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Japanese relocation

Japanese relocation may refer to World War II events:

 * Japanese American internment
 * Japanese Canadian internment
 * Japanese Relocation (1942 film)

title: Japanese relocation


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Leaning Tower of Pisa

The Leaning Tower of Pisa (torre pendente di Pisa ), or simply the Tower of Pisa (torre di Pisa), is the campanile, or freestanding bell tower, of Pisa Cathedral. It is known for its nearly four-degree lean, the result of an unstable foundation. The tower is one of three structures in the Pisa's Cathedral Square (Piazza del Duomo), which includes the cathedral and Pisa Baptistry.

The height of the tower is 55.86 m from the ground on the low side and 56.67 m on the high side. The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m. Its weight is estimated at 14500 t. The tower has 296 or 294 steps; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north-facing staircase.

The tower began to lean during construction in the 12th century, due to soft ground which could not properly support the structure's weight. It worsened through the completion of construction in the 14th century. By 1990, the tilt had reached 5.5 degrees. The structure was stabilized by remedial work between 1993 and 2001, which reduced the tilt to 3.97 degrees.

Architect
The identity of the architect of the tower is a subject of controversy. The design had long been attributed to a man named Guglielmo and to Bonanno Pisano, the latter a well-known 12th-century resident artist of Pisa known for his bronze casting, particularly in the Pisa Duomo. Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale, Sicily, only to return and die in his home town. A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820, but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595. A 2001 study seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect, due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works, notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery, both in Pisa.

Construction
Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years. On 5 January 1172, Donna Berta di Bernardo, a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria, bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie. The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower. On 9 August 1173, the foundations of the tower were laid. Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on 14 August of the same year during a period of military success and prosperity. This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals. Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote: "Guglielmo, according to what is being said, in the year 1174, together with sculptor Bonanno, laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa".

The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178. This was due to a mere three-metre foundation, set in weak, unstable subsoil, a design that was flawed from the beginning. Construction was subsequently halted for the better part of a century, as the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence. This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle. Otherwise, the tower would almost certainly have toppled. On 27 December 1233, the worker Benenato, son of Gerardo Bottici, oversaw the continuation of the tower's construction.

On 23 February 1260, Guido Speziale, son of Giovanni Pisano, was elected to oversee the building of the tower. On 12 April 1264, the master builder Giovanni di Simone, architect of the Camposanto, and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble. The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale, worker of St. Francesco. In 1272, construction resumed under Di Simone. In an effort to compensate for the tilt, the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other. Because of this, the tower is curved. Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoese in the Battle of Meloria.

The seventh floor was completed in 1319. The bell-chamber was finally added in 1372. It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano, who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the belfry with the Romanesque style of the tower. There are seven bells, one for each note of the musical major scale. The largest one was installed in 1655.

History following construction
Between 1589 and 1592, Galileo Galilei, who lived in Pisa at the time, is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass, in keeping with the law of free fall. The primary source for this is the biography Racconto istorico della vita di Galileo Galilei (Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei), written by Galileo's pupil and secretary Vincenzo Viviani in 1654, but only published in 1717, long after his death.

During World War II, the Allies suspected that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post. Leon Weckstein, a U.S. Army sergeant sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower, was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile, and thus refrained from ordering an artillery strike, sparing it from destruction.

Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over. Most of these efforts failed; some worsened the tilt. On 27 February 1964, the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling. It was, however, considered important to retain the current tilt, due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa.

Starting in 1993, 870 tonnes of lead counterweights were added, which straightened the tower slightly.

The tower and the neighbouring cathedral, baptistery, and cemetery are included in the Piazza del Duomo UNESCO World Heritage Site, which was declared in 1987.

The tower was closed to the public on 7 January 1990, after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989. The bells were removed to relieve some weight, and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away, and residences in the path of a potential collapse were vacated. The selected method for preventing the collapse of the tower was to slightly reduce its tilt to a safer angle by removing 38 m3 of soil from underneath the raised end. The tower's tilt was reduced by 45 cm, returning to its 1838 position. After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts, the tower was reopened to the public on 15 December 2001, and was declared stable for at least another 300 years. In total, 70 metric ton of soil were removed.

After a phase (1990–2001) of structural strengthening, the tower has been undergoing gradual surface restoration to repair visible damage, mostly corrosion and blackening. These are particularly pronounced due to the tower's age and its exposure to wind and rain. In May 2008, engineers announced that the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history. They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years.

A ceremony for the 850th anniversary of the laying of the foundation stone was held on 9 August 2023.

Earthquake survival
The tower has survived at least four strong earthquakes since 1280. A 2018 engineering investigation concluded that the tower withstood the tremors because of dynamic soil-structure interaction: the height and stiffness of the tower combined with the softness of the foundation soil influences the tower's vibrational characteristics in such a way that it does not resonate with earthquake ground motion. The same soft soil that caused the leaning and brought the tower to the verge of collapse helped it survive.

Technical information

 * Elevation of Piazza del Duomo: about 2 metres (6 feet, DMS)
 * Height from the ground floor: 55.863 m, 8 stories
 * Height from the foundation floor: 58.36 m
 * Outer diameter of base: 15.484 m
 * Inner diameter of base: 7.368 m
 * Angle of slant: 3.97 degrees or 3.9 m from the vertical
 * Weight: 14700 metric ton
 * Thickness of walls at the base: 2.44 m
 * Total number of bells: 7, tuned to musical scale, clockwise:
 * 1st bell: L'Assunta, cast in 1654 by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi, weight 3620 kg
 * 2nd bell: Il Crocifisso, cast in 1572 by Vincenzo Possenti, weight 2462 kg
 * 3rd bell: San Ranieri, cast in 1719–1721 by Giovanni Andrea Moreni, weight 1448 kg
 * 4th bell: La Terza (1st small one), cast in 1473, weight 300 kg
 * 5th bell: La Pasquereccia or La Giustizia, cast in 1262 by Lotteringo, weight 1014 kg
 * 6th bell: Il Vespruccio (2nd small one), cast in the 14th century and again in 1501 by Nicola di Jacopo, weight 1000 kg
 * 7th bell: Dal Pozzo, cast in 1606 and again in 2004, weight 652 kg
 * Number of steps to the top: 296

About the 5th bell: The name Pasquareccia comes from Easter, because it used to ring on Easter day. However, this bell is older than the bell-chamber itself, and comes from the tower Vergata in Palazzo Pretorio in Pisa, where it was called La Giustizia (The Justice). The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors, including Count Ugolino in 1289. A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken Pasquareccia.

The circular shape and great height of the campanile were unusual for their time, and the crowning belfry is stylistically distinct from the rest of the construction. This belfry incorporates a 14 cm correction for the inclined axis below. The siting of the campanile within the Piazza del Duomo diverges from the axial alignment of the cathedral and baptistery of the Piazza del Duomo.

Guinness World Records
Two German churches have challenged the tower's status as the world's most lopsided building: the 15th-century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th-century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen. Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers, finding the former's tilt to be 3.97 degrees. In June 2010, Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi, UAE as the "World's Furthest Leaning Man-made Tower"; it has an 18-degree slope, almost five times more than the Tower of Pisa, but was deliberately engineered to slant. The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in Wānaka, New Zealand, also deliberately built, leans at 53 degrees to the ground.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Leaning Tower of Pisa


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Frequency-hopping spread spectrum

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly changing the carrier frequency among many frequencies occupying a large spectral band. The changes are controlled by a code known to both transmitter and receiver. FHSS is used to avoid interference, to prevent eavesdropping, and to enable code-division multiple access (CDMA) communications.

The frequency band is divided into smaller sub-bands. Signals rapidly change ("hop") their carrier frequencies among the center frequencies of these sub-bands in a determined order. Interference at a specific frequency will affect the signal only during a short interval.

FHSS offers four main advantages over a fixed-frequency transmission:

 * 1) FHSS signals are highly resistant to narrowband interference because the signal hops to a different frequency band.
 * 2) Signals are difficult to intercept if the frequency-hopping pattern is not known.
 * 3) Jamming is also difficult if the pattern is unknown; the signal can be jammed only for a single hopping period if the spreading sequence is unknown.
 * 4) FHSS transmissions can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with minimal mutual interference. FHSS signals add minimal interference to narrowband communications, and vice versa.

Military
Spread-spectrum signals are highly resistant to deliberate jamming unless the adversary has knowledge of the frequency-hopping pattern. Military radios generate the frequency-hopping pattern under the control of a secret Transmission Security Key (TRANSEC) that the sender and receiver share in advance. This key is generated by devices such as the KY-57 Speech Security Equipment. United States military radios that use frequency hopping include the JTIDS/MIDS family, the HAVE QUICK Aeronautical Mobile communications system, and the SINCGARS Combat Net Radio, Link-16.

Civilian
In the US, since the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) amended rules to allow FHSS systems in the unregulated 2.4 GHz band, many consumer devices in that band have employed various FHSS modes. eFCC CFR 47 part 15.247 covers the regulations in the US for 902–928 MHz, 2400–2483.5 MHz, and 5725–5850 MHz bands, and the requirements for frequency hopping.

Some walkie-talkies that employ FHSS technology have been developed for unlicensed use on the 900 MHz band. FHSS technology is also used in many hobby transmitters and receivers used for radio-controlled model cars, airplanes, and drones. A type of multiple access is achieved allowing hundreds of transmitter/receiver pairs to be operated simultaneously on the same band, in contrast to previous FM or AM radio-controlled systems that had limited simultaneous channels.

Technical considerations
The overall bandwidth required for frequency hopping is much wider than that required to transmit the same information using only one carrier frequency. But because transmission occurs only on a small portion of this bandwidth at any given time, the instantaneous interference bandwidth is really the same. While providing no extra protection against wideband thermal noise, the frequency-hopping approach reduces the degradation caused by narrowband interference sources.

One of the challenges of frequency-hopping systems is to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. One approach is to have a guarantee that the transmitter will use all the channels in a fixed period of time. The receiver can then find the transmitter by picking a random channel and listening for valid data on that channel. The transmitter's data is identified by a special sequence of data that is unlikely to occur over the segment of data for this channel, and the segment can also have a checksum for integrity checking and further identification. The transmitter and receiver can use fixed tables of frequency-hopping patterns, so that once synchronized they can maintain communication by following the table.

In the US, FCC part 15 on unlicensed spread spectrum systems in the 902–928 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands permits more power than is allowed for non-spread-spectrum systems. Both FHSS and direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) systems can transmit at 1 watt, a thousandfold increase from the 1 milliwatt limit on non-spread-spectrum systems. The FCC also prescribes a minimum number of frequency channels and a maximum dwell time for each channel.

Origins
In 1899 Guglielmo Marconi experimented with frequency-selective reception in an attempt to minimise interference.

The earliest mentions of frequency hopping in open literature are in US patent 725,605, awarded to Nikola Tesla on March 17, 1903, and in radio pioneer Jonathan Zenneck's book Wireless Telegraphy (German, 1908, English translation McGraw Hill, 1915), although Zenneck writes that Telefunken had already tried it. Nikola Tesla doesn't mention the phrase "frequency hopping" directly, but certainly alludes to it. Entitled Method of Signaling, the patent describes a system that would enable radio communication without any danger of the signals or messages being disturbed, intercepted, interfered with in any way.

The German military made limited use of frequency hopping for communication between fixed command points in World War I to prevent eavesdropping by British forces, who did not have the technology to follow the sequence. Jonathan Zenneck's book Wireless Telegraphy was originally published in German in 1908, but was translated into English in 1915 as the enemy started using frequency hopping on the front line.

In 1920, Otto B. Blackwell, De Loss K. Martin, and Gilbert S. Vernam filed a patent application for a "Secrecy Communication System", granted as U.S. Patent 1,598,673 in 1926. This patent described a method of transmitting signals on multiple frequencies in a random manner for secrecy, anticipating key features of later frequency hopping systems.

A Polish engineer and inventor, Leonard Danilewicz, claimed to have suggested the concept of frequency hopping in 1929 to the Polish General Staff, but it was rejected.

In 1932, was awarded to Willem Broertjes, named "Method of maintaining secrecy in the transmission of wireless telegraphic messages", which describes a system where "messages are transmitted by means of a group of frequencies... known to the sender and receiver alone, and alternated at will during transmission of the messages".

During World War II, the US Army Signal Corps was inventing a communication system called SIGSALY, which incorporated spread spectrum in a single frequency context. But SIGSALY was a top-secret communications system, so its existence was not known until the 1980s.

In 1942, actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil received for their "Secret Communications System", an early version of frequency hopping using a piano-roll to switch among 88 frequencies to make radio-guided torpedoes harder for enemies to detect or jam. They then donated the patent to the U.S. Navy.

Frequency-hopping ideas may have been rediscovered in the 1950s during patent searches when private companies were independently developing direct-sequence Code Division Multiple Access, a non-frequency-hopping form of spread-spectrum. In 1957, engineers at Sylvania Electronic Systems Division adopted a similar idea, using the recently invented transistor instead of Lamarr's and Antheil's clockwork technology. In 1962, the US Navy utilized Sylvania Electronic Systems Division's work during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

A practical application of frequency hopping was developed by Ray Zinn, co-founder of Micrel Corporation. Zinn developed a method allowing radio devices to operate without the need to synchronize a receiver with a transmitter. Using frequency hopping and sweep modes, Zinn's method is primarily applied in low data rate wireless applications such as utility metering, machine and equipment monitoring and metering, and remote control. In 2006 Zinn received for his "Wireless device and method using frequency hopping and sweep modes."

Variations
Adaptive frequency-hopping spread spectrum (AFH) as used in Bluetooth improves resistance to radio frequency interference by avoiding crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence. This sort of adaptive transmission is easier to implement with FHSS than with DSSS.

The key idea behind AFH is to use only the "good" frequencies and avoid the "bad" ones—those experiencing frequency selective fading, those on which a third party is trying to communicate, or those being actively jammed. Therefore, AFH should be complemented by a mechanism for detecting good and bad channels.

But if the radio frequency interference is itself dynamic, then AFH's strategy of "bad channel removal" may not work well. For example, if there are several colocated frequency-hopping networks (as Bluetooth Piconet), they are mutually interfering and AFH's strategy fails to avoid this interference.

The problem of dynamic interference, gradual reduction of available hopping channels and backward compatibility with legacy Bluetooth devices was resolved in version 1.2 of the Bluetooth Standard (2003). Such a situation can often happen in the scenarios that use unlicensed spectrum.

In addition, dynamic radio frequency interference is expected to occur in the scenarios related to cognitive radio, where the networks and the devices should exhibit frequency-agile operation.

Chirp modulation can be seen as a form of frequency-hopping that simply scans through the available frequencies in consecutive order to communicate.

Frequency hopping can be superimposed on other modulations or waveforms to enhance the system performance.

title: Frequency-hopping spread spectrum


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Issei

"first generation" (一世) are Japanese immigrants to countries in North America and South America. The term is used mostly by ethnic Japanese. are born in Japan; their children born in the new country are (, "two", plus, "generation"); and their grandchildren are  (, "three", plus , "generation").

The character and uniqueness of the is recognized in their social history.

History
The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897. In the 21st century, the four largest populations of diaspora Japanese and descendants of Japanese immigrants in the Western Hemisphere live in Brazil, the United States, Canada, and Peru.

Brazilian
Brazil is home to the largest ethnic Japanese population outside Japan, numbering an estimated more than 1.5 million (including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity), more than that of the 1.2 million in the United States. The Japanese Brazilians are an important part of Asian ethnic minorities in Brazil.

American
The first members of the emigrated not directly to the mainland United States, but to Hawaii. These emigrants—the first of whom arrived on board the steamship City of Tokio in February 1885—were common laborers escaping hard times in Japan to work in Hawai'i. Their immigration was subsidized by the Hawaiian government, as cheap labor was needed for important commodity crops, especially its sugar plantations. Numerous Japanese eventually settled in Hawaii.

Emigration of Japanese directly to the mainland began in 1885, when "student-laborers" landed on the West Coast of the United States. The earliest of these emigrated to San Francisco. Their numbers continually increased in the late 1880s and early 1890s. Their purpose in moving to America was to gain advanced knowledge and experience to develop the modern society at home. Both students and laborers were attracted by the image of the United States as a country that welcomed foreigners. When they first arrived in the U.S., they had not intended to live there permanently, but rather to learn from Americans and to take that knowledge back home. While they encountered discrimination, they also made opportunities, and many settled in California, and later in Washington and Oregon as well as Alaska (to a lesser degree).

Canadian
Within Japanese-Canadian communities across Canada, like their American counterparts, three distinct subgroups developed, each with different socio-cultural referents, generational identity, and wartime experiences. The narrative of Japanese-Canadians include post-Pearl Harbor experiences of uprooting, incarceration, and dispersal of the pre-war Japanese-Canadian communities.

Peruvian
Among the approximately 100,000 (2021) Peruvians of Japanese descent living in Peru, the Japanese Peruvians comprise a small number.

Generations
Japanese-Americans and Japanese-Canadians have specific names for each of their generations in North America. These are formed by combining one of the Japanese numbers corresponding to the generation with the Japanese word for generation (世). The Japanese-American and Japanese-Canadian communities have themselves distinguished their members with terms like, , and , which describe the first, second and third generation of immigrants. The fourth generation is called yonsei (四世) and the fifth is called gosei (五世).

"first generation" (一世) is a Japanese-language term used by ethnic Japanese in countries in North America and South America to specify the Japanese people who were the first generation to immigrate there.

Originally, as mentioned above, these words were themselves common nouns in Japan referred to generations or reigns. So they are also still used in Japanese terms for personal names, such as means Queen Elizabeth II. Within the ethnic Japanese immigrant community they had come to characterize their own generations.

The, , and generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, involvement with non-Japanese, religious belief and practice, and other matters. The age when individuals faced the wartime evacuation and internment during World War II has been found to be the most significant factor that explains such variations in attitudes and behaviour patterns.

The term nikkei (日系) encompasses all of the world's Japanese immigrants across generations. The collective memory of the and older  was an image of Meiji Japan from 1870 through 1911. Newer immigrants carry very different memories of more recent Japan. These differing attitudes, social values and associations with Japan were often incompatible with each other. The significant differences in post-war experiences and opportunities did nothing to mitigate the gaps which separated generational perspectives.

In North America, since the redress victory in 1988, a significant evolutionary change has occurred. The, their parents and their children are changing the way they look at themselves and their pattern of accommodation to the non-Japanese majority.

There are just over one hundred thousand British Japanese, mostly in London. Unlike other communities in the world, these Britons do not identify themselves in such generational terms as, , or.

Issei
The first generation of immigrants, born in Japan before emigrating, is called Issei (一世). In the 1930s, the term Issei came into common use, replacing the term "immigrant" (ijusha). This new term illustrated a changed way of looking at themselves. The term Issei represented the idea of beginning, a psychological transformation relating to being settled, having a distinctive community, and the idea of belonging to the new country.

Issei settled in close ethnic communities, and therefore did not learn English. They endured great economic and social losses during the early years of World War II, and they were unable to rebuild their lost businesses and savings. The external circumstances tended to reinforce the pattern of Issei being predominantly friends with other Issei.

Unlike their children, they tend to rely primarily on Japanese-language media (newspapers, television, movies), and in some senses, they tend to think of themselves as more Japanese than Canadian or American.

Issei women
Issei women's lives were somewhat similar, despite differences in context, because they were structured within interlocking webs of patriarchal relationships, and that consistent subordination was experienced both as oppressive and as a source of happiness. The Issei women lived lives of transition which were affected by three common factors: the dominant ideology of late Meiji Japan, which advanced the economic objectives of the Japanese state; the patriarchal traditions of the agricultural village, which arose partly as a form of adjustment to national objectives and the adjustment to changes imposed by modernization; and the constraints which arose within a Canadian or American society dominated by racist ideology. Substantive evidence of the working lives of Issei women is very difficult to find, partly for lack of data and partly because the data that do exist are influenced by their implicit ideological definition of women.

Aging
The kanreki (還暦), a traditional, pre-modern Japanese rite of passage to old age at 60, was sometimes celebrated by the Issei and is now being celebrated by increasing numbers of Nisei. Rituals are enactments of shared meanings, norms, and values; and this Japanese rite of passage highlights a collective response among the Nisei to the conventional dilemmas of growing older.

Japanese-American photographer Mary Koga documented elderly first generation immigrants in her Portrait of the Issei in Illinois, taken between 1986 and 1989.

History
The experience of emigrants is inevitably affected by a range of factors directly related to the Japanese society they left behind. As immigrants, the conflicts between the old country and the new played out in unique ways for each individual, and yet common elements do begin to appear in the history of the Japanese Canadian and Japanese American communities.

Emigrants from Japan
Japan was a closed country for more than two centuries, 1636 to 1853, since military rulers from the Tokugawa family wanted to keep foreigners away from Japanese society. The only exceptions were Chinese and some Dutch, but even they were discouraged from associating with Japanese citizens. Also, it was strictly prohibited by law for ordinary Japanese citizens to go abroad. Change came around the early 19th century when the visit of an American fleet commanded by Commodore Perry caused the new Japanese government to replace the Tokugawa system of economics and politics during the Meiji era to open its door to trade and contact with the outside world.

After 1866, the new Japanese government decided to send students and laborers to the U.S. to bring back the knowledge and experience necessary for the nation to grow strong.

After 1884, emigration of working classes was permitted; and the first issei began to arrive in North and South America soon after. For example, in 1890, only 25 Issei lived in Oregon. By 1891, 1,000 Japanese lived in Oregon. In 1900, 2,051 Japanese had come to live in Oregon. By 1915, Japanese men with savings of $800 were considered eligible to summon wives from Japan.

Immigrants in America
Few Japanese workers came to North America intending to become immigrants. Initially, most of them came with vague plans for gaining new experiences and for making some money before returning to homes in Japan. This group of workers was overwhelmingly male. Many Issei arrived as laborers. They worked in employment sectors such as agriculture, mining, and railroad construction.

The Issei were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice. Despite a certain nostalgia for the old country, they had created homes in a country far from Japan. If they had not been prohibited from becoming citizens, many would have become citizens of the United States.

In 1913, California's Alien Land Law prohibited non-citizens from owning land in the state, and several other states soon after passed their own restrictive alien land laws. This included the Issei, Japanese residents born in Japan, but not their children, the Nisei, who were born in United States or Hawaii, and who therefore were American citizens by birth. Many of the Issei responded to the law by transferring title to their land to their Nisei children.

Americans' first impression of Issei
Americans generally viewed the Issei as a crude, ill-educated lot. Possible reasons for this may be the fact that most Japanese were forced to work in menial jobs in the U.S., such as farming. Many Issei were in fact better educated than either the Japanese or American public. Sixty percent had completed middle school, and 21 percent were high school graduates.

Whether Christian, Buddhists, or nonbelievers, the Issei almost never caused trouble in the civil authority. The arrest rate for the Issei from 1902 to the 1960s was relatively lower than for any other major ethnic group in California. The only exceptions were that some young Issei committed crimes relating to gambling and prostitution, which stemmed from different cultural morals in Japan.

Racial segregation and immigration law
The post-1900 cause to renew the Chinese Exclusion Act became generalized protests against all Asian immigrants, including the Issei. Since Chinese immigration to the U.S. was largely limited, hostility fell on the Issei. American labor organizations took an initiative in spreading anti-Japanese sentiment. White Americans wanted to exclude them since they did not want any Asians to take their jobs away. As a result, they formed the Asiatic Exclusion League that viewed Japanese and Chinese as a threat of American workers. The protest of the league involved picketing and beatings of the Issei. In October 1906, amid this anti-Japanese milieu, the San Francisco School Board, carrying out a campaign promise of the mayor, ordered all Japanese and Korean pupils to join the Chinese students at a segregated school. The Issei were displeased with the situation and some reported to Japanese newspapers. This caused the Japanese government to protest against the former president, Theodore Roosevelt, and as a result, they signed the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907. This agreement led the period of settling and family building to come.

By 1911, almost half of the Japanese immigrants were women who landed in the U.S. to reunite with their husbands. After the Gentleman's agreement, a number of Nisei, the second-generation Japanese, were born in California. Yet, it did not stop some white Americans from segregating Japanese immigrants. The Issei were a role model of American citizens by being hardworking, law-abiding, devoted to family and the community. However, some Americans did not want to admit the virtues of the Issei.

The Immigration Act of 1924 represented the Issei's failed struggle against the segregation. The experiences of the Issei extend from well before the period before 1 July 1924, when the Japanese Exclusion Act came into effect.

The Issei, however, were very good at enhancing rice farming on "unusable" land. Japanese Californian farmers made rice a major crop of the state. The largest Issei community settled around Vacaville, California, near San Francisco.

Internment
When the Canadian and American governments interned West Coast Japanese in 1942, neither distinguished between those who were citizens (Nisei) and their non-citizen parents (Issei). When the apology and redress for injustices were enacted by the American Congress and the Canadian Parliament in 1988, most of the Issei were dead, or too old for it to make any significant difference in lives that had been disrupted.

Notable individuals
The number of issei who have earned some degree of public recognition has continued to increase over time; but the quiet lives of those whose names are known only to family and friends are no less important in understanding the broader narrative of the nikkei. Although the names highlighted here are over-represented by issei from North America, the Latin American member countries of the Pan American Nikkei Association (PANA) include Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay, in addition to the English-speaking United States and Canada.

 * Kan'ichi Asakawa (1873–1948), academic, author, peace advocate, historian and librarian
 * Norio Azuma (1928–2004), artist
 * Jun Fujita (1888–1963), an early 20th century photographer
 * Miki Gorman (1935–2015), a two-time winner of both the Boston and New York marathons
 * Midori Gotō (1971– ), a violinist and recipient of the Avery Fisher Prize
 * Makoto Hagiwara (1854–1925), a landscape designer often credited with having invented the fortune cookie
 * Sessue Hayakawa (1889–1973), an Academy Award-nominated actor
 * Mazie Hirono (1947– ), an American politician
 * Shizuko Hoshi, Shin-issei (Japanese born), actress
 * Rena Inoue (1976– ), a two-time U.S. National Champion pair skater
 * Shin Koyamada (1982– ), a Hollywood film actor, philanthropist, entrepreneur and US martial arts champion
 * Fujitaro Kubota (1879–1973), an American gardener and philanthropist
 * Yoko Ono Lennon (1933– ) artist and musician.
 * George Masa (1881–1933), activist in creation of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
 * Hikaru Nakamura (1987– ), an American chess Grandmaster and five time United States Chess Champion.
 * Yoichiro Nambu (1921–2015), a physicist and 2008 Nobel Laureate
 * Joseph Ogura (1915–1983), an otolaryngologist; head and neck surgeon. Chairman of the Department of Otolaryngology at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. A pioneer in designing and teaching head and neck cancer surgeries. He authored over 200 original articles. Author of over 10 definitive textbooks in the field of head and neck oncology. Nisei (二世), with his California family interned during WW II. He was advised to move to the midwest to avoid internment becoming the chairman of otolaryngology; head and neck surgery at Washington University from 1960 to 1983.
 * Masi Oka (1974– ), an Emmy and Golden Globe Award nominated American actor
 * George Shima (1864–1926), the first Japanese American millionaire.
 * Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Shin-issei (Japanese born), actor
 * Jōkichi Takamine (1854–1922), a Japanese chemist
 * Tamlyn Tomita, actress; Sansei on father's side and mother is Japanese/Filipina
 * Miyoshi Umeki, (May 8, 1929 – August 28, 2007) was a Japanese-American singer and actress. Umeki was a Tony Award- and Golden Globe-nominated actress and the first East Asian-American woman to win an Academy Award for acting from the 1958 film, Sayonara as well as Mei Li in the Broadway musical and 1961 MGM film Flower Drum Song, and Mrs. Livingston in the television series The Courtship of Eddie's Father. She was a shin Issei, or post-1945 immigrant from Japan.
 * Takuji Yamashita (1874–1959), an early civil-rights campaigner

title: Issei


text:
Sansei

"third generation" (三世) is a Japanese and North American English term used in parts of the world (mainly in South America and North America) to refer to the children of children born to ethnically Japanese emigrants (Issei) in a new country of residence, outside of Japan. The nisei are considered the second generation, while grandchildren of the Japanese-born emigrants are called Sansei. The fourth generation is referred to as yonsei. The children of at least one nisei parent are called Sansei; they are usually the first generation of whom a high percentage are mixed-race, given that their parents were (usually), themselves, born and raised in America.

The character and uniqueness of the sansei is recognized in its social history.

In various countries
Although the earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897, the four largest populations of Japanese and their descendants are in Brazil, the United States, Canada, and Perú.

Brazilian Sansei
Brazil is home to the largest Japanese population outside of Japan, with an estimate of more than 1.5 million people (including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity), more than that of the 1.2 million in the United States. The Sansei Japanese of Brazil are an important ethnic minority in the South American nation.

American Sansei
Most American Sansei were born during the Baby Boom after the end of World War II; older Sansei, who were living in the western United States during the war, were forcibly incarcerated with their parents (Nisei) and grandparents (Issei) after Executive Order 9066 was promulgated to exclude everyone of Japanese descent from the West Coast and from Southern Arizona. The Sansei were forceful activists in the redress movement of the 1980s, which resulted in an official apology to the internees. In some senses, the Sansei seem to feel they are caught in a dilemma between their "quiet" Nisei parents and their other identity model of "verbal" and outspoken Americans.

In the United States, an iconic Sansei is General Eric Shinseki (born November 28, 1942, 34th Chief of Staff of the United States Army (1999–2003) and former United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He is the first Asian American in US history to be a four-star general, and the first to lead one of the four US military services.

Canadian Sansei
Within Japanese-Canadian communities across Canada, three distinct subgroups developed, each with different sociocultural referents, generational identities, and wartime experiences.

Peruvian Sansei
Among the approximately 80,000 Peruvians of Japanese descent, the Sansei Japanese Peruvians comprise the largest number. Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori, who was in office from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000, was the nisei son of Issei emigrants from Kumamoto City, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan.

Generations
Japanese-Americans and Japanese-Canadians have special names for each of their generations in North America. These are formed by combining one of the Japanese numbers corresponding to the generation with the Japanese word for generation (sei 世). The Japanese-American and Japanese-Canadian communities have themselves distinguished their members with terms like Issei, Nisei and Sansei which describe the first, second and third generation of immigrants. The fourth generation is called Yonsei (四世) and the fifth is called Gosei (五世). The Issei, Nisei and Sansei generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, religious belief and practice and other matters. The age when individuals faced the wartime evacuation and internment is the single, most significant factor which explains these variations in their experiences, attitudes and behaviour patterns.

The term Nikkei (日系) encompasses all of the world's Japanese immigrants across generations. The collective memory of the Issei and older Nisei was an image of Meiji Japan from 1870 through 1911, which contrasted sharply with the Japan that newer immigrants had more recently left. These differing attitudes, social values and associations with Japan were often incompatible with each other. In this context, the significant differences in post-war experiences and opportunities did nothing to mitigate the gaps which separated generational perspectives.

In North America since the redress victory in 1988, a significant evolutionary change has occurred. The Sansei, their parents, their grandparents, and their children are changing the way they look at themselves and their pattern of accommodation to the non-Japanese majority.

There are currently just over one hundred thousand British Japanese, mostly in London; but unlike other Nikkei communities elsewhere in the world, these Britons do not conventionally parse their communities in generational terms as Issei, Nisei or Sansei.

Sansei
The third generation of immigrants, born in the United States or Canada to parents born in the United States or Canada, is called Sansei (三世). Children born to the Nisei were generally born after 1945. They speak English as their first language and are completely acculturized in the contexts of Canadian or American society. They tend to identify with Canadian or American values, norms and expectations. Few speak Japanese and most tend to express their identity as Canadian or American rather than Japanese. Among the Sansei there is an overwhelming percentage of marriages to persons of non-Japanese ancestry.

Aging
The kanreki (還暦), a traditional, pre-modern Japanese rite of passage to old age at 60, was sometimes celebrated by the Issei and is now being celebrated by increasing numbers of Nisei and a few Sansei. Rituals are enactments of shared meanings, norms, and values and this Japanese rite of passage highlights a collective response among the Nisei to the conventional dilemmas of growing older.

Internment and redress
Some responded to internment with lawsuits and political action; and for others, poetry became an unplanned consequence:

Politics
The sansei became known as the "activist generation" because of their large hand in the redress movement and individuals that have become a part of the American mainstream political landscape.

Notable individuals
The numbers of sansei who have earned some degree of public recognition has continued to increase over time; but the quiet lives of those whose names are known only to family and friends are no less important in understanding the broader narrative of the Nikkei. Although the names highlighted here are over-represented by sansei from North America, the Latin American member countries of the Pan American Nikkei Association (PANA) include Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, in addition to the English-speaking United States and Canada.

 * Francis Fukuyama
 * Robert S. Hamada
 * Ryan Higa
 * Mike Honda
 * Kaisei Ichiro
 * Lawson Fusao Inada
 * Soji Kashiwagi
 * Janice Kawaye
 * Kyle Larson
 * Doris Matsui
 * Robert Matsui
 * Dale Minami
 * Patsy Mink
 * Kent Nagano
 * Suzy Nakamura
 * Desmond Nakano
 * Lane Nishikawa
 * Linda Nishio
 * Bev Oda

 * Sophie Oda
 * Steven Okazaki
 * Yuji Okumoto
 * Ellison Onizuka
 * Pete Rouse
 * Lenn Sakata
 * Roger Shimomura
 * Mike Shinoda
 * Eric Shinseki
 * David Suzuki
 * Ronald Takaki
 * Mark Takano
 * Dan Tani
 * Chris Tashima
 * David Tsubouchi
 * Gedde Watanabe
 * Kristi Yamaguchi
 * Jan Yanehiro

title: Sansei


text:
Euler numbers

In mathematics, the Euler numbers are a sequence En of integers defined by the Taylor series expansion

 * $$\frac{1}{\cosh t} = \frac{2}{e^{t} + e^ {-t} } = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{E_n}{n!} \cdot t^n$$,

where $$\cosh (t)$$ is the hyperbolic cosine function. The Euler numbers are related to a special value of the Euler polynomials, namely:
 * $$E_n=2^nE_n(\tfrac 12).$$

The Euler numbers appear in the Taylor series expansions of the secant and hyperbolic secant functions. The latter is the function in the definition. They also occur in combinatorics, specifically when counting the number of alternating permutations of a set with an even number of elements.

Examples
The odd-indexed Euler numbers are all zero. The even-indexed ones have alternating signs. Some values are:

Some authors re-index the sequence in order to omit the odd-numbered Euler numbers with value zero, or change all signs to positive. This article adheres to the convention adopted above.
 * E0 ||=||align=right| 1
 * E2 ||=||align=right| −1
 * E4 ||=||align=right| 5
 * E6 ||=||align=right| −61
 * E8 ||=||align=right| $1,385$
 * E10 ||=||align=right| $−50521$
 * E12 ||=||align=right| $2,702,765$
 * E14 ||=||align=right| $−199,360,981$
 * E16 ||=||align=right| $19,391,512,145$
 * E18 ||=||align=right| $−2,404,879,675,441$
 * }
 * E12 ||=||align=right| $i$
 * E14 ||=||align=right| $k$
 * E16 ||=||align=right| $A_{n}$
 * E18 ||=||align=right| $n$
 * }
 * E16 ||=||align=right| $E_{n}$
 * E18 ||=||align=right| $n$
 * }
 * }

In terms of Stirling numbers of the second kind
Following two formulas express the Euler numbers in terms of Stirling numbers of the second kind

 * $$ E_{n}=2^{2n-1}\sum_{\ell=1}^{n}\frac{(-1)^{\ell}S(n,\ell)}{\ell+1}\left(3\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)^{(\ell)}-\left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^{(\ell)}\right), $$
 * $$ E_{2n}=-4^{2n}\sum_{\ell=1}^{2n}(-1)^{\ell}\cdot \frac{S(2n,\ell)}{\ell+1}\cdot \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^{(\ell)},$$

where $$ S(n,\ell) $$ denotes the Stirling numbers of the second kind, and $$ x^{(\ell)}=(x)(x+1)\cdots (x+\ell-1) $$ denotes the rising factorial.

As a double sum
Following two formulas express the Euler numbers as double sums
 * $$E_{2n}=(2 n+1)\sum_{\ell=1}^{2n} (-1)^{\ell}\frac{1}{2^{\ell}(\ell +1)}\binom{2 n}{\ell}\sum _{q=0}^{\ell}\binom{\ell}{q}(2q-\ell)^{2n}, $$
 * $$E_{2n}=\sum_{k=1}^{2n}(-1)^{k} \frac{1}{2^{k}}\sum_{\ell=0}^{2k}(-1)^{\ell } \binom{2k}{\ell}(k-\ell)^{2n}. $$

As an iterated sum
An explicit formula for Euler numbers is:

 * $$E_{2n}=i\sum _{k=1}^{2n+1} \sum _{\ell=0}^k \binom{k}{\ell}\frac{(-1)^\ell(k-2\ell)^{2n+1}}{2^k i^k k},$$

where $B_{n}$ denotes the imaginary unit with $i^{2} = −1$.

As a sum over partitions
The Euler number $E_{2n}$ can be expressed as a sum over the even partitions of $2n$,

 * $$ E_{2n} = (2n)! \sum_{0 \leq k_1, \ldots, k_n \leq n} \binom K {k_1, \ldots, k_n}

\delta_{n,\sum mk_m} \left( -\frac{1}{2!} \right)^{k_1} \left( -\frac{1}{4!} \right)^{k_2} \cdots \left( -\frac{1}{(2n)!} \right)^{k_n} ,$$

as well as a sum over the odd partitions of $2n − 1$,

 * $$ 	 E_{2n} = (-1)^{n-1} (2n-1)! \sum_{0 \leq k_1, \ldots, k_n \leq 2n-1}

\binom K {k_1, \ldots, k_n} \delta_{2n-1,\sum (2m-1)k_m }  \left( -\frac{1}{1!} \right)^{k_1}  \left( \frac{1}{3!} \right)^{k_2} \cdots \left( \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n-1)!} \right)^{k_n} , $$

where in both cases $K = k_{1} + ··· + k_{n}$ and
 * $$ \binom K {k_1, \ldots, k_n}

\equiv \frac{ K!}{k_1! \cdots k_n!}$$ is a multinomial coefficient. The Kronecker deltas in the above formulas restrict the sums over the ⇭⇭⇭s to $2k_{1} + 4k_{2} + ··· + 2nk_{n} = 2n$ and to $k_{1} + 3k_{2} + ··· + (2n − 1)k_{n} = 2n − 1$, respectively.

As an example,

\begin{align} E_{10} & = 10! \left( - \frac{1}{10!} + \frac{2}{2!\,8!} + \frac{2}{4!\,6!}	- \frac{3}{2!^2\, 6!}- \frac{3}{2!\,4!^2} +\frac{4}{2!^3\, 4!} - \frac{1}{2!^5}\right) \\[6pt] & = 9! \left( - \frac{1}{9!} + \frac{3}{1!^2\,7!} + \frac{6}{1!\,3!\,5!}	+\frac{1}{3!^3}- \frac{5}{1!^4\,5!} -\frac{10}{1!^3\,3!^2} + \frac{7}{1!^6\, 3!} - \frac{1}{1!^9}\right) \\[6pt] & = -50\,521. \end{align} $$

As a determinant
$E_{2n}$ is given by the determinant

\begin{align} E_{2n} &=(-1)^n (2n)!~ \begin{vmatrix}  \frac{1}{2!}& 1 &~& ~&~\\ \frac{1}{4!}& \frac{1}{2!} & 1 &~&~\\ \vdots & ~ &  \ddots &\ddots & ~\\ \frac{1}{(2n-2)!}& \frac{1}{(2n-4)!}& ~&\frac{1}{2!} & 1\\ \frac{1}{(2n)!}&\frac{1}{(2n-2)!}& \cdots & \frac{1}{4!} & \frac{1}{2!}\end{vmatrix}.

\end{align} $$

As an integral
$E_{2n}$ is also given by the following integrals:

\begin{align} (-1)^n E_{2n} & = \int_0^\infty \frac{t^{2n}}{\cosh\frac{\pi t}2}\; dt =\left(\frac2\pi\right)^{2n+1} \int_0^\infty \frac{x^{2n}}{\cosh x}\; dx\\[8pt] &=\left(\frac2\pi\right)^{2n} \int_0^1\log^{2n}\left(\tan \frac{\pi t}{4} \right)\,dt =\left(\frac2\pi\right)^{2n+1}\int_0^{\pi/2} \log^{2n}\left(\tan \frac{x}{2} \right)\,dx\\[8pt] &= \frac{2^{2n+3}}{\pi^{2n+2}} \int_0^{\pi/2} x \log^{2n} (\tan x)\,dx = \left(\frac2\pi\right)^{2n+2} \int_0^\pi \frac{x}{2} \log^{2n} \left(\tan \frac{x}{2} \right)\,dx.\end{align} $$

Congruences
W. Zhang obtained the following combinational identities concerning the Euler numbers, for any prime $$ p $$, we have

(-1)^{\frac{p-1}{2}} E_{p-1} \equiv \textstyle\begin{cases} 0 \mod p &\text{if }p\equiv 1\bmod 4; \\ -2 \mod p & \text{if }p\equiv 3\bmod 4. \end{cases} $$ W. Zhang and Z. Xu proved that, for any prime $$ p \equiv 1 \pmod{4} $$ and integer $$ \alpha\geq 1 $$, we have
 * $$ E_{\phi(p^{\alpha})/2}\not \equiv 0 \pmod{p^{\alpha}} $$

where $$\phi(n)$$ is the Euler's totient function.

Asymptotic approximation
The Euler numbers grow quite rapidly for large indices as they have the following lower bound

 * $$ |E_{2 n}| > 8 \sqrt { \frac{n}{\pi} } \left(\frac{4 n}{ \pi e}\right)^{2 n}. $$

Euler zigzag numbers
The Taylor series of $$\sec x + \tan x = \tan\left(\frac\pi4 + \frac x2\right)$$ is

 * $$\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{A_n}{n!}x^n,$$

where ⇭⇭⇭ is the Euler zigzag numbers, beginning with
 * 1, 1, 1, 2, 5, 16, 61, 272, 1385, 7936, 50521, 353792, 2702765, 22368256, 199360981, 1903757312, 19391512145, 209865342976, 2404879675441, 29088885112832, ...

For all even ⇭⇭⇭,
 * $$A_n = (-1)^\frac{n}{2} E_n,$$

where ⇭⇭⇭ is the Euler number; and for all odd ⇭⇭⇭,
 * $$A_n = (-1)^\frac{n-1}{2}\frac{2^{n+1}\left(2^{n+1}-1\right)B_{n+1}}{n+1},$$

where ⇭⇭⇭ is the Bernoulli number.

For every n,
 * $$\frac{A_{n-1}}{(n-1)!}\sin{\left(\frac{n\pi}{2}\right)}+\sum_{m=0}^{n-1}\frac{A_m}{m!(n-m-1)!}\sin{\left(\frac{m\pi}{2}\right)}=\frac{1}{(n-1)!}.$$

title: Euler numbers


text:
Wikipedia:Magnus Manske Day

Magnus Manske Day is January 25, which commemorates the day in 2002 when Wikipedia switched to the Phase II software, the precursor to MediaWiki. This was an important day for Wikipedia. Jimbo Wales proclaimed :
 * "I hereby decree, in my usual authoritarian and bossy manner, that today shall forever be known as Magnus Manske Day.  Wikipedians of the distant future will marvel at the day when the new  software era dawned upon us. Tonight at dinner, every Wikipedian should say a toast to  Magnus and his many inventions."

On January 25, 2004, the second anniversary of Magnus Manske Day, the last-remaining language editions of Wikipedia powered by UseModWiki finally switched to MediaWiki.

title: Wikipedia:Magnus Manske Day


text:
Talk:Euler's identity

Short description
I have twice tried to fix the short description per WP:SDFORMAT and WP:SDEXAMPLES, which says that the format should follow the statement "[Article subject] is/was a/an/the ... ". I have been reverted twice. The SD at this time is "e^(iπ) + 1 equals 0", which is a definition or restatement, not a short description. I suggested "Mathematical equality". – Jonesey95 (talk) 14:29, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * "Mathematical identity" is a definition of the second word of the title. So, it breaks twice WP:SDFORMAT ("A short description is not a definition" and "avoid duplicating information that is already in the title"), and is therefore totally useless. On the other hand, "e^(iπ) + 1 equals 0", follows the spirit of WP:SDEXAMPLES as it is naturally read as
 * "Euler's identity [says that] e^(iπ) + 1 equals 0"Moreover, this clearly says that this is mathematics, which is the most important information for most readers, who are generally not interested in mathematics. Also, it disambiguates from Euler's formula, which is another identity established by Euler. So, there is absolutely no reason to prefer a totally uninformative short description. D.Lazard (talk) 14:57, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * "Euler's identity is the e^(iπ) + 1 equals 0" does not follow WP:SDEXAMPLES. I encourage followers of this page to come up with a short description that follows the pattern of the vast majority of other short descriptions and also successfully disambiguates this article from others with similar titles. A bare formula does not do the job. The short description at Euler's formula, "Expression of the complex exponential in terms of sine and cosine", follows the correct format and gets the job done, even if it is a bit long. – Jonesey95 (talk) 19:44, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * How about "exp (iπ) +1 equals 0"? But I would also like to hear(see) a short description using the base of natural logarithm, the imaginary unit, the additive identity, the multiplicative identity, and the fundamental circle constant.--SilverMatsu (talk) 03:05, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

Practical Application(s)
Euler's Identity is an elegant special case of Euler's Formula [e^ix = cos x + isin x] where x = pi. It is of little value other than beauty. The generalized Euler's Formula does have practical uses in any discipline that requires wave modeling, Electrical Engineering is a good example. Mxyptlck (talk) 17:03, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

 * The above expression is still WRONG in Generalizations section, if you accept (i,j,k) a Quaternion and state it in a math exam, teacher will fail you; because there is NO Quaternion as Quaternion[i, j, k] in mathematica or in any other math program at all. In Mathematica they are shown as, Quaternion[a, b*i, c*j , d*k] . where (a) is a pure constant and the others are vectors (i,j,k) . For more information ask it to gemini, a famous (AI) program as (how quaternions are expressed in math?) OR Just open https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion — Preceding unsigned comment added by Germanvas (talk • contribs)

Euler's identity expressed with tau
In my experience, $$e^{i\pi}+1=0$$ has little to no applications, but $$e^{i\tau}=1$$ is very important in solving complex exponentiation related problems. I wonder if this could be included in the article. NutronStar45 -- T / C 09:05, 12 November 2022 (UTC)

 * No. JBL (talk) 18:30, 12 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Please elaborate. NutronStar45 -- T / C 14:08, 16 November 2022 (UTC)
 * See WP:UNDUE (linked in JBL's reply). D.Lazard (talk) 14:30, 16 November 2022 (UTC)

Proving Euler's identity by Taylor series expansion
We can prove e^iπ = -1 by Taylor series expansion.It will expand our perspective. Yuthfghds (talk) 13:05, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

 * This is discussed in the relevant article Euler's formula. --JBL (talk) 20:52, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Tau should be mentioned in this article
There seems to be some hesitancy to mention tau here (despite being highly and obviously relevant) due to the premise that tau is a "minority" or "fringe" opinion (and hence is "UNDUE"). Let's briefly unpack the nuances at play here.

1. Tau itself is not an opinion or viewpoint, it is a *number*. And while an opinion like "strike out all occurrences of pi in mathematical textbooks" might be minority or fringe, the opinion "mention a relevant number when merited by the context" is certainly not.

2. The *number* Tau is, by no means, fringe, in the sense of "people being aware of its definition". I present you with the following anecdotal evidence that this is true:
 * Everyone in this talk page seems to have some opinion on tau. Which would imply that, in at least this population sample, not only are people aware of its existence, they are quite heavily invested in either promoting it or denying it a mention!

 * https://docs.oracle.com/en/java/javase/22/docs/api/java.base/java/lang/Math.html#TAU Java is installed on over 3 billion computing devices. Not exactly fringe.

 * https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/f64/consts/constant.TAU.html Rust has been voted the "most loved" programming language for nearly a decade now. Again, not exactly fringe.

 * https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.tau Pretty sure everyone has heard of Python...

3. Regarding the mathematical beauty behind Euler's identity:

 * Nobody cares about a formula that relates two INTEGERS to each-other. We already have simpler formulas for that, e.g.: 1 + 1 = 2. So I'm hoping that the idea that Euler's identity would be made more beautiful by adding another integer was a joke. Even if that integer is indeed "the only even prime". It would be equally absurd to suggest that we change the formula to e^(i pi) + 3 = 2 so that we can include *both* the only even prime and the first odd prime!

 * What is beautiful is relating 3 fundamental odd-ball numbers (i.e., the ones that are *not* integers) to each other in a single concise formula. (I.e., the FEWER other numbers/operations involved, the MORE beautiful!) Beauty in mathematics is synonymous with brevity... deep truths expressed in few words.

 * e^(i tau) = 1 is objectively more "beautiful" (i.e., simple) than e^(i pi) + 1 = 0 since the latter requires an extra addition operation (or an extra negation operation, in its alternate form), therefore it is more complex. Same semantics (better semantics, in fact, if you stop to think about what it means), but fewer words with the tau version. There is nothing subjective about this.

That being said, I'm not here to argue that tau is better than pi by any means. (Well it is, but backwards compatibility is a pain).

I'm saying it deserves to be mentioned here, as it achieves the required standard of relevance.

Thanks, Hans

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:8662:2110:6c0f:549c:a3d8:fa74 (talk) 02:37, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi Hans, and welcome to Wikipedia. The relevant question here is not what Wikipedians have or haven't heard of, or which names are defined in miscellaneous programming languages, but rather what the "reliable sources" discussing the subject of "Euler's identity" say about it. (I also recommend reading WP:UNDUE.)
 * For example, personally I think all of the stuff about "mathematical beauty" is exaggerated and a bit silly: as I see it the primary content of this identity is the geometric theorem that a half-turn rotation in the plane is equivalent to a reflection in a point [your alternative identity expresses the related geometric theorem that a full-turn rotation in the plane is equivalent to the identity transformation], a fact which can be easily explained to young children which I would characterize as "kind of neat". But it's not up to me; for better or worse there are magazine articles, published books, peer-reviewed journal papers, etc. which quote various mathematicians gushing about how profound and wonderful they think this is equation is, with the result that Wikipedia echoes those claims.
 * –jacobolus (t) 23:06, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Euler's identity


text:
Wikipedia:Wikipedia Day

About
Wikipedia Day is an occasion to celebrate Wikipedia's birthday. Every year on or around January 15 Wikipedia fans organize their own parties in their own communities to discuss Wikipedia and share cake. Typical activities at these events include Wikipedia editors sharing what they did in Wikipedia last year, anyone proposing to share information in Wikipedia in the coming year, Wikipedia training for newcomers, and socializing.

On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia was established and first edited. Coincidentally, also on January 15, 2001 Creative Commons registered their website. Creative Commons developed the free and open copyright system which Wikipedia uses, and Wikipedia is the most enthusiastic community of the free media which Creative Commons promotes. Yet another festive event around this time is Public Domain Day, which celebrates the media entering the public domain due to copyright expirations at the end of the previous year.

Feel free to celebrate Wikipedia Day! Celebrate Creative Commons' birthday too, if you like! Combine Wikipedia Day, Creative Commons Day, and Public Domain Day all in one January celebration of open knowledge and free media.

Host an event
Anyone can host a Wikipedia Day event! The tradition is to discuss Wikipedia with a group of other people and to have a Birthday cake. You do not need any special permission to host a party. Just do it and have fun.

Wikipedia Day 2024

If you would like to host an event, create a WP:Meetup page for your city or organization and then list it here.

 * London meetup 200 and Wikipedia Day (Sun Jan 14)
 * Meetup/NYC/Wikipedia Day 2024 (Sun Jan 14)
 * Meetup/Toronto/Wikipedia Day 2024 (Sun Jan 14)
 * Greater Boston Wikipedia Day Edit-a-thon 2024 (Tue Jan 16)
 * Seattle monthly meetup (Tue Jan 16)
 * Utah Wikipedia Day 2024 during Sundance Film Festival (Saturday, January 27)
 * Provenance loves Wiki, Friday 12 - Sunday 14 January, in Berlin and online
 * Meetup/Los Angeles/February 2024 (Saturday, February 17)
 * Birthday 2024 - African Continent (Friday, January 26)
 * Wikimedia South Africa/Wikipedia's 23rd Birthday Celebration (Saturday, January 27)
 * Wikipedia Day: 2024 Paris Olympics Wikipedia Editathon (Monday, Jan 15th 2024 09:00 am - 12:00 pm (MYT), in Universiti Putra Malaysia).
 * Wikipedia's 23rd Birthday Celebration:Tadau Kinouliton Wikipedia kumo-23 2024 (Monday, Jan 15th 2024 12:30 pm - 1:30 pm (MYT), in Kent Campus Teacher Education Institute, Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia).
 * Wikipedia Day 2024 Celebration: Dhaka, Bangladesh at Khilgaon. (Monday Jan 15)
 * Online celebration of Wikipedia Day 2024 with the @pprendre Network : Réseau @pprendre Wikipedia Day, WikipediaDay with the @pprendre

authors: মোহাম্মদ জনি হোসেন

title: Wikipedia:Wikipedia Day


text:
Talk:TiVo

"A TiVo can be used without a service-agreement, but it will act more like a VCR in that you can only perform manual recordings"
That's only true of Series 1 tivos. Later models won't work at all. - Richfife (talk) 20:33, 14 November 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:TiVo


text:
Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Day

Reflections on the 2011 celebration
For 2011, the 10-year anniversary, everyone celebrated this birthday as documented at ten.wikipedia.org.

That was the biggest event to date with the most community groups around the world organizing to participate. The 10-year anniversary established that Wikipedia's birthday was an occasion to celebrate, even if many groups do not have the volunteer labor to host an event every year.

Despite the lack of volunteer labor to host events, people from every community enjoy going to the events when they happen. The social context of this is that the Wikimedia community in general has a labor bottleneck for being dependent on community organization. We have a great cause that excites people. Lots of other nonprofit organizations and activist causes have the inverse problem - they have staffing and funding for events, but trouble drawing people to their cause to participate. Wikimedia projects in general have lots of people who want to participate, but we struggle to reserve the rooms, get sponsorship for coffee and cookies, and actually get volunteers to host the events.

In 2011 there was a significant Wikimedia Foundation staff investment which assisted many volunteers in the administrative side of hosting their events, including by mailing out stickers, helping to post events on that event website, and doing on-wiki advertising. Before and since then volunteers have managed these things as best they could. If we lowered the barrier to organizing these events then I think more people would attend an annual Wikipedia celebration.  Blue Rasberry  (talk)  15:36, 5 November 2018 (UTC)

Solicited participation in the United States in Wikimedia US mailing list

 * host Wikipedia Day + Public Domain party in Jan	2019, request funds NOW!...

 Blue Rasberry  (talk)  22:47, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

Applied for Wikimedia Foundation grant - seeking comment and support
See
 * meta:Grants:Project/Public Domain Day event toolkit

Since March 2018 I have been Wikimedian in Residence (meta:Wikimedians in Residence Exchange Network) at the University of Virginia. Among other things I organize collaborations with the library. Some notes on my projects are at meta:University of Virginia and WP:UVA.

In the above proposal I am assisting some librarians, researchers, and our copyright lawyer in requesting US$15,000 from the Wikimedia Foundation in the November 2018 call for projects as described at meta:Grants:Project. With this money the library would, in summer 2019, develop a tool kit and event package for more libraries to celebrate Public Domain Day and to incorporate Wikimedia engagement into their program. We will be hosting a Public Domain Day event of our own with Wikimedia engagement in January 2019 to get experience before starting the grant funded project. I am posting here because I want to connect the concept and commemoration of the January 15 Wikipedia Day with the 1 January Public Domain Day.

If anyone can sign to support then I appreciate that. If anyone has comments of any kind please post to the talk page. Thanks.  Blue Rasberry  (talk)  23:32, 20 November 2018 (UTC)

Riverside
Anyone want to meet up to celebrate in Riverside, California? Benjamin (talk) 08:30, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

Happy birthday!
Happy birthday to you dear Wikipedia, I wish you sucsess and long life! Ohangar (talk) 13:43, 15 January 2019 (UTC)

20th birthday celebration in January 2021?
How far in advance are events usually planned? Is there a bigger meetup organization/structure with whom we can/do collaborate? Would be great to plan a big set of events for Wikipedia's 20th birthday (big milestone!) —Shrinkydinks (talk) 23:22, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Time to start planning now! If you have suggestions of what to do then post here. I am helping to plan with some wiki community organizations.  Blue Rasberry   (talk)  19:35, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Canberra, Australian Capital Territory

title: Wikipedia talk:Wikipedia Day


text:
Talk:Euler numbers

Euler
Wierd:

The even-indexed Euler numbers (except E0) are all zero. Some other values are: E0 = 1 E2 = -1 E4 = 5 ...

Random Comment
"Can we have little more explanatiion for this number.. may be by some examples.. This si not very clear.." I removed this from the article. --Antonio.sierra 02:44, 25 August 2007 (UTC)

Interwikis
Help would be appreciated in watching the interwikis. Many interwikis lead to articles that were in fact about the number e (mathematical constant). They were removed with help from some other people from the Dutch wikipedia, but it would be good to watch any interwiki that is added to this page to see if they go to correct article. Thanks, LeRoc (talk) 16:47, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

disambiguation needed
This topic is not actually the primary one associated to the phrase "Euler number". For example, if you query Google Scholar, you will see many hits for Euler number coming from topology (Euler number of bundle, Euler characteristic, etc.). Comments? --C S (talk) 17:16, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Can someone clarify the sum over partitions section?
I am not very familiar of the notation used in the sum over partitions section. Can an expert may the notation easier to understand or at least reference the notations used? Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Davikrehalt (talk • contribs) 18:04, 3 March 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Euler number. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120511083735/http://www.voofie.com:80/content/117/an-explicit-formula-for-the-euler-zigzag-numbers-updown-numbers-from-power-series/ to http://www.voofie.com/content/117/an-explicit-formula-for-the-euler-zigzag-numbers-updown-numbers-from-power-series/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:41, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Euler numbers


text:
User:Faramir~enwiki

noun, a character from J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. noun, Internet handle commonly used by User:Stephen Fuqua.

Welcome, Stephen!

Perhaps you should choose a different handle? Generally, we try not to use handles that are names of potential encyclopedia articles (as yours is...). An example is Koyaanisqatsi--the former handle of the very prolific, nice Wikipedian who is now called Koyaanis Qatsi.

BTW, Faramir should probably redirect to Middle Earth/Faramir. (I personally hate subpages, but in this case it seems like not a half-bad idea--Middle Earth is self-contained universe.) --Larry Sanger (not the bearer of a famous name!)

I'm changing all slashed "Middle Earth" references (slowly but surely) to main pages or (when disambiguation is needed) parenthesized "Middle-earth" references. Ed Poor 09:42 Jul 23, 2002 (PDT)

title: User:Faramir~enwiki


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Talk:Long Valley Caldera

Assessment notes
this is a strong start class article. it is well written, stable, good NPOV, good images. to reach B Class it needs:
 * primarily more breadth. we need sections on ecology and history, possibly climate and "practical aspects of hiking and viewing" (not just geologic history which there is already plenty). A "B class" article definitely requires breadth. the geology material is good.
 * preferably in line note references
 * it should have some sort of heading style organization. while the writing is good, it just seems to ramble on sithout structure. Anlace 21:58, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I respectfully disagree. This is a patch of desert about 20 miles long: its primary interest is from a geological point of view. From an historical and ecological viewpoint, it is really part of Owens Valley (the most interesting thing that happened was the construction of the Los Angeles Aqueduct through it, and the creation of Lake Crowley). It seems extremely redundant to repeat history and ecology for every geological feature.

 * We can certainly add headers, that would be easy. The article is quite old, so the inline references would be difficult to reconstruct. hike395 22:28, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

 * hi again. thanks for the sppedy reply. i amended my prior comments at the same time you were replying, so note i have suggested material on climate and "practical aspects of hiking and viewing". These other sections need not be long, but they should give the reader a flavor. remember "B class" is defined as usable to the general reader. many people will find this article who have little interest in geology, but may be serious hikers or biologists or just want to get the overall feeling of this feature. i think the headers are a good starting place for you in any case.  dont sweat the in-line refs. that isnt so important as the breadth issue. best regards. Anlace 22:38, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

confusion over name
REVERT ; Please read an article before you make such changes - Long Valley is NOT a city in California, it is a geographic feature, and therefore no comman is needed and is in fact misleading
 * Maveric, I read the article. Then I did a google search on "Long Valley California" and found a bunch of pages that actually contained "Long Valley, California."

 * Now, this means one of two things:

 * 1) My first suspicion, that "Long Valley" is the name of a geographical feature in California, was correct.
 * 2) The sites that came up on a google search were incorrect, and the name of the geographical feature is actually "Long Valley California", occasionally shortened to "Long Valley". This seems unlikely to me, but if I am wrong, please correct me.

 * I wouldn't consider "San Joaquin Valley California" or "Death Valley California" or "Central Valley California" to be correct, either. I would put commas in all of those, even though they're not cities. Cities don't enter into it; one thing being inside another is the issue at hand. -- Brion VIBBER

Fair enough. --maveric149

Hey Brion, how did you do such a perfect resize of the image? Can the Gimp do that? --maveric149

 * Yes -- but you have to remember to switch the image mode from indexed to RGB before you resize, or it doesn't interpolate. Brion VIBBER, Monday, April 1, 2002

Very cool, thanx -maveric149 --- Is this USGS schematic of any use? http://en.wikipedia.org/upload/f/f3/Schematic_long_valley_caldera-small.gif It's an "unused image" Image:Schematic_long_valley_caldera-small.gif Its also a .png format. Wetman 23:44, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC), too ignorant to help...

Plagiarism?
Is it okay that almost the entire "Recent Geology" section is lifted word-for-word from this site? 68.8.108.62 06:46, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * It's OK, because the USGS material is public domain (and marked in the reference section). Should have inline citations, though, I will add. hike395 21:08, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Should the copyright violation tag be removed now? Eeekster (talk) 22:07, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for clarifying that, guys. I was sort of shocked the other day, doing my research paper, to discover it was word-for-word what the USGS site said.  I can't believe that's actually allowed! I removed the tag.  Bob the Wikipedian, the Tree of Life WikiDragon (talk) 04:21, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * In general works done by the fedoral government are not subject to copyright. After all we pay for them! Eeekster (talk) 07:10, 5 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Let's not confuse the issue of copyright with plagiarism. Even items in the public domain can be plagiarized.  If something is lifted word-for-word, it must include quotation marks, and not simply a citation, although that must be included as well.  The best thing, of course, is to not lift anything word-for-word unless necessary or appropriate, and do a little original writing. Tmangray (talk) 04:09, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I've seen somewhere a template for saying that text was lifted directly from a certain encyclopedia...surely this is a customizable template that could be used here? Anyone familiar with such a template? Bob the Wikipedian (talk) 20:36, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Found it; adding it to the bottom of the page. Bob the Wikipedian (talk) 20:46, 18 May 2008 (UTC)

Glass Mountain
There is currently a wiki link to an article entitled "Glass Mountain," which happens to be some random band with no obvious relation whatsoever to anything even vaguely related to the Long Valley Caldera. Since Glass Mountain is a) not highly integral to the article, and b) the link to "Glass Mountain" is pointless in the context of the article, I propose that someone should unlink it, or link to an article on something actually (at least tangentially) relevant such as obsidian flows, etc...

Excuse me, I was incorrect. It's actually an album. My point stands.

 * I've delinked it. We link to obsidian straight after it's mentioned, which is probably enough. -- Avenue 09:33, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

City of caldera
is this big lovely thing holding a town/city? Because Im looking at this thing from an airel point and it seem to have isolated large buildings and little communitys in it! If there is....WHY ISNT IT ILLEGAL?! --Lolichan4u 17:27, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Mammoth Lakes, California (population 7,000) is inside the caldera and a few other small towns are not far from it. Hopefully they will be able to evacuate to a safe distance (Mexico?) before the next supereruption there. --mav (talk) 04:50, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

Geobox
Is there a preferred way to add the references to the Geobox? --Burntnickel (talk) 22:28, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Perhaps footnotes= ? I'm not sure. hike395 (talk) 02:52, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Could add | references =  as the last line of the geobox, then refs for the geobox info could be added w/ ref tags (see Template:Infobox mineral. Or simply add to any single line in the geobox you want to reference. Vsmith (talk) 04:04, 19 December 2008 (UTC)

Infobox Type
Should I change the Infobox from Infobox Valley to Infobox Mountain?-- Guan long   wucaii  10:16, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Explanation: Most pages on calderas and volcanoes etc use Mountain Infobox.-- Guan long   wucaii  10:17, 14 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I think so. The valley-related information doesn't seem crucial. The mountain infobox isn't ideal either, but at least it has slots for some details about volcanoes. Perhaps we should think about creating a new infobox for calderas (or building one on top of the undefined template, say). -- Avenue (talk) 12:47, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

Quakes in Long Valley seem to be declining but strain over by Postpile seems to be building:

Please see curretn (4 Dec 2012)USGS Long Valley Plots Dilatometers, suggests that some pressure may be building up — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rockytrawn (talk • contribs) 18:58, 4 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm personally unsure what that means. We can't generate our own conclusions nor can we predict the future. I don't want it to mess up my camping trip to the Whitney Portal next spring however. :) SkepticalRaptor (talk) 02:07, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Long Valley Caldera


text:
User:Jmurali

Welcome to Wikipedia! That's a good article on Parasitic computing. :-) --```

title: User:Jmurali


text:
User:Jtnelson

English teacher, technologist from Idaho but living in United Arab Emirates. Came up with the idea for the Simplified English wikipedia.

I noticed you removed the curly quotes and em dashes from Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. I don't have a problem with that and won't change it back, but since they were encoded correctly (they weren't the incorrect Windows-specific characters that some people put here), the fact that you were not able to see them correctly is a bug in your browser that you should look into. I would, in general, prefer that these particular characters be allowed in Wikipedia. See Wiki special characters for more details. --LDC

Welcome to Wikipedia! --Koyaanis Qatsi

title: User:Jtnelson


text:
Wikipedia talk:Main Page/Main Page2 old talk

Hi everyone! I don't really know where to put this, but I have created two new images, specifically a new, colour logo for Wikipedia, and a new icon for the search results. They are both exactly the same dimensions as the current images, so I imagine placing the new images would be as easy as removing the old ones and replacing them with the new ones. I made the images using Jasc Paint Shop Pro, and Amorphium. I hereby give you permission to do whatever you want with it. The pictures are now on the public domain, do with them what you want.

My email address is:  smartieguy2001@aol.com Send me an email requesting the images and I will send them back to you. Trust me, they look much better than the current logo.

Signed,

Mark Ryan.

 * Well, we just changed logos rather recently, so I don't know if we're ready for another change, but go to http://meta.wikipedia.com/ and you can upload them there. --User:Chuck Smith

Thanks for that. Actually, the new logos are the same font etc. as the current one, only with a cool blue colouring, and a new 3D 'text-globe'. And the search one is the new globe with a magnifying glass over the top. The main logo file is "wiki.png" at the bottom of the uploaded file list, and the other logo (the current one is the text globe with two lines on it, the new one has a magnifying glass) is "search.png" -- Mark Ryan

http://meta.wikipedia.com/upload/wiki.png http://meta.wikipedia.com/upload/search.png

By the way, the place I heard about Wikipedia from was in a computer magazine I subscribe to here in Australia, Australian PC World. It had a small article about Wikipedia, and was quite positive in promoting your site. Then again, the issue was about 5 months ago...

 * Actually I think it looks rather good in black and white --AdamW

---

What if we used Wikipedia to store song lyrics? Also, shouldn't there be a search box at the TOP of the home page?

IMHO wikipedia is not and should not be a storehouse for song lyrics, especially since most of the song lyrics people will be inclined to include will be copyrighted. --Koyaanis Qatsi

--

Summary of Past Discussions & Changes
Subtopics moved to appropriate topic page: Countries of the World to Geography, Electronics to Engineering and Physics, Computing to Computer science, Nutrition to Health Science

Topics removed because not "top level" enough: Anomalous Phenomena

Mythology is now carried under Religion. This is a controversial change because it suggests mythology is less "important" than religion. But on the other hand, one man's religion could be considered another man's myth... Suggestion was made to put both mythology and religion as subcategories of Culture.

While it would be nice to have a more detailed set of topics on the home page, the current scheme is sufficient, and has the benefit of being concise. Having to page down more than once is considered a navigational pain in the rat's patootie. The current organization of topics feels somewhat ad hoc and might be better served if it had particular principles underlying it. One organization principle for a homepage might be the categories of Rogets Thesaurus. Another principle might be to quickly direct traffic to the most commonly accessed pages. Another might be a general ontology of the universe.

Added index and random links to homepage. Removed redundant welcome. Added Complete list of encyclopedia topics.

Is critical theory "top-level enough"? Larry argues yes, as it is about culture and has very broad implications. No one disagrees with this description, but various counter-arguments are made: it is too specific and not a good portal page; it does not belong the heading of under Culture; it is primarily an academic topic, as opposed to a general knowledge topic. After much debate, the issue remains somewhat undecided. Currently, it seems that Critical theory will be put under an interdisciplinary heading with several other such topics; keep reading for more information

"Year in Review" catagory changed to "Historical view".

"Current Events" section pruned and relocated.

Wikipedia copyright clarified with links to GNU Free Documentation License, open content and free content.

Moved from User:Larry Sanger:

Copied from Hello, I saw in the comments fields of the home page that I shouldn't modify it without contacting you first - but its a bit late for that.

Anyway, I'd like to recommend that 'Space' be left on the main page under the 'applied arts and sciences' field. It's a rather large subject that should be fairly popular, and there are already a lot of pages that could fall into that category. The only problem with the existing pages was lack of a central location, and as such they are all scattered and hooked into the other physical science and engineering fields. I tried to find a more appropriate place to link a space category, but the other existing locations seemed too narrow in scope to justify a full-bore 'space' category there. The only appropriate solution seemed to be at the root level.

There isn't a lot under the heading right now, mainly scaffolding. But with a central, obvious location, I would expect it to fill out rather rapidly.

There are at least two reasons why this is a non-starter: --User:Larry Sanger
 * Space transport is included under transport; other aspects of space technology are listed under techology.
 * The name, "Space," is the name of a subject studied by Astronomy and Astrophysics, not the name of an applied science or technology. If anything, space technology (if there is such a thing that is so-called) could be listed under "applied science and technology."
 * Generally speaking, the items on the HomePage are either names of disciplines, or names of arts and technologies. "Space" is none of these.  The subject that studies space is astronomy.

I disagree with this again. 'Space' is big enough that it pretty much requires its own field, and calling it 'space science' IMO narrows it too much. Not all that is space is science; there is a lot of raw technology and history involved that would be inappropriate for a raw science category. Not all that is space involves telescopes and people in white lab coats.

Space happens to include astronomy and astrophysics. It also includes space technology, and it includes space science and space engineering. The problem is that all of these fields link heavily into each other, and it should be possible to find them all under one, single, unified category. What is the obvious category to select to find out about manned lunar missions? Should it be astronomy/astrophysics? How about technology? How about engineering? For the life of me, I couldn't find most of them from the front page.

At least if I got desparate, I could type in 'wiki/Space' into the url and get a category with space sciences in it, right? Not anymore. It's just been reverted to the four liner describing space as a location in a coordinate grid.

Once again, this is a very common, popular, and broad-reaching subject, and requires a central header that is simple and obvious for everything that falls under it. At the very least, give us the Space keyword, even if it is not on the main page. What I had posted under it could hardly be worse than the existing definition, and would certainly be what people accessing the page would expect. For example, if you looked up 'Space', what would you expect to see?

-dennis T

You can take nearly any broad concept--space, love, health, justice, etc.--and make similar arguments to the ones you've made. But we aren't doing that, for the reasons I mentioned (you could, perhaps, reply point-by-point to those reasons if you think they're wrong). --User:LMS - Why does the home page contain the date in the server's timezone? I don't see how that is relevant to an encyclopedia, especially since the timezone will only apply to a tiny minority of users. At the very least, we should give the date in UCT, but even that would be pretty useless IMHO. --AxelBoldt - I suppose that today's date gives a starting point into Year in Review entries. I'd agree we should use UTC; the only problem is remembering when to change it. Unless you set your timezone preference differently, the RecentChanges page displays server time, which is what I at least follow when deciding to update the HomePage date. I wonder, why doesn't someone just modify the wiki script to use UTC, or change the server time zone to UTC, or something like that? -- Simon J Kissane
 * The server is located on the west coast of the United States, in California. This semmed simply as good a time as any for keeping track of what day it is.  (When I started keeping track of the date on the homepage, I set it by the time in Izhevsk, Russia. :-) )  In the future, sure, we'd like that particular link to be generated automatically (maybe Magnus' script will do this?), and then, sure, we could switch it to "Universal Coordinated Time," which is the same as what used to be called Greenwich Mean Time.  In the Mean Time, why not just keep it where it is in order to coordinate the home page "time" with the Recent Changes time? --User:LMS

-- I think applied arts and sciences ought to have Government as a link. I also think that Military should be a link under that. The basic problem I have is that I'd like to write an artcle, and Government is where it belongs. So- anybody agree? User:Ray Van De Walker

Isn't the topic of government very well covered by the combination of political science and public affairs? Besides, on the homepage, so far, the topics are names of fields of study (and sometimes fields of study that are also names of the subjects they study).

I don't like the idea of an activism category on the homepage. Activism per se is not a broad subject in the way that the others are, and activist approaches to various subjects are linked to from various other categories, such as public affairs, political science, and philosophy.

I just noticed that we have politics on the page and not political science, which is the relevant category. --User:LMS

I'm going to remove the GSS link, pending some discussion of why we should have that, and not the many other interdisciplinary fields that exist.

Alternatively, we could simply create a new supercategory devoted just to those interdisciplinary fields--which would solve the problem of where to put Critical Theory. --User:LMS -- I'd say a page of interdisciplinary fields would be useful, though I'd divide it into social science and natural science interdisciplinary fields -- bioinformatics and cognitive science are very different from GSS & friends.

Secondly, GSS (or one of its subfields like womens studies) very often gets it own department at universities; and if you count womens studies departments in it, it certaintly gets one much more often than almost any other interdisciplinary field, at least in the social science -- SJK - OK! I propose we set up a list of the most important interdisciplinary fields here on this page, and when it looks good, someone can move it to the HomePage. --LMS

The header now says "you can edit this page right now!". Except the homepage is read only. That seems kind of silly, to me. -- DrBob

Search Control:

How about moving the search control to the top of the front page rather than hidden down at the bottom. This is my first visit today and, if I wasn't fairly websavvy, I might have given up at not seeing a way of looking up something of interest at first glance.
 * Believe me, it's a very old complaint. :) We're moving to new software fairly soon, and the problem will be corrected. Check out feature requests. --Stephen Gilbert

-- Someone expressed there objection to having Mythology listed under religion. But they chose to do it with a H1 font and to call us "RETARDOS"... so i deleted their comment. -- User:SJK -- Why is Parapsychology under Social Science? I think that gives it too much legitimacy, implying that it is a science. Please move it somewhere more neutral. --User:Eob -- Eob: I think parapsychology does belong under science (I'm not so sure about *social* science though...). It is entirely possibly to scientifically study paranormal phenomena. Of course, the results are not particularly encouraging for supporters of the existence of such phenomena, but just because the results are negative doesn't mean that objective scientific research is impossible on such topics. And even though a lot of parapsychological research has been invalid, that doesn't mean there hasn't or there can't be valid parapsychological research, especially since bad research is found in all scientific disciplines... -- User:SJK

 * I agree with with you in that serious research on the paranormal is possible, but the fact it's been tried for quite a while now and the results, as you say, are not good. Giving it a link on the front page probably gives it a prominence I would argue it doesn't deserve. --User:Robert Merkel

 * Robert--maybe, but where else will it go? Perhaps under psychology; it's often treated as a branch of psychology (thus the classification under social sciences).  Moreover, if we do remove it, we're going to have to have something else, equally problematic, such as anomalous phenomena, on the home page, as a catch-all category for all manner of popular, arguably important, but (admittedly) extremely dubious phenomena. --User:LMS
 * Good point. Stay with the status quo, then. --User:Robert Merkel

I think the article Critical Theory, as it is now, doesn't belong to the front page, but to some of the others front pages. --User:AN

I think that's a criticism of the present Critical Theory article, not of its present placement. Look, critical theory absolutely dominates the way academics today (as well as many critics and other opinion-makers) think about literature, art, theater, film, etc., etc. It is hugely important. Often, when one gets a Ph.D. in literature, for example, most of the courses one takes are in critical theory. Some of the 20th century's most influential cultural theorists (Foucault, Derrida, Gadamer, Habermas, etc.) can be placed under that general aegis. I personally find the methods they use baffling, and, when I understand them (or as much as there is there to understand), I find them totally unconvincing. I imagine most scientifically-minded people would agree with me; but I don't think that that opinion of ours should affect where we place the field. The fact of the matter is that this stuff is extremely influential today, and a sophisticated understanding of "human knowledge" requires some understanding of the field. --User:LMS

Where should one categorise the 'manual arts'? Things like woodwork, metalwork, etc?

Under the appropriate "Applied Arts and Sciences," I'd think--maybe under technology. --User:LMS

I notice that there is no general heading "Conflict resolution." Topics such as Arbitration and Mediation are included under the Law heading, but I would like to suggest that if they remain there at the very least there should be notations under Sociology and Political Science about the various forms and techniques of conflict resolution (such as Mediation, Arbitration, Conciliation, Negotiation, etc) which refer the reader to the primary articles on those subjects. I apologize in advance for any misunderstanding of procedure and technique since the Wikipedia is new to me, as I am to it. F. Lee Horn

BTW...you may want to consider some sort of third party conflict resolution technique (such as mediation and/or arbitration) to resolve disputes over the content of articles as an intermediary step prior to involvement of the site administrator(s). Just a thought. F. Lee Horn

Are we not yet at 20,000 articles? Maybe I'm just impatient... --User:Chuck Smith

We currently have only a few international wikipedias. Why aren't all listed in the mainpage (for example, Basque or Euskara?)

--User:Tuxisuau

The field of futurology is entirely missing in the wikipedia. I think that it should be created from the main page. DA

 * We can't link to every area of science, culture etc. Maybe, though it could go on one of the sub-pages -Mark Ryan

I've sent an email to Tom Baker's (The fourth actor to play the Doctor in Doctor Who) web page, asking for an image of him we can use on Wikipedia, in accordance with that open-content licence Wikipedia uses (I can never remember its name). Maybe I could become a sort of 'free-multimedia scout' for Wikipedia. It would certainly become a better encyclopedia with multimedia. Also, is there a chat program that Wikipedians mainly use? If not, then maybe we could all start using AOL instant messenger (which can be used as a Java applet - good for OS's other than Windows) so we can talk other than on /talk pages- I think it would be far more efficient - User:Mark Ryan

I've just installed Netscape 6.1 on my computer (just to try it out). Does anybody out there realise that the line at the top of each page cuts right through the logo in Netscape? Maybe you need to add in a few things to lower the bottom of the header... is that even possible??? - User:Mark Ryan

Yes, I added "Happy Birthday Wikipedia" to the front page... I hope nobody minds... yes, I know I'm obsessed... --User:Chuck Smith