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Brad Pitt

William Bradley Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. He is the recipient of various accolades, including three Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and a Primetime Emmy Award. One of the most influential celebrities, Pitt appeared on Forbes' annual Celebrity 100 list from 2006 to 2008, and the Time 100 list in 2007.

Pitt first gained recognition as a cowboy hitchhiker in the Ridley Scott road film Thelma & Louise (1991). Pitt emerged as a star taking on leading man roles in films such as the drama film A River Runs Through It (1992), the western Legends of the Fall (1994), the horror film Interview with the Vampire (1994), and the crime thriller Seven (1995). Pitt found greater commercial success starring in Steven Soderbergh's heist film Ocean's Eleven (2001), and reprised his role in its sequels. He cemented his leading man status starring in blockbusters such as the historical epic Troy (2004), the romantic crime film Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005), the horror film World War Z (2013), and the action film Bullet Train (2022).

Pitt won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for playing a stuntman in Quentin Tarantino's Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019). He was Oscar-nominated for his roles in the science fiction drama 12 Monkeys (1995), the fantasy romance The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008) and the sports drama Moneyball (2011). He also starred in acclaimed films such as Fight Club (1999), Babel (2006), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), Burn After Reading (2008), Inglourious Basterds (2009), The Tree of Life (2011), and The Big Short (2015).

In 2001, Pitt co-founded the production company Plan B Entertainment. As a producer he won the Academy Award for Best Picture for 12 Years a Slave (2013) and was nominated for Moneyball (2011) and The Big Short (2015). Pitt was named People's Sexiest Man Alive in 1995 and 2000. His personal life is the subject of wide publicity. He is divorced from actresses Jennifer Aniston and Angelina Jolie. Pitt has six children with Jolie, three of whom were adopted internationally.

Early life
William Bradley Pitt was born on December 18, 1963, in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to William Alvin Pitt, the proprietor of a trucking company, and Jane Etta (née Hillhouse), a school counselor. The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Douglas Pitt (b. 1966) and Julie (née Pitt) Neal (b. 1969). Born into a conservative Christian household, he was raised as Southern Baptist and later "oscillate[d] between agnosticism and atheism." He later reconciled his belief in spirituality. Pitt has described Springfield as "Mark Twain country, Jesse James country," having grown up with "a lot of hills, a lot of lakes."

Pitt attended Kickapoo High School, where he was a member of the golf, swimming, and tennis teams. He participated in the school's Key and Forensics clubs, in school debates, and in musicals. Following his graduation from high school, Pitt enrolled in the University of Missouri in 1982, majoring in journalism with a focus on advertising. As graduation approached, Pitt did not feel ready to settle down. He loved films—"a portal into different worlds for me"—and, since films were not made in Missouri, he decided to go to where they were made. Two weeks short of completing the coursework for a degree, Pitt left the university and moved to Los Angeles, where he took acting lessons and worked odd jobs. He has named Gary Oldman, Sean Penn, and Mickey Rourke as his early acting heroes.

Early work (1987–1993)
While struggling to establish himself in Los Angeles, Pitt took lessons from acting coach Roy London. His acting career began in 1987, with uncredited parts in the films No Way Out (1987), No Man's Land (1987) and Less than Zero (1987). In May 1987, he made his television debut in a two-episode role on the NBC soap opera Another World. In November of the same year, Pitt had a guest appearance on the CBS sitcom Trial and Error and the ABC sitcom Growing Pains. He appeared in four episodes of the CBS primetime series Dallas between December 1987 and February 1988 as Randy, the boyfriend of Charlie Wade (played by Shalane McCall). Later in 1988, Pitt made a guest appearance on the Fox police drama 21 Jump Street. In the same year, the Yugoslavian–U.S. co-production The Dark Side of the Sun (1988) was his first leading film role, starring as a young American taken by his family to the Adriatic to find a remedy for a skin condition. The film was shelved at the outbreak of the Croatian War of Independence, and was not released until 1997. Pitt made two motion picture appearances in 1989: the first in a supporting role in the comedy Happy Together; the second a featured role in the horror film Cutting Class, the first of Pitt's films to reach theaters. He made guest appearances on television series Head of the Class, Freddy's Nightmares, Thirtysomething, and (for a second time) Growing Pains.

Pitt was cast as Billy Canton, a drug addict who takes advantage of a young runaway (played by Juliette Lewis) in the 1990 NBC television movie Too Young to Die?, the story of an abused teenager sentenced to death for a murder. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly wrote: "Pitt is a magnificent slimeball as her hoody boyfriend; looking and sounding like a malevolent John Cougar Mellencamp, he's really scary." The same year, Pitt co-starred in six episodes of the short-lived Fox drama Glory Days and took a supporting role in the HBO television film The Image. His next appearance came in the 1991 film Across the Tracks; Pitt portrayed Joe Maloney, a high school runner with a criminal brother, played by Rick Schroder. The same year he featured in a Levi's jeans TV commercial based around the song "20th Century Boy" which played in the background.

After years of supporting roles in film and frequent television guest appearances, Pitt attracted wider recognition in his supporting role in Ridley Scott's 1991 road film Thelma & Louise. He played J.D., a small-time criminal who befriends Thelma (Geena Davis). His love scene with Davis has been cited as the event that defined Pitt as a sex symbol. After Thelma & Louise, Pitt starred in the 1991 film Johnny Suede, a low-budget picture about an aspiring rock star, and the 1992 live-action/animated fantasy film Cool World, although neither furthered his career, having poor reviews and box office performance.

Pitt took on the role of Paul Maclean in the 1992 biographical film A River Runs Through It, directed by Robert Redford. His portrayal of the character was described by People's Janet Mock as a career-making performance, proving that Pitt could be more than a "cowboy-hatted hunk." He has admitted to feeling under pressure when making the film and thought it was one of his "weakest performances ... It's so weird that it ended up being the one that I got the most attention for." Pitt believed that he benefited from working with such a talented cast and crew. He compared working with Redford to playing tennis with a superior player, saying "when you play with somebody better than you, your game gets better." In 1993, Pitt reunited with Juliette Lewis for the road film Kalifornia. He played Early Grayce, a serial killer and the abusive husband of Lewis' character, in a performance described by Peter Travers of Rolling Stone as "outstanding, all boyish charm and then a snort that exudes pure menace." Pitt also garnered attention for a brief appearance in the cult hit True Romance as a stoner named Floyd, providing comic relief to the action film. He capped the year by winning a ShoWest Award for Male Star of Tomorrow.

Breakthrough (1994–1998)

In 1994, Pitt portrayed the vampire Louis de Pointe du Lac in the horror film Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles, based on Anne Rice's 1976 novel of the same name. He was part of an ensemble cast that included Tom Cruise, Kirsten Dunst, Christian Slater, and Antonio Banderas. Despite his winning two MTV Movie Awards at the 1995 ceremony, his performance was poorly received. According to the Dallas Observer, "Brad Pitt [...] is a large part of the problem [in the film]. When directors play up his cocky, hunkish, folksy side [...] he's a joy to watch. But there's nothing about him that suggests inner torment or even self-awareness, which makes him a boring Louis."

Following the release of Interview with the Vampire, Pitt starred in Legends of the Fall (1994), based on a novel by the same name by Jim Harrison, set in the American West during the first four decades of the twentieth century. Portraying Tristan Ludlow, son of Colonel William Ludlow (Anthony Hopkins) a Cornish immigrant, Pitt received his first Golden Globe Award nomination, in the Best Actor category. Aidan Quinn and Henry Thomas co-starred as Pitt's brothers. Although the film's reception was mixed, many film critics praised Pitt's performance. Janet Maslin of The New York Times said, "Pitt's diffident mix of acting and attitude works to such heartthrob perfection it's a shame the film's superficiality gets in his way." The Deseret News predicted that Legends of the Fall would solidify Pitt's reputation as a lead actor.

In 1995, Pitt starred alongside Morgan Freeman, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Kevin Spacey in the crime thriller Seven, playing a detective on the trail of a serial killer who preys on people he considers guilty of the Seven Deadly Sins. Pitt called it a great movie and declared the part would expand his acting horizons. He expressed his intent to move on from "this 'pretty boy' thing [...] and play someone with flaws." His performance was critically well received, with Variety saying that it was screen acting at its best, further remarking on Pitt's ability to turn in a "determined, energetic, creditable job" as the detective. Seven earned $327 million at the international box office. Following the success of Seven, Pitt played psychotic anarchist Jeffrey Goines in Terry Gilliam's 1995 science fiction film 12 Monkeys. The movie received predominantly positive reviews, with Pitt praised in particular. Janet Maslin of The New York Times called Twelve Monkeys "fierce and disturbing" and remarked on Pitt's "startlingly frenzied performance", concluding that he "electrifies Jeffrey with a weird magnetism that becomes important later in the film." He won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor for the film and received his first Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.

The following year, he appeared in the legal drama Sleepers (1996), based on Lorenzo Carcaterra's novel of the same name. The film received mixed reviews. In the 1997 film The Devil's Own Pitt starred, opposite Harrison Ford, as Irish Republican Army terrorist Rory Devany, a role for which he was required to learn an Irish accent. Critical opinion was divided on his accent; "Pitt finds the right tone of moral ambiguity, but at times his Irish brogue is too convincing – it's hard to understand what he's saying", wrote the San Francisco Chronicle. The Charleston Gazette opined that it had favored Pitt's accent over the movie. The Devil's Own grossed $140 million worldwide, but was a critical failure.

Later that year, he led as Austrian mountaineer Heinrich Harrer in the Jean-Jacques Annaud film Seven Years in Tibet. Pitt trained for months for the role, which demanded significant mountain climbing and trekking practice, including rock climbing in California and the European Alps with his co-star David Thewlis. Pitt had the lead role in 1998's fantasy romance film Meet Joe Black. He portrayed a personification of death inhabiting the body of a young man to learn what it is like to be human. The film received mixed reviews, and many were critical of Pitt's performance. According to Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle, Pitt was unable to "make an audience believe that he knows all the mysteries of death and eternity." Roger Ebert remarked, "Pitt is a fine actor, but this performance is a miscalculation."

Rise to prominence (1999–2003)
In 1999, Pitt portrayed Tyler Durden in Fight Club, a film adaptation of Chuck Palahniuk's novel of the same name, directed by David Fincher. Pitt prepared for the part with lessons in boxing, taekwondo, and grappling. To look the part, Pitt consented to the removal of pieces of his front teeth which were restored when filming ended. While promoting Fight Club, Pitt said that the film explored not taking one's aggressions out on someone else but to "have an experience, take a punch more and see how you come out on the other end." Fight Club premiered at the 1999 Venice International Film Festival. Despite divided critical opinion on the film as a whole, Pitt's performance was widely praised. Paul Clinton of CNN noted the risky yet successful nature of the film, while Variety remarked upon Pitt's ability to be "cool, charismatic and more dynamically physical, perhaps than [...] his breakthrough role in Thelma and Louise". In spite of a worse-than-expected box office performance, Fight Club became a cult classic after its DVD release in 2000.

Pitt was cast as an Irish Traveller boxer with a barely intelligible accent in Guy Ritchie's 2000 gangster film Snatch. Several reviewers were critical of Snatch; however, most praised Pitt. Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle said Pitt was "ideally cast as an Irishman whose accent is so thick even Brits can't understand him", going on to say that, before Snatch, Pitt had been "shackled by roles that called for brooding introspection, but recently he has found his calling in black comic outrageousness and flashy extroversion;" while Amy Taubin of The Village Voice claimed that "Pitt gets maximum comic mileage out of a one-joke role".

The following year Pitt starred opposite Julia Roberts in the romantic comedy The Mexican, a film that garnered a range of reviews but enjoyed box office success. Pitt's next role, in 2001's $143 million-grossing Cold War thriller Spy Game, was as Tom Bishop, an operative of the CIA's Special Activities Division, mentored by Robert Redford's character. Mark Holcomb of Salon.com enjoyed the film, although he noted that neither Pitt nor Redford provided "much of an emotional connection for the audience".

On November 22, 2001, Pitt made a guest appearance in the eighth season of the television series Friends, playing a man with a grudge against Rachel Green, played by Jennifer Aniston, to whom Pitt was married at the time. For this performance he was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category of Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series. In December 2001, Pitt played Rusty Ryan in the heist film Ocean's Eleven, a remake of the 1960 Rat Pack original. He joined an ensemble cast including George Clooney, Matt Damon, Andy García, and Julia Roberts. Well received by critics, Ocean's Eleven was highly successful at the box office, earning $450 million worldwide.

Pitt appeared in two episodes of MTV's reality series Jackass in February 2002, first running through the streets of Los Angeles with several cast members in gorilla suits, and in a subsequent episode participating in his own staged abduction. In the same year, Pitt had a cameo role in George Clooney's directorial debut Confessions of a Dangerous Mind. He took on his first voice-acting roles in 2003, speaking as the titular character of the DreamWorks animated film Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas and playing Boomhauer's brother, Patch, in an episode of the animated television series King of the Hill.

Worldwide recognition (2004–2008)
Pitt had two major film roles in 2004, starring as Achilles in Troy, and reprising his role, Rusty Ryan, in the sequel Ocean's Twelve. He spent six months sword training before the filming of Troy, based on the Iliad. An on-set injury to his Achilles tendon delayed production on the picture for several weeks. Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post stated that Pitt excelled at such a demanding role. Troy was the first film produced by Plan B Entertainment, a film production company he had founded two years earlier with Jennifer Aniston and Brad Grey, CEO of Paramount Pictures. Ocean's Twelve earned $362 million worldwide, and Pitt and Clooney's dynamic was described by CNN's Paul Clinton as "the best male chemistry since Paul Newman and Robert Redford." In 2005, Pitt starred as John Smith in the Doug Liman-directed action comedy Mr. & Mrs. Smith, in which a bored married couple discover that each is an assassin sent to kill the other. The feature received reasonable reviews but was generally lauded for the chemistry between Pitt and Angelina Jolie, who played his character's wife Jane Smith. The Star Tribune noted that "while the story feels haphazard, the movie gets by on gregarious charm, galloping energy and the stars' thermonuclear screen chemistry". Mr. & Mrs. Smith earned $478 million worldwide, making it one of the biggest hits of 2005.

For his next film, Pitt starred opposite Cate Blanchett in Alejandro González Iñárritu's multi-narrative drama Babel (2006). Pitt's performance was critically well-received, and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer said that he was credible and gave the film visibility. Pitt later said he regarded taking the part as one of the best decisions of his career. The film was screened at a special presentation at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival and was later featured at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival. Babel received seven Academy and Golden Globe award nominations, winning the Best Drama Golden Globe, and earned Pitt a nomination for the Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe. That same year, Pitt's company Plan B Entertainment produced The Departed, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Pitt was credited on-screen as a producer; however, only Graham King was ruled eligible for the Oscar win.

Reprising his role as Rusty Ryan in a third picture, Pitt starred in 2007's Ocean's Thirteen. While less lucrative than the first two films, this sequel earned $311 million at the international box office. Pitt's next film role was as American outlaw Jesse James in the 2007 Western drama The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, adapted from Ron Hansen's 1983 novel of the same name. Directed by Andrew Dominik and produced by Pitt's company Plan B Entertainment, the film premiered at the 2007 Venice Film Festival, with Pitt playing a "scary and charismatic" role, according to Lewis Beale of Film Journal International, and earning Pitt the Volpi Cup award for Best Actor at the 64th Venice International Film Festival. He eventually collected the award one year later at the 2008 festival. As of January 2019, it was his own favorite of his films.

Pitt's next appearance was in the 2008 black comedy Burn After Reading, his first collaboration with the Coen brothers. The film received a positive reception from critics, with The Guardian calling it "a tightly wound, slickly plotted spy comedy", noting that Pitt's performance was one of the funniest. He was later cast as Benjamin Button, the lead in David Fincher's 2008 film The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, a loosely adapted version of a 1921 short story by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The story follows a man who is born an octogenarian and ages in reverse, with Pitt's "sensitive" performance making Benjamin Button a "timeless masterpiece", according to Michael Sragow of The Baltimore Sun. The performance earned Pitt his first Screen Actors Guild Award nomination, as well as a fourth Golden Globe and second Academy Award nomination, all in the category for Best Actor. The film received thirteen Academy Award nominations, and grossed $329 million at the box office worldwide.

Established actor (2009–present)

Pitt's next leading role came in 2009 with the Quentin Tarantino-directed war film Inglourious Basterds, which premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. Pitt played Lieutenant Aldo Raine, an American resistance fighter battling Nazis in German-occupied France. The film was a box office hit, taking $311 million worldwide, and garnered generally favorable reviews. The film received multiple awards and nominations, including eight Academy Award nominations and seven MTV Movie Award nominations, including Best Male Performance for Pitt. He next voiced the superhero character Metro Man in the 2010 animated feature Megamind. Pitt produced and appeared in Terrence Malick's experimental drama The Tree of Life, co-starring Sean Penn, which won the Palme d'Or at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. In a performance that attracted strong praise, he portrayed the Oakland Athletics general manager Billy Beane in the drama Moneyball, which is based on the 2003 book of the same name written by Michael Lewis. Moneyball received six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Actor for Pitt.

His next role was as mob hitman Jackie Cogan in Andrew Dominik's 2012 Killing Them Softly, based on the novel Cogan's Trade by George V. Higgins. In 2013, Pitt starred in World War Z, a thriller about a zombie apocalypse, based on Max Brooks's novel of the same name. Pitt also produced the film. World War Z grossed $540 million at the box office worldwide, becoming Pitt's highest grossing picture. Next in 2013, he produced, and played a small role in, 12 Years a Slave, a historical drama based on the autobiography of Solomon Northup. The film received critical acclaim and was nominated for nine Academy Awards, winning three, including Best Picture. Also in 2013, Pitt had a supporting role in Ridley Scott's The Counselor. Plan B Entertainment landed its first television series on the 2013–2014 schedule, as their joint venture with ABC Studios, the sci-fi/fantasy drama Resurrection, was picked up by ABC.

Pitt starred in Fury, a World War II film directed and written by David Ayer, and co-starring Shia LaBeouf, Logan Lerman, Jon Bernthal, Michael Peña, and Jason Isaacs. The film was released on October 17, 2014. By the end of its run, Fury proved to be a commercial and critical success; it grossed more than $211 million worldwide and received highly positive reviews from critics. In 2015, Pitt starred opposite his wife, Jolie, in her third directorial effort, By the Sea, a romantic drama about a marriage in crisis, based on her screenplay. The film was their first collaboration since 2005's Mr. & Mrs. Smith. Pitt's next role came with the biographical comedy-drama The Big Short, which he also produced and also co-starred alongside Christian Bale, Steve Carell, and Ryan Gosling. The film was a commercial and critical success. It went on to gross over $102 million worldwide and received positive reviews from critics. The film was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture, earning Pitt his third Academy Award nomination as producer. In 2016, Pitt starred in Robert Zemeckis's romantic thriller Allied, in which he plays an assassin who falls in love with a French spy (played by Marion Cotillard) during a mission to kill a German official in World War II. In 2017, he starred in the Netflix satirical war comedy War Machine, which he also produced. Pitt played a recurring role as a weatherman on the late-night talk show The Jim Jefferies Show throughout 2017.

A 2017 sequel to World War Z was in announced in 2016, before the film was briefly delayed, then confirmed to be directed by David Fincher, and then ultimately shelved due to budget issues. Pitt starred as Cliff Booth, a stunt double, opposite Leonardo DiCaprio, in Quentin Tarantino's 2019 film Once Upon a Time in Hollywood, reuniting with DiCaprio after The Departed, which Pitt produced and DiCaprio starred in. For his performance in the film, he received awards for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, Golden Globe Awards, BAFTA Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, and Critics' Choice Movie Awards. Accolades for Once Upon a Time in Hollywood:
 * Academy Awards:
 * BAFTA Awards:
 * Critics' Choice Awards:
 * Golden Globe Awards:
 * Screen Actors Guild Awards: This is the second Academy Award for Brad Pitt, his first that he received for acting. In 2019, he also starred in James Gray's deep space epic Ad Astra, in which he played Roy McBride, a space engineer searching the galaxy for his father. Pitt's performance was praised as one of his career-best turn,  delivering a performance "that weaponizes passivity into a lethal form of self-defense". On April 25, 2020 Pitt portrayed Dr. Anthony Fauci in the cold open on Saturday Night Live earning a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series nomination.

In 2021, Pitt entered the recording business by creating a company with French record producer Damien Quintard. Set in Pitt's Chateau Miraval in South of France, Miraval Studios will re-open in 2022 after two decades of inactivity. The previous version of the studio was one of the most iconic studios in the world, producing the records for Pink Floyd, the Cranberries, AC/DC, Sade and Muse, among others.

In 2022, Pitt starred in Bullet Train, directed by David Leitch, and reunited with his Once Upon a Time in Hollywood co-star Margot Robbie in Babylon, directed by Damien Chazelle. In September 2021, it was revealed that he will reteam with George Clooney in Wolfs, a thriller written and directed by Jon Watts, to be released in 2024. On January 5, 2022, he signed on to star in and produce a racing film on Formula One, directed by Joseph Kosinski, for which he will earn $30 million.

Acting credits and accolades
Over his career Pitt has received numerous awards including two Academy Awards (as a producer and actor), two BAFTA Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award, and two Screen Actors Guild Awards.

Pitt has been recognised by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the following performances:

 * 68th Academy Awards (1995): Best Supporting Actor, nomination, 12 Monkeys
 * 81st Academy Awards (2008): Best Actor, nomination, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button
 * 84th Academy Awards (2011): Best Actor, nomination, Moneyball
 * 92nd Academy Awards (2019): Best Supporting Actor, win, Once Upon a Time in Hollywood

Philanthropy and activism
Pitt visited the University of Missouri campus in October 2004 to encourage students to vote in the 2004 U.S. presidential election, in which he supported John Kerry. Later in October, he publicly supported the principle of public funding for embryonic stem-cell research. "We have to make sure that we open up these avenues so that our best and our brightest can go find these cures that they believe they will find", he said. In support of this he endorsed Proposition 71, a California ballot initiative intended to provide state government funding for stem-cell research.

Pitt supports One Campaign, an organization aimed at combating AIDS and poverty in the developing world. He narrated the 2005 PBS public television series Rx for Survival: A Global Health Challenge, which discusses current global health issues. The following year Pitt and Jolie flew to Haiti, where they visited a school supported by Yéle Haïti, a charity founded by Haitian-born hip hop musician Wyclef Jean. In May 2007, Pitt and Jolie donated $1 million to three organizations in Chad and Sudan dedicated to those affected by the crisis in the Darfur region. Along with Clooney, Damon, Don Cheadle, David Pressman, and Jerry Weintraub, Pitt is one of the founders of Not On Our Watch, an organization that focuses global attention on stopping "mass atrocities".

Pitt has a sustained interest in architecture, even taking time away from film to study computer-aided design at the Los Angeles offices of renowned architect Frank Gehry. He narrated e2 design, a PBS television series focused on worldwide efforts to build environmentally friendly structures through sustainable architecture and design. In 2000, he co-authored an architectural book on the Blacker House with the architects Thomas A. Heinz and Randell Makinson. In 2006, he founded the Make It Right Foundation, organizing housing professionals in New Orleans to finance and construct 150 sustainable, affordable new houses in New Orleans's Ninth Ward following the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina.

The project involves 13 architectural firms and the environmental organization Global Green USA, with several of the firms donating their services. Pitt and philanthropist Steve Bing have each committed $5 million in donations. The first six homes were completed in October 2008, and in September 2009 Pitt received an award in recognition of the project from the U.S. Green Building Council, a non-profit trade organization that promotes sustainability in how buildings are designed, built and operated. Pitt met with U.S. President Barack Obama and Speaker of the House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi in March 2009 to promote his concept of green housing as a national model and to discuss federal funding possibilities.

In September 2006, Pitt and Jolie established a charitable organization, the Jolie-Pitt Foundation, to aid humanitarian causes around the world. The foundation made initial donations of $1 million each to Global Action for Children and Doctors Without Borders, followed by an October 2006 donation of $100,000 to the Daniel Pearl Foundation, an organization created in memory of the late American journalist Daniel Pearl. According to federal filings, Pitt and Jolie invested $8.5 million into the foundation in 2006; it gave away $2.4 million in 2006 and $3.4 million in 2007. In June 2009, the Jolie-Pitt Foundation donated $1 million to a U.N. refugee agency to help Pakistanis displaced by fighting between troops and Taliban militants. In January 2010, the foundation donated $1 million to Doctors Without Borders for emergency medical assistance to help victims of the Haiti earthquake.

Pitt is a supporter of same-sex marriage. In an October 2006 interview with Esquire, Pitt said that he would marry Jolie when everyone in America is legally able to marry. In September 2008, he donated $100,000 to the campaign against California's 2008 ballot proposition Proposition 8, an initiative to overturn the state Supreme Court decision that had legalized same-sex marriage. In March 2012, Pitt was featured in a performance of Dustin Lance Black's play, 8 – a staged reenactment of the federal trial that overturned California's Prop 8 ban on same-sex marriage – as Judge Vaughn Walker. In September 2012, Pitt reaffirmed his support for Obama, saying, "I am an Obama supporter and I'm backing his U.S. election campaign." In October 2020, he narrated an advertisement for Joe Biden's 2020 presidential campaign.

Relationships

From the late 1980s to early 1990s, Pitt was romantically involved with several of his co-stars, including Robin Givens (Head of the Class), Jill Schoelen (Cutting Class), and Juliette Lewis (Too Young to Die? and Kalifornia). Pitt was 27 and Lewis was 17 at the time of their relationship. Subsequently, Pitt had a much-publicized romance and engagement to his Seven co-star, Gwyneth Paltrow, whom he dated from 1994 to 1997. In 2022, he began dating Ines de Ramon, aged 29, a jewelry designer.

Pitt met actress Jennifer Aniston in 1998; they married in a private wedding ceremony in Malibu on July 29, 2000. In January 2005, Pitt and Aniston announced they had decided to separate. Two months later, Aniston filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. Pitt and Aniston's divorce was finalized by the Los Angeles Superior Court on October 2, 2005. Despite media reports that Pitt and Aniston had an acrimonious relationship, Pitt said in a February 2009 interview that he and Aniston "check in with each other", adding that they were both big parts of each other's lives.

During Pitt's divorce proceedings, his involvement with his Mr. & Mrs. Smith co-star Angelina Jolie attracted media attention. Jolie and Pitt stated that they fell in love on the set and that there was no infidelity. In April 2005, one month after Aniston filed for divorce, a set of paparazzi photographs emerged showing Pitt, Jolie, and her son Maddox at a beach in Kenya; the press interpreted the pictures as evidence of a relationship between Pitt and Jolie. Throughout 2005, the two were seen together with increasing frequency, and the entertainment media dubbed the couple "Brangelina". On January 11, 2006, Jolie confirmed to People that she was pregnant with Pitt's child, thereby publicly acknowledging their relationship for the first time. Pitt and Jolie announced their engagement in April 2012 after seven years together. They were legally married on August 14, 2014, and had their wedding in a private ceremony at the Château Miraval, France on August 23, 2014. On September 19, 2016, Jolie filed for divorce from Pitt, citing irreconcilable differences. On April 12, 2019, the court declared Jolie and Pitt legally single.

Children
In July 2005, Pitt accompanied Jolie to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, where she adopted her second child, a girl. On December 3, 2005, Pitt was in the process of becoming the adoptive father of Jolie's daughter, and Jolie's first adopted child, a boy. On January 19, 2006, a California judge granted Jolie's request to change the children's surnames from "Jolie" to "Jolie-Pitt". The adoptions were finalized soon after.

Jolie gave birth to their daughter in Swakopmund, Namibia, on May 27, 2006. Pitt confirmed that their newborn daughter would qualify for a Namibian passport. The couple sold the first pictures of their daughter through the distributor Getty Images; the North American rights were purchased by People for over $4.1 million, while Hello! obtained the British rights for approximately $3.5 million. The proceeds from the sale were donated to charities serving African children. Madame Tussauds in New York unveiled a wax figure of the two-month-old; it marked the first time an infant had been honoured with a statue in the museum.

On March 15, 2007, Jolie adopted a 3-year-old boy from an orphanage in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Pitt adopted the boy in the United States on February 21, 2008. At the Cannes Film Festival in May 2008, Jolie confirmed that she was expecting twins. She gave birth to son and daughter on July 12, 2008 in Nice, France. The rights for the first images of the twins were jointly sold to People and Hello! for $14 million—the most expensive celebrity pictures ever taken. The couple donated the proceeds to the Jolie-Pitt Foundation.

Since Jolie filed for divorce from Pitt on September 19, 2016, they have been embroiled in a custody battle over their children. Jolie had full custody until May 2021 when Pitt was granted joint custody, over four and a half years after proceedings began. However, in July, Los Angeles superior court judge John W. Ouderkirk was removed from the case due to concerns over his impartiality as he did not sufficiently disclose business relationships with Pitt's lawyers. This resulted in the custody arrangement reverting to a previous November 2018 agreement where Jolie has primary physical custody while Pitt has "custodial time" with their minor children.

Abuse allegation
In September 2016, the FBI and the Los Angeles Department of Children and Family Services investigated Pitt for child abuse following an incident on a plane, where Pitt was accused by an anonymous person of being "verbally abusive" and "physical" towards one of his children. Pitt was not criminally charged for the incident by the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services, or by the FBI.

In 2022, Jolie filed a countersuit against Pitt during a legal battle over their formerly co-owned vineyard. Jolie's lawyers stated that during negotiations, Pitt had asked Jolie to sign "a nondisclosure agreement prohibiting her from speaking outside of court about his abuse of her and their children." Her complaint stated that he grabbed and shook her during the plane ride, strangled one of their children, and struck another in the face, among other allegations.

Alcohol and drug use
In September 2016, Pitt got sober and began attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. In December 2019, he wrote an article for Interview in which he talked with his Legends of the Fall and Meet Joe Black costar and fellow recovering alcoholic Anthony Hopkins about their experiences with addiction and recovery. Pitt credits fellow actor Bradley Cooper with helping him in his sobriety.

Pitt has admitted to using cannabis in the late 1990s as a way to deal with his increasing fame. According to Pitt: "I was hiding out from the celebrity thing; I was smoking way too much dope; I was sitting on the couch and just turning into a doughnut." He reduced his cannabis use and focused on his work after a trip to Morocco, where he witnessed extreme poverty and suffering.

Prosopagnosia
In 2022, Pitt said that he had struggled for years to recognize people's faces due to prosopagnosia (face blindness). In a 2013 interview, he said that his inability to recognize people's faces had become so severe that he often wanted to stay home. Formally, however, Pitt has not been diagnosed with prosopagnosia.

Artworks
Pitt has an interest in art, learned pottery, and has created sculptures. Nine of his sculptures were exhibited together with works by musician Nick Cave and artist Thomas Houseago at the Sara Hildén Art Museum in Tampere, Finland in 2022–2023.

Public image

Pitt has been described as a sex symbol by many sources, including Empire, who named him one of the 25 sexiest stars in film history in 1995. The same year, he was named People's Sexiest Man Alive, an accolade he received again in 2000. Pitt appeared on Forbes' annual Celebrity 100 list of the 100 most powerful celebrities from 2006 to 2008 placing at numbers 20, 5 and 10, respectively. In 2007, he appeared on the Time 100 list, a compilation of the 100 most influential people in the world, as selected annually by Time magazine. The magazine credited Pitt for using "his star power to get people to look [to where] cameras don't usually catch". He was again included on the Time 100 in 2009, this time in the "Builders and Titans" list.

Beginning in 2005, Pitt's relationship with Angelina Jolie became one of the world's most reported celebrity stories. After Jolie was confirmed to be pregnant in early 2006, the intense media hype surrounding the couple reached what Reuters, in a story titled "The Brangelina fever," called "the point of insanity". To avoid media attention, the couple flew to Namibia for the birth of their daughter, which was described by a paparazzi blog as "the most anticipated baby since Jesus Christ." Similarly, intense media interest greeted the announcement of Jolie's second pregnancy two years later; for the two weeks Jolie spent in a seaside hospital in Nice, reporters and photographers camped outside on the promenade to report on the birth.

In a 2006 global industry survey by ACNielsen in 42 international markets, Pitt, together with Jolie, were found to be the favorite celebrity endorsers for brands and products worldwide. Pitt has appeared in several television commercials. For the U.S. market, he starred in a Heineken commercial aired during the 2005 Super Bowl; it was directed by David Fincher, who had directed Pitt in Seven, Fight Club, and The Curious Case of Benjamin Button. Other commercial appearances came in television spots including Acura Integra, in which he was featured opposite Russian model Tatiana Sorokko, as well as SoftBank, and Edwin Jeans. On June 2, 2015, the minor planet 29132 Bradpitt was named in his honor.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Brad Pitt


text:
Kidinnu

Kidinnu (also Kidunnu; possibly fl. 4th century BC; possibly died 14 August 330 BC) was a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician. Strabo of Amaseia called him Kidenas, Pliny the Elder called him Cidenas, and Vettius Valens called him Kidynas.

Some cuneiform and classical Greek and Latin texts mention an astronomer with this name, but it is not clear if they all refer to the same individual:

 * The Greek geographer Strabo of Amaseia, in Geography 16.1.6, writes: "In Babylon a settlement is set apart for the local philosophers, the Chaldeans, as they are called, who are concerned mostly with astronomy; but some of these, who are not approved of by the others, profess to be writers of horoscopes. (There is also a tribe of the Chaldeans, and a territory inhabited by them, in the neighborhood of the Arabs and of the Persian Gulf, as it is called.) There are also several tribes of the Chaldean astronomers. For example, some are called Orcheni [those from Uruk], others Borsippeni [those from Borsippa], and several others by different names, as though divided into different sects which hold to various dogmas about the same subjects. And the mathematicians make mention of some of these men; as, for example, Kidenas, Nabourianos and Soudines".
 * The Roman encyclopedist Pliny the Elder, in Natural History II.vi.39, writes that the planet Mercury can be viewed "sometimes before sunrise and sometimes after sunset, but according to Cidenas and Sosigenes never more than 22 degrees away from the sun".
 * The Roman astrologer Vettius Valens, in Anthology, says that he used Hipparchus for the Sun, Sudines and Kidynas and Apollonius for the Moon, and again Apollonius for both types (of eclipses, i.e. solar and lunar).
 * The Hellenistic astronomer Ptolemy, in Almagest IV 2, discusses the duration and ratios of several periods related to the Moon, as known to "ancient astronomers" and "the Chaldeans" and improved by Hipparchus. He mentions (at H272) the equality of 251 (synodic) months to 269 returns in anomaly. In a preserved classical manuscript of the excerpt known as Handy Tables, an anonymous reader in the third century wrote the comment (a scholium) that Kidenas discovered this relation.
 * The colophon of two Babylonian System B lunar ephemerides from Babylon (see ACT 122 for 104–101 BC, and ACT 123a for an unknown year) say that they are the "tersitu" (see below) of Kidinnu.
 * A damaged cuneiform astronomical diary tablet from Babylon (Babylonian Chronicle 8: the Alexander Chronicle, BM 36304) mentions that "ki-di-nu was killed by the sword" on day 15 of probably the 5th month of that year, which has been dated as 14 August 330 BC, less than a year after Alexander the Great conquered Babylon.

The following information is an excerpt of the overview of a century of scholarship in the sources referenced below.

The meaning of tersitu is not known definitively. Already Franz Xaver Kugler proposed that the word can be interpreted here as "table"; in another context it seems to mean something like "tool", but in yet another it refers to a blue enamel paste. P. Schnabel, in a series of papers (1923–1927), interpreted the phrase as an assignment of authorship. He argued that Naburimannu developed the Babylonian System A of calculating Solar System ephemerides, and that later Kidinnu developed the Babylonian System B. A Greco-Roman tradition, mentioned above, attributes to Kidinnu the discovery that 251 synodic months equals 269 anomalistic months. This relationship is implicit in System B, and is therefore another reason to believe that Kidinnu was involved in developing the lunar theory of System B. However, the conclusion that Kidinnu is the main creator of System B is uncertain. Babylonian astronomers before Kidinnu's time apparently already knew the Saros cycle (old eclipse observations were collected in tables organised according to the Saros cycle since the late 5th century BC) and the Metonic cycle (the dates of the lunar calendar in the Saros tables follow a regular 19-year pattern of embolismic months at least since 498 BC); both cycles are also used in System B. Schnabel computed specific years (first 314 BC and later 379 BC) for the origin of the System B lunar theory, but Franz Xaver Kugler and Otto E. Neugebauer later disproved Schnabel's calculations. Schnabel also asserted that Kidinnu discovered precession when distinguishing between sidereal and tropical years; Neugebauer contested this and current scholarship considers this conclusion to be unfounded.

The lunation length used in System B has also been attributed to Kidinnu. It is 29 days + 191 time degrees + 1/72 of a time degree ("barley corn") = 29d 31:50:8:20 (sexagesimal) = 29d + 12h + 793/1080h (Hebrew helek) = 29.53059414...d. Being a rounded value in the archaic unit of "barley corns" it may be even more ancient. In any case, it is very accurate, within about ⅓ of a second per month. Hipparchus confirmed this value for the lunation length. Ptolemy accepted and used it, as mentioned above. Hillel II first used it in the Hebrew calendar, and it has been used for that purpose ever since.

The existing evidence makes it difficult to put Kidinnu at a time and place. Schnabel placed Kidinnu in Sippar, but Otto E. Neugebauer showed that Schnabel based this conclusion on a misreading of the cuneiform tablet. Classical sources like Strabo mention different "schools" and "doctrines" followed in different places (Babylon, Borsippa, Sippar, Uruk). System A and B have been used contemporaneously, and tablets for both systems have been found in both Babylon and Uruk. Tablets based on System B, associated with Kidinnu, have been found mostly in Uruk, but the earlier tablets came predominantly from Babylon. The oldest preserved tablet using System B comes from Babylon and dates from 258 to 257 BC. This is in the Seleucid era, but it is plausible that the traditional Chaldean astronomical systems had been developed before the Hellenistic period. The Alexander chronicle mentioned above suggests that the famous astronomer Kidinnu died in Babylon in 330 BC, if it refers to the same Kidinnu who was mentioned on the ephemeris tablets centuries later.

Legacy

 * The crater Kidinnu on the Moon is named after him.

title: Kidinnu


text:
Radical Party

Radical Party may refer to any of a number of political parties professing the progressive-liberal ideology known as Radicalism:

Worldwide

 * Nonviolent Radical Party Transnational and Transparty (1989–present)

Europe
In the western Mediterranean European countries, Radicalism was one of the major political movements between 1848 and 1940. Such parties were often labelled 'Democratic', 'Radical democratic', or 'Radical liberal' parties:

 * In France:
 * Radical Left (1902–1940), parliamentary group of the Independent Radicals.
 * Radical-Socialist Party (France) (1901–present)
 * Radical Party of the Left (1971–present)
 * Radical Movement (2017–2021), former merger of the Radical Party and the Radical Party of the Left.
 * In Italy:
 * Italian Radical Party (1877–1925)
 * Radical Party (Italy) (1955–1989)
 * Italian Radicals (2001–present)
 * Radical Socialist Movement (2006-present), formed by dissidents members of the Radicals of the Left
 * Liberty and Equality (2010-present), formed by dissidents members of the Radicals of the Left
 * In Spain, Radicalism took the form of various parties labelled 'democratic', 'progressive', 'radical' and 'republican':
 * the Progressive Party (1835–69), formed by former participants in the radical Revolution of 1820;
 * the Democratic Party (1849–69) a Spanish progressive party of Jacobin and 1848er inspiration, active in the 1850s.
 * the Federal Democratic Republican Party (1868–1910)
 * the Democratic Radical Party (1869–80), successor the Progressive Party. It was refounded in 1880, following splinters, as the Progressive Democratic Party (1880–1912)
 * the successor Democratic Party (1876–9) reformed as the Possibilist Democratic Party (1879–90)
 * The Radical-Republican Party (1908–40), a splinter of the Progressive Democratic Party;
 * Its splinter, the Radical-Socialist Republican Party (1928–34). This merged with others to form the Republican Left (1934–59)
 * A second splinter of the Radical-Republican Party formed the Republican Democratic Party and Republican Union (1934–59)

In the Dutch-speaking, German-speaking and Nordic countries, the English or French term Radical was represented by terms that literally translated as 'Free-Minded' (or, alternatively, as 'Freethinker' or 'Rationalist'), including:

 * In Switzerland:
 * the original Radical Party (1830s–1894), see Regeneration (Switzerland)
 * the comparatively left-leaning successor party known as the Radical-Democratic Party (in French) and the Free-minded Democratic Party (German) (1878 to present)
 * the comparatively right-leaning successor party known as the Radical-Liberal Party (1893 to 2009), and its successor the FDP, whose name translates to the Free-minded and Liberal Party in German and the Radical and Liberal Party in French (2009–present)
 * In Luxembourg:
 * the Liberal League (1904–28), although predominantly classical liberal rather than Radical, contained a left-wing faction of Radical ideology;
 * the Radical Socialist Party (1925–1932), founded by the splinter of the left-wing of the old Liberal League;
 * the Radical Party (Luxembourg) (1928–1932), founded by the splinter of the right-wing of the Radical Socialist Party.
 * the Radical Liberal Party (Luxembourg) (1932–1945), formed as a merger of the Radical Socialist Party and Radical Party
 * In the Netherlands:
 * the Radical League (1892–1901)
 * the Free-minded Democratic League (1901-1946)
 * the Political Party of Radicals (1968–1991)
 * In Germany, a succession of Radical parties existed:
 * The German Free-minded Party (1884 to 1893), which split into two successors:
 * the left-leaning Free-minded Union (1893 to 1910)
 * and the centre-leaning the Free-minded People's Party (1893 to 1910)
 * These merged as the Progressive People's Party (1910 to 1918)
 * This was reformed as the German Democratic Party (1918 to 1930).
 * In Scandinavia:
 * In Denmark, the current Liberal Party began as a Radical Party, hence its name in Danish (Venstre, 'Left'). The Radical wing split off from the classical-liberal majority in 1905 to form a new party, known as Radikale Venstre (Radical Left).
 * In Sweden, the Free-minded National Association (1902 to 1934)
 * In Norway, the Free-minded Liberal Party (1909 to 1932) and Free-minded People's Party (1932 to 1935)
 * In Finland, the Young Finns (1905-1918), its successor the National Progressive Party (1919–51), and its successor the Free-minded League (1951 to 1965)

In south-eastern Europe, Radicalism was also a historically important political movement:

 * In Bulgaria, the Radical Democratic Party (1902–present)
 * In Greece
 * the Party of Radicals (1848-1864) of the United States of the Ionian Islands
 * the Venizelist splinter from the Liberal Party and the Democratic Party
 * In Romania (see list of historical political parties in Romania)
 * the Free and Independent Fraction (1864-1884)
 * the National Liberal Party (1875-1940)
 * the Radical Party (1884–19??), splinter of the former;
 * In Serbia
 * the Serbian Progressive Party (1881-1919)
 * the People's Radical Party (1881–1926)
 * the Independent Radical Party (1903-1919), left-wing splinter of the former
 * the State Party of Serbian, Croatian and Slovene Democrats (1919-1946) and its splinter, the Republican and Democratic Party (1924-1946)
 * the Serbian Radical Party (1991–present)
 * In Turkey, the Republican People's Party (1919-1980)

In Central and Eastern Europe, Radicalism was less potent but nonetheless prominent political force:

 * In Czechoslovakia and its predecessor territories:
 * the Young Czech Party (1874-1918)
 * the Czech National Social Party (1897–present)
 * In Russia and its historical territories:
 * Constitutional Democratic Party
 * Trudovik Party
 * In Ukraine and its predecessor territories:
 * the Ruthenian-Ukrainian Radical Party (1890-1926)
 * the Radical Socialist Party of Ukraine (1926-1950)
 * Radical Party (Ukraine) (2010–present)

United Kingdom

 * Radicals (UK) (17??–1859)

Argentina

 * Radical Civic Union (1891–present)
 * People's Radical Civic Union (1957–1972), led by Ricardo Balbín
 * Intransigent Radical Civic Union (1957–1972)

Bolivia

 * Radical Party (Bolivia) (1913–1943)

Chile

 * Radical Party (Chile) (1863–1994)
 * Social Democrat Radical Party (1994–present)

Ecuador

 * Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party (182?–present)
 * Alfarista Radical Front (1972–present)

Paraguay

 * Authentic Radical Liberal Party (1978–present)

India

 * Radical Democratic Party (India) (1940–1948)

Israel

 * Meri-Israeli Radical Camp (1960s-1970s)

New Zealand

 * Radical Party (New Zealand) (1896–19??)

title: Radical Party


text:
1050s BC

The 1050s BC is a decade which lasted from 1059 BC to 1050 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1057 BC—According to Josephus, Solomon's Temple finishes construction on January 19. This predates secular estimates by more than 120 years and is not considered reliable or accurate.
 * 1054 BC—Shamshi-Adad IV, son of Tiglath-Pileser I, usurps the Assyrian throne from his nephew, Eriba-Adad II.
 * 1053 BC—Death of Kang, king of the Zhou of ancient China. In September, a five-planetary alignment occurs.
 * 1052 BC—Zhao succeeds Kang.
 * 1051 BC—Saul becomes the first King of Ancient Israel.
 * 1050 BC—Death of Shamshi-Adad IV; his son, Ashurnasirpal I, succeeds him as King of Assyria.
 * 1050 BC—Philistines capture the Ark of the Covenant from Israel in battle. (Approximate date)
 * c. 1050 BC—The Shang dynasty ends in Ancient China and is replaced by the Zhou dynasty.
 * c. 1050 BC—Proto-Geometric period starts in Ancient Greece.

Significant people

 * Simbar-shipak, king of Babylon, is born (approximate date).
 * Ish-Bosheth, king of Israel, is born (approximate date).

title: 1050s BC


text:
1090s BC

The 1090s BC is a decade which lasted from 1099 BC to 1090 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1090 BC—or the Year of the Hyenas, in the reign of Ramesses XI, was a year of catastrophe. There was a very significant drop in the flow of river Nile waters, caused by a spike in climate normality. This led to significant starvation of the Egyptians, loss of faith in the religion as conducted by the high priest and collapse not only of the state in Egypt but also its economy, leading to a ten-year period of chaos. This led to the emergence of tomb robbers and the end of the Valley of the Kings as a burial site.

Significant people

 * King Wen of Zhou
 * Ramesses XI

title: 1090s BC


text:
1120s BC

The 1120s BC is a decade which lasted from 1129 BC to 1120 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1126 BC—Thymoetes, legendary King of Athens, dies childless after a reign of 8 years. He is succeeded by his designated heir Melanthus of Pylos, a fifth-generation descendant of Neleus who had reportedly assisted him in battle against the Boeotians.
 * 1122 BC—Legendary founding emigration of Gija to Gija Joseon.
 * 1122 BC—The Zhou dynasty is founded.
 * c. 1120 BC—Destruction of Troy.

title: 1120s BC


text:
1130s BC

The 1130s BC is a decade which lasted from 1139 BC to 1130 BC.

Events and trends

 * C.1136 BC—Ramesses VII begins his reign as the sixth ruler of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt.
 * 1135 BC—Oxyntes, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 12 years and is succeeded by his eldest son Apheidas.
 * 1134 BC—Apheidas, legendary King of Athens, is assassinated and succeeded by his younger brother Thymoetes after a reign of 1 year.

Significant people

 * Ramesses XI, pharaoh of Egypt, is born (approximate date).

title: 1130s BC


text:
1140s BC

The 1140s BC is a decade which lasted from 1149 BC to 1140 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1149–1145 BC – Reign of Pharaoh Ramesses V of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt.

Significant people

 * Tiglath-Pileser I, king of Assyria, is born (approximate date).

title: 1140s BC


text:
1150s BC

The 1150s BC is a decade which lasted from 1159 BC to 1150 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1159 BC—The Hekla 3 eruption triggers an 18-year period of climatic worsening. (estimated date, disputed)
 * 1154 BC—Death of King Menelaus of Sparta (estimated date), thirty years after the traditional date for the Fall of Troy in the Homeric Trojan War.
 * 1154 BC—Medinet Habu (temple): records a people called the P-r-s-t (conventionally Peleset) among those who fought with Egypt in Ramesses III's reign.
 * 1152 BC, 14 November—First historically confirmed workers' strike, under Pharaoh Ramses III in ancient Egypt.
 * 1150 BC—Demophon, King of Athens and veteran of the Trojan War, dies after a reign of 33 years and is succeeded by his son Oxyntes.

Significant people

 * 1153 BC—Death of pharaoh Ramesses III of Egypt
 * Nebuchadnezzar I, king of Babylon, is born (approximate date).

title: 1150s BC


text:
1520s BC

The 1520s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1529 BC to December 31, 1520 BC.

Events

 * 1528 Birth of Dan
 * 1525 BC—End of Fifteenth dynasty of Egypt.
 * 1522 BC—Jacob migrates to Egypt, settling in the Land of Goshen, according to the Hebrew calendar.
 * 1521 BC—April 24—Lunar Saros 36 begins.

title: 1520s BC


text:
1530s BC

The 1530s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1539 BC to December 31, 1530 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1539 BC—End of Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt, start of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
 * 1539 BC—Approximate first use of the Valley of the Kings.
 * 1534 BC—The oldest dated star chart was made in Ancient Egypt.
 * 1531 BC— Joseph interprets dreams of the Pharaoh, is released from prison and becomes second in Egypt next only to the Pharaoh himself.
 * 1530 BC—End of the First Dynasty of Babylon and the start of the Kassite Dynasty—see History of Iraq.

title: 1530s BC


text:
1070s BC

The 1070s BC is a decade which lasted from 1079 BC to 1070 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1079 BC—Death of Zhou cheng wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
 * 1078 BC—Zhou kang wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
 * c.1078 or 1077 BC—Pharaoh Ramesses X of Egypt dies as the 10th and final pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt (according to many sources) and last ruler of the New Kingdom of Egypt. He is succeeded by Smendes.

Significant people

 * Psusennes I, pharaoh of Egypt, is born (approximate date).
 * Saul, king of Israel, is born (approximate date).

title: 1070s BC


text:
1080s BC

The 1080s BC was a decade which lasted from 1089 BC to 1080 BC.

Events and trends

 * Iron Age continues
 * 1089 BC—Melanthus, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 37 years and is succeeded by his son Codrus.
 * Early 1080s BC- Herihor, the high-priest of Amon, usurps Ramesses XI's authority, becoming the de facto ruler of Upper Egypt.
 * 1082 BC- Babylonia suffers from a severe famine.
 * c.1081 BC- Herihor dies.
 * Early phase of transition from New Kingdom Period to Third Intermediate Period in Egypt continues.

Significant people

 * Tiglath-Pileser I, King of Assyria, r. c.1114–1076 BC
 * Melanthus, Legendary King of Athens, r. c.1126–1089 BC.
 * Codrus, Legendary King of Athens, r. c.1089–1068 BC
 * Marduk-nadin-ahhe, King of Babylon, r. 1100–1082 BC
 * Marduk-shapik-zeri, King of Babylon, r. 1082–1069 BC
 * Di Yi, Shang dynasty king of China, r. c.1101–1076 BC
 * Ramesses XI, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. 1107–1077 BC
 * Herihor, High priest of Amon
 * Eli, Judge of Ancient Israel

title: 1080s BC


text:
1060s BC

The 1060s BC is a decade which lasted from 1069 BC to 1060 BC.

Events and trends

 * c.1069 BC – End of New Kingdom of Egypt and start of the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt and Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt, founded by Smendes.
 * 1068 BC – Codrus, legendary King of Athens, dies in battle against Dorian invaders after a reign of 21 years. Athenian tradition considers him the last King to have held absolute power. Modern historians consider him the last King whose life account is part of Greek mythology. He is succeeded by his son Medon.

title: 1060s BC


text:
1160s BC

The 1160s BC is a decade which lasted from 1169 BC to 1160 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1166 BC—The start of the Discordian calendar and within Discordianism the date of the Curse of Greyface.
 * 1162 BC—The statue of Marduk is taken from Babylon by Elamite conquerors.
 * 1160 BC—Ancient Nubia regains independence from Egypt, after long having served as its vice-royalty since its annexation by Pharaoh Ahmose I.

Significant people

 * Ramesses V, Egyptian pharaoh
 * Ashur-resh-ishi I, king of Assyria, is born (approximate date).
 * Ramesses IX, pharaoh of Egypt, is born (approximate date).
 * Ramesses VII, pharaoh of Egypt, is born (approximate date).

title: 1160s BC


text:
1040s BC

The 1040s BC is a decade which lasted from 1049 BC to 1040 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1048 BC—Medon, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 20 years and is succeeded by his son Acastus.
 * 1046 BC—Following the Battle of Muye, King Wu of Zhou overthrows the Shang dynasty under the Chinese King Di Xin, and establishes the Zhou dynasty (1046 BC–256 BC).
 * 1044 BC—On the death of Smendes I, king of Egypt, he is succeeded by two co-regents, Psusennes I and Neferkare Amenemnisu.
 * c. 1042 BC—Beginning of the Rebellion of the Three Guards. Guanshu Xian and Caishu Du instigate Shang loyalists under Wu Geng to revolt.
 * 1041 BC—Some sources  propose this as the date of King David's birth

Significant people

 * Shu Du of Cai
 * Ashur-rabi II, king of Assyria, is born (approximate date).

title: 1040s BC


text:
1030s BC

The 1030s BC is a decade which lasted from 1039 BC to 1030 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1039 BC — Neferkare Amenemnisu, king of Egypt, dies.
 * c. 1039 BC — End of the Rebellion of the Three Guards in China. King Cheng subdues the hostile kingdom of Yan near the Bohai Sea, the last group opposed to the Zhou dynasty.
 * 1031 BC — Shalmaneser II becomes King of Assyria
 * c. 1030 BC — The Belknap Volcano erupts in the State of Oregon.
 * c. 1030 BC — Begging of Saul's reign, first king of the Kingdom of Israel

Significant people

 * 1037 BC—David born

title: 1030s BC


text:
Talk:Métis (people)

Someone competent please merge this with Metis people

-

Isn't Metis considered considered highly offensive in Canada? I seem to remember learning that in French class... Tuf-Kat

 * Not at all, it's the term they use for themselves. Check out Metis Nation of Ontario and Metis National Council. - Montréalais

title: Talk:Métis (people)


text:
1020s BC

The 1020s BC is a decade which lasted from 1029 BC to 1020 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1027 BC — Traditional date for the end of the Shang dynasty in China, and the beginning of the Zhou dynasty.
 * 1026 BC — Saul becomes the first king of the Israelites.
 * c. 1025 BC — End of Mycenaean dominance.
 * c. 1020 BC — destruction of Troy.

Births

 * 1027 BC — Zhao of Zhou

title: 1020s BC


text:
1010s BC

The 1010s BC is a decade which lasted from 1019 BC to 1010 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1019 BC - Reign of Shalmaneser II ends, succeeded by his son Ashur-nirari IV.
 * 1013 BC - Ashur-nirari IV is succeeded by his uncle, Ashur-rabi II, who ruled for 41 years, one of the longest reigns of an Assyrian monarch.
 * 1012 BC—Acastus, Archon of Athens, dies after a reign of 36 years and is succeeded by his son Archippus.
 * A solar eclipse was seen in Ugarit from 6:09 PM to 6:39 PM, May 9, 1012, BC.
 * 1010 BC—Uzzah, a citizen of Judah, dies, believed to have been smitten by God for violating divine law by touching the Ark of the Covenant.

Significant people

 * Siamun, pharaoh of Egypt, is born (approximate date).

title: 1010s BC


text:
1170s BC

The 1170s BC is a decade which lasted from 1179 BC to 1170 BC.

Events and trends

 * Late Bronze Age collapse when between 1206 and 1150 BC, the cultural collapse of the Mycenaean kingdoms, the Hittite Empire in Anatolia and Syria, and the New Kingdom of Egypt in Syria and Canaan interrupted trade routes and severely reduced literacy. In Greece the Late Bronze Age polities were replaced, after a hiatus, by the isolated village cultures of the Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1100–800 BC).
 * 1180–1178 BC—Collapse of the Hittite Empire. Their capital, Hattusa, falls around or slightly after 1180 BC.
 * 1178 BC, April 16—A solar eclipse occurs. This may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom after the Trojan War. He discovers a number of suitors competing to marry his wife Penelope, whom they believe to be a widow, in order to succeed him on the throne. He organizes their slaying and re-establishes himself on the throne.  The date is surmised from a passage in Homer's Odyssey, which reads, "The Sun has been obliterated from the sky, and an unlucky darkness invades the world."  This happens in the context of a new moon, a necessary precondition for a full solar eclipse, and at noon, the computed time of the solar eclipse of April 16, 1178 BC.  In 2008, to investigate, Dr Marcelo O. Magnasco, an astronomer at Rockefeller University, and Constantino Baikouzis, of the Observatorio Astrónomico de La Plata in Argentina, looked for more clues.  Within the text, they interpreted three definitive astronomical events: there was a new moon on the day of the slaughter (as required for a solar eclipse); Venus was visible and high in the sky six days before; and the constellations Pleiades and Boötes were both visible at sunset 29 days before.  Since these events recur at different intervals, this particular sequence only occurs once in 2000 years. The researchers found only one occurrence of this sequence between 1250 and 1115 BC, the 135-year spread around the putative date for the fall of Troy. It happened to coincide with the eclipse of April 16, 1178 BC.
 * Battle of the Delta, circa 1175 BC, when the Egyptian pharaoh Ramesses III repulsed a major sea invasion by the Sea Peoples.

Significant people

 * Odysseus of Troy's 10-year trip home was through the 1170s
 * Achilles died during the Trojan War.

title: 1170s BC


text:
1180s BC

The 1180s BC is a decade which lasted from 1189 BC to 1180 BC.

Events and trends

 * c. 1188 BC–Late Bronze Age collapse.
 * 1186 BC—End of the Nineteenth dynasty of Egypt, start of the Twentieth Dynasty.
 * 1184 BC—April 24, the traditional date of the fall of Troy.
 * 1182 BC—A desperate letter of Ammurapi, the last king of Ugarit, reporting the approaching fleet of the Peoples of the Sea. Shortly thereafter they destroyed both Ugarit and Alasiya (Cyprus).
 * 1181 BC—Menestheus, legendary King of Athens and veteran of the Trojan War, dies after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by his nephew Demophon, a son of Theseus. Other accounts place his death a decade earlier and during the Trojan War (see 1190s BC).
 * c. 1180 BC—Invaders raze Hattusa, causing the collapse of the Hittite Empire.

title: 1180s BC


text:
1190s BC

The 1190s BC is a decade which lasted from 1199 BC to 1190 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1197 BC—The beginning of the first period (1197 BC–982 BC) according to Shao Yong's concept of the I Ching and history.
 * 1194 BC—The beginning of the legendary Trojan War.
 * c. 1192 BC—Wu Ding, king of the Shang dynasty, dies in the fifty-ninth year of his reign, and is succeeded by his son Zu Geng.
 * 1191 BC—Menestheus, legendary King of Athens, dies during the Trojan War after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by his nephew Demophon, a son of Theseus. Other accounts place his death a decade later and shortly after the Trojan War (see 1180s BC).

Significant people

 * Amenemses, Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1202 BC–1199 BC)

title: 1190s BC


text:
1200s BC (decade)

The 1200s BC is a decade which lasted from 1209 BC to 1200 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1207 BC
 * Pharaoh Merneptah claims a victory over the Israelites.
 * October 30 – Earliest known dateable solar eclipse.
 * 1206 BC: Approximate starting date of Late Bronze Age collapse, a period of migration, unrest and destruction in the eastern Mediterranean and Ancient Near East, and beginning of the Iron Age in the Near East.
 * 1204 BC: Theseus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed after a reign of 30 years and succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erichthonius II of Athens and second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor and Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. Theseus seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend and ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to assassinate him. (Other accounts place these events a decade earlier. See 1210s BC.)
 * c. 1200 BC: Start of Pan-Illyrians
 * c. 1200 BC: Collapse of Hittite power in Anatolia with the destruction of their capital Hattusa.
 * c. 1200 BC: The Israelite highland settlement takes place, with a notable increase in the settled population in the hills north of Jerusalem during this time.
 * c. 1200 BC: Massive migrations of people around the Mediterranean and the Middle-East. See Sea People for more information.
 * c. 1200 BC: Aramaic nomads and Chaldeans become a big threat to the former Babylonian and Assyrian Empire.
 * c. 1200 BC: Migration and expansion of Dorian Greeks. Destruction of Mycenaean city Pylos.
 * c. 1200 BC: Final destruction of the major Mycenian city excavated at Iklaina.
 * c. 1200 BC: The Cimmerians are conjectured to have started settling the steppes of southern Russia.
 * c. 1200 BC: The proto-Scythian Srubna (Timber-grave) culture expands from the lower Volga region to cover the whole of the North Pontic area.
 * c. 1200 BC: Olmec culture starts and thrives in Mesoamerica.
 * c. 1200 BC: San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán starts to flourish.
 * c. 1200 BC: Ancestral Puebloan civilization in North America. (approximate date)
 * c. 1200 BC: Possible battle in the Tollense River Valley of northern Germany.
 * c. 1200 BC: The Yajurveda is composed.

Literature

 * Tale of Two Brothers from the Egyptian Papyrus D’Orbiney by the scribe Ennana.

title: 1200s BC (decade)


text:
1210s BC

The 1210s BC is a decade which lasted from 1219 BC to 1210 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1213 BC–1203 BC—Merneptah Stele makes the earliest recorded mention of Israel.
 * 1213 BC—Theseus, legendary King of Athens, is deposed and succeeded by Menestheus, great-grandson of Erechtheus and second cousin of Theseus' father Aegeus. Menestheus is reportedly assisted by Castor and Polydeuces of Sparta, who want to reclaim their sister Helen from her first husband Theseus. The latter seeks refuge in Skyros, whose King Lycomedes is an old friend and ally. Lycomedes, however, considers his visitor a threat to the throne and proceeds to assassinate him (though other accounts place these events a decade later, in the 1200s BC).
 * c.1213 BC—Death of Ramesses II ("the Great"), Egyptian Pharaoh.
 * 1210 BC—Accession of legendary Magadhan king Subrata of the Brihadrata dynasty.

Significant people

 * Merneptah, Pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt (1212 BC–1202 BC)
 * Ramesses III, pharaoh of Egypt, born (approximate date).

title: 1210s BC


text:
1000s BC (decade)

The 1000s BC is a decade which lasted from 1009 BC to 1000 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1006 BC—David becomes king of the ancient United Kingdom of Israel (traditional date). ( see )
 * Earliest evidence of farming in the Kenya highlands.
 * c. 1000 BC—Iron Age starts.
 * c. 1000 BC—The United Kingdom of Israel reaches its largest size, it is Israel's golden age.
 * c. 1000 BC—Nok culture in Nigeria.
 * c. 1000 BC—Latins come to Italy from the Danube region.
 * c. 1000 BC—Archaeological evidence obtained from inscriptions excavated in 2005 dates the Proto-Dravidian language, a classical language spoken in India.
 * c. 1000 BC—Assyrians started to conquer neighbouring regions.
 * 1000 BC—World population: 50,000,000
 * 1000 BC—Priene, Western Anatolia is founded.
 * c. 1000 BC—Hungarian separates from its closest linguistic relatives, the Ob-Ugric languages.
 * c. 1000 BC—Ancient Iranian peoples enter Persia.
 * c. 1000 BC—Villanovans occupy the northern and western Italy.
 * c. 1000 BC—Phoenician alphabet is invented.
 * c. 1000 BC—Rice is cultivated in Vietnam.
 * 1000 BC—Early Horizon period starts in the Andes.
 * c. 1000 BC—Chavin culture starts in the Andes.
 * c. 1000 BC—Paracas culture starts in the Andes.
 * c. 1000 BC—Historical beginning of the peoples we later know as Illyrians
 * c. 1000 BC—Rough carbon-14 dating of the Cherchen Man.

Significant people

 * Saul, king of Israel (1037 BC-1010 BC) (according to the Bible and Torah only. No real historical evidence)
 * David, king of the ancient Israelites (1006 BC–965 BC) (see
 * Solomon, also king of Israel (see
 * Zoroaster, ancient Iranian prophet (approximate date, estimates range from 1000 BC to 600 BC)

authors: John the man the plan on the train track

title: 1000s BC (decade)


text:
1220s BC

The 1220s BC is a decade which lasted from 1229 BC to 1220 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1221 BC—Pharaoh Merneptah defeats a Libyan invasion.

title: 1220s BC


text:
1740s BC

The 1740s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1749 BC to December 31, 1740 BC.

Events and trends

 * 1749 BC–Samsu-iluna succeeds Hammurabi as king of Babylon. However, his rule is not very effective, and Mesopotamia endures turmoil during his reign.
 * c. 1740 BC–Akkadian-Assyrian governor Puzur-Sin drives the Babylonians and Amorites into the north, out of the land of Assyria.

Significant people

 * Rim-Sin I, ruler of the Middle Eastern city-state of Larsa since 1758 BC
 * Samsu-iluna, king of Babylon

title: 1740s BC


text:
User:Marchior

Giovanni Marchiori

title: User:Marchior


text:
Engine department

An engine department or engineering department is an organizational unit aboard a ship that is responsible for the operation, maintenance, and repair of the propulsion systems and the support systems for crew, passengers, and cargo. These include the ship engine, fuel oil, lubrication, water distillation, separation process, lighting, air conditioning, and refrigeration.

The engine department emerged with the arrival of marine engines for propulsion, largely during the later half of the 19th century. Due to advances in marine technology during the 20th century, the engine department aboard merchant ships is considered equally important as the deck department, since trained engine officers are required to handle the machinery on a ship.

The engine department takes care of the engine room aboard a ship. Rotations vary depending on the vessel or company. Whoever is on a rotation has to stand watch to look over the engine and its components. There are different crew members for watch rotation. Typically, a ship's engine department is run by the engine officers but staffed with other occupational specialties of the seafarer's trade like:
 * Machinist/Fitter: A rating (or petty officer) who is specialized in fabrication, welding, etc.
 * Motorman: A, not always, qualified engine rating who stands a watch with the engine officer, as well as performing routine tasks and assisting engine officers during maintenance.
 * Oiler: A rating who is responsible for ensuring that machinery is adequately lubricated. Performs menial tasks such as cleaning, sounding tanks etc.
 * Wiper: The lowest rating in the engine room and is tasked with keeping the machinery spaces clean and tidy. Wipers usually go on to become oilers once they are familiar with engine room machinery and specific routines.

In order to be a watch officer and have the license for it, there are 3 basic requirements and they are age, seagoing service, and education/training on stcw's. Some basic USCG stcw requirements go further into seagoing service, approved trainings such as; engine resource management, gas/steam turbine plants, control systems, etc., and finally the competencies which include "Evidence of Standard of competence".

Defunct positions within the engine department include the fireman, who was a rating responsible for shoveling coal into the boiler furnaces of steam engines, and the coal trimmer, a rating that loaded coal in the bunkers and transported the coal from the bunkers to the firemen.

Nowadays due to the increase in automation on merchant vessels and the increase in the unattended machinery spaces (UMS) aboard them, the number of seafaring engine officers has decreased drastically on board merchant ships. Today, the engine department usually consists of the following number of engine officers and ratings:

 * (1) Chief engineer
 * (1) Second engineer
 * (1) Third engineer
 * (1-2) Fourth engineer
 * (0-1) Engine Cadet
 * (2-4) Motorman
 * (0-2) Oiler
 * (0-1) Wiper

Additionally, many vessels also carry a specific type of engine officer known as an electro-technical officer.

title: Engine department