text:
User talk:DanKeshet

Old talk, pre- 2004
Dan, I'm sorry, but after loading that pic of the Newark skyline, I found out that gonewark.com's images are copyrighted.

I am desperate to have some pictures up of Newark. If you find any on non-profit sites, I would be very happy to see them up there.

At&t Broadband are a bunch of bastards. I'm canceling the whole package (cable and cable modem) on New Years to save over a 100 bucks US a month. Alas, free DSL from my partner's job and broadcast will have to do. A 14.4 should still work, kinda. --mav

American neo-Nazis use "88" as a sort of watchword, since the phrase "Heil Hitler" starts with two H's, the eighth letter of the alphabet. Damn them. Ortolan88
 * As a result of your telling me this, I am now offended by your user name. Change it, or else. --142

Dan, there is now an improved template in the WikiProject_Voting_Systems. Comparison of approval voting with instant runoff voting has not been re-inserted in the latter pending approval of the structure. I'd appreciate your not reverting files until we have had a chance to discuss them, this is a bad habit and especially bad if you want to cooperate with another prolific author. - 142

Dan, what happened to all that information that you removed from the Pakistan page? Did you move it somewhere else? --Koyaanis Qatsi 19:15 Jan 18, 2003 (UTC)
 * Ok then, thanks. Sorry for missing the unattributed analysis; I prune it when I see it but sometimes I don't see it.  Best,  Koyaanis Qatsi

Dan, thanks for the edits on the bin Ladin page. The entry is much better for it. I was smiling when I typed the edit comment "re-worded to placate Dan."

Zippy 06:04 Feb 5, 2003 (UTC)

Dan, you made a mistake in your redirect for First Past the Post. It is ALWAYS capitalised, because that is the formal name of the system. It is NEVER written as 'first past the post'. JTD 23:09 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)

Sorry if I was bit grouchy yesterday, Dan. (I've a back injury - I had the doctor out to give me an injection, so I was both 'drugged' by the injection and in pain. I think it affected my mood. Sorry!) Re FPtP - it makes sense to use all various titles, probably through re-directs; it helps all of us understand the varying terms. But I do believe that the various names of the voting systems do need to be capitalised. In different contexts they are referred to by name or as a description of the method of voting. In the context of an article title, we are dealing with the name, and it is a specific title, not merely as some people presume a generalised description of what happens. There does appear to be a general confusion on Wiki over how some formal names are used. (Deb and I have just this minute discussing how the office of First Minister is inexplicably down as 'First minister' while the office of US president is down as President of the United States. If First minister is correct, we should have President of the united states and Pope john paul; if President of the United States and Pope John Paul, we should have First Minister. Deb has agreed with me on first minister so am about to change it. Maybe we do need to think through our whole approach to capitalisation. I know it is a general problem, not just on Wiki. But having spent the last few weeks sorting out issues to do with naming conventions on royalty and those with title, I am loathe to take on the job of clarifying another rule. Again, sorry if I was a bit sharp last night. JTD 18:53 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

Dan, I disagree with your reversion of Gulf War. While I agree that some of the content removed by 205 needed to be replaced, I also don't think we should discount his/her additions. Can we include somewhere in the text, "Some people also consider Saddam Hussein to be a fag. Polls indicate that the percentage of people supporting this perspective increased dramatically after the release of South Park, the Movie."? Graft

Hi Dan,

Check out http://electorama.com. I've done a number of things there to really promote the heck out of the WikiProject Voting Systems, including posting your letter to election methods to the front page. -- RobLa 08:11 Mar 14, 2003 (UTC)

Thank for your help on war on terrorism. I had worried that my changes were unconsciously pro-US, but your "rubric" thing fixed it perfectly. NPOV forever! --Uncle Ed 20:19 Apr 9, 2003 (UTC)

What value is there in removing links merely because you determine that they are "silly"? If you don't like the links, then turn them off in your browser. Pizza Puzzle

Your input is requested at Talk:U.S. occupation of Iraq. MB 00:28 3 Jul 2003 (UTC)

comment from over zealous fan [of Yoism --dk]]: I'm glad to hear that the flyers are effective in getting people's attention. We certainly don't mean to piss people off, though. Most of the flyers, as far as I know, are taken down within a few days. We have laid off the flyering for a little bit, maybe we will do some more in a couple weeks, but since you contend that everybody has seen them in your neighboorhood perhaps we should try different neighboorhoods for a while. We are experimenting with ways to get the word out to people who would be interested, and flyering seems to work. It also seems that the more flyers we put up the more people respond (in a positive way). We are trying to get more people involved because we are undertaking a number of exciting projects (for instance the Urban Eco-Village) and the more people who help the better. Anyway, sorry if the flyers have upset you.

 * You know, I've put up fliers in the past for other things, so it's not such a big deal. Just be aware that eventually they do get annoying.  And do take them down.  Nothing says that you don't give a damn about the environment or neighborhood like six-month-old, rain-drenched flier fragments swimming around on the ground...  Sounds like you have the right attitude about it,

though. Cheers, DanKeshet 03:17 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

You're welcome, Dan. I'm glad that even this kind of work (deleting junk) is appreciated. I'll try to keep it up. uriber 20:15, 31 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Hi, you cast a vote in the TEMP5 debate. The Temp5 proposal was voted down by 61.3% to 38.6%. We seem to be going around in circles on the whole issue of the main page. A new vote is now taking place to clarify what exactly we want, namely
 * 1) Do we actually want to have a new page?
 * 2) If so when (immediately, after a pause, timed to the press release, etc)?
 * 3) What do people want on the front page and what do they want excluded?

As of now, the whole issue seems surrounded by complete confusion. This way, finally and definitively, we will know what we want and when we want it. So do please express your opinions. The vote is on the same page as the previous votes. FearƒIREANN 20:31, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for your support. I just had a frustrating week. I am better now.Ark30inf 22:36, 14 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Hi Dan, thanks for the messsage and just about the bit of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War thing you removed, it is my opinion that we should add something for the Palsetinains in the domestic policy(I wont put my edit back though) as isn't it inbalanced only to have the domestic effects of the Arab Israeli conflict on Jews described and not the Palestinians ? Admittedly my article was not very neutral ;) however the Jewish part of it is not neutral either. We need to add something about the effects of the War on the Palestinians as arguably it affected them more domestically (as the vast majority of Palestinians left their homeland). Anyway hope to hear from you. I hope we can make this article a perfect example of a NPOV :) Cheers and peace, Hauser

-

So, in case you didn't figure it out from my comment on Talk:Saddam Hussein, you're not getting the Gulf War Reader. Graft 22:33, 7 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Anon edits: You're right, I kind of forgot about the watchlist and related changes. I'll definately note it when next I do a follow-up analysis. But unfortunately that is not the sort of thing that I can really quantify, so it won't really affect the numbers as such. It will simply make it more likely that vandalous edits are cought and are not stumbled upon by mere chance. Thanks for making that feature request on SF. --snoyes 21:32, 14 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Old talk, since 2004
Exising "extremism" - right on, man. Attribution - Well, OK - but there needs to be substantial article up-and-down attrib for that article. I'm doing other things - I'll be getting back to a better rewrite in a couple days maybe - what do you think of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident article btw? Noam Chomsky - obviously wont work - but Im curious will lowercase work? - Noam Chomsky. -戴&#30505sv 23:24, 27 Jan 2004 (UTC) hm. nope.

See my reply at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ethnic Groups Template. I think we are basically in agreement, but I could use help in how best to address this.

BTW, I see you are recently moved to Seattle, my home for the last 26 years. Welcome! -- Jmabel 23:24, 10 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Thanks again. Any chance of getting you to sign up as one of the participants in Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ethnic Groups? -- Jmabel 01:40, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Hi Dan. Please read the reply in Consumerium:Village pump. We need all the bright heads to bang together so your contributions would be appreciated. Please don't be disgruntled by the ever-expanding ramblings that are off-topic and most of all the internal incoherence, since this seems to be a constant condition in wikis in general

Hi Dan. The broken link at the bottom of Gush Emunim -- is it supposed to go to Benny Elon now? Timtzeptel 13:57, 12 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hello :-) I wanted to thank you with regards to the steward vote. For your trust :-) SweetLittleFluffyThing 17:58, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hi. There's been a battle over the Khmer Rouge page since March 18th, and perhaps you can take a look if you're interested. Four other Cambodia pages are under contention currently as well - Cambodia, Pol Pot, Democratic Kampuchea and History of Cambodia. Adam Carr just said on the Khmer Rouge discussion page that his solution is three options, I go away (won't happen), I get banned (I haven't broken any rules that I know of, never mind something to get me banned permanently, so that's probably out), or permanent protection of the Khmer Rouge page (and if one considers the last revert war - the other four pages as well). They really have no position, which is built on sand, so for them I guess locking the pages without a resolution would be a win. Anyhow, check it out if you want. Hanpuk 00:18, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

New answer for you at my talk page. Get-back-world-respect 21:47, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

--

Hi, you wrote: "You requested that, rather than reverting, nimc and I (who have both reverted your edits) should take it to the talk page. Actually, we already have. :) See [[1](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Noam_Chomsky#Quote_regarding_Cambodia)] (which is addressed to J.J., who was previously trying to add the same quote. That quote is highly misleading because it was taken from a hypothetical in a sentence Chomsky was making, but rephrased (through quoting it), into an assertion. Please, please, address this issue on talk:Noam Chomsky. DanKeshet 17:42, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)"

Which quote? I posted TWO. One KR, one China. Nimc, and possibly you, delete BOTH. Nimc always mentions "talk" AFTER deleting my edits. If you are serious, please don't mass-delete everything first. As for the KR quote, since it is well-known and widely disseminated already, if it is apocryphal (and you have yet to prove that it is -- and I have the entire article, in fact, not just that quote! ), why not add an alternative view of it ("Other critics claim that this has been taken out of context")? Lastly, I added a link to a site in Cambodia, which discusses the entire controversy at length with full references. Nimc or one of his other nyms deleted that too! So really, I have cause to doubt the sincerity that this quote is the problem. What Nimc wants to do to to erase ANY mention of the controversy.

-

Hi, you wrote: "Most editors here at Wikipedia will be willing to work constructively with you, even if they disagree with you, if they can see you are making a good-faith effort to improve the encyclopedia and to be intellectually honest."

 * Please take a look at the history of the Chomsky article. Nimc and a few others automatically delete any edits. I wish you would lecture Nimc and his delete-brigade, who refuse to allow critical links.

"I know I will. It sounds from your tone like you are anticipating a fight. This is the quickest path to get one. Please, give us a chance to work with you."

 * If you are serious, then please apply a single standard. Is *adding* a link or quote impossible? I am not the only one to add links or quotes. Does every addition get automatically deleted until some self-appointed group of 'protectors' deems it acceptable (this will never happen with self-proclaimed Chomsky fans). What is the standard? I did, in fact, make a good faith effort to justify inclusion of links and quotes. Nimc et al. immediately delete them claiming that they are not from scholarly journals, are false, etc.

"Deleting material pending it's justification is perfectly acceptable if you're willing to talk about it. Please wait until we have worked together to find a solution before inserting material under discussion on the talk page. Edit wars and revert wars are highly damaging. Check out this page for tips on how to avoid them."

 * I only wish you would lecture the self-appointed censors or take a look at the history of their campaign. *No* argument will suffice. They will delete any criticism. Meanwhile, some of the fluff on the page is added with impunity (currently 36 K) and a different standard applies.

"The partial Chomsky quote is highly deceptive. If the context quoted on the talk page is correct, it's clear that the part you are quoting is in the hypothetical tense and is not what he believed."

 * How? We can post the WHOLE QUOTE if you'd like. It is clearly not hypothetical in the article I have.

"In the New York Times Magazine, May 1, 1977, Robert Moss (editor of a dubious offshoot of Britain's Economist called "Foreign Report" which specializes in sensational rumors from the world's intelligence agencies) asserts that "Cambodia's pursuit of total revolution has resulted, by the official admission of its Head of State, Khieu Samphan, in the slaughter of a million people." Moss informs us that the source of this statement is Barron and Paul, who claim that in an interview with the Italian weekly Famiglia Cristiana Khieu Samphan stated that more than a million died during the war, and that the population had been 7 million before the war and is now 5 million. Even if one places some credence in the reported interview nowhere in it does Khieu Samphan suggest that the million postwar deaths were a result of official policies (as opposed to the lag effects of a war that left large numbers ill, injured, and on the verge of starvation). The "slaughter" by the Khmer Rouge is a Moss-New York Times creation. Distortions at Fourth Hand Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman The Nation, June 25, 1977 "

The quote, and the context, clearly show Chomsky dismissing talk of "senational rumors".

"We should not include misleading material, whether or not we make caveats about there being different interpretations afterward."

 * Is that the standard? Well Nimc is violating this elsewhere, where unproven "allegations" are the rule, and any deletion (pending discussion?!) is immediately reverted. This is hypocrisy--claiming that anything not discussed first with Chomsky fans should be deleted, but in other cases, anything that is posted stands until disproved (again, standards being impossible to meet)

STV
You asked Henrygb a while ago about non-proportional STV results. It was caused lragely by differential turnout in NI - higher in the more Nationalist West, lowest in the strongly Unionist Belfast suburbs. His analysis of Malta (very, very, close two party system) is spot on.

 * The way the system works in NI for Assembly elections is that there are 18 x 6 member assembly constituencies. So the system should be proportional at a constituency level.  Because there are a small number of constituencies in NI with significant differences in turnout, that doesn't necessarily aggregate to a result which is proportional overall, although it probably approaches perfect proportionality in respect of the electorate, at least in terms of ethnic/community background.

The problem the SDLP had in 1998 was that they were weak in the low-turnout and very Unionist Belfast suburbs, weak in low to mid-turnout Belfast (SF strong in terms of the Nationalist vote) and strongest in high-turnout rural areas.

Of course in 2003, their vote collapsed and they had bigger things to worry about!

Transfers are another factor. In NI, they seem faily neutral for most except SF are transfer repellant, North and South of the border, and the Alliance Party in the North and the Greens in the South (and in their heyday the Women's Coalition in the North) are transfer sticky. The Greens in the North are very transfer sticky but never have enough of a first preference base to make use of it. Hence they often argue for rather eccentric consensus-rewarding electoral systems based on things like the Borda preferendum. Gerry Lynch 12:58, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Hi. Would you agree to having Cimon avaro mediate between you, Zero, and RK? If so, please sign at the mediation page? Danny 00:20, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Thanks
Thanks for your support for my adminship. Perhaps at some point soon we can get back to working on the Israel Shahak article. Jayjg 16:47, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Socialist parties

 * I was wondering why you put trotskyist political parties under communist rather then socialist parties as a sub category? The latter seems to me more of a natural home for them, as most if not all of the Trots are keen to distinguish themselves from the communist parties proper.

--Martin Wisse 09:24, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Vote
See Votes for deletion/Occupation of Palestine

Israel Shahak article
Zero has taken a break from Wikipedia, and RK has recused himself from editing controversial articles. Why don't you and I fix up the Israel Shahak article now? Jayjg 15:57, 27 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Vote : Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Violence against Israelis
See Votes for deletion/Violence against Israelis. Thank you. IZAK 09:18, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Need for support
See Requests for comment/IZAK. Thank you. IZAK 02:49, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Requests for adminship/Sam Spade
Requests for adminship/Sam Spade

Vote "NO". Opposed to SamSpade's unfriendly views in the Jew article. IZAK 08:39, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

"(Israel) in contravention of the Partition plan, began killing and ethnically cleansing Palestinian Arab population. Palestine's five neighbour states then.."
Please see History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict where User:HistoryBuffer insists on inserting: that Israel "in contravention of the Partition plan, began killing and ethnically cleansing Palestinian Arab population. Palestine's five neighbour states then attacked Israel."...When no-one but he says this, and refuses to accept anything else. He also isnsists on editing-away lots of NPOV's that don't suit him, take a look at please. IZAK 08:30, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Welcome back
Hi, are you back from your Wikibreak? Jayjg 18:40, 2 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * I hope so. And yes, this is me.  +sj +  21:53, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Israel Shahak
You should be more specific than to just say, "I found your comments unhelpful". You can play word games with that dishonest hypocrite of a troll but I don't have the patience. --Alberuni 19:16, 4 Nov 2004 (UTC)

See these six categories up for "votes of deletion":
See these six categories up for "votes of deletion":

Categories_for_deletion and Categories_for_deletion and Categories_for_deletion and Categories_for_deletion and Categories_for_deletion and this one too: Categories_for_deletion

IZAK 10:10, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Opinion for IZAK
Please see Requests for arbitration/IZAK/Evidence. Thank you. IZAK 07:12, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Meetup
Dan--Great to meet you today. It was a huge pleasure to see everyone in Seattle. I put up some pictures at Meetup/Seattle, including one or two of you. Best wishes, Matt -- Decumanus 09:11, 2004 Nov 7 (UTC)

Adminship
I have taken the liberty of nominating you for adminship. Please accept at WP:RFA. uc 04:19, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations, Dan!
Congratulations! It's my pleasure to let you know that, consensus being reached, you are now an administrator. You should read the relevant policies and other pages linked to from the administrators' reading list before carrying out tasks like deletion, protection, banning users, and editing protected pages such as the Main Page. Most of what you do is easily reversible by other sysops, apart from page history merges and image deletion, so please be especially careful with those. You might find the new administrators' how-to guide helpful. Cheers! -- Cecropia | explains it all ¨ 22:24, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * Congratulations! Jayjg 23:32, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

RFC pages on VfD
Should RFC pages be placed on VfD to be deleted? I'm considering removing Requests for comment/Slrubenstein, Requests for comment/Jwrosenzweig and Requests for comment/John Kenney from WP:VFD. Each of them was listed by CheeseDreams. Your comments on whether I should do this would be appreciated. - Ta bu shi da yu 03:31, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Duggan article
Dan, thanks for your edit of the article about Jeremiah Duggan. You've improved the flow of it a lot. I've done a slight edit of your edit, because there were a few points you'd missed out that had been agreed with other editors after long discussions, so it's best to leave them in. See the Talk page for details. Also, it's best not to remove references and the references section. Articles are supposed to include a References section at the end, listing all the works that the authors have actually referred to in the compilation of the piece, whether also quoted inline or not. I know that not all articles do this (in fact, most don't), but they're supposed to. I always think that the more references can be given, the better it is for the next reader that comes along. But otherwise, I think you've improved this article immensely, so thanks for taking the time to do it. Best, Slim 03:08, Dec 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * Dan, since you and Slim seem to get along, I'd like to propose that you edit Schiller Institute, which is currently protected. Slim and I have had our differences there, but if he is amenable, he could drop a line to his friend Jayjg and get the article unprotected. You seem to be working your way through the the LaRouche series anyway, and I know you to be an opponent of LaRouche, but a fair-minded editor. I actually liked the image you inserted in Lyndon LaRouche earlier this year, and I'm thinking of putting it back in. --H.K. 17:27, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Dan, you don't have to have in-depth knowledge of the S.I. to edit the page; I just think it would be helpful to have a third party involved, because the dispute is not over facts, but rather, the ever-elusive NPOV. I have had no problem with your edits on the other LaRouche articles, and apparently neither has Slim, so you seemed a logical choice. Oddly, when Slim asked today for unprotection they turned him down, which is atypical. But I might put in another request, indicating that you are willing to take a crack at it, as you apparently are. Correct me if I'm wrong. --H.K. 00:45, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

So you know, I've now unprotected Schiller Institute in case you want to try your hand. There seems to be some hope that you can help deal with the dispute. Not meaning to rush you into anything that isn't adequately researched, of course. Best of luck! --Michael Snow 22:03, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

January 15 Seattle meetup
Just wanted to let you know we are planning another Seattle meetup on January 15, 2005. We're trying to get a sense of who will attend, so please drop by that page & leave a note. -- Jmabel | Talk 23:38, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)

Chip Berlet
Hi Dan, I saw that you recently made an edit to Chip Berlet. If you are interested, Chip has complained about his article being edited by LaRouche activists, who are trying to insert as much criticism as possible, because Berlet was once a critic of LaRouche. Berlet has complained that this article has the potential to damage him professionally, so I am rewriting it, trying to make it as factual as possible, relying only on published sources, and not LaRouche sources (Berlet's work on LaRouche is a very small fraction of what he has done). I'm currently writing it on a user subpage, and when it's ready, I intend to replace the whole article, provided other (non-LaRouche) editors agree that it's a fair and accurate portrayal. If you would like to review it, it's at User:SlimVirgin/CBdraft and you can leave comments about it at User Talk:SlimVirgin/CBdraft. I would welcome input, if you have the time.

I hope all is well with you and that you had a restful Wikibreak! Best, Slim 08:33, Jan 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * Dan, I've put the rewritten Chip Berlet page up, because I noticed people were editing the old one trying to get rid of the LaRouche material, and I didn't want to be seen to have wasted their time. I also showed it to another editor who is familar with this area, and he said it was fine. Feel free to incorporate the criticism section into the other sections if you would prefer that. I'll also leave this note on your Talk page too. I've left a note explaining what I've done, and still have to do, on the Chip Berlet Talk page. Best, Slim 00:39, Jan 7, 2005 (UTC)

Schiller Institute
Dan, SlimVirgin has been posting increasingly urgent warnings on the Schiller Institute talk page, indicating that he wants to start editing that article again. As I am already involved in one POV conflict with him and Chip Berlet at Political views of Lyndon LaRouche, I would request that you prioritize your re-write of the S.I. article so that I don't wind up in another conflict on that one. Thanks in advance, --HK 15:31, 11 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * And, SlimVirgin is now in full attack mode on that article. --HK 01:33, 13 Jan 2005 (UTC)

LaRouche
Hi Dan, if you have any spare time, your views at Talk:Lyndon LaRouche and/or Talk:Political views of Lyndon LaRouche would be most helpful. Best, SlimVirgin 13:25, Jan 18, 2005 (UTC)

Dahrendorf
The text as provided by me to the Wikipedia Encyclopedia is my own. However it is a summary, I made while studying for my exam, from the book Contemporary Sociological Theory, which seems to be copied on the page you posted a link to.

New intro
Thanks for your contribution to User:Willmcw/sandbox, the draft of a LaRouche movement article. The intro was just a sketch of a draft, and I'm glad not to have to write it myself. Feel free to make any edits you like. However due to a moratorium on editing LaRouche articles in the main space, it won't be posted until a related editing disagreement is resolved. Cheers, -Willmcw 12:06, 27 Jan 2005 (UTC)

That museum thing
I've followed up a bit at Museum projects. -- Jmabel | Talk 01:40, Feb 5, 2005 (UTC)

'''Fuck you too, la ! it is serbs who literally are square headed not albanians. check out milosevic's face and you'll reckon the truth

Rienzo
Rienzo is still editing under further sockpuppets User:65.161.65.104, User:MahBoys, and User:Sandor, and User:130.236.84.134.

This is in violation of a 3 month ban from the arbitration comittee - Requests for arbitration/Rienzo

I would appreciate an immediate block of these accounts. CheeseDreams 14:36, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I am NOT a sock puppet of Rienzo! Sandor 14:41, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes you are, your edits are identical in style to Rienzo's other sock puppets, particularly your edit summaries. CheeseDreams 14:42, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Prove it! Sandor 14:45, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Its precisely the same edit pattern as Rienzo. First edit - attack CheeseDreams. Third edit - personal attack. Swedish. "rm trolling by CheeseDreams/CheeseDreams is a troll" in edit summaries. Etc. CheeseDreams 14:47, 13 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * U desperate? Sandor 02:37, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * No, Rienzo. CheeseDreams 19:28, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Thanks DanKeshet. CheeseDreams 19:28, 14 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Jokes
OK, so it was conceived in humor and I should have taken it out before publishing the article. It is significant that none have been elected, however my treatment may have over-emphasized it. Thanks for correcting me. Cheers, -Willmcw 08:36, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * Glad to bring some levity to a dry topic. Maybe too glad. I'll try to censor edit myself better. Cheers, -Willmcw 09:20, Mar 5, 2005 (UTC)

Hugo Chávez
I hope I didn't clobber your edits to Chávez. Also, I meant "edit conflict"  Freudian slip perhaps? ;) -- Viajero 17:43, 7 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Seattle FAC
Apparently there was some discussion at the meetup involving Seattle as a Featured Article Candidate. It was nominated, but there have been some objections raised. If you could, it would be great if you could review the other city FAs, What is a featured article, and Seattle, Washington, and leave an opnion at Featured article candidates/Seattle if you see fit. Thanks. Niteowlneils 23:03, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Harry Brearley - new text
I've included some suggestions for a new text for a Brearley article in the discussion area of this item. Would you have a look when you get chance? Cheers, Wikityke 22:01, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your help on this one. Wikityke 22:58, 1 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Planning Commission
Hi. I wanted to start an article on the subject, but it says its up for deletion due to copyright issues. I am new, so could you please help me in starting the article? Quite a few pages on Indian administration link to that page. Thanks Saksham Apr 11, 2005

Revival of the voting systems project
I've been making a ton of contributions to voting systems and elections related topics, and I noticed that about a year ago you were pretty big on this too. Would you care to join me in retaking the reins, and making wikipedia the best damn resource for elections-topics on the planet? As a start, some new pictures and content to round out Single Transferable Vote would go a long way. I've been slowly adding to it over the past few weeks, and with anonymous help it has vastly improved. Frankly, I think it's embarassing that the province of British Columbia narrowly failed a reforendum on Single Transferable Voting (due in no small part to a lack of understanding) when we can't even assemble a good wikipedia page - why the proponents of the reforendum didn't help, I'm not sure, but for now it looks like it's just people like you and me. I've got even more content on the way, too. Thanks a ton. Scott Ritchie 08:22, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

Pic of the day
Hi Dan,

Just to let you know that your photo Image:Darlingtonia californica.jpg is due to make a reappearance as Pic of the Day on the 24th June. I've used the same caption as last time, but you can make any changes at Picture of the day/June 24, 2005. -- Solipsist 08:00, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Wiphala
Qullasuyu (region of the Qulla people) was the name for an administrative region of the Inca Empire. Each admininistrative region had its own flag. Qullasuyu flag had its diagonal sqares of white color:

I wish I could help you. --Huhsunqu 20:23, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hugo Chávez
Mis respetos :) Kapil 03:59, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Chomsky e-mail
That's an interesting e-mail that you posted on Talk:Noam Chomsky. I thought I'd let you know that I'm going to write to Chomsky regarding it, and try to get greater precision. — Chameleon 21:20, 20 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Hugo Chavez
I'd advise you not to split the article. For the United States, e.g., we do not separate articles on the individual presidents and their administrations. Instead further detail is placed in the articles on U.S. politics and history. For Chavez I would advise merging some of the non-biographical content with politics of Venezuela and history of Venezuela, as opposed to creating a new article. 172 18:33, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Is Wikipedia:Brilliant prose/temp still needed?
Hi Dan. Is the page Brilliant prose/temp still needed/useful? Paul August ☎ June 29, 2005 19:54 (UTC)

You want to submit it to vfd then? Paul August ☎ June 29, 2005 22:13 (UTC)

troll has put VfD on parecon
I see that you are a contributor to Participatory economics. Some troll has slapped a VfD on this article and I imagine you would want to register your vote. WpZurp 21:31, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

User categorization
Greetings, DanKeshet! Please accept this message as an invitation to categorize your user page in the category Category:Wikipedians in Washington and removing your name from the Wikipedians/Washington page. The page will be deleted when all users have been removed. Even if you do not wish to be placed in a category, could you take a moment to remove your name from the Wikipedians/Washington page? Thanks!!

To add your name to the category, please use the tag   to ensure proper sorting.

For more information, please see User categorisation and Category:Wikipedians by location. -- Roby Wayne  Talk •  Hist 04:30, 8 September 2005 (UTC)

Monday meetup
Hey there! the next meetup is on Monday evening, 7:30, at Tosci's in Central. Hope you can swing by to say hello... +sj +  23:00, 23 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi
Hi Dan. I enjoyed meeting you at the meetup the other night at Toscanini's. I was the old hairy guy ;-) Looking above I see we have communicated at least briefly once before. Any way, I am looking forward to seeing you again at future meetups and interacting with you more on WP, (where it will be nice to have a face to associate with a name). Regards, Paul August ☎ 17:00, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Voting system is featured
Finally, voting system has become a featured article!

I want to thank you for the work you've done on the article. I see that you did a lot of the original expansion and organization of the article from 2002 to 2004. The article wouldn't be what it is without your contributions. So it's your featured article too. Nice work!  r  speer 20:12, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

Welcome back
Hi. I just see you've commented on the Hugo Chavez talk page. I'd like to thank you for taking the time to vote and also point out some of the article's errors (especially on parecon). The Chavez FAC succeeded several weeks ago with 16 support votes and 1 object (the objector's only assertions were of "footnote orgy" and "huge size"). I hope you are back for good. Thanks again. Saravask 03:12, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Consumerpedia?
What is the status of Consumerpedia? I am making go through another AfD. Fplay 01:17, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

new noticeboard
I've created Islam and Judaism controversies noticeboard, I thought you might be interested. --Victim of signature fascism 19:40, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Chilean coup of 1973
I'd be interested in your opinion at Talk:Chilean coup of 1973. - Jmabel | Talk 06:37, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Mistake regarding Pamela Courson
Hello, you left a message on my talk page saying that: "Regarding Pamela Courson, Wikipedia cannot accept an article that is derived from copyrighted text". Quite simply, I have never made edits to this page, and none of the anonymous IPs appear to be mine. In my User Contributions, there is no mention of the Pamela Courson article. Strangely though, the name seems to ring a bell from when I first started at Wikipedia. As I'm sure that going into a rage about how this affects my credibility will be pointless for me and you, I ask you: What singled me out as author of the page? --Alexs letterbox 05:32, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Persian people
Could you take a look at the first sentence in this section? It claims that Persians are descendants of some "Aryan tribes" migrating from Central Asia. Sounds like outdated racial theories to me. The same source (Britannica) says Persians are of mixed ancentry, but when I try to add this in people remove it. I don't think this is consistent with WP:NPOV. Could you take a look at this and leave a comment? Thanks, AucamanTalk 06:45, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Come back+
come back, come back :-) +sj + 17:34, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Assata Shakur
Noticed you were the original creator of this article in 2002. I have recently nominated it for featured article status. If you'd like to give the article another look or help me field comments, I'd be much obliged. Savidan 19:15, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

Self-published book
I'm working on compiling a book containing information about almost all Non-indigenous ethnic groups living or working in Pakistan. The population of a particular ethnic group would be obtain respectively from their diplomatic missions in Pakistan including regions with significant populations, languages spoken and religious affiliations. I'm not very good with writing so it would be great, if you would like to collaborate with me.--116.71.53.25 (talk) 06:02, 25 September 2009 (UTC)

Proposed Move
Just a friendly notice that I have formally proposed that three articles be moved at Talk:African-American_Civil_Rights_Movement_(1955–1968). Thanks, Racepacket (talk) 22:17, 25 January 2010 (UTC)

Categories for discussion nomination of Category:Maoist organizations
Category:Maoist organizations, which you created, has been nominated for discussion. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the Categories for discussion page. Thank you. Magioladitis (talk) 18:38, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

You're invited! New England Wikimedia General Meeting
Message delivered by Dominic at 09:09, 11 April 2012 (UTC). Note: You can remove your name from this meetup invite list here.

Notice of change
Hello. You are receiving this message because of a recent change to the administrator policy that alters what you were told at the time of your desysopping. The effect of the change is that you will not longer be able to request restoration of the tools because of your prior inactivity. You have until December 30, 2012 to request restoration or else the policy will prevent you from doing so in the future; you would need to seek a new WP:RFA. Until December 30, you can file a request at WP:BN for review by the crats. Thank you.  MBisanz  talk 04:22, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

(delivered by mabdul 22:32, 3 December 2012 (UTC))

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

A page you started (Gigantopithecus blacki) has been reviewed!
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title: User talk:DanKeshet


text:
History of Ivory Coast

Human arrival in Ivory Coast (officially called Côte d'Ivoire) has been dated to the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to 10,000 BC), or at the minimum, the Neolithic period based on weapon and tool fragments, specifically polished shale axes and remnants of cooking and fishing. The earliest known inhabitants of Côte d'Ivoire left traces scattered throughout the territory. Historians believe these people were all either displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present inhabitants. Peoples who arrived before the 16th century include the Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand Lahou), Ega, and Diès (Divo).

Prehistory and early history
Little is known about the original inhabitants of Côte d'Ivoire. The first recorded history is in the chronicles of North African Muslims who conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold, and other items from early Roman times. The southern terminals of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the edge of the desert, and from there, supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the rainforest. The more important terminals—Djenné, Gao, and Timbuctu—grew into major commercial centers around which the great Sudanic empires developed. These empires dominated neighboring states by controlling the trade routes with powerful military forces.

The Sudanic empires also became centers of Islamic learning. Islam was introduced into western Sudan by Arab traders from North Africa and spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers. By the 11th century, the rulers of the Sudan empires had embraced Islam that spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Ivory Coast.

Ghana was the earliest of the Sudan empires; it flourished in present-day eastern Mauritania from the fourth to the 13th century. At the peak of its power in the 11th century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuctu. After the decline of Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, reaching its peak in the early 14th century. The territory of the Mali Empire in Ivory Coast was limited to the northwest corner around Odienné.

The Songhai Empire flourished there between the 14th and 16th centuries. Songhai was weakened by internal discord, leading to factional warfare. This discord spurred the migrations of peoples southward toward the forest belt.

The dense rainforest in the south created barriers to large-scale political organizations like those in the north. In the south, people lived in villages or village clusters whose contacts with the outside world came through long-distance traders. These villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting.

Pre-European era
Five important states flourished in Ivory Coast in the pre-European era. The Bono kingdom of Gyaman was established in the 17th century by the Abron, an Akan group that fled the developing Ashanti Empire in Ghana. From their settlement south of Bondoukou, the Abron gradually extended their dominance of the Juula, recent emigrants from the market city of Begho. Bondoukou developed into a major center of commerce and Islam. The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa.

In the mid-18th century in east-central Ivory Coast, other Akan groups fleeing the Ashanti Empire established a Baoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi. The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, elaborated a highly centralized political and administrative structure under three successive rulers, but it finally split into smaller chiefdoms. Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation. The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Ivory Coast's independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi of Krinjabo attempted to break away from Ivory Coast and form an independent kingdom.

In the early 18th century, the Juula established the Muslim Kong Empire in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who fled Islamization under the Mali Empire. The Kong Empire was a prosperous center of agriculture, trade, and crafts but weakened gradually because of ethnic diversity and religious discord. The city of Kong was destroyed in 1895 by Samori Touré.

Trade with Europe and the Americas
Because of its location between Europe and the imagined treasures of the Far East, Africa became a destination for the European explorers of the 15th century. The first Europeans to explore the West African coast were the Portuguese. Other European sea powers followed and established trade with many of the coastal peoples of West Africa. At first, trade included gold, ivory, and pepper but the establishment of American colonies in the 16th century spurred demand for slaves. This led to the kidnapping and enslaving of people from the West African coastal regions for transportation to North and South America (see African slave trade). Local rulers obtained goods and slaves from the inhabitants of the interior to fulfill treaties with the Europeans. By the end of the 15th century, trade with the Europeans had resulted in a strong European influence in Africa, permeating north from the West African coast. Ivory Coast, like the rest of West Africa, was subject to these influences but the absence of sheltered harbors along its coastline prevented Europeans from establishing permanent trading posts. Thus, seaborne trade was irregular and played only a minor role in the penetration and eventual conquest of Ivory Coast by Europeans. The slave trade, in particular, had little effect on the peoples of Ivory Coast. A profitable trade in ivory existed in the 17th century and gave the area its name. However, the resulting decline in elephant population ended the ivory trade by the beginning of the 18th century.

The earliest recorded French voyage to West Africa was in 1483. The French founded their first West African settlement, Saint Louis, in the mid-17th century in what is now Senegal; around this time, the Dutch ceded a settlement at Ile de Gorée to the French. The French established a mission in 1687 at Assinie, near the Gold Coast (now Ghana) border, and it became the first European outpost in that area. Although Assini's survival was precarious, the French did not establish themselves in Ivory Coast until the mid-19th century. By that time, the French had settlements around the mouth of the Senegal River and at other points along the coasts of Senegal, Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau. Meanwhile, the British had permanent outposts in the same areas and on the Gulf of Guinea, east of Ivory Coast.

In the 18th century, Ivory Coast was invaded by two related Akan groups—the Agni, who occupied the southeast, and the Baoulés, who settled in the central section. In 1843–1844, the French admiral Bouët-Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand Bassam and Assini regions, placing these territories under a French protectorate. French explorers, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the lagoon region.

Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along Senegal and Niger rivers. French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-19th century but moved slowly and was based more on individual initiative than government policy. In the 1840s, the French concluded a series of treaties with local West African rulers, enabling the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centers. The first posts in Ivory Coast were at Assinie and Grand-Bassam, which became the colony's first capital. The treaties gave the French sovereignty for trading privileges in exchange for fees or customs paid annually to the local rulers for the use of their land. This arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose. Nevertheless, the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade. France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to limit the growing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast.

The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War (1871) and the subsequent annexation of the French province of Alsace-Lorraine by Germany caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants. The trading post at Grand-Bassam was left to Arthur Verdier, a shipper from Marseille who was named a resident minister when the Ivory Coast was established in 1878.

In 1885, France and Germany brought the European powers with interests in Africa together at the Berlin Conference. The conference helped rationalize what became known as the European scramble for Africa. Prince Otto von Bismarck also wanted a greater role in Africa for Germany, which he thought he could achieve in part by fostering competition between France and Britain. The agreement signed by all conference participants in 1885 stipulated that on the African coastline, only European annexations or spheres of influence that involved effective occupation by Europeans would be recognized. Another agreement in 1890 extended this rule to the interior of Africa and resulted in a rush for territory by France, Britain, Portugal, and Belgium.

Establishment of French rule
To support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior in 1886. In 1887, Lieutenant Louis Gustave Binger began a two-year journey across Ivory Coast's interior. By the end of his journey, Binger had secured four treaties that established French protectorates in Ivory Coast. Also in 1887, Verdier's agent, Marcel Treich-Laplène, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from the headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Ivory Coast.

By the end of the 1880s, France had established effective control over the coastal regions of Ivory Coast and Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area in 1889. France named Treich-Laplène the titular governor of the territory in 1889. In 1893, Ivory Coast was made a French colony; agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 when the French government wanted to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast for economic and administrative reasons. Throughout the process of partition, the Africans were little concerned with the occasional European who came wandering by. Many local rulers of small, isolated communities did not understand or, more often, were misled by the French about the significance of treaties that compromised their authority. However, other local leaders thought that the French could solve economic problems or become allies in the event of a dispute with belligerent neighbors. In the end, the loss of sovereignty by the local rulers was often the result of their inability to counter French deception and military force, rather than a result of support for French encroachment.

French colonial era

Côte d'Ivoire officially became a French colony on 10 March 1893. Louis Gustave Binger who had explored the Gold Coast frontier, was named the first governor. He negotiated boundary treaties with Liberia and Britain (for the Gold Coast). Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents went inland to establish new posts. The French settlements encountered resistance from locals, even in areas with treaties of protection. Samori Touré offered the greatest resistance; he had established the Wassoulou Empire over large parts of present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast starting in 1878. Tourés large, well-equipped army could manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracting strong support throughout the region. Binger responded to Touré's expansion of regional control with military pressure, resulting in fierce resistance. The French campaigns against the Wassoulou intensified in the mid-1890s until they captured Touré in 1898.

In 1900, France imposed a head tax for a public works program in the colony, provoking several revolts. The public works programs and the related exploitation of natural resources required a huge workforce. The French imposed a system of forced labor, requiring each adult male Ivorian to work ten days each year without compensation as an obligation to the state. This system was subject to extreme misuse and was the most hated aspect of French colonial rule by the Africans. Because the population of Ivory Coast was insufficient to meet the labor demands of French-held plantations and forests, the greatest users of labor in French West Africa, the French recruited large numbers of workers from Upper Volta to Ivory Coast. The forced labor was not only disadvantageous to the men forced to work but also to the Ivorian farmers as well. As farming gained importance to the economic growth of Ivory Coast, European and African farmers alike worked diligently to enlarge their businesses. This inherently caused a need for more workers, a need far greater than the number of workers available. During this time, amidst World War II, the French government systematically gave worker preference to the European farmers and made the African farmers find voluntary workers locally or close up shop entirely. These systemic injustices caused great strife between the African working class as they were growing further apart from their European counterparts and had little to no say in the matter as none of them were recognized, French citizens. This labor source was so important to the economic life of Ivory Coast that in 1932 the AOF annexed a large part of Upper Volta to Ivory Coast and administered it as a single colony. Many Ivorians viewed the head tax as a violation of the terms of the protectorate treaties because it seemed that France was now demanding a coutume or payment from the local kings rather than the reverse. Much of the population, especially in the interior, considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission.

From 1904 to 1958, Ivory Coast was a constituent unit of the Federation of French West Africa. It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic. Until the period following World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast were officially French subjects without rights to representation in Africa or France. In 1905, the French officially abolished slavery in most of French West Africa.

In 1908, Gabriel Angoulvant was appointed governor of Ivory Coast. Angoulvant had little prior experience in Africa but believed that the development of Ivory Coast could proceed only after the forceful conquest, or so-called pacification, of the colony. He sent military expeditions into the hinterland to quell resistance. As a result of these expeditions, local rulers were compelled to obey existing antislavery laws, supply porters and food to the French forces, and ensure the protection of French trade and personnel. In return, the French agreed to leave local customs intact and specifically promised not to intervene in the selection of rulers. However, the French often disregarded their side of the agreement, deporting or interning rulers seen as instigators of revolt. They also regrouped villages and established a uniform administration throughout most of the colony. Finally, they replaced the coutume system with an allowance based on performance.

French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association. Assimilation presupposed the inherent superiority of French culture over all others; the assimilation policy in the colony meant the extension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs. The policy of association not only affirmed the superiority of the French but also entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the colonized. Under this policy, the Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests. An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between the French and the Africans.

Assimilation was practiced in Ivory Coast to the extent that a small number of Westernised Ivorians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship after 1930. However, most Ivorians were classified as French subjects with no political rights under the principle of association. Moreover, they were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and on public projects as part of their tax responsibility. They were also expected to serve in the military and were subject to the indigénat, a separate system of laws for Africans.

In World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943, when members of General Charles De Gaulle's provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa. The Brazzaville conference in 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War II led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labor were abolished. A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956 Overseas Reform Act or Loi-cadre Defferre, which transferred several powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and also removed remaining voting inequalities.

Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Ivory Coast, using a system of direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivorian participation in policymaking. The French colonial administration also adopted divide-and-rule policies, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite. The French were interested in ensuring that the small but influential elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to refrain from any anti-French sentiment. Although strongly opposed to the practices of association, educated Ivorians believed that they would achieve equality with their French peers through assimilation rather than through complete independence from France, a change that would eliminate the enormous economic advantages of remaining a French possession. After postwar reforms, the Ivorian leaders realized that assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivorians and that discrimination and inequality would end only with independence.

Independence
As early as 1944, Charles de Gaulle proposed to change France's politics and take "the road of a new era." In 1946, the French Empire was converted into the French Union which was superseded by the French Community in 1958. In December 1958, Ivory Coast became an autonomous republic within the French Community as a result of a referendum on 7 August that brought community status to all members of the old Federation of French West Africa (except Guinea, which had voted against the association). On 11 July 1960, France agreed to Ivory Coast becoming fully independent. Ivory Coast became independent on 7 August 1960, and permitted its community members to lapse. It established the commercial city Abidjan as its capital.

Ivory Coast's contemporary political history is closely associated with the career of Félix Houphouët-Boigny, president of the republic and leader of the Democratic Party of Ivory Coast (PDCI) until his death on 7 December 1993. He was one of the founders of the Rassemblement Démocratique Africain (RDA), the leading pre-independence inter-territorial political party for all of the French West African territories except Mauritania.

Houphouët-Boigny first came to political prominence in 1944 as the founder of the African Agricultural Union, an organization that won improved conditions for African farmers and formed a nucleus for the PDCI. After World War II, he was elected by a narrow margin to the first Constituent Assembly. Representing Ivory Coast in the French National Assembly from 1946 to 1959, he devoted much of his effort to inter-territorial political organization and further amelioration of labor conditions. After his thirteen years in the French National Assembly, including almost three years as a minister in the French Government, he became Ivory Coast's first prime minister in April 1959, and the following year was elected its first president.

In May 1959, Houphouët-Boigny reinforced his position as a dominant figure in West Africa by leading Ivory Coast, Niger, Upper Volta (Burkina Faso), and Dahomey (Benin) into the Council of the Entente, a regional organization promoting economic development. He maintained that the road to African solidarity was through step-by-step economic and political cooperation, recognizing the principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of other African states.

Houphouët-Boigny was considerably more conservative than most African leaders of the post-colonial period, maintaining close ties to the West and rejecting the leftist and anti-western stance of many leaders at the time. This contributed to the country's economic and political stability. The first multiparty presidential elections were held in October 1990 and Houphouët-Boigny won convincingly. He died on 7 December 1993.

After Houphouët-Boigny
Houphouët-Boigny was succeeded by his deputy Henri Konan Bédié, President of the Parliament. Konan Bédié was 24 December 1999, during the 1999 Ivorian coup d'état by General Robert Guéï, a former army commander who was dismissed by Bédié. This was the first coup d'état in the history of Ivory Coast. An economic downturn followed and the junta promised to return the country to democratic rule in 2000.

Guéï allowed elections to be held the following year. When he lost the election to Laurent Gbagbo, Gué at first refused to accept his defeat. However, street protests forced him to step down, and Gbagbo became president on 26 October 2000.

First Civil War
On 19 September 2002, a rebellion in the north and the west of Ivory Coast flared up and the country was divided into three parts. Mass murders occurred, notably in Abidjan from 25 to 27 March, when government forces killed more than 200 protesters, and on 20 and 21 June in Bouaké and Korhogo, where purges led to the execution of more than 100 people. In 2002, France sent troops to Ivory Coast as peacekeepers. A reconciliation process under international auspices started in 2003. In February 2004, the United Nations established the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI)

Disarmament was supposed to take place on 15 October 2004, but was a failure. Tensions between Ivory Coast and France increased on 6 November 2004, after Ivorian air strikes killed 9 French peacekeepers and an aid worker. In response, French forces attacked the airport at Yamoussoukro, destroying all airplanes in the Ivorian Air Force. Violent protests erupted in both Abidjan and Yamoussoukro and were marked by violence between Ivorians and French peacekeepers. Thousands of foreigners, especially French nationals, evacuated the two cities. Most of the fighting ended by late 2004, with the country, split between a rebel-held north under the leadership of Guillaume Soro and a government-held south under the leadership of Laurent Gbagbo.

Under this system, the quality of life dropped overall, with an increase in debt and civil unrest. To answer these problems, the concept of "ivoirité" was born, a racist term targeted denying political and economic rights to the Northern immigrants. In March 2007 the two sides signed an agreement to hold fresh elections. However, the elections were delayed until 2010, five years after Gbagbo's term of office expired.

Second Civil War
After northern candidate Alassane Ouattara was declared the victor of the 2010 Ivorian presidential election by the country's Independent Electoral Commission (CEI), the President of the Constitutional Council and an ally of Gbagbo, declared the results to be invalid and that Gbagbo was the winner. Both Gbagbo and Ouattara claimed victory and took the presidential oath of office. The international community, including the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the European Union, the United States, and former colonial power France affirmed their support for Ouattara and called for Gbagbo to step down. However, negotiations to resolve the dispute failed to achieve any satisfactory outcome. Hundreds of people died in escalating violence between pro-Gbagbo and pro-Ouattara partisans and at least a million people fled, mostly from Abidjan.

International organizations reported numerous instances of human rights violations by both sides, particularly in Duékoué. The United Nations and French forces took military action to protect their forces and civilians. Ouattara's forces arrested Gbagbo at his residence on 11 April 2011.

After the 2011 Civil War
Alassane Ouattara has ruled Ivory Coast since 2010, when he unseated his predecessor Laurent Gbagbo. Ouattara was re-elected in 2015 presidential election. In November 2020, he won a third term in the 2020 presidential election. His opponents boycotted the election, arguing that a third term was illegal. Ivory Coast's Constitutional Council formally ratified Ouattara's re-election to a third term in November 2020.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: History of Ivory Coast


text:
Gulf of Guinea

The Gulf of Guinea is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean from Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia. Null Island, defined as the intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude), is in the gulf.

Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny.

Name
“Guinea” is thought to have originated from a local name for an area in the region, although the specifics are disputed. Bovill (1995) gives a thorough description:

"The name Guinea is usually said to have been a corrupt form of the name Ghana, picked up by the Portuguese in the Maghrib. The present writer finds this unacceptable. The name Guinea has been in use both in the Maghrib and in Europe long before Prince Henry's time. For example, on a map dated about 1320 by the Genoese cartographer Giovanni di Carignano, who got his information about Africa from a fellow-countryman in Sijilmassa [ancient trading city in North Africa], we find Gunuia, and in the Catalan atlas of 1375 as Ginyia. A passage in Leo [Africanus] (vol. III, 822) points to Guinea having been a corrupt form of Jenne [2,000-year-old city in central Mali on Niger river], less famous than Ghana but nevertheless for many centuries famed in the Maghrib as a great market and a seat of learning. The relevant passage reads: 'The Kingdom of Ghinea . . . called by the merchants of our nation Gheneoa, by the natural inhabitants thereof Genni and by the Portugals and other people of Europe Ghinea.' But it seems more probable that Guinea derives from aguinaou, the Berber for Negro. Marrakech [city in southeastern Morocco] has a gate, built in the twelfth century, called the Bab Aguinaou, the Gate of the Negro (Delafosse, Haut-Sénégal-Niger, II, 277-278). The modern application of the name Guinea to the coast dates only from 1481. In that year the Portuguese built a fort, São Jorge da Mina (modern-day Elmina), on the Gold Coast region, and their king, John II, was permitted by the Pope [Sixtus II or Innocent VIII] to style himself Lord of Guinea, a title that survived until the recent extinction of the monarchy."

The name "Guinea" was also previously applied to the south coast of West Africa (north of the Gulf of Guinea), which became known as "Upper Guinea", and to the west coast of Southern Africa (to the east), which became known as "Lower Guinea".

Today, the word "Guinea" is found in the names of three countries in Africa (Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, and Equatorial Guinea), and in one country in Melanesia (Papua New Guinea).

Geography
The main river dispensing its waters in the gulf is the Niger River.

Different definitions of the geographic limits of the Gulf of Guinea are given; the International Hydrographic Organization defines the southwest extent of the Gulf of Guinea as "B line from Cap Lopez (-0.61667°N, 8.71667°W), in Gabon, northwestward to Ihléu Gago Coutinho (Ilhéu das Rôlas) (-0.01667°N, 6.53333°W); and thence a line from Ihléu Gago Coutinho northwestward to Cape Palmas (4.36667°N, -7.73333°W), in Liberia.

Islands in the Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea contains a number of islands, the largest of which are in a southwest-northeast chain, forming part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes.

Annobón, also known as Pagalu or Pigalua, is an island that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

Bobowasi Island is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of the Western Region of Ghana.

Bioko is an island off the Ambazonian region of Cameroon in the Gulf of Guinea under the sovereignty of Equatorial Guinea.

Corisco is an island belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico are two small islands belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

São Tomé and Príncipe (officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe) is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea that became independent from Portugal in 1975. It is located off the western equatorial coast of Africa and consists of two islands, São Tomé and Príncipe. They are located about 140 km apart and about 250 and 225 km, respectively, off the northwestern coast of Gabon. Both islands are part of an extinct volcanic mountain range. São Tomé, the sizeable southern island, is situated just north of the Equator.

Maritime security
Maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea consists of 18 sovereign states. Where most of the maritime security issues in the Gulf of Guinea have terrible consequences for the shipping industry.

Multiple institutional mandates address maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea: the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). Additionally, maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea is also addressed by the Gulf of Guinea Commission (GGC).

There has been a 60% population growth in the Gulf of Guinea since 2000, which consequently leads people to resort to hijacking, kidnapping, robberies and more due to food shortages.

Climate change has become a huge problem in the Gulf of Guinea and as a consequence has different Maritime security issues become more pressing. These maritime security crimes are characterized not only by piracy but by a myriad of maritime crimes despite piracy often dominating the conversation on maritime security. The other notable crimes in the Gulf of Guinea are illegal fishing, kidnapping for ransom, drug trafficking and oil-bunkering. Illegal oil-bunkering consists of the attacking of vessels transporting oil and transferring the oil to the thieves’ own vessel, after which the oil is sold in local and international markets. Illegal oil bunkering at sea is mainly prevalent in the Nigerian waters.

Kidnapping for ransom is also one of the most prevalent maritime crimes in the region. Between 2018 and 2019, the number of crew members that were kidnapped in the Gulf of Guinea increased by 50%, leading the region to account for 90% of global kidnappings at sea. About 92% of the hostage-taking and 73% of kidnappings happening in and around Africa are happening in the Gulf of Guinea. There is also a large issue of drug trafficking in the Gulf of Guinea and the region has over the last few years become a haven for drug trafficking mainly from South America into Europe.

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing (IUU)
IUU fishing also known as Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing has become a severe problem in the Gulf of Guinea. In 2000 were there reports of 212,800 tons of fish caught and in 2012 has this number increased by 9 percent to 232,200 tons. IUU consequently creates spillover problems to the social, economic and environmental life in the Gulf of Guinea. It presents a direct threat to the national security of the coastal states in the Gulf of Guinea. IUU has been linked to multiple issues and forms of organized crime. Some of these crimes are arms trafficking, drug smuggling, forced labor, piracy and more.

IUU depletes fish stocks in the area and causes issues for fishermen and the local population's food security. One of the main issues of IUU is that a lot of the fish that is caught in the Gulf of Guinea is fish that is unreported when caught. This causes overfishing and overfishing causes depleting fisheries all around the region. IUU fishing also becomes a severe issue in the region because it allows fishermen to fish in vessels that are not nationally regulated or managed. Furthermore, can these vessels threaten people's human security due to poor working conditions and poorly regulated boats. Many of the IUU fishing boats are old, rusty and often in poor condition.

Both small-scale and large-scale fisheries often do illegal fishing in the Gulf of Guinea In the Gulf of Guinea can we see severe blue crime spillover effects of IUU through both piracy and human trafficking. Economic activity in the Gulf of Guinea has given rise to maritime piracy in the region. It is evident that in the Gulf of Guinea is there more piracy, forced labor and human trafficking as a consequence of IUU fishing, depleting fish stock and large competition of resources and food.

Further Blue Crime Consequences of IUU
There have been many reports of forced labor at sea in the Gulf of Guinea on illegal fishing boats. The EJF reports that through their studies they found that some fishermen and immigrant workers have been forced to work on fishing boats in the Gulf of Guinea for months at a time without access to land. Some of these workers were deployed to sea each day in canoes and in the night where they were forced to return to the mother ship to unload fish. Many illegal fishing boats have operated like such for many years and the workers are often contracted for two years at a time, with no chance to visit home or at times even land in general.

Many workers are paid in boxes of what the EJF called “trash fish" -caught as by-catch- and then the way they would earn money was to further sell this fish. Other reports of forced labor on illegal fishing boats report poor and non-existent safety equipment. Little to no hygiene standards, poor accommodation standards, and very little food.

Even though piracy in the gulf of Guinea has dropped since its peak in 2020, is it still a pressing issue in the region. Many pirate groups in the Gulf of Guinea often recruit unemployed and underemployed fishermen. This has become highly lucrative due to poor wages and little to no money going around. Often have these local fishermen been lured into the prospect of quick easy money and as a result sold their fishing boats to other pirates in the Gulf. Depliting fishing stocks encourages fishermen to engage in piracy and more violence in the region is occurring.

title: Gulf of Guinea


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Volta River

The Volta River (Asuo Firaw, Amuga) is the main river system in the West African country of Ghana. It flows south into Ghana from the Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of Burkina Faso. The main parts of the river are the Black Volta, the White Volta, and the Red Volta. In the northwest, the Black Volta forms the international borders between the Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Burkina Faso. The Volta flows southward along the Akwapim-Togoland highlands, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada Foah. One of its smaller tributaries, the Oti River, enters Ghana from Togo in the east. The Volta River has been dammed at Akosombo for generating hydroelectricity. The reservoir named Lake Volta stretches from Akosombo Dam in the south to the northern part of the country, and is the largest man-made reservoir by area in the world.

The country of Burkina Faso was formerly called Upper Volta, after the river.

The reservoir
Lake Volta is a reservoir impounded by the Akosombo Dam on the lower Volta River in southern Ghana. It is one of the largest reservoirs in the world. It extends from the Akosombo Dam in southeastern Ghana to the town of Yapei in the Central Gonja District, Northern Region of Ghana, some 400 km to the north.

The dam's power plant generates electricity for the Volta River Authority, and the reservoir also provides water transport routes. It is a resource for irrigation and fish farming.

The depth of the river is about 45 ft below Lake Volta. The Volta River is crossed by the Adome Bridge just below the Akosombo Dam.

History
The Akwamu people who once built a kingdom in both east and west banks of the river spanning present day Ghana, Togo and Benin call it Firaw. They have a deity dedicated to the river named Mfodwo.

The Volta River was named by Portuguese gold traders in Ghana. It was their farthest extent of exploration before returning (volta is Portuguese for "twist" or "turn"). "River of return" (perhaps because it was where ships turned around and headed for home) or “river of the bend”, in reference to its curved course.

title: Volta River


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Marty (The Philco Television Playhouse)

"Marty" is a 1953 television play by Paddy Chayefsky. It was telecast live May 24, 1953, on The Philco Television Playhouse with Rod Steiger in the title role and Nancy Marchand, in her television debut, playing opposite him as Clara. Chayefsky's story of a decent, hard-working Bronx butcher, pining for the company of a woman in his life but despairing of ever finding true love in a relationship, was produced by Fred Coe with associate producer Gordon Duff.

The teleplay was adapted into the feature film Marty starring Ernest Borgnine in 1955. It was directed by Delbert Mann and written by Chayefsky.

Development
In his collected Television Plays (1955), Chayefsky recalled:
 * I set out in Marty to write a love story, the most ordinary love story in the world. I didn't want my hero to be handsome, and I didn't want the girl to be pretty. I wanted to write a love story the way it would literally have happened to the kind of people I know... The actor who played Marty, Rod Steiger, is one of the most gifted young actors in the theater, and I owe him a genuine debt of gratitude for all that he contributed to this show.

The story originated by chance when Delbert Mann and Chayefsky were rehearsing The Reluctant Citizen in the old Abbey Hotel's ballroom on West 51st Street, which was also used for Friday night meetings of the Friendship Club. After Chayefsky wandered around and spotted a sign which read, "Girls, Dance With the Man Who Asks You. Remember, Men Have Feelings, Too", he told Mann he thought there was a play possibility about a young woman in that type of setting. Speaking to Mann later that day, he told him that such a drama could work better with a man as the central character rather than a woman. Mann told him to go talk to Fred Coe, which Chayefsky did. He pitched the idea by simply saying, "I want to do a play about a guy who goes to a ballroom." Coe told him to start writing it.

As Chayefsky was in the middle of writing the script (at this point entitled "Love Story"), Coe and Mann unexpectedly rejected another script that was scheduled for production. Coe then called Chayefsky to ask him how the "Love Story" script was going, hoping that it could be put into production immediately. At that point, Chayefsky was partway through act 2, and thought he could have it finished in a few weeks, but after talking with Coe he agreed to turn around material in only a few days.

The piece was cast and rehearsals got underway with only acts 1 & 2 having been delivered. Chayefsky delivered Act 3 one day later than expected, but still in time to give the cast and crew several days of rehearsal with the complete teleplay.

Chayefsky's original title "Love Story" was deemed unacceptable by NBC, who requested the title be changed. Chayefsky's alternative title of "Marty" was used instead.

Reception
Tony Schwartz reviewed the television production in The New York Times: "It's the stark, simple portrait of a gentle, lonely man, played by Rod Steiger, who lives with his mother, works as a butcher and longs for a loving relationship as he heads toward middle age. "I'm 36 years old and I've been lookin' for a girl every Saturday night of my life," he tells his best friend. "I'm a fat little ugly guy and girls don't go for me, that's all." It's just that sort of unfettered sentiment that gives the drama such powerful resonance. The story centers mostly on a single Saturday night in Marty's life. After despairing about how to spend it, and then suffering another humiliating rejection when he calls a girl to ask her out, Marty finally decides to attend a lonely hearts social at the Waverly Ballroom. There he meets a girl (Nancy Marchand) who has just been ditched by her blind date—a slick fellow who offers Marty "five bucks if you take this dog home for me". Marty approaches her, and in their mutual misery they find a bond. She rejects his first fumbling attempt to kiss her, but mostly in an effort not to seem overeager. Even in the afterglow of a wonderful evening, Marty is subjected the next day to ridicule from his friends, who insist that the girl is a homely loser not worth pursuing. The story hinges on whether he'll follow their advice or follow his own instincts to see her again. The drama is most convincing when it sticks with Marty—and much less so when it drifts off into a stilted subplot about his mother's attempts to convince a sister to move into their household. Because the whole play is less than an hour long (a subsequent film version of the play ran 90 minutes), the second story simply gets in the way."

The acclaimed television drama was honored a decade later when the kinescope of the production was selected for showing at the Museum of Modern Art on February 17–20, 1963, as part of Television USA: Thirteen Seasons, described by MoMA Film Library curator Richard Griffith as "a grand retrospective of the best that has been done in American television."

It was released on VHS by Wood Knapp Video.

The original 1953 telecast is commercially available as part of a three-DVD set, "The Golden Age of Television" (Criterion Collection), a series which aired on PBS in 1981 with Eva Marie Saint as the host of Marty. It features interviews with Steiger, Marchand and Mann.

Only Esther Minciotti, Augusta Ciolli and Joe Mantell repeated their 1953 TV drama roles in the 1955 film adaptation.

title: Marty (The Philco Television Playhouse)


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DATR

DATR is a language for lexical knowledge representation. The lexical knowledge is encoded in a network of nodes. Each node has a set of attributes encoded with it. A node can represent a word or a word form.

DATR was developed in the late 1980s by Roger Evans, Gerald Gazdar and Bill Keller, and used extensively in the 1990s; the standard specification is contained in the Evans and Gazdar RFC, available on the Sussex website (below). DATR has been implemented in a variety of programming languages, and several implementations are available on the internet, including an RFC compliant implementation at the Bielefeld website (below).

DATR is still used for encoding inheritance networks in various linguistic and non-linguistic domains and is under discussion as a standard notation for the representation of lexical information.

title: DATR


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Jig

The jig (port, port-cruinn) is a form of lively folk dance in compound metre, as well as the accompanying dance tune. It first gained popularity in 16th-century England, Ireland, Scotland, and other parts of the British Isles, and was adopted on mainland Europe where it eventually became the final movement of the mature Baroque dance suite (the French gigue; Italian and Spanish giga). Today it is most associated with Irish dance music, Scottish country dance and the Métis people in Canada. Jigs were originally in quadruple compound metre, (e.g., time), but have been adapted to a variety of time signatures, by which they are often classified into groups, including double jigs, slip jigs  and single jigs.

Origins

The term jig was probably derived from the French giguer, meaning ‘to jump’ or the Italian giga. The use of “jig” in Irish dance derives from the Irish jigeánnai, itself borrowed from the Old English giga meaning ‘old dance’. It was known as a dance in 16th-century England, often in time, and the term was used for a post-play entertainment featuring dance in early modern England, but which ‘probably employed a great variety of dances, solo (suitable for jigs), paired, round, country or courtly’; in Playford's Dancing Master (1651) ‘the dance game in “Kemps Jegg” is a typical scenario from a dramatic jig and it is likely that the combination of dance metre for steps and non-metrical passages for pantomime indicates how a solo or ensemble jig might have been danced by stage players.’ Later the dance began to be associated with music particularly in time, and with slip jigs  time.

Ireland and Scotland
During the middle of the 16th century the dance was adopted in Ireland and in the 17th century Scotland, where it was widely adapted, and the jig is now most often associated with these countries, especially Ireland. The jig is second in popularity only to the reel in traditional Irish dance; it is popular but somewhat less common in Scottish country dance music. It is transcribed in compound metre, being time. The most common structure of a jig is two eight-bar parts, performing two different steps, each once on the right foot, and one on the left foot. As with most other types of dance tunes in Irish music, at a session or a dance it is common for two or more jigs to be strung together in a set, flowing on without interruption.

In Irish step dance
The following distinction is primarily observed in modern competitive Irish dance and should not be confused with the general notion of how the jigs are played and classified among traditional Irish musicians.

Light jigs

A light jig is the second-fastest of all jigs. The performer's feet rarely leave the ground for long, as the step is fast, typically performed at a speed around 116 at feiseanna. There are several light jig steps, varying with each dance school, but the rising step, or the rise and grind, is standard in almost all light jigs. The right side version of the rising step is performed by putting weight on the left foot, lifting the right foot off the ground then hopping on the left foot once. Hop on the left foot again, bringing the right foot back behind the left foot and then shift the weight onto the right foot, leaving the left foot in the air. Dancers use the phrase "hop, hop back" for these three movements, and there is a slight pause between the hop, and hop back. The next movement is a hop on the right foot. Then shift the weight, left-right-left-right. The phrase for this whole movement is: "hop, hop back, hop back 2-3." To do the step on the left foot, reverse the left and right directions.

Slip jigs
Slip jigs are in time. Because of the longer measures, they are longer than the reel and the light jig, with the same number of bars to the music. The dance is performed high on the toes, and is often considered the "ballet of Irish dance" because of its graceful movements that seem to slip the performers across the floor. Slip jigs are performed at a speed of 113 bpm at feiseanna.

Single and double jigs
Single jigs should not be confused with slides; they are the least common of the jigs, performed in ghillies, in a or less commonly a  time. Musically, the single jig tends to follow the pattern of a quarter note followed by an eighth note (twice per bar), whereas the pattern for the double jig is three eighth notes twice per  bar.

Hop jigs
Hop jigs are the fastest of all jigs next to light jigs, but the term hop jig causes some confusion, as some people use it for a single jig, while others use this term to refer to a tune in time.

Among the latter, some do not distinguish it from a slip jig, while some reserve the term to a slip jig variant that has special characteristics, in particular an emphasis on quarter note–eighth note pairs.

Treble jigs
Treble jigs (also called the hard or heavy jig) are performed in hard shoes, and also to a time metre. They are characterized by stomps, trebles, and clicks. Many set dances are performed in treble jig time, a few being Drunken Gauger, Blackthorn Stick, The Three Sea Captains, and St Patrick's Day. Two types of treble jigs are performed at feiseanna: the traditional and non-traditional (slow) treble jigs. Beginners will do a treble jig at traditional speed (92 bpm), while more advanced dancers will dance the non-traditional (slow) treble jig at 72 bpm.

Straight and sand jigs
In 19th-century America, the jig was the name adopted for a form of step dancing developed by enslaved African-Americans and later adopted by minstrel show performers. Danced to five-string banjo or fiddle tunes in or  metre played at schottische tempo, the minstrel jig (also called the "straight jig" to distinguish it from Irish dances) was characterized by syncopated rhythm and eccentric movements. Jig dancers employed a repertoire of "hits" on the heel or toe, ""hops" on one foot, "springs" off both feet as well as various slides and shuffles. The most famous early jig dancer was Master Juba, an African-American who inspired a host of white imitators, many of whom performed in blackface. John Diamond, an Irish-American who competed with Master Juba in a series of "challenge dances," was among the most prominent of these white minstrel jig dancers. Minstrel jigs, as well as clogs and breakdowns, were crucial to the evolution of 20th-century tap and soft-shoe dancing.

A variant of the straight jig was the "sand jig" or "sand dance," performed as a series of shuffles and slides on a sand-strewn stage. The most prominent sand jiggers of the 19th century were two women, both born in New York in 1855: Buffalo native Kitty O'Neil and her Manhattan-born rival Kitty Sharpe. Sand dancing was a staple of minstrelsy, variety and vaudeville, and was kept alive in later decades largely by African-American tap dancers, including John Bubbles, Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, Sammy Davis Jr., Harriet Browne and, most prominently, Howard "Sandman" Sims.

title: Jig


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Estrid of the Obotrites

Estrid of the Obotrites (c. 979 – 1035) was Queen of Sweden in the Viking age, a West Slavic princess married to Olof Skötkonung, King of Sweden c. 1000–1022. She was the mother of King Anund Jacob of Sweden and the Kievan Rus' saint and grand princess Ingegerd Olofsdotter.

Biography
Legend says that Estrid was possibly taken back to Sweden from a war in the West Slavic area of Mecklenburg, potentially as a war-prize. She was most likely given by her father, a tribal chief of the Polabian Obotrites, as a peace offering in a marriage to seal the peace, and she is thought to have brought with her a great dowry, as a great Slavic influence is represented in Sweden from her time, mainly among craftsmen.

Her husband also had a mistress, Edla, who came from the same area in Europe as herself, and who was possibly taken to Sweden at the same time. The king treated Edla and Estrid the same way and gave his son and his two daughters with Edla the same privileges as the children he had with Estrid, though it was Estrid he married and made queen.

Queen Estrid was baptised with her husband, their children and large numbers of the Swedish royal court in 1008, when the Swedish royal family converted to Christianity, although the king promised to respect the freedom of religion - Sweden was not to be Christian until the last religious war between Inge the Elder and Blot-Sweyn of 1084–1088.

Snorre Sturlasson wrote about her, that Estrid was unkind to the children (Emund, Astrid and Holmfrid) of her husband's mistress Edla;
 * " Queen Estrid was arrogant and not kind towards her stepchildren, and therefore the king sent his son Emund to Vendland, where he was brought up by his maternal relatives".

Not much more is known of Estrid as a person. Snorre Sturlasson mentions her as a lover of pomp and luxury, and as hard and strict towards her servants.

Children

 * Ingegerd Olofsdotter (c. 1001-1054), Grand Princess of Kiev, in Kievan Rus' called Anna, married Yaroslav I the Wise, prince of Novgorod and Kiev.
 * Anund Jacob (c. 1010-1050), king of Sweden, succeeded Olof as king in c. 1022.

title: Estrid of the Obotrites