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International Finance Corporation

The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers investment, advisory, and asset-management services to encourage private-sector development in less developed countries. The IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States.

It was established in 1956, as the private-sector arm of the World Bank Group, to advance economic development by investing in for-profit and commercial projects for poverty reduction and promoting development. The IFC's stated aim is to create opportunities for people to escape poverty and achieve better living standards by mobilizing financial resources for private enterprise, promoting accessible and competitive markets, supporting businesses and other private-sector entities, and creating jobs and delivering necessary services to those who are poverty stricken or otherwise vulnerable.

Since 2009, the IFC has focused on a set of development goals that its projects are expected to target. Its goals are to increase sustainable agriculture opportunities, improve healthcare and education, increase access to financing for microfinance and business clients, advance infrastructure, help small businesses grow revenues, and invest in climate health.

The IFC is owned and governed by its member countries but has its own executive leadership and staff that conduct its normal business operations. It is a corporation whose shareholders are member governments that provide paid-in capital and have the right to vote on its matters. Originally, it was more financially integrated with the World Bank Group, but later, the IFC was established separately and eventually became authorized to operate as a financially autonomous entity and make independent investment decisions.

It offers an array of debt and equity financing services and helps companies face their risk exposures while refraining from participating in a management capacity. The corporation also offers advice to companies on making decisions, evaluating their impact on the environment and society, and being responsible. It advises governments on building infrastructure and partnerships to further support private sector development.

The corporation is assessed by an independent evaluator each year. In 2011, its evaluation report recognized that its investments performed well and reduced poverty, but recommended that the corporation define poverty and expected outcomes more explicitly to better-understand its effectiveness and approach poverty reduction more strategically. The corporation's total investments in 2011 amounted to $18.66 billion. It committed $820 million to advisory services for 642 projects in 2011, and held $24.5 billion worth of liquid assets. The IFC is in good financial standing and received the highest ratings from two independent credit rating agencies in 2018.

IFC comes under frequent criticism from NGOs that it is not able to track its money because of its use of financial intermediaries. For example, a report by Oxfam International and other NGOs in 2015, "The Suffering of Others," found the IFC was not performing enough due diligence and managing risk in many of its investments in third-party lenders.

Other criticism focuses on IFC working excessively with large companies or wealthy individuals already able to finance their investments without help from public institutions such as IFC, and such investments do not have an adequate positive development impact. An example often cited by NGOs and critical journalists is IFC granting financing to a Saudi prince for a five-star hotel in Ghana.

History

The World Bank and International Monetary Fund were designed by delegates at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944. The World Bank, then consisting of only the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, became operational in 1946. Robert L. Garner joined the World Bank in 1947 as a senior executive and expressed his view that private business could play an important role in international development. In 1950, Garner and his colleagues proposed establishing a new institution for the purpose of making private investments in the less developed countries served by the World Bank. The U.S. government encouraged the idea of an international corporation working in tandem with the World Bank to invest in private enterprises without accepting guarantees from governments, without managing those enterprises, and by collaborating with third party investors. When describing the IFC in 1955, World Bank President Eugene R. Black said that the IFC would only invest in private firms, rather than make loans to governments, and it would not manage the projects in which it invests.

The concept was nonetheless controversial in the US, where some business interests were uncomfortable with the public ownership of private firms. Nonetheless, in 1956, the International Finance Corporation became operational under the leadership of Garner. It initially had 12 staff members and $100 million (equivalent to $ million in ) in capital. The corporation made its inaugural investment in 1957 by making a $2 million (equivalent to $ million in ) loan to a Brazil-based affiliate of Siemens & Halske (now Siemens AG).

In 2007, IFC bought 18% stake in the Indian Financial firm, Angel Broking. In December 2015, IFC supported Greek banks with 150 million euros by buying shares in four of them: Alpha Bank (60 million), Eurobank (50 million), Piraeus Bank (20 million) and National Bank of Greece (20 million).

Governance
The IFC is governed by its Board of Governors which meets annually and consists of one governor per member country (most often the country's finance minister or treasury secretary). Each member typically appoints one governor and also one alternate. Although corporate authority rests with the Board of Governors, the governors delegate most of their corporate powers and their authority over daily matters such as lending and business operations to the board of directors. The IFC's Board of Directors consists of 25 executive directors who meet regularly and work at the IFC's headquarters, and is chaired by the President of the World Bank Group. The executive directors collectively represent all 186 member countries. When the IFC's Board of Directors votes on matters brought before it, each executive director's vote is weighted according to the total share capital of the member countries represented by that director.

IFC is currently led by Makhtar Diop who was appointed as the institution's Managing Director and Executive Vice President in February 2021. Prior to this appointment, he was the World Bank's Vice President for Infrastructure, where he led the Bank's global efforts to build sustainable infrastructure in developing and emerging economies.

Although the IFC coordinates its activities in many areas with the other World Bank Group institutions, it generally operates independently as it is a separate entity with legal and financial autonomy, established by its own Articles of Agreement. The corporation operates with a staff of over 3,400 employees, of which half are stationed in field offices across its member nations.

Investment services
The IFC's investment services consist of loans, equity, trade finance, syndicated loans, structured and securitized finance, client risk management services, treasury services, and liquidity management. In its fiscal year 2010, the IFC invested $12.7 billion in 528 projects across 103 countries. Of that total investment commitment, approximately 39% ($4.9 billion) was invested into 255 projects across 58 member nations of the World Bank's International Development Association (IDA).

The IFC makes loans to businesses and private projects generally with maturities of seven to twelve years. It determines a suitable repayment schedule and grace period for each loan individually to meet borrowers' currency and cash flow requirements. The IFC may provide longer-term loans or extend grace periods if a project is deemed to warrant it. Leasing companies and financial intermediaries may also receive loans from the IFC.

Though loans have traditionally been denominated in hard currencies, the IFC has endeavored to structure loan products in local currencies. Its disbursement portfolio included loans denominated in 25 local currencies in 2010, and 45 local currencies in 2011, funded largely through swap markets. Local financial markets development is one of IFC's strategic focus areas. In line with its AAA rating, it has strict concentration, liquidity, asset-liability and other policies. The IFC committed to approximately $5.7 billion in new loans in 2010, and $5 billion in 2011.

Although the IFC's shareholders initially only allowed it to make loans, the IFC was authorized in 1961 to make equity investments, the first of which was made in 1962 by taking a stake in FEMSA, a former manufacturer of auto parts in Spain that is now part of Bosch Spain. The IFC invests in businesses' equity either directly or via private-equity funds, generally from five up to twenty percent of a company's total equity. IFC's private-equity portfolio currently stands at roughly $3.0 billion committed to about 180 funds. The portfolio is widely distributed across all regions including Africa, East Asia, South Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and the Middle East, and recently has invested in Small Enterprise Assistance Funds' (SEAF) Caucasus Growth Fund, Aureos Capital's Kula Fund II (Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Pacific Islands) and Leopard Capital's Haiti Fund. Other equity investments made by the IFC include preferred equity, convertible loans, and participation loans. The IFC prefers to invest for the long-term, usually for a period of eight to fifteen years, before exiting through the sale of shares on a domestic stock exchange, usually as part of an initial public offering. When the IFC invests in a company, it does not assume an active role in management of the company.

Through its Global Trade Finance Program, the IFC guarantees trade payment obligations of more than 200 approved banks in over 80 countries to mitigate risk for international transactions. The Global Trade Finance Program provides guarantees to cover payment risks for emerging market banks regarding promissory notes, bills of exchange, letters of credit, bid and performance bonds, supplier credit for capital goods imports, and advance payments. The IFC issued $3.46 billion in more than 2,800 guarantees in 2010, of which over 51% targeted IDA member nations. In its fiscal year 2011, the IFC issued $4.6 billion in more than 3,100 guarantees. In 2009, the IFC launched a separate program for crisis response, known as its Global Trade Liquidity Program, which provides liquidity for international trade among less developed countries. Since its establishment in 2009, the Global Trade Liquidity Program assisted with over $15 billion in trade in 2011.

The IFC operates a Syndicated Loan Program in an effort to mobilize capital for development goals. The program was created in 1957 and has channeled approximately $38 billion from over 550 financial institutions toward development projects in over 100 different emerging markets. The IFC syndicated a total of $4.7 billion in loans in 2011, twice that of its $2 billion worth of syndications in 2010. Due to banks retrenching from lending across borders in emerging markets, in 2009 the IFC started to syndicate parallel loans to the international financial institutions and other participants.

To service clients without ready access to low-cost financing, the IFC relies on structured or securitized financial products such as partial credit guarantees, portfolio risk transfers, and Islamic finance. The IFC committed $797 million in the form of structured and securitized financing in 2010. For companies that face difficulty in obtaining financing due to a perception of high credit risk, the IFC securitizes assets with predictable cash flows, such as mortgages, credit cards, loans, corporate debt instruments, and revenue streams, in an effort to enhance those companies' credit.

Financial derivative products are made available to the IFC's clients strictly for hedging interest rate risk, exchange rate risk, and commodity risk exposure. It serves as an intermediary between emerging market businesses and international derivatives market makers to increase access to risk management instruments.

The IFC fulfills a treasury role by borrowing international capital to fund lending activities. It is usually one of the first institutions to issue bonds or to do swaps in emerging markets denominated in those markets' local currencies. The IFC's new international borrowings amounted to $8.8 billion in 2010 and $9.8 billion in 2011. The IFC Treasury actively engages in liquidity management in an effort to maximize returns and assure that funding for its investments is readily available while managing risks to the IFC.

Advisory services
In addition to its investment activities the IFC provides a range of advisory services to support corporate decision-making regarding business, environment, social impact, and sustainability. The IFC's corporate advice targets governance, managerial capacity, scalability, and corporate responsibility. It prioritizes the encouragement of reforms that improve the trade friendliness and ease of doing business in an effort to advise countries on fostering a suitable investment climate. It also offers advice to governments on infrastructure development and public-private partnerships. The IFC attempts to guide businesses toward more sustainable practices particularly with regards to having good governance, supporting women in business, and proactively combating climate change. The International Finance Corporation has stated that cities in emerging markets can attract more than $29 trillion in climate-related sectors by 2030.

Asset management company
The IFC established IFC Asset Management Company LLC (IFC AMC) in 2009 as a wholly owned subsidiary to manage all capital funds to be invested in emerging markets. The AMC manages capital mobilized by the IFC as well as by third parties such as sovereign or pension funds, and other development financing organizations. Despite being owned by the IFC, the AMC has investment decision autonomy and is charged with a fiduciary responsibility to the four individual funds under its management. It also aims to mobilize additional capital for IFC investments as it can make certain types of investments which the IFC cannot. , the AMC managed the IFC Capitalization Fund (Equity) Fund, L.P., the IFC Capitalization (Subordinated Debt) Fund, L.P., the IFC African, Latin American, and Caribbean Fund, L.P., and the Africa Capitalization Fund, Ltd. The IFC Capitalization (Equity) Fund holds $1.3 billion in equity, while the IFC Capitalization (Subordinated Debt) Fund is valued at $1.7 billion. The IFC African, Latin American, and Caribbean Fund (referred to as the IFC ALAC Fund) was created in 2010 and is worth $1 billion. , the ALAC Fund has invested a total of $349.1 million into twelve businesses. The Africa Capitalization Fund was set up in 2011 to invest in commercial banks in both Northern and Sub-Saharan Africa and its commitments totaled $181.8 million in March 2012. , Marcos Brujis serves as CEO of the AMC.

Financial performance
The IFC prepares consolidated financial statements in accordance with United States GAAP which are audited by KPMG. It reported income before grants to IDA members of $2.18 billion in fiscal year 2011, up from $1.95 billion in fiscal 2010 and $299 million in fiscal 2009. The increase in income before grants is ascribed to higher earnings from the IFC's investments and also from higher service fees. The IFC reported a partial offset from lower liquid asset trading income, higher administrative costs, and higher advisory service expenses. The IFC made $600 million in grants to IDA countries in fiscal 2011, up from $200 million in fiscal 2010 and $450 million in fiscal 2009. The IFC reported a net income of $1.58 billion in fiscal year 2011. In previous years, the IFC had reported a net loss of $151 million in fiscal 2009 and $1.75 billion in fiscal 2010. The IFC's total capital amounted to $20.3 billion in 2011, of which $2.4 billion was paid-in capital from member countries, $16.4 billion was retained earnings, and $1.5 billion was accumulated other comprehensive income. The IFC held $68.49 billion in total assets in 2011.

The IFC's return on average assets (GAAP basis) decreased from 3.1% in 2010 to 2.4% in 2011. Its return on average capital (GAAP basis) decreased from 10.1% in 2010 to 8.2% in 2011. The IFC's cash and liquid investments accounted for 83% of its estimated net cash requirements for fiscal years 2012 through 2014. Its external funding liquidity level grew from 190% in 2010 to 266% in 2011. It has a 2.6:1 debt-to-equity ratio and holds 6.6% in reserves against losses on loans to its disbursement portfolio. The IFC's deployable strategic capital decreased from 14% in 2010 to 10% in 2011 as a share of its total resources available, which grew from $16.8 billion in 2010 to $17.9 billion in 2011.

In 2011, the IFC reported total funding commitments (consisting of loans, equity, guarantees, and client risk management) of $12.18 billion, slightly lower than its $12.66 billion in commitments in 2010. Its core mobilization, which consists of participation and parallel loans, structured finance, its Asset Management Company funds, and other initiatives, grew from $5.38 billion in 2010 to $6.47 billion in 2011. The IFC's total investment program was reported at a value of $18.66 billion for fiscal year 2011. Its advisory services portfolio included 642 projects valued at $820 million in 2011, compared to 736 projects at $859 million in 2010. The IFC held $24.5 billion in liquid assets in 2011, up from $21 billion in 2010.

The IFC received credit ratings of AAA from Standard & Poor's in December 2012 and AAA from Moody's Investors Service in November 2012. S&P rated the IFC as having a strong financial standing with adequate capital and liquidity, cautious management policies, a high level of geographic diversification, and anticipated treatment as a preferred creditor given its membership in the World Bank Group. It noted that the IFC faces a weakness relative to other multilateral institutions of having higher risks due to its mandated emphasis on private sector investing and its income heavily affected by equity markets.

Sustainability
IFC Sustainability Framework articulates IFC's commitment to sustainable development and is part of its approach to risk management. IFC's Environmental and social policies, guidelines, and tools are widely adopted as market standards and embedded in operational policies by corporations, investors, financial intermediaries, stock exchanges, regulators, and countries. In particular, the EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and measures that are normally acceptable to the World Bank Group, and that are generally considered to be achievable in new facilities at reasonable costs by existing technology.

Green buildings in less developed countries
The IFC has created a mass-market certification system for fast growing emerging markets called EDGE ("Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies"). IFC and the World Green Building Council have partnered to accelerate green building growth in less developed counties. The target is to scale up green buildings over a seven-year period until 20% of the property market is saturated. Certification occurs when the EDGE standard is met, which requires 20% less energy, water, and materials than conventional homes.

title: International Finance Corporation


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International Development Association

The International Development Association (IDA) (Association internationale de développement) is a development finance institution which offers concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest developing countries. The IDA is a member of the World Bank Group and is headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States. It was established in 1960 to complement the existing International Bank for Reconstruction and Development by lending to developing countries which suffer from the lowest gross national income, from troubled creditworthiness, or from the lowest per capita income. Together, the International Development Association and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development are collectively generally known as the World Bank, as they follow the same executive leadership and operate with the same staff.

The association shares the World Bank's mission of reducing poverty and aims to provide affordable development financing to countries whose credit risk is so prohibitive that they cannot afford to borrow commercially or from the Bank's other programs. The IDA's stated aim is to assist the poorest nations in growing more quickly, equitably, and sustainably to reduce poverty. The IDA is the single largest provider of funds to economic and human development projects in the world's poorest nations. From 2000 to 2010, it financed projects which recruited and trained 3 million teachers, immunized 310 million children, funded $792 million in loans to 120,000 small and medium enterprises, built or restored 118,000 kilometers of paved roads, built or restored 1,600 bridges, and expanded access to improved water to 113 million people and improved sanitation facilities to 5.8 million people. The IDA has issued a total US$238 billion in loans and grants since its launch in 1960. Thirty-six of the association's borrowing countries have graduated from their eligibility for its concessional lending. However, nine of these countries have relapsed and have not re-graduated.

History
During the 1940s and 1950s, low-income developing countries began to realize that they could no longer afford to borrow capital and needed more-favorable lending terms than offered by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). At the onset of his inaugural term in 1949, then-President of the United States Harry S. Truman assembled an advisory group to suggest ways to accomplish his Point Four Program, of which a significant component was an effort to strengthen developing countries, especially those nearest to the Eastern Bloc, to dissuade them from aligning with other communist states. The advisory group recommended an international mechanism that would function somewhere in between providing strictly-loaned and strictly-granted funds. The UN and United States government published reports expressing support for the creation of a multilateral, concessional lending program for the poorest developing countries. However, the United States was largely unresponsive and ultimately distracted by its involvement in the Korean War and unconvinced that development needed greater financial stimulation.

Developing countries grew increasingly frustrated with not being able to afford IBRD lending and perceived the Marshall Plan as a comparatively generous gift to European nations. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, developing countries began calling for the United Nations (UN) to create a development agency that would offer technical support and concessional financing, with a particular desire that the agency adhere to other UN bodies' convention of each country having one vote as opposed to a weighted vote. However, the United States ultimately opposed proposals of that nature. As the United States grew more concerned over the growth of the Cold War, it made a concession in 1954 at the behest of its Department of State by backing the conception of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). Despite the launch of the IFC in 1956, developing countries persisted in demanding the creation of a new concessional financing mechanism and the idea gained traction within the IBRD. Then-President of the IBRD Eugene R. Black, Sr. began circulating the notion of an International Development Association, as opposed to an idea of a concessional named the Special United Nations Fund for Economic Development (SUNFED) governed by the United Nations. Paul Hoffman, the Marshall Plan's former Administrator, proposed the idea of a soft-loan facility within the World Bank, where the US would have a preponderant voice in the allocation of such loans. Democratic Senator Mike Monroney of Oklahoma supported this idea. As Chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on International Finance, Monroney proposed a resolution recommending a study of the potential establishment of an International Development Association to be affiliated with the IBRD. Monroney's proposal was more preferred received within the United States than the SUNFED. The resolution passed the senate in 1958, and then-U.S. Treasury Secretary Robert B. Anderson encouraged other countries to conduct similar studies. In 1959, the World Bank's Board of Governors approved a U.S.-born resolution calling for the drafting of the articles of agreement. SUNFED later became the Special Fund and merged with the Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance to form the United Nations Development Programme.

By the end of January 1960, fifteen countries signed the articles of agreement which established the International Development Association. The association launched in September of that same year with an initial budget of $913 million ($7.1 billion in 2012 dollars ). Over the next eight months following its launch, the IDA grew to 51 member states and loaned $101 million ($784.2 million in 2012 dollars ) to four developing countries.

Governance and operations
The IDA is governed by the World Bank's Board of Governors which meets annually and consists of one governor per member country (most often the country's finance minister or treasury secretary). The Board of Governors delegates most of its authority over daily matters such as lending and operations to the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors consists of 25 executive directors and is chaired by the President of the World Bank Group. The executive directors collectively represent all 187 member states of the World Bank, although decisions regarding IDA matters concern only the IDA's 172 member states. The president oversees the IDA's overall direction and daily operations. , Ajay Banga serves as the President of the World Bank Group. The association and IBRD operate with a staff of approximately 10,000 employees.

The IDA is evaluated by the Bank's Independent Evaluation Group. In 2009, the group identified weaknesses in the set of controls used to protect against fraud and corruption in projects supported by IDA lending. In 2011, the group recommended the Bank provide recognition and incentives to staff and management for implementing activities which implement the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness principles of harmonization and alignment, promote greater use of sector-wide approaches to coordination, and explain the reasons why when a country's financial management system is not used so that the client country may address those shortcomings. It also recommended that the Bank collaborate with development partners to strengthen country-level leadership of development assistance coordination by offering greater financial and technical support. Development economists, such as William Easterly, have conducted research which ranked the IDA as featuring the most transparency and best practices among donors of development aid.

Researchers from the Center for Global Development expect that the IDA's collection of eligible borrowing countries will decrease by half by the year 2025 (marking the 65th anniversary of the association's establishment) due to graduations and that remaining borrowers will consist primarily of African countries and will face substantial population declines. These changes will imply a need for the association to carefully examine its financial models and business operations to determine an appropriate strategy going forward. The center recommended that the World Bank leadership begin discussing the long-term future of the IDA.

Membership
The IDA has 173 member countries which pay contributions every three years as replenishments of its capital. On 12 December 2008, Samoa joined UNIDO as its 173rd member. The IDA lends to 75 borrowing countries, over half of which (39) are in Africa. Membership in the IDA is available to only the countries who are members of the World Bank, particularly the IBRD. Throughout its lifetime, 44 borrowing countries have graduated from the association, although 9 of these countries have relapsed as borrowers after not sustaining their graduate status.

To be eligible for support from the IDA, countries are assessed by their poverty and their lack of creditworthiness for commercial and IBRD borrowing. The association assesses countries based on their per capita income, lack of access to private capital markets, and policy performance in implementing pro-growth and anti-poverty economic or social reforms. , to borrow from the IDA's concessional lending programs, a country's gross national income (GNI) per capita must not exceed $1,145.

IDA borrowing countries
The following 75 countries are IDA borrowing countries.

 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan
 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh
 * 🇧🇯 Benin
 * 🇧🇹 Bhutan
 * 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso
 * 🇧🇮 Burundi
 * Cabo Verde
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia
 * 🇨🇲 Cameroon
 * 🇨🇫 Central African Republic
 * 🇹🇩 Chad
 * 🇰🇲 Comoros
 * Democratic Republic of Congo
 * Republic of Congo
 * 🇨🇮 Côte d'Ivoire
 * 🇩🇯 Djibouti
 * 🇩🇲 Dominica
 * 🇪🇷 Eritrea
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * 🇫🇯 Fiji
 * 🇬🇲 Gambia
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana
 * 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea
 * 🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau
 * 🇬🇾 Guyana
 * 🇭🇹 Haiti
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * 🇰🇪 Kenya
 * 🇰🇮 Kiribati
 * Kosovo
 * 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan
 * Laos
 * 🇱🇸 Lesotho
 * 🇱🇷 Liberia
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar
 * 🇲🇼 Malawi
 * 🇲🇻 Maldives
 * 🇲🇱 Mali
 * 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands
 * 🇲🇷 Mauritania
 * 🇫🇲 Micronesia
 * 🇲🇿 Mozambique
 * 🇲🇲 Myanmar
 * 🇳🇵 Nepal
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan
 * 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda
 * 🇱🇨 Saint Lucia
 * 🇻🇨 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * 🇼🇸 Samoa
 * São Tomé and Principe
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal
 * 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone
 * 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands
 * 🇸🇴 Somalia
 * 🇸🇸 South Sudan
 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * Syria
 * 🇹🇯 Tajikistan
 * 🇹🇿 Tanzania
 * Timor-Leste
 * 🇹🇬 Togo
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga
 * 🇹🇻 Tuvalu
 * 🇺🇬 Uganda
 * 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan
 * 🇻🇺 Vanuatu
 * 🇾🇪 Yemen
 * 🇿🇲 Zambia
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe

Countries that graduated from IDA lending
The following countries have graduated from their eligibility for IDA lending.

 * 🇦🇱 Albania (2008)
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia (2014)
 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan (2011)
 * 🇧🇼 Botswana (1974)
 * 🇨🇱 Chile (1961)
 * 🇨🇳 China (1999)
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia (1962)
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica (1962)
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic (1973)
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador (1974)
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt (1999) - graduated in FY 81, relapsed in FY 91, graduated again in FY 99
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador (1977)
 * 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea (1999)
 * 🇮🇳 India (2014)
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia (2008) - graduated in FY 80, relapsed in FY 98, 99, graduated in FY 08
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan (1978)
 * 🇲🇺 Mauritius (1975)
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegro (2008)
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco (1975)
 * North Macedonia (2002)
 * 🇵🇾 Paraguay (1977)
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines (1993) - graduated in FY 79, relapsed in FY 91, graduated in FY 93
 * 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis (1994)
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia (2007)
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea (1973)
 * 🇸🇿 Swaziland (1975)
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand (1979)
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia (1977)
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey (1974)

Countries relapsed to IDA lending
The following countries have relapsed to their eligibility for IDA lending and have not yet re-graduated or have instead become partially eligible (also referred to as a blend country).
 * 🇨🇲 Cameroon (1994)
 * 🇨🇩 Congo (1994)
 * Cote d'Ivoire (1992)
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras (1991)
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua (1991)
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria (1989)
 * 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea (2003, partially eligible)
 * Syria (2017)
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe (1992)

Replenishment rounds
The IDA is a unique part of the World Bank as it requires continuous replenishment of its resources. Member countries replenish its funds through contributions in addition to supplementary funds provided by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Finance Corporation (IFC). Whereas the IBRD acquires most of its funds by raising capital on international financial markets, the IDA heavily depends on contributions from its member states. The IDA received 2 billion in special drawing rights ($3 billion USD) from the IBRD and IFC. Approximately half of the IDA's resources come from the 45 donating member countries. In its early years, the IDA received most of its replenishments from the United Kingdom and United States but, because they were not always reliable sources of funding, other developed nations began to step in and fill the economic gaps not met by these two countries. Every three years, member nations that provide funds to the IDA gather together to replenish the IDA's resources. These funds come primarily from well-developed countries including the United States, Japan, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom with 58% from the US, 22% from France, and 8% from the UK. As of 2016, there have been 18 IDA replenishment rounds. Fifty-one member countries participated in the IDA's 16th replenishment of US$49.3 billion. The IDA's loans and grants are usually not paid in full to the borrower at the outset, but rather disbursed incrementally as needed by the project. Most of the donor countries such as the United States commit letters of credit to the IDA which bear no interest and are not able to be transferred or revoked, and which are exchanged for cash as needed for project disbursal. Other countries pay their contributions in full on the date of commitment to the IDA so that it may cover its operating expenses. Donors receive no return of funds and repayments from borrowers are again loaned to future projects such that donors won't need to commit those funds again in the future.

Although the IDA's funds are now regularly replenished, this does not happen without some financial and political challenges for the donating countries. When donor countries convene to negotiate the replenishments, there is often intense discussion about redefining the association's goals and objectives or even about reforming the IDA. Due to delays in the United States Congress impeding the approval of IDA funding, the association's members implemented a set of policy triggers outlining the commitment threshold necessary for replenishment to take effect. The threshold imposed a requirement that an aggregate share of 85% in voting stock is necessary for executing a replenishment. The threshold was implemented with the aim to compel the United States to participate in replenishment rounds. Though countries intended for the triggers to hold the United States to its commitments, the threshold ultimately provided the United States a de facto veto power over replenishment and capital increase negotiations due to its ability to bring replenishment negotiations to an impasse by threatening to withhold support. The U.S. has used this influence to further its long-term foreign policy objectives and short-term political and economic goals by imposing conditionality on replenishment negotiations.

Lending
The IDA lends to countries with the aim to finance projects that will develop infrastructure and improve education, healthcare, access to clean water and sanitation facilities, and environmental responsibility. It is considered to be the soft lending window of the World Bank, while the IBRD is considered to be the hard lending window. The association offers grants and loans with maturities ranging from 25 to 40 years, grace periods of 5 to 10 years, and interest rates of 2.8% or 1.25% depending on whether the borrower is a blend country and to which degree it is eligible. Regular IDA-eligible borrowers may take advantage of no-interest loans. Financial resources are allocated to eligible countries based on their success at implementing pro-growth and a poverty-reducing domestic policies. The IDA uses the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) development indicator to determine each country's place in a resource allocation index. It then prioritizes its lending to those countries which are indicated to be most promising in terms of favorable policies and aid effectiveness. The IDA adopted the Crisis Response Window in 2007 to enable the rapid provision of emergency financing in response to crises. The association adopted the Immediate Response Mechanism in 2011 to provide IDA borrowers with immediate access to withdraw undisbursed portions of their loans, should a crisis arise that meets the mechanism's criteria.

The replenishment rounds are typically agreed every three years. The eighteenth was finalised in December 2016, the nineteenth was being discussed in October 2019.

Africa
Because African countries face some of the most severe poverty and underdevelopment, and because 39 of those countries are the IDA's poorest member states, the association allocates approximately half of the IDA's resources toward financing projects in those countries. As a result of its efforts to improve the region, the IDA has helped bring electricity to an additional 66 million Africans since 1997, helped build or restore 240,000 kilometers of paved roads, and helped enroll an additional 15 million African children in school since 2002. The IDA was approved in May 2012 to provide US$50 million worth of credit to the Women Entrepreneur Development Project as part of an effort to help women in Ethiopia participate in business as skilled employees or leaders. Although the positive outcomes of the IDA's efforts in Africa had been historically slow, the large allocation of funding to African countries led to positive outcomes particularly within agriculture and infrastructure development efforts.

Asia
The IDA's efforts in Asia have been particularly successful. Numerous Asian countries have graduated from the IDA lending program, including the Philippines, China, South Korea, Thailand, and India. Of the association's borrowing countries, approximately 20 are in Asia. The association's efforts in South Asia have focused primarily on projects for education, healthcare, transportation, agriculture, and energy. Due to rapid growth in Asian countries' populations, some pockets of poverty have emerged. To mitigate this effect, the IDA adopted an economic plan of action which established organizations to improve education and healthcare, with a focus on reducing poverty across Asian nations in ways that are compatible with local culture.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: International Development Association


text:
User:Jzcool

Yo, whats up? I live in Mandeville, which is right across the lake from New Orleans. Too bad I don't still live there. For those who know the area, I was born in N.O East, then moved to Marrero on the West Bank, and I now live on the North Shore. i do a bunch of stuff at high school, but i dont feel like listing it. see, my language mechanics are wearing off as we speak. i should probably go now bye.

Articles I'm involved with:

SEGA/Hardware Characterization Colonization of Africa Imperialism in Asia Pong Types of Government Radio Project Phrozen Crew PlayStation 3 TurboGrafx 16 Microsoft Xbox Nintendo GameCube Sony PlayStation 2 Kid Rock Atari Jaguar 3DO Interactive Multiplayer Atari 2600 Atari 5200 Atari 7800 Intellivision Colecovision Vectrex Nintendo Game Boy Advance Atari Lynx Neo Geo Pocket Nuon Game.com WonderSwan Color Microvision Nintendo Virtual Boy mechanical advantage Neo Geo CD Neo Geo Gold Neo Geo CDZ Philips CD-i Arcadia 2001 PC-FX Astrocade Konix Multisystem Philips G7400 Eminem My many websites:

http://www.jzcool.net/ - James's Domain http://www.expage.com/jzcool69 - my profile of sorts http://www.angelfire.com/games4/thecatalog - my Catalog of items for sale

Contact info:

Email: jzcool@lycos.com AOl Insntant messenger SN: Z8piMp2006 or bEpHrOzEn Address: stalk......me.......please - o wait!

NEW Favorite legal stuff (from a page with fake oakley sunglasses):

By viewing this page and any other page you agree to such terms. If you are affiliated with or working for Oakley Inc. either directly or indirectly, or any other related group, or were formally a worker you CANNOT enter this web site, cannot access any of its files and you cannot view any of the HTML files. If in fact you are affiliated or were affiliated with the above said companies, by entering this site you are not agreeing to these terms and you are violating code 431.322.12 of the Internet Privacy Act signed by Bill Clinton in 1995 and that means that you CANNOT threaten our ISP(s) or any person(s) or company storing these files, and cannot prosecute any person(s) affiliated with this page which includes family, friends or individuals who run or enter this web site. By continuing to enter this site, you are expressly and impliedly agreeing to all terms as stated above, and affirm that you are in compliance with all federal, state and local laws concerning the content of this site.

Quotes:

 * "I think everybody in the U.S. is walking around with their game face on."
 * - Master P

 * "What if everything you see is more than what you see - the person next to you is a warrior and the space that appears empty is a secret door to another world? What if something appears that shouldn't? You either dismiss it or accept that there is much more to the world than you think."
 * - Shigeru Miyamoto

 * "To achieve the impossible dream, try going to sleep."
 * - Joan Klempner

 * "Cowards die many times before their deaths
 * the valiant never taste of death but once."
 * - William Shakespeare, "Julius Caesar", Act II, Sc. 2, line 32.

 * "Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned
 * Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned." ''
 * - William Congreve, "The Mourning Bride"

 * "If at first you don't succeed, failure may be your style."
 * - Quentin Crisp

 * "...time is short and doesn't return again. It is slipping away while I write this and while you read it, and the monosyllable of the clock is Loss, Loss, Loss, unless you devote your heart to its opposition."
 * - Tennessee Williams

Talk ToDoList ThingsIWant

title: User:Jzcool


text:
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions

The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) was an international trade union. It came into being on 7 December 1949 following a split within the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU), and was dissolved on 31 October 2006 when it merged with the World Confederation of Labour (WCL) to form the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC).

Prior to being dissolved, the ICFTU had a membership of 157 million members in 225 affiliated organisations in 148 countries and territories.

History
In 1949, early in the Cold War, alleging Communist domination of the WFTU's central institutions, a large number of non-communist national trade union federations (including the U.S. AFL–CIO, the British TUC, the French FO, the Italian CISL and the Spanish UGT) seceded and created the rival ICFTU at a conference in London attended by representatives of nearly 48 million members in 53 countries.

Throughout its existence, the ICFTU had internal disputes over what approach to hold to communism.

From the 1950s the ICFTU actively recruited new members from the developing regions of first Asia and subsequently Africa. Following the collapse of Communist party government in the Soviet Union and eastern Europe, the Federation's membership has risen steeply from 87 million in 1988 and 100 million in 1992, as trade union federations from former Soviet bloc countries joined the ICFTU.

In 1975 former CIA agent Philip Agee revealed in his book "Inside the Company: CIA Diary" that the ICFTU was a "Labor center set up and controlled by the CIA to oppose the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)."

The ICFTU was formally dissolved on 31 October 2006 when it merged with the World Confederation of Labour (WCL) to form the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC).

Organisation
The ICFTU had four regional organisations. APRO covered Asia and the Pacific, AFRO in Africa, and ORIT for the Americas. Until 1969, the ERO covered Europe, but it became increasingly marginal and was dissolved. The ICFTU later maintained close links with the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), which included all ICFTU European affiliates). It also worked closely with many Global Union Federations, which link together national unions from a particular trade or industry at international level.

Central to the ICFTU's work was the struggle to defend workers' rights. The ICFTU lobbied for the ratification of the so-called "core labour standards"—eight key conventions of the International Labour Organization concerning freedom of association, the abolition of child labour and forced labour and the elimination of discrimination in the workplace.

The ICFTU has staff which are devoted entirely to the monitoring and defence of workers rights, and they issue—almost on a daily basis—alerts and calls to action. The ICFTU published its "Annual Survey of Violations of Trade Union Rights" every June, the publication of which was usually accompanied by extensive press coverage of the violations of trade union rights around the world. The report often focused on the numbers of people killed for being members of unions.

In its constitution, the organisation pledged itself to "champion the cause of human freedom, promote equality of opportunity for all people, seek to eliminate everywhere in the world any form of discrimination or subjugation based on race, religion, sex or origin, oppose and combat totalitarianism and aggression in any form".

That constitution listed no fewer than seventeen aims of the organisation and it has been argued that the ICFTU from its very beginning set itself goals that would be impossible to achieve—particularly with a small staff and budget. For example, the organisation's constitution required it "to carry out a programme of trade union and workers' education" as well as to give "assistance to those suffering from the consequences of natural and industrial disasters".

In 2004 Australian union leader Sharan Burrow was elected as the first female president of the ICFTU.

Annual survey of violations of trade union rights
ICFTU published an annual report which documents violations by governments, industries, and military and police forces against both workers and related trade unions.

2006 report
Released on 7 June 2006 the report reprised the year 2005. The press release from ICFTU OnLine reports, "115 trade unionists were murdered for defending workers' rights in 2005, while more than 1,600 were subjected to violent assaults and some 9,000 arrested ... Nearly 10,000 workers were sacked for their trade union involvement, and almost 1,700 detained."

The report is divided into five regional sections, with detailed reports by country.

Africa
ICFTU wrote that, "One of the most striking features of the violations that took place in Africa is the failure of governments to respect the rights of their own employees, both through the restrictions in law on organising, collective bargaining and strike action, and repression in practice." The report continues on to detail violations such as the lack of the right to organise unions in the public service in Lesotho; the police use of stun guns, rubber bullets and tear gas at workers' strikes and protests in South Africa; and the death of a Djibouti drivers' union member during a demonstration by striking minibus and lorry drivers.

Americas
The report of violence in the Americas details a total of 80 deaths, more than half of the number reported worldwide. 70 of those deaths were in Colombia, while an additional 260 Colombian workers received death threats. In Ecuador 44 workers at the San Jose plantation were fired for forming a union. In Canada a collective agreement was imposed by law on members of the BCTF.

Asia and Pacific
ICFTU singled out Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, South Korea and the Philippines as having "particularly" violent episodes. In Bangladesh three trade unionists were killed when police intervened in a Sinha Textile Mill protest. In South Korea, Kim Tae-hwan from the Federation of Korean Trade Unions was run over and killed while on the picket line.

In the Philippines, Diosdado Fortuna, leader of the Food and Drug Industry Union, was shot dead by two unidentified gunmen, Victoria Ramonte of the Andres Soriano College Employees' Union was stabbed to death, and Ricardo Ramos, President of the Sugar Workers' Union was shot and killed.

Europe
The report on Europe begins by noting "Strong resistance to the creation of independent trade unions was a common trait across Central and Eastern Europe, both by employers and the State." Examples include an organised government attempt to coerce workers to leave independent trade unions in Moldova. Belarus is highlighted as wanting to return to Soviet-era trade union centres, with the ensuing close ties to the government.

The death of one trade unionist in Russia is reported. Although there are no details concerning the exact circumstances, he had previously received threats, and his house had been set on fire.

Middle East
In Iraq, during the first two months of 2005 Hadi Salih, international secretary of the Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU) was brutally tortured and killed. Talib Khadim and Saady Edan, both also from the IFTU were attacked and kidnapped. Two attempts were made on the life of the president of the IFTU's Kirkuk branch. Ali Hassan Abd of the Oil and Gas Workers' Union was shot and killed in front of his children, and Ahmed Adris Abas of the Transport and Communications Union, was shot dead.

The report also details the difficulties faced by migrant workers in many countries, such as Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, where they are a major portion of the labour force, but have few rights.

Qatar is singled out as a source of good news, with the country adopting a new labour code which, although still below international standards, allowed for the establishment of free trade unions.

General Secretaries

 * 1949: Jacobus Hendrik Oldenbroek
 * 1960: Omer Becu
 * 1967: Harm Buiter
 * 1972: Otto Kersten
 * 1982: John Vanderveken
 * 1992: Enzo Friso
 * 1995: Bill Jordan
 * 2002: Guy Ryder

Presidents

 * 1949: Paul Finet
 * 1951: Vincent Tewson
 * 1953: Omer Becu
 * 1957: Arne Geijer
 * 1965: Bruno Storti
 * 1972: Donald MacDonald
 * 1975: P. P. Narayanan
 * 1992: Roy Trotman
 * 2000: Fackson Shamenda
 * 2004: Sharan Burrow


text:
Ilona Staller

Ilona Staller (born 26 November 1951), known by her stage name Cicciolina, is a Hungarian-Italian former porn star, politician, and singer. Staller gained fame in the early 1970s through her radio show Voulez-vous coucher avec moi? and became widely recognized by her stage name Cicciolina. She appeared in numerous films and gained notoriety for being the first to bare her breasts on live Italian television in 1978. Staller ventured into politics and was elected to the Italian Parliament in 1987, campaigning on a libertarian platform with the Radical Party.

Throughout her career, Staller made provocative offers, such as offering to have sex with Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden in exchange for peace. Staller also had a brief marriage to American artist Jeff Koons, with whom she had a son. Despite her controversial career, she has left a lasting impact on popular culture and continues to be remembered for her contributions in the entertainment industry.

Early life
Staller was born in Budapest during the era of the Hungarian People's Republic. Her father, László Staller, left the family when she was 3. She was raised by her mother, who was a midwife, and her stepfather, who was an official in the Hungarian Ministry of the Interior. In 1964, at age 12, she began working as a model for the Hungarian news agency Magyar Távirati Iroda. In her memoirs and in a 1999 TV interview, she claimed that she had provided the Hungarian authorities with information on American diplomats staying at a Budapest luxury hotel where she worked as a maid in the 1960s.

During her hotel work when she was 20, Staller met a 25-year older Italian national named Salvatore Martini, whom she later married. Initially, she had accepted the marriage proposal but changed her mind before the wedding and threw the ring on the snow. Staller's stepfather forced her to marry him to avoid embarrassment. During the cerimony, the priest reportedly noticed that Staller was the saddest bride he had ever met. The couple lived in Milan, near the Central Station, in modest conditions. Her work as a model allowed her to divorce after a year of marriage.

Pornography and show business
Naturalized through marriage and settled in Italy, Staller met pornographer Riccardo Schicchi in the early 1970s. Starting in 1973, she gained fame with her radio show called Voulez-vous coucher avec moi? on Radio Luna. For that program, she adopted the name Cicciolina, and she referred to her male fanbase and later the male members of the Italian Parliament as cicciolini ("little tubby boys").

Staller appeared in several films from 1970 but made her debut under her own name in 1975 with La liceale (also known as The Teasers), where she played alongside Gloria Guida as her lesbian classmate. In 1978, during the RAI show C'era due Volte, Staller's breasts were the first to be bared live on Italian TV. In 1983, she appeared in her first hardcore pornographic film, Telefono rosso (Red Telephone). Staller produced the film together with Schicchi's company, Diva Futura. Her memoirs were published as Confessioni erotiche di Cicciolina (Erotic Confessions of Cicciolina) by Olympia Press of Milan in 1987. That same year, she appeared in , titled The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empress in the United States, co-starring John Holmes. The film caused controversy when it was later revealed that Holmes had tested positive for HIV prior to appearing in it.

In 1987, invited by the Portuguese magazine Tal & Qual, Staller visited the Assembly of the Republic and posed topless, leading to the suspension of the session and official complaints from members of CDS – People's Party. The only person who talked to Steller was Natália Correia. Staller has appeared nude in Playboy editions in several countries. Her first Playboy appearance was in Argentina in March 1988. She also appeared in the U.S. edition in September 1990, and in Hungary (June 2005), Serbia (July 2005), and Mexico (September 2005). Staller appeared in the film Replikator (1996) and had a role in the Brazilian soap opera  as Princess Ludovica di Castelgandolfo di Genova, also in 1996. In 2008, Staller participated as a contestant on the Argentine version of Strictly Come Dancing called Bailando por un Sueño.

Political life
In 1979, Staller was presented as a female candidate to the Italian Parliament by the Lista del Sole, Italy's first Green party. In 1985, she switched to the Radical Party, campaigning on a libertarian platform against nuclear energy and NATO membership, as well as for human rights. She was elected to the Italian Parliament in 1987, with approximately 20,000 votes. While in office and before the outset of the Gulf War, she offered to have sex with Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein in return for peace in the region. She was not re-elected at the end of her term in 1991.

In 1991, Staller was among the founders of another Italian political movement, called Love Party, which was spearheaded by friend and fellow porn star Moana Pozzi. In January 2002, she began exploring the possibility of campaigning in Hungary, her country of birth, to represent Budapest's industrial Kőbánya district in the Hungarian Parliament; however, she failed to collect enough petition signatures for a non-partisan candidacy. In the same year, she ran in the local elections in Monza, Lombardy, promising to convert a prominent building into a gambling casino but was not elected. In 2004, she announced plans to run for mayor of Milan with a similar promise. She renewed her offer to have sex with Saddam Hussein in October 2002, when Iraq was resisting international pressure to allow inspections for weapons of mass destruction, and she made the same offer to Osama bin Laden in April 2006.

In September 2011, it was revealed that Staller was eligible for and would be receiving a yearly pension of €39,000 from the Italian state as a result of her five years in the country's parliament. Reacting to the controversy raised by the news, Staller, who started receiving the pension in November 2011, when she turned 60, stated: "I earned it and I'm proud of it." In 2012, Staller founded the Democracy, Nature, Love party. Its objectives included the legalization of same-sex marriage, the reopening of former brothels, a guaranteed minimum wage for young people, improvements to the judiciary, and the elimination of the privileges of the rich political caste. On a proposal by blogger Luca Bagatin, who said that Staller was "a friend I had always respected and was intrigued by the idea of relaunching the secular area with a 'radical' and 'far-left' program", Staller was the unsuccessful candidate, in the 2013 Rome municipal election in Rome held on 26 and 27 May 2013,   as part of the Republicans and Liberals list.

In 2020, Staller relaunched her Democracy, Nature, Love party and said that she had appealed to a new law that reduced her parliamentary pension from €3,100 to €1,000.

Musical career
Staller has recorded several songs, mostly from live performances, with explicit lyrics being sung to a children's melody. Her most famous song is "", a song entirely dedicated to il cazzo, which means "the dick" in Italian. Because of its extensive use of profanity, the song could not be released in Italy, but became a hit in other countries, especially in France. The song gained considerable popularity in the internet era, when many Italian speakers were able to hear it for the first time. Several unreleased songs were recorded during her RCA period and the Diva Futura agency period. Some of these unreleased songs were subsequently used during her TV shows and live performances or as soundtracks in her porn movies.

Personal life
Staller was the muse of American artist Jeff Koons, who persuaded her to collaborate on a series of sculptures and photographs of them having sex in many positions, settings, and costumes, which were exhibited under the title Made in Heaven and made waves at the 1990 Venice Biennale. Staller married Koons in 1991. In 1992, they had a son but separated the following year, partly because Staller refused to stop making porn. Their marriage ended in 1994. In violation of a United States court order, as Koons had custody of their son, Staller left the United States for Italy, taking their then-two-year-old son. In 2008, Staller filed suit against Koons for failing to pay child support. In 2024, Staller said that she has reported her son Ludwig Koons to the police for drug abuse several times.

Staller is an accomplished chess player, having learned from her father while growing up in Hungary. In July 2021, it was announced she would demonstrate her ability in an exhibition match, taking on four top players simultaneously.

In popular culture
In 1980, an erotic comics series, La Cicciolina, was made by Lucio Filippucci and Giovanni Romanini, based on Staller. Italian metal band Bulldozer released the tracks "Ilona the Very Best" on their 1987 album IX and "Ilona Had Been Elected" on their 1988 album Neurodeliri in dedication to her. Later in 2005, Japanese metal band Abigail released the compilation "Abigail Loves Ilona, as She Is the Very Best" featuring a photograph of Ilona as the album art, and includes several Bulldozer covers.

Brazilian musician Fausto Fawcett wrote a song in tribute to Cicciolina, titled "Cicciolina (O Cio Eterno)", featured on his 1989 album Império dos Sentidos. British band Pop Will Eat Itself released a song called "Touched by the Hand of Cicciolina" as an unofficial World Cup single in July 1990. The song reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart. The 1991 Machines of Loving Grace album paid tribute to Staller and named a song after her. Chilean punk band Los Peores de Chile released a song titled "Chicholina" in 1994, which had heavy TV and radio airplay, receiving critical acclaim by the national music press at the time.

Finnish singer Erika Vikman released a song titled "Cicciolina" on 26 January 2020. It was selected as one of six entries that competed to represent Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2020.The song finished in second place in the national selection. In the 2020 Spanish television series Veneno, Staller, played by Miriam Giovanelli, was portrayed attending to a party in Gran Canaria in 1996, where she met Spanish personality La Veneno. Also in 2020, electronic music duo Brutalismus 3000 released a song titled "Cicciolina", the first track of their album named Amore Hardcore. In the song, they refer to Staller and her life. In 2023, Oska Wald from the band Chuckamuck released a song entitled "Pizza Amore", in which he refers to a fictional pizza called "Pizza Cicciolina".

LPs/CDs

 * 1979 Ilona Staller (RCA PL 31442) published at least in Italy and Colombia. The Colombian record has titles in Spanish. A music tape also exists.
 * Track list: I Was Made for Dancin' / Pane Marmellata e Me / Labbra / Benihana / Lascia l'ultimo ballo per me / Cavallina Cavallo (by Ennio Morricone) / It's all up to you / Professor of Percussions / Più su sempre più su
 * 1987 Muscolo Rosso (Boy Records) published in Spain only.
 * Track list: Russians / Inno (Come un angelo) / Satisfaction / Telefono rosso (Avec toi) / Black Sado / Goccioline (Bambole) / Perversion / Animal Rock / Nirvana / Muscolo rosso / Muscolo rosso (reprise)
 * 1988 Sonhos Eróticos printed in Brazil only. (All Disc 00.101.009, also music tape 00.107.009.) Reprint of the English long playing Erotic dreams plus two Cicciolina songs "Muscolo rosso" and "Avec toi". The other songs are performed by Erotic Dreams Band. Some of Cicciolina's speeches are used in "La prima volta" song. Cover is dedicated to Cicciolina.
 * Track list: Muscolo rosso / Emmanuelle / Bilitis / Le réve / La prima volta / I feel love / Je t'aime... moi non plus / Histoire d'O / Les Femmes / Black Emmanuelle / Love to love you bay / Avec toi
 * 1994 Sonhos Eróticos (Brazil only, All Disc RQ 032) Reprint of 1988 LP with a new layout of the cover, with background from brown to pink and violet.
 * 2000 Ilona Staller (CD, in United Kingdom only, Sequel Records/Caste Music NEMCD398); reprint on CD of the 1979 LP, plus the two extended tracks of the red vinyl mix.
 * 2000 Ilona Staller (LP, in United Kingdom only, Sequel Record/Castle Music NEMLP398); white label promotional test pressings, less than 5, were made for a proposed but ultimately cancelled vinyl release of the CD reissue.

7" disks

 * 1976 "Voulez vous coucher avec moi?" (Italy only, with neither serial number nor cover; on the vinyl it is written "Nuovo Playore 1° Radio Rete 4 D.R." only); from the same-named radio programme on Radio Luna station by Riccardo Schicchi where the nickname Cicciolina was born.
 * 1979 "I Was Made for Dancin'" / "Più su sempre su su" (Italy only, RCA PB 6323)
 * 1979 "Cavallina Cavallo" / "Più su sempre più su" (Japan only, RCA SS 3205)
 * 1980 "Buone Vacanze" / "Ti amo uomo" (Italy only, RCA BB 6449)
 * 1981 "Ska Skatenati" / "Disco Smack" (Italy only, LUPUS LUN 4917)
 * 1987 "Muscolo rosso" / "Avec toi" (SFC 17117–7) symbol of the Italian Radical Party on the cover. The record was published in France and limited in other European countries.
 * 1987 "Muscolo rosso" / "Russians" (Spain only, BOY-028-PRO) promo for journalist; no cover.

12" mix and picture disks

 * 1979 "I Was Made for Dancin'" (extended version) / "Save the Last Dance for Me" (English original version of "Lascia l'ultimo ballo per me") (Italy only, RCA PD 6327, red vinyl mix without cover, promo for DJs).
 * 1987 "Muscolo Rosso" / "Russians" (Spain only, BOY-028) versions are not extended, the same as 7".
 * 1989 "San Francisco Dance" / "Living in my Paradise" / "My Sexy Shop" (Acv 5472) Picture disk; limited edition; published in Europe, together with her colleague Moana Pozzi's release.

Collaborations

 * 1979 Dedicato al Mar Egeo, LP soundtrack by Ennio Morricone published in Japan only; though she does not sing, she is portrayed naked on the inlay and back-cover. She recorded two songs from that album ("Cavallina a cavallo" and "Mar Egeo") later in the year. The LP exists in two versions, one with Japanese titles, the other with Italian titles. Also, a CD version exists.
 * 1979 Aquarium sounds, LP of an Italian TV programme; she sings on the track "Elena Tip".

title: Ilona Staller


text:
User talk:Jzcool

The page SQL programming language can't be displayed. It looks like you've tried to import a BNF grammar directly. However, because it contains special characters that UseModWiki is trying to interpret, it's hanging when trying to display it. You can use this URL to edit it: http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=edit&id=SQL_programming_language

Maybe if you read up on the formatting tags, you can re-do the grammar so that UseModWiki will leave it alone. -- ansible

Comment from Empiricism: "I would like to remind you that this isn't a dictionary".

Noted. :-) But you posted that after I'd been working on the article for literally three minutes -- there's more to come. Have a good one.

From Wikipedia utilities/Page titles to be deleted re Phrozen Crew

"i resent the fact that you deemed my article useless; i guess an article about one of the most powerful forces in hacking today sin't good enough for you"

I dunno. It looks bogus to me, but I don't know anything about the subject. I didn't try to delete the page myself, I just want people who know more about it than me to look at it. Maybe it's really great.

Later. Looking at web sites on this. Still don't know, still want to let people who know more than me look at this. Have a good one.

Later. From talk:Phrozen Crew: "Someone added this article to the deletion page. I disagree. The article needs some work, but it should be edited, not deleted. --STG"

(Me ->) STG -- Thanks for your comment. I guess I was hasty about this. Jzcool, looks like I goofed on this. I apologize.

I had to remove the images you linked to from the Sega articles, for two reasons. The first is that they seem to be under copyright; we can only use images (or anything else) that are public domain, or released under a license compatible with the GFDL. The other reason is we can't link to pics on other sites. This is so that we use their bandwith with thier permission. --STG

"we can only use images (or anything else) that arepublic domain, or released under a license compatible with the GFDL." Or things that we write ourselves and make available under the GFDL.

Right. By posting anything of your own here, you are releasing it under the GFDL. --STG

Lots of handhelds, v. impressive. But specs look nicer in a table: Game.com

Make your webpage not force cometcursor to download. That sucks. --Alan D

Hi - could you take a look at Talk:Nationalist Army - as far as I can see, Nationalist Army is, to be blunt, made up, and I've requested it be deleted at Votes for deletion. We're only interested in verifiably true articles here. I suggest you take a look at Welcome, newcomers and related pages to get some idea of what we're trying to do. Cheers--Camembert

 * Now I come to look at your userpage history, I see this username has been around for more than a year, and has made a number of good edits in the past. Hmm. --Camembert

 * Gottabe hacked, Camembert. It's totally out of character. Tannin

 * I've blocked the IP and cleared the password on the account. If, indeed, the account is being abused by someone else, the real Jzcool is welcome to ask to have it reset. However, these recent edits are perfectly in character with the occasional spew on the mailing list which is attributed to this person's e-mail address. Are those a long-running attempt at character defamation? --Brion 04:33 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC)

video game console pictures
I came across your website while looking for video game console pictures for Wikipedia, and I find them very interesting. If you don't mind, I'd like to use them. I'm assuming that you'll be okay with this because a) you're a Wikipedia user, and b) because you're involved with the very same articles that I want to use the pictures for. Thanks! [[User:Mike Storm|Mike ∞ Storm]] 19:11, 2 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Main namespace cleanup
Heya, I've moved Jzcool/ThingsIWant to User:Jzcool/old-ThingsIWant. There's some edit history, so perhaps you want to keep it. Otherwise just delete it (or ask an admin to do so). --fvw *  20:07, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)
 * Ditto for User:Jzcool/old-ToDoList. --fvw *  20:07, 2004 Dec 14 (UTC)

Nomination of Phrozen Crew for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Phrozen Crew is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Phrozen Crew until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on good quality evidence, and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Ridernyc (talk) 03:57, 15 June 2011 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 02:33, 9 June 2019 (UTC)

"Form of government" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Form of government and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 4 until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Mathglot (talk) 04:41, 4 August 2022 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of CuteFTP

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title: User talk:Jzcool


text:
Wikipedia:Timeline standards

This page describes a standard layout to use when adding millennia, centuries, decades, or years to the history timeline. Any comments on changes to this format should be added via Wikipedia Talk:Timeline standards. There is a proposal for changing the current standard (shown below) on the talk page and there is a recently closed survey on years pages here.

See also: WikiProject Days of the year (template for day pages)

Scope
Articles for the year 500 BC and earlier should be redirected to the relevant decade. Articles for the year 1700 BC and earlier should be redirected to the relevant century. Articles for the year 4000 BC and earlier should be redirected to the relevant millennium.

Layout for year pages
''Here is the format for the Year pages. Note: WikiProject Years is working on minor updates for this version.''

Infobox
Each year should have an infobox at the top right. The templates will be the template yearbox followed by the template C21YearInTopic (or applicable centuries template).

Intro section
The first sentence in the introduction explains that the page is for a year and not a number. This statement should only be included if the number is on the List of numbers page. The second introduction sentence will describe the year (a link to a calendar) and the type of calendar the year belongs to. The following sentence lists any official designation the year has.

Events
The events section is divided into months, each month has a calendar at the beginning and lists any important events that occurred. The month header once linked to the particular month in the year (if the page exists, e.g. January 2004), but doesn't anymore. Every item links to the day.

Births section
The Births section list births in that year, divided into month section. Each entry links to the day page, has a very short description of the person, and links to the death year if known. There may be other restrictions as to who may appear, but absent other consensus, the person must have a'Wikipedia article.

Deaths section
The deaths section begins with a see also statement, and follows the same format as the births section: Month section, day link, name, and birth year link if known.

More
It has not yet been decided what else will be included on the year pages. Many currently have sections for awards, fiction, external links etc. These sections may be removed (or more likely moved to a separate page to be included on the infobox) later, but for now the following form can be followed to close out the page.

Intro section The first paragraph in the introduction explains the start date and end date for the millennium as well as the type of calendar the millennium belongs to. Editors may choose to explain what the millennium is not as popular dating often conflicts with official dating. It is recommended that editors then attempt to summarize the essence of the millennium in a few paragraphs, similar to other Wikipedia articles.

Sections

Civilizations can be divided by continent and organized in columns Events and trends The events section can be divided into centuries. Care should be taken not to list every important event of the millennium, but choose those that best represent the overall trends of the period.

Significant people can be divided by continent and century. Care should be taken to provide representative examples from each century and each continent whenever possible. The following table may serve as a guide.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions can be grouped together into subtopics such as science, mathematics, communications, transportation and warfare.

Centuries and decades

More: Close the page with something similar to the following:

End of format for the millennium pages

End of format for the Years

title: Wikipedia:Timeline standards


text:
Talk:Glaucus (disambiguation)

Comments
There's an organism called Glaucus that has the ability to absorb the poison of other organisms (e.g., jellyfish) and use it for its own defense. SHould that go here, or to Glaucus (animal)? --Magnus Manske

If it's not a big entry, I would generally put it on the same page and separate it with a horizontal rule. If it later gets added to and expanded so that the page becomes unweildy, it's pretty easy to break it up into separate articles. --BD

title: Talk:Glaucus (disambiguation)


text:
Wikipedia talk:Timeline standards

Anniversaries
I think this is the correct talk page for this. Year, decade, century, and millennium articles seem to collect anniversaries of notable events, such as the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 2012, the tricentennial of the founding of the United States in 2070s, quadricentennials (which probably should be "tercentennials") in 22nd century, millennials in 28th century, etc. I propose a general standard that states "Anniversaries should not be listed unless there was (for past events) a notable celebration/memorial, or (for future events) a notable celebration/memorial is presently planned." Any other suggestions? — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 21:53, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

Dead project?
Is this page dead, also? My comment above, more than a month ago, hasn't got a response.... — Arthur Rubin | (talk) 02:34, 27 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I've been watching, but our categories system horrifies me, so I don't have anything useful to add to that thread. -- Quiddity (talk) 21:52, 3 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia to present facts and ideas, not trivia; so random possible future anniversaries (as opposed to expected events i.e. eclipses) are not relevant - perhaps the best place to raise it is on the talk page and then delete said trivia. I would support that. On another note, quadricentennial is awkward but probably correct as consistent in Latin origins; tercentennial is used although stylistically wrong as it is a Greek-Latin hybrid--AssegaiAli (talk) 15:45, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Events section
Currently the standard for the year pages describes the events section as follows:"The events section is divided into months, each month has a calendar at the beginning and lists any important events that occurred. The month header once linked to the particular month in the year (if the page exists, eg. January 2004), but doesn't anymore. Every item links to the day."I would like to propose a similar standard for the millennial pages, but instead of dividing them by century, I propose that we divide them by geography. The geographical divisions I propose at this time are: West Asia, South Asia, East Asia, Africa, America, Europe and Australia. More specific or more general geographic sections may be more appropriate for different millennia. As a reader, I think such sections would make the event list much easier to read and take in. This might be particularly appropriate for millennial pages which do have corresponding century pages since our current scope states: "Articles for the year 500 BC and earlier should be redirected to the relevant decade. Articles for the year 1700 BC and earlier should be redirected to the relevant century. Articles for the year 4000 BC and earlier should be redirected to the relevant millennium." -ErinHowarth (talk) 22:28, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Standards for formating timelines?
YMCA has a timeline of the history of the organization. Currently it's a simple bullet list, e.g.:

 * Before 1844: The oldest of all YMCA-like organizations is the Basel association, which was founded in 1787 as Lediger Verein. Bremen Jünglingsverein was founded in 1834. All German Jünglingsvereine were cancelled by Nazis and re-established after the war as CVJMs (German initials for the YMCA). In Britain the oldest association is in Glasgow where it was founded in 1824 as Glasgow Young Men's Society for Religious Improvement. In France the Société Philadelphique was founded in Nimes in 1843.

 * 1844: George Williams was a 23-year-old draper, typical of the many young men who were being drawn to big cities by the Industrial Revolution. His colleagues were similarly employed, and they were concerned by the lack of healthy activities for young men in cities such as London. The alternatives were often taverns, brothels, and other temptations to sin. On June 6, Williams founded the first YMCA in London for "the improving of the spiritual condition of young men engaged in the drapery and other trades."

 * 1851: There were YMCAs in Great Britain, Canada, the United States, Australia, Switzerland, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and France.

Is there a more formal standard for such timeline lists? timeline-item seems plausible, but appears to be used in only one article.

Jordan Brown (talk) 17:20, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

Present tense or past tense?
The article doesn't specify whether timelines should use present tense (1492: Columbus sails the ocean blue) or past tense (1492: Columbus sailed the ocean blue). Should it? Tayste (edits) 06:33, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that such a standard would be very useful, but I don't really have an opinion as to whether it should be present tense or past tense. -ErinHowarth (talk) 23:10, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
 * "Historic present" is in vogue, however it is confusing, and inappropriate for Wikipedia. The reason is that phrases can be taken as the continuous present - "warring factions continue to disrupt peaceful commerce in Afghanistan" - does that mean they did then, or they continue to now, and clumsy qualifying phrases such as "until the present day" are needed as qualifiers (which, as we know need to be modified with the current date - "as of 2011 XXX continues/continued to..."). Rich Farmbrough, 00:51, 1 January 2011 (UTC).

I hereby declare that all timelines should be written in past-tense! Clint.jenkins (talk) 17:18, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

MoS naming style
There is currently an ongoing discussion about the future of this and others MoS naming style. Please consider the issues raised in the discussion and vote if you wish GnevinAWB (talk) 21:02, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Standards for day/hour/minute timelines
The articles Timeline of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents and Timeline of the Fukushima II nuclear accidents were built ad-hoc because there were no standards for articles whose events take place on a minute-by-minute basis or the article is built as the events take place. The deletion discussion for Timeline of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents concluded that the article needs to be retained, but also needs cleanup.

I am not taking a position on what the correct format and process should be, but I am documenting some of the characteristics of this article and its evolution for the purposes of further discussion:
 * Main section for the timeline (e.g.,  ==Timeline== )
 * Section heading for each day (e.g.,  ===Friday, 11 March=== )
 * Each timestamp in a day is hour:minute using 24 hour format, begins on a new line that was preceded by a blank line, the timestamp is on a line of its own, and the text for that timestamp begins on the line after the timestamp and is indented.
 * Each timestamp used the format of a bolded hour:minute followed by a colon and space (e.g.,  ; 15&#58;01 (approximate): Text  or  ; 02&#58;44: Text ) and paragraphs in the text following the timestamp were indented using a colon and space (e.g.,  : Text )
 * The timestamps used the local time of the geographic location of the event
 * Some timestamps are the time of the event, and some timestamps are the time of the report of the event, but this is an inconsistency
 * Timestamps in sources for the same event did not always agree
 * The timestamps are in chronological order starting from the earliest, not most recent on top
 * The events for all the geographic locations (in this case, primarily the nuclear power plants) are mixed together so there is one big timeline
 * Technical status tables
 * The format and contents evolved as the event evolved
 * The article Fukushima I nuclear accidents contains just one copy of the latest version that was updated as events transpired
 * The article Timeline of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents contains multiple copies that was updated as events transpired and placed under the appropriate timestamp
 * Sometimes the version in Timeline of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents was copied from Fukushima I nuclear accidents, sometimes vice versa, and sometimes they were updated independently
 * The format and content of the table in Timeline of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents and Fukushima I nuclear accidents was not kept in sync; the version in Timeline of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents followed one official source more closely, and the version in Fukushima I nuclear accidents was augmented with additional information from additional sources
 * The table is bulky and threatens to make the length of the article Timeline of the Fukushima nuclear accidents too long as the events continue
 * This timeline article was not done in a vacuum, but was part of an ecosystem of articles, navigation, hatnotes, categories, templates, and lists, including the overarching 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents, with name changes to the articles as events evolved
 * Initially, the timeline of events for Fukushima I and Fukushima II were combined, but a discussion to split the article resulted in the article being split into two articles.

Timeline resources:

 * Articles
 * List of timelines
 * Timeline
 * Chronology
 * Living graph
 * 2010s
 * Projects
 * WikiProject Years
 * WikiProject Days of the year
 * WikiProject Timeline Tracer
 * Other
 * Category:Timelines
 * Category:Graphical timelines

 * Writing standards
 * Timeline
 * Timeline standards (I started a discussion at Wikipedia talk:Timeline standards)
 * Timeline syntax
 * EasyTimeline
 * Manual of Style (stand-alone lists)
 * Manual of Style (embedded lists)
 * Manual of Style (lists)
 * Categories, lists, and navigation templates

Obankston (talk) 03:16, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Should not be called "Timeline" standards
Timelines are not exempt from the RfC determination in 2009 concerning the formulaic linking of chronological units. If the name of this article is not changed, this will need to be pointed out explicitly. Tony  (talk)  09:24, 14 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Timelines are not specifically exempt, but "inherently" (or intrinsically) "chronological articles" are. The examples of "inherently chronological articles" in the MOS are clearly not complete, so the question of whether a timeline article is "inherently chronological" is still open.  Still, this article is presently about year / decade / century / millennium articles, with a see also for month-and-day articles, so it should be renamed.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 10:17, 14 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Please look again at the community's decision. We've been through this recently, and you know this assumption is wrong. Tony   (talk)  10:58, 14 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, we have been through this recently, and there is no community input in favor of your interpretation other than that of the principal architects of the biased RfCs. Still, we are in agreement that this guideline should be renamed.  Any ideas for a target.  WP:Time interval standards?  WP:Epoch article standards?
 * Also, be sure to follow the redirects everywhere they appear before attempting to create the guideline you want at WP:Timeline standards. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 11:07, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

Ghana#Historical_timeline
Where would I find the description of and code for this timeline here? --Saippuakauppias ⇄ 12:51, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

Year article format
2001 starts:

This should be reflected here. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 01:52, 3 February 2019 (UTC)

Past vs Present tense again
In the section above, and in the Teahouse questions Teahouse (note the link will change when this thread is archived) and Teahouse/Questions/Archive 870 editors (including most recently ) have raised the question about whether timeline entries should be in the past tense or in the Historical present tense. Personally I favor the latter, but not all that strongly. There seems to be no clear project-wide guideline on this issue. Is it worth holding a formal RfC to settle this matter? If so, does anyone have any suggestions as to the wording of a proposal or question? DES (talk)DESiegel Contribs 22:20, 14 October 2019 (UTC)

Mkweise, DesertPipeline, Mandsford, fellow Wikipedians: This topic has come up at the Village Pump several times, but I haven't found any resolution. We need to resolve it.

 * The oldest pseudo-millennium article is Timeline of prehistory and is in the present tense ("170,000 years ago: humans are wearing clothing by this date").
 * The oldest millennium article is 10th millennium BC, but it does not have short date entries.
 * The oldest millennium article with dated entries is 4th millennium BC, and its entries are in the present tense ("4000 BC – Susa is a center of pottery production.")
 * The oldest century article is 40th century BC and uses mostly the present tense ("The Linear Pottery culture gives way to the Funnelbeaker culture in the north").
 * The oldest decade article is 1790s BC and uses the present tense ("c. 1792 BC: Hammurabi starts to rule in Babylon, according to the middle chronology.")
 * The oldest year article is 719 BC and uses the present tense ("*Zhou Huan Wang of the Zhou dynasty becomes ruler of China.")
 * The oldest month article is January 1900 and uses the past tense ("Nikola Tesla closed down his laboratory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, after seven months of experiments in the long-distance transmission of energy.")
 * A random check of month articles before 1951 shows the use of the past tense.
 * Month articles are missing for 1951 and 1952.
 * January 1953 uses the present tense ("The National Library of Canada is established in Ottawa.")
 * Many other months since January 1953 also use the present tense.
 * Some months since January 1953 use the past tense. For example, January 1960 ("The Los Angeles Rams sued the new American Football League and the Houston Oilers over the rights to Heisman Trophy winner Billy Cannon, who had signed with both teams.")

I believe that for timeline articles, bullet entries should be in the present tense, and that seems to have been the original standard. —Anomalocaris (talk) 09:13, 25 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Historical present tense is the standard, even if it's not codified anywhere. I'm happy with this standard and don't see any need to change it. Thebiguglyalien (talk) 21:17, 25 November 2022 (UTC)
 * The List of rail accidents series is another where there is no consistency. MOS:TENSE clearly says to use past tense for past events, and give no exception for timelines. I favor past tense. From the article historical present, it is used to heighten the dramatic force of the narrative by describing events as if they were still unfolding. I think that has no place in the encyclopedia. Historic events happened in the past and should be stated as such with past tense. MB 03:13, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
 * That tells me that the MoS isn't comprehensive and timelines aren't given much attention. These are known issues, but there doesn't seem to be much energy to formalize or standardize these things. Personally, I would welcome a more comprehensive effort to fix up the standards for timelines. Thebiguglyalien (talk) 05:39, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm with User:MB on this one. Past tense. --User:Khajidha (talk) (contributions) 15:09, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

Alignment/Multiple Objects in a timeline
Some issues I have with making timelines simple lists.

Because of the different amount of spacing amongst the list, the item a date is referring to doesn't line up with the previous or next item. For example: For ease of reading, it would be nice if "A happened" and "B happened" were left aligned with each other.
 * July - A happened.
 * December - B happened.

Also, sometimes there are multiple things you want to keep track of in a chronology. For example, along with the date and what happened, often there's a party in involved that you want to keep track of. The current MOS suggests to do the following: If the list is long, it'd be difficult to parse out what all Alice did in the timeline.
 * July - Bob did A.
 * August - Bob did B.
 * September- Alice did C.
 * October - Bob did D.

I'd suggest making timelines tables, so that items are aligned, which make it simpler to find specific dates, and parse out particular subdetails. E.g., the above examples would become:

And

The information is more broken up, but it becomes easier to scan and find information.

Fephisto (talk) 17:05, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

 * A table layout works really well in, for example, North Atlantic Treaty. Using tables seems like a good alternative to lists in some cases. The main disadvantage of tables is that if the article is displayed on a phone, wide tables cannot be read without horizontal scrolling. Clayoquot (talk | contribs) 16:55, 29 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Timeline standards