text:
1484

Year 1484 (MCDLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1484th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 484th year of the 2nd millennium, the 84th year of the 15th century, and the 5th year of the 1480s decade.

January–December

 * March 26 – William Caxton, the first printer of books in English, prints his translation of Aesop's Fables in London.
 * May 30 – Charles VIII of France (Charles l'Affable) is crowned.
 * June 22 – The first known book printed by a woman, Anna Rügerin, is an edition of Eike of Repgow's compendium of customary law, the Sachsenspiegel, produced in Augsburg.
 * July 6 – Portuguese sea captain Diogo Cão finds the mouth of the Congo River.
 * July 22 – Battle of Lochmaben Fair: A 500-man raiding party led by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany, and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas, is defeated by forces loyal to Albany's brother James III of Scotland; Douglas is captured.
 * August 29 – Pope Innocent VIII succeeds Pope Sixtus IV, as the 213th pope.
 * September 21 – Treaty of Nottingham: A three-year truce between the kingdoms of England and Scotland is signed.
 * December 5 – Pope Innocent VIII issues the Papal bull Summis desiderantes affectibus, giving the inquisition a mission to hunt heretics and witches in Germany, led by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger.

Date unknown

 * The first sugar mill becomes operational in the Gran Canaria.
 * The first cuirassier units (kyrissers) are formed in Austria.
 * The King of Portugal appoints a commission of mathematicians to perfect tables, to help seamen find their latitude.
 * Maximilian I, Duke of Burgundy, orders foreign merchants to leave Bruges. Most merchants move to Antwerp, greatly contributing to its growth as an international trading center.
 * Battle of Leitzersdorf: The Imperial Army of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated by the Hungarians.

Births

 * January 1 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss religious reformer (d. 1531)
 * January 17 – George Spalatin, German religious reformer (d. 1545)
 * February 21 – Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (1499–1535) (d. 1535)
 * March 4 – George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1543)
 * April 12
 * Maharana Sangram Singh, Rana of Mewar (d. 1528)
 * Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (d. 1546)
 * April 23 – Julius Caesar Scaliger, Italian humanist scholar (d. 1558)
 * June 25 – Bartholomeus V. Welser, German banker (d. 1561)
 * July 11 – Ottaviano de' Medici, Italian politician (d. 1546)
 * November 29 – Joachim Vadian, Swiss humanist and reformer (d. 1551)
 * December 13 – Paul Speratus, German Lutheran (d. 1551)
 * date unknown – Hosokawa Takakuni, Japanese military commander (d. 1531)
 * date unknown – Luisa de Medrano, Spanish scholar (d. 1527)
 * date unknown – Purandara Dasa, Indian composer and saint (d. 1564)

Deaths

 * March 4 – Saint Casimir, Prince of Poland (b. 1458)
 * March 5 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, Electress of Saxony (b. 1443)
 * April 9 – Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales (b. c. 1473)
 * May 1 – Adalbert of Saxony, Administrator of Mainz (1482–1484) (b. 1467)
 * July 11 – Mino da Fiesole, Italian sculptor (b. c. 1429)
 * July 14 – Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (1478–1484) (b. 1441)
 * August 12 – Pope Sixtus IV (b. 1414)
 * August 20 – Ippolita Maria Sforza, Italian noble (b. 1446)
 * October 2 – Isabel of Cambridge, Countess of Essex (b. 1409)
 * December – Premislav of Tost, Silesian ruler (b. 1425)
 * date unknown
 * William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness (b. 1410)
 * Luigi Pulci, Italian poet (b. 1432)
 * Barbara von Ottenheim, German sculpture model (b. 1430)

title: 1484


text:
1482

Year 1482 (MCDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 19 – A Portuguese fleet, commanded by Diogo de Azambuja, arrives at the mouth of the River Benya on the Gold Coast, where the fort of São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle) is erected.
 * January 25 – Probable first printing of the Torah, in Bologna.
 * February 28 –The village of Alhama de Granada in Spain is taken by Christian forces, starting the Granada War to expel the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula.
 * February – Johann Reuchlin leaves Stuttgart to visit Florence where he meets Marsilio Ficino.
 * March 22 – Pope Sixtus IV, in a special bull, grants self-government rights to the Italian town of Ascoli Piceno.
 * March 27 – The death of Mary of Burgundy triggers the first of the Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria.
 * April 3 – Symeon I succeeds Maximus III as Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
 * c. August – Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão becomes the first European to enter the Congo.
 * August 1 – Anglo-Scottish Wars: Richard, Duke of Gloucester invades Scotland, and captures Edinburgh.
 * August 24 – Capture of Berwick: The Scots surrender the border town of Berwick-upon-Tweed to Richard, ending his campaign.

 * December 23 – Treaty of Arras divides the Burgundian Netherlands between King Louis XI of France and Archduke Maximilian I of Habsburg.

Date unknown

 * Ivan III renounces the Mongol Khanate rule over Russia.
 * Johannes Trithemius becomes a novice, at the abbey of St. Martin at Sponheim, in the Diocese of Mainz.
 * The first edition of Euclid's Elements (Latin translation) is printed, by German printer Erhard Ratdolt in Venice, incorporating geometric diagrams.
 * Schreierstoren is erected in Amsterdam (from which Henry Hudson will set sail on April 4, 1609, on the vessel Halve Maen, to bring him to the harbor of New York and the Hudson River).

Births

 * March 7 – Fray Thomas de San Martín, Roman Catholic prelate and bishop (d. 1555)
 * June 29 – Maria of Aragon, Queen of Manuel I of Portugal, daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (d. 1517)
 * July 7 – Andrzej Krzycki, Polish archbishop (d. 1537)
 * August 23 – Jo Gwang-jo, Korean philosopher (d. 1520)
 * October 7 – Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d. 1553)
 * October 18 – Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1538)
 * December 9 – Frederick II, Elector Palatine (1544–1556) (d. 1556)
 * date unknown
 * Richard Aertsz, Dutch historical painter (d. 1577)
 * Eufrasia Burlamacchi, Italian nun and manuscript illumination artist (d. 1548)
 * Leo Jud, Swiss religious reformer (d. 1542)
 * Johannes Oecolampadius, German religious reformer (d. 1531)
 * Matthias Ringmann, German cartographer and humanist poet (d. 1511)
 * probable
 * Bernardino Luini, Italian painter (d. 1532)
 * Richard Pace, English diplomat (d. 1537)

Deaths

 * March 25 – Lucrezia Tornabuoni, Italian writer, adviser and spouse of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (b. 1427)
 * March 27 – Mary of Burgundy, Sovereign Duchess regnant of Burgundy, married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1457)
 * May 10 – Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, Italian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1397)
 * May 23 – Mary of York, daughter of King Edward IV of England (b. 1467)
 * August 15 – William, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg, Margrave of Hachberg-Sausenberg (1428-1441) (b. 1406)
 * August 25 – Queen Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI of England (b. 1430)
 * August 29 – Queen Yun, Korean Queen (b. 1455)
 * September 10 – Federico da Montefeltro, Italian mercenary (b. 1422)
 * September 17 – William III, Landgrave of Thuringia, Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1425)
 * September 22 – Philibert I, Duke of Savoy (b. 1465)
 * date unknown – Hugo van der Goes, Flemish artist (b. c. 1440)

In fiction

 * In Doctor Who, the Doctor states that 1482 is a hard year to time travel to, as it is full of glitches.
 * Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame takes place in this year.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1482


text:
1479

Year 1479 (MCDLXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar).

January–December

 * January 20 – Ferdinand II ascends the throne of Aragon, and rules together with his wife Isabella I, Queen of Castile, over most of the Iberian peninsula.
 * January 25 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed between the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Venice, ending sixteen years of war between the two powers; Venice will cede Negroponte, Lemnos and Shkodër, and pay an annual sum of 10,000 gold ducats.
 * April 25 – Ratification of the Treaty of Constantinople in Venice ends the Siege of Shkodra after fifteen months, and brings all of Albania under the Ottoman Empire.
 * May 13 – Christopher Columbus, an experienced mariner and successful trader in the thriving Genoese expatriate community in Portugal, marries Felipa Perestrelo Moniz (Italian on her father's side), and receives as dowry her late father's maps and papers, charting the seas and winds around the Madeira Islands, and other Portuguese possessions in the Ocean Sea.
 * August 7 – Battle of Guinegate: A French army sent to invade the Netherlands is defeated by Maximilian of Austria.
 * September 4 – The Treaty of Alcáçovas (also known as the Treaty or Peace of Alcáçovas-Toledo) is signed between the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side, and the King of Portugal and his son on the other side, ending the four-year War of the Castilian Succession.
 * October 13 – Battle of Breadfield (Kenyérmezei csata, Ekmek Otlak Savaşı): The army of the Kingdom of Hungary, led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthory, defeats that of the Ottoman Empire in Transylvania, Hungary, leaving at least 10,000 Turkish dead.

Ongoing

 * The plague breaks out in Florence.
 * Johann Neumeister prints a new edition of Juan de Torquemada's Meditations, or the Contemplations of the Most Devout.

Births

 * March 12 – Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours (d. 1516)
 * March 13 – Lazarus Spengler, German hymnwriter (d. 1534)
 * March 20 – Ippolito d'Este, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1520)
 * March 25 – Vasili III of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow (d. 1533)
 * May 3 – Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1552)
 * May 5 – Guru Amar Das, third Sikh Guru (d. 1574)
 * May 12 – Pompeo Colonna, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1532)
 * June 14 – Giglio Gregorio Giraldi, Italian scholar and poet (d. 1552)
 * June 15 – Lisa del Giocondo, Florentine noblewoman believed to be the subject of the Mona Lisa (d. 1542)
 * August 14 – Catherine of York, English princess, aunt of Henry VIII (d. 1527)
 * September 17 – Celio Calcagnini, Italian astronomer (d. 1541)
 * October 28 – John Gage, English courtier of the Tudor period (d. 1556)
 * November 6
 * Joanna of Castile, Queen of Philip I of Castile, daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1555)
 * Philip I, Margrave of Baden (d. 1533)
 * December – Ayşe Hafsa Sultan, Ottoman Valide Sultan (d. 1534)
 * date unknown
 * Johann Cochlaeus, German humanist and controversialist (d. 1552)
 * Vallabhacharya, Indian founder of the Vallabha sect of Hinduism (d. 1531)
 * probable – Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1522)

Deaths

 * January 18 – Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1417)
 * January 20 – King John II of Aragon (b. 1397)
 * February – Antonello da Messina, Italian painter (b. c. 1430)
 * February 10 – Catherine of Cleves, duchess consort regent of Guelders (b. 1417)
 * February 12 – Eleanor of Navarre, queen regnant of Navarre (b. 1426)
 * April 24 – Jorge Manrique, Spanish poet (b. 1440)
 * June 11 – John of Sahagún, Spanish Augustinian friar, priest and saint (b. 1419)
 * September 10 – Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1422)
 * September 18 – Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin, English baron (b. 1445)
 * November 6 – James Hamilton, 1st Lord Hamilton
 * date unknown
 * Johanne Andersdatter Sappi, Danish noble (b. 1400)
 * Ólöf Loftsdóttir, politically active Icelandic woman (b. c. 1410)

title: 1479


text:
1475

Year 1475 (MCDLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 10 – Battle of Vaslui (Moldavian–Ottoman Wars): Stephen III of Moldavia defeats the Ottoman Empire, which is led at this time by Mehmed the Conqueror of Constantinople.
 * July 4 – Burgundian Wars: Edward IV of England lands in Calais, in support of the Duchy of Burgundy against France.
 * August 29 – The Treaty of Picquigny ends the brief war between France and England.
 * November 13 – Burgundian Wars – Battle on the Planta: Forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious against those of the Duchy of Savoy, near Sion, Switzerland.
 * November 14 – The original Landshut Wedding takes place, between George, Duke of Bavaria, and Hedwig Jagiellon.
 * December – The Principality of Theodoro falls to the Ottoman Empire, arguably taking with it the final territorial remnant of the successor to the Roman Kingdom after nearly 2,228 years of Roman civilization since the legendary Founding of Rome in 753 BC.

Date unknown

 * Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye is the first book to be printed in English, by William Caxton in Bruges (or 1473–74?).
 * Rashi's commentary on the Torah is the first dated book to be printed in Hebrew, in Reggio di Calabria.
 * Conrad of Megenberg's book, Buch der Natur, is published in Augsburg.
 * In Wallachia, Radu cel Frumos loses the throne (for the last time), and is again replaced by Basarab Laiotă.

Births

 * January 9 – Crinitus, Italian humanist (d. 1507)
 * January 29 – Giuliano Bugiardini, Italian painter (d. 1555)
 * February 25 – Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick, last male member of the House of York (d. 1499)
 * March 6 – Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian sculptor (d. 1564)
 * March 12 – Luca Gaurico, Italian astrologer (d. 1558)
 * March 30 – Elisabeth of Culemborg, German noble (d. 1555)
 * June 29 – Beatrice d'Este, duchess of Bari and Milan (d. 1497)
 * September 6
 * Artus Gouffier, Lord of Boissy, French nobleman and politician (d. 1519)
 * Sebastiano Serlio, Italian Mannerist architect (d. 1554)
 * September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (d. 1539)
 * September 13 or April 1476 – Cesare Borgia, illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI (approximate date; d. 1507)
 * October 20 – Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Italian Renaissance man of letters (d. 1525)
 * November 2 – Anne of York, seventh child of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville (d. 1511)
 * November 28 – Anne Shelton, elder sister of Thomas Boleyn (d. 1556)
 * December 11 – Pope Leo X (d. 1521)
 * December 24 – Thomas Murner, German satirist (d. c. 1537)
 * date unknown
 * Valerius Anshelm, Swiss chronicler
 * Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Spanish conquistador (approximate date; d. 1519)
 * Gendun Gyatso, 2nd Dalai Lama (d. 1541)
 * probable
 * Thomas West, 9th Baron De La Warr (d. 1554)
 * Margaret Drummond, mistress of James IV of Scotland (d. 1502)
 * Pierre Gringoire, French poet and playwright (d. 1538)
 * Filippo de Lurano, Italian composer (d. 1520)
 * Gunilla Bese, Finnish noble and fiefholder (d. 1553)

Deaths

 * January – Radu cel Frumos, Voivoid of Wallachia (b. c. 1437)
 * February 3 – John IV, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1410)
 * March – Simon of Trent, Italian saint, subject of a blood libel
 * March 20 – Georges Chastellain, Burgundian chronicler and poet
 * May 20 – Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk (born c.1404)
 * June 13 – Joan of Portugal, Queen of Castile (b. 1439)
 * September 6 – Adolph II of Nassau, Archbishop of Mainz (b. c. 1423)
 * December 10 – Paolo Uccello, Italian painter (b. 1397)
 * date unknown
 * Theodorus Gaza, Greek scholar, one of the leaders of the revival of learning in the 15th century (b. c. 1400)
 * Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow
 * Masuccio Salernitano, Italian poet (b. 1410)

title: 1475


text:
1474

Year 1474 (MCDLXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February – The Treaty of Utrecht puts an end to the Anglo-Hanseatic War.
 * March 19 – The Senate of the Republic of Venice enacts the Venetian Patent Statute, one of the earliest patent systems in the world. New and inventive devices, once put into practice, have to be communicated to the Republic to obtain the right to prevent others from using them. This is considered the first modern patent system.
 * July 25 – By signing the Treaty of London, Charles the Bold of Burgundy agrees to support Edward IV of England's planned invasion of France.
 * December 12 – Upon the death of Henry IV of Castile, a civil war ensues between his designated successor Isabella I of Castile, and her niece Juana, who is supported by her husband, Afonso V of Portugal. Isabella wins the civil war after a lengthy struggle, when her husband, the newly crowned Ferdinand II of Aragon, comes to her aid.

Date unknown

 * Marsilio Ficino completes his book Theologia Platonica (Platonic Theology).
 * Axayacatl defeats the Matlatzinca of the Toluca Valley.

Births

 * January 7 – Thihathura II of Ava (d. 1501)
 * March 21 – Angela Merici, Italian religious leader and saint (d. 1540)
 * May 5
 * Juan Diego, Roman Catholic Saint from Mexico (d. 1548)
 * Giovanni Stefano Ferrero, Italian cardinal (d. 1510)
 * May 18 – Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (d. 1539)
 * August 6 – Luigi de' Rossi, Italian cardinal (d. 1519)
 * September 8 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (d. 1533)
 * October 6 – Luigi d'Aragona, Italian cardinal (d. 1518)
 * October 7 – Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1536)
 * October 13 – Mariotto Albertinelli, High Renaissance Italian painter of the Florentine school (d. 1515)
 * November 7 – Lorenzo Campeggio, Italian Cardinal (d. 1539)
 * November 8 – Francesco Vettori, Italian diplomat (d. 1539)
 * November 11 – Bartolomé de las Casas, Spanish Dominican friar, historian, and social reformer (d. 1566)
 * December 24 – Bartolomeo degli Organi, Italian musician (d. 1539)
 * date unknown
 * Anacaona, Taino queen and poet (d. 1503)
 * Juan Diego, Mexican Catholic saint (d. 1548)
 * Giacomo Pacchiarotti, Italian painter (d. 1539 or 1540)
 * Cuthbert Tunstall, English bishop and diplomat (d. 1559)
 * Humphrey Kynaston, English highwayman (d. 1534)
 * probable
 * Sebastian Cabot, Venetian explorer (d. c. 1557)
 * Edward Guilford, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports of England (d. 1534)
 * Stephen Hawes, English poet (d. c. 1521)
 * Sir John Seymour, English courtier (d. 1536)
 * Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne of England (d. 1499)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Pietro Riario, Catholic cardinal (b. 1447)
 * March 22 – Iacopo III Appiani, Prince of Piombino (b. 1422)
 * April 14 – Anna of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, daughter of Duke Eric I of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (b. 1414)
 * April 30 – Queen Gonghye, Korean royal consort (b. 1456)
 * May 4 – Alain de Coëtivy, Catholic cardinal (b. 1407)
 * May 9
 * Alfonso Vázquez de Acuña, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Jaén and Bishop of Mondoñedo (b. 1474)
 * Peter von Hagenbach, Alsatian knight and ruler (b. 1423)
 * May 11 – John Stanberry, Bishop of Hereford
 * May 14 – Choe Hang, Korean politician (b. 1409)
 * July 5 – Eric II, Duke of Pomerania-Wolgast (b. 1418)
 * July 9 – Isotta degli Atti, Italian Renaissance woman (b. 1432)
 * July 18 – Mahmud Pasha Angelović, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1420)
 * August 1 – Walter Blount, 1st Baron Mountjoy, English politician (b. 1416)
 * August 16 – Ricciarda of Saluzzo (b. 1410)
 * August 26 – James III of Cyprus (b. 1473)
 * September 21 – George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1390)
 * October 1 – Juan Pacheco, Spanish noble and politician (b. 1419)
 * November – William Canynge, English merchant (b. c. 1399)
 * November 27 – Guillaume Dufay, Flemish composer (b. 1397)
 * December 1 – Nicolò Marcello, Doge of Venice (b. 1397)
 * December 11 – King Henry IV of Castile (b. 1425)
 * December 16 – Ali Qushji, Ottoman astronomer and mathematician (b. 1403)
 * date unknown
 * Gomes Eannes de Azurara, Portuguese chronicler (b. c. 1410)
 * Antoinette de Maignelais, French royal favorite (b. 1434)
 * Gendun Drup, 1st Dalai Lama (b. 1391)
 * probable
 * Walter Frye, English composer
 * Jehan de Waurin, French chronicler

title: 1474


text:
1472

Year 1472 (MCDLXXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February 20 – Orkney and Shetland are returned by Norway to Scotland, as a result of a defaulted dowry payment.
 * March 4 – A mount of piety is established in Siena (Italy), origin of Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, the world's oldest surviving retail bank.
 * April 11 – The first printed edition of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy is published in Foligno.
 * June
 * 20-year-old Leonardo da Vinci is admitted as a master in his own right to the artists' Guild of Saint Luke in Florence.
 * (approximate date) – Volterra, a town in Italy, is sacked by Florentine soldiers for challenging the power of Lorenzo de' Medici.
 * July 3 – The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York, England, commonly known as York Minster, is declared complete and consecrated.
 * December 31 – The city council of Amsterdam prohibits snowball fights: "Neymant en moet met sneecluyten werpen nocht maecht noch wijf noch manspersoon." ("No one shall throw with snowballs, neither men nor (unmarried) women.")

Undated

 * The Kingdom of Fez is founded by the Wattasid dynasty with Sultan Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya as its first ruler.
 * An extensive slave trade begins in modern Cameroon as the Portuguese sail up the Wouri River.
 * Fernão do Po claims the central-African islands Bioko and Annobón for Portugal.
 * Possible discovery of the island of "Bacalao" (perhaps Newfoundland off North America) by João Vaz Corte-Real.
 * First printing of Thomas à Kempis' The Imitation of Christ (De Imitatione Christi) probably concludes posthumously in Augsburg; it will reach 100 editions and translations by the end of the century.
 * Johannes de Sacrobosco's De sphaera mundi (written c. 1230) is first published in Ferrara, the first printed astronomical book.
 * Pietro d'Abano's medical texts Conciliator differentiarum quae inter philosophos et medicos versantur and De venenis eorumque remediis (written before 1315) are first published.

Births

 * January 17 – Guidobaldo da Montefeltro, Italian condottiero and Duke of Urbino (d. 1508)
 * February 15 – Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1503)
 * March 28 – Fra Bartolomeo, Italian artist (d. 1517)
 * April 5 – Bianca Maria Sforza, Pavian-born Holy Roman Empress as consort to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1510)
 * April 10 – Margaret of York, English princess (d. 1472)
 * May 31 – Érard de La Marck, prince-bishop of Liège (d. 1538)
 * August 11 – Nikolaus von Schönberg, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1537)
 * October 19 – John Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (d. 1545)
 * October 31 – Wang Yangming, Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar (d. 1529)
 * November 24 – Pietro Torrigiano, Italian sculptor of the Florentine school (d. 1528)
 * December 10 – Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk (d. 1481)
 * date unknown
 * Lucas Cranach the Elder, German painter (d. 1553)
 * Alfonsina Orsini, Regent of Florence (d. 1520)
 * Barbro Stigsdotter, Swedish noblewoman and heroine (d. 1528)

Deaths

 * March 30 – Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy (b. 1435)
 * April 25 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet and philosopher (b. 1404)
 * May 24 – Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry, French noble (b. 1446)
 * May 30 – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, English duchess, daughter of Pierre de Luxembourg (b. 1416)
 * June 4 – Nezahualcoyotl, Aztec poet (b. 1402)
 * July 15 – Johann II of Nassau-Saarbrücken, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1429–1472) (b. 1423)
 * July 25 – Charles of Artois, Count of Eu, French military leader (b. 1394)
 * November 18 – Basilios Bessarion, Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1403)
 * December 11 – Margaret of York, English princess (b. 1472)
 * date unknown – Afanasy Nikitin, Russian traveller
 * probable
 * Thomas Boyd, Earl of Arran
 * Hayne van Ghizeghem, Flemish composer (b. c. 1445)
 * Michelozzo, Italian architect and sculptor (b. c. 1396)

title: 1472


text:
1470

Year 1470 (MCDLXX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 12 – Wars of the Roses in England – Battle of Losecoat Field: The House of York defeats the House of Lancaster.
 * March 20 – The Battle of Nibley Green is the last fought between the private armies of feudal magnates in England.
 * Spring: Anglo-Hanseatic War: Hanseatic League privateers set sail.
 * May 15 – Charles VIII of Sweden, who has served three terms as King of Sweden, dies. Sten Sture the Elder proclaims himself Regent of Sweden the following day.
 * June 1 – Sten Sture is recognised as Swedish ruler by the estates.
 * July 12 – The Ottomans capture Euboea.
 * August 20 – Battle of Lipnic: Stephen the Great defeats the Volga Tatars of the Golden Horde, led by Ahmed Khan.
 * September 13 – A rebellion orchestrated by King Edward IV of England's former ally, Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, forces the King to flee England to seek support from his brother-in-law, Charles the Bold of Burgundy.
 * October 3 – Warwick releases Henry VI of England from the Tower of London, and restores him to the throne.
 * November 28 – Emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Đại Việt launches a naval expedition against Champa, beginning the Cham–Annamese War.
 * December 18 – Lê Thánh Tông leads the Đại Việt army into Champa, conquering the country in less than three months.

Date unknown

 * The Pahang Sultanate is established at Pahang Darul Makmur (in modern-day Malaysia).
 * The first contact occurs between Europeans and the Fante nation of the Gold Coast, when a party of Portuguese land and meet with the King of Elmina.
 * Johann Heynlin introduces the printing press into France and prints his first book this same year.
 * In Tonga, in or around 1470, the Tuʻi Tonga Dynasty cedes its temporal powers to the Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua Dynasty, which will remain prominent until about 1600.
 * Between this year and 1700, 8,888 witches are tried in the Swiss Confederation; 5,417 of them are executed.
 * Sir George Ripley dedicates his book, The Compound of Alchemy, to the King Edward IV of England.
 * The Chimor–Inca War ends with an Inca victory. The Chimor Empire is absorbed into the Inca Empire.

Births

 * January 1 – Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (d. 1543)
 * February 16 – Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg (1491–1540) (d. 1540)
 * April 7 – Edward Stafford, 2nd Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1498)
 * April 9 – Giovanni Angelo Testagrossa, Italian composer (d. 1530)
 * May 20 – Pietro Bembo, Italian cardinal (d. 1547)
 * June 30 – Charles VIII of France (d. 1498)
 * July 13 – Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1528)
 * July 20 – John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath, English noble (d. 1539)
 * July 30 – Hongzhi Emperor of China (d. 1505)
 * August 4
 * Bernardo Dovizi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1520)
 * Lucrezia de' Medici, Italian noblewoman (d. 1553)
 * October 2
 * George I of Münsterberg, Imperial Prince, Duke of Münsterberg and Oels, Graf von Glatz (d. 1502)
 * Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal, daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1498)
 * Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan, daughter of Alfonso II of Naples (d. 1524)
 * October 10 – Selim I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1520)
 * October 15 – Konrad Mutian, German humanist (d. 1526)
 * November 2 – King Edward V of England, the elder of the "Princes in the Tower" (d. c. 1483)
 * November 28 – Wen Zhengming, artist in Ming dynasty China (d. 1559)
 * December 5 – Willibald Pirckheimer, German humanist (d. 1530)
 * date unknown
 * Juan Díaz de Solís, Spanish navigator and explorer (d. 1516)
 * Tang Yin, Chinese painter (d. 1524)
 * Polydore Vergil, Urbinate/English historian (d. 1555)
 * probable
 * Matthias Grünewald, German painter (d. 1528)
 * Hayuya, Taino chief (d. unknown)
 * Hugh Latimer, Protestant martyr (d. 1555)

Deaths

 * January 2 – Heinrich Reuß von Plauen, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
 * March 20 – Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle, English nobleman killed at the Battle of Nibley Green (b. c.1449)
 * May 15 – Charles VIII of Sweden (b. 1409)
 * August 31 – Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont (b. c.1428)
 * October 18 – John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, Lord High Treasurer (b. 1427)
 * November 23 – Gaston, Prince of Viana (b. 1444)
 * December 16 – John II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1425)
 * date unknown
 * Domenico da Piacenza, Italian dancing master (b. 1390)
 * Pal Engjëlli, Albanian Catholic clergyman (b. 1416)
 * probable – Jacopo Bellini, Italian painter (b. 1400)

title: 1470


text:
1468

Year 1468 (MCDLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * June 30 – Catherine Cornaro is married by proxy to James II of Cyprus, beginning the Venetian conquest of Cyprus.
 * August 26 – Baeda Maryam succeeds his father Zara Yaqob, as Emperor of Ethiopia.
 * October 14 – The Treaty of Péronne is signed by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis XI of France.
 * October 30 – Troops of Charles the Bold conduct the Sack of Liège.

Date unknown

 * The Lancastrians surrender Harlech Castle to King Edward IV of England after a seven-year siege.
 * The Great Council of the Republic of Venice attempts to curb the power of the Council of Ten through legislation restricting them to acting on emergency matters.
 * Orkney is pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland. As the money is never paid, the connection with the crown of Scotland becomes perpetual.
 * Fire breaks out at Metz Cathedral in France.
 * Sonni Ali, king of the Songhai Empire, takes power over Timbuktu.

Births

 * February 29 – Pope Paul III (d. 1549)
 * March 28 – Charles I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1490)
 * April 27 – Frederick Jagiellon, Primate of Poland (d. 1503)
 * May 31 – Philip, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (d. 1500)
 * June 30 – John, Elector of Saxony (1525–1532) (d. 1532)
 * July 24 – Catherine of Saxony, Archduchess of Austria (d. 1524)
 * August 3 – Albert I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko (d. 1511)
 * August 26 – Bernardo de' Rossi, Italian bishop (d. 1527)
 * December 21 – William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers, English baron (d. 1524)
 * date unknown
 * Marino Ascanio Caracciolo, Italian cardinal (d. 1538)
 * Mir Chakar Khan Rind, Baloch chieftain (d. 1565)
 * Juan de Zumárraga, Spanish Franciscan prelate and first bishop of Mexico (d. 1548)
 * probable – Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador and explorer (d. 1515)

Deaths

 * February 3 – Johannes Gutenberg, inventor of printing press with replaceable letters (b. c.1398)
 * March 12 – Astorre II Manfredi, Italian noble (b. 1412)
 * September 23 – Sejo of Joseon, King of Joseon (b. 1417)
 * June 10 – Idris Imad al-Din, supreme leader of Tayyibi Isma'ilism, scholar and historian (b. 1392)
 * June 14 – Margaret Beauchamp, countess of Shrewsbury
 * June 30 – Lady Eleanor Talbot, English noblewoman
 * July 5 – Alfonso, Prince of Asturias (b. 1453)
 * September 26 – Juan de Torquemada, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1388)
 * October 7 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (b. 1417)
 * October 28 – Bianca Maria Visconti, Duchess of Milan (b. 1425)
 * November 24 – Jean de Dunois, French soldier (b. 1402)
 * December 6 – Zanobi Strozzi, Italian painter (b. 1412)
 * date unknown
 * Joanot Martorell, Spanish writer (b. 1419)
 * Francesco Squarcione, Italian artist (b. ca. 1395)
 * Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1399)
 * Pomellina Fregoso, Monegaque regent (b. 1388

title: 1468


text:
1467

Year 1467 (MCDLXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * June 15 – Philip the Good is succeeded as Duke of Burgundy, by Charles the Bold.
 * October 29 – Battle of Brustem: Charles the Bold defeats the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
 * October 30 or November 11 – Battle of Chapakchur: Uzun Hasan defeats Jahan Shah.
 * November 12 – Regent of Sweden Erik Axelsson Tott supports the re-election of deposed Charles VIII of Sweden to the throne.
 * December 15 – Battle of Baia: Troops under Stephen III of Moldavia decisively defeat the forces of Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, at Baia (present-day Romania). This is the last Hungarian attempt to subdue the Principality of Moldavia.

Date unknown

 * Third Siege of Krujë: A few months after the failure of the second siege, Mehmed II leads another unsuccessful Ottoman invasion of Albania.
 * The Ōnin War (1467–1477), which initiates the Sengoku period (1467–1615) in Japan, begins.
 * While Hassan III of the Maldives is on Hajj, Sayyidh Muhammad deposes his son, acting regent. On his return, Hassan regains the throne.
 * Some papal abbreviators are arrested and tortured on the orders of Pope Paul II, among them Filippo Buonaccorsi.
 * King Matthias Corvinus founds the first university in Slovakia, the Universitas Istropolitana in Bratislava.
 * The first European polyalphabetic cipher is invented by Leon Battista Alberti (approximate date).
 * Juan de Torquemada's book, Meditationes, seu Contemplationes devotissimae, is published.

Births

 * January – John Colet, English churchman and educational pioneer (d. 1519)
 * January 1
 * Philip of Cleves, Bishop of Nevers, Amiens, Autun (d. 1505)
 * Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (d. 1548)
 * January 4
 * Henry the Younger of Stolberg, Stadtholder of Friesland (1506–1508) (d. 1508)
 * Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (1511–1538) (d. 1538)
 * January 26 – Guillaume Budé, French scholar (d. 1540)
 * February 2 – Columba of Rieti, Italian Dominican tertiary Religious Sister (d. 1501)
 * March 19 – Bartolomeo della Rocca, Italian scholar (d. 1504)
 * March 21 – Caritas Pirckheimer, German nun (d. 1532)
 * May 8 – Adalbert of Saxony, Administrator of Mainz (1482–1484) (d. 1484)
 * May 31 – Sibylle of Brandenburg, Duchess of Jülich and Berg (d. 1524)
 * August 11 – Mary of York, daughter of King Edward IV of England (d. 1482)
 * August 25 – Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 2nd Duke of Alburquerque, Spanish duke (d. 1526)
 * October 21 – Giovanni il Popolano, Italian diplomat (d. 1498)
 * November 9
 * Charles II, Duke of Guelders, Count of Zutphen from 1492 (d. 1538)
 * Philippa of Guelders, twin sister of Charles, Duke of Guelders, Duchess consort of Lorraine (d. 1547)
 * November 25 – Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre, Knight of Henry VIII of England (d. 1525)
 * date unknown
 * John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, English translator (d. 1553)
 * Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, Polish nobleman (d. 1532)
 * John Yonge, English ecclesiastic and diplomatist (d. 1516)
 * probable – William Latimer, English churchman and scholar (d. 1545)

Deaths

 * March 13 – Vettore Cappello, Venetian statesman
 * March 29 – Matthew Palaiologos Asen, Byzantine aristocrat and official
 * April 20 – Dorotea Gonzaga, Italian noble (b. 1449)
 * April 30 – John, Count of Angoulême (b. 1399)
 * June 15 – Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1396)
 * September 3 – Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1434)
 * December 12 – Jošt of Rožmberk, Bishop of Breslau, Grand Prior of the Order of St. John (b. 1430)
 * December 15 – Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, archbishop and Regent of Sweden (b. 1417)
 * date unknown
 * Maria of Tver, Grand Princess consort of Muscovy, spouse of Ivan III of Russia (b. 1447)
 * Peter III Aaron, prince of Moldavia
 * Jahan Shah, leader of Turkmen
 * Khan Xälil of Kazan

title: 1467


text:
1466

Year 1466 (MCDLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

 * The Kingdom of Georgia collapses into anarchy, and fragments into rival states of Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Saatabago and a number of principalities; this breakup is finalised in 1490, when Constantine II of Georgia has to recognize his rival monarchies.
 * The Mentelin Bible, the first printed German language Bible, is produced.
 * Louis XI of France introduces silk weaving to Lyon.
 * The first known shop specialising in eyeglasses opens in Strasbourg.
 * The second largest bell of Saint Peter's Church, Fritzlar in Hesse is cast by Meister Goswin aus Fritzlar.

Births

 * February 11 – Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (d. 1503)
 * May – Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg, German landgravine (d. 1523)
 * May 22 – Marino Sanuto the Younger, Italian historian (d. 1536)
 * June 18 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian music printer (d. 1539)
 * July 5 – Giovanni Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1510)
 * August 10 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)
 * September 9 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shōgun (d. 1523)
 * October 28 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (d. 1536)
 * November 16 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto, Florentine philosopher (d. 1522)
 * November 26 – Edward Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings, English noble (d. 1506)
 * November 30 – Andrea Doria, Genoese condottiero and admiral (d. 1560)
 * Probable – Moctezuma II, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (modern Mexico City), 1502–1520, son of Axayacatl (d. 1520)

Deaths

 * February 23 – Girishawardhana Dyah Suryawikrama, 9th Maharaja of Majapahit
 * March 6 – Alvise Loredan, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1393)
 * March 8 – Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1401)
 * August – Hacı I Giray, first ruler of the Crimean Khanate (b. 1397)
 * October 30 – Johann Fust, German printer (b. c. 1400)
 * December 13 – Donatello, Italian artist (b. 1386)
 * Date unknown
 * Barbara Manfredi, Italian noblewoman (b. 1444)
 * Isotta Nogarola, Italian writer and intellectual (b. 1418)
 * Nicolaus Zacharie, Italian composer (b. c. 1400)

title: 1466


text:
1464

Year 1464 (MCDLXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * April 25 – Battle of Hedgeley Moor in England: Yorkist forces under John Neville defeat the Lancastrians under Sir Ralph Percy, who is killed.
 * May 1 – Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville, and keeps the marriage a secret for five months afterwards.
 * May 15 – Battle of Hexham: Neville defeats another Lancastrian army, this one led by King Henry and Queen Margaret themselves. This marks the end of organized Lancastrian resistance for several years.
 * June 11 – A 15-year-truce between the kingdoms of England and Scotland is signed.
 * June 18 – Pope Pius II himself shoulders the cross of the Crusades, and departs for Ancona to participate in person. He names Skanderbeg general captain of the Holy See, under the title Athleta Christi. This plan forces Skanderbeg to break his ten-year peace treaty with the Ottomans signed in 1463, by attacking their forces near Ohrid.
 * June 23 – Christian I of Denmark and Norway, who is also serving as King of Sweden, is declared deposed from the latter throne. His deposed predecessor Charles VIII of Sweden is re-elected to the throne on August 9.
 * August 21 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan abdicates, and is succeeded by his son, Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.
 * August 30 – Pope Paul II succeeds Pope Pius II, as the 211th pope.

Date unknown

 * In China, a small rebellion occurs in the interior province of Huguang, during the Ming Dynasty; a subsequent rebellion springs up in Guangxi, where a rebellion of the Miao people and Yao people forces the Ming throne to respond, by sending 30,000 troops (including 1,000 Mongol cavalry) to aid the 160,000 local troops stationed in the region, to crush the rebellion that will end in 1466.
 * Jehan Lagadeuc writes a Breton-French-Latin dictionary called the Catholicon. It is the first French dictionary as well as the first Breton dictionary of world history, and it will be published in 1499.
 * Tenguella, the founder of the Empire of Great Fulo, becomes chief of the Fula people.

Births

 * April 23
 * Robert Fayrfax, English Renaissance composer (d. 1521)
 * Joan of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1505)
 * May 6 – Sophia Jagiellon, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Polish princess (d. 1512)
 * May 30 – Barbara of Brandenburg, Bohemian queen (d. 1515)
 * June 27 – Ernst II of Saxony, Archbishop of Magdeburg (1476–1513) and Administrator of Halberstadt (1480–1513) (d. 1513)
 * July 1 – Clara Gonzaga, Italian noble (d. 1503)
 * November 19 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan (d. 1526)
 * date unknown
 * Nezahualpilli, Aztec ruler (d. 1515)
 * Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers (d. 1534)

Deaths

 * January – Desiderio da Settignano, Italian sculptor (b. c. 1428 or 1430)
 * February 23 – Zhengtong Emperor of China (b. 1427)
 * March 8 – Catherine of Poděbrady, Hungarian queen consort (b. 1449)
 * May 15 – Henry Beaufort, 3rd Duke of Somerset (executed) (b. 1436)
 * May 17 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English politician (executed) (b. 1427)
 * May 25 – Charles I, Count of Nevers (b. 1414)
 * June 18 – Rogier van der Weyden, Flemish painter (b. 1399 or 1400)
 * August 1 – Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1389)
 * August 11 – Nicholas of Cusa, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1401)
 * August 12 – John Capgrave, English historian and theologian (b. 1393)
 * August 14 – Pope Pius II (b. 1405)
 * September 7 – Otto III, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (1460–1464) (b. 1444)
 * September 23 – Bernardo Rossellino, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1409)
 * September 26 – Benedetto Accolti the Elder, Italian jurist and historian (b. 1415)
 * November 16 – John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (b. 1406)
 * November 23 – Blessed Margaret of Savoy (b. 1382 or 1390)
 * December 2 – Blanche II of Navarre (b. 1424)
 * date unknown – Fra Mauro, Venetian Camaldolese monk, cartographer and accountant (b. c. 1400)

title: 1464


text:
1463

Year 1463 (MCDLXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1463rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 463rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 63rd year of the 15th century, and the 4th year of the 1460s decade.

January–December

 * January 5 – French poet François Villon receives a reprieve from death by hanging, and is banished from Paris (his further life is undocumented).
 * May – The Kingdom of Bosnia falls to the Ottoman Empire.
 * September 15 – Battle of Vistula Lagoon: The navy of the Prussian Confederation defeats that of the Teutonic Order.
 * October 8 – The Truce of Hesdin ends French support for the House of Lancaster in England.

Date unknown

 * Muhammad Rumfa starts to rule in Kano.
 * Corpus Hermeticum is translated into Latin, by Marsilio Ficino.

Births

 * January 17
 * Antoine Duprat, French cardinal (d. 1535)
 * Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1525)
 * February 24 – Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Italian philosopher (d. 1494)
 * June 14 – Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noble (d. 1514)
 * August 4 – Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, Florentine patron of the arts (d. 1503)
 * September 29 – Louis I, Count of Löwenstein and founder of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim (d. 1523)
 * October 20 or October 29 – Alessandro Achillini, Bolognese philosopher (d. 1512)
 * November 29 – Andrea della Valle, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1534)
 * December 25 – Johann of Schwarzenberg, German judge and poet (d. 1528)
 * date unknown – Caterina Sforza, countess and regent of Forli (d. 1509)

Deaths

 * March 9 – Catherine of Bologna, Italian Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1413)
 * May 25 – King Stephen Tomašević of Bosnia (beheaded)
 * June 4 – Flavio Biondo, Italian humanist (b. 1392)
 * June 17 – Infanta Catherine of Portugal, religious sister (b. 1436)
 * September 23 – Giovanni di Cosimo de' Medici, Italian noble (b. 1421)
 * November 1 – Emperor David of Trebizond (b. c. 1408)
 * November 15 – Giovanni Antonio Del Balzo Orsini, Prince of Taranto and Constable of Naples (b. 1393)
 * November 18 – John IV, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1437)
 * November 29 – Marie of Anjou, queen of France, spouse of Charles VII of France (b. 1404)
 * December 2 – Albert VI, Archduke of Austria (b. 1418)
 * December 16 – Sir Philip Courtenay, British noble (b. 1404)
 * date unknown
 * Jacob Gaón, Jewish Basque tax collector (beheaded by the mob)
 * Ponhea Yat, last king of the Khmer Empire and first king of Cambodia (b. 1394)

title: 1463


text:
1460

Year 1460 (MCDLX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1460th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 460th year of the 2nd millennium, the 60th year of the 15th century, and the 1st year of the 1460s decade.

January–December

 * January 15 – Battle of Sandwich: Yorkists raid Sandwich, Kent, England, and capture the royal fleet.
 * March 5 – King Christian I of Denmark issues the Treaty of Ribe, enabling himself to become Count of Holstein, and regain control of Denmark's lost Duchy of Schleswig.
 * April 4 – The University of Basel is founded in Switzerland.
 * June 26 – Wars of the Roses: Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March (eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York) land in England with an army, and march on London.
 * July 4 – The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancastrian hands, are fired on the city of London, which is mostly in Yorkist hands. The Tower is surrendered on July 19.
 * July 10 – Wars of the Roses – Battle of Northampton: Warwick and March defeat a Lancastrian army and seize King Henry VI of England. It is agreed that York will be Henry's heir, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.
 * August 3 – While supervising a siege of English occupiers of Roxburgh Castle, King James II of Scotland is killed, when one of his own cannons explodes.
 * December 30 – Wars of the Roses – Battle of Wakefield: A Lancastrian army under Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland decisively defeats a Yorkist army under Richard of York and his son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, who are both killed. York's son Edward becomes leader of the Yorkist faction.

Date unknown

 * Ali Bey Mihaloğlu captures Michael Szilágyi.
 * Portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra reaches the coast of modern-day Sierra Leone.
 * A famine breaks out in the Deccan Plateau of India.
 * A monk, Leonardo da Pistoia, arrives in Florence from Macedonia, with the Corpus Hermeticum.

Births

 * May 8 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1536)
 * June 1 – Enno I, Count of East Frisia (1466–1491) (d. 1491)
 * September 29 – Louis II de la Trémoille, French military leader (d. 1525)
 * date unknown
 * Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (d. 1524)
 * Isabella Hoppringle, Scottish abbess and spy (d. 1538)
 * Svante Nilsson, regent of Sweden (d. 1512)
 * Ana de Mendonça, Spanish courtier (d. 1542)
 * Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley, English nobleman (d. 1532)
 * probable
 * Antoine Brumel, Flemish composer (d. 1515)
 * Tristão da Cunha, Portuguese explorer (d. 1540)
 * Katarzyna Weiglowa, Jewish martyr (d. 1539)
 * Gwerful Mechain, Welsh erotic poet (d. 1502)
 * Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (d. 1530)
 * Tilman Riemenschneider, German sculptor (d. 1531)
 * Arnolt Schlick, German organist and composer (d. after 1521)
 * Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester, English nobleman (d. 1526)
 * Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conquistador (d. 1527)
 * Ponce de Leon, Spanish conquistador

Deaths

 * February 29 – Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (b. 1401)
 * July 10
 * Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English military leader (b. 1402)
 * John Talbot, 2nd Earl of Shrewsbury (b. c. 1413)
 * Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont, English baron (b. 1422)
 * July 19 – Lord Scales, English commander (b. 1397)
 * August 3 – King James II of Scotland (b. 1430)
 * September 20 – Gilles Binchois, Flemish composer (b. c. 1400)
 * September 25 – Katharina of Hanau, German countess regent (b. 1408)
 * November 13 – Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese patron of exploration (b. 1394)
 * December 14 – Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist (b. 1370)
 * December 30
 * Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (b. 1443)
 * Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (in battle) (b. 1411)
 * December 31 – Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (executed) (b. 1400)
 * date unknown
 * Francesco II Acciaioli, last Duke of Athens (murdered by consent)
 * Israel Isserlein, Austrian Jewish scholar (b. 1390)
 * Reginald Pecock, deposed Welsh bishop and writer (b. c. 1392)

title: 1460


text:
1456

Year 1456 (MCDLVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * May 18 – Second Battle of Oronichea (1456): Ottoman Forces of 15,000 are sent to capture Albania, but are met and swiftly defeated by Skanderbeg's smaller forces.
 * June 9 – Halley's Comet makes an appearance, as noted by the humanist scholar Platina.
 * July 7 – A retrial of Joan of Arc acquits her of heresy, 25 years after her execution.
 * July 22 – Battle of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade): The Hungarians under John Hunyadi rout the Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II. The noon bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world (and hence is still rung).
 * August 20 – Vladislav II, reigning Prince of Wallachia, is killed in hand-to-hand combat by Vlad the Impaler, who succeeds him.
 * October 17 – The University of Greifswald is established, making it the second oldest university in Northern Europe. Due to border changes, from 1648 to 1815 it was the oldest in Sweden, and from 1815 to 1945 the oldest in Prussia.
 * December 5 – Two earthquakes in central Italy kills 12,000–70,000 people.

Date unknown

 * Lazar Branković becomes despot of Serbia.
 * Alvise Cadamosto discovers some of the Cape Verde Islands.
 * Diogo Gomes reaches the Geba River in Guinea Bissau, and explores the Gambia River.
 * Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia founds the city of Debre Berhan.
 * Muscovy and the Novgorod Republic conclude the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy.
 * Petru Aron becomes the first ruler of Moldavia to pay tribute to the Ottomans.
 * The fifth Mersenne prime, 8191, was discovered.

Births

 * March – Jan Łaski, Polish nobleman (d. 1531)
 * March 1 – Vladislaus II, king of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia (d. 1516)
 * June 11 – Anne Neville, queen consort of Richard III of England (d. 1485)
 * June 23 – Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland, consort of James III of Scotland (d. 1486)
 * June 25 – Henry V of Rosenberg, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1489)
 * October 16 – Ludmila of Poděbrady, Regent of the duchies of Brzeg and Oława from 1488 (d. 1503)
 * November 7 – Margaret of Bavaria, Electress Palatine and hereditary princess of Bavaria-Landshut (d. 1501)
 * November 8 – Queen Gonghye, Korean royal consort (d. 1474)
 * date unknown
 * Jeanne Hachette (Laisné), French peasant heroine
 * Antonia di Paolo di Dono, Italian artist and daughter of Paolo di Dono (d. 1491)
 * Jan Lubrański, Polish bishop (d. 1520)

Deaths

 * January 17 – Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont, French translator (b. 1395)
 * August 11 – John Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and military leader (b. c. 1406)
 * August 20 – Vladislav II of Wallachia
 * October 17 – Nicolas Grenon, French composer (b. 1375)
 * October 23 – Giovanni da Capistrano, Italian saint (b. 1386)
 * November 3 – Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, father of King Henry VII of England (b. 1431)
 * November 9 – Ulrich II, Count of Celje (b. 1406)
 * November 25 – Jacques Cœur, French merchant (b. 1395)
 * December 4 – Charles I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1401)
 * December 24 – Đurađ Branković, Despot of Serbia (b. 1377)
 * date unknown – Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (b. 1411)

title: 1456


text:
1455

Year 1455 (MCDLV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (full) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 8 – Pope Nicholas V publishes Romanus Pontifex, an encyclical addressed to King Afonso V of Portugal, which sanctions the conquest of non-Christian lands, and the reduction of native non-Christian populations to 'perpetual slavery'. (Later there will be a dramatic reversal when, in 1537, the bull Sublimis Deus of Pope Paul III forbids the enslavement of non-Christians.)
 * February 23 – The Gutenberg Bible is the first book printed with movable type.
 * April 8 – Pope Calixtus III succeeds Pope Nicholas V, as the 209th pope.
 * Spring – The Wars of the Roses begin in England.
 * May 1 – Battle of Arkinholm: Forces loyal to King James II of Scotland defeat the supporters of the Earl of Douglas.
 * May 22 – First Battle of St Albans: Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England.
 * July 14 – Thirteen Years' War: a decisive victory of the Teutonic Order during the Battle for Kneiphof.
 * November 15 – The conflict between Vladislav II of Wallachia and John Hunyadi escalates, so the latter decides to support Vlad the Impaler for the throne of Wallachia, the following year.

Births

 * January 9 – William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg, Count of Ravensberg (d. 1511)
 * January 29 – Johann Reuchlin, German-born humanist and scholar (d. 1522)
 * February 2 – King John of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden (d. 1513)
 * March 3
 * King John II of Portugal (d. 1495)
 * Ascanio Sforza, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1505)
 * March 15 – Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1532)
 * April 17 – Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (d. 1538)
 * May 16 – Wolfgang I of Oettingen, German count (d. 1522)
 * June 1 – Anne of Savoy, Savoy royal (d. 1480)
 * July 9 – Frederick IV of Baden, Dutch bishop (d. 1517)
 * July 15 – Queen Yun, Korean queen (d. 1482)
 * August 2 – John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1499)
 * August 15 – George, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1503)
 * November 9 – John V, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1516)
 * date unknown
 * Peter Vischer the Elder, German sculptor (approximate date) (d. 1529)
 * Estefania Carròs i de Mur, Spanish educator (approximate date) (d. 1511)
 * Raden Patah, Javanese sultan, founder of the Demak Sultanate (d. 1518)
 * María de Ajofrín, Spanish visionary (d. 1489)
 * Nicholas Barnham, English knight, killed in the War of the Roses (d. 1485)
 * Angelo da Vallombrosa, Italian jurist and abbot (d. 1530)

Deaths

 * February 18 – Fra Angelico, Italian painter (b. 1395)
 * March 24 – Pope Nicholas V (b. 1397)
 * April 1 – Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Polish Catholic cardinal and statesman (b. 1389)
 * May 1 – Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray (in battle)
 * May 22 (killed at the First Battle of St Albans):
 * Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland, Lancastrian commander (b. 1393)
 * Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, Lancastrian commander (b. 1406)
 * Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, Lancastrian commander (b. 1414)
 * September 3 – Alonso Tostado, Spanish Catholic bishop
 * October 22 – Johannes Brassart, Flemish composer
 * October 28 – Guillaume-Hugues d'Estaing, French Catholic cardinal
 * December 1 – Lorenzo Ghiberti, Italian sculptor and metal smith (b. 1378)
 * December 2 – Isabel of Coimbra, queen of Portugal (b. 1432)

title: 1455


text:
1452

Year 1452 (MCDLII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February – Alexăndrel retakes the throne of Moldavia, in his long struggle with Petru Aron.
 * February 22 – William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas is killed by James II of Scotland, at Stirling Castle.
 * March 17 – Reconquista – Battle of Los Alporchones (around the city of Lorca in Murcia): The combined forces of the Kingdom of Castile, and its subsidiary kingdom of Murcia, defeat the Emirate of Granada.
 * March 19 – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes the last to be crowned in Rome.
 * May 31 – Revolt of Ghent: Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, officially declares war on Ghent.
 * June 18 – Pope Nicholas V issues the bull Dum Diversas, legitimising the colonial slave trade.
 * October
 * English troops under John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, land in Guyenne, France, and retake most of the province without a fight.
 * Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the fourth time, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula to prevent the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea from assisting Constantinople, during the final Ottoman siege of the imperial capital.

Date unknown

 * A major volcanic eruption, 1452/1453 mystery eruption, has a subsequent global cooling effect (the eruption releases more sulfate than any other event in the previous 700 years).
 * Portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers the islands of Corvo and Flores, in the Azores.
 * Battle of Bealach nam Broig, a Scottish clan battle.
 * Edinburgh officially becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland.

Births

 * February 6 – Joanna, Princess of Portugal (d. 1490)
 * February 14
 * Davide Ghirlandaio, Italian painter and mosaicist (d. 1525)
 * Pandolfo Petrucci, tyrant of Siena (d. 1512)
 * March 10 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon, Aragonese king and first king of a united Spain (by marriage to Isabella of Castile) (d. 1516)
 * April 15 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist and inventor (d. 1519)
 * April 19 – King Frederick of Naples (d. 1504)
 * May 18 – Henry the Younger of Poděbrady, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1492)
 * July 27
 * Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1508)
 * Lucrezia Crivelli, mistress of Ludovico Sforza (d. 1508)
 * August 12 – Abraham Zacuto, Spanish Jewish astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, rabbi and historian (d. 1515)
 * September 21 – Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer (d. 1498)
 * October 2 – King Richard III of England (d. 1485)
 * December 6 – Antonio Mancinelli, Italian humanist pedagogue and grammarian (d. 1505)
 * December 10 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (d. 1531)
 * Date unknown
 * Diogo Cão, Portuguese explorer (d. 1486)
 * Lucrezia Crivelli, mistress of Ludovico Sforza of Milan (d. 1508) (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 10
 * Švitrigaila, Grand Prince of Lithuania
 * Michał Bolesław Zygmuntowicz (Michael Žygimantaitis), Prince of Black Ruthenia
 * February 14 – Konrad VII the White, Duke of Oleśnica
 * February 22 – William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas (b. 1425)
 * April 20 – Reinhard III, Count of Hanau (1451–1452) (b. 1412)
 * May – John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * October – Nicholas Close, English bishop
 * probable – Gemistus Pletho, Greek philosopher

title: 1452


text:
1450

Year 1450 (MCDL) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February 7 – John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, marries Lady Margaret Beaufort.
 * February 26 – Francesco Sforza enters Milan after a siege, becoming Duke of the city-state, and founding a dynasty that will rule Milan for a century.
 * March – French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, in Caen.
 * April 15 – Battle of Formigny: French troops under the Comte de Clermont defeat an English army under Sir Thomas Kyriel and Sir Matthew Gough, which was attempting to relieve Caen.
 * May 8 – Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI of England.
 * May 9 – Abdal-Latif Mirza, a Timurid dynasty monarch, is assassinated.
 * May 13 – Charles VIII of Sweden, also serving as Carl I of Norway, is declared deposed from the latter throne, in favor of Christian I of Denmark.
 * June 18 – Battle of Solefields (Sevenoaks): Jack Cade's rebels are driven from London by loyal troops.
 * July 6 – Caen surrenders to the French.
 * July 12 – Jack Cade is slain in a skirmish.
 * August 12 – Cherbourg, the last English territory in Normandy, surrenders to the French.
 * October 5 – Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria, by order of Duke Ludwig IX.
 * November 3 – The University of Barcelona is founded.
 * November 23 – First Siege of Krujë: Albanian troops are victorious, forcing an Ottoman army of approximately 100,000 men to retreat from Albania.

Date unknown

 * Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Pikchu, "Old mountain"), a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,400 meters (7,875 ft) above sea level, is believed to be under construction.
 * A religious sacrifice of over a hundred children is performed around this time, outside of the ancient city of Chan Chan (near modern Trujillo), on the north coast of Peru.
 * Johannes Gutenberg has set up his movable type printing press, as a commercial operation in Mainz, by this date.

Births

 * February 12 – Yejong of Joseon, Joseon King (d. 1469)
 * May 18 – Piero Soderini, Florentine statesman (d. 1513)
 * June 22 – Eleanor of Naples, Duchess of Ferrara (d. 1493)
 * July 25 – Jakob Wimpfeling, Renaissance humanist (d. 1528)
 * August 18 – Marko Marulić, Croatian poet (d. 1524)
 * September 25 – Ursula of Brandenburg, Duchess of Münsterberg-Oels and Countess of Glatz (d. 1508)
 * November 12 – Jacques of Savoy, Count of Romont, Prince of Savoy (d. 1486)
 * date unknown
 * William Catesby, English politician (d. 1485)
 * Bartolomeo Montagna, Italian painter (d. 1523)
 * Heinrich Isaak, German-Dutch composer (d. 1517)
 * John Cabot, English explorer (d. 1499)
 * probable
 * Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād, Persian leader of the Herat school
 * Hieronymus Bosch, Dutch painter (d. 1516)
 * Gaspar Corte-Real, Portuguese explorer (d. 1501)
 * Juan de la Cosa, Spanish navigator and cartographer (d. 1510)
 * Josquin des Prez, Dutch composer (d. 1521)
 * Heinrich Isaac, Franco-Flemish composer (d. 1517)
 * Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter (d. 1519)
 * Pietro Antonio Solari, Italian architect (d. 1493)
 * Petrus Thaborita, Dutch historian and monk (d. 1527)
 * Nyai Gede Pinateh, Javanese merchant (d. 1500)

Deaths

 * January 9 – Adam Moleyns, English courtier and Bishop of Chichester
 * February 9 – Agnès Sorel, mistress of Charles VII of France (b. c. 1422)
 * April 8 – Sejong the Great of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1397)
 * May 2 – William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English military leader (born 1396)
 * May 9 – Abdal-Latif Mirza, ruler of Transoxania
 * July 2 – Ranuccio Farnese il Vecchio, Italian condottiero (b. c. 1390)
 * July 4 – James Fiennes, 1st Baron Saye and Sele, English soldier and politician (b. c. 1395)
 * July 18 – Francis I, Duke of Brittany (b. 1414)
 * July 26 – Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick (b. 1424)
 * August 15 – Alberto da Sarteano, Italian Franciscan friar and papal legate (b. 1385)
 * August 27 – Reginald West, 6th Baron De La Warr, English politician (b. 1395)
 * August 31 – Isabella of Navarre, Countess of Armagnac (b. 1395)
 * September 16 – Louis Aleman, French cardinal
 * September 22 – William Tresham, English politician
 * October 1 – Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara, Italian noble (b. 1407)
 * November 3 – Paola Colonna, Lady of Piombino (b. c. 1378)
 * November 5 – John IV, Count of Armagnac (b. 1396)

title: 1450


text:
1349

Year 1349 (MCCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 22 – An earthquake affects L'Aquila in southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), causing severe damage, and leaving 2,000 dead.
 * February 14 – Jewish persecutions during the Black Death: Strasbourg massacre – Because they are believed by the residents to be the cause of the Black Death, roughly 2,000 Jews are burned to death.
 * February 19 – Jewish persecutions during the Black Death: The entire Jewish community in the remote German village of Saulgau is wiped out.
 * March 21 – Jewish persecutions during the Black Death: Erfurt massacre – The Jewish community of Erfurt (Germany) is murdered and expelled in a pogrom.
 * March 27 – An earthquake in England strikes Meaux Abbey.
 * May – The Black Death ceases in Ireland.
 * May 28 – In Breslau, Silesia, 60 Jews are murdered following a disastrous fire which destroys part of the city.
 * August 24 – The Black Death breaks out in Elbing (Poland).
 * September 9 – 1349 Apennine earthquakes. An earthquake in Rome causes extensive damage, including the collapse of the southern exterior facade of the Colosseum.
 * October 20 – Pope Clement VI publishes a papal bull that condemns the Flagellants.
 * November 8 – Ibn Battuta arrives in Fez, Morocco.
 * November 17 – Pope Clement VI annuls the marriage of William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, and Joan of Kent, on the grounds of her prior marriage to Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent.
 * December 22 – The rise of Alexios III of Trebizond to the throne ends the Trapezuntine Civil Wars.

Ongoing

 * The Black Death in England spreads to the north and a ship from England carries it to Askøy and Bjørgvin (modern-day Bergen) in Norway. The disease also breaks out in Mecca and is prevalent in the Île-de-France and the Kingdom of Navarre.

Births

 * September 9 – Duke Albert III of Austria (d. 1395)
 * date unknown
 * Friar John, Minister of the Friars Preachers of Ireland (alive 1405)
 * Venerable Macarius of Yellow Lake and Unzha, semi-legendary Russian saint (d. 1444)

Deaths

 * February 26 – Fatima bint al-Ahmar, Nasrid princess in the Emirate of Granada (b. c.1260)
 * April 3 – Eudes IV, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1295)
 * May 31 – Thomas Wake, English politician (b. 1297)
 * June – John Clyn, Irish Franciscan friar and chronicler
 * June 14 – Günther von Schwarzburg, German king (b. 1304)
 * August 26 – Thomas Bradwardine, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * September 11 – Bonne of Luxembourg, queen of John II of France (b. 1315)
 * September 30 – Richard Rolle, English religious writer (b. c.1300)
 * October 6 – Joan II of Navarre, daughter of Louis X of France (b. 1311)
 * October 25 – James III of Majorca (b. 1315)
 * November 18 – Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (b. 1310)
 * date unknown – Hamdallah Mustawfi, Persian historian and geographer (b. 1281)
 * probable – William of Ockham, English philosopher (b. 1285)

title: 1349


text:
1347

Year 1347 (MCCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.

January–December

 * January 26 – Charles University in Prague is founded by a bull issued by Pope Clement VI, at the request of Charles I, King of Bohemia.
 * February 2 – The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for John V Palaiologos ends with Kantakouzenos entering Constantinople.
 * February 26 – The Maona of Chios and Phocaea is formed to manage the overseas possessions of the Republic of Genoa.
 * April – The Knights Hospitaller defeat a Turkish fleet, and sink 100 ships off Imbros.
 * May
 * The agreement reorganizing the Byzantine Empire's affairs is finalized, as Anna of Savoy's son John V Palaiologos marries Kantakouzenos' 15-year-old daughter Helena.
 * Genoese ships fleeing the 1331 Black Death plague in Theodosia stop in Constantinople, contaminating the city.
 * May 20 – Cola di Rienzo, a Roman commoner, declares himself Emperor of Rome, in response to years of baronial power struggles.
 * August 2 – The Islamic Bahmani Kingdom is established on the Indian subcontinent.
 * September – Hundred Years' War: The English win the city of Calais.
 * September 1 – The Black Death reaches the French port city of Marseilles.
 * October – Ships arrive in the Sicilian city of Messina, carrying people afflicted by the Black Death onboard.
 * November
 * Pope Clement VI unites several of Rome's upper-class nobility, who drive Cola di Rienzo out of the city.
 * King Phillip of France meets with the Estates General to ask for funds to further the war effort against the English.
 * November 1 – The Black Death spreads to Aix-en-Provence in France.
 * December – Plague hits the island of Majorca.
 * December 24 – Pembroke College in the University of Cambridge, England, is founded by Marie de St Pol, Countess of Pembroke, as the Hall of Valence Marie.
 * December 25 – The first cases of the plague are recorded in the city of Split, in Croatia.
 * December 27 – To fund military operations in Corsica, the Republic of Genoa has to borrow at 20%, from an association of creditors known as the Compera nuova acquisitionis Corsicæ.

Western Asia
The Mamluk Empire is hit by the plague in the autumn. Baghdad is hit in the same year.

South Asia
After years of resistance against the Delhi Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Bahmani Kingdom, a Muslim Sultanate in the Deccan, was established on August 3, when King Ala-ud-din Hasan Bahman Shah was crowned in a mosque in Daulatabad. Later in the year, the Kingdom's capital was moved from Daulatabad to the more central Gulbarga. Southeast Asia suffered a drought which dried up an important river which ran through the capital city of the Kingdom of Ayodhya, forcing the King to move the capital to a new location on the Lop Buri River.

Eastern and Scandinavian
On February 2 the Byzantine Empire's civil war between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency ended with John VI entering Constantinople. On February 8, an agreement was concluded with the empress Anna of Savoy, whereby he and John V Palaiologos would rule jointly. The agreement was finalized in May when John V married Kantakouzenos' 15-year-old daughter. The war had come at a high cost economically and territorially, and much of the Empire was in need of rebuilding. To make matters worse, in May Genoese ships fleeing the Black Death in Kaffa stopped in Constantinople. The plague soon spread from their ships to the city. By autumn, the epidemic had spread throughout the Balkans, possibly through contact with Venetian ports along the Adriatic Sea. Specific cases were recorded in the northern Balkans on December 25, in the city of Split.

After being proclaimed Tsar of Serbia in the previous year by the newly promoted Serbian Patriarch Joanikije II, Stefan Dušan continued his southern expansion by conquering Epirus, Aetolia and Acarnania, appointing his half-brother, despot Simeon Uroš as governor of those provinces.

Central
On May 20 Cola di Rienzo, a Roman commoner, declared himself Emperor of Rome in front of a huge crowd in response to what had been several years of power struggles among the upper-class barony. Pope Clement VI, along with several of Rome's upper-class nobility, united to drive him out of the city in November. In October, Genoese ships arrived in southern Italy with the Black Plague, beginning the spread of the disease in the region. Jews were first accused of ritual murders in Poland in 1347. Casimir III of Poland issues Poland's first codified collection of laws after the diet of Wiślica. Separate laws are codified for greater and lesser Poland.

Western Europe
In the continuing Hundred Years' War, the English won the city of Calais in a treaty signed in September. In a meeting with the Estates General in November, the French King Phillip was told that in the recent war efforts they had "lost all and gained nothing." Phillip, however, was granted a portion of the money he requested and was able to continue his war effort. The English King Edward offered Calais a package of economic boosts which would make Calais the key city connecting England with France economically. Edward returned to England at that height of his popularity and power and for six months celebrated his successes with others in the English nobility. Although the Kingdom's funds were largely pushed towards the war, building projects among the more wealthy continued, with, for example, the completion of Pembroke College in this year.

The French city of Marseilles recognized the plague on September 1 and by November 1 it had spread to Aix-en-Provence. The earliest recorded invasion of the plague into Spanish territory was in Majorca in December 1347, probably through commercial ships. Three years of plague began in England.

Births

 * February 6 – Dorothea of Montau, German hermitess and visionary (d. 1394)
 * February 27 – Alberto d'Este, Lord of Ferrara and Modena (d. 1393)
 * March 25 – Catherine of Siena, Italian saint (d. 1380)
 * March 31 – Frederick III, Duke of Austria, second son of Duke Albert II of Austria (d. 1362)
 * July 28 – Margherita of Durazzo, Queen consort of Charles III of Naples (d. 1412)
 * August 29 – John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English nobleman and soldier (d. 1375)
 * date unknown
 * Eleanor of Arborea, ruler of Sardinia (d. 1404)
 * Elizabeth of Pomerania, fourth and final wife of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1393)
 * Emperor Go-Kameyama, 99th Emperor of Japan (d. 1424)
 * Richardis of Schwerin, queen consort of Sweden (d. 1377)

Deaths

 * February 2 – Thomas Bek, Bishop of Lincoln (b. 1282)
 * April 9 – William of Ockham, English philosopher and Franciscan monk (b. c. 1285)
 * May 30 – John Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Knayth, English peer (b. 1290)
 * June – John de Warenne, 7th Earl of Surrey, English nobleman (b. 1286)
 * June 11 – Bartholomew of San Concordio, Italian Dominican canonist and man of letters (b. 1260)
 * October 11 – Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1282)
 * November – Richard de Pilmuir, bishop of Dunkeld
 * November 12 – John of Viktring, Austrian chronicler and political advisor in Carinthia (b. 1270–1280)
 * November 15 – James I of Urgell, Prince of Aragon (b. 1321)
 * date unknown
 * Shah Jalal, Sufi saint of Bengal (b. 1271)
 * Blanca de La Cerda y Lara, Spanish noblewoman (b. 1317)
 * John de Egglescliffe, English bishop
 * Adam Murimuth, English ecclesiastic and chronicler (b. 1274)
 * Peter III of Arborea, Judge of Arborea
 * Lamberto II and Pandolfo da Polenta, brothers and lords of Ravenna and Cervia
 * Kokan Shiren, Japanese Rinzai Zen patriarch and celebrated Chinese poet (b. 1278)
 * Sang Nila Utama, Founder and First King of Singapura

title: 1347


text:
1344

Year 1344 (MCCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 26 – Reconquista: The Siege of Algeciras (1342–44), one of the first European military engagements where gunpowder is used, ends with the Muslim city of Algeciras surrendering and being incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile.
 * April 17 – Constantine II, King of Armenia, is killed in an uprising and succeeded by a distant cousin, Constantine III.
 * April 23 – The St. George's Night Uprising: The Livonian Order hangs Vesse, the rebel Estonian Elder of Saaremaa Island.
 * May 13 – Battle of Pallene: A Christian fleet defeats a Turkish fleet at Pallene, Chalcidice.
 * October 24 – Smyrniote Crusade: A Christian fleet succeeds in taking the port city of Smyrna from the Aydinid Turks.
 * December 6 – Five-year-old Erik Magnusson, the eldest son of King Magnus IV of Sweden, is appointed heir to the Swedish throne, even though Sweden is an elective monarchy at this time.

Date unknown

 * King Edward III of England introduces three new gold coins, the florin, leopard, and helm. Unfortunately, the amount of gold in the coins does not match their value of 6 shillings, 3 shillings, and 1 shilling and sixpence, so they have to be withdrawn and mostly melted down, by August of this year.
 * Bablake School is founded in Coventry, England by the dowager Queen Isabella.
 * The Compagnia dei Bardi in Florence goes bankrupt, along with the Peruzzi Bank and the Acciaiuoli Bank.
 * A large public dial clock is installed in the tower of the Palazzo Capitaniato, Padua, commissioned by Prince Ubertino I da Carrara and supervised by Jacopo Dondi dell'Orologio.
 * A famine occurs in China.
 * King Peter IV of Aragon defeats and deposes his cousin, James III of Majorca, thereby absorbing the Balearic Kingdom of Majorca into the Crown of Aragon.
 * Newaya Krestos succeeds his father Amda Seyon I as Emperor of Ethiopia

Births

 * February 9 – Meinhard III, Count of Tyrol (d. 1363)
 * September 18 – Marie Valois, French princess, daughter of King John II of France (d. 1404)
 * October 10 – Mary Plantagenet, duchess consort of Brittany, daughter of King Edward III of England (d. 1362)
 * date unknown
 * Beatrix of Bavaria, queen consort of Sweden (d. 1359)
 * Azzo X d'Este, Italian condottiero (d. 1415)
 * John I, Count of La Marche (d. 1393)
 * Parameswara, Malay Srivijayan prince (d. 1424)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Robert de Lisle, 1st Baron Lisle, English peer (b. 1288)
 * January 11 – Thomas Charlton, Bishop of Hereford, Lord High Treasurer of England, Lord Privy Seal, and Lord Chancellor of Ireland
 * January 30 – William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury (b. 1301)
 * April 17 – Constantine II, King of Armenia (Gosdantin, Կոստանդին Բ)
 * June 29 – Joan of Savoy, duchess consort of Brittany, throne claimant of Savoy (b. 1310)
 * July 11 – Ulrich III, Count of Württemberg (b. c. 1286)
 * July 16 – An-Nasir Ahmad, deposed Bahri Mamluk sultan of Egypt (b. 1316)
 * date unknown
 * Gersonides, French rabbi and mathematician (b. 1288)
 * Raoul I of Brienne, Count of Eu
 * Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia
 * Wajih ad-Din Mas'ud, leader of the Sarbadars of Sabzewar
 * Prince Narinaga, Japanese Shōgun (b. 1326, d. either 1337 or 1344, the sources are contradictory).
 * probable – Simone Martini, Sienese painter (b. 1284)

title: 1344


text:
1343

Year 1343 (MCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 14 – Arnošt of Pardubice becomes the last bishop of Prague and, subsequently, the first Archbishop of Prague.
 * January 27 – Pope Clement VI issues his bull Unigenitus, defining the doctrine of "The Treasury of Merits" or "The Treasury of the Church" as the basis for the issuance of indulgences by the Catholic Church.
 * April 23 – The St. George's Night Uprising begins in Estonia.
 * May 4 – St. George's Night Uprising: The "Four Estonian kings" are murdered, at the negotiations with the Livonian Order.
 * August 15 – Magnus IV of Sweden abdicates from the throne of Norway, in favor of his son Haakon VI of Norway. However, Haakon is still a minor, allowing Magnus to remain de facto ruler.
 * August 31 – A naval league is formed between the Pope, the Republic of Venice, the Knights Hospitaller and the Kingdom of Cyprus, to prepare the Smyrniote Crusades.
 * November 25 – A tsunami, caused by an earthquake, devastates the Maritime Republic of Amalfi, among other places.

Date unknown

 * Tsar Dušan conquers Albania.

Births

 * December 19 – William I, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1407)
 * date unknown
 * Emperor Chōkei of Japan (d. 1394)
 * Constance of Aragon, queen consort of Sicily (d. 1363)
 * Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, English rebel (d. 1403)
 * Nang Keo Phimpha, queen of Lan Xang (d. 1438)
 * Tommaso Mocenigo, doge of Venice (d. 1423)
 * Paolo Alboino della Scala, lord of Verona (d. 1375)
 * Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, Scottish ruler (d. 1405)
 * probable
 * Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (approximate date) (d. 1400)

Deaths

 * January 20 – Robert of Naples (b. 1276)
 * May 29 – Francesco I Manfredi, lord of Faenza
 * June 22 – Aimone, Count of Savoy (b. 1291)
 * June 23 – Giacomo Gaetani Stefaneschi, Italian cardinal (b. c. 1270)
 * September 16 – Philip III of Navarre (b. 1306)
 * December 15 – Hasan Kucek, Chobanid prince (b. c. 1319)
 * date unknown
 * Sir Ulick Burke, Irish nobleman
 * Anne of Austria, Duchess of Bavaria (b. 1318)
 * Veera Ballala III, ruler of the Hoysala Empire (b. 1291)

title: 1343


text:
1342

Year 1342 (MCCCXLII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 21–June 27 – An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, rules prior to being deposed by his half-brother As-Salih Ismail.
 * May 7 – Pope Clement VI succeeds Pope Benedict XII, as the 198th Pope.
 * July 16 – Louis I becomes king of Hungary.
 * July 18 – Battle of Zava: Mu'izz al-Din Husayn defeats the Sarbadars.
 * July 22 – St. Mary Magdalene's flood is the worst such event on record for central Europe.
 * August 15 – Louis "the Child", age 4, succeeds his father, Peter II, king of Sicily and duke of Athens; he is crowned on September 15 in Palermo Cathedral.
 * September 4 – John III of Trebizond (John III Comnenus) becomes emperor of Trebizond.

Date unknown

 * Guy de Lusignan becomes Constantine II, King of Armenia (Gosdantin, Կոստանդին Բ).
 * The Greek Orthodox patriarch of Antioch is transferred to Damascus, under Ignatius II.
 * Kitzbühel becomes part of Tyrol.
 * Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 – The Zealots seize power in Thessalonica, expelling its aristocrats and declaring themselves in favour of the regency.

Births

 * January 17 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1404)
 * April 6 – Infanta Maria, Marchioness of Tortosa (d. after 1363)
 * November 8 – Julian of Norwich, English mystic (approximate date; d. 1413)
 * date unknown
 * Levon V Lusignan of Armenia (d. 1393)
 * Avignon Pope Clement VII (d. 1394)
 * Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (d. 1373)
 * John Trevisa, English translator (d. 1402)

Deaths

 * March 31 – Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro, Italian Augustinian friar
 * April 25 – Pope Benedict XII
 * July 16 – King Charles I of Hungary
 * September 4 – Anna Anachoutlou, Empress of Trebizond
 * November 29 – Michael of Cesena, Italian Franciscan leader (b. 1270)
 * date unknown
 * Al-Jaldaki, Persian physician and alchemist
 * Peter Paludanus, French bishop and theologian (b. c. 1275)
 * William de Ros, 3rd Baron de Ros
 * probable – Marsilius of Padua, Italian scholar (b. 1270)

title: 1342


text:
1340

Year 1340 (MCCCXL) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

 * January 26 – King Edward III of England declares himself King of France at Ghent, Flanders.
 * March 6 – Bohemian Crusade: The Church authorizes a military expedition against heretics.
 * April 8 – Marinid galleys, under the command of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Azafi, rout the Castellan fleet, off the coast of Algeciras.
 * April–July – Trapezuntine Civil War: An abortive uprising occurs against Irene Palaiologina of Trebizond, the first of a number of coups, revolts, and succession disputes.
 * June 7 – Rotterdam is officially declared a city.
 * June 24
 * Hundred Years' War: Battle of Sluys – The English fleet, under the command of Edward III of England, battles the French fleet, under that of Admiral Hugues Quiéret and treasurer Nicolas Béhuchet, assisted by Genoese mercenary galleys under Egidio Bocanegra, on the Low Countries coast. The French fleet is virtually destroyed, and both of its commanders are killed.
 * Valdemar IV of Denmark, son of deceased King Christopher II, is elected to the throne, following 8 years of interregnum.
 * July 26 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Saint-Omer: The French defeat the English.
 * September 25 – Hundred Years' War: The temporary Truce of Espléchin is signed between England and France.
 * October 30 – Battle of Río Salado in Spain: The kings of Castile and Portugal defeat the Nasrid ruler of Granada and his Moroccan allies.

Date unknown

 * Europe has about 74 million inhabitants.
 * An epidemic in northern Italy is recorded by Augustine of Trent, in his Epistola astrologica.
 * The Monarchy of Japan reaches its 2,000 year anniversary (according to traditional starting dates).

Births

 * March 5 – Cansignorio della Scala, Lord of Verona (d. 1375)
 * March 6 – John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (d. 1399)
 * August – Haakon VI, king of Norway 1355–1380 and of Sweden 1362–1364 (d. 1380)
 * October – Geert Groote, Dutch founder of the Brethren of the Common Life (d. 1384)
 * November 30 – John, Duke of Berry, son of John II of France (d. 1416)
 * date unknown
 * Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy (d. 1397)
 * John of Nepomuk, saint of Bohemia (d. 1393)
 * Narayana Pandit, Indian mathematician (d. 1400)
 * probable
 * Margaret Drummond, queen consort of Scotland (d. 1375)
 * Philip van Artevelde, Flemish patriot (d. 1382)

Deaths

 * March 31 – Ivan I of Moscow (b. 1288)
 * April 5 – William Melton, English archbishop
 * April 6 – Emperor Basil Megas Komnenos of Trebizond
 * April 7 – Bolesław Jerzy II of Mazovia (b. 1308)
 * December 2 – Geoffrey le Scrope, Chief Justice of King Edward III of England
 * December 4 – Henry Burghersh, English bishop and chancellor (b. 1292)
 * December 20 – John I, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1329)
 * date unknown – Simonida, queen consort of Serbia (b. 1294)

title: 1340


text:
1350

Year 1350 (MCCCL) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 9 – Giovanni II Valente becomes Doge of Genoa.
 * May 23 (possible date) – Hook and Cod wars in the County of Holland: A number of nobles and progressive cities supporting William V, Count of Holland, in his power struggle with his mother Margaret I, Countess of Holland, found the Cod League and perhaps sign the Cod Alliance Treaty.
 * August 29 – Battle of Winchelsea (Les Espagnols sur Mer) off the south coast of England: An English fleet personally commanded by King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet.
 * September 5 – Hook and Cod wars in the County of Holland: Conservative noblemen found the Hook League and sign the Hook Alliance Treaty.
 * November 17 – To pay for the expenses of the revived war with the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa has to subscribe a loan at an interest rate of 10%, from an association of creditors known as the Compera imposita per gerra Venetorum.

Date unknown

 * Hayam Wuruk becomes ruler of the Majapahit Empire.
 * The Punta Lobos massacre is carried out by members of the powerful Chimu Empire in Peru, leaving a residue of 200 murders.
 * The Black Death first appears in Scotland and Sweden.
 * The castle of Rapperswil is largely destroyed by Rudolf Brun, mayor of the city of Zürich.

Births

 * January 23 – Vincent Ferrer, Valencian missionary and saint (d. 1419)
 * April 13 – Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (d. 1405)
 * June 27 – Manuel II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1425)
 * October 12 – Dmitri Donskoi, Grand Duke of Muscovy and Vladimir (d. 1389)
 * November 25 – Katherine Swynford, mistress of John of Gaunt (approximate date; d. 1403)
 * December 27 – John I of Aragon (d. 1396)
 * date unknown
 * Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (d. 1427)
 * Agnolo Gaddi, Italian painter (d. 1396)
 * William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England (approximate date; d. 1419)
 * Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent (d. 1397)
 * John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (approximate date; d. 1400)
 * Madhava of Sangamagrama, Indian mathematician (d. 1425)
 * John I Stanley of the Isle of Man (approximate date; d. 1414)
 * Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić (d. 1415)
 * William le Scrope, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1399)
 * Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish historian (d. 1420)
 * Záviš von Zap, Czech theologian and composer (d. c. 1411)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Giovanni I di Murta, second doge of the Republic of Genoa
 * March 26 or 27 March – Alfonso XI of Castile (b. 1311)
 * August 22 – Philip VI of France (b. 1293)
 * November 19 – Raoul II of Brienne, Count of Eu
 * December 26 – Jean de Marigny, French bishop
 * date unknown
 * Maol Íosa V, Earl of Strathearn, last Gaelic Mormaer of Strathearn
 * Gayatri Rajapatni, Queen consort of Majapahit
 * probable
 * Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita (b. c. 1283)
 * Margaret, Countess of Soissons
 * Namdev, Marathi saint and poet (b. 1270)
 * supposed – Till Eulenspiegel, German prankster

title: 1350


text:
1352

Year 1352 (MCCCLII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * June 4 – Glarus joins the Old Swiss Confederacy.
 * June 27 – Zug joins the Old Swiss Confederacy.
 * September 25 – Emperor Go-Kōgon becomes 4th Emperor of the Northern Court of Japan.
 * October – Byzantine civil war of 1352–1357: Battle of Demotika – Fighting as allies of John VI Kantakouzenos, the Ottoman beylik scores its first victory on European soil, against the Serbs.
 * November 7 – Corpus Christi College is founded as a College of the University of Cambridge in England, by the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary.
 * December 18 – Pope Innocent VI succeeds Pope Clement VI as the 199th pope.
 * December 26 – The Earldom of Kent of the 5th creation in England becomes extinct.

Date unknown

 * Süleyman Pasha (son of Orhan) is probably granted control of Çimpe Castle on the Gallipoli peninsula by Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, the first territory west of the Bosporus held by the Ottoman Empire.
 * The Bengal Sultanate is formed after the realms of Satgaon, Lakhnauti and Sonargaon are united under Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah.
 * Coming from Hungary, the noble Vlach Dragoş becomes the first voivode of Moldova, being seen as the founder of this principality (some scholars place this moment as early as 1345).
 * Following the death of his father Basarab, Nicholas Alexander becomes voivode of Wallachia, after being co-ruler for about eight years.
 * The town of Biel/Bienne, Switzerland, finalizes its alliance with the city of Bern.
 * Lionel of Antwerp marries Elizabeth, daughter of William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster.
 * Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham becomes a Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter of England.
 * The Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church; the Metropolitan of Halych begins to relocate back to Kyiv, after having moved to Halych in 1299. Thereafter, the Metropolitan will hold the title of Metropolitan of Kiev-Halych and All Rus.
 * After years of begging and being a Buddhist monk, the penniless Chinese peasant Zhu Yuanzhang joins the Red Turban Rebellions against the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty of China; he will later become the first emperor of the Ming dynasty.
 * Earliest surviving illustration of someone wearing spectacles, a fresco in the chapter house of the Dominican convent of San Nicolò, Treviso by Tommaso da Modena (anachronistically) depicting Hugh of Saint-Cher.
 * Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta reports the existence of the ngoni and balafon musical instruments, at the court of Mansa Musa.

Births

 * May 5 – Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (d. 1410)
 * Elizabeth of Slavonia, Latin empress consort of Constantinople
 * date unknown
 * John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (d. 1400)
 * Vytautas the Great, Grand Duke of Lithuania (d. 1430)

Deaths

 * September 15 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (b. 1273)
 * December 6 – Pope Clement VI (b. 1291)
 * date unknown
 * Matthias of Arras, French architect (b. 1290)
 * Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily, regent of Sicily (b. 1298)
 * William de Ros, 3rd Baron de Ros (b. 1325)
 * Basarab I of Wallachia
 * Al-Hakim II, Caliph of Cairo
 * Laurence Minot, English poet (b. 1300)
 * Vasilii Kalika, Archbishop of Novgorod
 * Yoshida Kenkō, Japanese monk and author (b. 1283)

title: 1352


text:
1353

Year 1353 (MCCCLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 3 – Bern signs an alliance with the Old Swiss Confederacy.

Date unknown

 * The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta makes the first recorded visit to Timbuktu and Kabara, when returning from a stay in the capital of the Mali Empire.
 * The Decameron is finished by Giovanni Boccaccio.
 * The Black Death (1331) subsides.
 * The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang is founded by Fa Ngum.

Births

 * March – Margaret I of Denmark, queen of Haakon VI of Norway (d. 1412)
 * July 15 – Vladimir the Bold, Russian prince (d. 1410)
 * date unknown
 * Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1414)
 * Helvis of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, queen consort of Armenia and Cyprus (d. 1421)
 * John Purvey, English scholar and Bible translator (d. 1428)

Deaths

 * February 2 – Anne of Bavaria, queen consort of Bohemia (b. 1329)
 * March 6 – Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn
 * March 11 – Theognostus, metropolitan of Kiev and Moscow
 * April 27 – Simeon of Russia, Grand Prince of Moscow and Vladimir
 * October 4 – Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1306)
 * November or December – Togha Temür, claimant to the throne of the Mongol Il-Khanate in Persia (assassinated)
 * date unknown
 * Matilda, daughter of King Robert the Bruce of Scotland
 * Elisabeth of Austria, Duchess of Lorraine, regent of Lorraine
 * Sir Ulick Burke, Irish nobleman

title: 1353


text:
1354

Year 1354 (MCCCLIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * Early in the year – Ibn Battuta returns from his travels at the command of Abu Inan Faris, sultan of Morocco, who appoints a scribe to write an account of the adventures.
 * February 12 – The Treaty of Stralsund settles border disputes between the duchies of Mecklenburg and Pomerania.
 * March 2 – The Gallipoli earthquake occurs, followed within a month by Turkish capture and settlement, the Fall of Gallipoli.
 * October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, self-proclaimed "tribune" of Rome, is killed by an angry mob.
 * December 10 – The reign of John VI Kantakouzenos as Byzantine Emperor is ended, after John V Palaiologos retakes Constantinople and is restored as sole emperor.

Date unknown

 * After 24 years of struggling for independence, since the Battle of Posada (1330), won against Hungarians by his father, Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia becomes vassal to Hungarian king Louis I.
 * Sahab-ud-Din becomes Sultan of Kashmir.

Births

 * Constance of Castile, wife of John of Gaunt (d. 1394)
 * Denis, Lord of Cifuentes, infante of Portugal (d. c.1397)
 * Alonso Enríquez, Spanish nobleman (d. 1429)
 * Frederick III, Count of Moers, German nobleman (d. 1417)
 * Gilbert de Greenlaw, Scottish bishop (d. 1421)
 * Jean de Grouchy, Norman knight (k. 1435)
 * Margaret of Joinville, French noblewoman (d. 1418)
 * Thomas de Morley, 4th Baron Morley, English nobleman (d. 1416)
 * Eric IV, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1411/12)
 * Roger de Scales, 4th Baron Scales, English nobleman (d. 1387)
 * Catherine of Vendôme, French noblewoman (d. 1412)
 * Violante Visconti, Italian noblewoman (d. 1386)
 * Walram IV, Count of Nassau-Idstein, German nobleman (d. 1393)

January–March

 * January 8 – Charles de La Cerda (b. 1327)
 * January 16 – Joanna of Châtillon, Duchess of Athens (b. c. 1285)

April–June

 * June 1 – Kitabatake Chikafusa (b. 1293)

July–September

 * August 9 – Stephen, Duke of Slavonia, Hungarian prince (b. 1332)
 * September 7 – Andrea Dandolo, doge of Venice (b. 1306)

October–December

 * October 5 – Giovanni Visconti, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1290)
 * October 8 – Cola di Rienzo, Roman tribune (b. c. 1313)
 * October 19 – Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada (b. 1318)

 * date unknown – Wu Zhen, Chinese painter (b. 1280)

title: 1354


text:
1355

Year 1355 (MCCCLV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 6 – Charles IV of Bohemia is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy as King of Italy in Milan.
 * January 7 – King Alphonso IV of Portugal sends three men who kill Inês de Castro, beloved of his son Peter, who revolts and incites a civil war.
 * February 10 – St Scholastica Day riot in Oxford, England, breaks out, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.
 * March 16 – Red Turban Rebellions: Han Lin'er, a claimed descendant of Emperor Huizong of Song, is proclaimed emperor of the restored Song dynasty in Bozhou.
 * April – Philip II, Prince of Taranto, marries Maria of Calabria, daughter of Charles, Duke of Calabria, and Marie of Valois.
 * April 5 – Charles IV is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome.
 * April 18 – In Venice, the Council of Ten beheads Doge Marin Falier, for conspiring to kill them.
 * August – Battle of Nesbit Moor: The Scottish army decisively defeats the English.
 * September 1 – The old town of Visoki is first mentioned in Tvrtko I of Bosnia's charter in castro nostro Vizoka vocatum.
 * October 5–December 2 – Hundred Years' War: Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355: A large mounted Anglo-Gascon force under the command of Edward the Black Prince marches from Bordeaux in English-held Gascony 300 miles (480 km) south to Narbonne and back, devastating a wide swathe of French territory.

Date unknown

 * Battle of Ihtiman: The Ottoman Turks defeat the Bulgarian Empire.
 * Red Turban Rebellions: Guo Zixing dies, leaving his forces to the command of his son-in-law, Zhu Yuanzhang. Guo's successors are later killed in battle while trying to capture Nanjing.

Births

 * January 7 – Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, son of King Edward III of England (d. 1397)
 * August 16 – Philippa Plantagenet, Countess of Ulster (d. 1382)
 * October 10 – Zhu Biao, eldest son of the Hongwu Emperor and crown prince of the Ming dynasty (d. 1392)

 * probable
 * Acamapichtli, 1st tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1375-1395 (d. 1395)
 * Manuel Chrysoloras, Byzantine humanist (d. 1415)
 * Konrad von Jungingen, German 25th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
 * Gemistus Pletho, Greek scholar
 * Foelke Kampana, Frisian lady and regent (d. 1418)
 * Mircea I of Wallachia (d. 1418)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Inês de Castro, lover of King Peter I of Portugal (murdered) (b. 1325)
 * April 17 – Marin Falier, Doge of Venice (b. 1285)
 * April 22 – Eleanor of Woodstock, countess regent of Guelders, eldest daughter of King Edward II of England (b. 1318)
 * August 3 – Bartholomew de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh
 * October 16 – Louis of Sicily
 * December 5 – John III, Duke of Brabant (b. 1300)
 * December 20 – Stefan Uroš IV Dušan, Emperor of Serbia
 * date unknown – Bettina d'Andrea, Italian lawyer and professor

title: 1355