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Nvidia

Nvidia Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and incorporated in Delaware. It is a software and fabless company which designs and supplies graphics processing units (GPUs), application programming interfaces (APIs) for data science and high-performance computing, as well as system on a chip units (SoCs) for the mobile computing and automotive market. Nvidia is also a dominant supplier of artificial intelligence (AI) hardware and software.

Nvidia's professional line of GPUs are used for edge-to-cloud computing and in supercomputers and workstations for applications in such fields as architecture, engineering and construction, media and entertainment, automotive, scientific research, and manufacturing design. Its GeForce line of GPUs are aimed at the consumer market and are used in applications such as video editing, 3D rendering and PC gaming. With a market share of 80.2% in the second quarter of 2023, Nvidia leads the market for discrete desktop GPUs by a wide margin. The company expanded its presence in the gaming industry with the introduction of the Shield Portable (a handheld game console), Shield Tablet (a gaming tablet) and Shield TV (a digital media player), as well as its cloud gaming service GeForce Now.

In addition to GPU design and manufacturing, Nvidia provides the CUDA software platform and API that allows the creation of massively parallel programs which utilize GPUs. They are deployed in supercomputing sites around the world. In the late 2000s, Nvidia had moved into the mobile computing market, where it produces Tegra mobile processors for smartphones and tablets as well as vehicle navigation and entertainment systems. Its competitors include AMD, Intel, Qualcomm and AI accelerator companies such as Cerebras and Graphcore. It also makes AI-powered software for audio and video processing (e.g., Nvidia Maxine).

Nvidia's offer to acquire Arm from SoftBank in September 2020 failed to materialize following extended regulatory scrutiny, leading to the termination of the deal in February 2022 in what would have been the largest semiconductor acquisition. In 2023, Nvidia became the seventh public U.S. company to be valued at over $1 trillion, and the company's valuation has skyrocketed since then as the company became a leader in data center chips with AI capabilities in the midst of the AI boom. In June 2024, for one day, Nvidia overtook Microsoft as the world's most valuable publicly traded company, with a market capitalization of over $3.3 trillion.

Founding

Nvidia was founded on April 5, 1993,  by Jensen Huang (CEO ), a Taiwanese-American electrical engineer who was previously the director of CoreWare at LSI Logic and a microprocessor designer at AMD; Chris Malachowsky, an engineer who worked at Sun Microsystems; and Curtis Priem, who was previously a senior staff engineer and graphics chip designer at IBM and Sun Microsystems. The three men agreed to start the company in a meeting at a Denny's roadside diner on Berryessa Road in East San Jose.

At the time, Malachowsky and Priem were frustrated with Sun's management and were looking to leave, but Huang was on "firmer ground", in that he was already running his own division at LSI. The three co-founders discussed a vision of the future which was so compelling that Huang decided to leave LSI and become the chief executive officer of their new startup.

In 1993, the three co-founders envisioned that the ideal trajectory for the forthcoming wave of computing would be in the realm of accelerated computing, specifically in graphics-based processing. This path was chosen due to its unique ability to tackle challenges that eluded general-purpose computing methods. As Huang later explained: "We also observed that video games were simultaneously one of the most computationally challenging problems and would have incredibly high sales volume. Those two conditions don’t happen very often. Video games was our killer app—a flywheel to reach large markets funding huge R&D to solve massive computational problems." With $40,000 in the bank, the company was born. The company subsequently received $20 million of venture capital funding from Sequoia Capital and others.

During the late 1990s, Nvidia was one of 70 startup companies chasing the idea that graphics acceleration for video games was the path to the future. Only two survived: Nvidia and ATI Technologies, which merged into AMD.

Nvidia initially had no name and the co-founders named all their files NV, as in "next version". The need to incorporate the company prompted the co-founders to review all words with those two letters. At one point, Malachowsky and Priem wanted to call the company NVision, but that name was already taken by a manufacturer of toilet paper. Huang suggested the name Nvidia, from "invidia", the Latin word for "envy". The company's original headquarters office was in Sunnyvale, California.

First graphics accelerator
Nvidia's first graphics accelerator product, the NV1, was optimized for processing quadrilateral primitives (forward texture mapping) instead of the triangle primitives preferred by its competitors. Then Microsoft introduced the DirectX platform, refused to support any other graphics software, and also announced that its graphics software (Direct3D) would support only triangles.

Nvidia also signed a contract with Sega to build the graphics chip for the Dreamcast video game console and worked on the project for a year. Having bet on the wrong technology, Nvidia was confronted with a painful dilemma: keep working on its inferior chip for the Dreamcast even though it was already too far behind the competition, or stop working and run out of money right away.

Eventually, Sega's president at the time, Shoichiro Irimajiri, came to visit Huang in person to deliver the news that Sega was going with another graphics chip vendor for the Dreamcast. However, Irimajiri still believed in Huang, and "wanted to make Nvidia successful". Despite Nvidia's disappointing failure to deliver on its contract, Irimajiri somehow managed to convince Sega management to invest $5 million into Nvidia. Years later, Huang explained that this was all the money Nvidia had left at the time, and that Irimajiri's "understanding and generosity gave us six months to live".

In 1996, Huang laid off more than half of Nvidia's employees—then around 100—and focused the company's remaining resources on developing a graphics accelerator product optimized for processing triangle primitives: the RIVA 128. By the time the RIVA 128 was released in August 1997, Nvidia was down to about 40 employees and only had enough money left for about one month of payroll. The sense of extreme desperation around Nvidia during this difficult era of its early history gave rise to "the unofficial company motto": "Our company is thirty days from going out of business". Huang routinely began presentations to Nvidia staff with those words for many years.

Nvidia sold about a million RIVA 128s in about four months and used the revenue to develop its next generation of products. In 1998, the release of the RIVA TNT solidified Nvidia's reputation for developing capable graphics adapters.

Public company
Nvidia went public on January 22, 1999. Investing in Nvidia after it had already failed to deliver on its contract turned out to be Irimajiri's best decision as Sega's president. After Irimajiri left Sega in 2000, Sega sold its Nvidia stock for $15 million.

In late 1999, Nvidia released the GeForce 256 (NV10), its first product expressly marketed as a GPU, which was most notable for introducing onboard transformation and lighting (T&L) to consumer-level 3D hardware. Running at 120 MHz and featuring four-pixel pipelines, it implemented advanced video acceleration, motion compensation, and hardware sub-picture alpha blending. The GeForce outperformed existing products by a wide margin.

Due to the success of its products, Nvidia won the contract to develop the graphics hardware for Microsoft's Xbox game console, which earned Nvidia a $200 million advance. However, the project took many of its best engineers away from other projects. In the short term this did not matter, and the GeForce2 GTS shipped in the summer of 2000. In December 2000, Nvidia reached an agreement to acquire the intellectual assets of its one-time rival 3dfx, a pioneer in consumer 3D graphics technology leading the field from the mid-1990s until 2000. The acquisition process was finalized in April 2002.

In 2001, Standard & Poor's selected Nvidia to replace the departing Enron in the S&P 500 stock index, meaning that index funds would need to hold Nvidia shares going forward.

In July 2002, Nvidia acquired Exluna for an undisclosed sum. Exluna made software-rendering tools and the personnel were merged into the Cg project. In August 2003, Nvidia acquired MediaQ for approximately US$70 million. On April 22, 2004, Nvidia acquired iReady, also a provider of high-performance TCP/IP offload engines and iSCSI controllers. In December 2004, it was announced that Nvidia would assist Sony with the design of the graphics processor (RSX) in the PlayStation 3 game console. On December 14, 2005, Nvidia acquired ULI Electronics, which at the time supplied third-party southbridge parts for chipsets to ATI, Nvidia's competitor. In March 2006, Nvidia acquired Hybrid Graphics. In December 2006, Nvidia, along with its main rival in the graphics industry AMD (which had acquired ATI), received subpoenas from the U.S. Department of Justice regarding possible antitrust violations in the graphics card industry.

2007–2014
Forbes named Nvidia its Company of the Year for 2007, citing the accomplishments it made during the said period as well as during the previous five years. On January 5, 2007, Nvidia announced that it had completed the acquisition of PortalPlayer, Inc. In February 2008, Nvidia acquired Ageia, developer of PhysX, a physics engine and physics processing unit. Nvidia announced that it planned to integrate the PhysX technology into its future GPU products.

In July 2008, Nvidia took a write-down of approximately $200 million on its first-quarter revenue, after reporting that certain mobile chipsets and GPUs produced by the company had "abnormal failure rates" due to manufacturing defects. Nvidia, however, did not reveal the affected products. In September 2008, Nvidia became the subject of a class action lawsuit over the defects, claiming that the faulty GPUs had been incorporated into certain laptop models manufactured by Apple Inc., Dell, and HP. In September 2010, Nvidia reached a settlement, in which it would reimburse owners of the affected laptops for repairs or, in some cases, replacement. On January 10, 2011, Nvidia signed a six-year, $1.5 billion cross-licensing agreement with Intel, ending all litigation between the two companies.

In November 2011, after initially unveiling it at Mobile World Congress, Nvidia released its Tegra 3 ARM system on a chip for mobile devices. Nvidia claimed that the chip featured the first-ever quad-core mobile CPU. In May 2011, it was announced that Nvidia had agreed to acquire Icera, a baseband chip making company in the UK, for $367 million. In January 2013, Nvidia unveiled the Tegra 4, as well as the Nvidia Shield, an Android-based handheld game console powered by the new system on a chip. On July 29, 2013, Nvidia announced that they acquired PGI from STMicroelectronics.

In February 2013, Nvidia announced its plans to build a new headquarters in the form of two giant triangle-shaped buildings on the other side of San Tomas Expressway (to the west of its existing headquarters complex). The company selected triangles as its design theme. As Huang explained in a blog post, the triangle is "the fundamental building block of computer graphics".

In 2014, Nvidia ported the Valve games Portal and Half Life 2 to its Nvidia Shield tablet as Lightspeed Studio. Since 2014, Nvidia has diversified its business focusing on three markets: gaming, automotive electronics, and mobile devices.

That same year, Nvidia also prevailed in litigation brought by the trustee of 3dfx's bankruptcy estate to challenge its 2000 acquisition of 3dfx's intellectual assets. On November 6, 2014, in an unpublished memorandum order, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the "district court's judgment affirming the bankruptcy court's determination that [Nvidia] did not pay less than fair market value for assets purchased from 3dfx shortly before 3dfx filed for bankruptcy".

2016–2018
On May 6, 2016, Nvidia unveiled the first GPUs of the GeForce 10 series, the GTX 1080 and 1070, based on the company's new Pascal microarchitecture. Nvidia claimed that both models outperformed its Maxwell-based Titan X model; the models incorporate GDDR5X and GDDR5 memory respectively, and use a 16 nm manufacturing process. The architecture also supports a new hardware feature known as simultaneous multi-projection (SMP), which is designed to improve the quality of multi-monitor and virtual reality rendering. Laptops that include these GPUs and are sufficiently thin – as of late 2017, under 0.8 inch – have been designated as meeting Nvidia's "Max-Q" design standard.

In July 2016, Nvidia agreed to a settlement for a false advertising lawsuit regarding its GTX 970 model, as the models were unable to use all of their advertised 4 GB of VRAM due to limitations brought by the design of its hardware. In May 2017, Nvidia announced a partnership with Toyota which will use Nvidia's Drive PX-series artificial intelligence platform for its autonomous vehicles. In July 2017, Nvidia and Chinese search giant Baidu announced a far-reaching AI partnership that includes cloud computing, autonomous driving, consumer devices, and Baidu's open-source AI framework PaddlePaddle. Baidu unveiled that Nvidia's Drive PX 2 AI will be the foundation of its autonomous-vehicle platform.

Nvidia officially released the Titan V on December 7, 2017.

Nvidia officially released the Nvidia Quadro GV100 on March 27, 2018. Nvidia officially released the RTX 2080 GPUs on September 27, 2018. In 2018, Google announced that Nvidia's Tesla P4 graphic cards would be integrated into Google Cloud service's artificial intelligence.

In May 2018, on the Nvidia user forum, a thread was started asking the company to update users when they would release web drivers for its cards installed on legacy Mac Pro machines up to mid-2012 5,1 running the macOS Mojave operating system 10.14. Web drivers are required to enable graphics acceleration and multiple display monitor capabilities of the GPU. On its Mojave update info website, Apple stated that macOS Mojave would run on legacy machines with 'Metal compatible' graphics cards and listed Metal compatible GPUs, including some manufactured by Nvidia. However, this list did not include Metal compatible cards that currently work in macOS High Sierra using Nvidia-developed web drivers. In September, Nvidia responded, "Apple fully controls drivers for macOS. But if Apple allows, our engineers are ready and eager to help Apple deliver great drivers for macOS 10.14 (Mojave)." In October, Nvidia followed this up with another public announcement, "Apple fully controls drivers for macOS. Unfortunately, Nvidia currently cannot release a driver unless it is approved by Apple," suggesting a possible rift between the two companies. By January 2019, with still no sign of the enabling web drivers, Apple Insider weighed into the controversy with a claim that Apple management "doesn't want Nvidia support in macOS". The following month, Apple Insider followed this up with another claim that Nvidia support was abandoned because of "relational issues in the past", and that Apple was developing its own GPU technology. Without Apple-approved Nvidia web drivers, Apple users are faced with replacing their Nvidia cards with a competing supported brand, such as AMD Radeon from the list recommended by Apple.

2019 acquisition of Mellanox Technologies
On March 11, 2019, Nvidia announced a deal to buy Mellanox Technologies for $6.9 billion to substantially expand its footprint in the high-performance computing market. In May 2019, Nvidia announced new RTX Studio laptops. The creators say that the new laptop is going to be seven times faster than a top-end MacBook Pro with a Core i9 and AMD's Radeon Pro Vega 20 graphics in apps like Maya and RedCine-X Pro. In August 2019, Nvidia announced Minecraft RTX, an official Nvidia-developed patch for the game Minecraft adding real-time DXR ray tracing exclusively to the Windows 10 version of the game. The whole game is, in Nvidia's words, "refit" with path tracing, which dramatically affects the way light, reflections, and shadows work inside the engine.

2020–2023
In May 2020, Nvidia announced it was acquiring Cumulus Networks. Post acquisition the company was absorbed into Nvidia's networking business unit, along with Mellanox.

In May 2020, Nvidia's developed an open-source ventilator to address the shortage resulting from the global coronavirus pandemic. On May 14, 2020, Nvidia officially announced their Ampere GPU microarchitecture and the Nvidia A100 GPU accelerator. In July 2020, it was reported that Nvidia was in talks with SoftBank to buy Arm, a UK-based chip designer, for $32 billion.

On September 1, 2020, Nvidia officially announced the GeForce 30 series based on the company's new Ampere microarchitecture.

On September 13, 2020, Nvidia announced that they would buy Arm from SoftBank Group for $40 billion, subject to the usual scrutiny, with the latter retaining a 10% share of Nvidia.

In October 2020, Nvidia announced its plan to build the most powerful computer in Cambridge, England. The computer, called Cambridge-1, launched in July 2021 with a $100 million investment and will employ AI to support healthcare research. According to Jensen Huang, "The Cambridge-1 supercomputer will serve as a hub of innovation for the UK, and further the groundbreaking work being done by the nation's researchers in critical healthcare and drug discovery."

Also in October 2020, along with the release of the Nvidia RTX A6000, Nvidia announced it is retiring its workstation GPU brand Quadro, shifting its product name to Nvidia RTX for future products and the manufacturing to be Nvidia Ampere architecture-based.

In August 2021, the proposed takeover of Arm was stalled after the UK's Competition and Markets Authority raised "significant competition concerns". In October 2021, the European Commission opened a competition investigation into the takeover. The Commission stated that Nvidia's acquisition could restrict competitors' access to Arm's products and provide Nvidia with too much internal information on its competitors due to their deals with Arm. SoftBank (the parent company of Arm) and Nvidia announced in early February 2022 that they "had agreed not to move forward with the transaction 'because of significant regulatory challenges'". The investigation is set to end on March 15, 2022. That same month, Nvidia was reportedly compromised by a cyberattack.

In March 2022, Nvidia's CEO Jensen Huang mentioned that they are open to having Intel manufacture their chips in the future. This was the first time the company mentioned that they would work together with Intel's upcoming foundry services.

In April 2022, it was reported that Nvidia planned to open a new research center in Yerevan, Armenia.

In May 2022, Nvidia opened Voyager, the second of the two giant buildings at its new headquarters complex to the west of the old one. Unlike its smaller and older sibling Endeavor, the triangle theming is used more "sparingly" in Voyager.

In September 2022, Nvidia announced its next-generation automotive-grade chip, Drive Thor.

In September 2022, Nvidia announced a collaboration with the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard related to the entire suite of Nvidia's AI-powered healthcare software suite called Clara, that includes Parabricks and MONAI.

Following U.S. Department of Commerce regulations which placed an embargo on exports to China of advanced microchips, which went into effect in October 2022, Nvidia saw its data center chip added to the export control list. The next month, the company unveiled a new advanced chip in China, called the A800 GPU, that met the export control rules.

In September 2023, Getty Images announced that it was partnering with Nvidia to launch Generative AI by Getty Images, a new tool that lets people create images using Getty's library of licensed photos. Getty will use Nvidia's Edify model, which is available on Nvidia's generative AI model library Picasso.

On September 26, 2023, Denny's CEO Kelli Valade joined Huang in East San Jose to celebrate the founding of Nvidia at Denny's on Berryessa Road, where a plaque was installed to mark the relevant corner booth as the birthplace of a $1 trillion company. By then, Nvidia's H100 GPUs were in such demand that even other tech giants were beholden to how Nvidia allocated supply. Larry Ellison of Oracle Corporation said that month that during a dinner with Huang at Nobu in Palo Alto, he and Elon Musk of Tesla, Inc. and xAI "were begging" for H100s, "I guess is the best way to describe it. An hour of sushi and begging".

In October 2023, it was reported that Nvidia had quietly begun designing ARM-based central processing units (CPUs) for Microsoft's Windows operating system with a target to start selling them in 2025.

2024
In January 2024, Forbes reported that Nvidia has increased its lobbying presence in Washington, D.C. as American lawmakers consider proposals to regulate artificial intelligence. From 2023 to 2024, the company reportedly hired at least four government affairs with professional backgrounds at agencies including the United States Department of State and the Department of the Treasury. It was noted that the $350,000 spent by the company on lobbying in 2023 was small compared to a number of major tech companies in the artificial intelligence space.

As of January 2024, Raymond James Financial analysts estimated that Nvidia was selling the H100 GPU in the price range of $25,000 to $30,000 each, while on eBay, individual H100s cost over $40,000. Tech giants were purchasing tens or hundreds of thousands of GPUs for their data centers to run generative artificial intelligence projects; simple arithmetic implied that they were committing to billions of dollars in capital expenditures.

In February 2024, it was reported that Nvidia was the "hot employer" in Silicon Valley because it was offering interesting work and good pay at a time when other tech employers were downsizing. Half of Nvidia employees earned over $228,000 in 2023. By then, Nvidia GPUs had become so valuable that they needed special security while in transit to data centers. Cisco chief information officer Fletcher Previn explained at a CIO summit: "Those GPUs arrive by armored car".

On March 1, 2024, Nvidia became the third company in the history of the United States to close with a market capitalization in excess of $2 trillion. Nvidia needed only 180 days to get to $2 trillion from $1 trillion, while the first two companies, Apple and Microsoft, each took over 500 days. Nvidia recorded its highest market capitalization to date on March 8, 2024, with $2.38 trillion, just $230 billion behind Apple Inc. and $645 billion behind Microsoft. On March 18, Nvidia announced its new AI chip and microarchitecture Blackwell, named after mathematician David Blackwell.

In April 2024, Reuters reported that China had allegedly acquired banned Nvidia chips and servers from Super Micro and Dell via tenders.

In June 2024, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Justice Department (DOJ) began antitrust investigations into Nvidia, Microsoft and OpenAI, focusing on their influence in the AI industry. The FTC led the investigations into Microsoft and OpenAI, while the DOJ handled Nvidia. The probes centered on the companies' conduct rather than mergers. This development followed an open letter from OpenAI employees expressing concerns about the rapid AI advancements and lack of oversight.

In June 2024, Nvidia's market capitalization reached $3 trillion for the first time. Nvidia, then the third most valuable company in the S&P 500, executed a 10-for-1 stock split on June 10, 2024. This move increased the accessibility of shares to investors and followed a significant rise in the company's value, driven by growing demand for its AI-focused semiconductors. The company's revenue tripled in the most recent fiscal quarter compared to the previous year, reaching $26 billion, with projections for 2025 nearing $117 billion. Nvidia's 53.4% net margin indicated strong profitability within the technology sector. The company became the world's most valuable, surpassing Microsoft and Apple, on June 18, 2024, after its market capitalization exceeded $3.3 trillion.

In June 2024, Trend Micro announced a partnership with Nvidia to enhance the security of AI-enabled private data centers globally. This collaboration integrates Nvidia NIM and Nvidia Morpheus with Trend Vision One™ – Sovereign and Private Cloud (SPC) solutions to improve data privacy, real-time analysis, and rapid threat mitigation. The partnership aims to address the complexities of AI-driven data centers, delivering efficient threat detection and response capabilities.

Fabless manufacturing
Nvidia uses external suppliers for all phases of manufacturing, including wafer fabrication, assembly, testing, and packaging. Nvidia thus avoids most of the investment and production costs and risks associated with chip manufacturing, although it does sometimes directly procure some components and materials used in the production of its products (e.g., memory and substrates). Nvidia focuses its own resources on product design, quality assurance, marketing, and customer support.

Leadership
Nvidia's key management as of early 2024 consists of:

 * Jensen Huang, founder, president and chief executive officer
 * Chris Malachowsky, founder and NVIDIA fellow
 * Colette Kress, executive vice president and chief financial officer
 * Jay Puri, executive vice president of worldwide field operations
 * Debora Shoquist, executive vice president of operations
 * Tim Teter, executive vice president, general counsel and secretary

Board of directors
As of March 2024, the company's board consisted of the following directors:

 * Rob Burgess (former chief executive officer of Macromedia Inc.)
 * Tench Coxe (former managing director of Sutter Hill Ventures)
 * John Dabiri (engineer and professor at the California Institute of Technology)
 * Persis Drell (physicist and professor at Stanford University)
 * Jensen Huang (co-founder, CEO and president of Nvidia)
 * Dawn Hudson (former Chief Marketing Officer of the National Football League)
 * Harvey C. Jones (managing partner of Square Wave Ventures)
 * Melissa B. Lora (former president of Taco Bell International)
 * Michael G. McCaffery (chairman at Makena Capital Management)
 * Stephen Neal (former CEO and Chairman Emeritus and Senior Counsel of Cooley LLP)
 * Mark L. Perry (independent consultant)
 * Brooke Seawell (venture partner at New Enterprise Associates)
 * Aarti Shah (former Senior Vice President & Chief Information and Digital Officer at Eli Lilly and Company)
 * Mark Stevens (managing Partner at S-Cubed Capital)

Finances

For the fiscal year 2020, Nvidia reported earnings of US$2.796 billion, with an annual revenue of US$10.918 billion, a decline of 6.8% over the previous fiscal cycle. Nvidia's shares traded at over $531 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at over US$328.7 billion in January 2021.

For the Q2 of 2020, Nvidia reported sales of $3.87 billion, which was a 50% rise from the same period in 2019. The surge in sales and people's higher demand for computer technology. According to the financial chief of the company, Colette Kress, the effects of the pandemic will "likely reflect this evolution in enterprise workforce trends with a greater focus on technologies, such as Nvidia laptops and virtual workstations, that enable remote work and virtual collaboration." In May 2023, Nvidia crossed $1 trillion in market valuation during trading hours, and grew to $1.2 trillion by the following November. For its strength, size and market capitalization, Nvidia has been selected to be one of Bloomberg's "Magnificent Seven", the seven biggest companies on the stock market in these regards.

Ownership
The 10 largest shareholders of Nvidia in early 2024 were:

 * The Vanguard Group (8.280%)
 * BlackRock (5.623%)
 * Fidelity Investments (5.161%)
 * State Street Corporation (3.711%)
 * Jensen Huang (3.507%)
 * Geode Capital Management (2.024%)
 * T. Rowe Price (2.013%)
 * JPMorgan Chase (1.417%)
 * BlackRock Life (1.409%)
 * Eaton Vance (1.337%)

GPU Technology Conference
Nvidia's GPU Technology Conference (GTC) is a series of technical conferences held around the world. It originated in 2009 in San Jose, California, with an initial focus on the potential for solving computing challenges through GPUs. In recent years, the conference focus has shifted to various applications of artificial intelligence and deep learning; including self-driving cars, healthcare, high-performance computing, and Nvidia Deep Learning Institute (DLI) training. GTC 2018 attracted over 8400 attendees. GTC 2020 was converted to a digital event and drew roughly 59,000 registrants. After several years of remote-only events, GTC in March 2024 returned to an in-person format in San Jose, California.

Product families

Nvidia's product families include graphics processing units, wireless communication devices, and automotive hardware and software, such as:
 * GeForce, consumer-oriented graphics processing products
 * RTX, professional visual computing graphics processing products (replacing GTX and Quadro)
 * NVS, a multi-display business graphics processor
 * Tegra, a system on a chip series for mobile devices
 * Tesla, line of dedicated general-purpose GPUs for high-end image generation applications in professional and scientific fields
 * nForce, a motherboard chipset created by Nvidia for Intel (Celeron, Pentium and Core 2) and AMD (Athlon and Duron) microprocessors
 * GRID, a set of hardware and services by Nvidia for graphics virtualization
 * Shield, a range of gaming hardware including the Shield Portable, Shield Tablet and, most recently, the Shield Android TV
 * Drive, a range of hardware and software products for designers and manufacturers of autonomous vehicles. The Drive PX-series is a high-performance computer platform aimed at autonomous driving through deep learning, while Driveworks is an operating system for driverless cars.
 * BlueField, a range of data processing units, initially inherited from their acquisition of Mellanox Technologies
 * Datacenter/server class CPU, codenamed Grace, released in 2023
 * DGX, an enterprise platform designed for deep learning applications
 * Maxine, a platform providing developers a suite of AI-based conferencing software

Open-source software support
Until September 23, 2013, Nvidia had not published any documentation for its advanced hardware, meaning that programmers could not write free and open-source device driver for its products without resorting to (clean room) reverse engineering.

Instead, Nvidia provides its own binary GeForce graphics drivers for X.Org and an open-source library that interfaces with the Linux, FreeBSD or Solaris kernels and the proprietary graphics software. Nvidia also provided but stopped supporting an obfuscated open-source driver that only supports two-dimensional hardware acceleration and ships with the X.Org distribution.

The proprietary nature of Nvidia's drivers has generated dissatisfaction within free-software communities. In a 2012 talk, Linus Torvalds, in criticism of Nvidia's approach towards Linux, raised the finger and stated "Nvidia, fuck you." Some Linux and BSD users insist on using only open-source drivers and regard Nvidia's insistence on providing nothing more than a binary-only driver as inadequate, given that competing manufacturers such as Intel offer support and documentation for open-source developers and that others (like AMD) release partial documentation and provide some active development.

Nvidia only provides x86/x64 and ARMv7-A versions of their proprietary driver; as a result, features like CUDA are unavailable on other platforms. Some users claim that Nvidia's Linux drivers impose artificial restrictions, like limiting the number of monitors that can be used at the same time, but the company has not commented on these accusations.

In 2014, with Maxwell GPUs, Nvidia started to require firmware by them to unlock all features of its graphics cards.

On May 12, 2022, Nvidia announced that they are opensourcing their GPU kernel modules. Support for Nvidia's firmware was implemented in nouveau in 2023, which allows proper power management and GPU reclocking for Turing and newer graphics cards.

Deep learning
Nvidia GPUs are used in deep learning, and accelerated analytics due to Nvidia's CUDA software platform and API which allows programmers to utilize the higher number of cores present in GPUs to parallelize BLAS operations which are extensively used in machine learning algorithms. They were included in many Tesla, Inc. vehicles before Musk announced at Tesla Autonomy Day in 2019 that the company developed its own SoC and full self-driving computer now and would stop using Nvidia hardware for their vehicles. These GPUs are used by researchers, laboratories, tech companies and enterprise companies. In 2009, Nvidia was involved in what was called the "big bang" of deep learning, "as deep-learning neural networks were combined with Nvidia graphics processing units (GPUs)". That year, the Google Brain team used Nvidia GPUs to create deep neural networks capable of machine learning, where Andrew Ng determined that GPUs could increase the speed of deep learning systems by about 100 times.

DGX
DGX is a line of supercomputers by Nvidia.

In April 2016, Nvidia produced the DGX-1 based on an 8 GPU cluster, to improve the ability of users to use deep learning by combining GPUs with integrated deep learning software. Nvidia gifted its first DGX-1 to OpenAI in August 2016 to help it train larger and more complex AI models with the capability of reducing processing time from six days to two hours. It also developed Nvidia Tesla K80 and P100 GPU-based virtual machines, which are available through Google Cloud, which Google installed in November 2016. Microsoft added GPU servers in a preview offering of its N series based on Nvidia's Tesla K80s, each containing 4992 processing cores. Later that year, AWS's P2 instance was produced using up to 16 Nvidia Tesla K80 GPUs. That month Nvidia also partnered with IBM to create a software kit that boosts the AI capabilities of Watson, called IBM PowerAI. Nvidia also offers its own Nvidia Deep Learning software development kit. In 2017, the GPUs were also brought online at the Riken Center for Advanced Intelligence Project for Fujitsu. The company's deep learning technology led to a boost in its 2017 earnings.

In May 2018, researchers at the artificial intelligence department of Nvidia realized the possibility that a robot can learn to perform a job simply by observing the person doing the same job. They have created a system that, after a short revision and testing, can already be used to control the universal robots of the next generation. In addition to GPU manufacturing, Nvidia provides parallel processing capabilities to researchers and scientists that allow them to efficiently run high-performance applications.

Robotics
In 2020, Nvidia unveiled "Omniverse", a virtual environment designed for engineers. Nvidia also open-sourced Isaac Sim, which makes use of this Omniverse to train robots through simulations that mimic the physics of the robots and the real world.

In 2024, Huang oriented Nvidia's focus towards humanoid robots and self-driving cars, which he expects to gain widespread adoption.

Inception Program
Nvidia's Inception Program was created to support startups making exceptional advances in the fields of artificial intelligence and data science. Award winners are announced at Nvidia's GTC Conference. In May 2017, the program had 1,300 companies. As of March 2018, there were 2,800 startups in the Inception Program. As of August 2021, the program has surpassed 8,500 members in 90 countries, with cumulative funding of US$60 billion.

GTX 970 hardware specifications
Issues with the GeForce GTX 970's specifications were first brought up by users when they found out that the cards, while featuring 4 GB of memory, rarely accessed memory over the 3.5 GB boundary. Further testing and investigation eventually led to Nvidia issuing a statement that the card's initially announced specifications had been altered without notice before the card was made commercially available, and that the card took a performance hit once memory over the 3.5 GB limit were put into use.

The card's back-end hardware specifications, initially announced as being identical to those of the GeForce GTX 980, differed in the amount of L2 cache (1.75 MB versus 2 MB in the GeForce GTX 980) and the number of ROPs (56 versus 64 in the 980). Additionally, it was revealed that the card was designed to access its memory as a 3.5 GB section, plus a 0.5 GB one, access to the latter being 7 times slower than the first one. The company then went on to promise a specific driver modification in order to alleviate the performance issues produced by the cutbacks suffered by the card. However, Nvidia later clarified that the promise had been a miscommunication and there would be no specific driver update for the GTX 970. Nvidia claimed that it would assist customers who wanted refunds in obtaining them. On February 26, 2015, Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang went on record in Nvidia's official blog to apologize for the incident. In February 2015 a class-action lawsuit alleging false advertising was filed against Nvidia and Gigabyte Technology in the U.S. District Court for Northern California.

Nvidia revealed that it is able to disable individual units, each containing 256 KB of L2 cache and 8 ROPs, without disabling whole memory controllers. This comes at the cost of dividing the memory bus into high speed and low speed segments that cannot be accessed at the same time unless one segment is reading while the other segment is writing because the L2/ROP unit managing both of the GDDR5 controllers shares the read return channel and the write data bus between the two GDDR5 controllers and itself. This is used in the GeForce GTX 970, which therefore can be described as having 3.5 GB in its high speed segment on a 224-bit bus and 0.5 GB in a low speed segment on a 32-bit bus.

On July 27, 2016, Nvidia agreed to a preliminary settlement of the U.S. class action lawsuit, offering a $30 refund on GTX 970 purchases. The agreed upon refund represents the portion of the cost of the storage and performance capabilities the consumers assumed they were obtaining when they purchased the card.

GeForce Partner Program
The Nvidia GeForce Partner Program was a marketing program designed to provide partnering companies with benefits such as public relations support, video game bundling, and marketing development funds. The program proved to be controversial, with complaints about it possibly being an anti-competitive practice.

First announced in a blog post on March 1, 2018, it was canceled on May 4, 2018.

Hardware Unboxed controversy
On December 10, 2020, Nvidia told popular YouTube tech reviewer Steven Walton of Hardware Unboxed that it would no longer supply him with GeForce Founders Edition graphics card review units. In a Twitter message, Hardware Unboxed said, "Nvidia have officially decided to ban us from receiving GeForce Founders Edition GPU review samples. Their reasoning is that we are focusing on rasterization instead of ray tracing. They have said they will revisit this 'should your editorial direction change.'"

In emails that were disclosed by Walton from Nvidia Senior PR Manager Bryan Del Rizzo, Nvidia had said:"...your GPU reviews and recommendations have continued to focus singularly on rasterization performance, and you have largely discounted all of the other technologies we offer gamers. It is very clear from your community commentary that you do not see things the same way that we, gamers, and the rest of the industry do."TechSpot, partner site of Hardware Unboxed, said, "this and other related incidents raise serious questions around journalistic independence and what they are expecting of reviewers when they are sent products for an unbiased opinion."

A number of prominent technology reviewers came out strongly against Nvidia's move. Linus Sebastian, of Linus Tech Tips, titled the episode of his popular weekly WAN Show, "NVIDIA might ACTUALLY be EVIL..." and was highly critical of the company's move to dictate specific outcomes of technology reviews. The popular review site Gamers Nexus said it was, "Nvidia's latest decision to shoot both its feet: They've now made it so that any reviewers covering RT will become subject to scrutiny from untrusting viewers who will suspect subversion by the company. Shortsighted self-own from NVIDIA."

Two days later, Nvidia reversed their stance. Hardware Unboxed sent out a Twitter message, "I just received an email from Nvidia apologizing for the previous email & they've now walked everything back." On December 14, Hardware Unboxed released a video explaining the controversy from their viewpoint. Via Twitter, they also shared a second apology sent by Nvidia's Del Rizzo that said "to withhold samples because I didn't agree with your commentary is simply inexcusable and crossed the line."

Improper disclosures about cryptomining
In 2018, Nvidia's chips became popular for cryptomining, the process of obtaining crypto rewards in exchange for verifying transactions on distributed ledgers, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) said. However, the company failed to disclose that it was a "significant element" of its revenue growth from sales of chips designed for gaming, the SEC further added in a statement and charging order. Those omissions misled investors and analysts who were interested in understanding the impact of cryptomining on Nvidia's business, the SEC emphasized. Nvidia, which did not admit or deny the findings, has agreed to pay $5.5 million to settle civil charges, according to a statement made by the SEC in May 2022.

title: Nvidia


text:
Z/OS

z/OS is a 64-bit operating system for IBM z/Architecture mainframes, introduced by IBM in October 2000. It derives from and is the successor to OS/390, which in turn was preceded by a string of MVS versions. Like OS/390, z/OS combines a number of formerly separate, related products, some of which are still optional. z/OS has the attributes of modern operating systems but also retains much of the older functionality that originated in the 1960s and is still in regular use—z/OS is designed for backward compatibility.

Major characteristics
z/OS supports stable mainframe facilities such as CICS, COBOL, IMS, PL/I, IBM Db2, RACF, SNA, IBM MQ, record-oriented data access methods, REXX, CLIST, SMP/E, JCL, TSO/E, and ISPF, among others.

z/OS also ships with a 64-bit Java runtime, C/C++ compiler based on the LLVM open-source Clang infrastructure, and UNIX (Single UNIX Specification) APIs and applications through UNIX System Services – The Open Group certifies z/OS as a compliant UNIX operating system – with UNIX/Linux-style hierarchical HFS and zFS file systems. These compatibilities make z/OS capable of running a range of commercial and open source software. z/OS can communicate directly via TCP/IP, including IPv6, and includes standard HTTP servers (one from Lotus, the other Apache-derived) along with other common services such as SSH, FTP, NFS, and CIFS/SMB. z/OS is designed for high quality of service (QoS), even within a single operating system instance, and has built-in Parallel Sysplex clustering capability.

z/OS has a Workload Manager (WLM) and dispatcher which automatically manages numerous concurrently hosted units of work running in separate key-protected address spaces according to dynamically adjustable goals. This capability inherently supports multi-tenancy within a single operating system image. However, modern IBM mainframes also offer two additional levels of virtualization: LPARs and (optionally) z/VM.

From its inception z/OS has had tri-modal addressing (24-bit, 31-bit, and 64-bit). Up through Version 1.5, z/OS itself could start in either 31-bit ESA/390 or 64-bit z/Architecture mode, so it could function on older hardware, albeit without the ability to run 64-bit applications on those machines. (Only the newer z/Architecture hardware manufactured starting in the year 2000 can run 64-bit code.) IBM support for z/OS 1.5 ended on March 31, 2007, and since then, z/OS is supported only on z/Architecture mainframes and runs exclusively in 64-bit mode. Application programmers can still use any addressing mode: all applications, regardless of their addressing mode(s), can coexist without modification, and IBM maintains a commitment to tri-modal backward compatibility. However, increasing numbers of middleware products and applications, such as DB2 Version 8 and above, now require and exploit 64-bit addressing.

IBM markets z/OS as its flagship operating system, suited for continuous, high-volume operation with high security and stability.

z/OS is available under standard license pricing and via IBM Z New Application License Charges (zNALC) and "IBM Z Solution Edition", two lower-priced offerings aimed at supporting newer applications ("new workloads"). U.S. standard commercial z/OS pricing starts at about US$125 per month, including support, for the smallest zNALC installation running the base z/OS product plus a typical set of optional z/OS features.

z/OS introduced Variable Workload License Charges (VWLC) and Entry Workload License Charges (EWLC) which are sub-capacity billing options. VWLC and EWLC customers only pay for peak monthly z/OS usage, not for full machine capacity as with the previous OS/390 operating system. VWLC and EWLC are also available for most IBM software products running on z/OS, and their peaks are separately calculated but can never exceed the z/OS peak. To be eligible for sub-capacity licensing, a z/OS customer must be running in 64-bit mode (which requires z/Architecture hardware), must have eliminated OS/390 from the system, and must e-mail IBM monthly sub-capacity reports. Sub-capacity billing substantially reduces software charges for most IBM mainframe customers. Advanced Workload License Charges (AWLC) is the successor to VWLC on mainframe models starting with the zEnterprise 196, and EAWLC is an option on zEnterprise 114 models. AWLC and EAWLC offer further sub-capacity discounts.

64-bit memory support
z/OS supports 64-bit addresses for both virtual and real addresses. Within each address space, z/OS typically permits the placement of only data, not code, above the 2 GB "bar". z/OS enforces this distinction primarily for performance reasons. There are no architectural impediments to allowing more than 2 GB of application code per address space. IBM has started to allow Java code running on z/OS to execute above the 2 GB bar, again for performance reasons.

Starting with z/OS version 2 release 3, code may be placed and executed above the 2 GB "bar". However, very few z/OS services may be invoked from above the "bar".

Memory is obtained as "Large Memory Objects" in multiples of 1 MB (with the expectation that applications and middleware will manage memory allocation within these large pieces). There are three types of large memory objects:

 * Unshared – where only the creating address space can access the memory.
 * Shared – where the creating address space can give access to specific other address spaces.
 * Common – where all address spaces can access the memory. (This type was introduced in z/OS Release 10.)

z/OS Encryption Readiness Technology (zERT)
z/OS Encryption Readiness Technology (zERT) monitors, records, and reports details of z/OS cryptographic network protection. It is a feature of z/OS V2R3 (and later releases) Communications Server component.

zERT discovery
With zERT, the TCP/IP stack acts as a focal point in collecting and reporting the cryptographic security attributes of IPv4 and IPv6 application traffic that is protected using the TLS/SSL, SSH and IPSec cryptographic network security protocols. The collected connection level data is written to SMF in new SMF 119 subtype 11 records for analysis.

zERT aggregation
In certain environments, the volume of SMF 119 subtype 11 records can be large. The zERT aggregation function provides an alternative SMF view of the collected security session data. This alternate view is written in the form of new SMF 119 subtype 12 records that summarize the use of security sessions by many application connections over time and which are written at the end of each SMF interval. This alternate view condenses the volume of SMF record data while still providing all the critical security information.

IBM zERT Network Analyzer
z/OS Management Facility (z/OSMF) is enhanced to provide a plug-in named IBM zERT Network Analyzer. IBM zERT Network Analyzer is a web-based graphical user interface that z/OS network security administrators can use to analyze and report on data reported in zERT Summary records. With the zERT Network Analyzer, a z/OS network security administrator (typically a systems programmer with responsibility over z/OS Communications Server) can import SMF zERT summary records into a Db2 for z/OS database and then build and run custom queries against that data.

Generation Data Group
The z/OS Generation Data Group (GDG) is a description of how many generations of a file are to be kept and at what age a generation will be deleted. Whenever a new generation is created, the system checks whether one or more obsolete generations are to be deleted.

The purpose of GDGs is to automate archival, using the command language JCL, the file name given is generic. When DSN appears, the GDG name appears along with the history number, where

(0) is the most recent version

(-1), (-2), ... are previous generations

(+1) a new generation (see DD)

Another use of GDGs is to be able to address all generations simultaneously within a JCL script without having to know the number of currently available generations. To do this, you have to omit the parentheses and the generation number in the JCL when specifying the dataset.

Example
Creation of a standard GDG for five safety scopes, each at least 35 days old:

Delete a standard GDG:

Operational data collection and analysis
Operational data is data that z/OS system produces when it runs. This data indicates the health of the system and can be used to identify sources of performance and availability issues in the system. IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics and IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collect IT operational data from z/OS systems, analyze and provide insights about the operational data.

IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects IT operational data from z/OS systems, transforms it to a consumable format, and streams it to third-party enterprise analytics platforms like the Elastic Stack and Splunk, or to the included operational data analysis platform. The included insights can help to visualize and search operational data to help identify the cause of operational issues.

IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects IT operational data from z/OS systems, uses historical IBM Z metric and log data to build a model of normal operational behavior, then analyzes real-time operational data through comparison with the model of normal operations to detect anomalous behavior, and notifies IT operations of the anomalous behavior to identify incidents that might lead to business disruption.

Operational data types
IBM Z Operational Log and Data Analytics collects and analyzes both structured and unstructured data, including the following types of operational data:

 * System Management Facilities (SMF) data
 * Log data from the following sources:
 * Job log, the output which is written to a data definition (DD) by a running job
 * z/OS UNIX log file, including the UNIX System Services system log (syslogd)
 * Entry-sequenced Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) cluster
 * z/OS system log (SYSLOG)
 * IBM Tivoli NetView for z/OS messages
 * IBM WebSphere Application Server for z/OS High Performance Extensible Logging (HPEL) log
 * z/OS Resource Measurement Facility (RMF) Monitor III reports
 * User application data, the operational data from users' own applications

IBM Z Anomaly Analytics with Watson collects data from multiple IBM Z systems and subsystems, including IBM Db2 for z/OS, IBM CICS Transaction Server for z/OS and IBM MQ for z/OS. The following types of operational data are collected:
 * System Management Facilities (SMF) data
 * z/OS system log (SYSLOG)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Z/OS


text:
User talk:Sjc/August 2008

Refactored. Sjc 13:00, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

hello! :) glad to see you back again. CatS 12:11, 5 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hello sjc. I noticed that you had much to do with the article on Wyrd, and I just wanted to let you know that I revamped the page. You may want to take a look in order to help improve it.

Yogensha 23:06, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Category:UK Wikipedians
Hi, just to let you know that the list of UK participants at the UK notice board was getting rather long, so I have replaced it with the above category which I have added to your user page. -- Francs2000 | Talk 30 June 2005 20:48 (UTC)
 * That category in turn is being replaced by Category:Wikipedians in the United Kingdom.--Rmky87 18:00, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Wiktionary
I see that you are still listed as a Sysop in the English Wiktionary. I also note that you have not made any edit all in Wiktionary for more than a year. Could you please let me know if you would agree to have your admin status there cancelled for lack of interest. Thanks. Eclecticology 06:43, 18 September 2005 (UTC)

User Categorisation
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Denmark page as living in or being associated with Denmark. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Danish Wikipedians for instructions.--Rmky87 18:00, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

F***france
Hello: This article appears to have been around for some time. All of the sudden it is being repeatedly speedy deleted. Is this appropriate? Given that it has been around for some time, seems an AfD discussion may be in order. I know nothing of the topic, but was witness to the recent shenanigans. Thanks. — Gaff ταλκ 04:50, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Will recheck the history but looked a sensible speedy to me. Sjc 04:51, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Well it's been restored, looks like it will have to go the Afd road for deletion. IMO should have quietly been speedied. Sjc 04:57, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

"Censorship" of Marlowe
The "censorship" is alleged as the man who rewrote the play denies that he censored it at all, and that he deliberately moved the play from what he described as an "anti-Turkish pantomime" to an atheistic call (one which would have got Marlowe killed in the 16th century). It is therefore alleged censorship, unless you are able to prove that the director is wrong, and having contradictory quotes from someone else doesn't prove that. Average Earthman 07:50, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

Having both seen the version of the play in question and rather better produced (uncensored) ones, I think there is only one word which fits the bill in this context: censorship. There is nothing alleged about it. It just is. Much like Monty Python's Dead Parrot sketch, this play is censored. It isn't just modified, it has been nailed to its perch with a flim-flam of ersatz political correctness which does nothing for the play nor the people whose intellects are insulted and who have paid to watch it. For David Farr to argue that it isn't censorship is frankly disingenuous nonsense. I think you really ought to have a look at the notes on weasel words if you want to skirt as circuitously round the truth as you seem to wish to do. Sjc 09:48, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

copied to discussion of Christopher Marlowe Sjc 09:49, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

 * And I look forward to using your mind reading machine that you have used to prove the director deliberately censored it for the reasons you claim, rather than amend it through his own choice to reflect his own views. You're basically stating a man is a liar because you don't like his viewpoint. I think you really ought to have a look at the notes on point of view if you want to shout your personal opinion as you seem to wish to do. Average Earthman 12:28, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

It is not a case of using a mind reading machine, not required. The evidence speaks for itself. I suppose also that David Irving is by your method of reckoning not a historical revisionist? Sjc 04:24, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

Spoiler on Le Carré page
I was in the middle of reading the book Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy when my curiosity brought me to read the John le Carré Wikipedia page, where I found a spoiler giving out the name of the mole, which killed my day. History seems to show that you are the author of this paragraph, so I kindly inform you that I deleted the spoiler and replaced it by a slightly modified version of the sentence that was there before. I leave it up to you to put back this paragraph on the same page without indicating the actual name of the mole, or behind a spoiler banner, or on the Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy page instead if you like. 80.11.203.111 12:32, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

Eep, my apologies. I missed the fact that the le Carre page doesn't have a large spoiler notice all over it, which in fact it really needs to. You can't have a discussion about le Carre without dealing with the substantive background to his life and the relationship between his emplotment and characters and the events in his life. Sjc 11:14, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Just as an afterthought though, Le Carre does rather telegraph his mole pretty much from the outset, 3 of them & Alleline, one of whom, Smiley is an obvious non-runner. In this respect TTSS is not really a whoddunit, but a why, how and wherefore they dunnit so hopefully your enjoyment of TTSS was and is not too impaired. Sjc 11:22, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

Paris streets-list
Hi, I've broken the oversized list into sublists and changed my vote from Rewrite to Delete. Don't know if you'd like to re-consider the afd? Dl yo ns 493  Ta lk  21:24, 19 December 2005 (UTC)

Done, much better also. Sjc 14:45, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

W H Smith

MK userbox
Sure thing... my reasoning was that the MK party itself tends to use that sort of olivey colour as its primary one itself. See. The Tom 04:14, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Yeah I noticed that when I looked at the MK page. They changed it recently afaik, it was never olive before.Sjc 04:16, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Poetry Project
Hi — I see you are listed as a participant of Wikipedia:WikiProject Poetry. The project was recently tagged as inactive, and I am trying to resuscitate it. Are you still interested in participating? — Stumps 08:26, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

AfD for Right- and Left- wing terrorism articles - have your say
Please take a look at Articles for deletion/Right-wing terrorism and also Articles for deletion/Left-wing terrorism and have your say, if possible. Thanks.

Wiktionary admin
Hello. Per this discussion, I've filed a request for your wiktionary sysophood removal at meta, which has been successful. This is just a note. Cheers. Vildricianus 15:10, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

Time Lords
Isn't a Time Lord just a title?
 * Since they're mostly from Gallifrey, wouldn't it be more prudent to assume that they're Gallifreyan?
 * No, see the article on Gallifrey. All Time Lords are Gallifreyan, not all Gallifreyans are Time Lords. Sjc 04:49, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Thomas Winter
Did you set up an article for Thomas Winter. If so I think you should change the spelling from Wintour to Winter. This is the spelling used in the oxford dictionary of biography and contrary to popular belief that is the spelling most people at the time used as well. It is true winter himself tended to incline more to the wintour spelling others used Winter. For example the 1606 engraving of the plotters uses the spelling Winter. Spelling wasn't as important back then but now if people come looking for Thomas Winter they wont find him. The Wintour spelling should be in brackets next to the title with the more commonly used Winter. If someone changes the spelling I might be moved to write the article but that spelling just annoys me. I suspect it is that way because people want to seem authentic but dosent completely reflect the truth of the time and is incredibly inconvinient for people who are looking for information.

 * Remarkably for someone as pernickety about spelling as you appear to be, it seems as though your orthography, punctuation and grammatical usage leaves a little to be desired. Please also sign your comments. Regarding Thomas Wintour, Britannica spells it Wintour, the BBC spells it Wintour, and when I did my History A Level just prior to the deluge we were encouraged to spell it Wintour; a couple of comparative search tests on Google (the acid test for this) overwhelmingly support the Wintour variant. However, I am capable of seeing the contrary case but frankly it doesn't hold up in terms of accessibility, the main thrust of your argument, since Google immediately undermines it. Contemporary reports spell it in several ways, some of which are remarkable in their diversity. The short and simple answer is that there is no correct spelling since none exists; it wasn't a case of spelling being as important, there was no orthographical basis, period. Google produces more reports for a simple search of name + 'gunpowder' on the Wintour variant. This does not make it more 'right', just more accessible. A redirect / disambiguation page may resolve most of the issues with this but to axiomatically assert your favoured (minority) spelling in the face of accepted usage is, frankly, unacceptable. Sjc 06:53, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

 * PS, I fixed a redirect link from Thomas Winter which will now take you right to page. A search for Thomas Winter will also find it. Sjc 07:06, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Throughbred racing project
A number of Wikipedians have come together and formed the WikiProject Throughbred racing  to help to expand and better organise information in articles and categories related to the sport of thoroughbred racing. As a past contributor to horse racing articles, we invite you to consider becoming a participant in the project, and/or adding the page to your watchlist so that you become aware, and can join any future horse racing discussions, which may be of interest to you. Regards - Cuddy Wifter 01:48, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

Refactoring.
Just a heads up, I will be refactoring this page shortly.Sjc 04:23, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Re the Speedy Delete of Nephew (band)
I would be grateful if you would read the rules for Speedy Deletion more carefully, and act with more circumspection in future. Nephew are and have for a number of years been a significant band in Denmark (album currently number 2 in DK chart, current single in many Scandinavian top tens for the last couple of months); the article was put up at the time of the release of the new album because it was fairly obvious to even the dimmest lemming in Sweden that it was going to make a big splash: serious MTV play time exposure for a very radical video shoot. The fact that Google knew little or nothing about them is not always a criteria for critical assessment particularly de re subjects which the average US citizen knows nothing about. Moreover Simon Kvamm's involvement in the band already reinforced their position as significant players in Denmark & Scandinavia which if you had followed the links you would have seen. Sjc 11:50, 19 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The version of the page that was deleted did not contain any of these assertions of notability, or any citations to back anything up. I maintain that my deletion of the page at the time was correct, and further that the current version clearly establishes how the band is notable and should not be deleted.
 * Please further note that I am neither Swedish, Danish, American, nor a lemming. :) Stifle (talk) 15:15, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Article in need of cleanup - please assist if you can

 * Thank you very much for your kind answer. Just tell me when I can re-write if you can. Best Vikings regards, and good Jul! Thorgis 13:26, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Barbara Tuchman - Fin De Siècle
As the author of this edit, perhaps you can help to answer this question at the Reference desk. --Lambiam Talk 01:00, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

hello there
I was looking through the recent changes from August 8, 2001 and noticed your name. I was just thinking that if somebody noticed my name in the rc from way back, I'd want to know about it, so I thought I'd let you know that your name was there. Happy editing. Bawolff 06:36, 17 February 2007 (UTC)

Jehovah's Witnesses
SInce you have a dispassionate view of the topic could you please comment on whether the section "Acceptance within the JW community" in the article Jehovah's Witnesses and blood transfusions is Original research? I also have an undue weight issue with this entry. You comments would be appreciated. George 19:07, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

A quick question
Hi, I'm making a project, and as you were on the list of Wikipedians on the Mythology field, I'd thank you if you'll answer this question:

What truely is Mythology for you?

Thanks for the attention, Midasminus

Beyond the dictionary definitions etc, my take on mythology is largely defined by my training and my cultural understandings. Largely, I think the term encompasses beliefs held anterior to our own in scientifically unprovable entities and creatures, e.g. the kraken qualifies as a mythological creature, whereas the Loch Ness monster doesn't on the basis that there are people who are still alive who hold some belief in its existence, no matter how tenuous the proofs for it may be. That said, I find mythology a deeply interesting area, from a point of view of cultural and social comparison. Certain mythologies are more interesting than others: I have always held a deep seated interest in the comings and goings of the Norse pantheon, for example, but never really got on terms with e.g. the native North American traditions. Sjc 05:27, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Iceland
Maybe you are interested in this project... --Michkalas 15:12, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Hi, I'll sign up, I can probably help out a bit on the historical stuff and sagas and so on :) Sjc 06:50, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Max Naylor 20:38, 30 April 2007 (UTC)

Icelandic language
Please show your support for WikiProject Iceland by voting for the Icelandic language article for the Article Creation and Improvement Drive! To place your vote, please click here! Max Naylor 09:54, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

Image:PAFC Badge00.JPG
Hello, Sjc. An automated process has found and removed an image or media file tagged as nonfree media, and thus is being used under fair use that was in your userspace. The image (Image:PAFC Badge00.JPG) was found at the following location: User:Sjc. This image or media was attempted to be removed per criterion number 9 of our non-free content policy. The image or media was replaced with Image:NonFreeImageRemoved.svg, so your formatting of your userpage should be fine. Please find a free image or    media to replace it with, and or remove the image from your userspace. User:Gnome (Bot)-talk 07:40, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Iceland Newsletter
// ENewsBot (talk) on behalf of Max Naylor 21:00, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Iceland Newsletter
Delivered by ENewsBot (talk) 06:20, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Quick links: Perl

Plymouth Argyle F.C. season 2002-03
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Plymouth Argyle F.C. season 2002-03, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Plymouth Argyle F.C. season 2002-03 fits the criteria for speedy deletion for the following reason: because the subject matter is non-notable and can be found on any football website To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Plymouth Argyle F.C. season 2002-03, please affix the template  to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate Plymouth Argyle F.C. season 2002-03 itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 19:34, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

Plymouth Argyle F.C. season 2001-02
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Plymouth Argyle F.C. season 2001-02, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Plymouth Argyle F.C. season 2001-02 fits the criteria for speedy deletion for the following reason: because the subject matter is non-notable and can be found on any football website To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Plymouth Argyle F.C. season 2001-02, please affix the template  to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate Plymouth Argyle F.C. season 2001-02 itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 19:35, 19 June 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Iceland Newsletter
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Rescue squadron member statement
Hi -- this is Tlogmer, the guy who started the rescue squadron. You can leave whatever comment you want in the members list, of course, but one of my pet peeves is using the term "vandalism" broadly (even for rhetorical reasons), so I hope you'll consider editing that part out. Cheers! Tlogmer ( talk / contributions ) 07:17, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

I will accede to your request of course. However, let us be under no illusions, a lot of spurious deletionism is nevertheless pure and unmitigated vandalism. Sjc 04:35, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Open mindness
Hi Sjc, I write to you because you're admin, and interested in anthropology and on Chris Morris (apparently you created the article on 11-09-01, lol), and because you're not from US :)

To make it quick, I'm writing to you because I (User:BMF81, I'm using ciuppa 'cause your mail is not validated) got blocked for this comment on the Laughter talkpage.

Well, I don't know what you think, but to me that photo is pretty retarded. To put it on top of the article on Laughter is to denigrate the noblesse of a subject elevated by pioneers as Aristophanes and Rabelais. So I expressed my opinion on the discussion raised by the uploader, and I did so in the rhetoric form of humor (in the 1905 Freudian meaning of the term). Now, humor is a perfectly legitimate form to express one's opinion, and this is probably obvious to most British, but explain that to an average US guy :) I guess the uploader got so upset because in the pic he's the parent or a close relative of the child, but if you upload a photo in the public, you should expect the public to comment on it. Anyway, hope to see a comment from you, cheers, Mauro.

WikiProject Poetry Roll Call
WikiProject Poetry is having a revival and we are trying to determine who is still active in the project. If you are, please answer this roll call by placing an *asterisk* next to your name on the list of participants here. Thanks, Wrad 00:44, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

compter and William Fennor?
Hi Sjc, You opinions on the current revisons of compter and William Fennor? --Shirt58 12:45, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Hmm, well it lost sense to me because the note about Fennor's imprisonment has now been expunged from the body of the article, and removed to the WF article. I will tidy it up accordingly. Sjc 21:09, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Thank you! --Shirt58 11:18, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Threepenny Opera edit
Hey, quick question: we're not sure what you meant with this edit. In what sense is it anachronistic? Can you elaborate?— Chowbok  ☠  17:52, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Speedy deletion of AGA saga
A tag has been placed on AGA saga requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G12 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be a blatant copyright infringement. For legal reasons, we cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material, and as a consequence, your addition will most likely be deleted. You may use external websites as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences. This part is crucial: say it in your own words.

If the external website belongs to you, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use the text — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you must include on the external site the statement "I, (name), am the author of this article, (article name), and I release its content under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 and later." You might want to look at Wikipedia's policies and guidelines for more details, or ask a question here.

If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Cricketgirl (talk) 08:34, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sjc/August 2008


text:
Aloysius Lilius

Aloysius Lilius (c. 1510 – 1576), also variously referred to as Luigi Lilio or Luigi Giglio, was an Italian physician, astronomer, philosopher and chronologist, and also the "primary author" who provided the proposal that (after modifications) became the basis of the Gregorian Calendar reform of 1582.

The crater Lilius on the Moon is named after him, as is the asteroid 2346 Lilio. In computer science, the Lilian date is the number of days since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582.

Life and work
Not much is known about the early life of Lilius/Lilio/Giglio. It is known that he came from the comune of Cirò in the province of Crotone, in the Calabria region of Italy. He studied medicine and astronomy in Naples, after which he served Count Carafa. He settled in Verona and died in 1576. Although he was still alive at the time when his proposal was presented at Rome, it does not seem that he made the presentation; it was handled by his brother Antonio, also a physician and astronomer.

He is primarily known as the inventor of the Gregorian Calendar: he wrote the proposal on which (after modifications) the calendar reform was based. Lilio's brother Antonio presented the manuscript to Pope Gregory XIII; it was passed to the calendar reform commission in 1575. The commission issued a printed summary entitled Compendium novae rationis restituendi kalendarium (Compendium of a New Plan for the Restitution of the Calendar), printed in 1577 and circulated within the Roman Catholic world in early 1578 as a consultation document. Lilio's manuscript itself is not known to have survived; the printed Compendium is the nearest known source for the details it contained.

The processes of consultation and deliberation meant that the reform to the calendar did not occur until 1582, six years after the death of Luigi Lilio in 1576. The reform had by then received some modifications in points of detail by the reform commission, in which one of the leading members was Christopher Clavius, who afterwards wrote defences and an explanation of the reformed calendar, including an emphatic acknowledgement of Lilio's work, especially for his provision of a useful reform for the lunar cycle: "We owe much gratitude and praise to Luigi Giglio who contrived such an ingenious Cycle of Epacts which, inserted in the calendar, always shows the new moon and so can be easily adapted to any length of the year, if only at the right moments the due adjustment is applied." The papal bull (Inter gravissimas) was issued on 24 February 1582 (year 1581 in Florentine Easter-based reckoning), ordering Catholic clergy to adopt the new calendar, and exhorting all Catholic sovereigns to do the same.

The year 2010 was the 500th year since the Lilius' birth; several activities were organized by Italian astronomers in order to recognize the great work performed by him. In particular, in Torretta di Crucoli (Crotone, Italy), a new astronomical group was created and dedicated to Luigi Lilio.

title: Aloysius Lilius