Five days later, she visited former President of the Parliament of Catalonia Carme Forcadell in prison.

Awards
On March 18, 2011, Baez was honored by Amnesty International at its 50th Anniversary Annual General Meeting in San Francisco. The tribute to Baez was the inaugural event for the Amnesty International Joan Baez Award for Outstanding Inspirational Service in the Global Fight for Human Rights. Baez was presented with the first award in recognition of her human rights work with Amnesty International and beyond, and the inspiration she has given activists around the world. The award is to be presented to an artist – music, film, sculpture, paint or other medium – who has helped advance human rights.

Baez was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2007 Grammys.

To reward her decades of dedicated activism, Baez was honored with the Spirit of Americana/Free Speech award at the 2008 Americana Music Honors & Awards.

In 2015 Amnesty International jointly awarded Baez and Ai Wei Wei the Ambassador of Conscience award.

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences elected her to fellowship in 2020, praising her contributions both to music and to activism.

In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Baez at number 189 on its list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time.

In February 2024, she received the Third Class of the Order of the White Double Cross by Zuzana Čaputová

Bob Dylan
Baez first met Dylan in April 1961 at Gerde's Folk City in New York City's Greenwich Village. Baez had already released her debut album and her popularity as the emerging "Queen of Folk" was on the rise. Baez was initially unimpressed with the "urban hillbilly", but she liked one of Dylan's first compositions, "Song to Woody" and remarked that she would like to record it.

By 1963, Baez had released three albums, two of which had been certified gold, and she invited Dylan on stage to perform alongside her at the Newport Folk Festival. The two performed the Dylan composition "With God on Our Side", a collaboration that set the stage for many more duets in the months and years to come. Typically, while on tour, Baez would invite Dylan to sing on stage partly by himself and partly with her, much to the chagrin of her fans.

Before meeting Dylan, Baez's topical songs were few: "Last Night I Had the Strangest Dream", "We Shall Overcome", and an assortment of spirituals. Baez would later say that Dylan's songs seemed to update the topics of protest and justice.

By the time of Dylan's 1965 tour of the UK, their relationship had slowly begun to fizzle out. The couple are captured in D. A. Pennebaker's documentary film Dont Look Back (1967). Baez later described it as an abrupt halt that broke her heart. In the 2023 documentary I Am a Noise Baez referred to the relationship as "totally demoralizing" which she later forgave him for but said that they are no longer in touch with each other.

Baez toured with Dylan as a performer on his Rolling Thunder Revue in 1975–76. She sang four songs with Dylan on the live album of the tour, The Bootleg Series Vol. 5: Bob Dylan Live 1975, The Rolling Thunder Revue, released in 2002. Baez appeared with Dylan in the one-hour TV special Hard Rain, filmed at Fort Collins, Colorado, in May 1976. Baez also starred as 'The Woman in White' in the film Renaldo and Clara (1978), directed by Bob Dylan and filmed during the Rolling Thunder Revue. They performed together at the Peace Sunday anti-nuke concert in 1982. Dylan and Baez toured together again in 1984 along with Carlos Santana.

Baez discussed her relationship with Dylan in Martin Scorsese's documentary film No Direction Home (2005), and in the PBS American Masters biography of Baez, How Sweet the Sound (2009).

Baez wrote and composed at least three songs that were specifically about Dylan. In "To Bobby", written in 1972, she urged Dylan to return to political activism, while in "Diamonds & Rust", the title track from her 1975 album, she revisited her feelings for him in warm, yet direct terms. "Winds of the Old Days", also on the Diamonds & Rust album, is a bittersweet reminiscence about her time with "Bobby".

The references to Baez in Dylan's songs are far less clear. Baez herself has suggested that she was the subject of both "Visions of Johanna" and "Mama, You Been on My Mind", although the latter was more likely about his relationship with Suze Rotolo. Baez implied when speaking about the connection to "Diamonds and Rust" that "Lily, Rosemary and the Jack of Hearts" is, at least in part, a metaphor for Dylan's view of his relationship with her. As for "Like A Rolling Stone", "Visions of Johanna", "She Belongs to Me", and other songs alleged to have been written about Baez, neither Dylan nor biographers such as Clinton Heylin and Michael Gray have had anything definitive to say either way regarding the subject of these songs.

David Harris
In October 1967, Baez, her mother and nearly 70 other women were arrested at the Oakland, California, Armed Forces Induction Center for blocking its doorways to prevent entrance by young inductees, and in support of young men who refused military induction. They were incarcerated in the Santa Rita Jail, and it was here that Baez met David Harris, who was kept on the men's side but who still managed to visit with Baez regularly.

The two formed a close bond upon their release and Baez moved into his draft-resistance commune in the hills above Stanford, California. The pair had known each other for three months when they decided to wed. After confirming the news to Associated Press, media outlets began dedicating ample press to the impending nuptials (at one point, Time magazine referred to the event as the "Wedding of the Century").

After finding a pacifist preacher and a church outfitted with peace signs and writing a blend of Episcopalian and Quaker wedding vows, Baez and Harris married in New York City on March 26, 1968. Her friend Judy Collins sang at the ceremony. After the wedding, Baez and Harris moved into a home in the Los Altos Hills on 10 acre of land called Struggle Mountain, part of a commune, where they tended gardens.

A short time later, Harris refused induction into the armed forces and was indicted. On July 16, 1969, Harris was taken by federal marshals to prison. Baez was visibly pregnant in public in the months that followed, especially at the Woodstock Festival, where she performed a handful of songs in the early morning. The documentary film Carry It On was produced during this period and was released in 1970. The film's behind-the-scenes looks at Harris's views and arrest and Baez on her subsequent performance tour was positively reviewed in Time magazine and The New York Times.

Among the songs Baez wrote about this period of her life are "A Song for David", "Myths", "Prison Trilogy (Billy Rose)" and "Fifteen Months" (the amount of time Harris was imprisoned).

Their son Gabriel was born on December 2, 1969. Harris was released from Texas prison after 15 months, but they separated three months after his release and the couple divorced amicably in 1973. They shared custody of Gabriel, who lived primarily with Baez. Explaining the split, Baez wrote in her autobiography: "I am made to live alone." Baez and Harris remained on friendly terms throughout the years; they reunited on-camera for the 2009 American Masters documentary for the USA's PBS. Their son Gabriel is a drummer and occasionally tours with his mother. He has a daughter Jasmine who also sang with Joan Baez at Kidztock in 2010.

Steve Jobs
Baez dated Apple Computer cofounder Steve Jobs during the early 1980s. A number of sources have stated that Jobs—then in his mid-twenties—had considered asking Baez to marry him, except that her age at the time (early 40s) made the possibility of their having children unlikely. Baez mentioned Jobs in the acknowledgments in her 1987 memoir And a Voice to Sing With and performed at the memorial for him in 2011. After Jobs's death, Baez spoke fondly about him, stating that even after the relationship had ended, the two remained friends, with Jobs having visited Baez a few months before his death, and stating that "Steve had a very sweet side, even if he was as... erratic as he was famous for being. But he gets genius licence for that, because he was somebody who changed the world."

In popular culture

 * Cartoonist Al Capp, creator of the comic strip Li'l Abner, satirized Baez as "Joanie Phoanie" during the 1960s. Capp's satirized Joanie was an unabashed communist radical who sang songs of class warfare while hypocritically traveling in a limousine and charging outrageous performance fees to impoverished orphans. Capp had this character singing bizarre songs such as "A Tale of Bagels and Bacon" and "Molotov Cocktails for Two". Although Baez was upset by the parody in 1966, she admits to being more amused in recent years. "I wish I could have laughed at this at the time", she wrote in a caption under one of the strips, reprinted in her autobiography. "Mr. Capp confused me considerably. I'm sorry he's not alive to read this, it would make him chuckle." Capp stated at the time: "Joanie Phoanie is a repulsive, egomaniacal, un-American, non-taxpaying horror, I see no resemblance to Joan Baez whatsoever, but if Miss Baez wants to prove it, let her."
 * Baez's serious persona was parodied several times on the American variety show Saturday Night Live in impersonations by Nora Dunn, notably in the 1986 mock game show Make Joan Baez Laugh.

Discography

 * Folksingers 'Round Harvard Square (1959)
 * Joan Baez (1960)
 * Joan Baez, Vol. 2 (1961)
 * Joan Baez in Concert (1962)
 * Joan Baez in Concert, Part 2 (1963)
 * Joan Baez/5 (1964)
 * Farewell, Angelina (1965)
 * Noël (1966)
 * Joan (1967)
 * Baptism: A Journey Through Our Time (1968)
 * Any Day Now (1968)
 * David's Album (1969)
 * One Day at a Time (1970)
 * Sacco & Vanzetti (1971)
 * Carry It On (1971)
 * Blessed Are... (1971)
 * Come from the Shadows (1972)
 * Where Are You Now, My Son? (1973)
 * Gracias a la Vida (1974)
 * Diamonds & Rust (1975)
 * Gulf Winds (1976)
 * Blowin' Away (1977)
 * Honest Lullaby (1979)
 * Recently (1987)
 * Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring (1988)
 * Speaking of Dreams (1989)
 * Play Me Backwards (1992)
 * Gone from Danger (1997)
 * Dark Chords on a Big Guitar (2003)
 * Day After Tomorrow (2008)
 * Whistle Down the Wind (2018)

Filmography

 * The March on Washington (1963)
 * The March (1964)
 * The Big T.N.T. Show (1966)
 * Dont Look Back (1967)
 * Festival (1967)
 * Woodstock (1970)
 * Carry It On (1970)
 * Woody Guthrie All-Star Tribute Concert (1970)
 * Celebration at Big Sur (1971)
 * Dynamite Chicken (1971)
 * Earl Scruggs: The Bluegrass Legend – Family & Friends (1972)
 * Sing Sing Thanksgiving (1974)
 * The Making of Silent Running (1974)
 * A War is Over (1975)
 * Banjoman (1975)
 * Bob Dylan: Hard Rain (TV Special, 1976)
 * The Memory of Justice (1976)
 * Renaldo and Clara (1978)
 * There but for Fortune – Joan Baez in Central America (TV documentary, 1982)
 * Sag nein (1983)
 * In Our Hands (1984)
 * Woody Guthrie: Hard Travelin' (1984)
 * Live Aid (1985)
 * In Remembrance of Martin (1986)
 * We Shall Overcome (1989)
 * Woodstock: The Lost Performances (1990)
 * Kris Kristofferson: His Life and Work (1993)
 * Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg (1993)
 * Woodstock Diary (1994)
 * A Century of Women (1994)
 * The History of Rock 'n' Roll (1995)
 * Rock & Roll (1995)
 * Message to Love: Isle of Wight Festival 1970 (1996)
 * Tree Sit: The Art of Resistance (2001)
 * Smothered: The Censorship Struggles of The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (2002)
 * Soundstage: Joan Baez, Gillian Welch and Nickel Creek (2004)
 * Fahrenheit 9/11: A Movement in Time (2004)
 * Words and Music in Honor of Fahrenheit 9/11 (2005)
 * The Carter Family: Will the Circle Be Unbroken (2005)
 * No Direction Home (2005)
 * Captain Mike Across America (2007)
 * Pete Seeger: The Power of Song (2007)
 * 65 Revisited (2007)
 * The Other Side of the Mirror (2007)
 * South Central Farm: Oasis in a Concrete Desert. (2008)
 * Fierce Light: When Spirit Meets Action (2008)
 * The Power of Their Song: The Untold Story of Latin America's New Song Movement (2008)
 * Joan Baez: How Sweet the Sound (2009)
 * Hugh Hefner: Playboy, Activist and Rebel (2009)
 * Leonard Cohen: Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 (2009)
 * Welcome to Eden (2009)
 * In Performance at the White House: A Celebration of Music from the Civil Rights Movement (2010)
 * Phil Ochs: There but for Fortune (2010)
 * Save the Farm (2011)
 * For the Love of the Music: The Club 47 Folk Revival (2012)
 * The March (2013)
 * Another Day, Another Time: Celebrating the Music of 'Inside Llewyn Davis' (2014)
 * The Stars Behind the Iron Curtain (2014)
 * Sharon Isbin: Troubadour (2014)
 * Snapshots from the Tour (2015)
 * Taylor Swift: The 1989 World Tour Live (2015)
 * Joan Baez: Rebel Icon (2015)
 * King in the Wilderness (2018)
 * Hugh Hefner's After Dark: Speaking Out in America (2018)
 * Don't Get Trouble In Your Mind: The Carolina Chocolate Drops' Story (2019)
 * Rolling Thunder Revue: A Bob Dylan Story by Martin Scorsese (2019)
 * Woodstock (2019)
 * The Boys Who Said No!
 * Joan Baez: I Am a Noise (2023)

title: Joan Baez


text:
John Balliol

John Balliol or John de Balliol (c. 1249 – late 1314), known derisively as Toom Tabard (meaning 'empty coat'), was King of Scots from 1292 to 1296. Little is known of his early life. After the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway, Scotland entered an interregnum during which several competitors for the Crown of Scotland put forward claims. Balliol was chosen from among them as the new King of Scotland by a group of selected noblemen headed by King Edward I of England.

Edward used his influence over the process to subjugate Scotland and undermined Balliol's personal reign by treating Scotland as a vassal of England. Edward's influence in Scottish affairs tainted Balliol's reign, and the Scottish nobility deposed him and appointed a council of twelve to rule instead. This council signed a treaty with France known as the "Auld Alliance".

In retaliation, Edward invaded Scotland, starting the Wars of Scottish Independence. After a Scottish defeat in 1296, Balliol abdicated and was imprisoned in the Tower of London. Eventually, Balliol was sent to his estates in France and retired into obscurity, taking no more part in politics. Scotland was then left without a monarch until the accession of Robert the Bruce in 1306. John Balliol's son Edward Balliol would later exert a claim to the Scottish throne against the Bruce claim during the minority of Robert's son David.

Name

In Norman French his name was Johan de Bailliol; in Middle Scots it was Jhon Ballioun, and in Scottish Gaelic, Iain Bailiol. In Scots he was known by the nickname Toom Tabard, usually understood to mean "empty coat" in the sense that he was an ineffective king. Alternatively the word coat may refer to a coat of arms; either to the Balliol arms which are a plain shield with an orle, also known as an inescutcheon voided or because his arms were stripped from his tabard in public.

Early life
Little of Balliol's early life is known. He was born between 1248 and 1250 at an unknown location; possibilities include Galloway, Picardy, and Barnard Castle, County Durham. He was the son of John, 5th Baron Balliol, Lord of Barnard Castle (and founder of Balliol College, Oxford), and his wife Dervorguilla of Galloway, daughter of Alan, Lord of Galloway and granddaughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon — the brother of William the Lion. From his mother he inherited significant lands in Galloway and claim to lordship over the Gallovidians, as well as various English and Scottish estates of the Huntingdon inheritance; from his father he inherited large estates in England and France, such as Hitchin, in Hertfordshire.

Accession as King of Scots

In 1284 Balliol had attended a parliament at Scone, which had recognised Margaret, Maid of Norway, as heir presumptive to her grandfather, King Alexander III. Following the deaths of Alexander III in 1286 and Margaret in 1290, John Balliol was a competitor for the Scottish crown in the Great Cause, as he was a great-great-great-grandson of David I through his mother (and therefore one generation further than his main rival Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale, grandfather of Robert the Bruce, who later became king), being senior in genealogical primogeniture but not in proximity of blood. He submitted his claim to the Scottish auditors with King Edward I of England as the administrator of the court, at Berwick-upon-Tweed, on 6 June 1291. The Scottish auditors' decision in favour of Balliol was pronounced in the Great Hall of Berwick Castle on 17 November 1292, and he was inaugurated accordingly King of Scotland at Scone, 30 November 1292, St. Andrew's Day.

Edward I, who had coerced recognition as Lord Paramount of Scotland, the feudal superior of the realm, steadily undermined John's authority. He demanded homage to be paid towards himself, legal authority over the Scottish king in any disputes brought against him by his own subjects, contribution towards the costs for the defence of England, and military support was expected in his war against France. He treated Scotland as a feudal vassal state and repeatedly humiliated the new king. The Scots soon tired of their deeply compromised king; the direction of affairs was allegedly taken out of his hands by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a council of twelve — in practice, a new panel of guardians — at Stirling in July 1295. They went on to conclude a treaty of mutual assistance with France — known in later years as the "Auld Alliance".

Abdication
In retaliation for Scotland's treaty with France, Edward I invaded, commenced the Wars of Scottish Independence. The Scots were defeated at Dunbar and the English took Dunbar Castle on 27 April 1296. John abdicated at Stracathro, near Montrose, on 10 July 1296.

Balliol was imprisoned in the Tower of London until allowed to go to France in July 1299. When his baggage was examined at Dover, the Royal Golden Crown and Seal of the Kingdom of Scotland, with many vessels of gold and silver, and a considerable sum of money, were found in his chests. Edward I ordered that the crown be offered to the shrine of St Thomas Becket at Canterbury and that the money be returned to Balliol for the expenses of his journey. But he kept the seal himself. Balliol was released into the custody of Pope Boniface VIII on condition that he remain at a papal residence. He was released around the summer of 1301 and lived the rest of his life on his family's ancestral estates at Hélicourt, Picardy.

Over the next few years, there were several Scottish rebellions against Edward (for example, in 1297 under William Wallace and Andrew Moray). When Wallace was chosen as commander, he claimed to act in the name of his king, John Balliol. This claim came to look increasingly tenuous, as Balliol's position under nominal house-arrest meant that he could not return to Scotland nor campaign for his release, despite the Scots' diplomatic attempts in Paris and Rome. After 1302, he made no further attempts to extend his personal support to the Scots.

Death
Balliol died in late 1314 at his family's château at Hélicourt in France. On 4 January 1315, King Edward II of England, writing to King Louis X of France, said that he had heard of the death of "Sir John de Balliol" and requested the fealty and homage of Edward Balliol to be given by proxy.

A John de Bailleul is interred in the church of St. Waast at Bailleul-Neuville in Normandy.

Balliol was survived by his son, Edward Balliol, who later revived his family's claim to the Scottish throne, received support from the English, and had some temporary successes.

Marriage and children

Balliol married around 9 February 1281 to Isabella de Warenne, daughter of John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey.

It has been established that Balliol and de Warenne had at least one child, Edward Balliol, Scottish pretender. Other children linked to the couple include Henry Balliol, killed in the Battle of Annan on 16 December 1332, Agnes (or Maud or Anne) Balliol (who might actually have been his sister), who married Bryan FitzAlan, Lord FitzAlan, and Margaret Balliol who married Sir John St Clere, knight, of East Grinsted, Sussex.

Fictional portrayals

 * John Balliol, An Historical Drama. In Five Acts (1825), play based on his life by William Tennant.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Balliol


text:
List of national independence days

An independence day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's independence or statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state, or after the end of a military occupation, or after a major change in government. Many countries commemorate their independence from a colonial empire.

Not all countries mark independence as a national holiday. Many, such as Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, Ireland, Luxembourg, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Taiwan, and Turkey mark other dates of significance.

title: List of national independence days


text:
Liouville number

In number theory, a Liouville number is a real number $$x$$ with the property that, for every positive integer $$n$$, there exists a pair of integers $$(p,q)$$ with $$q>1$$ such that
 * $$0<\left|x-\frac{p}{q}\right|<\frac{1}{q^n}$$

Liouville numbers are "almost rational", and can thus be approximated "quite closely" by sequences of rational numbers. Precisely, these are transcendental numbers that can be more closely approximated by rational numbers than any algebraic irrational number can be. In 1844, Joseph Liouville showed that all Liouville numbers are transcendental, thus establishing the existence of transcendental numbers for the first time. It is known that $\pi$ and $e$ are not Liouville numbers.

The existence of Liouville numbers (Liouville's constant)
Liouville numbers can be shown to exist by an explicit construction.

For any integer $$b\ge2$$ and any sequence of integers $$(a_1,a_2,\ldots)$$ such that $$a_k\in\{0,1,2,\ldots,b-1\}$$ for all $$k$$ and $$a_k\ne 0$$ for infinitely many $$k$$, define the number
 * $$x=\sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{a_k}{b^{k!}}$$

In the special case when $$b=10$$, and $$a_k=1$$ for all $$k$$, the resulting number $$x$$ is called Liouville's constant:
 * $$L=0.{\color{red}11}000{\color{red}1}00000000000000000{\color{red}1}\ldots$$

It follows from the definition of $$x$$ that its base-$$b$$ representation is
 * $$x=(0.a_1a_2000a_300000000000000000a_4\ldots)_b$$

where the $$n$$th term is in the $$n!$$th place.

Since this base-$$b$$ representation is non-repeating it follows that $$x$$ is not a rational number. Therefore, for any rational number $$p/q$$, $$|x-p/q|>0$$.

Now, for any integer $$n\ge1$$, $$p_n$$ and $$q_n$$ can be defined as follows:
 * $$q_n=b^{n!}\,;\quad p_n=q_n\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{a_k}{b^{k!}}=\sum_{k=1}^na_kb^{n!-k!}$$

Then,
 * $$\begin{align}

0<\left|x-\frac{p_n}{q_n}\right|&=\left|x-\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{a_k}{b^{k!}}\right|=\left|\sum_{k=1}^\infty\frac{a_k}{b^{k!}}-\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{a_k}{b^{k!}}\right|=\left|\left(\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{a_k}{b^{k!}}+\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty\frac{a_k}{b^{k!}}\right)-\sum_{k=1}^n\frac{a_k}{b^{k!}}\right|=\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty\frac{a_k}{b^{k!}} \\[6pt]&\le\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty\frac{b-1}{b^{k!}}<\sum_{k=(n+1)!}^\infty\frac{b-1}{b^k}=\frac{b-1}{b^{(n+1)!}}+\frac{b-1}{b^{(n+1)!+1}}+\frac{b-1}{b^{(n+1)!+2}}+\cdots \\[6pt]&=\frac{b-1}{b^{(n+1)!}b^0}+\frac{b-1}{b^{(n+1)!}b^1}+\frac{b-1}{b^{(n+1)!}b^2}+\cdots=\frac{b-1}{b^{(n+1)!}}\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{1}{b^k} \\[6pt]&=\frac{b-1}{b^{(n+1)!}}\cdot\frac{b}{b-1}=\frac{b}{b^{(n+1)!}}\le\frac{b^{n!}}{b^{(n+1)!}}=\frac{1}{b^{(n+1)!-n!}}=\frac{1}{b^{(n+1)n!-n!}}=\frac{1}{b^{n(n!)+n!-n!}}=\frac{1}{b^{(n!)n}}=\frac{1}{q_n^n} \end{align}$$ Therefore, any such $$x$$ is a Liouville number.

Notes on the proof
\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty \frac{b-1}{b^{k!}} < \sum_{k=(n+1)!}^\infty \frac{b-1}{b^k} \end{align}$$ follows from the motivation to eliminate the series by way of reducing it to a series for which a formula is known. In the proof so far, the purpose for introducing the inequality in #1 comes from intuition that $$\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{1}{b^{k}} = \frac{b}{b-1}$$ (the geometric series formula); therefore, if an inequality can be found from $$\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty \frac{a_k}{b^{k!}}$$ that introduces a series with (b−1) in the numerator, and if the denominator term can be further reduced from $$b^{k!}$$to $$b^{k}$$, as well as shifting the series indices from 0 to $$\infty$$, then both series and (b−1) terms will be eliminated, getting closer to a fraction of the form $$\frac{1}{b^{\text{exponent}\times n}}$$, which is the end-goal of the proof. This motivation is increased here by selecting now from the sum $$\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty \frac{b-1}{b^{k!}}$$ a partial sum. Observe that, for any term in $$\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty \frac{b-1}{b^{k!}}$$, since b ≥ 2, then $$\frac{b-1}{b^{k!}} < \frac{b-1}{b^{k}}$$, for all k (except for when n=1). Therefore, $$\begin{align} \sum_{k=n+1}^\infty \frac{b-1}{b^{k!}} < \sum_{k=n+1}^\infty \frac{b-1}{b^k} \end{align}$$ (since, even if n=1, all subsequent terms are smaller). In order to manipulate the indices so that k starts at 0, partial sum will be selected from within $$ \sum_{k=n+1}^\infty \frac{b-1}{b^k} $$ (also less than the total value since it's a partial sum from a series whose terms are all positive). Choose the partial sum formed by starting at k = (n+1)! which follows from the motivation to write a new series with k=0, namely by noticing that $$b^{(n+1)!} = b^{(n+1)!}b^0$$.
 * 1) The inequality $$\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty \frac{a_k}{b^{k!}} \le \sum_{k=n+1}^\infty \frac{b-1}{b^{k!}}$$ follows since ak ∈ {0, 1, 2, ..., b−1} for all k, so at most ak = b−1. The largest possible sum would occur if the sequence of integers (a1, a2, ...) were (b−1, b−1, ...), i.e. ak = b−1, for all k. $$\sum_{k=n+1}^\infty \frac{a_k}{b^{k!}}$$ will thus be less than or equal to this largest possible sum.
 * 2) The strong inequality $$\begin{align}
 * 1) For the final inequality $$\frac{b}{b^{(n+1)!}} \le \frac{b^{n!}}{b^{(n+1)!}}$$, this particular inequality has been chosen (true because b ≥ 2, where equality follows if and only if n=1) because of the wish to manipulate $$\frac{b}{b^{(n+1)!}}$$ into something of the form $$\frac{1}{b^{\text{exponent}\times n}}$$. This particular inequality allows the elimination of (n+1)! and the numerator, using the property that (n+1)! – n! = (n!)n, thus putting the denominator in ideal form for the substitution $$q_n = b^{n!}$$.

Irrationality
Here the proof will show that the number $$~ x = c / d ~,$$ where $c$ and $d$ are integers and $$~ d > 0 ~,$$ cannot satisfy the inequalities that define a Liouville number. Since every rational number can be represented as such$$~ c / d ~,$$ the proof will show that no Liouville number can be rational.

More specifically, this proof shows that for any positive integer $n$ large enough that $$~ 2^{n - 1} > d > 0~$$ [equivalently, for any positive integer $$~ n > 1 + \log_2(d) ~$$)], no pair of integers $$~(\,p,\,q\,)~$$ exists that simultaneously satisfies the pair of bracketing inequalities

 * $$0 < \left|x - \frac{\,p\,}{q}\right| < \frac{1}{\;q^n\,}~.$$

If the claim is true, then the desired conclusion follows.

Let $p$ and $q$ be any integers with $$~q > 1~.$$ Then,

 * $$ \left| x - \frac{\,p\,}{q} \right| = \left| \frac{\,c\,}{d} - \frac{\,p\,}{q} \right| = \frac{\,|c\,q - d\,p|\,}{ d\,q }$$

If $$ \left| c\,q - d\,p \right| = 0~,$$ then

 * $$\left| x - \frac{\,p\,}{q}\right|= \frac{\,|c\,q - d\,p|\,}{ d\,q } = 0 ~,$$

meaning that such pair of integers $$~(\,p,\,q\,)~$$ would violate the first inequality in the definition of a Liouville number, irrespective of any choice of $n$.

If, on the other hand, since $$~\left| c\,q - d\,p \right| > 0 ~,$$ then, since $$c\,q - d\,p$$ is an integer, we can assert the sharper inequality $$\left| c\,q - d\,p \right| \ge 1 ~.$$  From this it follows that

 * $$\left| x - \frac{\,p\,}{q}\right|= \frac{\,| c\,q - d\,p |\,}{d\,q} \ge \frac{1}{\,d\,q\,}$$

Now for any integer $$~n > 1 + \log_2(d)~,$$ the last inequality above implies

 * $$\left| x - \frac{\,p\,}{q} \right| \ge \frac{1}{\,d\,q\,} > \frac{1}{\,2^{n-1}q\,} \ge \frac{1}{\;q^n\,} ~.$$

Therefore, in the case $$~ \left| c\,q - d\,p \right| > 0 ~$$ such pair of integers $$~(\,p,\,q\,)~$$ would violate the second inequality in the definition of a Liouville number, for some positive integer $n$.

Therefore, to conclude, there is no pair of integers $$~(\,p,\,q\,)~,$$ with $$~ q > 1 ~,$$ that would qualify such an $$~ x = c / d ~,$$ as a Liouville number.

Hence a Liouville number, if it exists, cannot be rational.

(The section on Liouville's constant proves that Liouville numbers exist by exhibiting the construction of one. The proof given in this section implies that this number must be irrational.)

Uncountability
Consider, for example, the number

 * 3.1400010000000000000000050000....

3.14(3 zeros)1(17 zeros)5(95 zeros)9(599 zeros)2(4319 zeros)6...

where the digits are zero except in positions n! where the digit equals the nth digit following the decimal point in the decimal expansion of π.

As shown in the section on the existence of Liouville numbers, this number, as well as any other non-terminating decimal with its non-zero digits similarly situated, satisfies the definition of a Liouville number. Since the set of all sequences of non-null digits has the cardinality of the continuum, the same thing occurs with the set of all Liouville numbers.

Moreover, the Liouville numbers form a dense subset of the set of real numbers.

Liouville numbers and measure
From the point of view of measure theory, the set of all Liouville numbers $$L$$ is small. More precisely, its Lebesgue measure, $$\lambda(L)$$, is zero. The proof given follows some ideas by John C. Oxtoby.

For positive integers $$n>2$$ and $$q\geq2$$ set:

 * $$V_{n,q}=\bigcup\limits_{p=-\infty}^\infty \left(\frac{p}{q}-\frac{1}{q^n},\frac{p}{q}+\frac{1}{q^n}\right)$$

then

 * $$L\subseteq \bigcup_{q=2}^\infty V_{n,q}.$$

Observe that for each positive integer $$n\geq2$$ and $$m\geq1$$, then

 * $$L\cap (-m,m)\subseteq \bigcup\limits_{q=2}^\infty V_{n,q}\cap(-m,m)\subseteq \bigcup\limits_{q=2}^\infty\bigcup\limits_{p=-mq}^{mq} \left( \frac{p}{q}-\frac{1}{q^n},\frac{p}{q}+\frac{1}{q^n}\right).$$

Since

 * $$ \left|\left(\frac{p}{q}+\frac{1}{q^n}\right)-\left(\frac{p}{q}-\frac{1}{q^n}\right)\right|=\frac{2}{q^n}$$

and $$n>2$$ then

\begin{align} \mu(L\cap (-m,\, m)) & \leq\sum_{q=2}^\infty\sum_{p=-mq}^{mq}\frac{2}{q^n} = \sum_{q=2}^\infty \frac{2(2mq+1)}{q^n} \\[6pt] & \leq (4m+1)\sum_{q=2}^\infty\frac{1}{q^{n-1}} \leq (4m+1) \int^\infty_1 \frac{dq}{q^{n-1}}\leq\frac{4m+1}{n-2}. \end{align} $$

Now

 * $$\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{4m+1}{n-2}=0$$

and it follows that for each positive integer $$m$$, $$L\cap (-m,m)$$ has Lebesgue measure zero. Consequently, so has $$L$$.

In contrast, the Lebesgue measure of the set of all real transcendental numbers is infinite (since the set of algebraic numbers is a null set).

One could show even more - the set of Liouville numbers has Hausdorff dimension 0 (a property strictly stronger than having Lebesgue measure 0).

Structure of the set of Liouville numbers
For each positive integer $n$, set

 * $$~ U_n = \bigcup\limits_{q=2}^\infty ~ \bigcup\limits_{p=-\infty}^\infty  ~ \left\{ x \in \mathbb R : 0 <  \left |x- \frac{p}{\,q\,} \right |< \frac{1}{\;q^n\,}\right\} = \bigcup\limits_{q=2}^\infty ~ \bigcup\limits_{p=-\infty}^\infty ~ \left(\frac{p}{q}-\frac{1}{q^n}~,~\frac{p}{\,q\,} + \frac{1}{\;q^n\,}\right) \setminus \left\{\frac{p}{\,q\,}\right\} ~$$

The set of all Liouville numbers can thus be written as

 * $$~ L ~=~ \bigcap\limits_{n=1}^\infty U_n ~=~ \bigcap\limits_{n \in \mathbb{N}_1} ~ \bigcup\limits_{ q \geqslant 2} ~ \bigcup \limits_{ p \in \mathbb{Z} }\,\left(\,\left(\,\frac{\,p\,}{q} - \frac{1}{\;q^n\,}~,~ \frac{\,p\,}{q} + \frac{1}{\;q^n\,} \,\right) \setminus \left\{\,\frac{\,p\,}{q}\,\right\} \,\right) ~.$$

Each $$~ U_n ~$$ is an open set; as its closure contains all rationals (the $$~p / q~$$ from each punctured interval), it is also a dense subset of real line. Since it is the intersection of countably many such open dense sets, $L$ is comeagre, that is to say, it is a dense Gδ set.

Irrationality measure
The Liouville–Roth irrationality measure (irrationality exponent, approximation exponent, or Liouville–Roth constant) of a real number $$x$$ is a measure of how "closely" it can be approximated by rationals. Generalizing the definition of Liouville numbers, instead of allowing any $$n$$ in the power of $$q$$, we find the largest possible value for $$\mu$$ such that $$0< \left| x- \frac{p}{q} \right| < \frac{1}{q^\mu} $$ is satisfied by an infinite number of coprime integer pairs $$(p,q)$$ with $$q>0$$. This maximum value of $$\mu$$ is defined to be the irrationality measure of $$x$$. For any value $$\mu$$ less than this upper bound, the infinite set of all rationals $$p/q$$ satisfying the above inequality yield an approximation of $$x$$. Conversely, if $$\mu$$ is greater than the upper bound, then there are at most finitely many $$(p,q)$$ with $$q>0$$ that satisfy the inequality; thus, the opposite inequality holds for all larger values of $$q$$. In other words, given the irrationality measure $$\mu$$ of a real number $$x$$, whenever a rational approximation $$x\approx p/q$$, $$p,q\in\N$$ yields $$n+1$$ exact decimal digits, then

 * $$\frac{1}{10^n} \ge \left| x- \frac{p}{q} \right| \ge \frac{1}{q^{\mu+\varepsilon}} $$

for any $$\varepsilon >0$$, except for at most a finite number of "lucky" pairs $$(p,q)$$.

As a consequence of Dirichlet's approximation theorem every irrational number has irrationality measure at least 2. On the other hand, an application of Borel-Cantelli lemma shows that almost all numbers have an irrationality measure equal to 2.

Below is a table of known upper and lower bounds for the irrationality measures of certain numbers.

Irrationality base
The irrationality base is a measure of irrationality introduced by J. Sondow as an irrationality measure for Liouville numbers. It is defined as follows:

Let $$\alpha $$ be an irrational number. If there exists a real number $$ \beta \geq 1 $$ with the property that for any $$ \varepsilon >0 $$, there is a positive integer $$ q(\varepsilon)$$ such that

 * $$ \left| \alpha-\frac{p}{q} \right| > \frac 1 {(\beta+\varepsilon)^q} \text{ for all integers } p,q \text{ with } q \geq q(\varepsilon) $$,

then $$\beta$$ is called the irrationality base of $$\alpha$$ and is represented as $$\beta(\alpha)$$

If no such $$\beta$$ exists, then $$\alpha$$ is called a super Liouville number.

Example: The series $$\varepsilon_{2e}=1+\frac{1}{2^1}+\frac{1}{4^{2^1}}+\frac{1}{8^{4^{2^1}}}+\frac{1}{16^{8^{4^{2^1}}}}+\frac{1}{32^{16^{8^{4^{2^1}}}}}+\ldots$$ is a super Liouville number, while the series $$\tau_2 = \sum_{n=1}^\infty{\frac{1}{^{n}2}} = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2^2} + \frac{1}{2^{2^2}} + \frac{1}{2^{2^{2^2}}} + \frac{1}{2^{2^{2^{2^2}}}} + \ldots$$ is a Liouville number with irrationality base 2. ($${^{b}a}$$ represents tetration.)

Liouville numbers and transcendence
Establishing that a given number is a Liouville number provides a useful tool for proving a given number is transcendental. However, not every transcendental number is a Liouville number. The terms in the continued fraction expansion of every Liouville number are unbounded; using a counting argument, one can then show that there must be uncountably many transcendental numbers which are not Liouville. Using the explicit continued fraction expansion of e, one can show that e is an example of a transcendental number that is not Liouville. Mahler proved in 1953 that π is another such example.

The proof proceeds by first establishing a property of irrational algebraic numbers. This property essentially says that irrational algebraic numbers cannot be well approximated by rational numbers, where the condition for "well approximated" becomes more stringent for larger denominators. A Liouville number is irrational but does not have this property, so it can't be algebraic and must be transcendental. The following lemma is usually known as Liouville's theorem (on diophantine approximation), there being several results known as Liouville's theorem.

Below, the proof will show that no Liouville number can be algebraic.

Lemma: If $$\alpha$$ is an irrational root of an irreducible polynomial of degree $$n>1$$ with integer coefficients, then there exists a real number $$A>0$$ such that for all integers $$p,q$$ with $$q>0$$,
 * $$\left|\alpha-\frac{p}{q}\right|>\frac{A}{q^n}$$

Proof of Lemma: Let $$f(x)=\sum_{k\,=\,0}^na_kx^k$$ be a minimal polynomial with integer coefficients, such that $$f(\alpha)=0$$.

By the fundamental theorem of algebra, $$f$$ has at most $$n$$ distinct roots. Therefore, there exists $$\delta_1>0$$ such that for all $$0<|x-\alpha|<\delta_1$$ we get $$f(x)\ne0$$.

Since $$f$$ is a minimal polynomial of $$\alpha$$ we get $$f'\!(\alpha)\ne0$$, and also $$f'$$ is continuous. Therefore, by the extreme value theorem there exists $$\delta_2>0$$ and $$M>0$$ such that for all $$|x-\alpha|<\delta_2$$ we get $$0<|f'\!(x)|\le M$$.

Both conditions are satisfied for $$\delta=\min\{\delta_1,\delta_2\}$$.

Now let $$\tfrac{p}{q}\in(\alpha-\delta,\alpha+\delta)$$ be a rational number. Without loss of generality we may assume that $$\tfrac{p}{q}<\alpha$$. By the mean value theorem, there exists $$x_0\in\left(\tfrac{p}{q},\alpha\right)$$ such that
 * $$f'\!(x_0)=\frac{f(\alpha)-f\bigl(\frac{p}{q}\bigr)}{\alpha-\frac{p}{q}}$$

Since $$f(\alpha)=0$$ and $$f\bigl(\tfrac{p}{q}\bigr)\ne0$$, both sides of that equality are nonzero. In particular $$|f'\!(x_0)|>0$$ and we can rearrange:
 * $$\begin{align}\left|\alpha-\frac{p}{q}\right|&=\frac{\left|f(\alpha)-f\bigl(\frac{p}{q}\bigr)\right|}{|f'\!(x_0)|}=\frac{\left|f\bigl(\frac{p}{q}\bigr)\right|}{|f'\!(x_0)|}\\[5pt]&=\frac{1}{|f'\!(x_0)|}\left|\,\sum_{k\,=\,0}^na_kp^kq^{-k}\,\right|\\[5pt]&=\frac{1}{|f'\!(x_0)|\,q^n}\,\underbrace{\left|\,\sum_{k\,=\,0}^na_kp^kq^{n-k}\,\right|}_{\ge\,1}\\&\ge\frac{1}{Mq^n}>\frac{A}{q^n}\quad:\!0 \frac{A}{q^{n}} $$

Let r be a positive integer such that 1/(2r) ≤ A. If m = r + n, and since x is a Liouville number, then there exist integers a, b where b > 1 such that

 * $$\left|x-\frac ab\right|<\frac1{b^m}=\frac1{b^{r+n}}=\frac1{b^rb^n} \le \frac1{2^r}\frac1{b^n} \le \frac A{b^n} $$

which contradicts the lemma. Hence a Liouville number cannot be algebraic, and therefore must be transcendental.

authors: יהודה שמחה ולדמן

title: Liouville number


text:
Crane

Crane or cranes may refer to:

Common meanings

 * Crane (bird), a large, long-necked bird
 * Crane (machine), industrial machinery for lifting
 * Crane (rail), a crane suited for use on railroads

People and fictional characters

 * Crane (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters with the surname
 * Crane (given name), a list of people

Barbados

 * The Crane, Saint Philip, Barbados

United Kingdom

 * River Crane, Dorset
 * River Crane, London, a small river of London, branch to the Thames

United States

 * Crane, Indiana, a town
 * Crane, Missouri, a town
 * Crane, Montana, a census-designated place and unincorporated community
 * Crane, Oregon, a census-designated place and unincorporated community
 * Crane County, Texas
 * Crane, Texas, a city and the county seat
 * Crane, Virginia, an unincorporated community
 * Crane, Washington, an unincorporated community
 * Crane Creek (disambiguation)
 * Crane Estate, Ipswich, Massachusetts, consisting of:
 * Castle Hill
 * Crane Beach
 * Crane Island (Washington), one of the San Juan Islands
 * Crane Mountain, Oregon
 * Camp Crane, a World War I United States Army Ambulance Service training camp located in Allentown, Pennsylvania

Businesses

 * Crane (St. Paul's Churchyard), a historical bookseller in London
 * Crane & Co., a supplier of paper for US banknotes
 * Crane Co., an American industrial products company
 * Crane Bank, a commercial bank in Uganda.
 * Crane Merchandising Systems, a vending machine manufacturer
 * Crane Plumbing, a brand of plumbing fixtures made by American Standard Brands
 * Crane-Simplex, an American car manufacturer, formerly named Crane Motor Car Company
 * The Crane Group Companies, an American construction and materials company

Arts and entertainment

 * The Crane, a 1992 short film starring Jude Law
 * Crane (TV series), a British TV series starring Patrick Allen, which ran from 1963 to 1965
 * Cranes (band), a British alternative rock band
 * Zhuravli ("Cranes"), a famous 1969 Russian song about World War II
 * Orizuru, a classic Japanese origami sculpture in the shape of a crane

Martial arts

 * Fujian White Crane, a southern Chinese martial art
 * Tibetan White Crane, a western/southern Chinese martial art
 * Crane kick

Schools in the United States

 * Crane School of Music, part of the State University of New York (SUNY) at Potsdam, New York
 * Crane Theological School, Medford, Massachusetts, a former seminary of Tufts University
 * Crane High School (disambiguation)

Ships

 * USFS Crane, a United States Bureau of Fisheries fishery patrol vessel in commission from 1928 to 1940 which also served from 1940 to 1960 in the fleet of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as US FWS Crane
 * USS Crane (DD-109), a United States Navy Wickes-class destroyer in commission from 1919 to 1922 and from 1939 to 1945
 * USS Crane Ship No. 1, the name from 1941 to 1955 of a United States Navy crane ship which formerly served as the battleship USS Kearsarge (BB-5)

Other uses

 * Cranē, a nymph named by Ovid, identified with the goddess Carna
 * Cessna Crane, a British name for the United States built Cessna AT-17 Bobcat training aircraft
 * Crane baronets, two extinct titles in the Baronetage of England
 * Crane Melon, an heirloom melon
 * Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division

title: Crane


text:
Talk:The Crocodile Hunter

First Aired in 1997?
Is this correct? I was well aware of the crocodile hunter back in 1993 when i first saw his show air on the TV, was this a different series perhaps? Either way we were talking about him regularly at the school i was attending before 1997. Any light on his earlier TV series would be interesting, because im not making this up and reading this makes me feel like im going insane!--Nzoomed (talk) 20:18, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

Show Canceled?
I know Steve Irwin has died, but is there any real reference that the show has been canceled? For all we know Terri could continue to host the show despite his death. This may be unlikely but I don't see any information anywhere indicating the shows cancelation.
 * Any information on the future of the show without Steve right now is pure conjecture. I mean, his body is barely cold as we speak, so to say.  It's too soon to have any sort of definitive answer to that.  All that is currently known is that the eleventh season of the show continues to air. --Kitch 04:56, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The article's side bar still says "Original run 1996–2006". Can someone fix this too, please? I would but, those of us who don't have accounts can't edit the article.

Wife
I thought his wife was from Oregon rather than California; perhaps somebody can verify that. Eclecticology, Wednesday, May 1, 2002
 * Yes, Terri is from Oregon. She originally ran a wildlife refuge there before meeting, and ultimately marrying, Steve. But that has no pertinence to this particular article. --Kitch 04:58, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

I don't think this page is entirely unbiased. Some defence on Irwin's part would be handy, as the page generally leads a first-time reader to the conclusion that this man is a menace. In fact, he has more for animal conservation in Australia than anyone else for a long time, and in each of the derogatory comment's about him here, he has had a good reason for his actions. 21/10/04

I am appalled at the bias in this article. The external link to the allegedly "real" crocodile hunter is to a man who labels himself as a "poacher". If the content currently in the article is to stay, it certainly needs presentation of a more maintream point of view. Until then, the POV flag needs to be highly visible on the article page. Vaoverland 23:27, Apr 13, 2005 (UTC)

The following is the POV text I have removed from the article. Most of this dates back to 2002, when it was placed by an anonymous users with an IP address. Please, let's get some credible sources and have some dialog before putting this questionable content back into an article.

''The show involves Irwin, a sun-bronzed Queenslander whose accent and vocabulary are reminiscent of the fictional Crocodile Dundee, going to various exotic locations, locating various species of dangerous local wildlife, such as the crocodiles of the title, wrestling them to the ground, and showing them to the camera before (usually) releasing them, apparently unharmed. His antics are often narrated, breathlessly, by his Oregonian wife, Terri Irwin.''

''Whilst popular in the United States, particularly with children, Irwin and the show are the subject of derision in Australia. It is widely believed that Irwin's accent, catchphrases, and screen persona are a calculated fiction designed to appeal to American stereotypes about Australians (until recently, the show was relatively unknown in Australia). It is also generally believed that his supposedly dangerous stunts are in fact not nearly as dangerous as the melodramatic narration suggests - and, if they were, they would be foolhardy. From a moral standpoint, he is often criticized for his educational method, which seems to largely involve harassing wild animals going about their business for the purposes of public entertainment.''

''Irwin claims that his on-screen persona is genuine. He also argues that his show serves to reach a far wider audience than less sensationalized wildlife programming can, so that he can educate more people about the importance of nature.''

Responding to the success of this show, Animal Planet created a spin-off series called "Croc Files," which seems to be aimed at children and stars both Steve Irwin and his wife Terri.

I think the article is now NPOV. Vaoverland 00:52, Apr 14, 2005 (UTC)

 * i excised the irrelevant paragraph and external link about "other" croc hunters. it was added by an anonymous ip addresss trying to do some promotion for greg tingle. clarkk 00:40, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Stingray kills
Anyone else find this section inappropriate? This is about the show, not to the person, at least in the context it's written. It either needs deletion, or an explanation, in my opinion --69.247.169.233 02:02, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Its gone. it was not appropriate. pschemp | talk 02:05, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

R.I.P....
I really don't think the section ''May he be remembered as the connection between humans and animals. R.I.P. Steve Irwin.,'' is appropriate for a Wikipedia article. Although he may be missed and people want him to rest in peace, this has nothing to do with the show. I would change it myself, but maybe you all disagree with my opinion on this. This just doesn't seem fitting to an educational encyclopedia article. It has, in my opinion, no value or purpose and doesn't add to the article in any way. -Sam
 * It has already been removed. This page, and other Irwin-related pages are getting a lot of vandalism, so they are not of a decent quality all of the time, hopefully this will calm down within a few days.--Konstable 02:39, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

recent crocodile hunters
"Influence on other crocodile hunters" points out that Crocodile Dundee was after Steve Irwin's program. According the the Wikipedia page for Crocodile Dundee, of the three movies in the series the first two were before the Crocodile Hunter T.V. show. Only the third in the movie series, Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles, was more recent. I changed "thrusted into the public eye" to "appeared in T.V. programs and films." I don't think that Crocodile Dundee was at all influenced by Steve Irwin, though I did not remove him from the page. If anyone else agrees with me, could they then do that?
 * The fact that Mick Dundee is refered to as a Crocodile Hunter in a 1986 movie, a full ten years before Irwin's show premiered, establises that if the term "Corocodile Hunter" is to redirect here, notice should be given of the term's pre-exsiting status. - Quolnok 00:44, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

He Made History
Steve Irwin was not only loved by his family, but by his fans.He was known as the "Croc Hunter" on his show featured on Animal Planet, and Discovery Network.He made "CRICKEY!" a fraise and was a role model to kids all over the globe. Steve,we will miss you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.105.100.101 (talk • contribs)

This article needs work
IMHO, The Crocodile Hunter is a very important article, and should be upgraded to top priority for Wikipedia 1.0 release. To be honest, the fact that so little is on this article after four years (!) of work is truly tragic. --Kitch 05:00, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Picture removal
I removed the picture as it is of the spin-off movie instead of the series. In the copyright definition it says:
 * "to illustrate the work or product in question;
 * "in the absence of free images that could serve such a purpose"

It does not illustrate the product *series* (as it illustrates the movie), and neither does it over a free image since it doesn't illustrate the series in general. Likewise a promo poster for Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones would not be applicable in the infobox of Star Wars: Clone Wars. Dark jedi requiem 07:38, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

The Late Steve Irwin
Because of the tragic death of Steve Irwin we should have the topic say "The Late Steve Irwin" on parts that say "Hosted by Steve Irwin." Just to make the topic more correct with the current world.
 * No, that only belongs in the biography page to stick with the wikipedia format. This show is a snap shot of his life when he was alive and should be referred to and remain that way.Pumapayam 23:47, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Crocodile Hunter


text:
DASD (disambiguation)

DASD may refer to:

 * Direct-access storage device, a computer storage device

Education

 * DeForest Area School District
 * Downingtown Area School District
 * DuBois Area School District

title: DASD (disambiguation)


text:
Brunswick

Brunswick is the historical English name for the German city of Braunschweig (Low German: Brunswiek, Braunschweig dialect: Bronswiek).

Brunswick may also refer to:

Australia

 * Brunswick, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne
 * Brunswick railway station, Melbourne
 * Electoral district of Brunswick, an electoral district in Victoria
 * Brunswick Junction, Western Australia, a town near Bunbury
 * Brunswick Heads, a town on the North Coast of New South Wales

Canada

 * New Brunswick, province in the Maritimes
 * Brunswick Parish, New Brunswick, in Queens County
 * Brunswick Mountain, North Shore Mountains, British Columbia
 * Brunswick House First Nation, Ontario

Chile

 * Brunswick Peninsula

Germany

 * County of Brunswick, historic Saxon vassal county, elevated to Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1235
 * Brunswick-Lüneburg, historic German duchy since 1235
 * Brunswick-Bevern, a branch principality (1666–1735)
 * Brunswick-Calenberg, a branch principality (1485–1692/1708)
 * Brunswick-Celle, a branch principality (1269–1705)
 * Brunswick-Göttingen, a branch principality (1279–1463)
 * Brunswick-Grubenhagen, a branch principality (1291–1596)
 * Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, a branch principality (1269–1815), became the Duchy of Brunswick
 * Brunswick Land, a German region surrounding the city of Braunschweig
 * Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a historic state (1692/1708–1814), became the Kingdom of Hanover
 * Duchy of Brunswick (1815–1918), became the Free State of Brunswick
 * Free State of Brunswick (1918–1946)
 * Braunschweig (region), also called "Brunswick" (1978–2004), historic German administrative region

United Kingdom

 * Brunswick, Hove, East Sussex, England
 * Brunswick railway station, Liverpool
 * Brunswick, Manchester, an inner-city area of south Manchester, England, between Ardwick and Chorlton-on-Medlock
 * Brunswick, Tyne and Wear, England
 * Brunswick Village, England
 * Brunswick, West Midlands, England

Counties

 * Brunswick County, North Carolina
 * Brunswick County, Virginia

Towns and Census-designated places

 * Brunswick, Georgia, in Glynn County
 * Brunswick, Indiana, in Lake County
 * Brunswick, Clay County, Indiana
 * Brunswick, Maine, in Cumberland County
 * Brunswick (CDP), Maine, census-designated place
 * Brunswick Station, Maine, former census-designated place
 * Naval Air Station Brunswick
 * Brunswick, Maryland, in Frederick County
 * Brunswick, Minnesota, in Kanabec County
 * Brunswick, Missouri, in Chariton County
 * New Brunswick, New Jersey, in Middlesex County
 * Brunswick, New York, in Rensselaer County
 * Brunswick, North Carolina, in Columbus County
 * Brunswick, Ohio, in Medina County
 * Brunswick, Wisconsin, in Eau Claire County
 * Brunswick, Vermont, in Essex County

Townships

 * Brunswick Township, Kanabec County, Minnesota, in Kanabec County
 * Brunswick Township, Chariton County, Missouri
 * East Brunswick Township, New Jersey, in Middlesex County
 * North Brunswick Township, New Jersey, in Middlesex County
 * South Brunswick Township, New Jersey, in Middlesex County
 * East Brunswick Township, Pennsylvania
 * West Brunswick Township, Pennsylvania
 * Brunswick Hills Township, Ohio

Villages

 * Brunswick, Michigan, in Muskegon County
 * Brunswick, Nebraska, in Antelope County
 * Brunswick, Tennessee, in Shelby County
 * Brunswick, Virginia, in Nottoway County

Other

 * Brunswick (Gary), a neighborhood in Gary, Indiana
 * Brunswick Town State Historic Site, a historic ghost town in Brunswick County, North Carolina

People

 * Brunswick-Bevern, extinct German dynasty
 * John Moses Brunswick (1818–1886), founder of Brunswick Corporation
 * Léon Brunschvicg (1869–1944), French philosopher
 * Otto IV of Brunswick or Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1175 or 1176–1218) ruler of the Holy Roman Empire
 * Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1735-1806), the "Duke of Brunswick", famous for the Battle of Auerstedt
 * Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1771–1815), "The Black Duke", fought with the Duke of Wellington against Napoleon
 * Hieronymus Brunschwig (c. 1450–c. 1512) German surgeon, alchemist, and botanist

 * Roger E. Brunschwig (1891–1972), decorated colonel, activist

Companies

 * Brunswick Corporation, an American industrial conglomerate
 * Brunswick Records, an American record manufacturer and distributor

Ships

 * Brunswick (ship), six merchant and whaling ships
 * HMS Brunswick, three ships of the British Royal Navy
 * USS Brunswick, four ships of the United States Navy

Other

 * Brunswick (clothing), jacket-and-petticoat costume of the 18th century
 * Brunswick Black, an old name for Japan black
 * Brunswick Green, a dark shade
 * Brunswick Manifesto, issued during the French Revolutionary Wars
 * Brunswick School, Greenwich, Connecticut, US
 * Brunswick stew
 * Black Brunswickers, German volunteer corps in the Napoleonic Wars

title: Brunswick