text:
User talk:NathanBeach

Helloooo.
Hello. Merry Christmas!

Welcome to the 'pedia Nathan. Don't forget to check out the Welcome, newcomers page. Cheers! --maveric149

Main namespace cleanup
Heya, I've moved your main namespace article off to User:NathanBeach/old, there's a little meaningful edit history should you wish to keep it. --fvw *  03:50, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)
 * And Here is the differently capitalised one. --fvw *  03:54, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

SEPA
A note for the future: If you change a redirection, please also check for what links there and fix those. In this case, there was only one (Control of Major Accident Hazards Regulations 1999), and I've fixed it myself to link directly to Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Colonies Chris 10:39, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Re: Pool Balls
Thank you very much for your opinion about my picture of pool balls! Cheers from almost the other side of the globe - Warsaw, Poland :) --Chepry˙˚° 12:15, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Guy Clark
Thanks for the fix on the Guy Clark page. I downloaded the album from iTunes in late June, but everything I can find says it won't be released in stores until Sept. I edited based on an assumption - thanks for the edit! Dubc0724 12:33, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Checked out User:Railer 893
Hello Nathan, I'm Aeon and I'm responing to your Village Pump help request. User:Railer 893 is avandal and has been warned. I have removed the Test 4 warning from your page. His adding of the test 4 was his first edit. Hope this helps Aeon  Insane Ward  16:00, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

And For making minor fixes to todays featured Article

Welcome to Esperanza
Hi Again Nathan Welcome to Esperanza, hope you enjoy you time with us and spread the message of hope to all wikipedians Aeon  Insane Ward  16:34, 24 July 2006 (UTC)

Charles Willeford
Hi, Nathan. Having spent the last couple hours doing some tweaks on the excellent Willeford article you established, I just wanted to touch base with you. I have in mind to try to work up a couple sections describing Willeford's literary style and (at least latter-day) critical reception. You can see the sort of thing I'm proposing by taking a look at the Charles Williams (U.S. author) article I'm largely responsible for. Let me know what thoughts you have. All the best, Dan —DCGeist 09:14, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

On the subject of Willeford, do you think it makes sense to have the years before the titles? I'd be inclined to do it the other way around--but I'm also inclined not to change it if you prefer it this way. Nareek 16:13, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Re: Mucus.......:
Hey there! Sure its alright, take your time with it. I am really not in a hurry anyways.I've started my college too and I've been for a while too. Thanks for the note though. I've got a couple of more recordings too,if you wanna hear them, just lemme know! Cheers! Jayant, 17 Years, India  • contribs 17:59, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

September Esperanza Newsletter
For your reading pleasure, the newest Esperanza newsletter can be found at Esperanza/Newsletter. —Natalya, Banes, Celestianpower, EWS23, FireFox, Freakofnurture, and Titoxd 04:04, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

New Song!
Hii!

I am back with another song..! Although this time it was only me and my brother. I played the guitar (everything including the rhythm and the solo :-P and my bro wrote the lyrics and also did the vocals. the songs called Out of Focus. Give it a listen if ya can and leave your thoughts on it. :-)

Heres the links for both streaming and direct downloading:

Stream it

Direct Download from Geocities

Thanks a lot!

Cheers!

P.S.: I didnt wanna clutter your talk page by pasting the lyrics even though they are a little hard to understand due to the quality of the recording. Gimme a shout if you want the lyrics or if you have any problems while listening. Thanks a lot again!

 * Hey, thanks for telling me about the link. I'll check it out as soon as i can. Meanwhile, try this rapidshare link. Its in the mp3 format and if this doesn't work, lemme know so that I can e-mail you the song. Cheers! Jayant, 17 Years, India  • contribs 17:16, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Dallas
Attatched automatically using WP:AWB. drumguy8800  C   T  04:33, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

November Esperanza Newsletter
For your reading pleasure, the newest Esperanza newsletter (November '06 edition) can be found at Esperanza/Newsletter. —Natalya, Banes, Celestianpower, EWS23, FireFox, The Halo, Shreshth91 and HighwayCello, 20:33, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject Dallas proposals
As a member of WikiProject Dallas, your vote is requested on two new proposals outlined at the project's strategy forum. Following voting, it is also requested that you participate in a quick critique of new additions to the project. drumguy8800  C   T  09:58, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

Master cleanse, Master Cleanse
In the future, do not create a new article with the new title, because you lose the edit history. Instead, use the "move" tab at the top of the page. When you do that, the article and its edit history will get moved to the new title, and a redirect page will be created at the old title. It makes tracking editors and contributions much cleaner. Fan-1967 19:19, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

Teleogic_SYNERGY adverpagement
Howdy,

I noticed that you were thinking about working on the Telelogic Synergy page. I put a big (if stylistically incompatible with Wikipedia) entry in there (that was reject for the stylistic failings previously mentioned). The "controversial text" is on the discussions page. Since there is virtually nothing on the web that links to any Synergy information other than marketing literature, what I wrote was an opinion piece on structure and function in the product.

I thought I'd nudge you to look at that text as perhaps some pointers on the areas I found most "interesting" (as in unique or frustrating beyond all human comprehension) to provide possible focus for your article.

IBitOBear 09:56, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

SWOT Analysis
You said:

"My textbook (Kotler and Keller's Marketing Management) does not place emphasis on the objective being determined before the analysis. In fact, it says the objective should only be determined after the analysis, using the SWOT items. --nathanbeach 17:32, 26 September 2006 (UTC)"

Did you accept the comment from the "objectives first" advocate? It might be worth quoting Kotler and Keller as there is only one reference to a "real world" book in the article. Might add balance and stimulate debate. From a naive viewpoint it seems that you could, and do, go both ways. ("I'm strong at maths so I'll study physics -- I want to study physics so I better study maths". Seligman's work on "Authentic Happiness" suggests "strengths first" is best, and indeed it's no good deciding to do physics at MIT if you get straight D's in science! So I'm shading to K & K.) Pgrieg 16:18, 6 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi. Thanks Nathan. I'm not a marketing professor, just someone with a magpie mind. The guy with the "objectives first" position is a professor (retired). It would be interesting to have a short quote mentioning the other side, with another reference to keep Ed happy. The admins seem gun happy at the moment, they deleted the Tesco SWOT link for no good reason. I gave them this to read:

http://lorenzen.blogspot.com/2004/09/critical-views-of-wikipedia.html —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Pgrieg (talk • contribs) 16:28, 6 December 2006 (UTC).

Faster Payments
Hello,

Thank you for your stub submission. You may wish to note that it is preferable to use a stub template from WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types instead of using simply, if you can.

Thanks! --Vox Causa 23:55, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

Film biography
Hi please see the new Wikiproject proposal at WikiProject Council/Proposals under Actors and Filmmakers. We are aiming to start WikiProject Film biography which will encompas all bio articles related to cinema.

Please see User:Ernst Stavro Blofeld/Film biography page model. It would be great if you could be a part of it Thanks ♦ Sir Blofeld ♦  "I've been expecting you" 19:43, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Rose revert
Ya, I looked at the diff again, it seems you made a mistake. Sorry about that, I tend to get in a hurry when reverting vandalism. I'll take down the warning. Ninja! 22:26, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

Kieran Duffy
Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article Kieran Duffy, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 06:30, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Roll call
If you are actively involved in WikiProject Dallas-Fort Worth, please add your name here. Basketball 110  23:36, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

roque now
Hi, I noticed you edited the roque article. Any chance you're actually a roque player? I've just started the project of restoring a roque court, and wondered if you happened to have any information on where I could find court maintanance tools, balls, mallets... anything, really. — eitch 23:53, 4 September 2008 (UTC)

1541 disc drive image
Hi there. I see you had something to do with the 1541 image on this page - C=64 peripherals. The drive in question has a user mod on the right hand side - any idea what it's for? Could its use be added to the article if interesting enough? Cheers. a_man_alone (talk) 12:10, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Looked at this image a bit closer, and in a blinding flash of obviousity, I think I know what it is - it looks like a switch to allow multiple floppy drives to be used.

 * Normally to allow more than one 1541 drive to be used you would have to cut tracks on the motherboard, but it looks like that switch has been fitted to allow the previous owner some flexibility in which drive he wanted to use. I'm just guessing here, but I think that's why there are the numbers "8" & "9" written on the switch.  IIRC default was 8 and a subsequent drive would then be 9.

 * Entirely up to you, but if you could confirm that (either by hooking it up to a C=64, or opening the case and tracing the switch wiring,) it would make a neat little addition to the article - in fact both the C=64 peripherals and the 1541 pages could benefit.  a_man_alone (talk) 08:59, 16 October 2009 (UTC)

Your user page
I found your old user page while checking out some old edits. I have history merged it, so that all edits are in one place. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 08:04, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

 * You're welcome. I moved the old edits from the titles "User:NathanBeach/old" and "User:NathanBeach/old2" to your main userpage history; the move and deletion logs might look a bit convoluted, but that's basically all I did. Graham 87 00:11, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello NathanBeach! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are tagged as Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. If you were to bring these articles up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 00:29, 16 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Christoph Meckel -
 * 2) Brian Torrey Scott -

Disambiguation link notification for August 25
Hi. When you recently edited Grimhaven, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Glendale (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 11:47, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for July 26
Hi. Thank you for your recent edits. Wikipedia appreciates your help. We noticed though that when you edited List of mandis in Agra, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Mandi (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ* Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

It's OK to remove this message. Also, to stop receiving these messages, follow these opt-out instructions. Thanks, DPL bot (talk) 10:58, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

William English House
Thanks for your note. This is a general National Register project; I've been working for some years at writing and improving articles about NR-listed places (see the subpages of User:Nyttend/Ohio NRHP), and you can find complete lists at National Register of Historic Places listings in Darke County, Ohio and similar pages for other counties in Ohio and other states. Finally, see WikiProject National Register of Historic Places for the relevant wikiproject, of which I'm a member. Nyttend (talk) 02:27, 30 September 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:HaGashashHaHiver.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:HaGashashHaHiver.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:41, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of C-treeACE for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article C-treeACE is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/C-treeACE until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Largoplazo (talk) 22:09, 25 October 2018 (UTC)

File:TexasRichardson mainStreet1950.jpg listed for discussion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:TexasRichardson mainStreet1950.jpg, has been listed at Files for discussion. Please see the to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Wikiacc (¶) 21:38, 19 May 2019 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 16:52, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

Thanks so much, Urhixidur! I haven't been very active lately, this is inspiration to start editing again. --nathanbeach  12:54, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

Your access to AWB may be temporarily removed
Hello NathanBeach! This message is to inform you that due to editing inactivity, your access to AutoWikiBrowser may be temporarily removed. If you do not resume editing within the next week, your username will be removed from the CheckPage. This is purely for routine maintenance and is not indicative of wrongdoing on your part. You may regain access at any time by simply requesting it at WP:PERM/AWB. Thank you! — MusikBot II  talk  17:07, 18 June 2020 (UTC)

Custom signature fix needed
Hi there! You have a custom signature set in your account preferences. Changes to Wikipedia's software have made your current custom signature invalid.

The problem: Your signature contains a syntax error or obsolete HTML tags.

The solutions: You can reset your signature to the default, you can fix your signature, or you can do nothing.

Solution 1: Reset your signature to the default: Solution 2: Fix your custom signature: Solution 3: Do nothing:
 * 1) Find the signature section in the first tab of Special:Preferences.
 * 2) Uncheck the box (☑→☐) that says "Treat the above as wiki markup."
 * 3) Remove anything in the  text box.
 * 4) Click the blue "" button at the bottom of the page.  (Do not click the red "" button, which will reset all of your preference settings, not just the signature.)
 * 1) Find the signature section in the first tab of Special:Preferences.
 * 2) Click the  button next to the error to learn how to fix the error.
 * 3) Update your signature to fix the error.
 * 4) Click Save to update to your newly fixed signature.
 * 1) In accordance with a recent request for comment, all invalid signatures will be changed to the default, which looks like "Example (talk)", one month from now. If you have followed these instructions and still want help, please leave a message at Wikipedia talk:Signatures. Thank you! MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:05, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:NathanBeach


text:
Sparta

Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (Lakedaímōn), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement on the banks of the Eurotas River in the Eurotas valley of Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. Around 650 BC, it rose to become the dominant military land-power in ancient Greece.

Given its military pre-eminence, Sparta was recognized as the leading force of the unified Greek military during the Greco-Persian Wars, in rivalry with the rising naval power of Athens. Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), from which it emerged victorious after the Battle of Aegospotami. The decisive Battle of Leuctra against Thebes in 371 BC ended the Spartan hegemony, although the city-state maintained its political independence until its forced integration into the Achaean League in 192 BC. The city nevertheless recovered much autonomy after the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC and prospered during the Roman Empire, as its antiquarian customs attracted many Roman tourists. However, Sparta was sacked in 396 AD by the Visigothic king Alaric, and underwent a long period of decline, especially in the Middle Ages, when many of its citizens moved to Mystras. Modern Sparta is the capital of the southern Greek region of Laconia and a center for processing citrus and olives.

Sparta was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which were supposedly introduced by the semi-mythical legislator Lycurgus. His laws configured the Spartan society to maximize military proficiency at all costs, focusing all social institutions on military training and physical development. The inhabitants of Sparta were stratified as Spartiates (citizens with full rights), mothakes (free non-Spartiate people descended from Spartans), perioikoi (free non-Spartiates), and helots (state-owned enslaved non-Spartan locals). Spartiate men underwent the rigorous agoge training regimen, and Spartan phalanx brigades were widely considered to be among the best in battle. Spartan women enjoyed considerably more rights than elsewhere in classical antiquity.

Sparta was frequently a subject of fascination in its own day, as well as in Western culture following the revival of classical learning. The admiration of Sparta is known as Laconophilia. Bertrand Russell wrote:"Sparta had a double effect on Greek thought: through the reality, and through the myth.... The reality enabled the Spartans to defeat Athens in war; the myth influenced Plato's political theory, and that of countless subsequent writers.... [The] ideals that it favors had a great part in framing the doctrines of Rousseau, Nietzsche, and National Socialism."

Names

The ancient Greeks used one of three words to refer to the Spartan city-state and its location. First, "Sparta" refers primarily to the main cluster of settlements in the valley of the Eurotas River. The second word, "Lacedaemon" (Λακεδαίμων), was often used as an adjective and is the name referenced in the works of Homer and the historians Herodotus and Thucydides. The third term, "Laconice" (Λακωνική), referred to the immediate area around the town of Sparta, the plateau east of the Taygetos mountains, and sometimes to all the regions under direct Spartan control, including Messenia.

The earliest attested term referring to Lacedaemon is the Mycenaean Greek 𐀨𐀐𐀅𐀖𐀛𐀍, ra-ke-da-mi-ni-jo, "Lakedaimonian", written in Linear B syllabic script, the equivalent of the later Greek Λακεδαιμόνιος, Lakedaimonios (Latin: Lacedaemonius).

Herodotus seems to use "Lacedaemon" for the Mycenaean Greek citadel at Therapne, in contrast to the lower town of Sparta. This term could be used synonymously with Sparta, but typically it denoted the terrain in which the city was located. In Homer it is typically combined with epithets of the countryside: wide, lovely, shining and most often hollow and broken (full of ravines), suggesting the Eurotas Valley. "Sparta" on the other hand is described as "the country of lovely women", an epithet for people.

The residents of Sparta were often called Lacedaemonians. This epithet utilized the plural of the adjective Lacedaemonius (Greek: Λακεδαιμόνιοι; Latin: Lacedaemonii, but also Lacedaemones). The ancients sometimes used a back-formation, referring to the land of Lacedaemon as Lacedaemonian country. As most words for "country" were feminine, the adjective was in the feminine: Lacedaemonia (Λακεδαιμονία, Lakedaimonia). Eventually, the adjective came to be used alone.

"Lacedaemonia" was not in general use during the classical period and before. It does occur in Greek as an equivalent of Laconia and Messenia during the Roman and early Byzantine periods, mostly in ethnographers and lexica of place names. For example, Hesychius of Alexandria's Lexicon (5th century AD) defines Agiadae as a "place in Lacedaemonia" named after Agis. The actual transition may be captured by Isidore of Seville's Etymologiae (7th century AD), an etymological dictionary. Isidore relied heavily on Orosius' Historiarum Adversum Paganos (5th century AD) and Eusebius of Caesarea's Chronicon (early 5th century AD), as did Orosius. The latter defines Sparta to be Lacedaemonia Civitas, but Isidore defines Lacedaemonia as founded by Lacedaemon, son of Semele, which is consistent with Eusebius' explanation. There is a rare use, perhaps the earliest of "Lacedaemonia", in Diodorus Siculus' The Library of History, but probably with Χώρα (‘’chōra’’, "country") suppressed.

Lakedaimona was until 2006 the name of a province in the modern Greek prefecture of Laconia.

Geography

Sparta is located in the region of Laconia, in the south-eastern Peloponnese. Ancient Sparta was built on the banks of the Eurotas, the largest river of Laconia, which provided it with a source of fresh water. The Eurotas valley was a natural fortress, bounded to the west by Mt. Taygetus (2,407 m) and to the east by Mt. Parnon (1,935 m). To the north, Laconia is separated from Arcadia by hilly uplands reaching 1000 m in altitude. These natural defenses worked to Sparta's advantage and protected it from sacking and invasion. Though landlocked, Sparta had a vassal harbor, Gytheio, on the Laconian Gulf.

Mythology
Lacedaemon (Greek: Λακεδαίμων) was a mythical king of Laconia. The son of Zeus by the nymph Taygete, he married Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he became the father of Amyclas, Eurydice, and Asine. As king, he named his country after himself and the city after his wife. He was believed to have built the sanctuary of the Charites, which stood between Sparta and Amyclae, and to have given to those divinities the names of Cleta and Phaenna. A shrine was erected to him in the neighborhood of Therapne.

Tyrtaeus, an archaic era Spartan writer, is the earliest source to connect the origin myth of the Spartans to the lineage of the hero Heracles; later authors, such as Diodorus Siculus, Herodotus, and Apollodorus, also made mention of Spartans understanding themselves to be descendants of Heracles.

Archaeology of the classical period
Thucydides wrote:

"Suppose the city of Sparta to be deserted, and nothing left but the temples and the ground-plan, distant ages would be very unwilling to believe that the power of the Lacedaemonians was at all equal to their fame. Their city is not built continuously, and has no splendid temples or other edifices; it rather resembles a group of villages, like the ancient towns of Hellas, and would therefore make a poor show."

Until the early 20th century, the chief ancient buildings at Sparta were the theatre, of which, however, little showed above ground except portions of the retaining walls; the so-called Tomb of Leonidas, a quadrangular building, perhaps a temple, constructed of immense blocks of stone and containing two chambers; the foundation of an ancient bridge over the Eurotas; the ruins of a circular structure; some remains of late Roman fortifications; several brick buildings and mosaic pavements.

The remaining archaeological wealth consisted of inscriptions, sculptures, and other objects collected in the local museum, founded by Stamatakis in 1872 and enlarged in 1907. Partial excavation of the round building was undertaken in 1892 and 1893 by the American School at Athens. The structure has been since found to be a semicircular retaining wall of Hellenic origin that was partly restored during the Roman period.

In 1904, the British School at Athens began a thorough exploration of Laconia, and in the following year excavations were made at Thalamae, Geronthrae, and Angelona near Monemvasia. In 1906, excavations began in Sparta itself.

A "small circus" (as described by Leake) proved to be a theatre-like building constructed soon after 200 AD around the altar and in front of the Temple of Artemis Orthia. It is believed that musical and gymnastic contests took place here, as well as the famous flogging ordeal administered to Spartan boys (diamastigosis). The temple, which can be dated to the 2nd century BC, rests on the foundation of an older temple of the 6th century, and close beside it were found the remains of a yet earlier temple, dating from the 9th or even the 10th century. The votive offerings in clay, amber, bronze, ivory and lead dating from the 9th to the 4th centuries BC, which were found in great profusion within the precinct range, supply invaluable information about early Spartan art.

In 1907, the location of the sanctuary of Athena "of the Brazen House" (Χαλκίοικος, Chalkioikos) was determined to be on the acropolis immediately above the theatre. Though the actual temple is almost completely destroyed, the site has produced the longest extant archaic inscription in Laconia, numerous bronze nails and plates, and a considerable number of votive offerings. The city-wall, built in successive stages from the 4th to the 2nd century, was traced for a great part of its circuit, which measured 48 stades or nearly 10 km (Polyb. 1X. 21). The late Roman wall enclosing the acropolis, part of which probably dates from the years following the Gothic raid of 262 AD, was also investigated. Besides the actual buildings discovered, a number of points were situated and mapped in a general study of Spartan topography, based upon the description of Pausanias.

In terms of domestic archaeology, little is known about Spartan houses and villages before the Archaic period, but the best evidence comes from excavations at Nichoria in Messenia where postholes have been found. These villages were open and consisted of small and simple houses built with stone foundations and clay walls.

Menelaion
The Menelaion is a shrine associated with Menelaus, located east of Sparta, by the river Eurotas, on the hill Profitis Ilias (Coordinates: 37.0659°N, 22.4536°W). Built around the early 8th century BC, the Spartans believed it had been the former residence of Menelaus. In 1970, the British School in Athens started excavations around the Menelaion in an attempt to locate Mycenaean remains in the area. Among other findings, they uncovered the remains of two Mycenaean mansions and found the first offerings dedicated to Helen and Menelaus. These mansions were destroyed by earthquake and fire, and archaeologists consider them the possible palace of Menelaus himself.

Excavations made from the early 1990s to the present suggest that the area around the Menelaion in the southern part of the Eurotas valley seems to have been the center of Mycenaean Laconia. The Mycenaean settlement was roughly triangular in shape, with its apex pointed towards the north. Its area was approximately equal to that of the "newer" Sparta, but denudation has wreaked havoc with its buildings and nothing is left of its original structures save for ruined foundations and broken potsherds.

Prehistory, "dark age" and archaic period
The prehistory of Sparta is difficult to reconstruct because the literary evidence was written far later than the events it describes and is distorted by oral tradition. The earliest certain evidence of human settlement in the region of Sparta consists of pottery dating from the Middle Neolithic period, found in the vicinity of Kouphovouno some two kilometres (2 km) south-southwest of Sparta.

This civilization seems to have fallen into decline by the late Bronze Age, when, according to Herodotus, Macedonian tribes from the north (called Dorians by those they conquered) marched into the Peloponnese and, subjugating the local tribes, settled there. The Dorians seem to have set about expanding the frontiers of Spartan territory almost before they had established their own state. They fought against the Argive Dorians to the east and southeast, and also the Arcadian Achaeans to the northwest. The evidence suggests that Sparta, relatively inaccessible because of the topography of the Taygetan plain, was secure from early on: it was never fortified.

Nothing distinctive in the archaeology of the Eurotas River Valley identifies the Dorians or the Dorian Spartan state. The prehistory of the Neolithic, the Bronze Age and the Dark Age (the Early Iron Age) at this moment must be treated apart from the stream of Dorian Spartan history.

The legendary period of Spartan history is believed to fall into the Dark Age. It treats the mythic heroes such as the Heraclids and the Perseids, offering a view of the occupation of the Peloponnesus that contains both fantastic and possibly historical elements. The subsequent proto-historic period, combining both legend and historical fragments, offers the first credible history.

Between the 8th and 7th centuries BC the Spartans experienced a period of lawlessness and civil strife, later attested by both Herodotus and Thucydides. As a result, they carried out a series of political and social reforms of their own society which they later attributed to a semi-mythical lawgiver, Lycurgus. Several writers throughout antiquity, including Herodotus, Xenophon, and Plutarch have attempted to explain Spartan exceptionalism as a result of the so-called Lycurgan Reforms.Xenophon, Constitution of the Lacedaimonians, chapter 1

Classical Sparta
In the Second Messenian War, Sparta established itself as a local power in the Peloponnesus and the rest of Greece. During the following centuries, Sparta's reputation as a land-fighting force was unequalled. At its peak around 500 BC, Sparta had some 20,000–35,000 citizens, plus numerous helots and perioikoi. The likely total of 40,000–50,000 made Sparta one of the larger Greek city-states; however, according to Thucydides, the population of Athens in 431 BC was 360,000–610,000, making it much larger.

In 480 BC, a small force led by King Leonidas (about 300 full Spartiates, 700 Thespians, and 400 Thebans, although these numbers were lessened by earlier casualties ) made a legendary last stand at the Battle of Thermopylae against the massive Persian army, led by Xerxes. The Spartans received advance warning of the Persian invasion from their deposed king Demaratus, which prompted them to consult the Delphic oracle. According to Herodotus, the Pythia proclaimed that either one of the kings of Sparta had to die or Sparta would be destroyed. This prophecy was fulfilled after king Leonidas died in the battle. The superior weaponry, strategy, and bronze armour of the Greek hoplites and their phalanx fighting formation again proved their worth one year later when Sparta assembled its full strength and led a Greek alliance against the Persians at the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC.

The decisive Greek victory at Plataea put an end to the Greco-Persian War along with Persian ambitions to expand into Europe. Even though this war was won by a pan-Greek army, credit was given to Sparta, who besides providing the leading forces at Thermopylae and Plataea, had been the de facto leader of the entire Greek expedition.

In 464 BC, a violent earthquake occurred along the Sparta faultline destroying much of what was Sparta and many other city-states in ancient Greece. This earthquake is marked by scholars as one of the key events that led to the First Peloponnesian War.

In later Classical times, Sparta along with Athens, Thebes, and Persia were the main powers fighting for supremacy in the northeastern Mediterranean. In the course of the Peloponnesian War, Sparta, a traditional land power, acquired a navy which managed to overpower the previously dominant flotilla of Athens, ending the Athenian Empire. At the peak of its power in the early 4th century BC, Sparta had subdued many of the main Greek states and even invaded the Persian provinces in Anatolia (modern day Turkey), a period known as the Spartan hegemony.

During the Corinthian War, Sparta faced a coalition of the leading Greek states: Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos. The alliance was initially backed by Persia, which feared further Spartan expansion into Asia. Sparta achieved a series of land victories, but many of her ships were destroyed at the Battle of Cnidus by a Greek-Phoenician mercenary fleet that Persia had provided to Athens. The event severely damaged Sparta's naval power but did not end its aspirations of invading further into Persia, until Conon the Athenian ravaged the Spartan coastline and provoked the old Spartan fear of a helot revolt.

After a few more years of fighting, in 387 BC the Peace of Antalcidas was established, according to which all Greek cities of Ionia would return to Persian control, and Persia's Asian border would be free of the Spartan threat. The effects of the war were to reaffirm Persia's ability to interfere successfully in Greek politics and to affirm Sparta's weakened hegemonic position in the Greek political system. Sparta entered its long-term decline after a severe military defeat to Epaminondas of Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra. This was the first time that a full strength Spartan army lost a land battle.

As Spartan citizenship was inherited by blood, Sparta increasingly faced a helot population that vastly outnumbered its citizens. The alarming decline of Spartan citizens was commented on by Aristotle.

Hellenistic and Roman Sparta
Sparta never fully recovered from its losses at Leuctra in 371 BC and the subsequent helot revolts. In 338, Philip II invaded and devastated much of Laconia, turning the Spartans out, though he did not seize Sparta itself. Even during its decline, Sparta never forgot its claim to be the "defender of Hellenism" and its Laconic wit. An anecdote has it that when Philip II sent a message to Sparta saying "If I invade Laconia, I shall turn you out.", the Spartans responded with the single, terse reply: αἴκα, "if". When Philip created the League of Corinth on the pretext of unifying Greece against Persia, the Spartans chose not to join, since they had no interest in joining a pan-Greek expedition unless it were under Spartan leadership. Thus, upon defeating the Persians at the Battle of the Granicus, Alexander the Great sent to Athens 300 suits of Persian armour with the following inscription: "Alexander, son of Philip, and all the Greeks except the Spartans, give these offerings taken from the foreigners who live in Asia".

Sparta continued to be one of the Peloponesian powers until its eventual loss of independence in 192 BC. During Alexander's campaigns in the east, the Spartan king Agis III sent a force to Crete in 333 BC to secure the island for the Persian interest. Agis next took command of allied Greek forces against Macedon, gaining early successes, before laying siege to Megalopolis in 331 BC. A large Macedonian army under general Antipater marched to its relief and defeated the Spartan-led force in a pitched battle. More than 5,300 of the Spartans and their allies were killed in battle, and 3,500 of Antipater's troops. Agis, now wounded and unable to stand, ordered his men to leave him behind to face the advancing Macedonian army so that he could buy them time to retreat. On his knees, the Spartan king slew several enemy soldiers before being finally killed by a javelin. Alexander was merciful, and he only forced the Spartans to join the League of Corinth, which they had previously refused.

During the Punic Wars, Sparta was an ally of the Roman Republic. Spartan political independence was put to an end when it was eventually forced into the Achaean League after its defeat in the decisive Laconian War by a coalition of other Greek city-states and Rome, and the resultant overthrow of its final king Nabis, in 192 BC. Sparta played no active part in the Achaean War in 146 BC when the Achaean League was defeated by the Roman general Lucius Mummius. Subsequently, Sparta became a free city under Roman rule, some of the institutions of Lycurgus were restored, and the city became a tourist attraction for the Roman elite who came to observe exotic Spartan customs.

In 214 AD, Roman emperor Caracalla, in his preparation for his campaign against Parthia, recruited a 500-man Spartan cohort (lokhos). Herodian described this unit as a phalanx, implying it fought like the old Spartans as hoplites, or even as a Macedonian phalanx. Despite this, a gravestone of a fallen legionary named Marcus Aurelius Alexys shows him lightly armed, with a pilos-like cap and a wooden club. The unit was presumably discharged in 217 after Caracalla was assassinated.

An exchange of letters in the deutero-canonical First Book of Maccabees expresses a Jewish claim to kinship with the Spartans:

Areus king of the Lacedemonians to Onias the high priest, greeting: It is found in writing, that the Lacedemonians and Jews are brethren, and that they are of the stock of Abraham: Now therefore, since this is come to our knowledge, ye shall do well to write unto us of your prosperity. We do write back again to you, that your cattle and goods are ours, and ours are yours.

The letters are reproduced in a variant form by Josephus. Jewish historian Uriel Rappaport notes that the relationship between the Jews and the Spartans expressed in this correspondence has "intrigued many scholars, and various explanations have been suggested for the problems raised ... including the historicity of the Jewish leader and high priest Jonathan's letter to the Spartans, the authenticity of the letter of Arius to Onias, cited in Jonathan's letter, and the supposed 'brotherhood' of the Jews and the Spartans." Rappaport is clear that "the authenticity of [the reply] letter of Arius is based on even less firm foundations than the letter of Jonathan".

Spartans long spurned the idea of building a defensive wall around their city, believing they made the city's men soft in terms of their warrior abilities. A wall was finally erected after 184 BCE, after the peak of the city-state's power had come and gone.

Postclassical and modern Sparta
In 396 AD, Sparta was sacked by Visigoths under Alaric I. According to Byzantine sources, some parts of the Laconian region remained pagan until well into the 10th century. The Tsakonian language still spoken in Tsakonia is the only surviving descendant of the ancient Doric language. In the Middle Ages, the political and cultural center of Laconia shifted to the nearby settlement of Mystras, and Sparta fell further in even local importance. Modern Sparta was re-founded in 1834, by a decree of King Otto of Greece.

Constitution

Sparta was an oligarchy. The state was ruled by two hereditary kings of the Agiad and Eurypontid families, both supposedly descendants of Heracles and equal in authority, so that one could not act against the power and political enactments of his colleague.

The duties of the kings were primarily religious, judicial, and military. As chief priests of the state, they maintained communication with the Delphian sanctuary, whose pronouncements exercised great authority in Spartan politics. In the time of Herodotus c. 450 BC, their judicial functions had been restricted to cases dealing with heiresses (epikleroi), adoptions and the public roads (the meaning of the last term is unclear in Herodotus' text and has been interpreted in a number of ways). Aristotle describes the kingship at Sparta as "a kind of unlimited and perpetual generalship" (Pol. iii. 1285a), while Isocrates refers to the Spartans as "subject to an oligarchy at home, to a kingship on campaign" (iii. 24).

Civil and criminal cases were decided by a group of officials known as the ephors, as well as a council of elders known as the Gerousia. The Gerousia consisted of 28 elders over the age of 60, elected for life and usually part of the royal households, and the two kings. High state decisions were discussed by this council, who could then propose policies to the damos, the collective body of Spartan citizenry, who would select one of the alternatives by vote.

Royal prerogatives were curtailed over time. From the period of the Persian wars, the king lost the right to declare war and was accompanied in the field by two ephors. He was supplanted by the ephors also in the control of foreign policy. Over time, the kings became mere figureheads except in their capacity as generals. Political power was transferred to the ephors and Gerousia.

An assembly of citizens called the Ekklesia was responsible for electing men to the Gerousia for life.

Citizenship
The Spartan education process known as the agoge was essential for full citizenship. However, usually the only boys eligible for the agoge were Spartiates, those who could trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of the city.

There were two exceptions. trophimoi or "foster sons" were foreign students invited to study. The Athenian general Xenophon, for example, sent his two sons to Sparta as trophimoi. Also, the son of a helot could be enrolled as a syntrophos if a Spartiate formally adopted him and paid his way; if he did exceptionally well in training, he might be sponsored to become a Spartiate. Spartans who could not afford to pay the expenses of the agoge could lose their citizenship.

These laws meant that Sparta could not readily replace citizens lost in battle or otherwise, which eventually proved near fatal as citizens became greatly outnumbered by non-citizens, and even more dangerously by helots.

Non citizens
The other classes were the perioikoi, free inhabitants who were non-citizens, and the helots, state-owned serfs. Descendants of non-Spartan citizens were forbidden the agoge.

Helots
The Spartans were a minority of the Lakonian population. The largest class of inhabitants were the helots (in Classical Greek Εἵλωτες / Heílôtes).

The helots were originally free Greeks from the areas of Messenia and Lakonia whom the Spartans had defeated in battle and subsequently enslaved. In contrast to populations conquered by other Greek cities (e.g. the Athenian treatment of Melos), the male population was not exterminated and the women and children turned into chattel slaves. Instead, the helots were given a subordinate position in society more comparable to serfs in medieval Europe than chattel slaves in the rest of Greece. The Spartan helots were not only agricultural workers, but were also household servants, both male and female would be assigned domestic duties, such as wool-working. However, the helots were not the private property of individual Spartan citizens, regardless of their household duties, and were instead owned by the state through the kleros system.

Helots did not have voting or political rights. The Spartan poet Tyrtaios refers to Helots being allowed to marry and retaining 50% of the fruits of their labor. They also seem to have been allowed to practice religious rites and, according to Thucydides, own a limited amount of personal property. Initially, helots couldn't be freed but during the middle Hellenistic period, some 6,000 helots accumulated enough wealth to buy their freedom, for example, in 227 BC.

In other Greek city-states, free citizens were part-time soldiers who, when not at war, carried on other trades. Since Spartan men were full-time soldiers, they were not available to carry out manual labour. The helots were used as unskilled serfs, tilling Spartan land. Helot women were often used as wet nurses. Helots also travelled with the Spartan army as non-combatant serfs. At the last stand of the Battle of Thermopylae, the Greek dead included not just the legendary three hundred Spartan soldiers but also several hundred Thespian and Theban troops and a number of helots.

There was at least one helot revolt (c. 465–460 BC) that led to prolonged conflict. By the tenth year of this war the Spartans and Messenians had reached an agreement in which Messenian rebels were allowed to leave the Peloponnese. They were given safe passage under the terms that they would be re-enslaved if they tried to return. This agreement ended the most serious incursion into Spartan territory since their expansion in the seventh and eighth centuries BC. Thucydides remarked that "Spartan policy is always mainly governed by the necessity of taking precautions against the helots." On the other hand, the Spartans trusted their helots enough in 479 BC to take a force of 35,000 with them to Plataea, something they could not have risked if they feared the helots would attack them or run away. Slave revolts occurred elsewhere in the Greek world, and in 413 BC 20,000 Athenian slaves ran away to join the Spartan forces occupying Attica. What made Sparta's relations with her slave population unique was that the helots, precisely because they enjoyed privileges such as family and property, retained their identity as a conquered people (the Messenians) and also had effective kinship groups that could be used to organize rebellion.

As the Spartiate population declined and the helot population continued to grow, the imbalance of power caused increasing tension. According to Myron of Priene of the middle 3rd century BC:

"They assign to the Helots every shameful task leading to disgrace. For they ordained that each one of them must wear a dogskin cap (κυνῆ / kunễ) and wrap himself in skins (διφθέρα / diphthéra) and receive a stipulated number of beatings every year regardless of any wrongdoing, so that they would never forget they were slaves. Moreover, if any exceeded the vigour proper to a slave's condition, they made death the penalty; and they allotted a punishment to those controlling them if they failed to rebuke those who were growing fat."

Plutarch also states that Spartans treated the helots "harshly and cruelly": they compelled them to drink pure wine (which was considered dangerous – wine usually being cut with water) "...and to lead them in that condition into their public halls, that the children might see what a sight a drunken man is; they made them to dance low dances, and sing ridiculous songs..." during syssitia (obligatory banquets).

Each year when the Ephors took office, they ritually declared war on the helots, allowing Spartans to kill them without risk of ritual pollution. This fight seems to have been carried out by kryptai (sing. κρύπτης kryptēs), graduates of the agoge who took part in the mysterious institution known as the Krypteia. Thucydides states:

"The helots were invited by a proclamation to pick out those of their number who claimed to have most distinguished themselves against the enemy, in order that they might receive their freedom; the object being to test them, as it was thought that the first to claim their freedom would be the most high spirited and the most apt to rebel. As many as two thousand were selected accordingly, who crowned themselves and went round the temples, rejoicing in their new freedom. The Spartans, however, soon afterwards did away with them, and no one ever knew how each of them perished."

Perioikoi
The Perioikoi came from similar origins as the helots but occupied a significantly different position in Spartan society. Although they did not enjoy full citizen-rights, they were free and not subjected to the same restrictions as the helots. The exact nature of their subjection to the Spartans is not clear, but they seem to have served partly as a kind of military reserve, partly as skilled craftsmen and partly as agents of foreign trade. Perioikoic hoplites served increasingly with the Spartan army, explicitly at the Battle of Plataea, and although they may also have fulfilled functions such as the manufacture and repair of armour and weapons, they were increasingly integrated into the combat units of the Spartan army as the Spartiate population declined.

Economy
Full citizen Spartiates were barred by law from trade or manufacture, which consequently rested in the hands of the Perioikoi. This lucrative monopoly, in a fertile territory with a good harbors, ensured the loyalty of the perioikoi. Despite the prohibition on menial labor or trade, there is evidence of Spartan sculptors, and Spartans were certainly poets, magistrates, ambassadors, and governors as well as soldiers.

Allegedly, Spartans were prohibited from possessing gold and silver coins, and according to legend Spartan currency consisted of iron bars to discourage hoarding. It was not until the 260s or 250s BC that Sparta began to mint its own coins. Though the conspicuous display of wealth appears to have been discouraged, this did not preclude the production of very fine decorated bronze, ivory and wooden works of art as well as exquisite jewellery, attested in archaeology.

Allegedly as part of the Lycurgan Reforms in the mid-8th century BC, a massive land reform had divided property into 9,000 equal portions. Each citizen received one estate, a kleros, which was expected to provide his living. The land was worked by helots who retained half the yield. From the other half, the Spartiate was expected to pay his mess (syssitia) fees, and the agoge fees for his children. However, nothing is known of matters of wealth such as how land was bought, sold, and inherited, or whether daughters received dowries. However, from early on there were marked differences of wealth within the state, and these became more serious after the law of Epitadeus some time after the Peloponnesian War, which removed the legal prohibition on the gift or bequest of land. By the mid-5th century, land had become concentrated in the hands of a tiny elite, and the notion that all Spartan citizens were equals had become an empty pretence. By Aristotle's day (384–322 BC) citizenship had been reduced from 9,000 to less than 1,000, then further decreased to 700 at the accession of Agis IV in 244 BC. Attempts were made to remedy this by imposing legal penalties upon bachelors, but this could not reverse the trend.

Birth and death
Sparta was above all a militarist state, and emphasis on military fitness began virtually at birth. According to Plutarch after birth, a mother would bathe her child in wine to see whether the child was strong. If the child survived it was brought before the Gerousia by the child's father. The Gerousia then decided whether it was to be reared or not. It is commonly stated that if they considered it "puny and deformed", the baby was thrown into a chasm on Mount Taygetos known euphemistically as the Apothetae (Gr., ἀποθέται, "Deposits"). This was, in effect, a primitive form of eugenics. Plutarch is the sole historical source for the Spartan practice of systemic infanticide motivated by eugenics. Sparta is often viewed as being unique in this regard, however, anthropologist Laila Williamson notes: "Infanticide has been practiced on every continent and by people on every level of cultural complexity, from hunter gatherers to high civilizations. Rather than being an exception, then, it has been the rule." There is controversy about the matter in Sparta, since excavations in the chasm only uncovered adult remains, likely belonging to criminals and Greek sources contemporary to Sparta does not mention systemic infanticide motivated solely by eugenics.

Spartan burial customs changed over time. The Archaic Spartan poet Tyrtaeus spoke of the Spartan war-dead as follows:

"Never do his [the war-dead's] name and good fame perish, But even though he is beneath the earth he is immortal, Young and old alike mourn him, All the city is distressed by the painful loss, and his tomb and children are pointed out among the people, and his children’s children and his line after them."

When Spartans died, marked headstones would only be granted to soldiers who died in combat during a victorious campaign or women who died either in service of a divine office or in childbirth. These headstones likely acted as memorials, rather than as grave markers. Evidence of Spartan burials is provided by the Tomb of the Lacedaimonians in Athens. Excavations at the cemetery of classical Sparta, uncovered ritually pierced kantharoid-like ceramic vessels, the ritual slaughter of horses, and specific burial enclosures alongside individual 'plots'. Some of the graves were reused over time.

In the Hellenistic Period, grander, two-storey monumental tombs are found at Sparta. Ten of these have been found for this period.

Education

When male Spartans began military training at age seven, they would enter the agoge system. The agoge was designed to encourage discipline and physical toughness and to emphasize the importance of the Spartan state. Boys lived in communal messes and, according to Xenophon, whose sons attended the agoge, the boys were fed "just the right amount for them never to become sluggish through being too full, while also giving them a taste of what it is not to have enough." In addition, they were trained to survive in times of privation, even if it meant stealing. Besides physical and weapons training, boys studied reading, writing, music and dancing. Special punishments were imposed if boys failed to answer questions sufficiently "laconically" (i.e. briefly and wittily).

Spartan boys were expected to take an older male mentor, usually an unmarried young man. According to some sources, the older man was expected to function as a kind of substitute father and role model to his junior partner; however, others believe it was reasonably certain that they had sexual relations (the exact nature of Spartan pederasty is not entirely clear). Xenophon, an admirer of the Spartan educational system whose sons attended the agoge, explicitly denies the sexual nature of the relationship.

Some Spartan youth apparently became members of an irregular unit known as the Krypteia. The immediate objective of this unit was to seek out and kill vulnerable helot Laconians as part of the larger program of terrorising and intimidating the helot population.

Less information is available about the education of Spartan girls, but they seem to have gone through a fairly extensive formal educational cycle, broadly similar to that of the boys but with less emphasis on military training. Spartan girls received an education known as mousikē. This included music, dancing, singing and poetry. Choral dancing was taught so Spartan girls could participate in ritual activities, including the cults of Helen and Artemis. In this respect, classical Sparta was unique in ancient Greece. In no other city-state did women receive any kind of formal education.

Military life

At age 20, the Spartan citizen began his membership in one of the syssitia (dining messes or clubs), composed of about fifteen members each, of which every citizen was required to be a member. Here each group learned how to bond and rely on one another. The Spartans were not eligible for election for public office until the age of 30. Only native Spartans were considered full citizens and were obliged to undergo the training as prescribed by law, as well as participate in and contribute financially to one of the syssitia.

Sparta is thought to be the first city to practice athletic nudity, and some scholars claim that it was also the first to formalize pederasty. According to these sources, the Spartans believed that the love of an older, accomplished aristocrat for an adolescent was essential to his formation as a free citizen. The agoge, the education of the ruling class, was, they claim, founded on pederastic relationships required of each citizen, with the lover responsible for the boy's training.

However, other scholars question this interpretation. Xenophon explicitly denies it, but not Plutarch.

Spartan men remained in the active reserve until age 60. Men were encouraged to marry at age 20 but could not live with their families until they left their active military service at age 30. They called themselves "homoioi" (equals), pointing to their common lifestyle and the discipline of the phalanx, which demanded that no soldier be superior to his comrades. Insofar as hoplite warfare could be perfected, the Spartans did so.

Thucydides reports that when a Spartan man went to war, his wife (or another woman of some significance) would customarily present him with his aspis (shield) and say: "With this, or upon this" (Ἢ τὰν ἢ ἐπὶ τᾶς, Èi tàn èi èpì tàs), meaning that true Spartans could only return to Sparta either victorious (with their shield in hand) or dead (carried upon it). This is almost certainly propaganda. Spartans buried their battle dead on or near the battle field; corpses were not brought back on their shield. Nevertheless, it is fair to say that it was less of a disgrace for a soldier to lose his helmet, breastplate or greaves than his shield, since the former were designed to protect one man, whereas the shield also protected the man on his left. Thus, the shield was symbolic of the individual soldier's subordination to his unit, his integral part in its success, and his solemn responsibility to his comrades in arms – messmates and friends, often close blood relations.

According to Aristotle, the Spartan military culture was actually short-sighted and ineffective. He observed:

"It is the standards of civilized men not of beasts that must be kept in mind, for it is good men not beasts who are capable of real courage. Those like the Spartans who concentrate on the one and ignore the other in their education turn men into machines and in devoting themselves to one single aspect of city's life, end up making them inferior even in that."

One of the most persistent myths about Sparta that has no basis in fact is the notion that Spartan mothers were without feelings toward their off-spring and helped enforce a militaristic lifestyle on their sons and husbands. The myth can be traced back to Plutarch, who includes no less than 17 "sayings" of "Spartan women", all of which paraphrase or elaborate on the theme that Spartan mothers rejected their own offspring if they showed any kind of cowardice. In some of these sayings, mothers revile their sons in insulting language merely for surviving a battle. These sayings purporting to be from Spartan women were far more likely to be of Athenian origin and designed to portray Spartan women as unnatural and so undeserving of pity.

Agriculture, food, and diet
Sparta's agriculture consisted mainly of barley, wine, cheese, grain, and figs. These items were grown locally on each Spartan citizen's kleros and were tended to by helots. Spartan citizens were required to donate a certain amount of what they yielded from their kleros to their syssitia, or mess. These donations to the syssitia were a requirement for every Spartan citizen. All the donated food was then redistributed to feed the Spartan population of that syssitia. The helots who tended to the lands were fed using a portion of what they harvested.

Marriage
Plutarch reports the peculiar customs associated with the Spartan wedding night:

"The custom was to capture women for marriage... The so-called 'bridesmaid' took charge of the captured girl. She first shaved her head to the scalp, then dressed her in a man's cloak and sandals, and laid her down alone on a mattress in the dark. The bridegroom – who was not drunk and thus not impotent, but was sober as always – first had dinner in the messes, then would slip in, undo her belt, lift her and carry her to the bed."

The husband continued to visit his wife in secret for some time after the marriage. These customs, unique to the Spartans, have been interpreted in various ways. One of them decidedly supports the need to disguise the bride as a man in order to help the bridegroom consummate the marriage, so unaccustomed were men to women's looks at the time of their first intercourse. The "abduction" may have served to ward off the evil eye, and the cutting of the wife's hair was perhaps part of a rite of passage that signaled her entrance into a new life.

Political, social, and economic equality
Spartan women, of the citizenry class, enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world. The higher status of females in Spartan society started at birth; unlike Athens, Spartan girls were fed the same food as their brothers. Nor were they confined to their father's house and prevented from exercising or getting fresh air as in Athens, but exercised and even competed in sports. Most important, rather than being married off at the age of 12 or 13, Spartan law forbade the marriage of a girl until she was in her late teens or early 20s. The reasons for delaying marriage were to ensure the birth of healthy children, but the effect was to spare Spartan women the hazards and lasting health damage associated with pregnancy among adolescents. Spartan women, better fed from childhood and fit from exercise, stood a far better chance of reaching old age than their sisters in other Greek cities, where the median age for death was 34.6 years or roughly 10 years below that of men.

Unlike Athenian women who wore heavy, concealing clothes and were rarely seen outside the house, Spartan women wore dresses (peplos) slit up the side to allow freer movement and moved freely about the city, either walking or driving chariots. Girls as well as boys exercised, possibly in the nude, and young women as well as young men may have participated in the Gymnopaedia ("Festival of Nude Youths").

Another practice that was mentioned by many visitors to Sparta was the practice of "wife-sharing". In accordance with the Spartan belief that breeding should be between the most physically fit parents, many older men allowed younger, more fit men, to impregnate their wives. Other unmarried or childless men might even request another man's wife to bear his children if she had previously been a strong child bearer. For this reason many considered Spartan women polygamous or polyandrous. This practice was encouraged in order that women bear as many strong-bodied children as they could. The Spartan population was hard to maintain due to the constant absence and loss of the men in battle and the intense physical inspection of newborns.

Spartan women were also literate and numerate, a rarity in the ancient world. Furthermore, as a result of their education and the fact that they moved freely in society engaging with their fellow (male) citizens, they were notorious for speaking their minds even in public. Plato, in the middle of the fourth century, described women's curriculum in Sparta as consisting of gymnastics and mousike (music and arts). Plato praised Spartan women's ability when it came to philosophical discussion.

Most importantly, Spartan women had economic power because they controlled their own properties, and those of their husbands. It is estimated that in later Classical Sparta, when the male population was in serious decline, women were the sole owners of at least 35% of all land and property in Sparta. The laws regarding a divorce were the same for both men and women. Unlike women in Athens, if a Spartan woman became the heiress of her father because she had no living brothers to inherit (an epikleros), the woman was not required to divorce her current spouse in order to marry her nearest paternal relative.

Historic women
Many women played a significant role in the history of Sparta. Queen Gorgo, heiress to the throne and the wife of Leonidas I, was an influential and well-documented figure. Herodotus records that as a small girl she advised her father Cleomenes to resist a bribe. She was later said to be responsible for decoding a warning that the Persian forces were about to invade Greece; after Spartan generals could not decode a wooden tablet covered in wax, she ordered them to clear the wax, revealing the warning. Plutarch's Moralia contains a collection of "Sayings of Spartan Women", including a laconic quip attributed to Gorgo: when asked by a woman from Attica why Spartan women were the only women in the world who could rule men, she replied "Because we are the only women who are mothers of men". In 396, Cynisca, sister of the Eurypontid king Agesilaos II, became the first woman in Greece to win an Olympic chariot race. She won again in 392, and dedicated two monuments to commemorate her victory, these being an inscription in Sparta and a set of bronze equestrian statues at the Olympic temple of Zeus.

Laconophilia

Laconophilia is love or admiration of Sparta and its culture or constitution. Sparta was subject of considerable admiration in its day, even in rival Athens. In ancient times "Many of the noblest and best of the Athenians always considered the Spartan state nearly as an ideal theory realised in practice." Many Greek philosophers, especially Platonists, would often describe Sparta as an ideal state, strong, brave, and free from the corruptions of commerce and money. The French classicist François Ollier in his 1933 book Le mirage spartiate (The Spartan Mirage) warned that a major scholarly problem is that all surviving accounts of Sparta were by non-Spartans who often excessively idealized their subject. No accounts survive by the Spartans themselves, if such were ever written.

With the revival of classical learning in Renaissance Europe, Laconophilia re-appeared, for example in the writings of Machiavelli. The Elizabethan English constitutionalist John Aylmer compared the mixed government of Tudor England to the Spartan republic, stating that "Lacedemonia [was] the noblest and best city governed that ever was". He commended it as a model for England. The philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau contrasted Sparta favourably with Athens in his Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, arguing that its austere constitution was preferable to the more sophisticated Athenian life. Sparta was also used as a model of austere purity by Revolutionary and Napoleonic France.

A German racist strain of Laconophilia was initiated by Karl Otfried Müller, who linked Spartan ideals to the supposed racial superiority of the Dorians, the ethnic sub-group of the Greeks to which the Spartans belonged. In the 20th century, this developed into Fascist admiration of Spartan ideals. Adolf Hitler praised the Spartans, recommending in 1928 that Germany should imitate them by limiting "the number allowed to live". He added that "The Spartans were once capable of such a wise measure... The subjugation of 350,000 Helots by 6,000 Spartans was only possible because of the racial superiority of the Spartans." The Spartans had created "the first racialist state". Following the invasion of the USSR, Hitler viewed citizens of the USSR as like the helots under the Spartans: "They [the Spartans] came as conquerors, and they took everything", and so should the Germans. A Nazi officer specified that "the Germans would have to assume the position of the Spartiates, while... the Russians were the Helots."

Certain early Zionists, and particularly the founders of Kibbutz movement in Israel, were influenced by Spartan ideals, particularly in education. Tabenkin, a founding father of the Kibbutz movement and the Palmach strikeforce, prescribed that education for warfare "should begin from the nursery", that children should from kindergarten be taken to "spend nights in the mountains and valleys".

In modern times, the adjective "Spartan" means simple, frugal, avoiding luxury and comfort. The term "laconic phrase" describes the very terse and direct speech characteristic of the Spartans.

Sparta also features prominently in modern popular culture, most famously the Battle of Thermopylae (see Battle of Thermopylae in popular culture).

Notable ancient Spartans

 * Agesilaus II – king
 * Agis I – king
 * Agis II – king
 * Chilon – philosopher
 * Chionis (7th century BC) – athlete
 * Clearchus of Sparta – mercenary in the army of the Ten Thousand.
 * Cleomenes I – king
 * Cleomenes III – king and reformer
 * Cynisca (4th century BC) – princess and athlete
 * Gorgo – queen and politician
 * Helen – princess in the Trojan War
 * Leonidas I (c. 520–480 BC) – king, commander at the Battle of Thermopylae
 * Lycurgus (quasi-mythical, century unclear) — lawgiver
 * Lycurgus (king of Sparta) (3rd century BC) — abolished the diarchy
 * Lysander (5th–4th century BC) – general
 * Menelaus – king during the Trojan War
 * Nabis – king
 * Xanthippus of Carthage – Spartan mercenary in the First Punic War

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sparta


text:
User talk:Carey Evans

Hi, Carey. Nice to see a kiwi around to keep the Ozzies in place. Spoilers are an interesting issue (and a divisive one too!) around here. Have a flick around Wikipedia contains spoilers, Twelve Monkeys etc for a rough idea of what the issues are! sjc

Nice to see a New Zealander...your country sounds beautiful based on what I've read from a marvelous author, Essie Summers. --firepink

Hi Carey, as a fellow NZer I've added a Trees of New Zealand page if you feel like adding more articles in the rimu vein. Lisiate 21:20 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)

 * Hi! I'll see when I can find time. You may also see me moving punctuation around and checking spelling. --carey 19:24 Jan 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * Hi Carey - That article's now called List of trees of New Zealand - since it was a list of trees. NZ Trees have their own category now, too! Grutness 09:12, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I gave the Weta and Morepork articles some loving if you're interested :) ---

Phonetic symbols not rendering
Hi Carey, In the changes you recently made to the NZ English article, some of the new phonetic symbols are not rendering properly. They are just rectangles. It only seems to occur with the symbols you recently changed. The schwa symbol renders OK. Bkonrad 14:01, 27 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Maori
Greetings, Carey, fellow-Kiwi. I see not much activity from you in recent months (unless it continues anonymously). I've an idea I recently commented favourably on something you had done, but I can't put a finger on it. Anyway, with your obvious knowledge of things concerning our tangata whenua, maybe a look at the fledgling Maori Wikipedia may inspire something! Kind regards - Robin Patterson 00:28, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Searching: "Search Wikipedia from a sidebar tab"
I removed the above section you wrote; please see the Wikipedia_talk:Searching page for details. JesseW 02:11, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Hi from a flying Brookie
Brookie flying by from England reviewing user pages and saying hello - no cool photo of you though - Brookie 22:32, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Auckland meetup
Just to let you know that a meetup is planned in Auckland for the 25th of June (see Meetup/Auckland for more details), and that you are cordially invited. GeorgeStepanek\talk 00:21, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

MfD nomination of Wikipedians/New Zealand
Wikipedians/New Zealand, a page you created, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Wikipedians/New Zealand and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Wikipedians/New Zealand during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. After Midnight 0001 12:25, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Your user page
Hi Carey, I found your user and user talk pages while doing some wikiarchaeology. . I have restored all of their earliest surviving revisions from old copies of the Wikipedia database, so they are available to everyone now. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 09:01, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 16:42, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

Invitation to an in-person meetup in Mohua / Golden Bay
Thinking about your summer break? Think about joining other Wikipedians and Wikimedians in Golden Bay / Mohua! Details are on the meetup page. There's heaps of interesting stuff to work on e.g. the oldest extant waka or New Zealand's oldest ongoing legal case. Or you may spend your time taking photos and then upload them.

Golden Bay is hard to get to and the airline flying into Tākaka uses small planes, so we are holding some seats from and to Wellington and we are offering attendees a $200 travel subsidy to help with costs.

Be in touch with Schwede66 if this event interests you and you'd like to discuss logistics.  Schwede 66  09:14, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Carey Evans


text:
User:Marj Tiefert

Marj Tiefert is a scientific editor, technical writer, and website maker who is interested in lots of other things also.

Wikipedia contributions

 * added items to years from 1770 to 1834 from the S. T. Coleridge time line, which I had compiled from various sources
 * page on Samuel Taylor Coleridge, philosopher-poet in a mist
 * started pages relating to arid-zone agriculture:
 * arid-zone agriculture
 * biosalinity
 * halotolerance
 * halophyte
 * irrigation
 * xeriscaping
 * added to Dayton, Ohio - I'm originally a fourth-generation Daytonian, and my grandfather had his bike fixed by the Wright brothers when he was a kid and as a young engineer worked with Charles F. Kettering and later for John H. Patterson at NCR - but I don't live there any more (they have real winters there!)
 * occasional editing of a random page or something else that catches my interest, mainly in biochemistry, chemistry, biotechnology, etc., but not always

contributions to the Internet

 * Samuel Taylor Coleridge Archive - I put this site together back in 1994 or so, when I needed to learn HTML and emacs and had just (re)discovered Coleridge
 * Supplement to the STC Archive - where I keep Coleridge's Internet connections up to date
 * Marj's Place - a website that includes both techie and liberal-arts type stuff, as well as Mediterranean gardening information
 * Tiefert Family Website - a fun-to-do family site with links to more of my websites

title: User:Marj Tiefert


text:
User talk:Luis Oliveira

How do I delete my old page?

I don't know, but if other pages link to it, you may want to redirect it to your new page instead of deleting it. -- user:Marj Tiefert —Preceding undated comment added 15:51, 25 February 2002.

Portal de Portugal
Já abriu o Portal de Portugal na Wikipedia! Junta-te a nós para trabalharmos em prol de artigos, listas e imagens relacionadas com Portugal. No portal, encontrarás um artigo geral, um artigo biográfico, um artigo geográfico e uma imagem todas as semanas em destaque. Para além disso estão apresentadas também secções de Notícias, Curiosidades, Listas, Citações, Opentasks, informação sobre artigos recentes, etc. Futuramente teremos um WikiProject para geografia de Portugal (de modo a estandardizar todos os artigos relativos às localidades e divisões administrativas portuguesas), história de Portugal, biografias, e possivelmente desporto. Também temos em vista a criação de uma Colaboração Semanal para artigos sobre Portugal. Por isto, e tudo mais, pedimos-te que venhas ajudar-nos. Estamos também à procura de colaboradores, por isso, se estiveres interessado, é só pedires que já estás no grupo de manutenção do portal. Saudações! Gameiro 20:01, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

o_o Hmm.. Pyoro 17:13, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Your user page
I found your old user page while checking out some old edits. I have history merged it, so that all edits are in one place. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 14:05, 1 June 2010 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 16:38, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Luis Oliveira


text:
User:General Wesc

Hi, I'm General Wesc and you're not. Neener neener!

History
I was born on 1982 20 May in Washington, North Carolina. Then I went to Chocowinity, North Carolina and later Austin, Texas. Now I'm in South Bend, Indiana.

I was Homeschooled (Unschooling, specifically) up to college and then majored in [computer science] and philosophy at East Carolina University. I did AmeriCorps in Austin, Texas, then worked at a school at the same place, and now I do computery stuff at a startup.

I was on E1 and E2 for about two years before coming to Wikipedia, and I was in the first group of civilian editors. I've ported some of my writeups here, but most of my stuff there sucked, and doesn't really have a Wikipedia tone.

Contact Information

 * Email: enwp@lucamasters.com
 * Homepage: https://lucamasters.com/
 * Luca Kaceem Butler Masters
 * 1744 Kessler Blvd.
 * South Bend IN 46616

List of converts

 * Tem42 (My older brother; He wants me to copy his E2 writeups here because he's too lazy)
 * Uyanga (A sparkling gem on my Wikirecord)
 * Miciah (My younger brother)
 * Eurleif

Wiki Activity
Far too little.

I'm particularly interested in Middle-earth and Star Trek content (useful stuff) and so have created a List of Middle-earth articles to help me, though it's since become somewhat obsolete with all the nice lists and categories that have arisen.

Contribution License
I'd probably be willing to release most everything I've done into the public domain (feel free to ask), but for now, I'll just say this--at the RamBot's request:

da:Bruger:Luca Masters de:Benutzer:Luca Masters es:Usuario:Luca Masters eo:Vikipediisto:Luca Masters fr:Utilisateur:Luca Masters nl:Gebruiker:Luca Masters pl:Wikipedysta:Luca Masters sv:Användare:Luca Masters

title: User:General Wesc


text:
User:JHK

And it looks like I may be playing a bit again, in a different way.

JHK is still not playing, but lurks occasionally, when correcting student essays gets to be a drain. People who know her know how to find her ...

The manifesto on leaving, which remains pretty valid. Every time I come back, it's the same old stuff, the same old tired people trying to push their agenda ...

Folks, it's been a blast, but I'm too tired to play anymore. I've worked very hard to master my craft and have objective opinions that I'm good at it, so I don't need the wikipedia for validation. I enjoyed being here because I felt I was part of a community with a common goal, working with (mostly) other fun, friendly, intelligent people. Even people with whom I have had major differences, like Ed have become congenial colleagues, and I thought there was an atmosphere here of mutual respect. Over the past few days this seems to have changed. I feel that my integrity has been questioned by a group of people who refuse to provide even the least amount of information about themselves. If it's not any fun, and the dread of finding out what the next day brings is much more evident than any emotional or intellectual reward, I see no reason to spend my time here.

Much discussion has taken place of late on the Wikipedia mailing list on how to attract more experts. I think Ortolan88 is correct that experts are not necessary -- only intelligent, well-educated (even to a good high school level) people who can write well. I would take it a step further. Because the wikipedia is open to all comers, experts are not really welcome except by the few who are both open to constructive criticism and secure in their own abilities. As the wikipedia has grown, I have seen more and more people without those qualities take their places among us. I had hoped that the wikipedia would be a successful project and would avoid sinking to the demands of the lowest common denominator, instead becoming an up-to-date, useful online resource I could recommend to my students. It may eventually be so, but I think it will take a while and may not happen unless guidelines for contributions and behavior actually become enforceable standards. Not that I believe in excessive force, but at present there is no real mechanism for dealing with people who consistently contribute badly written articles or behave in an anti-social manner. Perhaps that will happen eventually, and that time may coincide with a point where I once again have time to give to such an ambitious and (I believe) worthy project. I hope so. Until then, those of you who want to find me know how. I'll be happy to answer questions by e-mail. Hasta, ciao, salud, and tschüss. Jules

Bon voyage, and I hope you find yourself back here again sometime--you don't need the project, but it may need you. Vicki Rosenzweig

I hope to "see" you again too. Best, --KQ

Damn - the project will miss you greatly and this place will not be the same without you. I do hope you can come back soon. There really does need to be minimum standards here as you say and I will work toward making these policy. Maybe then you can return -- I just hope the sublte revionists don't take control before then. Good luck and I wish you well.--mav

I'm sorry to see you go, Julie. You'll be sorely missed. --Stephen Gilbert

Some days I get so angry at the whole idea of Wikipedia. This is one of them and this is why. All the best, Ortolan88.

It is understandably a sad day for the rest of us to see you go away, but the wearing nature of some disputes demands rest, and that too is understandable. I will continue to harbour the quiet hope that your name will again appear on Recent changes. At 59 I should have learned long ago to cast aside idealism, in the way one casts aside the toys from childhood. There is much to be said in favour of the Wikipedia project, but there are still things that happen here that reflect problems with a much wider scope. I truly believe that many people have difficulties grasping that real NPOV is not a question of your NPOV versus my NPOV. See ya! Eclecticology

I just want to offer my thanks for all your help and support for the project. I've learned so much from your work here, and it is very sad for me to see you silenced in some way by people who lack your training, knowledge, integrity, and patience. I hope you reconsider, and I hope to see you here again very soon. Danny

This is a real loss to the project. But you have to take care of yourself, I know. I truly hope you will come back -- in a few weeks, or months. Good luck. Slrubenstein

It is a sad day to see you leaving us but staying away from some frustrating disputes is understandable. Sincerely hope to see you rejoining the project soon. All the best. KT2

Well, do as you must. Just know that as far as I am concerned you are welcome back anytime. user:Christopher Mahan

I just read somewhere that you too went to UCSB, came here to chat you up a bit, and now this! It's a pity, you did so much for the project. Could you do one more thing? Send historian #3 for us to wear down. :-) AxelBoldt

You know the meaning of "quality", and how much it is important for us. We too. Arrivederci a presto. ;-) Gianfranco p.s.: non prevalebunt!

Well, this is very belated, but I've been spending a few days here again and I have to say I understand where you're coming from. I think we all have to learn more kindness and humility if this project is going to succeed. Then, hopefully, we'll be able to get you back. --Larry Sanger

Welcome back, Julie! Space Cadet 01:28, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

TO Do List

 * Danzig
 * Holy Roman Empire
 * Franks
 * Baltic
 * Carolingians
 * Barbarian
 * Merovingians
 * Roman Emperors (help add material!)
 * Historiography
 * Charlemagne
 * Arnulf of Metz
 * Arnulf of Carinthia
 * Hanseatic League
 * League of Schmalkald or Schmalkaldic League?

title: User:JHK


text:
User:WojPob

 Wikipedia barcode

XMPP: wojpob@jabber.org

donated images

cut'n'paste text for images and such:  Title Image description

whoa. my new user page...

Wojtek (pronounced voytech - rhymes with hitech:-) Pobratyn -- a Wikipedian since January 2001.

ICQ UIN#: 97360108

Also a MSc student at the Vienna University Of Economics and Business Administration. He's got a huge amount of time to spare.

He also likes to write about himself in the third person.

How I became a Wikipedian

WojPob sometimes showes up as 137.208.107.xxx

contact: wojtek at pobratyn dot net <-- for emergencies:-)

website -- WojPob HQ -- rogue monkey's weblog -- my contibs -- eastern snapshot

Pages I sort of care about:

Nazi Germany and WWII Eva Braun Albert Speer Erwin Rommel Adolf Eichmann Reinhard Heydrich Nuremberg Trials SS -- SA -- Waffen-SS -- Nazi Germany/Organisations -- NSDAP Kriegsmarine -- U-Boot Guernica -- Spanish Civil War -- Francisco Franco Holocaust -- Wannsee conference

Economics, trade Central bank -- money -- Monetarism Market forms -- fiscal policy -- tax trade -- barter -- privatization -- nationalization

Other The Residents -- Metallica Poland -- Warsaw -- History of Poland -- Vistula -- Urzad Ochrony Panstwa Austria -- Vienna Pol Pot -- Andrei Nicholayvich Tupolev opium -- opiates -- FOLDOC

 * User:WojPob/wikibrowser

Comments and stuff written by others:-)

''Hey, if you know PHP, we would love to have your input on the Nupedia software. :-)''

Wow, Wojtek, that's some awesome Ascii Art on your homepage. I fear you now. ;-) --Jimbo Wales

nice to meet people with common interests no need to agree - would be boring ;-} - user:Mathijs

Rowniez pozdrawiam. Wikipedia to swietna zabawa. ;-) Greetings. Wikipedia is great fun. Krzysztof P. Jasiutowicz Hope to contribute more in Medicine section.

Pozdrowienia od Tawa

Czy wiesz ze pwostala polska wikipedia ? moze zechcesz nas wspomoc ??? Prosimy o pomoc. [Polska wikipedia] user:Kpjas

I came across your name and it sounded more or less familiar. Funny to see that we share at least one compulsive habit. Also funny to see that your loyalty to Metallica seems timeless haha:). Greets. Mike Dam (St. Paul's)user:MFD

title: User:WojPob


text:
User:Sodium

Sodium is me. I am 25, English and a doctor working in London.

title: User:Sodium


text:
User:Dreamyshade

I'm Britta Gustafson. I have a website with some projects. I also started a LocalWiki for Isla Vista, CA, part of a separate wiki system that encourages documenting non-notable local topics.

I've been editing Wikipedia since October 2001. In January 2016 I gave a short talk explaining why people should learn more about Wikipedia's history, and you can watch it. There's a community profile about me on the Wikimedia blog, and I contributed to a history of Wikipedia at 20 years old.

Ask me for help with Bay Area editing events
I like helping with editathon events in the San Francisco Bay Area or virtual, especially ones that work to counter Wikipedia's systemic bias. If you're organizing one, post on my talk page or email me! I can do things like: I do this work for free for institutions/organizations/groups that have tiny budgets, like public libraries.
 * Plan how to set up and manage a Zoom-based workshop — see my videocall editathon checklist. I can also set up outdoor Commons photowalks.
 * Promote of the event to SF-area Wikipedians — for example, emailing the Wikimedia-SF mailing list and creating a geonotice.
 * Set up a Wikipedia meetup page and Outreach dashboard page to help track attendees and outcomes. Example meetup pages: Black Campus Movement @ Oakland Public Library, May 2021, Art+Feminism SFMOMA March 2021.
 * Prepare a list of articles to edit, expand, and create, to help people get started. Example topic lists I've created about areas I'm interested in:
 * Healthcare projects
 * Tattoo history project
 * Tech culture project
 * Anti-circumvention article project
 * Give a "secret rules of Wikipedia editing" intro presentation (PDF). You are also welcome to reuse this and give it yourself.
 * Mentor new editors by answering their questions and helping them find interesting things to edit.
 * If in person: I can create accounts for new editors at events to bypass the limit on number of accounts created per IP per day (I have the event coordinator permission).

Articles
Some topics where I wrote an initial version:

 * 2001-2002: I started editing Wikipedia because there wasn't an article for harp. I made one! There weren't many articles back then, so I also made assorted new entries such as Pablo Neruda, Alien and Sedition Acts, and driftwood. This was back when creating an encyclopedia from scratch felt more like a lark than an achievable concept, so why not create a bunch of articles with whatever you learned from your homework.
 * 2004: Shrine Auditorium, a landmark in my hometown
 * 2006: Joel Sternfeld, a photographer whose work I appreciated
 * 2007: Derek McCulloch (comics), the author of an interesting graphic novel about Stagger Lee and American music history
 * 2012: Pinboard (website), the independent successor to a website I used to work for
 * 2014: Outreachy, a program that supports underrepresented people interested in working on open source software
 * 2017: Another editor started Hodgkins and Skubic House (a Modernist house designed for a lesbian couple in 1967) based on my LocalWiki article
 * 2022: Afro-American Association (a gap in coverage of the Black Power movement) and Amund Dietzel (a gap in coverage of tattoo history)
 * 2023: Weston Havens House, a Modernist house designed for a gay man in 1940

Draft: Trans Lifeline sources.

Photos
I like documenting local historic buildings and landmarks, so I've contributed photos to Historic-Cultural Monuments in Eagle Rock, Los Angeles, San Francisco Designated Landmarks, and List of Oakland Designated Landmarks. I'm also a judge for Wiki Loves Monuments in the United States.

Some photos I've taken:

title: User:Dreamyshade