text:
Talk:Transcendental Meditation

State of the research
I'm adding this so we can begin to look at potential updates to the research on TM. I had requested above we not make changes until Doc James is back on Wikipedia or 6 months to give him a chance to be part of this. I can't enforce this of course, but I am complying with this and hope others will too. I can add results from newer research if wanted.

Problematic sources

•Transcendental meditation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2017)

Louise HartleyAngelique MavrodarisNadine FlowersEdzard ErnstKaren Ree

Withdrawn From the review. This Cochrane Review has been superseded. See 'Meditation for the prevention and management of heart disease'. The editorial group responsible for this previously published document have withdrawn it from publication.

•Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders (2006)

T Krisanaprakornkit 1, W Krisanaprakornkit, N Piyavhatkul, M Laopaiboon•"

Limited to two studies and only one on TM (Review of one primary study). Authors consider the review limited in scope/more research needed.

• '''Meditation practices for health: state of the research. (2007)'''

Maria B Ospina, Kenneth Bond, Mohammad Karkhaneh, Lisa Tjosvold, Ben Vandermeer, Yuanyuan Liang, Liza Bialy, Nicola Hooton, Nina Buscemi, Donna M Dryden, and Terry P Klassen

Archived Archived for historical reference only

More recent review/clinical updates

•Transcendental meditation for lowering blood pressure: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (2017)

SooLiang Ooi, Melissa Giovino, Sok Cheon Pak

•First-line Psychotherapies for Military-Related PTSD (2020) /Clinical update (2020)

Maria M. Steenkamp, PhD1; Brett T. Litz, PhD2,3; Charles R. Marmar, MD4

Clarifying what the source says
In the article which I edited:''The authors' analysis of a subset of these studies, those that studied specific categories of outcome, found that TM might perform better in reducing negative emotions, trait anxiety, and neuroticism and improving markers of learning, memory, and self-actualization, but perform more poorly in reducing negative personality traits, reducing stress, improving attention and mindfulness and cognition, in comparison with other meditation approaches. ''

The source says: ''A thorough comparison of the three kinds of meditation was difficult, due in part to the small number of studies that used a given category of dependent measure. Again, we only included results that could be calculated from at least three studies. On the basis of these data...there might indeed be differential effects. Comparatively strong effects for TM...were found in reducing negative emotions, trait anxiety, and neuroticism and being helpful in learning and memory and in self-realization...For mindfulness meditation, such comparatively strong effects were identified in reducing negative personality traits, reducing stress, and improving attention and mindfulness...(other meditation techniques) yielded a comparatively large effect in the category of cognition...TM yielded noticeably larger effects than mindfulness meditation for the categories negative emotions, neuroticism, trait anxiety, learning and memory, and self-realization. The opposite results were found for negative personality traits and self-concept, where the effects of mindfulness meditation were larger...For most of the specific categories that could be analyzed, we found quite a variation in effects. These results indicate that different approaches to meditation might have differential effects. To date, it is difficult, however, to deduce any consistent differences therefrom''

...found that TM might perform better in reducing negative emotions, trait anxiety, and neuroticism and improving markers of learning, memory, and self-actualization, but perform more poorly in reducing negative personality traits, reducing stress, improving attention and mindfulness and cognition, in comparison with other meditation approaches is not what the source says. See bold.

The source compares TM in this instance specifically to Mindfulness meditation not other meditation approaches See bold.

When using scientific sources I think we have to be very accurate in terms of language- to follow the source accurately. I don't think we can extrapolate. Littleolive oil (talk) 22:32, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

 * If you read the source in full you will see the comparison they make is to two other categories: mindfulness meditation, and a heterogenous group of all other techniques. The performance is comparative to all these other groups. No extrapolation here; just relating what’s in the source. While using sources we should reflect what they report: not do so while trying to add whatever positive spin for TM that we can think up. Cambial — foliar❧ 05:49, 15 December 2023 (UTC)

 * The content states a very specific comparison to Mindfulness Meditation.

 * TM yielded noticeably larger effects than mindfulness meditation for the categories negative emotions, neuroticism, trait anxiety, learning and memory, and self-realization. The opposite results were found for negative personality traits and self-concept, where the effects of mindfulness meditation were larger,...

 * Not sure why you insist this is a positive spin on anything. TM seems, according to the source, to be stronger in some areas while Mindfulness is, in others, but this isn't a positive spin on Mindfulness? While "more poorly" is actually accurate grammatically it is very awkward sounding so it could be changed. No interest in this kind of accusatory discussion so will not contest your changes further.Littleolive oil (talk) 02:47, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * And by the way you and BonCourage are adding inaccurate content. I wonder why. Your choice, I won't fight either of you on this kind of editing. Littleolive oil (talk) 03:52, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Don't think I 'added' anything, just made a citation of a Cochrane source respect WP:V. That's what the source says right? Bon courage (talk) 03:54, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

Could you point to the content
Could anyone point to the section of the review that specifically indicates this edit:

"There is no good evidence TM is of any use for reducing anxiety."

The review, author-conclusions states,"The small number of studies included in this review do not permit any conclusions to be drawn on the effectiveness of meditation therapy for anxiety disorders. Transcendental meditation is comparable with other kinds of relaxation therapies in reducing anxiety,...

I see two conclusions in reference to TM: One, that a small number of studies doesn't indicate conclusions for mediation therapy in general. And two, that TM compares to other kinds of relaxation therapies.

We could say," A 2006 review indicates no conclusions could be drawn on meditation as therapy, including TM, because of too few studies investigated.

The date is pertinent as is the reason the review cannot draw conclusions.

I'd note per MEDRS,WP:MEDDATE that this source, at 2006, is outdated. There are more recent, pertinent, MEDRS compliant sources than a source that is 18 years old, with two studies and only one that pertains to the topic of this article, and that states, no conclusions could be drawn.

There is no evidence, per this review, that the small number of studies reviewed can lead to evidence that meditation therapy is effective in anxiety reduction. The review does not say is of no use. That is an extrapolation, and not accurate per the review we are looking at.

Littleolive oil (talk) 16:51, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

 * If the source says evidence does "not permit any conclusions to be drawn" that equates to "no good evidence" (in part because the default assumption is 'no effect'). Per WP:MEDSAY it's best not to include the gubbins about what the document type is. Cochrane reviews are exempt from WP:MEDDATE because the assumption is they update when the underlying evidence changes; this is set out in WP:MEDRS. Bon courage (talk) 16:58, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree and have updated the article to reflect this. Littleolive oil (talk) 17:14, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Add: per your comment on Cochrane: There is much research now on meditation techniques that indicate reduction of anxiety. This review is poor in terms of the reviews and also in date. Maybe take look at the state of the research in meditation techniques. A lot has changed in almost 20 years. The same is true of anything we might call Fringe. What was fringe 20 years ago may now be mainstream. That's the nature of science and research. Salk research on the polio vaccines would by our standards have been considered Fringe at one time, but now with research is no longer so. Littleolive oil (talk) 17:23, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Really? This is a page specifically about Transcendental Meditation. From a quick look the research scene is moribund (mindfulness is the new kid on the block). Which are the WP:BESTSOURCES on TM and anxiety? Bon courage (talk) 17:30, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

 * I suggest you look deeper. And if you're in a looking mood you might want to check the Mindfulness article, a conglomerate of mindfulness related content rather than anything clearly delineated. The Effects of Meditation article is wracked with non- MEDRS sources and is clearly a mindfulness-dominated, POV article. I don't edit Wikipedia much anymore. Too Busy. And I don't try try to add new content or update this article in terms of research. There is a point where the fight isn't worth it. There is research being done on many meditation techniques from what I've seen. New kid might be a red flag, though; how much is MEDRS compliant? I am busy again for quite a while but I'll see about adding content on the state of the research on this article topic. It's not a competition. Meditation has become mainstream and there has to be room to accurately describe any  forms that have  verifiable, reliable sources. Littleolive oil (talk) 17:54, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Also: Health effects section is organized to indicate the history of the research given this meditation has a relatively long history in research and the article follows that history. So the date of the Cochran review should be added back in. Right now there’s a bit of a gaping hole where research date was removed. Littleolive oil (talk) 19:28, 16 December 2023 (UTC)

Reversion of date with out summary comment
Bon Courage. You've reverted with out any reason given. As I said here, the section is organized by date. You've removed the date. We do have another option. The review we are discussing has only one study on TM. Th authors conclude that with only that one study and whatever issues that study had no conclusions could be drawn. So per our own MEDRS guidelines this isn't a legitimate review since we are looking for replicated results. The whole thing should probably be removed. Further and again the review itself is outdated.

I have to wonder why you're insistent in removing the date and ignoring context. I refuse to get into some weird edit warring situation so if you honestly and with out bias feel it is appropriate to exclude the date when information has been ordered historically and since you also seem to have no reason to make that deletion I will leave the edit. I can't argue with what is illogical. If you do have a bias do you really think our readers are stupid enough to wonder about the bald statement now in the article which makes no logical sense. Littleolive oil (talk) 21:24, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

 * See above where I put "Cochrane reviews are exempt from WP:MEDDATE because the assumption is they update when the underlying evidence changes". So the assumption is what Cochrane says is current. I'd suggest you actually engage with points made. The rest of that section needs to be made compliant with WP:MEDSAY too. If you think that Cochrane rewiews are "not legitimate" that is not something Wikipedia can fix. Bon courage (talk) 21:47, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Ah well. You've sidestepped the points I made-red herring. You reverted the date of the review with out reason- no real edit summary given. And noting the information is not describing the source; this is supposedly a reliable source and this is just content. You've twisted WP:MEDSAY. Why are you afraid of adding a date? You've decided the research is moribund. I'm sure it is in this article because editors trot along and remove whatever doesn't suit their positions as you have done. You've worded the review inaccurately. I have no problem with adding whatever the review says but I do have problems with what appears to be illogical at best and biased at worst reading of the review. I'm no stranger to this kind of argument, and I know the only way too deal with it is to walk away. Should I add more research of which there is quite a bit, as the research on all forms of meditation increases yearly when this is what one deals with? You win! I don't deal with bullying or arguments that sidestep the issues. There's no point. Littleolive oil (talk) 22:00, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Olive, it is really impossible to respond meaningfully to that. Bon courage (talk) 06:56, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

Note: Cochrane is not the only reliable;e source. Littleolive oil (talk) 00:00, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

 * What, for TM & anxiety specifically? It's not obvious that's the case. Bon courage (talk) 06:57, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not sire what point you're making?

 * You're probably right. I really don't want to be here haggling over this article again. So my responses may not be complete. As perspective. I am a strict, maybe rigid, supporter of MEDRS. So, the subtle implication that I am supporting bias is frustrating. This article is not moribund, it's stable after years of contention. Let's see if I can make my position clear, as apparently I haven't. My perceptions.

The source in question is poor per MEDRS. It includes 2 studies, only one is about TM. MEDRS is meant to protect the reader from "Fringe" information- information that may with time become mainstream, but not now. As long as we have physicians who use Wikipedia for diagnosis( I'd head for the door if my physician did this), we have a responsibility to include only replicated studies/information. This review, such as it is, is not showing replicated information.

The source very clearly says,"The small number of studies included in this review do not permit any conclusions to be drawn on the effectiveness of meditation therapy for anxiety disorders. Transcendental meditation is comparable with other kinds of relaxation therapies in reducing anxiety,..." the source does not make an overarching statement about anxiety and TM. This article is, however, making an over arching statement; we are misrepresenting the source in part by deliberately excluding context: The small number of studies does not allow any conclusions to be drawn. TM is comparable....

The section has been organized by date. WP:MEDSAY does not forbid basic information about the source being used. Using WP:MEDSAY as some kind of edit summary seems disingenuous to me. There is implied consensus in a years long stable article that you ignored in favor of your own edit leaving a bald, dateless inaccurate statement.

The MEDRS position would be to remove the source. There is no replication, and there was not enough information to draw any conclusions.

Finally, as an experienced editor you know that the only way I can deal further with this issue is to edit war and to enter the morass that follows that kind of contention. I attempted to compromise by agreeing with an edit you made, whether I bought the argument or not, but you went further with out agreement. I either walk away or am forced into an edit war. Is there frustration at being forced into such a position. Yes. But I don't care enough to engage in that kind of mess.

The article as it stands now is weaker than it was, if MEDRS is a legitimate standard. I think it is. Littleolive oil (talk) 17:48, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Finally, as an experienced editor you know that the only way I can deal further with this issue is to edit war ← not at all, you could raise a query at WT:MED. But if you are going to argue that a Cochrane review is poor or fringe you'd better have a strong case! It is hallmark of good systematic reviews that they exclude poor sources; poor reviews tend to include all sorts of crap. But surely the main point is that this is the ONLY review of TM/Anxiety in existence. Unless you know of others? Bon courage (talk) 18:28, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

 * You've sidestepped once again: Why did you remove a date? And, the content you support does not faithfully reflect the source.
 * No one suggested Cochrane in and of itself is not reliable. No source is valuable to us unless it specifically supports specific content and complies with our standards.
 * No one suggested the review is fringe.
 * I don't have to go to a notice board to know the content you are supporting does not reflect the source. Further NB are often a time sink, and the positions raised there are not binding on any article. Often they are a waste of time, of which I have little, in part because they are not binding
 * For starters, please look at the rest of the reviews in the section for TM and anxiety.
 * I've done what I can do here. Best wishes. Littleolive oil (talk) 16:39, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * A date is only needed if the information is time-bound in some way. Has the view on TM/Anxiety changed? Per WP:MEDSAY we should just deliver the knowledge payload without needless detail. The conclusion of the review says "The small number of studies included in this review do not permit any conclusions to be drawn on the effectiveness of meditation therapy for anxiety disorders" which we summarize well (i.e. no good evidence to support). As to other sources: good tip. That Goyal source is comparatively recent (2014), but was badly mis-summarized. Bon courage (talk) 16:57, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

Maharishi effect
"The square root of 1%" is 10%. I'm not sure what 0.00016% is in relation to 1%, but it's not the square root. 2600:1700:37E0:6890:7CCA:BDEB:A173:B2C8 (talk) 18:36, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * What they mean is: the square root of (one per cent (1%) of the population), not (the square root of one per cent (1%)) of the population. --Hob Gadling (talk) 06:02, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I've rewritten that part of the article, omitting the 0.00016%. It appears that the global population was ~4 billion in 1974, 1% of that is 40 million, and √(40 million) is 6324.5553 (0.000158% of 4 billion) 🔥HOTm̵̟͆e̷̜̓s̵̼̊s̸̜̃🔥 (talk・edits) 16:04, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transcendental Meditation


text:
History of Burundi

Burundi originated in the 16th century as a small kingdom in the African Great Lakes region. After European contact, it was united with the Kingdom of Rwanda, becoming the colony of Ruanda-Urundi - first colonised by Germany and then by Belgium. The colony gained independence in 1962, and split once again into Rwanda and Burundi. It is one of the few countries in Africa (along with Rwanda, Botswana, Lesotho, and Eswatini) to be a direct territorial continuation of a pre-colonial era African state.

Kingdom of Burundi (1680–1966)
The origins of Burundi are known from a mix of oral history and archaeology. There are two main founding legends for Burundi. Both suggest that the nation was founded by a man named Cambarantama. The other version, more common in pre-colonial Burundi says that Cambarantama came from the southern state of Buha.

The first evidence of the Burundian state is from 16th century where it emerged on the eastern foothills. Over the following centuries it expanded, annexing smaller neighbours and competing with Rwanda. Its greatest growth occurred under Ntare IV Rutaganzwa Rugamba, who ruled the country from about 1796 to 1850 and saw the kingdom double in size.

The Kingdom of Burundi was characterized by a hierarchical political authority and tributary economic exchange. The king, known as the mwami headed a princely aristocracy (ganwa) which owned most of the land and required a tribute, or tax, from local farmers and herders. In the mid-18th century, this Tutsi royalty consolidated authority over land, production, and distribution with the development of the ubugabire—a patron-client relationship in which the populace received royal protection in exchange for tribute and land tenure.

European contact (1856)
European explorers and missionaries made brief visits to the area as early as 1856, and they compared the organization of the kingdom of Burundi with that of the old Greek empire. It was not until 1899 that Burundi became a part of German East Africa. Unlike the Rwandan monarchy, which decided to accept the German advances, the Burundian king Mwezi IV Gisabo opposed all European influence, refusing to wear European clothing and resisting the advance of European missionaries or administrators.

German East Africa (1899–1916)
The Germans used armed force and succeeded in doing great damage, but did not destroy the king's power. Eventually they backed one of the king's sons-in-law Maconco in a revolt against Gisabo. Gisabo was eventually forced to concede and agreed to German suzerainty. The Germans then helped him suppress Maconco's revolt. The smaller kingdoms along the western shore of Lake Victoria were also attached to Burundi.

Even after this the foreign presence was minimal and the kings continued to rule much as before. The Europeans did, however, bring devastating diseases affecting both people and animals. Affecting the entire region, Burundi was especially hard hit. A great famine hit in 1905, with others striking the entire Great Lakes region in 1914, 1923 and 1944. Between 1905 and 1914 half the population of the western plains region died.

Belgian and United Nations governance (1916–1962)
In 1916 Belgian troops conquered the area during the First World War. In 1923, the League of Nations mandated to Belgium the territory of Ruanda-Urundi, encompassing modern-day Rwanda and Burundi, the western kingdoms being assigned to Tanganyika. The Belgians administered the territory through indirect rule, building on the Tutsi-dominated aristocratic hierarchy.

Following the Second World War, Ruanda-Urundi became a United Nations Trust Territory under Belgian administrative authority. The trust territory guidelines required that the trust territories be prepared for independence and majority rule but it wasn't until 10 November 1959 that Belgium committed itself to political reform and legalised the emergence of competing political parties.

On 20 January 1959, Burundi's ruler Mwami Mwambutsa IV requested Burundi's independence from Belgium and dissolution of the Ruanda-Urundi union. In the following months, Burundian political parties began to advocate for the end of Belgian colonial rule and the separation of Rwanda and Burundi. The first and largest of these political parties was the Union for National Progress (UPRONA). UPRONA was a multi-ethnic party led by Tutsi Prince Louis Rwagasore while the Christian Democratic Party (PDC) was supported by Belgium, which was being ruled by the Christian Social Party, whose party leader, August de Schryver, was Minister of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi from 1959 until 1960.

Burundi's first elections took place on 8 September 1961 and UPRONA won just over 80% of the electorate's votes. In the wake of the elections, on 13 October, the 29-year-old Prince Rwagasore was assassinated, robbing Burundi of its most popular and well-known nationalist. Historians have speculated over Belgium's role in Rwagasore's death and the two highest ranking Belgian colonial officials in Burundi (Jean-Paul Harroy and Roberto Régnier) were accused of involvement by Rwagasore's convicted murderer (Jean Kageorgis). The day after Kageorgis' execution Burundi was granted independence.

Independence (1962)

Full independence was achieved on July 1, 1962. In the context of weak democratic institutions at independence, Tutsi King Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng established a constitutional monarchy comprising equal numbers of Hutus and Tutsis. The 15 January 1965 assassination of the Hutu prime minister Pierre Ngendandumwe set in motion a series of destabilizing Hutu revolts and subsequent governmental repression.

These were in part in reaction to Rwanda's "Social Revolution" of 1959–1961, where Rwandan Tutsi were subject to mass murder by the new government of Hutu Grégoire Kayibanda. In Burundi the Tutsi became committed to ensuring they would not meet the same fate and much of the country's military and police forces became controlled by Tutsis. Unlike Rwanda, which allied itself with the United States in the Cold War, Burundi after independence became affiliated with China.

The monarchy refused to recognize gains by Hutu candidates in the first legislative elections held by Burundi as an independent country on 10 May 1965. In response, a group of Hutu carried out a failed coup attempt against the monarchy on 18 October 1965, which in turn prompted the killing of scores of Hutu politicians and intellectuals. On 8 July 1966, King Mwambutsa IV was deposed by his son, Prince Ntare V, who himself was deposed by his prime minister Capt. Michel Micombero on 28 November 1966. Micombero abolished the monarchy and declared a republic. A de facto military regime emerged and civil unrest continued throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s. Micombero headed a clique of ruling Hima, the Tutsi subgroup located in southern Burundi. Similar to 1965, rumors of an impending Hutu coup in 1969 prompted the arrest and execution of scores of prominent political and military figures.

In June 1971, a group of Banyaruguru, the socially "higher up" subgroup of Tutsi located in the north of the country, were accused of conspiracy by the ruling Hima clique. On 14 January 1972, a military tribunal sentenced four Banyaruguru officers and five civilians to death, and seven to life imprisonment. To the Hima concerns about a Hutu uprising or Banyaruguru-led coup was added the return of Ntare V from exile, a potential rallying point for the Hutu majority.

1972 genocide
On April 29, there was an outbreak of violence in the south of the country, also the base of the Hima, where bands of roving Hutu committed atrocities against Tutsi civilians. All civilian and military authorities in the city of Bururi were killed and the insurgents then seized the armories in the towns of Rumonge and Nyanza-Lac. They then attempted to kill every Tutsi they could, as well as some Hutu who refused to participate in the rebellion, before retreating to Vyanda, near Bururi, and proclaiming a "Republic of Martyazo." Somewhere from 800 to 1200 people were killed.

A week after the insurgent proclamation of a republic, government troops moved in. Meanwhile, President Micombero declared martial law on May 30 and asked Zairean President Mobutu Sese Seko for assistance. Congolese paratroopers were deployed to secure the airport while the Burundi army moved into the countryside. Africanist René Lemarchand notes, "What followed was not so much a repression as a hideous slaughter of Hutu civilians. The carnage went on unabated through the month of August.  By then virtually every educated Hutu element, down to secondary school students, was either dead or in flight."

Because the perpetrators, composed of government troops and the Jeunesses Révolutionnaires Rwagasore (JRR), the youth wing of the Union for National Progress ruling party, targeted primarily civil servants, educated males and university students, solely because of their "Hutuness" and irrespective of whether they posed a threat, Lemarchand terms the eradication a "partial genocide." One of the first to be killed was deposed monarch Ntare V, in Gitega.

As president, Micombero became an advocate of African socialism and received support from the People's Republic of China. He imposed a staunch regime of law and order, sharply repressing Hutu militarism.

From late April to September 1972, an estimated 200,000 to 300,000 Hutu were killed. About 300,000 people became refugees, with most fleeing to Tanzania. In an effort to attract sympathy from the United States, the Tutsi-dominated government accused the Hutu rebels of having Communist leanings, although there is no credible evidence that this was actually the case. Lemarchand notes that, while crushing the rebellion was the first priority, the genocide was successful in a number of other objectives: ensuring the long-term stability of the Tutsi state by eliminating Hutu elites and potential elites; turning the army, police and gendarmerie into a Tutsi monopoly; denying the potential return of monarchy through the murder of Ntare V; and creating a new legitimacy for the Hima-dominated state as protector of the country, especially for the previously fractious Tutsi-Banyaruguru.

Post-1972 genocide developments
In 1976, Colonel Jean-Baptiste Bagaza took power in a bloodless coup. Although Bagaza led a Tutsi-dominated military regime, he encouraged land reform, electoral reform, and national reconciliation. In 1981, a new constitution was promulgated. In 1984, Bagaza was elected head of state, as the sole candidate. After his election, Bagaza's human rights record deteriorated as he suppressed religious activities and detained political opposition members.

In 1987, Major Pierre Buyoya overthrew Col. Bagaza in a military coup d'état. He dissolved opposition parties, suspended the 1981 constitution, and instituted his ruling Military Committee for National Salvation (CSMN). During 1988, increasing tensions between the ruling Tutsis and the majority Hutus resulted in violent confrontations between the army, the Hutu opposition, and Tutsi hardliners. During this period, an estimated 150,000 people were killed, with tens of thousands of refugees fleeing to neighboring countries. Buyoya formed a commission to investigate the causes of the 1988 unrest and to develop a charter for democratic reform.

In 1991, Buyoya approved a constitution that provided for a president, non-ethnic government, and a parliament. Burundi's first Hutu president, Melchior Ndadaye, of the Hutu-dominated Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU) Party, was elected in 1993.

1993 genocide and civil war (1993–2005)

Ndadaye was assassinated three months later, in October 1993, by Tutsi army extremists. The country's situation rapidly declined as Hutu peasants began to rise up and massacre Tutsi. In acts of brutal retribution, the Tutsi army proceeded to round up thousands of Hutu and kill them. The Rwandan genocide in 1994, sparked by the killing of Ndadaye's successor Cyprien Ntaryamira, further aggravated the conflict in Burundi by sparking additional massacres of Tutsis.

A decade of civil war followed, as the Hutu formed militias in the refugee camps of northern Tanzania. An estimated 300,000 people were killed in clashes and reprisals against the local population, with 550,000 citizens (nine percent of the population) being displaced. After the assassination of Ntaryamira, the Hutu presidency and Tutsi military operated under a power-sharing political system until July 1996, when Tutsi Pierre Buyoya seized power in a military coup. Under international pressure, the warring factions negotiated a peace agreement in Arusha in 2000, which called for ethnically balanced military and government and democratic elections.

The country has been hit hard by HIV/AIDS during this period. Sample testing by SOS Children had shown that those who were HIV positive were 20 percent of the urban population and 6% of the rural population. The death toll due to the syndrome has been devastating: the UN estimated 12,000 deaths in 2001 and Oxfam estimated 40,000 deaths in 2001.

Two powerful Hutu rebel groups (the CNDD-FDD and the FNL) refused to sign the peace agreement and fighting continued in the countryside. Finally, the CNDD-FDD agreed to sign a peace deal in November 2003 and joined the transitional government. The last remaining rebel group, the FNL, continued to reject the peace process and committed sporadic acts of violence in 2003 and 2004, finally signing a cease fire agreement in 2006.

Post-war elections
In 2005, Burundi began the transition towards peace with its first elections since 1993. The CNDD-FDD won both the local and legislative elections, held in June and July respectively. An indirect presidential election took place in August 2005, and the members of the legislature and senate elected Pierre Nkurunziza, a former teacher and CNDD rebel, who had been president of the CNDD-FDD party since August 2000. He won with 151 of the 161 votes.

Nkurunziza era (2005–2020)
Peacetime ushered in an era in which the ruling CNDD-FDD party dominated the political space in Burundi. President Pierre Nkurunziza, and a small clique of military generals from the party, tightly controlled the country.

In 2005, Pierre Nkurunziza, became the first post-transitional president. He was elected by the National Assembly and Senate through the means of indirect presidential elections.

Former President Domitien Ndayizeye and his political supporters were arrested in 2006 and accused of plotting a coup, but later he was acquitted by the Supreme Court. International human rights groups claimed that the current government was framing Domitien Ndayizeye by torturing him into false confessions of a coup plot. In December 2006 the International Crisis Group labeled Burundi's human rights status as "deteriorating". The organization reported that the government had arrested critics, muzzled the press, committed human rights abuses, and tightened its control over the economy, and that "unless it [reversed] this authoritarian course, it risk[ed] triggering violent unrest and losing the gains of peace process."

In February 2007, the United Nations officially shut down its peacekeeping operations in Burundi and turned its attention to rebuilding the nation's economy, which relies heavily on tea and coffee, but which had suffered severely during 12 years of civil war. The UN had deployed 5,600 peacekeepers since 2004, and several hundred troops remained to work with the African Union in monitoring the ceasefire. The UN Post Conflict Fund (PBF) pledged $35 million to Burundi to work on infrastructure, to promote democratic practices, to rebuild the military, and to defend human rights.

2010 elections
Nkurunziza was re-elected in 2010 with more than 91% of the votes amidst an opposition boycott and sworn in for his second term on 26 August 2010.

2015 unrest
In April 2015, Nkurunziza announced that he would seek a third term in office. The opposition said that Nkurunziza's bid to extend his term was in defiance of the constitution, as it bars the president from running for a third term. However, Nkurunziza's allies said his first term did not count as he was appointed by parliament and not directly by the people. On April 26 police clashed with demonstrators protesting Nkurunziza's announcement that he would seek a third term in office. At least six people were killed in the first two days of ongoing protests. The government shut down multiple radio stations and arrested a prominent civil society leader, Pierre-Claver Mbonimpa. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said, in a statement, that he had despatched his special envoy for the region, Said Djinnit, to Burundi for talks with Nkurunziza. African Union commission head Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma said she welcomed a decision by Burundi's Senate to ask the Constitutional Court to rule whether Nkurunziza could stand for re-election. More than 24,000 people fled Burundi in April, as tensions mounted ahead of presidential elections in June, the UN refugee agency said.

On May 13, 2015, Burundi army General Godefroid Niyombareh, former head of Burundian intelligence, declared a coup via radio while Nkurunziza was abroad attending a summit in Tanzania with other African leaders. Niyombareh had been fired by the President in February. Despite reports that gunshots had been heard and people were celebrating in the streets of the capital, government officials dismissed the threat and claimed to remain in control.

Opposition groups announced on 26 June that they would boycott the election.

Speaking to a Kenyan television station on 6 July, one of the coup leaders, General Leonard Ngendakumana, called for armed rebellion against Nkurunziza. He said that his group was responsible for the grenade attacks and said that "our intent is to intensify". Fighting was reported in northern Burundi on 10–11 July. The military said on 13 July that 31 rebels had been killed and 170 had been captured in those battles; it said that six of its own soldiers had also been wounded. The Burundian government stated that the rebels had crossed into northern Burundi through the Nyungwe Forest from Rwanda but the Rwandan government denied this. Ngendakumana said that the rebels were from his group.

Shortly after the election was held on 21 July, without the participation of the opposition, main opposition leader Agathon Rwasa proposed the formation of a national unity government, while warning of the potential for more violence and armed rebellion against Nkurunziza. As conditions for participating in such a government, Rwasa said that Nkurunziza's third term would need to be greatly truncated to no more than a year and new elections would have to be held, although he admitted that he doubted Nkurunziza would accept those conditions. He also urged those hoping to oust Nkurunziza through violence to instead focus on dialogue. The government welcomed the idea of forming a national unity government, but rejected the notion of truncating Nkurunziza's new term.

The presidential election results were announced on 24 July 2015. Nkurunziza won the election with 69.41% of the vote. Agathon Rwasa was placed second and credited with 18.99% despite calling for a boycott. This change of power led to an opening of social science research in the country, and later a reconsideration of the value and purpose of that research within the context of the larger political and societal violence.

On 30 September 2016, the United Nations Human Rights Council established the Commission of Inquiry on Burundi through resolution 33/24. Its mandate is to "conduct a thorough investigation into human rights violations and abuses committed in Burundi since April 2015, to identify alleged perpetrators and to formulate recommendations." The Human Rights Council extended the mandate of the commission for another year in September 2017. On 29 September 2017 the Commission of Inquiry on Burundi called on Burundian government to put an end to serious human rights violations. It further stressed that, "The Burundian government has so far refused to cooperate with the Commission of Inquiry, despite the Commission's repeated requests and initiatives." The Commission conducted interviews with more than 500 Burundian refugees abroad and others who remained in their country and reached the conclusion that "serious human rights violations and abuses have been committed in Burundi since April 2015. The violations the Commission documented include arbitrary arrests and detentions, acts of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, extrajudicial executions, enforced disappearances, rape and other forms of sexual violence."

Post-2015
In a constitutional referendum in May 2018, Burundians voted by 79.08% to approve an amended constitution that ensured that Nkurunziza could remain in power until 2034. However, much to the surprise of most observers, Nkurunziza later announced that he did not intend to serve another term, paving the way for a new president to be elected in the 2020 General Election.

On 24 December 2018, the government moved Burundi's political capital from Bujumbura back to Gitega, where it had been until 1966.

The threat of the COVID-19 pandemic was played down officially by the regime. The Presidency issued a statement which warned its population against "hasty, extreme, unilateral measures" against the virus. Human Rights Watch reported that some nurses had been told "not to talk about suspected cases, symptom patterns, or insufficient resources".

Post-Nkurunziza (2020–present)
On 20 May 2020, Évariste Ndayishimiye, a candidate who was hand-picked as Nkurunziza's successor by the CNDD-FDD, won the election with 71.45% of the vote. Shortly after, on 9 June 2020, Nkurunziza died of a cardiac arrest, at the age of 55. There was some speculation that his death was COVID-19 related, though this is unconfirmed. As per the constitution, Pascal Nyabenda, the president of the national assembly, led the government until Ndayishimiye's inauguration on 18 June 2020.

Initially, Ndayishimiye adopted a stronger response to the COVID-19 pandemic than his predecessor - calling the virus the nation's "worst enemy" shortly after taking office. In January 2021, he closed national borders, having previously issued a statement which said that anyone bringing Covid into Burundi would be treated as "people bringing weapons to kill Burundians". In February 2021, however, Burundi joined Tanzania in being the only African nations to reject vaccines from the COVAX scheme: the health minister Thaddee Ndikumana stated that “since more than 95% of patients are recovering, we estimate that the vaccines are not yet necessary.” As of June 2021, Burundi has still not made any effort to procure vaccines - one of three countries to fail to take this step.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: History of Burundi


text:
Anorexia (symptom)

Anorexia is a medical term for a loss of appetite. While the term outside of the scientific literature is often used interchangeably with anorexia nervosa, many possible causes exist for a loss of appetite, some of which may be harmless, while others indicate a serious clinical condition or pose a significant risk.

Anorexia is a symptom, not a diagnosis. Anorexia is not to be confused with the mental health disorder anorexia nervosa. Because the term 'anorexia' is often used as a short-form of anorexia nervosa, to avoid confusion a provider must clarify to a patient whether they are simply referring to a decreased appetite or the mental health disorder. Anyone can manifest anorexia as a loss of appetite, regardless of their sex, age, or weight.

The symptom also occurs in other animals, such as cats, dogs, cattle, goats, and sheep. In these species, anorexia may be referred to as inappetence. As in humans, loss of appetite can be due to a range of diseases and conditions, as well as environmental and psychological factors.

Etymology
The term is from ανορεξία (ἀν-, 'without' + όρεξις, spelled, meaning 'appetite').

Common manifestations
Anorexia simply manifests as a decreased or loss of appetite. This can present as not feeling hungry or lacking the desire to eat. Sometimes people do not even notice they lack an appetite until they begin to lose weight from eating less. In other cases, it can be more noticeable, such as when a person becomes nauseated from just the thought of eating. Any form of decreased appetite that leads to changes in the body (such as weight loss or muscle loss) that is not done intentionally as part of dieting is clinically significant.

Physiology of anorexia
Appetite stimulation and suppression is a complex process involving many different parts of the brain and body by the use of various hormones and signals. Appetite is thought to be stimulated by interplay between peripheral signals to the brain (taste, smell, sight, gut hormones) as well as the balance of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. Examples of these signals or hormones include neuropeptide Y, leptin, ghrelin, insulin, serotonin, and orexins (also called hypocretins). Anything that causes an imbalance of these signals or hormones can lead to the symptom of anorexia. While it is known that these signals and hormones help control appetite, the complicated mechanisms regarding a pathological increase or decrease in appetite are still being explored.

Common causes

 * Acute radiation syndrome
 * Addison's disease
 * Alcoholism
 * Alcohol withdrawal
 * Anemia
 * Anorexia nervosa
 * Anxiety
 * Appendicitis
 * Babesiosis
 * Benzodiazepine withdrawal
 * Bipolar disorder
 * Cancer
 * Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome
 * Cannabis withdrawal
 * Celiac disease
 * Chronic kidney disease
 * Chronic pain
 * Common cold
 * Constipation
 * COPD
 * COVID-19
 * Crohn's disease
 * Dehydration
 * Dementia
 * Depression
 * Ebola
 * Fatty liver disease
 * Fever
 * Food poisoning
 * Gastroparesis
 * Hepatitis
 * HIV/AIDS
 * Hypercalcemia
 * Hyperglycemia
 * Hypervitaminosis D
 * Hypothyroidism and sometimes hyperthyroidism
 * Irritable bowel syndrome
 * Ketoacidosis
 * Kidney failure
 * Low blood pressure
 * Mania
 * Metabolic disorders, particularly urea cycle disorders
 * MELAS syndrome
 * Nausea
 * Opioid use disorder
 * Pancreatitis
 * Pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency)
 * Psychosis
 * Schizophrenia
 * Side effect of drugs
 * Stimulant use disorder
 * Stomach flu
 * Stress
 * Sickness behavior
 * Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
 * Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
 * Tuberculosis
 * Thalassemia
 * Ulcerative colitis
 * Uremia
 * Folate deficiency
 * Zinc deficiency
 * Infection: Anorexia of infection is part of the acute phase response (APR) to infection. The APR can be triggered by lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans from bacterial cell walls, bacterial DNA, and double-stranded viral RNA, and viral glycoproteins, which can trigger production of a variety of proinflammatory cytokines. These can have an indirect effect on appetite by a number of means, including peripheral afferents from their sites of production in the body, by enhancing production of leptin from fat stores. Inflammatory cytokines can also signal to the central nervous system more directly by specialized transport mechanisms through the blood–brain barrier, via circumventricular organs (which are outside the barrier), or by triggering production of eicosanoids in the endothelial cells of the brain vasculature. Ultimately, the control of appetite by this mechanism is thought to be mediated by the same factors normally controlling appetite, such as neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, histamine, norepinephrine, corticotropin releasing factor, neuropeptide Y, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone).

Drugs

 * Stimulants, such as ephedrine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, cathinone, methylphenidate, cocaine, etc.
 * Hormones which are produced by adrenal glands and used as medication such as adrenaline.
 * Narcotics, such as heroin, morphine, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, etc.
 * Antidepressants may have anorexia as a side effect, primarily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine.
 * Byetta, a type II diabetes drug, will cause moderate nausea and loss of appetite.
 * Abruptly stopping appetite-increasing drugs, such as cannabis and corticosteroids.
 * Chemicals that are members of the phenethylamine group. (Individuals with anorexia nervosa may seek them to suppress appetite.)
 * Topiramate may cause anorexia as a side effect.
 * Other drugs may be used to intentionally cause anorexia in order to help a patient preoperative fasting prior to general anesthesia. It is important to avoid food before surgery to mitigate the risk of pulmonary aspiration, which can be fatal.

Other

 * During the post-operative recovery period for a tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy, it is common for adult patients to experience a lack of appetite until their throat significantly heals (usually 10–14 days).
 * Altitude sickness
 * Airsickness
 * Significant emotional pain caused by an event (rather than a mental disorder) can cause an individual to temporarily lose all interest in food.
 * Several Twelve-step programs including Overeaters Anonymous tackle psychological issues members believe lead to forms of deprivation
 * Psychological stress
 * Experiencing grotesque, unpleasant or unappealing thoughts or conversations
 * Being in the presence of unappealing things such as waste matter, dead organisms, or bad smells

Complications
Complications of anorexia may result due to poor food intake. Poor food intake can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, anemia and nutritional deficiencies. These imbalances will worsen the longer that food is avoided.

Sudden cardiac death
Anorexia is a relatively common condition that can lead patients to have dangerous electrolyte imbalances, leading to acquired long QT syndrome which can result in sudden cardiac death. This can develop over a prolonged period of time, and the risk is further heightened when feeding resumes after a period of abstaining from consumption.

Refeeding syndrome
Care must be taken when a patient begins to eat after prolonged starvation to avoid the potentially fatal complications of refeeding syndrome. The initial signs of refeeding syndrome are minimal, but can rapidly progress to death. Thus, the reinitiation of food or oral intake is usually started slowly and requires close observation under supervision by trained healthcare professionals. This is usually done in a hospital or nutritional rehabilitation center.

Management
Anorexia can be treated with the help of orexigenic drugs.

"Anorexia" vs "anorexic" vs anorexia nervosa
Anorexic can be a description of somebody with the stereotypical thin, frail, malnourished appearance. The appearance is classically associated with anorexia, although in rare cases do patients end up becoming anorexic in appearance. An anorexic or anorectic is also a description given to substances that cause anorexia for weight loss purposes.

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by food restriction due to the strong desire to remain thin. It is considered a mental health diagnosis where people see themselves as obese regardless of their weight or appearance. The person does not necessarily exhibit anorexia as a symptom in their quest to restrict food intake.

title: Anorexia (symptom)


text:
User:Sfmontyo

About me: San Francisco Gay male. Interests:
 * Object oriented programming,
 * java,
 * EJBs
 * Differential Topology (Math),

Articles that I have been the sole or major contributor
I'm still working on most of the articles, attempting to expand them. Unfortunately, I'm not the best writer. What that means is that once I have most of the information in them, I will have to re-edit/re-write them so that they are more readable.

 * Enterprise Java Beans
 * Java Naming and Directory Interface or JNDI
 * JavaServer Pages or JSP ( includes JavaServer page example input and JavaServer page example output.
 * Java Servlet, formerly Java Servlets
 * Java Transaction API or JTA
 * Java Database Connectivity
 * Java remote method invocation or Java RMI
 * Java Message Service or JMS
 * Java Platform, Enterprise Edition
 * Java Platform, Standard Edition
 * Java Platform, Micro Edition
 * Java platform added the history of java.
 * Java API for XML Processing or JAXP
 * Java XML

Major Articles taken from Elsewhere

 * Sparta - taken from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica.
 * Oscar Wilde - added some additional historical info taken from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Others

 * Java API - minor reorganization to point to the Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE platforms.
 * Famous gay lesbian or bisexual people - minor contribution of a few names.
 * San Francisco - minor - added picture.
 * Copenhagen - minor - added picture.

Planned Articles

 * JAXM
 * JAX-RPC
 * JAXR
 * Java 2 Software Development Kit
 * Java transaction service
 * The Castro
 * GLAAD

title: User:Sfmontyo


text:
Talk:Flywheel energy storage

Gyroscopic force
Since flywheels acts like gyroscopes, what is the impact of earth's rotation on a spinning flywheel? Would that be a source of power drain?
 * If the flywheel was correctly orientated, parallel with the earth's axis of rotation and orbit around the sun, this should not be a serious problem. The impact of gravity is probably a lot more important anyway.  Provided the bearings can impart a counterbalancing force without a friction loss then there can be no energy loss, although the angular momentum may change orientation. -- kiwiinapanic

Superconductors for stability
I'm not sure how this will fit in yet, but I think I'm going to try to add some more on how superconductors are used for keeping flywheels stable. I think it fits in here better than flywheels because everywhere I've seen it been talked about it has been for electricity storage. If I do add it here, it will come from a school paper I wrote on the subject. I'll probably work on it in the talk pages for a few days before adding it to the article itself.Lcolson 03:44, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Finished integration and reorganization. Moved the completed article. Lcolson 21:20, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

"Parasitic losses such as friction, hysteresis and eddy current losses of both magnetic and conventional bearings mean that flywheel energy storage systems can store/deliver power for only a short period, a few seconds or minutes (without recharging).

Further improvements in superconductors may help eliminate eddy current losses in existing magnetic bearing designs. Even without such improvements, however, modern flywheels can have a zero-load rundown time measurable in years." These two sentences are contradictory. How can a flywheel energy storage system only store power for a short period yet have a rundown time measurable in years. I suspect the first statement is erroneous and based on the design of NASA gyroscopes which are designed with these characteristics in mind. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 148.197.54.206 (talk • contribs).

 * I see no mention of flywheel energy storage systems "only stor[ing] power for a short period. . ." in the text you quote, nor can I find any contradiction in these sentences. It says: "they could make the things work better; but even without the better-working-ness, energy can be stored for years." -- KyleP 20:57, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

Formula : Disc or Rod
I think that the energy stored, quoted as half (1/2), can't be the same for both the disc and the uniform rod. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Martin r harris (talk • contribs).

 * I moved this comment from the main article page. Kevin 04:29, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Why not, a disc is simply a very short rod?

 * Correct. There is no such thing as a "disk" in magic physics land. They're both cylinders. These formulas are in any physics text. -- KyleP 20:53, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

interial constants
I was wondering why theres so much about the moment of inertia on this page - Especially why it gives so many random inertial constants. It only makes sense to have the rotor be a solid cylinder, because that should have the greatest strength, and thus greatest possible rotation speeds. Why would you make it, for example, a hollow sphere?? Fresheneesz 21:12, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

The inertial energy depends on the radius as well as the velocity. By having the concentration of mass as far away from the center as possible, you increase I (and thus, kinetic energy), without adding mass, or velocity. -Dan

Surely a discus or elliptoid shape would be stronger than a soild cylinder. Perhaps even a sphere. Anyway, why not include the general integration moment of inertia formula (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertia), along with cylinder (or any other very common flywheel shapes). Anonymous

Stress
This page needs some math to predict the stresses on a spinning cylinder. I found one equation, but I don't think its correct for this application at least. Fresheneesz 23:22, 30 July 2006 (UTC)

UPS Application: Bearings-weakest link and Premium Power comes at a cost
I've been involved in several R&D projects in the deployment of FES and Motor-Generators at customer sites to provide uninterruptible power to critical loads. The technology performs as advertised in riding through voltage sags and momentary interruptions - especially when integrated with standby power (eg., diesel generator) and an automatic transfer switch (ATS). My company has been involved in the installation of: A Piller UBT flywheel system, an Active Power flywheel system, as well as a Precise Power Rousel Motor-Generator. In each case, the lifetime of the bearings was key to budgeting for longterm maintenance of the systems. Typically we've seen the bearings last 2-5 years. Additionally, it is critical that the greasing mechanism or scheduled greasing is upheld. As you can imagine, technical support for this technology is usually best procurred from the manufacturer. So, the bottom line is that the upkeep is expensive.

Engineering the integration of a FES device with a facility's electrical distribution system plays a key role in the successful implementation of the technology as well. From a dead stop, there is typically a considerable amount of inrush current for the motor to spin the flywheel up to speed. The flywheel motor itself adds quite a bit of parasitic load - something that owners are sometimes not aware of when they see their electric bill increase. Bearing replacement will require the unit to be de-energized, and therefore, a maintenance bypass switch would have to be engineered into the system. And of course, while the unit is bypassed, the load is unprotected. Very critical applications may require the consideration of N+1 redundancy. The units give off quite a bit of heat and we've had to engineer a duct system to exhaust the hot air away from one of the installed systems.

In my opinion, the technology is reaching a level of maturity where lessons have been learned and system integrators/developers can diligently plan for "hidden" costs in the implementation of FES. It's a good albeit expensive way to achieve Premium Power.

Aloha, Mark

 * A "flywheel" M-G system was used in the New Zealand (Hamilton-Palmerston North) Microwave Radio system from c1960 with AC mains powered gear until the 1970s when replaced with battery-powered radio systems which did not need a "no-break" supply. They had a motor & generator (1500 rpm) plus flywheel of c3 tons and a diesel on the end which was coupled up when up to speed (though if it didn't start there may have been provision to drop the clutch to start the diesel!). But the M/W stations also had a standby diesel genset as well. John Wilson (NZ)

Application: electric cars?
I got to the "flywheel energy storage" page from the "zero-emission vehicles" page, so I rather hoped there'd be something on the page about their potential for use in cars. A few years ago--I think it was 1997--I remember seeing a presentation by Ben Rosen and his brother, who had developed a hybrid-electric car powertrain using a high-speed flywheel for energy storage. Basically, it was a gas turbine generator, a flywheel for energy storage, and a drive-by-wire electric system with a motor on each wheel, which could reverse for regenerative braking. The flywheel was definitely the gem of the system, though, and used most of the high-tech design elements described in this article--carbon fiber reinforcement, magnetic bearings, magnetic energy transfer, and so on. (A hollow cylinder, if I recall correctly.) I think it represented more or less the state of the art, and they did in fact make a working powertrain out of it. Might make for an interesting addition to the article, anyway, particularly if it's going to be linked from the ZEV page. I'm not sure if it's too specifically commercial, though. I'm new on Wikipedia, so I'm not really comfortable editing articles yet. Emertonom 18:30, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Take a look at Gyrobus MGTom 23:21, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

I think one reason that this will never be a viable application in any kind of vehicle is because in an accident, all of the stored energy could be released instantly. If the flywheel(s) touches the side of the containment vessel, a huge amount of heat is goin to be released instantly. Some of the smaller energy storage flywheels spin at almost 100,000 RPM's. If the intertia of a flywheel spinning that fast is released in an accident, not only will it make a huge amount of heat but debris could fly in all directions at very high velocities...

No you are wrong about that flywheels capable of storing 1 MJ  have been tested on Formula 1 cars. The technology has evolved. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.99.9.201 (talk) 09:16, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Inaccuracy label but no discussion!
There's a "factual inaccuracy" label on one of the sections of this article, but no discussion here on the talk page about why. I'm going to yank it, and hopefully if there really is something wrong with the article the original accuracy questioner will come back and put a note here for us.

Joachim Heck 14:33, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Automobile flywheel systems from 1970s
I believe Popular Science or Popular Mechanics covered experimental hybrid gas - flywheel systems designed to capture energy on deceleration, as hybrid gas - electric systems do now. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.175.225.22 (talk) 11:55, 17 January 2007

Quick Charging?

 * "Quick charging is done in less than 15 minutes."

This makes no sense in the context of the article. What is quick charging? Charging of what, the flywheel's momentum, or of a battery, or of the generator? A battery within the system, or any external battery? 15 minutes has no relevance if it is not related to another quantity. Is this "charge" always a certain amount of Joules, Coulombs, Volts, etc.? -- KyleP 20:37, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * I replaced the sentence with a quote from ScienceNews; I hope this helps. — Sebastian 16:27, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Vancouver bus flywheel demonstration?
The reference for the line "flywheels were used in buses..." says nothing about such a project! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.67.57.245 (talk) 18:34, 21 December 2007 (UTC)

Nourbey Gulia
I removed the following paragraph from the "Applications" section, since it doesn't even mention applications. This might make sense in a history section, but I'm not sure how big that would get if we dedicated a paragraph to every researcher of the last 30 years. It may make more sense to create an article for the redlink. — Sebastian 16:22, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

In the 1980s Soviet engineer Nourbey Gulia had been working on flywheel energy storage. His work resulted in many original solutions for wheel suspension, vacuum chamber sealing, rotation rate decline compensation, and hydraulic transmission. However, his primary advance was the composite flywheel capable of rotation rates exceeding 40,000 rpm, running unloaded for up to a week, and resistant to explosive destruction. Gulia's "super flywheels" were tightly wound with metal or plastic tape. These had tensile strength higher than that of molded steel, and in the case of failure simply unwind inside the chamber, filling it and grinding to a stop. Gulia's first wheels were made of steel tape, but the latest models used Aramid filament (Kevlar or Twaron), wound not unlike a bobbin of thread.

Electricity is not needed
Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) works by accelerating a rotor (flywheel) to a very high speed and maintaining the energy in the system as rotational energy. -- Good! The energy is converted back to electricity by slowing down the flywheel. -- Eh??

Where does this "electricity" assumption come from? You can store energy in a flywheel without ever having any electricity anywhere! This is maybe a bad example, but just to illustrate the point http://www.xtrac.com/pdfs/Torotrak_Xtrac_CVT.pdf describes a formula one race car flywheel energy storage. "The energy is converted back to electricity by slowing down the flywheel" is complete rubbish. Kinetic energy was put into the flywheel during braking and the flywheel puts kinetic enery back into the car on acceleration.

Is this an article on Flywheel energy storage, or about somebody's particular product with a specific application?

Crysta1c1ear 15:59, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I changed the headline to clarify the good point you are making. I will also change the article to include this technology. — Sebastian 19:35, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

Difference from Compulsator
Can someone please explain the difference between FES and a Compulsator? Thanks! — Sebastian 08:06, 1 September 2007 (UTC)

 * DGMWINE but I think the terms are not rigorously distinct.

 * My understanding is that "compulsator" is used when the unit unloads it's energy electrically in the form in which the electricity is needed (voltage, cycle, capacity, etc.) whereas this link is not so close for a FES - it just unloads electricity.

 * Also, when talking about the assembly that includes the flywheel itself (and maybe its immediately neighbouring components), and your interest is primarily in the energy storage characteristics and how thise are achieved, you are more likely to refer to the FES. On the other hand, if you are talking about the entire assembly and are principally interested in its electrical characteristics rather than how it is built/engineered to deliver those, you are more likely to refer to the compulsator.

 * However I wouldn't consider myself expert enough to edit based on this. Martin 08:25, 4 September 2007 (UTC)

Gyroscopes in opposite directions?
"Strictly speaking, they would exert a huge torqueing moment around the central point, trying to bend the axle. However, if the axle were sufficiently strong, no gyroscopic forces would have a net effect on the sealed container, so no torque would be measured externally."

Can anyone explain how this is true?

If there's a torque on the axle, how does one isolate that from the outside world? The axle has to be connected to the car in some way, so would there not be a torque on the car, too? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pediddle (talk • contribs) 17:00, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

I think what was meant, was that if you had two flywheels, spinning in opposite directions, attached to the same axis/axle, spinning at the same speeds, they would cancel each other out externally as long as the axis is strong enough, but when the axle was rotated, the two flywheels might try to bend the axle in the middle? -69.87.203.168 (talk) 02:24, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

You would think this was addressed in any aircraft with contra-rotating propellers or blades (Soviet military aircraft specifically). While not specific to flywheel energy storage, I always enjoy this link http://www.dself.dsl.pipex.com/MUSEUM/LOCOLOCO/brennan/brennan.htm Bottom of linked page relevant to discussion. And http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyro_Monorail Curious —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.147.241.183 (talk) 02:30, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

UPS steady-state losses
The UPS section needs a dose of honesty, in conjunction with the disadvantages section. What sizes of UPS storage systems are practical for flywheels? And for such systems, if they sit around day after day fully charged, but never utilized, how much energy do they consume total, just to stay charged and operational? It looks like they are much worse than batteries on this important parameter, quite important in such applications -- let's have some facts! -69.87.203.168 (talk) 02:46, 24 November 2007 (UTC)

Advantages vs Disadvantages
"One of the primary limits to flywheel design is the tensile strength of the material used for the rotor. Generally speaking, the stronger the disc, the faster it may be spun, and the more energy the system can store."

This statement is very misleading. You can also have a heavy (say 500 lbs.) flywheel spinning at a much slower rotational speed that can store the same energy as a lighter faster spinning flywheel. We should be specific when discussing stationary versus non-stationary applications. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.147.241.183 (talk) 02:45, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Flywheel mass is not a design limit. You can always make a heavier flywheel by making it bigger. However tensile strength is a design limit. Once you have worked your way up to carbon fibre composites you are near the current limits set by available materials. And while it may be possible to find new materials with higher tensile strength, all that will do is to set the limit higher. So the statement is not misleading.

 * In any case, doubling the mass of a flywheel doubles the energy stored but doubling the rotational speed or the radius of the flywheel quadruples the energy stored. Hence the speed/radius has a much bigger effect on energy stored than mass does. And maximum speed/radius is absolutely dependent on tensile strength. People aren't interested in using a more massive material for the flywheel when you can get a far bigger increase in energy storage by using a stronger material. In fact if you do the maths it shows that the highest energy storage is achieved by the material with the highest strength-to-weight ratio.

 * Sure, you can always store more energy by using a heavier flywheel but that's not the way to go if you intend to have flywheel powered cars, boats or planes. -- Derek Ross | Talk 21:03, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Why isn't this included in the article? The article itself is not very clear about this, as it says nothing about the mass of the flywheel. It seems (from the article) that mass is irrelevant.

 * What about the case of miniaturization of the FES? If you wanted to make a very small FES would it still be best to use strongest as opposed to denser, but less strong material? Waydot (talk) 21:39, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Physical characteristics
It would be nice to have some discussion about the lifetime of the energy storage: I'd imagine that due to friction etc. storage efficiency would degrade over time. it would be good to know the longest timespan storage that flywheels currently operate at: days weeks? hours? --naught101 (talk) 00:33, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * If the flywheel is magnetically beared and kept in vacuum, there's only very little friction during storage, mostly caused by Eddy_current. I'd think most degeneration of material is caused when energy is added (wheel is accelerated) or drawn. Then you get massive distortions throughout the material which probably cause microfractions over time. Thus I would assume that the lifetime of a flywheel mostly is dependant on how often it gets accelerated and deccelerated and not so much on how long the energy is stored in particular. For the latter I'd say a superconducting magnetic bearing could hold a flywheel for years without much energy loss for the upkeep cost for the superconductivity of course :) --84.56.197.45 (talk) 16:09, 3 March 2008 (UTC)

The flywheel is good company in the world

Use in Aircraft Carriers
There is an article in Popular Mechanics about replacing the steam launcher on aircraft carriers with electric-flywheel technology. This can handle much larger loads and recharge much faster and requires a huge amount of less maintenance. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.112.146.254 (talk) 10:42, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

Use for power grid regulation
Very surprised to see no discussion of the use of flywheels for matching variations in generation to variations in usage in commercial power grids - ie for grid energy storage. ciphergoth (talk) 12:01, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

 * 'Tis actually there as Frequency regulation (Flywheel energy storage), and has been for at least a year, but I guess that little section isn't particularly obvious, and hasn't got a link to grid energy storage. It looks a bit like someone saw the news about a usage of FES and thought they'd add it to this article without realising that the reason for frequency fluctionations is because of mismatched supply and demand (is that correct?).
 * The article could really do with a re-write, or rather a restructure. The intro talks about rotational speeds and carbon filaments (which should be in a Desciption section), but doesn't mention what they really are (ie a form of electro-mechanical battery, apart from the non-electrical versions).  Oh, I had several of those back in the 1960s, where you push the toy car along a little, and it continues on its own (from the flywheel), although they didn't have magnetic bearings or indeed any bearings at all.
 * I say it could do with a restructure, with a proper description which might flesh out the way they work a bit better, particularly with respect to electrical versions (which appear to be the majority). I'd also tend to split applications between electrical and other, and move it down below Advantages and disadvantages.
 * In the meanwhile, I've renamed that section to Grid energy storage with a tag. Tim PF (talk) 18:51, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

New non-KERS application of flywheel energy storage for racing
As per http://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/02/porsche-builds-a-competition-caliber-hybrid/. Should probably be added to motorsports section with citation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.149.135.239 (talk) 03:06, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I believe Williams have been developing their own flywheel-based KERS system; however AFAIK all current KERS systems use electrical storage. Mr Larrington (talk) 14:59, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

Added this
I added this: Flywheels have also been proposed for use in continuously variable transmissions. Punch Powertrain is currently working on such a device.

If it isn't upto standard, improve the information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.91.212 (talk) 11:25, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Concrete flywheels, failure modes?
I'm not seeing very many web references to concrete flywheels. Are they used? Apparently it should be possible to construct them inexpensively, using an outer high-tensile cover for compression against fracture.

It's unclear what the failure mode would be of a concrete flywheel. If the release energy is high enough, it may fracture all the concrete from the sand, resulting in a powdered cloud of debris that may contain the failure kinetic energy about as well as an all-composite filament wheel.

--DMahalko (talk) 06:53, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Using Concrete for flywheels wouldn't make a lot of sense. Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, hence its use in building columns, with steel reinforcing handling the tension. The stresses in a flywheel are all tensile.--Graham Proud (talk) 10:38, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Vacuum pump needs
Hi, I was thinking this page need a discussion of the vacuum pump requirement for the vacuum systems.

My experience with vacuum comes from UHV systems, where the pressure will rise considerably if there is no active pumping of the system for prolonged time, even with all the specially-designed fittings.

But for the purely mechanical properties of vacuum, there are much less strict requirements than UHV. Does anyone know whether it is feasible for a flywheel system to simply pump down the pressure and disconnect the pump? Would such a system keep vacuum for years on end?

If not, the pump system should be seen as an integral part of the flywheel. Therefore the power consumed by the pump and its maintenance requirement should be brought in for a fair comparison with batteries and other power storage devices. MigB (talk) 11:14, 22 March 2014 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by MigB (talk • contribs) 10:33, 22 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Looking at the Beacon Power product, they are vacuum sealed. Certainly vacuum equipment would be required in the factory but not within the device.--Graham Proud (talk) 15:06, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

AC or DC
Some of these systems - eg for physics labs - generate DC, others might generate AC. Some have separate motors and generators. It would be great to have more detail on this. Duration of input/output and typical storage times might be interesting ? Some are optimised for peak power output (charging at lower power). - Rod57 (talk) 14:16, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

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Externally mechanically supported kinetic energy storage?
Are there any concepts externally mechanically supported? Like launch loop or "maglev trains" going in circles. F = m⋅a = m⋅v^2 /r = 2K/r so K=F⋅r/2 is about the energy stored.(F the force the system can carry) If the strength of the disc is also still used can roughly add that. Or just not hearing about that because negatives not reported?(indeed, afaics, none seem to be sufficient, launch loop is fast enough, but requires that large radius)2001:984:6FB5:1:8A4B:AF78:1B75:1ECD (talk) 00:09, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

Storage for grid connected electricity generators
This article could talk about the technical and economic viability of flywheels for grid connected electricity generators, particularly intermittent renewable sources such as solar and wind. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jray310 (talk • contribs) 08:10, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

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Comparison to electric batteries
The comparison to electric batteries section suggests only one way in which flywheels are not superior to electric batteries is limited flexibility in terms of shape. However, the use of batteries seems far more prevalent than flywheels, would suggest there must be some other advantages to battery storage. Is this section really capturing the whole picture, or is it overly biased in the direction of flywheels? —Salton Finneger (talk) 18:07, 28 February 2017 (UTC)

 * The application makes a world of difference, for small or portable, or flat as in a EV, batteries have no competition from flywheels, as the size of the battery industry proves. For the much rarer stationary applications it's all about cost, when a UPS is small, it will use a battery, when the storage gets to hundreds of kW, a kWh of spinning steel is cheaper than a kWh of chemical battery, when storage becomes even larger, a kW of falling water is cheaper than a kW of spinning steel. The "Comparison_to_electric_batteries" leaves out the little detail that there aren't small flywheels for storage. Dougmcdonell (talk) 21:02, 1 March 2017 (UTC)

The last two sentences are unsupported (and in my experience working in this field, wrong) "that flywheels don't need maintenance because they are are sealed". Seals would then need replacement, especially in high speed flywheels and this is one of the limiting factors of flywheels that they are difficult to keep sealed. I do agree that low speed flywheel designs are low maintenance and some batteries are not, but when was the last time you did anything to the battery in your car? Or a battery in a cell tower? It seems very design specific and does not make a comparison between electric cells and flywheels. The other "a flywheel at a minimum must occupy a fixed square surface area and volume", confuses me as flywheel energy has nothing to do with surface area or volume, but mass and speed. Again, power and energy density vary (a good comparison of the state of the art could be made in this regard) There are advantages and disadvantages, but these aren't them. Wiredrabbit (talk) 11:21, 18 March 2019 (UTC)

Possible error in specific energy equation?
I was taking a look at the specific energy equation found in this article and, as far as I can tell, this equation is not dimensionally consistent. For it to be dimensionally consistent K should have dimensions corresponding to (L)^-2. I'm sorry if this is not the correct format to submit my doubt. 213.99.46.50 (talk) 14:46, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

I also believe there is something wrong with that equation. Even the left side "specific energy" is supposed to be Joules per KILOGRAM, not Joules per 'moment of inertia'. The units don't net out to zero either. It (to me) doesn't make sense that equation takes 'rotor material density' as an input variable, when 'rotor material density' is already implied in the 'moment of inertia'. 2600:1700:4CA1:3C80:69CA:CA42:B778:1237 (talk) 17:56, 20 October 2018 (UTC) Yes, this is completely wrong - so wrong that I corrected it from E/I to E/m - as flywheels are nearly all cylindrical, perhaps someone can substitute in for the shape factor K to give a reasonable numerical estimate for an isotropic material? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C4:1585:DF00:A181:8E11:7B16:DE8B (talk) 11:01, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

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Chernobyl Disaster
was a result of an x-time repeated experiment to use the residual enegy of the heavy turbine rotors as flywheel uninterruptible power supplies. To spare the huge, expensive and leaking accumulators. And they have been very close to solve the generator exciter regulation problem, unfortunately the necessary integrated circuits have been under US technological embargo at this time :( 85.216.197.77 (talk) 19:57, 18 July 2021 (UTC)

Helically Symmetric Experiment flywheels
I'm not sure how to use references, but I was curious about: The Helically Symmetric Experiment at the University of Wisconsin-Madison has 18 one-ton flywheels, which are spun to 10,000 rpm using repurposed electric train motors. https://news.wisc.edu/one-of-a-kind-fusion-experiment-comes-online/

Does anyone have more information about this hardware? 50.5.47.22 (talk) 03:22, 28 November 2021 (UTC).

PG&E grid storage update
Per a 2018 Planet Money (NPR) episode, PG&E's 2016 agreement with a California company to construct a flywheel energy storage system in Fresno did not yield usable results. Nieuwe Nederlander (talk) 00:55, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flywheel energy storage


text:
Sophie Marceau

Sophie Marceau (born Sophie Danièle Sylvie Maupu, 17 November 1966) is a French actress. As a teenager, she achieved popularity with her debut films La Boum (1980) and La Boum 2 (1982), receiving a César Award for Most Promising Actress (known as the French Oscar). She became a film star in Europe with a string of successful films, including L'Étudiante (1988), Pacific Palisades (1990), Fanfan (1993) and Revenge of the Musketeers (1994). She became an international film star with her performances in Braveheart (1995), Firelight (1997), Anna Karenina (1997) and as Elektra King in the 19th James Bond film The World Is Not Enough (1999). Some of her later films tackle critical social issues such as Arrêtez-moi (2013), Jailbirds (2015) and Everything Went Fine (2021).

Marceau has appeared on more than 300 magazine covers worldwide and been the face of numerous luxury brands. She was made Officer (Officier) in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Minister of Culture of France in 2003 and in 2015, it was revealed that she had refused the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur).

Early life
She was born 17 November 1966 in Paris, the second child of Simone (née Morisset), who was a shop assistant. and Benoît Maupu, a truck driver. Her parents divorced when she was nine years old.

Film career
In February 1980, Marceau and her mother came across a model agency looking for teenagers. Marceau had photos taken at the agency, but did not think anything would come of it. At the same time, Françoise Menidrey, the casting director for Claude Pinoteau's La Boum (1980), asked modeling agencies to recommend a new teenager for the project. After viewing the rushes, Alain Poiré, the director of the Gaumont Film Company, signed Marceau to a long-term contract. La Boum was a hit film, with 4,378,500 tickets sold in France. In 1981, Marceau made her singing debut with French singer François Valéry on record "Dream in Blue", written by Pierre Delanoë. She rejected the main role in a soon-to-be controversial film, Beau-père, in which she would have played as a teenage girl who seduces her step-father for a sexual relationship. The role was eventually played by Ariel Besse. In 1982, at age 16, Marceau bought back her contract with Gaumont for one million French francs. She borrowed most of the money.

After starring in the sequel film La Boum 2 (1982), Marceau focused on more dramatic roles, including the historical drama Fort Saganne in 1984 with Gérard Depardieu and Catherine Deneuve, Joyeuses Pâques (Happy Easter) in 1984, L'amour braque and Police in 1985, and Descente aux enfers (Descent into Hell) in 1986. In 1988, she starred in L'Étudiante (The Student) and the historical adventure film Chouans!. That year, Marceau was named Best Romantic Actress at the International Festival of Romantic Movies for her role in Chouans!

In 1989, Marceau starred in My Nights Are More Beautiful Than Your Days, which was directed by her long-time partner Andrzej Zulawski. In 1990, she starred in Pacific Palisades and La note bleue, her third film directed by her companion. In 1991, she ventured into the theater in Eurydice, which earned Marceau the Moliere Award for Best Female Newcomer. Throughout the 1990s, Marceau began making less-dramatic films, such as the comedy Fanfan in 1993 and Revenge of the Musketeers (La fille de d'Artagnan) in 1994—both popular in Europe and abroad. That year, she returned to the theatre as Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion.

Marceau achieved international recognition in 1995 playing the role of Princess Isabelle in Mel Gibson's Braveheart. That year, she was part of an ensemble of international actors in the French film Beyond the Clouds, directed by Michelangelo Antonioni and Wim Wenders. In 1997, she continued her string of successful films with William Nicholson's Firelight, filmed in England, Véra Belmont's Marquise, filmed in France, and Bernard Rose's Anna Karenina, filmed in Russia. In 1999, she played Hippolyta in A Midsummer Night's Dream, and the villainous Bond girl Elektra King in The World Is Not Enough. In 2000, Marceau teamed up again with her then-partner Andrzej Zulawski to film Fidelity, playing the role of a talented photographer who takes a job at a scandal-mongering tabloid and becomes romantically involved with an eccentric children's book publisher.

Since the early 2000s, Marceau has continued to appear in a wide variety of roles, mainly in French films, playing a widowed nurse in Nelly (À ce soir) in 2004, an undercover police agent in Anthony Zimmer in 2005, and the troubled daughter of a murdered film star in Trivial in 2007. In 2008, Marceau played a member of the French Resistance movement in Female Agents, and a struggling single mother in LOL (Laughing Out Loud). In 2009, she teamed up with Monica Bellucci in Don't Look Back about the mysterious connection between two women who have never met. In 2010, Marceau played a successful business executive forced to confront her unhappy childhood in With Love... from the Age of Reason (L'âge de raison).

In 2012, Marceau played a 40-something career woman who falls in love with a young jazz musician in Happiness Never Comes Alone. In 2013, she appeared in Arrêtez-moi (Arrest Me) as a woman who shows up at a police station and confesses to the murder of her abusive husband several years earlier..

She was selected to be on the jury for the main competition section of the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.

Author and director
In 1996, Marceau published the semi-autobiographical novel, Menteuse (the English translation, Telling Lies, was published in 2001). Marceau's work was described as "an exploration of female identity".

In 2002, Marceau made her directorial debut in the feature film Speak to Me of Love, for which she was named Best Director at the Montreal World Film Festival. The film starred Judith Godrèche. It was her second directorial effort, following her nine-minute short film L'aube à l'envers in 1995, which also starred Godrèche. In 2007, she directed Trivial, her second feature film and in 2018 Mrs Mills.

Advertising
In the early stages of her career, she shot around a dozen television commercials and numerous national magazine covers in Japan and South Korea where she is famous since La Boum. Since 2008, Marceau is an international ambassador for high-end jeweller Chaumet based in Paris. Since 2014, she has been the ambassador of the DS 4, DS 5 and DS 6 cars (2010–2016) of the PSA Group with billboards and television commercials throughout Asia and especially in China.

Personal life
From 1985 to 2001, Marceau was in a relationship with Polish director Andrzej Żuławski. They have a son, Vincent, born in July 1995. In 2001, Marceau separated from Żuławski and began a six-year relationship with American producer Jim Lemley. They have a daughter, Juliette, born in June 2002.

Marceau also had a relationship with actor Christopher Lambert beginning in 2007, with whom she appeared in the films Trivial and Cartagena. They separated in July 2014. In 2016, for about 10 months, Marceau was in a relationship with the chef and restaurant owner Cyril Lignac.

Marceau is a classically trained cellist, as seen in the 1999 film Lost and Found. She is bilingual (French and English). She considers herself sapiosexual.

Honours and awards

 * 1983 César Award for Most Promising Actress for La Boum 2
 * 1988 Cabourg Award for Best Actress for Chouans!
 * 1988 Jupiter Award as best actress for Descente aux enfers
 * 1991 Molière Award (theater) as best newcoming actress for Eurydice
 * 2000 Cabourg Award for Best Actress for La fidélité
 * 2000 Goldene Kamera for Film International
 * 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actress for The World Is Not Enough
 * 2002 Montréal World Film Festival Award for Best Director for Speak to Me of Love
 * 2002 Montréal World Film Festival Grand Prix Special des Amériques Nomination
 * 2007 Montréal World Film Festival Grand Prix Special des Amériques
 * 2008 Monte-Carlo Comedy Film Festival Jury Prize for LOL (Laughing Out Loud)

Decorations

 * Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Officier ribbon.svg After having been made a Knight (French: Chevalier), Marceau was promoted to Officer (French: Officier) in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Minister of Culture of France in 2003. She received the rosette from the hands of Jean-Jacques Aillagon who declared:

"'Female conqueror and ambitious actress. For millions of spectators, you embody freedom and revolt. Your career is part of the tradition of the greatest French actors, in the wake of Catherine Deneuve, Gérard Depardieu, Philippe Noiret or Jean-Paul Belmondo. You are a role model in our country and, abroad, you embody the image of the perfect French woman and for that you deserve the gratitude of the Republic'."

 * Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg In March 2016, she officially revealed that she had refused the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur). Marceau reacted to then president François Hollande giving it to the then crown prince of Saudi Arabia Muhammad bin Nayef. In a tweet posted on 8 March 2016, Marceau wrote "This is why I refused the Legion of honor" with a link to an article from Le Monde titled "Saudi Arabia: Legion of Honor and Beheadings" which denounced the Wahhabi kingdom's repeated violations of numerous human rights such as the 70 executions carried out since the start of that year and its contempt for women's rights. Every year a few recipients decline the award, as Brigitte Bardot, Gustave Courbet, Guy de Maupassant, Jean-Paul Sartre, Georges Brassens and Maurice Ravel all did. However, even if they refuse to accept it, they are still automatically included in the order's official membership.

Public image
Marceau is one of the most well-known Western actors in Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea  and most importantly China,  owing to her films, her countless local advertising campaigns and her role as a cultural ambassador of France  in these countries since the 1980s. Marceau was invited to sing "La Vie en rose" in China in a duet with Liu Huan for the 2014 CCTV's New Year gala which was watched by over 700 million people ushering in the nation's week-long holiday. As of 2020 and since the 1990s, the circumlocution "the French people's favourite actress" (French: actrice préférée des Français) became a synonym for Marceau in media and the press as she has regularly topped most annual surveys and opinion polls determining it during that period.

title: Sophie Marceau