text:
2006

2006 was designated as the International Year of Deserts and Desertification.

January

 * January 1–4 – Russia temporarily cuts shipment of natural gas to Ukraine during a price dispute.
 * January 12 – A stampede during the Stoning of the Devil ritual on the last day at the Hajj in Mina, Saudi Arabia, kills at least 362 pilgrims.
 * January 15 – NASA's Stardust mission successfully ends, the first to return dust from a comet.
 * January 19 – NASA launches the first interplanetary space probe to Pluto, the New Horizons.
 * January 25 – Hamas wins the 2006 Palestinian legislative election.
 * January 29 – The roof of one of the buildings at the Katowice International Fair collapsed in Katowice, Poland, killing 65 and injuring 170.
 * January 30 – Jennifer San Marco goes on a killing spree in Goleta, California that leaves seven people dead before she takes her own life.

February

 * February 4 – Egyptian passenger ferry, MS al-Salam Boccaccio 98, sinks in the Red Sea off the coast of Saudi Arabia, killing over 1,000 people.
 * February 6 – Stephen Harper is sworn in as the Prime Minister of Canada.
 * February 10–26 – The 2006 Winter Olympics are held in Turin, Italy.
 * February 17 – A massive mudslide occurs in Southern Leyte, Philippines killing an estimated 1,126 people.
 * February 22 – 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing: Explosions occur at the al-Askari Shrine in Samarra, Iraq. The attack on the shrine, one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam, causes the escalation of sectarian violence in Iraq into a full-scale war (the Iraqi Civil War of 2006-2008).

March

 * March 9 – NASA's Cassini–Huygens spacecraft announces a geyser-like emission of vapor, dust, and small ice crystals on Saturn's moon Enceladus, possibly indicating the presence of water.
 * March 10 – NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter enters orbit around Mars.
 * March 10 – Michelle Bachelet becomes the first female president of Chile.
 * March 15 – The United Nations General Assembly votes overwhelmingly to establish the United Nations Human Rights Council.
 * March 21 – Microblogging and social networking service website Twitter (later rebranded to X) was launched.

April

 * April 4 – The Faddoul Brothers, kidnapped on 23 February 2006 in Caracas, Venezuela, are found dead, causing outrage and mass protests against insecurity in the country.
 * April 11
 * The European Space Agency's Venus Express spaceprobe enters Venus' orbit.
 * President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad confirms that Iran has successfully produced a few grams of low-grade enriched uranium.
 * April 20 – Iran announces a deal with Russia, involving a joint uranium enrichment firm on Russian soil; nine days later Iran announces that it will not move all activity to Russia, thus leading to a de facto termination of the deal.

May

 * May 17 – The Human Genome Project publishes the final chromosome sequence, in Nature.
 * May 18–20 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2006 takes place in Athens, Greece, and is won by Finnish band entrant Lordi with the song "Hard Rock Hallelujah".
 * May 27 – The 6.4 Yogyakarta earthquake shakes central Java in Indonesia with an MSK intensity of IX (Destructive), leaving more than 5,700 dead and 37,000 injured.

June

 * June 3 – Montenegro declares its independence from Serbia and Montenegro after a May 21 referendum and becomes a sovereign state. Two days later, the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro officially disbands after Serbia declares its independence as well, ending an 88-year union between the two countries and leaving Serbia as the successor country to the union.
 * June 9 – The 2006 FIFA World Cup takes place in Germany; Italy defeats France in the final.
 * June 28
 * Israel launches an offensive in the Gaza Strip in response to rocketfire by Hamas into Israeli territory.
 * The United States Armed Forces withdraws its forces in Iceland, thereby disbanding the Iceland Defense Force.

July

 * July 1 – The Qinghai–Tibet railway begins operation, making Tibet the final province-level entity of China to establish a conventional railway.
 * July 6 – The Nathu La pass between India and China, sealed during the Sino-Indian War, re-opens for trade after 44 years.
 * July 11 – A series of seven bomb blasts hits the city of Mumbai, India, killing more than 200 people.
 * July 12 – Israeli troops invade Lebanon in response to Hezbollah kidnapping two Israeli soldiers and killing three others. Hezbollah declares open war against Israel two days later.

August

 * August 10 – News was revealed of a thwarted terrorist plot to detonate liquid explosives disguised as soft drinks, aboard multiple transatlantic air flights.
 * August 14 – Sri Lankan Civil War, Chencholai bombing: 61 female students in Mullaitivu are killed by the Sri Lankan Air Force in an air strike.
 * August 22 – Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise Flight 612 crashes near the Russian border in Ukraine, killing all 170 people on board.
 * August 24 – The International Astronomical Union defines 'planet' at its 26th General Assembly, removing Pluto's status as a planet and reclassifying it as a dwarf planet 76 years after its discovery. Ironically, this was in the same year when NASA sent its first probe to the celestial body.

September

 * September – The MP4 Watch is available to consumers in America.
 * September 7 – British Prime Minister Tony Blair announces his intention to resign by the end of 2007.
 * September 7 – Partial lunar eclipse, visible over most of Africa, Europe, Asia and Australia.
 * September 19 – The Royal Thai Army overthrows the government of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra in a coup.
 * September 22 – Annular solar eclipse, visible in Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, parts of Brazil, and the southern Atlantic.
 * September 28 – Typhoon Xangsane passed Manila on its way to causing more than 300 deaths, mostly in the Philippines and Vietnam.
 * September 29 – Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 collides with a business jet over the Amazon rainforest, killing all 154 on board the former.

October

 * October 2 – A large-scale fire destroys a great amount of the US hops production.
 * October 6 – Fredrik Reinfeldt replaces Göran Persson as Prime Minister of Sweden.
 * October 9
 * North Korea claims to have conducted its first-ever nuclear test.
 * Google purchased YouTube for US$1.65 billion.
 * October 11–13 – St Andrews Agreement is held in Scotland between the British and Irish governments on devolution in Northern Ireland.
 * October 13 – South Korean Ban Ki-moon is elected as the new Secretary-General of the United Nations, succeeding Kofi Annan.
 * October 22 – Fernando Alonso wins his second World Drivers Championship
 * October (date unknown) – The Offshore MPA project is initiated.

November

 * November 2 – No. 5, 1948 by Jackson Pollock becomes the most expensive painting after it is sold privately for $140 million.
 * November 3 – Microsoft releases Office 2007 for manufacturing.
 * November 5 – Former President of Iraq Saddam Hussein is sentenced to death by hanging by the Iraqi Special Tribunal. He is later executed by hanging for crimes against humanity on December 30.
 * November 8 – Microsoft releases Windows Vista for manufacturing.
 * November 11 – Sony releases the PlayStation 3.
 * November 12 – The breakaway state of South Ossetia holds a referendum on independence from Georgia.
 * November 22 – A toxic waste dumping incident occurs in Côte d'Ivoire by a Panama ship sent by Singaporean oil company, causing 3 deaths and the poison treatment of 1500 people.
 * November 23 – A series of car bombs and mortar attacks in Sadr City, Baghdad, kills at least 215 people and injure 257 other people.

December

 * December 1 – WikiLeaks leaks Hassan Dahir Aweys' conspiracy to assassinate Somali government officials.
 * December 5 – The military seizes power in Fiji, in a coup d'état led by Commodore Frank Bainimarama.
 * December 11 – Felipe Calderón sends the Mexican military to combat the drug cartels and put down the violence in the state of Michoacán, initiating the Mexican Drug War.
 * December 24 – Ethiopia admits its troops have intervened in Somalia.
 * December 29 – UK settles its Anglo-American loan, post-WWII loan debt.
 * December 30 – Former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, was executed by hanging.

Nobel Prizes

 * Chemistry – Roger D. Kornberg.
 * Economics – Edmund Phelps.
 * Literature – Orhan Pamuk.
 * Peace – Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank.
 * Physics – John C. Mather, and George F. Smoot.
 * Physiology or Medicine – Andrew Z. Fire, and Craig C. Mello.

New English words and terms

 * bucket list
 * crowdfunding
 * crowdsourcing
 * Eris
 * hypermiling
 * mumblecore
 * sizzle reel
 * ski cross

title: 2006


text:
2007

2007 was designated as the International Heliophysical Year and the International Polar Year.

January

 * January 1
 * Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union, while Slovenia joins the Eurozone.
 * Adam Air Flight 574, en route to Manado, Indonesia, from Surabaya, Indonesia, crashes into the Makassar Strait; killing all 102 on board.
 * January 4 – Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
 * January 8 – Russian oil supplies to Poland, Germany, and Ukraine are cut as the Russia–Belarus energy dispute escalates; they are restored three days later.
 * January 9 – Apple CEO Steve Jobs introduces the original iPhone at a Macworld keynote in San Francisco, starting the new era of smartphones with this invention.
 * January 23 – George W. Bush gives the 2007 State of the Union Address.
 * January 30 – Windows Vista is released to consumers by Microsoft.
 * January 31 – Boston faces a hoax bomb scare, as a result of LED placards of Ignignokt and Err from Aqua Teen Hunger Force being mistaken as an improvised explosive device

February

 * February 2 – The IPCC publishes its fourth assessment report, having concluded that global climate change is "very likely" to have a predominantly human cause.
 * February 3 – A truck bomb explodes in Baghdad, Iraq, killing at least 135 people and injures 339 others.
 * February 13 – North Korea agrees to shut down its nuclear facilities in Yongbyon by April 14 as a first step towards complete denuclearization, receiving in return energy aid equivalent to 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil.
 * February 19 – Microblogging social network Tumblr is launched to the public.
 * February 26 – The International Court of Justice finds Serbia guilty of failing to prevent genocide in the Srebrenica massacre, but clears it of direct responsibility and complicity in the case.

March

 * March 1 – The fourth International Polar Year, a $1.73 billion research program to study both the North Pole and South Pole, is launched in Paris.
 * March 3 – A total lunar eclipse occurs and is visible in the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia. It is the 52nd lunar eclipse of Lunar Saros series 123 occurring at the moon's descending node. The moon is just 3.2 days before apogee, making it fairly small.
 * March 4 – The First Ivorian Civil War ends with a peace agreement.
 * March 11 – According to an accusation by Georgia, three Russian helicopters fire on the Georgian-controlled Kodori Gorge in a break-away autonomous republic of Abkhazia in north-western Georgia.
 * March 13–April 28 – The 2007 Cricket World Cup is held in the West Indies with Australia defeating Sri Lanka in the final
 * March 19 – The first solar eclipse of the year 2007 is a partial solar eclipse occurring just 0.7 days before perigee, making it very large. The Moon covers 87.558% of the Sun. In this partial solar eclipse, the best visibility occurs at 61º02'55" N, 55º28'04" E. It is the 20th solar eclipse of Solar Saros series 149, at ascending node. The Sun is its zenith just 83 km south of the Equator, so the Northern Hemisphere was in winter and the Southern Hemisphere was in summer on March 19, 2007.
 * March 23 – Naval forces of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps arrest Royal Navy personnel in disputed Iran-Iraq waters; they were released on April 4.
 * March 27 – Latvian Prime Minister Aigars Kalvītis and Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov sign a border treaty between Latvia and Russia, officially demarcating the border between the two.

April

 * April 1 – Diary of a Wimpy Kid is first published. The book series will become a staple of the 2010s with over 18 books.
 * April 16 – Virginia tech massacre: 23 year-old Seung-Hui Cho fatally shot 32 people and injured 17 others. He used two semi-automatic pistols to kill them and killed himself as police arrived on the scene.
 * April 18 – 18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings: A series of attacks take place across Baghdad, Iraq, killing nearly 200 people.
 * April 24 – Gliese 581c, a potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet habitable for life, is discovered in the constellation Libra.
 * April 26–27 – "Bronze Night": Ethnic Russian riot in Tallinn and other cities in Estonia against the moving of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, a Soviet World War II memorial statue. 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia begin.

May

 * May 3 –British three-year old Madeleine McCann disappears in Praia da Luz, Lagos, Portugal, described by The Daily Telegraph as "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history".

 * May 5 – Kenya Airways Flight 507, on a scheduled passenger flight from Doula, Cameroon, to Nairobi, Kenya, crashes after takeoff, killing all 114 crew and passengers on board.
 * May 10 – As a result of factors including the Blair-Brown pact and falling approval ratings as a result of the Iraq War, British Prime Minister Tony Blair announces his intention to resign as Leader of the Labour Party and Prime Minister, triggering the 2007 Labour Party leadership election, in which Chancellor Gordon Brown ran unopposed. Brown would officially replace Blair as Prime Minister on 27 June.
 * May 10–12 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2007 takes place in Helsinki, Finland, and is won by Serbian entrant Marija Šerifović with the song "Molitva".
 * May 17 – The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate re-unite after 80 years of schism.
 * May 20 – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum of Dubai makes the largest single charitable donation in modern history, committing €7.41 billion to an educational foundation in the Middle East.

June

 * June 5 – NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its second fly-by of Venus on route to Mercury.
 * June 15 – Bob Barker hosts his final episode of The Price Is Right after 35 years of hosting.
 * June 22 – The 2007 Ellie tornado becomes the only F5 tornado recorded under the use of the Fujita scale in Canada, reaching windspeeds up to 320 mph (510 km/h).
 * June 27 – Gordon Brown succeeds Tony Blair and becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after a Leadership Election
 * June 28 – 2007 European heat wave: in the aftermath of Greece's worst heat wave in a century, at least 11 people are reported dead from heatstroke, approximately 200 wildfires break out nationwide, and the country's electricity grid nearly collapses due to record breaking demand.
 * June 29 – The iPhone, the first modern smartphone, is released in the United States. It was later released in the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Germany, and Austria, in November 2007.

July

 * July 4 – The International Olympic Committee awards Sochi the right to host the 2014 Winter Olympics.
 * July 7 – Live Earth Concerts are held in nine major cities around the world to raise environmental awareness.
 * July 17
 * TAM Airlines Flight 3054 an Airbus A320-233 overruns the runway of São Paulo–Congonhas Airport runway 35L flies over Avenida Washington Luís and crashes into TAM Express building and a shell filling station adjacent to the TAM Express building. All 187 passengers and crew are killed instantly. 12 people inside the TAM Express and the Shell filling station are also killed.
 * The dwarf planet Gonggong is discovered by astronomers Megan Schwamb, Michael Brown, and David Rabinowitz from the Palomar Observatory.
 * July 24 – Five Bulgarian nurses are released from Libyan prison after eight and a half years spent behind bars in Benghazi and Tripoli, marking the end of the so-called "HIV trial in Libya".
 * July 31 – Operation Banner comes to an end, thus ending the longest continuous deployment in British military history.

August

 * August 4 – The Phoenix spacecraft is launched toward Mars to study its north pole.
 * August 9 – The French global bank BNP Paribas in the United Kingdom blocks withdrawals from three hedge funds heavily committed in sub-prime mortgages, signaling the financial crisis of 2007–2008.
 * August 14 – Multiple suicide bombings kill 572 people in Qahtaniya, northern Iraq.
 * August 15 – An 8.0 earthquake strikes Peru, killing at least 519 people, injuring more than 1,300, and causing tsunami warnings in the Pacific Ocean.

September

 * September 6 – Israeli Air Force airplanes attack a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria in an airstrike.
 * September 13 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
 * September 14 – The SELENE spacecraft launches, with its objective being to study the Moon.
 * September 20 – The Universal Forum of Cultures opens in Monterrey, Mexico.
 * September 25 – Mount Ruapehu in Tongariro National Park in New Zealand, erupts.

October

 * October 10 – Valve Software released The Orange Box on Windows and Xbox 360.
 * October 22 – Montenegro adopts a new constitution, which among other things changes the country's official name from "Republic of Montenegro" to "Montenegro".
 * October 28 – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner becomes the first directly elected female President of Argentina.
 * Sports TV Uganda Limited is incorporated in Uganda.

November

 * November 7 – Whistleblower website WikiLeaks leaks the standard US army protocol at Guantanamo Bay.
 * November 7 – Jokela school shooting happened in Finland.
 * November 16 – Up to 15,000 people are believed to have been killed after Cyclone Sidr hits Bangladesh.
 * November 24 – 2007 Australian federal election: The Labor Party led by Kevin Rudd defeats the Liberal/National Coalition government led by Prime Minister John Howard. Rudd would be sworn in on December 3.
 * November 29 – The Armed Forces of the Philippines lay siege to the Peninsula Manila after soldiers led by Senator Antonio Trillanes stage a mutiny.

December

 * December 1 – At the age of 81 years, 263 days, Queen Elizabeth II becomes the oldest ever reigning British monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria who was aged 81 years, 263 days upon her death on January 22, 1901.
 * December 13 – The Treaty of Lisbon is signed by members states of European Union.
 * December 20 – The Pablo Picasso painting Portrait of Suzanne Bloch, together with Candido Portinari's O Lavrador de Café, is stolen from the São Paulo Museum of Art.
 * December 21 – The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia join the Schengen border-free zone.
 * December 27
 * Former Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto is assassinated, along with 20 other people, at an election rally in Rawalpindi.
 * Riots erupt in Mombasa, Kenya, after Mwai Kibaki is declared the winner of the general election, triggering a political, economic, and humanitarian crisis that killed over 1,000 people.

Unknown date

 * Mauritania is the last country to criminalise slavery (officially "abolished" in 1981), making the practice illegal everywhere in the world.

Nobel Prizes

 * Chemistry – Gerhard Ertl
 * Economics – Leonid Hurwicz, Eric Maskin, and Roger Myerson
 * Literature – Doris Lessing
 * Peace – Al Gore and the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
 * Physics – Albert Fert, Peter Grünberg
 * Physiology or Medicine – Mario Capecchi, Oliver Smithies, and Sir Martin Evans

New English words and terms

 * additive manufacturing
 * colony collapse disorder
 * hashtag
 * listicle
 * netbook
 * sharing economy
 * tweet

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2007


text:
Talk:1802

October 2...war ends or war continues?

=
================================== I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --BozMo 10:45, 7 May 2004 (UTC)(talk)

Format

 * [See: Talk:1850. -Wikid77 01:42, 25 January 2007 (UTC)]

title: Talk:1802


text:
Talk:484

Untitled
Oh, please. Lent is the 40 days (exclusive of Sundays) before Easter. Though it overlaps with the MUCH shorter (was it longer than a week?) Roman holiday of Lupercalia and is, indeed, something of an opposite of Lupercalia, this is one of the more absurd of those 19th century 'all Christian holidays and holy sites are appropriations of pagan holidays and holy sites' kind of reasonings. The two are not commensurate. --MichaelTinkler

You'll get no objection from me one way or the other. I put this in here because I saw it mentioned in the Lupercalia entry, I have no outside knowledge in this area. - BD

Leap Year?
In what sense is year 484 a leap year? This year significantly predates the conception, let alone adoption, of the Gregorian calendar. 2601:98A:4002:3DA0:90A7:8C38:1D3F:B77A (talk) 13:11, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:484


text:
3DO Interactive Multiplayer

The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, also referred to as simply 3DO, is a home video game console developed by The 3DO Company. Conceived by entrepreneur and Electronic Arts founder Trip Hawkins, the 3DO was not a console manufactured by the company itself, but a set of specifications, originally designed by Dave Needle and RJ Mical of New Technologies Group, that could be licensed by third parties. Panasonic produced the first models in 1993, and further renditions of the hardware were released afterwards by GoldStar, Sanyo, Creative Labs, and Samsung Electronics in 1997.

Despite having a highly promoted launch (including being named Time magazine's "1993 Product of the Year"), the oversaturated console market and the system's mixed reviews prevented it from achieving success comparable to competing consoles from Sega and Sony, rendering its discontinuation by 1996. In 1997, The 3DO Company sold its "Opera" hardware to Samsung.

History
The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer was originally conceived by The 3DO Company, founded on September 12, 1991 by Electronic Arts founder Trip Hawkins. The company's objective was to create a next-generation, CD-based video game/entertainment standard which would be manufactured by various partners and licensees; 3DO would collect a royalty on each console sold and on each game manufactured. To game publishers, the low US$3 royalty rate per game was a better deal than the higher royalties paid to Nintendo and Sega when making games for their consoles. The 3DO hardware itself was designed by Dave Needle and RJ Mical (designers of the Amiga and Atari Lynx), starting from an outline on a restaurant napkin in 1989. Trip Hawkins was a long-time acquaintance of Needle and Mical and found that their design very closely fit his philosophy for architecture and approach, so he decided that: "Rather than me start a brand new team and starting from scratch it just made a lot of sense to ... join forces with them and shape what they were doing into what I wanted it to be."

The 3DO Company lacked the resources to manufacture consoles, and instead licensed the hardware to other companies for manufacturing. Trip Hawkins recounted that they approached every electronics manufacturer, but that their chief targets were Sony and Panasonic, the two largest consumer electronics companies in the world. However, Sony had already begun development on their own console, the PlayStation, and ultimately decided to continue work on it rather than sign with 3DO. According to former Sega CEO Tom Kalinske The 3DO Company was engaged in very serious talks for Sega to become involved with the 3DO. However, it was passed on by Sega due to concerns over cost. Panasonic launched the 3DO with its FZ-1 model in 1993, though Goldstar and Sanyo would later manufacture the 3DO as well. Companies who obtained the hardware license but never actually sold 3DO units include Samsung, Toshiba, and AT&T, who went so far as to build prototype AT&T 3DO units and display them at the January 1994 Consumer Electronics Show.

Licensing to independent manufacturers made the system extremely expensive. The manufacturers had to make a profit on the hardware itself, whereas most major game console manufacturers, such as Sega and Sony, sold their systems at a loss, with expectations of making up for the loss with software sales. The 3DO was priced at US$699, far above competing game systems and aimed at high-end users and early adopters. Hawkins has argued that 3DO was launched at US$599, and not "higher myths that are often reported". In a later interview, Hawkins clarified that while the suggested retail price was US$699, not all retailers sold the system at that price. Goldstar, Sanyo, and Panasonic's later models were less expensive to manufacture than the FZ-1 and were sold for considerably lower prices. For example, the Goldstar model launched at US$399. In addition, after six months on the market, the price of the FZ-1 had dropped to US$499, leading some to contend that the 3DO's cost was not as big a factor in its market failure as is usually claimed.

Hawkins' belief was that the 3DO system could become a dominant standard in a similar way to that achieved by the VHS video cassette format, with several companies being able to promote the standard effectively against individual competitors with their own technologies, such as Sony and Betamax, in the context of VHS. It was also believed that companies would be able to more effectively compete by being able to leverage a common standard, as opposed to having to attract developers to individual formats, with Hawkins noting that this would be "tough for Atari and Sony". Indeed, Hawkins believed that the failure of NEC to establish its TurboGrafx system, and yet being "much bigger than Sony", illustrated the difficulties faced by new entrants to the console market and thought that Sony, in following the business model of Sega and Nintendo, "would have had a better chance if it had partnered with some of the others". Meanwhile, other products were not regarded as competitive threats: the Atari Jaguar was perceived as "primitive" and "slightly better than a 16-bit system", and the Philips CD-i was regarded as "really obsolete by today's standards". Both 3DO and Philips, seeking to pioneer the broader concept of interactive entertainment, aimed to sell in the order of one million units during 1994 and into 1995.

Hawkins claimed that the console was HDTV-capable, and that the company could use its technology for a set-top box. It was believed the platform would appeal to cable companies seeking to provide digital interactive services, with broadcasts being accompanied by digital information, eventually leading to the development of video-on-demand services on what was described as a "client-server interactive network", with an interactive networking trial having been announced in collaboration with US West in Omaha, Nebraska for the autumn of 1994. Computer Gaming World reported in January 1994 that 3DO "is poised for an avalanche of software support to appear in the next 12 months", unlike the Atari Jaguar and Pioneer LaserActive. The magazine predicted that "If 3DO's licensees can get enough machines and software out in the market, this could very well become the interactive gamer's entry level machine" and possibly "the ideal plug and play solution for those of us who are tired of playing circuit board roulette with our personal computers". Electronic Arts promoted the console in two-page advertisements, describing it as a "technological leap" and promising "twenty new titles ... over the next twelve months".

The launch of the platform in October 1993 received a great deal of attention in the press as part of the "multimedia wave" in the computer world at the time. Return Fire, Road Rash, FIFA International Soccer, and Jurassic Park Interactive had been slated for launch releases but were pushed to mid-1994 due to the developers' struggles with the then-cutting-edge hardware. Moreover, the 3DO Company made continued updates to the console hardware almost up to the system's release, which resulted in a number of third-party titles missing the launch date, in some cases by less than a month, because the developers weren't left enough time to fully test them on the finalized hardware. The only 3DO software available at launch was the third-party game Crash 'n Burn. Panasonic also failed to manufacture an ample supply of the console in time for launch day, and as a result most retail stores only received one or two units. By mid-November, the 3DO had sold 30,000 units.

The system was released in Japan in March 1994 with an initial lineup of six games. The Japanese launch was moderately successful, with 70,000 units shipping to 10,000 stores. However, sales soon dropped and by 1995 the system was known in Japan as a host for pornographic releases.

The 3DO's claim to the title of most advanced console on the market was lost with the 1994 Japanese launches of the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn. The 3DO Company responded by emphasizing their console's large existing software library, lower price (both the Panasonic and Goldstar models were US$299 by this time), and promised successor: the M2. To assure consumers that the 3DO would still be supported, the M2 was initially announced as an add-on for the 3DO. It was later revealed that the M2 would be an entirely separate console, albeit one with 3DO backward compatibility. Eventually the M2 project was cancelled.

Unlike Panasonic, Goldstar initially produced only 3DO hardware, not software. This made it difficult to manage competitive price drops, and when the price of the Goldstar 3DO dropped to US$199 in December 1995, the company took a loss of more than US$100 on each sale. Goldstar tried switching to the usual industry model of selling hardware at a loss and profiting on software, but though a handful of Goldstar games were published for the 3DO, Goldstar's software development operation arrived too late to allow them to turn a profit on the 3DO. This lack of a profitable business model, combined with Panasonic acquiring exclusive rights to the M2 technology, were cited as the two chief reasons for Goldstar dropping support for the 3DO in early 1996. During the second quarter of 1996 several of the 3DO's most loyal software supporters, including the software division of The 3DO Company themselves, announced they were no longer making games for the system, leaving Panasonic as the only company supporting active software development for the 3DO.

The 3DO system was eventually discontinued towards the end of 1996, with a complete shutdown of all internal hardware development and divestment of the M2 technology. The 3DO Company restructured themselves around this same time, selling off their hardware division to become a multi-platform company focused on software development and online gaming. After selling the Opera hardware to Samsung in 1997, the hardware was revived in South Korea for another 2 years then discontinued again at some point in late 1998 or early 1999. The amount of systems produced after the Samsung buyout is unknown.

The initial high price is considered to be one of the many issues that led to the 3DO's failure, along with lack of significant funding that larger companies such as Sony took advantage of. In an interview shortly after The 3DO Company dropped support for the system, Trip Hawkins attributed its failure to the model of licensing all hardware manufacturing and software to third parties. He reasoned that for a console to be a success, it needed a single strong company to take the lead in marketing, hardware, and software, and pointed out that it was essentially a lack of coordination between The 3DO Company, Panasonic, and the 3DO's software developers which had led to the console launching with only one game ready.

Licensed systems
A number of different manufacturers produced the 3DO system. The Panasonic versions are the best known and most common.

 * Panasonic FZ-1 R·E·A·L 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (Japan, Asia, North America and Europe) – The first 3DO system, which was initially priced at US$699.99 in the U.S. and  in Japan. The price was reduced to $399.99 in the fall of 1994.
 * Panasonic FZ-10 R·E·A·L 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (Japan, North America and Europe) – Released on November 11, 1994 (a year after the FZ-1), it is a redesigned slimmer and lighter model that replaced the FZ-1 in Panasonic's portfolio. The FZ-10 featured a top loading CD tray and an internal memory manager. The controller is also smaller and lighter than the one included with the FZ-1 as it lacks a headphones connector.
 * Panasonic N-1005 3DO CD Changer "ROBO" (Japan only) – An FZ-1 custom console, fitted with a five disc CD drive.
 * GoldStar GDO-101 Alive 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (South Korea) – Released in mid-1994, this model is similar in physical appearance to the Panasonic model.
 * GoldStar GDO-101M 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (North America and Europe) – A version of the GDO-101 for foreign markets.
 * GoldStar GDO-202 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (Korea and Europe) – An updated version of the GDO-101. CD-ROM drive replaced with one similar to that of the FZ-1 style.
 * GoldStar GDO-203 3DO Alive II (South Korea only) – Replaced the GDO-202 in late 1995, but was discontinued shortly thereafter. Had a centered, top-loading CD tray.
 * Sanyo IMP-21J TRY 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (Japan only) – Released in March 1995, this model has the pickup head on the tray (resembling a laptop optical drive). It was made in moderate quantities before it was discontinued.
 * Creative 3DO Blaster – A PC ISA expansion card with a double-speed CD-ROM drive and a controller that enables compatible Windows-based PCs to play 3DO games.
 * Arcade – American Laser Games utilized 3DO-based hardware for a number of arcade titles.
 * DMB-800 – Manufactured exclusively for the Korean market, after the purchase of the Opera hardware in 1997 by Samsung. This multipurpose unit could be used for 3DO software, VCD playback, and karaoke.

Hardware
The original edition of the console, the FZ-1, was referred to in full as the 3DO REAL Interactive Multiplayer. The console had advanced hardware features at the time: an ARM60 32-bit RISC CPU, a custom graphics processor with a math co-processor, and a custom 16-bit DSP with a 20-bit ALU. It also featured 2 megabytes (MB) of DRAM, 1 MB of VRAM, and a double speed CD-ROM drive for main CD+Gs or Photo CDs (and Video CDs with an add-on MPEG video module). The 3DO included the first light synthesizer in a game console, converting CD music to a mesmerizing color pattern.

The 3DO is one of few CD-based units that feature neither regional lockout nor copy protection, making it easy to use illegal copies or homebrew software. Although there is no regional lockout for 3DO systems, a few Japanese games cannot be played on non-Japanese 3DO consoles due to a special kanji font which was not present in the English language console firmware. Games that have compatibility issues include Sword and Sorcery (which was released in English under the title Lucienne's Quest), Twinkle Knights and a demo version of Alone in the Dark.

Technical specifications

 * Processor
 * 32-bit RISC CPU @ 12.5 MHz (ARM60) – using VY86C060-20FC / VY86C06020FC-2 (native stock speed of 20FC chips is @ 20 MHz.)

 * Display
 * Resolution 640×480 (interpolated), 320×240 (actual) 60 Hz for NTSC version, and 768×576 (interpolated), 384×288 (actual) 50 Hz for PAL version with either 16-bit palettized color (from 24-bit) or 24-bit truecolor.
 * Dual pixel engine (CEL engine) capable of producing 9–16 million pixels per second (36–64 megapix/s interpolated), distorted, scaled, rotated and texture mapped.
 * Custom math co-processor (physically located inside MADAM)

 * System board
 * 200 MByte/s (50 million words a second) Bus clocked at 50 MHz
 * 36 DMA channels
 * 2 MB of main RAM
 * 1 MB of VRAM
 * 2 expansion ports
 * 32 KB SRAM

 * Sound
 * 16-bit stereo sound
 * Stereo CDDA playback.
 * 44.1 kHz sound sampling rate
 * Supports 4-Channel Dolby Surround sound
 * Custom 16-bit digital signal processor (DSP) with 16-bit I/O and registers but a 20-bit ALU and accumulator, embedded in the CLIO chip.
 * 13 DMA channels of digital input, to be sampled, and distorted by the DSP.

 * Media
 * Double-speed 300 kB/s data transfer CD-ROM drive with 32 KB RAM buffer
 * Multitasking 32-bit operating system

Audio and video

 * RF switch An RF connector can be used with older TVs that lack direct video inputs. The 3DO output is compatible with most existing video console switches, including those made for the NES/SNES, Sega Master System/Genesis, & NEC Turbo Grafix RF. This provides a relatively low quality but universally compatible video signal.
 *  Composite RCA The 3DO features standard composite video and audio ports (yellow/red/white RCA connectors) that are compatible with off the shelf cables also used on VHS players and certain other video devices and games consoles, as well as older computer video monitors.
 * S-Video The 3DO also offers an S-Video connector for enhanced picture quality on more advanced televisions.

Power
All 3DO consoles have integrated power supplies. Some models (Panasonic 3DO FZ-1, Sanyo TRY 3DO, and Goldstar 3DO) have hardwired power cords, others (Panasonic 3DO FZ-10) use an IEC 60320 C7 "figure 8" power cord. All North American model specifications are AC 120 V 60 Hz 30 W.

Basic accessories
Most 3DO systems shipped with a standard controller, as well as A/V and power cables. The 3DO controllers were unusual in that the system base unit contained only one controller port and the controllers could be physically daisy chained together via a port on the back of each controller. Up to eight controllers could be linked together in this fashion. All controllers for each 3DO console are compatible with one another.

In addition, standard 3DO controllers released with the Panasonic FZ-1 also contained a headphone jack and volume control for silent play. The GoldStar (LG) model also included a controller with this feature.

Third party controllers were produced by a number of companies including Logitech. World International Trading Corporation also released an adapter that allows Super NES controllers to be used with the 3DO.

Light gun
The only light gun released for the 3DO was the Gamegun, a product of third-party developer American Laser Games. Despite this, no fewer than 10 games with light gun support were produced for the system. Most of these were arcade ports from American Laser Games (including Mad Dog McCree), but Virgin Interactive and Digital Pictures also released 3DO light gun games.

The 3DO Gamegun uses the same design as the Gamegun released for the Sega CD: an orange "Old West" revolver. Select Gameguns house a controller port so that another Gamegun may be daisy-chained for two-player gameplay, which is supported in most of American Laser Games's 3DO titles.

Though no light gun was released for the 3DO in Japan, the Japanese localizations of Demolition Man and Corpse Killer retain light gun support, and could be played by Japanese gamers using imported Gameguns.

Mouse
Panasonic and Logitech both released the 3DO mouse. The Panasonic FZ-JM1 and Logitech 3DO mouse are identical aside from their markings. Fewer than 20 games supported its use, some of which were optimized for the standard controller or light gun rather than the mouse. Of the 3DO games which were optimized for use with the mouse, the best known are Myst and Lemmings. The Panasonic mouse was also bundled with Konami's Policenauts Limited Edition in Japan which came with a Policenauts mouse pad.

Other
Home Arcade Systems released a steering wheel for the 3DO which is supported by several racing titles, including The Need for Speed.

The Panasonic FZ-EM256 is a 256 KB Expandable Memory Unit that plugs into the 3DO expansion port on the back of the console. It was released in 1994 and sold in Japan only.

The Panasonic 3DO Karaoke Mixer allows 3DO owners to play a standard music CD, turn the vocals down, plug in one or two microphones and sing over the music. This unit was released in limited markets.

Games

Some of the best-received titles were ports of arcade or PC games that other systems of the time were not capable of playing, such as Alone in the Dark, Myst and Star Control II. Other popular titles included Total Eclipse, Jurassic Park Interactive, Gex, Crash 'n Burn, Slayer, Killing Time, The Need for Speed, Road Rash, and Immercenary. The 3DO version of arcade title Samurai Shodown was the only port with faithful graphics for some time, and the 3DO Super Street Fighter II Turbo was the first port with its CD-quality audio.

Since its release coincided with the arrival of the modern first-person shooter, the 3DO also had some of the earliest members of the genre as exclusives, such as Escape from Monster Manor, the previously mentioned Killing Time, and PO'ed, as well as ports of Wolfenstein 3D and Doom.

However, the 3DO library also exhibited less successful traits of home consoles at the time. The 3DO was one of the first CD-ROM consoles, and some early titles on the 3DO frequently attempted to use interactive movie-style gameplay. Such titles rendered all or nearly all of their graphics in full motion video, which necessitated that any interactive influence from the player be limited to a greater extent than other games of the time. Some games followed a single unfolding of events simply by correctly timed prompts executed by the player. Night Trap, D, Mad Dog McCree, and The Daedalus Encounter are among the more famous examples of full motion video driven games.

Reception
Reviewing the 3DO, GamePro gave it a "thumbs sideways". They commented that "The 3DO is the first CD-ROM system to make a real jump forward in graphics, sound, and game design." However, they questioned whether it would soon be rendered obsolete by the upcoming Jaguar CD and "Project Reality" (later released as the Nintendo 64) and felt there were not yet enough games to justify a purchase, recommending that gamers wait several months to see if the system would get a worthwhile library of games. The 3DO was awarded Worst Console Launch of 1993 by Electronic Gaming Monthly. In a special Game Machine Cross Review in May 1995, Famicom Tsūshin would score the 3DO Real console a 26 out of 40. Next Generation reviewed the 3DO in late 1995. They noted that due chiefly to its early launch, it had a larger installed base and more high quality games than the newly launched Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation, making it a viable alternative to those systems. However, they debated whether it could remain a serious contender in the long run, in light of the successor M2's imminent release and the Saturn and PlayStation's superior hardware. They deemed the 3DO hardware overhyped but still very good for its time, especially praising the DMA engine. They gave it 2 out of 5 stars, concluding that it "has settled out as a solid system with some good titles in its library and more on the way. The question that must be answered though is this: Is having a 'good system' enough?"

Citing a lack of decent exclusives and an "astronomical asking price", in 2009 video game website IGN chose the 3DO as its 22nd greatest video game console of all time, slightly higher than the Atari Jaguar but lower than its four other major competitors: the SNES (4th best), the Sega Genesis (5th), the PlayStation (7th), and the Sega Saturn (18th). On Yahoo! Games the 3DO was placed among the top five worst console launches due to its one-game launch lineup and high launch price.

Gaming retrospectives have also accused the 3DO of having an abundance of poor quality interactive movies. Trip Hawkins' business model for selling the 3DO was widely derided by industry figures.

Legacy
The 3DO Company designed a next-generation console that was never released due to various business and technological issues. The M2 project, which began as an accelerator add-on for the 3DO, was to use dual PowerPC 602 processors in addition to newer 3D and video rendering technologies. Late during development, the company abandoned the console hardware business and sold the M2 technology to Matsushita.

title: 3DO Interactive Multiplayer


text:
1519

Year 1519 (MDXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1519th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 519th year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th year of the 16th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1510s decade.

January–June

 * January 1 – Ulrich Zwingli preaches for the first time, as people's priest of the Great Minister in Zürich.
 * March 4 – Hernán Cortés and his conquistadores land in Mexico.
 * April 21 (Maundy Thursday) – Hernán Cortés reaches San Juan de Ulúa; next day (Good Friday) he sets foot on the beach of modern-day Veracruz.
 * June 28 – Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (rules until 1556).

July–December

 * July 4 – Martin Luther joins the debate regarding papal authority, against Johann Eck at Leipzig.
 * July 10 – The Prince of Ning rebellion begins, after Zhu Chenhao declares the Ming dynasty's Zhengde Emperor a usurper, and leads his army north in an attempt to capture Nanjing.
 * August 15 – Panama City is founded.
 * August 20 – Ming Dynasty Chinese philosopher and general Wang Yangming, governor of Jiangxi, defeats Zhu Chenhao, ending the Prince of Ning rebellion. Wang has expressed the intention of using fo–lang–ji cannons in suppressing the rebellion, probably the earliest reference in China to the breech-loading Frankish culverin.
 * September 20 – Ferdinand Magellan departs from Spain with a fleet of five ships, to sail westbound to the Spice Islands.
 * October 12 – Hernán Cortés and his men, accompanied by 3,000 Tlaxcalans, enter Cholula.
 * November 8 – Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlan, and the court of Aztec ruler Moctezuma.

Date unknown

 * The first civil revolt in Anatolia takes place, led by Alevi preacher Celâl.
 * The Spanish invade Barbados.
 * Spanish conquistador and founder of Panama City, Gaspar de Espinosa, sails up the Pacific coast from Panama to Nicaragua, landing at the Gulf of Nicoya.
 * Havana moves from the southern to the northern part of Cuba.
 * A large pandemic spreads from the Greater Antilles into Central America, and perhaps as far as Peru in South America. This widespread epidemic kills off much of the indigenous populations in these areas (the first widely documented epidemic in the New World).
 * Central Mexico Amerindians' population reaches 25.3 million.
 * The Mexican Indian Wars begin.
 * Cacao comes to Europe.
 * St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn is completed in Estonia.
 * The first recorded fatal accident involving a gun in England is recorded at Welton, East Riding of Yorkshire.

Births

 * January 1 – Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas, Spanish colonial administrator (d. 1593)
 * January 18 – Isabella Jagiellon, queen consort of Hungary (d. 1559)
 * February 5 – René of Châlon, Prince of the House of Orange (d. 1544)
 * February 15 – Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, first Spanish Governor of Florida (d. 1574)
 * February 16 – Gaspard de Coligny, French Huguenot leader (d. 1572)
 * February 17 – Francis, Duke of Guise, French soldier and politician (d. 1563)
 * February 19 – Froben Christoph of Zimmern, author of the Zimmern Chronicle (d. 1566)
 * March 4
 * Hindal Mirza, Mughal Emperor (d. 1551)
 * Adrian Stokes, English politician (d. 1586)
 * March 17 – Thoinot Arbeau, French priest and author (d. 1595)
 * March 22 – Catherine Brandon, Duchess of Suffolk, English noblewoman (d. 1580)
 * March 31 – King Henry II of France (d. 1559)
 * April 13 – Catherine de' Medici, Italian noblewoman, queen consort of Henry II of France and regent of France (d. 1589)
 * May 27 – Girolamo Mei, Italian humanist historian (d. 1594)
 * June 6 – Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (d. 1603)
 * June 12 – Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1574)
 * June 15 – Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1536)
 * June 23 – Johannes Goropius Becanus, Dutch physician, linguist and humanist (d. 1572)
 * June 24 – Theodore Beza, French theologian (d. 1605)
 * July 20 – Pope Innocent IX (d. 1591)
 * September 23 – Francis, Count of Enghien, French military leader (d. 1546)
 * October 14 – Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Princess of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and by marriage Electress Palatine (d. 1567)
 * November 9 – Ogasawara Nagatoki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1583)
 * November 22 – Johannes Crato von Krafftheim, German humanist and physician (d. 1585)
 * date unknown
 * Janet Beaton, Scottish noblewoman (d. 1569)
 * Nicholas Grimald, English poet (d. 1562)
 * Edwin Sandys, English archbishop (d. 1588)
 * Barbara Thenn, Austrian merchant and Münzmeister (d. 1579)
 * Imagawa Yoshimoto, Japanese warlord (d. 1560)
 * Paula Vicente, Portuguese artist, musician and writer (d. 1576)
 * Stanisław Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1572)
 * probable
 * Thomas Gresham, English merchant and financier (d. 1579)
 * Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1583)
 * possible
 * Catherine Howard, fifth Queen of Henry VIII of England (born between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

Deaths

 * January 12
 * Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1459)
 * Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Spanish explorer (b. 1475)
 * February 6 – Lorenz von Bibra, Prince-Bishop of the Bishopric of Würzburg (b. 1459)
 * March 29 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (b. 1466)
 * April 15 – Henry, Count of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1473–1482) (b. 1448)
 * April 18 – Sibylle of Bavaria, Electress Palatine consort (b. 1489)
 * May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor and artist (b. 1452)
 * May 4 – Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino (b. 1492)
 * May 13 – Artus Gouffier, Lord of Boissy, French nobleman and politician (b. 1475)
 * June 2 – Philippe de Luxembourg, French Catholic cardinal (b. 1445)
 * June 24 – Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara (b. 1480)
 * July 13 – Zhu Youyuan, Ming dynasty politician (b. 1476)
 * July 27 – Zanobi Acciaioli, librarian of the Vatican (b. 1461)
 * August 11 – Johann Tetzel, German opponent of the Reformation (b. 1465)
 * August 23 – Philibert Berthelier, Swiss patriot (b. c. 1465)
 * September – John Colet, English churchman and educator (b. 1467)
 * date unknown
 * William Grocyn, English scholar (b. 1446)
 * Ambrosius Holbein, German painter (b. 1494)

title: 1519


text:
995

Year 995 (CMXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Japan

 * 17 May - Fujiwara no Michitaka (imperial regent) dies.
 * 3 June: Fujiwara no Michikane gains power and becomes Regent.
 * 10 June: Fujiwara no Michikane dies.
 * 30 August - Retainers of Takaie clash with retainers of Michinaga, on the main street of Kyoto.
 * 4 September - Michinaga’s escort, Hata no Hisatada, is killed by Takaie’s followers.
 * 15 October - Michinaga becomes Chief of the Fujiwara Clan.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Basil II launches a counter-campaign against the Fatimid Caliphate. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary army (13,000 men) to aid the Hamdanid emir Sa'id al-Dawla, and crosses Asia Minor in only sixteen days. Basil lifts the siege of Aleppo, and takes over the Orontes Valley. He incorporates Syria into the Byzantine Empire (including the larger city of Antioch) which is the seat of its eponymous Patriarch.

Europe

 * King Eric VI (the Victorious) dies at Uppsala, after a 25-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Olof Skötkonung, as the first baptized Christian ruler of Sweden.
 * September 28 – Boleslaus II (the Pious), duke of Bohemia, storms Libice Castle and massacres the members of the Slavník Dynasty.
 * Olaf Tryggvason is crowned king of Norway (until 1000) and builds the country's first Christian church.
 * Malachy captures Dublin for the third time.

Scotland

 * King Kenneth II is murdered at a banquet by Lady Finella in Fettercairn. He is succeeded by his nephew Constantine III (a son of the late King Cuilén) as ruler of Alba (Scotland).

England

 * Uhtred (the Bold), a son of Ealdorman Waltheof I of Northumbria, establishes an episcopal see at Durham and moves the monastic community of Chester-le-Street there.

Asia

 * Goryeo-Khitan War: Negotiations led by the Korean diplomat Sŏ Hŭi prevents a fullscale invasion of the Khitan-led Liao Dynasty. King Seongjong accepts Liao's demands – and agrees to end the alliance with the Chinese Song Dynasty. Goryeo becomes a Liao tributary state, the Khitan army (60,000 men) withdraws while Seongjong orders the Korean border defenses strengthened.

Armenia

 * 995 Balu earthquake. It reportedly affected the Armenian areas of Balu, Cop'k (or Covk'), Palnatun (or Palin), and the districts of Hasteank and Xorjean. The areas affected were districts in what is currently the border area between Armenia and Turkey.

Births

 * Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, Persian historian and writer (d. 1077)
 * Cnut (the Great), king of Denmark, Norway and England (d. 1035)
 * Dominic Loricatus, Italian priest and hermit (d. 1060)
 * Frederick II, duke of Upper Lorraine (approximate date)
 * Herman II, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)
 * Hemma of Gurk, German noblewoman (d. 1045)
 * Olaf II Haraldsson (St. Olaf), king of Norway (d. 1030)
 * Reginar V, French nobleman (approximate date)
 * Shaykh Tusi, Persian Shia scholar (d. 1067)
 * William I, Norman nobleman (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 30 – Sahib ibn Abbad, Persian statesman
 * May 10 – Baldwin I (or Boudewijn), bishop of Utrecht
 * May 16 – Fujiwara no Michitaka, Japanese nobleman (b. 953)
 * June 13 – Fujiwara no Michikane, Japanese nobleman (b. 961)
 * Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad, Afrighid ruler of Khwarezm
 * Al-Mansur ibn Buluggin, Zirid ruler of Ifriqiyah
 * Bernard I (the Suspicious), Frankish nobleman
 * Egill Skallagrímsson, Viking poet (approximate date)
 * Eric VI (the Victorious), Viking king of Sweden
 * García Fernández, count of Castile and Álava
 * Gebhard II, bishop of Constance (b. 949)
 * Gerberga of Lorraine, Frankish noblewoman
 * Haakon Sigurdsson, Viking ruler (jarl) of Norway
 * Henry II (the Wrangler), duke of Bavaria (b. 951)
 * Herbert III (the Younger), Frankish nobleman
 * Kenneth II (the Fratricide), king of Alba (Scotland)
 * Lady Finella, Scottish noblewoman and assassin
 * Michitsuna no Haha, Japanese female poet
 * Mstivoj, Obodrite prince (approximate date)
 * Song, empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 952)

title: 995


text:
1360

Year 1360 (MCCCLX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * June – Valdemar IV Atterdag attacks Skåne and conquers Lindholmen Castle.
 * August – Peace is concluded between Sweden and Denmark with the arbitration in Helsingborg. Magnus IV Eriksson cedes the Scanian lands except northern Halland to Denmark. In return, Valdemar IV Atterdag must help Magnus against his domestic enemies.
 * October 24 – The Treaty of Brétigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. Under its terms, Edward III of England gives up his claim to the French throne, and releases King John II of France in return for French land, including Calais and Gascony.

Date unknown

 * Red Turban Rebellions: Chen Youliang murders Xu Shouhui and proclaims himself the emperor of Han in Wuchang before unsuccessfully attempting to capture Nanjing from Zhu Yuanzhang.
 * King Valdemar IV Atterdag of Denmark reconquers Scania, which has been in Swedish possession since 1332.
 * Shah Shuja regains rule of the Muzaffarid tribe in Persia after the death of his brother, Shah Mahmud.
 * Nawruz Beg overthrows his brother Qulpa as Khan of the Blue Horde.
 * Muhammed VI overthrows his brother-in-law, Ismail II, as King of Granada (in modern-day Spain).
 * Dmitri Konstantinovich is installed as ruler of Vladimir (in modern-day western Russia) by the Khan of the White Horde.
 * Earliest known Kırkpınar oil wrestling tournament in the Ottoman Empire, which will still be staged into the 21st century.

Births

 * January 8 – Ulrich von Jungingen, German Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (d. 1410)
 * March 31 – Philippa of Lancaster, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1415)
 * May 2 – Yongle Emperor of China (d. 1424)
 * June 24 – Nuno Álvares Pereira, Portuguese general (d. 1431)
 * August 10 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (d. 1417)
 * date unknown
 * Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (d. 1391)
 * Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1403)
 * Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, Italian banker, founder of the Medici dynasty of Florence (d. 1429)
 * Yi Jong Mu, Korean general (d. 1425)
 * Andrei Rublev, Russian painter (d. 1430)
 * Stanislaw of Skarbimierz, Polish religious writer (d. 1431)

Deaths

 * February 26 – Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March, English military leader (b. 1328)
 * September 16 – William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton (b. 1319)
 * September 29 – Joanna I of Auvergne, queen consort of France (b. 1326)
 * November 4 – Elizabeth de Clare, English noblewoman (b. 1295)
 * December 26 – Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent
 * date unknown
 * David IX of Georgia, King of Georgia
 * Geoffrey the Baker, English chronicler
 * Isabella, Countess of Brienne, Countess of Lecce
 * Nicephorus Gregoras, Byzantine historian (b. 1295)
 * Xu Shouhui, Chinese rebel leader, emperor of Tianwan (b. 1320)

title: 1360


text:
1477

Year 1477 (MCDLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 5 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold of Burgundy is again defeated, and this time is killed; this marks the end of the Burgundian Wars.
 * February? – Volcano Bardarbunga erupts, with a VEI of 6.
 * February 11 – Mary of Burgundy, the daughter of Charles the Bold, is forced by her disgruntled subjects to sign the Great Privilege, by which the Flemish cities recover all the local and communal rights which have been abolished by the decrees of the dukes of Burgundy, in their efforts to create in the Low Countries a centralized state.
 * February 27 – Uppsala University is founded, becoming the first university in Sweden and all of Scandinavia.
 * August 19 – Mary of Burgundy marries Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, in Ghent, bringing her Flemish and Burgundian lands into the Holy Roman Empire, and detaching them from France.
 * November 18 – William Caxton produces Earl Rivers' translation into English of Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres, at his press in Westminster, the first full-length book printed in England on a printing press.

Undated

 * Ivan III of Russia marches against the Novgorod Republic, marking the beginning of Russian Colonialism.
 * Giovanni Pico della Mirandola starts to study canon law, at the University of Bologna.
 * Thomas Norton (alchemist) writes Ordinall of Alchemy.
 * The first edition of The Travels of Marco Polo is printed.

Births

 * January 13 – Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1527)
 * January 14 – Hermann of Wied, German Catholic archbishop (d. 1552)
 * January 16 – Johannes Schöner, German astronomer and cartographer (d. 1547)
 * January 25 – Anne of Brittany, sovereign duchess of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII of France (d. 1514)
 * March 20 – Jerome Emser, German theologian (d. 1527)
 * June 22 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, English noble (d. 1530)
 * July 4 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (d. 1534)
 * July 12 – Jacopo Sadoleto, Italian cardinal (d. 1547)
 * September 1 – Bartolomeo Fanfulla, Italian mercenary (d. 1525)
 * September 19 – Ferrante d'Este, Ferrarese nobleman and condottiero (d. 1540)
 * September 21 – Matthäus Zell, German Lutheran pastor (d. 1548)
 * date unknown – István Báthory, Hungarian nobleman (d. 1534)
 * probable
 * Giorgione, painter in Italian High Renaissance (d. 1510)
 * Girolamo del Pacchia, Italian painter (d. 1533)
 * Lambert Simnel, pretender to the throne of England (d. c. 1534)
 * Il Sodoma, Italian painter (d. 1549)
 * Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat (d. 1539)

Deaths

 * January 2
 * Franzone, Italian assassin (executed)
 * Gerolamo Olgiati, Italian assassin (executed)
 * Carlo Visconti, Italian assassin (executed)
 * January 5 – Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (in battle) (b. 1433)
 * January 6 – Jean VIII, Count of Vendôme
 * January 15 – Adriana of Nassau-Siegen, consort of Count Philip I of Hanau-Münzenberg (b. 1449)
 * April – William Hugonet, former chancellor of Burgundy (executed)
 * June 27 – Adolf, Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen (1465–1471) (b. 1438)
 * August 4 – Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours
 * August 11 – Latino Orsini, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1411)
 * December 19 – Maria of Mangup, Princess-consort of Moldavia
 * June 1 – Charlotte de Brézé, French countess (b. 1446)

title: 1477


text:
1495

Year 1495 (MCDXCV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February – King's College, Aberdeen, predecessor of the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, is founded on the petition of William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen. It is the first English-speaking university to teach medicine.
 * February 22 – Italian War of 1494–98: King Charles VIII of France enters Naples, to claim the city's throne. A few months later, he decides to return to France, and leaves Naples with most of his army, leaving a force under his cousin Gilbert, Count of Montpensier as viceroy. Syphilis is first definitely recorded in Europe during this invasion. (perhaps from French forces who may have contacted Croats fleeing an Ottoman army in the east).
 * May 26 – A Spanish army under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba lands in Calabria, with the purpose of ousting the French and restoring Ferdinand II of Naples to the throne.
 * June 1 – Brother John Cor of Lindores Abbey pays duty on 8 bolls of malt to the Exchequer in Scotland to make aqua vitae for King James IV; the record in the Exchequer Rolls is the first written reference to Scotch whisky.
 * June 28 – Battle of Seminara: Córdoba and Ferdinand are defeated by a French army under Bernard Stewart, Lord of Aubigny.
 * July 3 – Battle of Deal: Perkin Warbeck's troops land in Kent, in support of his claim to the English crown, backed by Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy. They are routed before Warbeck himself can disembark, and he retreats to Ireland and then to Scotland.
 * July 6 – Battle of Fornovo: The French army under King Charles secures its retreat from Italy, by defeating a combined Milanese-Venetian force under Giovanni Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua.
 * Summer – John, King of Denmark, sets sail for Kalmar, Sweden, to negotiate with Sten Sture the Elder to restore the power of the Kalmar Union. However, his flagship, Gribshunden, catches fire and sinks off the coast of Ronneby with loss of life, and he is forced to abandon the mission.
 * October 25 – King Manuel I of Portugal begins his reign.
 * November 30 – An explosion at Vyborg Castle deters the Russian forces, who have invaded Sweden through Karelia.

Date unknown

 * The oldest extant cable railway is probably the Reisszug, a private line providing goods access to Hohensalzburg Fortress at Salzburg in Austria. This line is generally described as the oldest funicular.
 * Poynings' Law comes into effect, placing the Parliament of Ireland under the authority of the Parliament of England.
 * The Reichskammergericht of the Holy Roman Empire is founded in Frankfurt.
 * Henry VII of England commissions the world's first dry dock, at Portsmouth.
 * Piero Pacini da Pescia publishes Epistles, Gospels, and Popular Readings in the Tuscan Language

Births

 * January 26 – Emperor Go-Nara of Japan (d. 1557)
 * February 4
 * Francesco II Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1535)
 * Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (d. 1568)
 * February 13 – Giacomo Puteo, Spanish cardinal (d. 1563)
 * March 6 – Luigi Alamanni, Italian poet and statesman (d. 1556)
 * March 8 – John of God, Portuguese friar and saint (d. 1550)
 * March 26 – Michele Antonio, Marquess of Saluzzo (d. 1528)
 * March 29 – Leonhard Päminger, Austrian composer (d. 1567)
 * April 16 – Petrus Apianus, German humanist (d. 1552)
 * August 1 – Jan van Scorel, Dutch painter (d. 1562)
 * August 24 – Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, Prince of Lüneburg and Baron of Harburg (d. 1549)
 * September 18 – Louis X, Duke of Bavaria, German noble (d. 1545)
 * September 20 – Gian Matteo Giberti, Catholic bishop (d. 1543)
 * September 23 – Bagrat III of Imereti, King of Imereti (d. 1565)
 * September 24 – Barbara of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, Landgravine of Leuchtenberg (d. 1552)
 * November 1 – Erhard Schnepf, German theologian (d. 1558)
 * November 21 – John Bale, English churchman (d. 1563)
 * December 5 – Nicolas Cleynaerts, Flemish grammarian (d. 1542)
 * date unknown
 * Robert Barnes, English reformer and martyr (d. 1540)
 * Cuauhtémoc, 11th Tlatoani (emperor) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1520-1521 (d. 1525)
 * Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton (d. 1568)
 * probable
 * Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish conquistador (d. 1541)
 * Marie Dentière, Genevan Protestant reformer and theologian (d. 1561)
 * Costanzo Festa, Italian composer (d. 1545)
 * Nicolas Gombert, Flemish composer (d. 1560)

Deaths

 * January 11 – Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (b. 1428)
 * January 21 – Magdalena of France, French princess and regent of Navarre (b. 1443)
 * February 25 – Sultan Cem, pretender to the Ottoman throne (b. 1459)
 * May 31 – Cecily Neville, English duchess, mother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (b. 1415)
 * September – Vlad Călugărul, Wallachian half-brother of Vlad III (The Impaler)
 * September 14 – Elizabeth Tudor, English princess, daughter of Henry VII of England (b. 1492)
 * October 25 – King John II of Portugal (b. 1455)
 * October 30 – Francis, Count of Vendome (b. 1470)
 * December 16 – Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France, French noble (b. 1492)
 * December 18 – King Alphonso II of Naples (b. 1448)
 * December 21 – Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford (b. c. 1431)

title: 1495


text:
1530s

The 1530s decade ran from January 1, 1530, to December 31, 1539.

title: 1530s


text:
1555

Year 1555 (MDLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 22 – The Kingdom of Ava in Upper Burma falls.
 * February 2 – The Diet of Augsburg begins.
 * February 4 – John Rogers is burned at the stake at Smithfield, London, becoming the first of the 284 Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation to be killed during the five and one-half year reign of Queen Mary I of England. His death is followed within the week by that of Laurence Saunders on February 8 in Coventry, and Rowland Taylor, Rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk, and John Hooper, deposed Bishop of Gloucester on February 9.
 * February 26 – The Muscovy Company is chartered in England to trade with the Tsardom of Russia and Richard Chancellor negotiates with the Tsar.
 * March 25 – Valencia, Venezuela, is founded by Captain Alonso Díaz Moreno.

April–June

 * April 9 – Marcello Cervini degli Spannocchi is unanimously chosen as the successor to Pope Julius III, who died on March 23, and takes the name of Pope Marcellus II as the 222nd Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. He will reign for 22 days.
 * April 17 – After 18 months of siege, the Republic of Siena surrenders to the Florentine–Imperial army.
 * May 1 – Foundation of St John's College, Oxford, England, to teach Catholic theology.
 * May 30 – Foundation of Trinity College, Oxford, England, to teach Catholic theology.
 * May 15 – The conclave opens with 42 of the 56 Roman Catholic cardinals to choose a successor to Pope Marcellus II, who had died on May 1.
 * May 23 – Giovanni Pietro Carafa, Cardinal of Naples, is elected as the new Pope after Giacomo del Pozzo fails to obtain the necessary two-thirds approval. Carafa, the 223rd Pope, takes the name Pope Paul IV.
 * May 25 – Jeanne d'Albret becomes the Queen of Navarre upon the death of her father, King Henry II.
 * June 1 – The Treaty of Amasya between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia concludes the Ottoman-Safavid War.
 * June 22 – Adil Shah Suri becomes the Sultan of the Sur Empire at Delhi in India after Sikandar Shah Suri is forced to flee from the Mughal Empire forces.

July–September

 * July 12 – Pope Paul IV creates the Roman Ghetto, the first Jewish ghetto in Rome.
 * August 24 – England's Thomas Thirlby, the first and only Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norwich and Queen Mary's envoy to Pope Paul IV, returns to London from bearing a papal bull that confirms Queen Mary's jurisdiction over Ireland.
 * September 25 – The Peace of Augsburg is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League, establishing the principle Cuius regio, eius religio, that is, rulers within the Empire can choose the religion of their realm.
 * September – The 1555 Kashmir earthquake causes widespread destruction and death in Kashmir, India.

October–December

 * October 16
 * (1st day of 10th month Tenbun 24) – At the Battle of Miyajima Island, Mori Motonari defeats Sue Harukata.
 * The first two Protestant Oxford Martyrs, Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, are burned at the stake in England.
 * October 25 – Charles V abdicates as Holy Roman Emperor and is succeeded by his brother Ferdinand.
 * November 1 – French Navy Vice-Admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon leads a small fleet of two ships and 200 soldiers and colonists to take possession of Serigipe Island, near modern-day Rio de Janeiro in Brazil at Guanabara Bay, and builds Fort Coligny.
 * November 13 – Thomas Cranmer is officially removed from office as the Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury by order of Pope Paul IV and Queen Mary I.
 * December 11 – Cardinal Reginald Pole is made a cardinal-priest in the Roman Catholic Church and made the administrator of the See of Canterbury in England, though he will not become the new Archbishop of Canterbury until the following March 20.

Date unknown

 * Russia breaks a 60-year-old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland.
 * Humayun resumes rule of the Mughal Empire.
 * The Adal Sultanate in the Horn of Africa collapses.
 * English captain John Lok returns from Guinea, with five Africans to train as interpreters for future trading voyages.
 * Richard Eden publishes The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India, a translation into English of parts of Pietro Martire d'Anghiera's De orbe novo decades, the Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés work Natural hystoria de las Indias and others, urging his countrymen to follow the lead of Spain in exploring the New World; the work includes the first recorded use in English of the country name 'China'.
 * Establishment in England of the following grammar schools: Boston Grammar School, Gresham's School at Holt, Norfolk (founded by Sir John Gresham) and Ripon Grammar School (re-foundation).
 * William Annyas becomes the Mayor of Youghal, Ireland, the first Jew to hold such a position in Ireland.
 * John Dee is charged, but cleared, of treason in England.
 * Orlande de Lassus' first book of madrigals is published, in Antwerp.

Births

 * January 26 – Charles II, Lord of Monaco (d. 1589)
 * February 25 – Alonso Lobo, Spanish musician (d. 1617)
 * March 18 – François, Duke of Anjou, youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici (d. 1584)
 * March 21 – John Leveson, English politician (d. 1615)
 * March 31 – Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox, English countess (d. 1582)
 * April 21 – Ludovico Carracci, Italian painter (d. 1619)
 * April 28 – Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, heir apparent of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (d. 1575)
 * May 5 – Queen Uiin, Korean royal consort (d. 1600)
 * May 9 – Jerónima de la Asunción, founder of the first Catholic monastery in Manila, the Monastery of Santa Clara (d. 1630)
 * May 29 – George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes, English earl, general and administrator (d. 1629)
 * June 11 – Lodovico Zacconi, Italian composer and music theorist (d. 1627)
 * June 13 – Giovanni Antonio Magini, Italian mathematician, cartographer and astronomer (d. 1617)
 * June 16 – Duke Otto Henry of Brunswick-Harburg, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (d. 1591)
 * July – Henry Garnet, English Jesuit (d. 1606)
 * July 6 – Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1588)
 * July 17 – Richard Carew, English scholar (d. 1620)
 * August 1 – Edward Kelley, English spirit medium (d. 1597)
 * September 3 – Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński, Polish nobleman (d. 1628)
 * September 21 – John Thynne, English landowner and politician (d. 1604)
 * September 23 – Louise de Coligny, princess consort of Orange (d. 1620)
 * September 28 – Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, duc de Bouillon, Marshal of France (d. 1623)
 * October 6 – Ferenc Nádasdy, Hungarian noble (d. 1604)
 * October 12 – Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, English baron (d. 1601)
 * November 8 – Nyaungyan Min, king of Burma (d. 1605)
 * December 4 – Heinrich Meibom, German historian and poet (d. 1625)
 * December 27 – Johann Arndt, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1621)
 * date unknown
 * Lancelot Andrewes, English clergyman and scholar (d. 1626)
 * Adam Sędziwój Czarnkowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1628)
 * Samuel Eidels, Polish Jewish rabbi and Talmudist (d. 1631)
 * Joshua Falk, Polish Jewish rabbi and commentator (d. 1614)
 * Elijah Loans, German Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (d. 1636)
 * François de Malherbe, French poet (d. 1628)
 * Okudaira Sadamasa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1615)
 * Konishi Yukinaga, Japanese Christian daimyō (d. 1600)
 * Moderata Fonte, Italian poet, writer and philosopher (d. 1592)
 * Maria van Schooten, Dutch war heroine (d. 1573)
 * Naresuan, King of Ayutthaya (d. 1605)

Deaths

 * January 14 – Jacques Dubois, French anatomist (b. 1478)
 * February 4 – John Rogers, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c. 1505)
 * February 8 – Laurence Saunders, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. 1519)
 * February 9
 * Christian Egenolff, German printer (b. 1502)
 * John Hooper, English churchman (burned at the stake) (b. c. 1497)
 * Rowland Taylor, English Protestant martyr (burned at the stake) (b. 1510)
 * February 17 – Giuliano Bugiardini, Italian painter (b. 1475)
 * March 14 – John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (b. 1485)
 * March 23 – Pope Julius III (b. 1487)
 * March 27 – Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din, Imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen (b. 1473)
 * April 12 – Queen Joanna of Castile, long under confinement (b. 1479)
 * April 18 – Polydore Vergil, English historian (b. 1470)
 * May 1 – Pope Marcellus II (b. 1501)
 * May 21 – George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg (b. 1502)
 * May 25
 * Gemma Frisius, Dutch mathematician and cartographer (b. 1508)
 * Henry II of Navarre (b. 1503)
 * June 10 – Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg (1502–1535) (b. 1485)
 * September 8 – Thomas of Villanova, Spanish Roman Catholic bishop and saint (b. 1488)
 * October 5 – Edward Wotton, English zoologist (b. 1492)
 * October 9 – Justus Jonas, German Protestant reformer (b. 1493)
 * October 16
 * Hugh Latimer, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c. 1487)
 * Nicholas Ridley, English clergyman (burned at the stake)
 * Sue Harukata, Japanese retainer under the Ouchi clan (b. 1521)
 * October 26 – Olympia Fulvia Morata, Italian classical scholar (b. 1526)
 * November 4 – Agnes of Hesse, German nobleman, by marriage, Princess of Saxony (b. 1527)
 * November 12
 * Stephen Gardiner, English bishop and Lord Chancellor (b. 1493)
 * Yang Jisheng, Ming Chinese statesman (beheaded) (b. 1516)
 * Zhang Jing, Ming Chinese general (beheaded)
 * November 21 – Georgius Agricola, German scientist (b. 1490)
 * December – Stanisław Kostka, Polish noble (b. 1487)
 * December 9 – Elisabeth of Culemborg, German noble (b. 1475)

title: 1555


text:
1649

January–March

 * January 4 – In England, the Rump Parliament passes an ordinance to set up a High Court of Justice, to try Charles I for high treason.
 * January 17 – The Second Ormonde Peace concludes an alliance between the Irish Royalists and the Irish Confederates during the War of the Three Kingdoms. Later in the year the alliance is decisively defeated during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
 * January 20 – Charles I of England goes on trial, for treason and other "high crimes".
 * January 27 – King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is found guilty of high treason in a public session.
 * January 29 – Serfdom in Russia begins legally as the Sobornoye Ulozheniye (Соборное уложение, "Code of Law") is signed by members of the Zemsky Sobor, the parliament of the estates of the realm in the Tsardom of Russia. Slaves and free peasants are consolidated by law into the new hereditary class of "serfs", and the Russian nobility are given the exclusive privilege of owning the serfs.
 * January 30 – The deposed King Charles I is beheaded outside the Banquet Hall in the Palace of Whitehall, London. The Commonwealth of England, with a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and members of the Long Parliament serve as government. Charles, Prince of Wales declares himself as King of England, Scotland and Ireland pending restoration of the monarchy.
 * February 5 – In Edinburgh, the Scottish Parliament declares Prince Charles, son of the recently executed King Charles I, as King Charles II of Scotland. Prince Charles, at the time, is at sea in charge of royalist forces fighting to drive Oliver Cromwell from the British Isles.  Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.
 * February 7 – The English Parliament rejects a proposal to continue the English monarchy after Oliver Cromwell makes clear that he does not wish to be crowned as King of England.
 * February 22 – The Mughal–Safavid War begins when Shah Abbas II of the Safavid Empire in Persia captures the Afghan city of Kandahar from the Mughal Empire of India after a six-week siege.  The Mughals, led by Shah Jahan, fail to recapture Kandahar after three sieges in four years.
 * March 4 – The first ever set of rules and regulations for England's Parliamentary Navy, Robert Blake's The Laws of War and Ordinances of the Sea, is adopted by the House of Commons, and Blake is promoted to the position of General at Sea of the English fleet.
 * March 11 – The rebel Frondeurs and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil.
 * March 15 – The city of Lappeenranta (Villmanstrand) is founded by Queen Christina of Sweden.
 * March 16 – An over 1,000 strong war party of Haudenosaunee Iroquois invade and burn the Huron mission villages of St. Ignace and St. Louis in present-day Simcoe County, Ontario, killing about 300 people.
 * March 17
 * The English Parliament, having voted February 7 against a proposal to continue the monarchy under Oliver Cromwell, passes the "Act Abolishing the Kingship" with the goal of creating a republic under a Lord Protector selected by an elected Parliament.
 * French colonists from Martinique, led by former Martinique Governor Jacques Dyel du Parquet, land at St. Georges Harbour on the island of Grenada for the founding of Fort Annunciation. The fort is soon abandoned and the colonists cross the harbour for the founding of Fort Royal which eventually becomes the city of St. George's, Grenada
 * March 19 – The House of Commons of England passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, which it describes in the act as "useless and dangerous to the people of England".

April–June

 * April 21 – The Maryland Toleration Act is passed in the American colony, allowing all freedom of worship.
 * May 1 – The Wyandot people Indian tribe complete the burning of 15 of their own villages, to prevent their stores from being taken by the Haudenasaunee Iroquois.  Almost all the remaining people (approximately 10,000) become refugees, on a path that eventually brings them to Wendake.
 * May 17 – The Banbury mutiny in England ends – leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged.
 * May 19 – "An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth" is passed by the Rump Parliament.
 * May 22–October – Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert's fleet in Kinsale, Ireland.
 * June 1
 * Alexis, Tsar of the Russian Empire orders all English merchants to leave Moscow.
 * The Sumuroy Revolt begins in Northern Samar as Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his followers rebel against the polo y servicio (forced labor system).

July–September

 * July 5 – After news reaches the Western Hemisphere that King Charles I has been deposed and executed, the English colonial government of the Somers Isles, now called Bermuda, proclaims its recognition of Charles II as the rightful ruler of the islands.
 * July 27 – The Commonwealth of England Parliament passes the "Act for the promoting and propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ in New England" to create the "Company for Propagation of the Gospel in New England and the parts adjacent in America" for Christian missionary ministries to Native American tribes. The New England Company will continue to operate more than three and a half centuries later.
 * July 31 – Ukrainian Cossack troops under the command of Mykhailo Krychevsky and Stepan Pobodailo are overwhelmed in the Battle of Loyew (in what is now Belarus) by a smaller force of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth soldiers led by Lithuania's Janusz Radziwiłł, with the Cossacks losing more than 3,000 fighters. Krychevsky is mortally wounded and dies on August 3.
 * August 8 – Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh completes Book VIII of Leabhar na nGenealach, in Galway, within days of an outbreak of the plague.
 * August 17 – The Treaty of Zboriv is signed by representatives of King John II Casimir of Poland and the representatives of the Cossacks and Crimean Tartars to partially settle the Khmelnytsky Uprising.
 * August 15 – Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin, unopposed and with thousands of English troops, to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
 * August 26 – After his "True Levellers", commonly called "The Diggers", abandon their last major colony at St. George's Hill at Weybridge in England, their leader, Gerrard Winstanley, publishes the pamphlet "A Watch-Word to The City of London, and the Armie", recounting the experience.
 * September 2 – The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.
 * September 3 – Oliver Cromwell leads England's New Model Army to start the Siege of Drogheda in Ireland, and breaks through on September 11, executing the last of the original 2,550 Irish Catholic defenders and their leader, the English Royalist Sir Arthur Aston.
 * September 30 – The last of Sweden's troops vacate Prague.

October–December

 * October 11 – The Sack of Wexford in Ireland ends after having started on October 2, with Cromwell's New Model Army breaking through, killing more than 1,500 Irish Catholic defenders and civilians, while losing only 20 of the English soldiers. The capture of Wexford ends the remaining chance that Charles II, heir to the English throne, can land troops in Ireland, and Charles and the royalist fleet flee to Portugal.
 * November 24 – The first phase of the Siege of Waterford begins as Cromwell's New Model Army attempts to take on the strategically-located Irish city's defenders with his own exhausted army. Cromwell is forced to call off the siege after eight days and his army retreats to its winter quarters at Dungarvan on December 2.
 * December 6 – The Scottish defenders of Ireland are defeated by Cromwell's forces in the Battle of Lisnagarvey in County Antrim, with 1,500 Scots killed or captured, and New Model Army battalion of Colonel Robert Venables suffering minimal losses. The battle ends the Scottish presence in Ireland and settlers are expelled from the island in the days that follow.
 * December 20 – The Puritan law enforcers of the Commonwealth of England raid the Red Bull Theatre in London for violations of the laws against performance of plays and arrest the actors, as well as confiscating their property.
 * December 30 – Chinese General Geng Zhongming, having reported to the Qing dynasty commanders to face charges of harboring runaway slaves during his fight against the Southern Ming dynasty troops, commits suicide while waiting for a verdict in his court-martial. (1943). His son, Geng Jimao, continues to fight against the Southern Ming.

Undated

 * Qing armies reconquer Jiangxi province during the Manchu conquest of China.
 * The town of Kristinestad, named after Queen Christina of Sweden, is founded in Ostrobothnia by Count Per Brahe the Younger.
 * Dutch artist Frans Hals paints a portrait of René Descartes.

January–March

 * January 12 – Jacques Carrey, French painter (d. 1726)
 * January 18
 * William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1679–1691) (d. 1691)
 * John Waddon, English politician (d. 1695)
 * January 22 – Pascal Collasse, French composer (d. 1709)
 * January 30 – Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Earl of Dysart, British politician and nobleman (d. 1727)
 * February 6
 * John Benedict, Connecticut politician and deacon (d. 1729)
 * Augusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp, Consort of Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d. 1728)
 * February 8 – Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian (d. 1728)
 * February 11 – William Carstares, Scottish minister (d. 1715)
 * February 16 – Antonio Lupis, prolific Italian writer (d. 1701)
 * February 19 – Daniel Erich, German organist and composer (d. 1712)
 * February 22 – Bon Boullogne, French painter (d. 1717)
 * February 25 – Johann Philipp Krieger, German Baroque composer (d. 1725)
 * March 2 – Andreas Gottlieb von Bernstorff, German politician (d. 1726)
 * March 3 – John Floyer, English physician and author (d. 1734)
 * March 12 – Govert Bidloo, Dutch physician, anatomist, poet and playwright (d. 1713)
 * March 13 – Simon Henry, Count of Lippe-Detmold (1666–1697) (d. 1697)
 * March 19 – Marie Morin, New France nun and historian (d. 1730)
 * March 30 – John Trenchard, English politician (d. 1695)

April–June

 * April 5 – Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University (d. 1721)
 * April 8 – Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley, English diplomat (d. 1710)
 * April 9 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland (d. 1685)
 * April 11 – Princess Frederica Amalia of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (d. 1704)
 * April 16 – Jan Luyken, Dutch engraver (d. 1712)
 * April 17 – Charles Henri, Prince of Commercy (d. 1723)
 * April 23 – Andreas Kneller, German organist and composer (d. 1724)
 * May 2 – Engel de Ruyter, Dutch admiral (d. 1683)
 * May 3 – Johann Valentin Meder, German composer (d. 1719)
 * May 4
 * Chhatrasal, Maharaja of Madhya Pradesh (d. 1731)
 * Augustinus Terwesten, Northern Netherlandish painter (d. 1711)Terwesten Augustin Selbstportrait.jpg]]
 * May 15 – Vincent Bigot, Superior general of the Jesuit mission in Canada (d. 1720)
 * June 13 – Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic (d. 1706)

July–September

 * July 1 – Johann Wilhelm Petersen, German theologian (d. 1727)
 * July 4
 * Sophie Amalie Lindenov, Danish noblewoman and landowner (d. 1688)
 * William Lodge, English engraver and printmaker (d. 1689)
 * July 19 – Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried since 1676 (d. 1711)
 * July 20 – William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (d. 1709)
 * July 23 – Pope Clement XI (d. 1721)
 * August 3 – Diego de Salinas, Governor of Gibraltar (d. 1720)
 * August 7 – Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1664)
 * August 16 – Barent van Kalraet, Dutch painter (d. 1737)
 * August 27 – Ferdinando d'Adda, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1719)
 * September 5 – Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, French-born mistress of Charles II of England (d. 1734)
 * September 7 – Charles Lambart, 3rd Earl of Cavan, Irish peer (d. 1702)
 * September 10 – Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen since 1675 (d. 1706)
 * September 12
 * Sir Thomas Blount, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1687)
 * Dionysius Andreas Freher, German mystic (d. 1728)
 * Giuseppe Maria Tomasi, Sicilian saint (d. 1713)
 * September 14 – Magdalena Stenbock, Swedish salon hostess (d. 1727)
 * September 15 – Titus Oates, English clergyman and plotter (d. 1705)
 * September 20 – Carr Scrope, English poet (d. 1680)
 * September 25 – Edward Montagu, British politician (d. 1690)
 * September 26 – Katharyne Lescailje, Dutch writer (d. 1711)
 * September 27 – Jonas Danilssønn Ramus, Norwegian priest and historian (d. 1718)

October–December

 * October 3 – Franz Mozart, German mason, great-grandfather of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (d. 1693)
 * October 6 – Juana Rangel de Cuéllar, Spanish founder of Colombian city (d. 1736)
 * October 12 – Sir Thomas Felton, 4th Baronet, English politician (d. 1709)
 * October 19 – Samuel Rodigast, German poet, hymnwriter (d. 1708)
 * October 25 – Sir Edward Blackett, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1718)
 * November 2
 * Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, German duke (d. 1697)
 * Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond, son of James Stewart (d. 1660)
 * November 4 – Samuel Carpenter, Deputy Governor of colonial Pennsylvania (d. 1714)
 * November 24 – John Holwell, English mathematician, astrologer (d. 1680)
 * December 2 – Jean-Baptiste Corneille, French historical painter, etcher and engraver (d. 1695)
 * December 9 – Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Ridley (d. 1701)

Date unknown

 * Esther Liebmann, German banker (d. 1714)

January–March

 * January 6 – Nicolaus Vernulaeus, professor at the University of Leuven and an important Neo-Latin playwright (b. 1583)
 * January 21 – García de Toledo Osorio, 6th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and politician (b. 1579)
 * January 22
 * Pace Giordano, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Trogir (b. 1586)
 * Alessandro Turchi, Italian painter of the early Baroque (b. 1578)
 * January 30 – King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland (executed) (b. 1600)
 * February 7 – Giovanni Tommaso Malloni, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Belluno and of Šibenik (b. 1579)
 * February 18 – Cristóbal Pérez Lazarraga y Maneli Viana, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia and of Chiapas (b. 1599)
 * February 23 – Elisabeth Magdalena of Pomerania, German duchess (b. 1580)
 * March 2 – Archduchess Maria of Austria (b. 1584)
 * March 9
 * Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham (b. 1608)
 * James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman (b. 1606)
 * Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland, English soldier (executed) (b. 1590)
 * March 16 – Jean de Brébeuf, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1593)
 * March 17 – Gabriel Lalemant, Jesuit missionary in New France, beginning in 1646 (b. 1610)
 * March 19 – Gerhard Johann Vossius, German classical scholar and theologian (b. 1577)
 * March 20 – Juan Gutiérrez, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Vigevano (b. 1578)
 * March 22 – Agostinho Barbosa, Portuguese bishop in Italy and writer on canon law (b. 1589)
 * March 26 – John Winthrop, first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (b. c. 1587)

April–June

 * April 5 – George Hakewill, English clergyman and author (b. 1578)
 * April 11 – Ambrose Corbie, English Jesuit teacher (b. 1604)
 * April 22 – Marcos de Torres y Rueda, interim viceroy of New Spain (b. 1591)
 * April 24
 * Francesco Ingoli, Italian priest (b. 1578)
 * Gaston Jean Baptiste de Renty, French aristocrat and philanthropist (b. 1611)
 * April 29 – Dodo, Prince Yu (b. 1614)
 * May 8 – Gian Giacomo Cristoforo, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Lacedonia (b. 1588)
 * May 14
 * Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian (b. 1600)
 * William Chappell, Irish bishop (b. 1582)
 * May 28 – Empress Xiaoduanwen of the Qing Dynasty (b. 1600)
 * June 3 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet (b. 1590)
 * June 6 – Vincenzo Carafa, Italian Jesuit priest and spiritual writer (b. 1585)
 * June 17 – Injo of Joseon, sixteenth king of the Joseon dynasty in Korea (b. 1595)
 * June 18 – Juan Martínez Montañés, Spanish sculptor (b. 1568)
 * June 20 – Maria Tesselschade Visscher, Dutch poet and engraver (b. 1594)
 * June 30 – Simon Vouet, French painter (b. 1590)
 * June 27 – Chikurin-in, Japanese woman of the late Azuchi-Momoyama through early Edo period (b. 1579)

July–September

 * July 11 – Susanna Hall, oldest child of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway (b. 1582)
 * July 20 – Padovanino, Italian painter (b. 1588)
 * July 22 – Alessandro Castracani, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Fano (b. 1580)
 * July 23 – Anne Arundell (b. c. 1615)
 * July 25 – Orazio Giustiniani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1580)
 * August 7 – Maria Leopoldine of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1632)
 * August 10 – Vittoria Farnese d'Este, Duchess of Modena and Reggio (b. 1618)
 * August 15 – Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Spouse of Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (b. 1570)
 * August 21 – Richard Crashaw, English poet (b. c. 1613)
 * August 25 – Thomas Shepard, American Puritan minister (b. 1605)
 * August 27 – Catherine of Brandenburg, Princess of Transylvania (1629–1630) (b. 1604)
 * August 28 – John Guthrie, Scottish prelate (b. 1580)
 * August 30 – Robert Heath, English judge and politician (b. 1575)
 * September 6 – Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer (b. 1574)
 * September 15 – John Floyd, English Jesuit preacher (b. 1572)

October–December

 * October 3 – Giovanni Diodati, Swiss Protestant clergyman (b. 1576)
 * October 16 – Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter (b. 1621)
 * October 28
 * Lady Blanche Arundell, English defender of Wardour Castle (b. 1583)
 * Ludovico Ridolfi, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Patti (1649) (b. 1587)
 * October 30 – Honoré d'Albert (b. 1581)
 * November 6 – Owen Roe O'Neill (b. c. 1585)
 * November 11 – Ellen Marsvin, Danish noble, landowner and county administrator (b. 1572)
 * November 19 – Caspar Schoppe, German scholar (b. 1576)
 * November 21 – Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice, Bohemian noble (b. 1582)
 * December 2 – Theodorus Schrevelius, Dutch writer and poet (b. 1572)
 * December 4 – William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (b. 1585)
 * December 7 – Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1606)
 * December 8
 * Noël Chabanel, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1613)
 * Martin Rinkart, German clergyman and hymnist (b. 1586)

title: 1649