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Starship

A starship, starcraft, or interstellar spacecraft is a theoretical spacecraft designed for traveling between planetary systems. The term is mostly found in science fiction. Reference to a "star-ship" appears as early as 1882 in Oahspe: A New Bible.

While NASA's Voyager and Pioneer probes have traveled into local interstellar space, the purpose of these uncrewed craft was specifically interplanetary, and they are not predicted to reach another star system; Voyager 1 probe and Gliese 445 will pass one another within 1.6 light years in about 40,000 years. Several preliminary designs for starships have been undertaken through exploratory engineering, using feasibility studies with modern technology or technology thought likely to be available in the near future.

In April 2016, scientists announced Breakthrough Starshot, a Breakthrough Initiatives program, to develop a proof-of-concept fleet of small centimeter-sized light sail spacecraft named StarChip, capable of making the journey to Alpha Centauri, the nearest star system, at speeds of 20% and 15% of the speed of light, taking between 20 and 30 years to reach the star system, respectively, and about 4 years to notify Earth of a successful arrival.

Research
To travel between stars in a reasonable time using rocket-like technology requires very high effective exhaust velocity jet and enormous energy to power this, such as might be provided by fusion power or antimatter.

There are very few scientific studies that investigate the issues in building a starship. Some examples of this include:

 * Project Orion (1958–1965), mostly crewed interplanetary spacecraft
 * Project Daedalus (1973–1978), uncrewed interstellar probe
 * Project Longshot (1987–1988), uncrewed interstellar probe
 * Project Icarus (2009–2014), uncrewed interstellar probe
 * Hundred-Year Starship (2011), crewed interstellar craft

The Bussard ramjet is an idea to use nuclear fusion of interstellar gas to provide propulsion.

Examined in an October 1973 issue of Analog, the Enzmann Starship proposed using a 12,000-ton ball of frozen deuterium to power pulse propulsion units. Twice as long as the Empire State Building is tall and assembled in-orbit, the proposed spacecraft would be part of a larger project preceded by interstellar probes and telescopic observation of target star systems.

The NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program (1996–2002) was a professional scientific study examining advanced spacecraft propulsion systems.

Fictional types
A common science-fiction device is to posit a faster-than-light propulsion system (such as warp drive) or travel through hyperspace, although some posit starships as outfitted for centuries-long journeys of slower-than-light travel. Other designs posit a way to boost the ship to near-lightspeed, allowing relatively "quick" travel (i.e. decades, not centuries) to nearer stars. This results in a general categorization of the kinds of starships:

 * Sleeper: Starships that place their occupants into Cryostasis or Temporal Stasis during a long trip. This includes cryonics-based systems that freeze passengers for the duration of the journey. This is a common trope in science fiction, with some notable examples including "To Sleep in a Sea of Stars" by Christopher Paolini and Edward Bellamy's "Looking Backward"
 * Generation: Ships in which the destination would be reached by descendants of the original passengers. These ships would necessarily be self-sustaining and self-maintaining for possibly thousands of years. Notable examples of this in fiction are the Godspeed in Beth Revis' "Across the Universe" (and subsequent sequels), as well as the Vanguard from Robert A. Heinlein's "Orphans of the Sky"
 * Relativistic: Ships that function by taking advantage of time dilation at close-to-light-speeds, so long trips will seem much shorter (but still take the same amount of time for outside observers).
 * Frame Shift: Ships that take advantage of the fact that certain dimensions are less "folded" than others, to allow shorter travel by shifting one's frame of reference into a higher, more flat dimension to cut down on travel time. Generally this results in speeds close to (but importantly, not greater than) Light speed.
 * Faster-than-light (FTL): A ship that functions by reaching a destination faster than the speed of light (using inter-dimensional shortcuts or wormholes). According to the theory of relativity, faster-than-light travel is impossible.

Theoretical possibilities
The Alcubierre drive is a speculative warp drive conjectured by Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre in a 1994 paper which has not been peer-reviewed. The paper suggests that space itself could be topographically warped to create a local region of spacetime wherein the region ahead of the "warp bubble" is compressed, allowed to resume normalcy within the bubble, and then rapidly expanded behind the bubble creating an effect that results in apparent FTL travel, all in a manner consistent with the Einstein field equations of general relativity and without the introduction of wormholes. However, the actual construction of such a drive would face other serious theoretical difficulties.

Fictional examples
There are widely known vessels in various science fiction franchises. The most prominent cultural use and one of the earliest common uses of the term starship was in Star Trek: The Original Series.

Individual ships
(This list is not exhaustive.)
 * Axiom (WALL-E)
 * Battlestar Galactica (Battlestar Galactica)
 * High Charity (Halo Series)
 * Hyperion (StarCraft)
 * Jupiter 2 (Lost In Space)
 * Long Shot (Ringworld)
 * Moya (Farscape)
 * NSEA Protector (Galaxy Quest)
 * SDF-1 Macross (The Super Dimension Fortress Macross)
 * SSV Normandy (Mass Effect)
 * UNSC Infinity (Halo Series)
 * USG Ishimura (Dead Space)
 * Yamato (Space Battleship Yamato/Star Blazers)

Groups of ships

 * Spacecraft in Star Trek
 * USS Defiant (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)
 * USS Discovery
 * USS Enterprise (various)
 * USS Voyager (Star Trek: Voyager)
 * Klingon starships
 * Star Wars starships
 * Millennium Falcon
 * Star Destroyers
 * The Reapers (Mass Effect)

title: Starship


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Languages in Star Wars

The Star Wars space opera universe, created by George Lucas, features some dialogue spoken in fictional languages. The lingua franca of the franchise is known in-universe as "Galactic Basic", used to refer to the language of the film or work itself, be it English or a language that the work was dubbed or translated into.

Characters often speak languages other than Basic, notably Shyriiwook spoken by Chewbacca and other Wookiees, droidspeak spoken by R2-D2 and BB-8, Ewokese spoken by Ewoks, and Huttese spoken by Jabba the Hutt. None of these names appear in the Star Wars films themselves.

The fictional languages were approached as sound design and developed largely by Ben Burtt, sound designer for both the original and prequel trilogy of films. He created alien dialogue out of the sounds of primarily non-English languages, such as Quechua, Haya, and Tibetan. This methodology was also used in The Force Awakens by Sara Forsberg. Lucas also insisted that written text throughout the films look as dissimilar from the English alphabet as possible, and constructed alphabets were developed.

Critics contend the languages constructed for the films compared unfavorably with the true constructed languages found in some other fictional works. The usage of heavily accented English for extraterrestrials characters was also criticized as contributing to the suggestion of racial stereotypes.

Development
Language development was approached as sound design and was handled by Ben Burtt, sound designer for both the original and prequel trilogies. He created the alien dialogue out of existing non-English language phrases and their sounds, such as Quechua for Greedo in the original Star Wars film and Haya for the character Nien Nunb in Return of the Jedi. He also used English, as in the original Star Wars where he synthesized originally English dialogue from a Western film until it sounded alien. Burtt said of the process: "It usually meant doing some research and finding an existing language or several languages which were exotic and interesting, something that our audience — 99 percent of them — would never understand."

This methodology to create the sound of alien languages was carried into production of The Force Awakens. Director J. J. Abrams asked Sara Forsberg, who lacked a professional background in linguistics but created the viral video series "What Languages Sound Like to Foreigners" on YouTube, to develop alien dialogue spoken by Indonesian actor Yayan Ruhian. Forsberg was asked to listen to "Euro-Asian languages", and she drew from Gujarati, Hindi, and other Asian languages as well as Indonesian and Sundanese, Ruhian's native language. She also listened to languages she did not understand to better structure the words and sentences to sound believable.

During production of the prequel trilogy, Lucas insisted that written text throughout the films look as dissimilar from the English alphabet as possible and strongly opposed English-looking characters in screens and signage. In developing typefaces for use in Episode II – Attack of the Clones, including Mandalorian and Geonosian scripts, graphic artist Philip Metschan created alphabets that did not have twenty-six letters like the English alphabet.

Galactic Basic
Galactic Basic, often simply Basic, is the language of the work itself — in-universe, it is the lingua franca predominantly spoken by the inhabitants of the galaxy.

Accents
Lucas intended to balance American accents and British accents between the heroes and villains of the original film. He also strove to keep accents "very neutral", noting Alec Guinness's and Peter Cushing's mid-Atlantic accents. In critical commentary on Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Patricia Williams of The Nation felt there was a correlation between accent and social class, noting that Jedi speak with "crisp British accents" while the "graceful conquered women of the Naboo" and "white slaves" such as Anakin and Shmi Skywalker "speak with the brusque, determined innocence of middle-class Americans".

To decide on the sound of Nute Gunray, a Neimoidian character portrayed by Silas Carson, Lucas and Rick McCallum listened to actors from different countries reading Carson's lines. Eventually, they chose a heavily Thai-accented English, and Carson rerecorded the dialogue to mimic the Thai actor's accent. Gunray's accent was described by critics to be "Hollywood Oriental" that contributed to criticism of Gunray as an Asian stereotype. Watto's accent was similarly criticized as lending to anti-Semitic and anti-Arab connotations.

Non-standard Basic
Yoda characteristically speaks a non-standard syntax of Basic, primarily constructing sentences in object-subject-verb word order rare in natural languages. This sentence construction is cited as a "clever device for making him seem very alien" and characterizes his dialogue as "vaguely riddle-like, which adds to his mystique". This tendency is noted to be written for an English-speaking audience; the word order is retained in Estonian subtitles, where it is grammatical but unusual and emphatic, and Yoda's dialogue is in subject–object–verb word order in Czech dubs.

Gungan characters, notably Jar Jar Binks, speak in a heavily accented Basic dialect critics described as a "Caribbean-flavored pidgin", "a pidgin mush of West African, Caribbean and African-American linguistic styles", "very like Jamaican patois, albeit a notably reductive, even infantilized sort", and suggestive of stereotypical African-American culture. This was cited as a trait that led to criticism of the Gungan species as a racially offensive stereotype or caricature.

Aurebesh
Aurebesh is an alphabet used to represent spoken Galactic Basic (i.e. English) and is the most commonly seen form of written language in the Star Wars franchise; its letters correspond to each English letter, plus certain English digraphs.

The alphabet was based on shapes designed by Joe Johnston for the original trilogy, which are briefly featured in screen displays in Return of the Jedi. Johnston's design, called Star Wars 76, was used to create a font and again used in Attack of the Clones by Metschan, who incorporated the font alongside the later Aurebesh version used in the spin-off products.

In the early 1990s, Stephen Crane, art director at West End Games, became intrigued with the shapes as they appeared on the Death Star. He sought to develop them into an alphabet to be used in West End Games' licensed Star Wars products, primarily to allow players to render their characters' names, and received permission from Lucasfilm to do so as long as it was presented as one of many alphabets in the Star Wars galaxy, not the sole and exclusive alphabet. After copying the letters from screenshots by hand, he standardized the letters based on shapes similar to the Eurostile font. He named and assigned a value to each letter, and derived the name "Aurebesh" from the names of the first two letters: aurek and besh. Once Crane completed the alphabet, Lucasfilm requested a copy to distribute to other licensees.

In anticipation of the December 2015 release of The Force Awakens, Google Translate added a feature to render text into Aurebesh in November 2015, which was subsequently removed in February 2016.

Dathomiri
Archaic speech samples are found in The Clone Wars Season 3. Mother Talzin, a Witch of Dathomir associated with the Nightsisters, is found speaking Dathomiri while possessing Darth Maul on Dathomir.

In April 1994, the then unidentified language first appeared in Dave Wolverton's The Courtship of Princess Leia, the young Teneniel Djo unleashes a Spell of Storm on Luke Skywalker and Prince Isolder of Hapes. Through retroactive continuity, Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (a 1985 made-for-TV film) was the language's first real appearance. In this story, Charal – a witch later retconned as a Nightsister – was seen incanting spells over a crystal oscillator.

Binary
Binary is a language consisting of beeps and other synthesized sounds used by some droid characters, such as R2-D2, BB-9E and BB-8. Burtt created R2-D2's dialogue in the original Star Wars with an ARP 2600 analog synthesizer and by processing his own vocalizations via other effects. In The Force Awakens, BB-8's dialogue was created by manipulating the voices of Bill Hader and Ben Schwartz with a talkbox running through a sound effects application on an iPad. Although binary is generally unintelligible to the viewing audience, it appears to be understood by characters such as Luke Skywalker.

Ewokese
The Ewoks of the forest moon of Endor speak a "primitive dialect" of one of the more than six million other forms of communication that C-3PO is familiar with. Ben Burtt, Return of the Jedi’s sound designer, created the Ewok language, or Ewokese.

On Return of the Jedi DVD commentary track, Burtt identified the language that he heard in the BBC documentary as Kalmyk Oirat, a tongue spoken by the isolated nomadic Kalmyks. He describes how, after some research, he identified an 80-year-old Kalmyk refugee. He recorded her telling folk stories in her native language, and then used the recordings as a basis for sounds that became the Ewok language and were performed by voice actors who imitated the old woman's voice in different styles. For the scene in which C-3PO speaks Ewokese, actor Anthony Daniels worked with Burtt and invented words, based on the Kalmyk recordings. In a previous scene as C-3PO levitates, the Ewoks also spoke words (such as "look", "this", and "beautiful") of Tagalog.

Marcia Calkovsky of Lethbridge University holds that Tibetan language contributed to Ewok speech along with Kalmyk, starting the story from attempts to use language samples of Native Americans and later turning to nine Tibetan women living in San Francisco area, as well as one Kalmyk woman. The story behide these languages' choices is referenced in Burtt's 1989 telephone interview, and many of the used Tibetan phrases translated. The initial prayer Ewoks address to C-3PO is the beginning part of Tibetan Buddhist prayer for the benefit of all sentient beings and or brahmavihāras (or apramāṇas), there is also the second quarter of a refuge prayer. People of the Tibetan diaspora were puzzled as many phrases understood did not correlate to events on screen.

Rodian
In the original Star Wars film, Greedo speaks an unspecified alien language understood by Han Solo, it was later identified as Rodian. Bruce Mannheim described Greedo as speaking Southern Quechua in "morphologically well-formed" phrases with sentences ultimately meaningless. Allen Sonnefrank, a Quechua speaker and linguistic anthropology student at University of California, Berkeley, claimed Lucasfilm contacted him to record Quechua dialogue for the film. He was told the dialogue was to be played backward for the film, Sonnefrank refused to record the dialogue, feeling it to be a "potentially exploitative move best made by one whose first language was Quechua, if at all".

Huttese
A language based on the Quechuan languages, Huttese is a lingua franca in the Star Wars Universe. It is spoken by many groups and species. Nal Hutta, Nar Shaddaa, Tatooine and other worlds in and around Hutt Space. Hutter Space refers to the region of the galaxy under the Hutts' sphere of influence and therefore a region where Huttese is widely spoken. In the Star Wars Legends continuity, the area covers former Hutt Empire dominions.

It is spoken in the films by both non-humans (Jabba the Hutt, Watto, Sebulba and others) and humans. Notably The Max Rebo Band communicate and sing in Huttese. Many Huttese alphabets are featured through the franchise, most notably the Boonta alphabet and Nal Huttese. The one considered "canonical" by fans is one found on promotional Pizza Hut pizza boxes.

Jawaese and Jawa trade language
The Jawas, also found on Tatooine, speak in a high-pitched, squeaky voice. To speak to others of their species, along with speech, they emit a smell showing their emotions. When trading droids and dealing with non-Jawas, they speak without the smell because many consider the smell "foul". A famous exclamation in Jawaese is "Utinni!", as screamed by a Jawa to the others in A New Hope, shortly after blasting R2-D2.

Kenari language
The Kenari language spoken in the third episode of Andor is a blend of Portuguese, Spanish, and Magyar.

Mando'a
A written form of the Mandalorian language was developed by Metschan for the display screens of Jango Fett's ship Slave I in Attack of the Clones, and it was later reused in The Clone Wars and Rebels. Composer Jesse Harlin, needing lyrics for the choral work he wanted for the 2005 Republic Commando video game, invented a spoken form, intending it to be an ancient language. It was named "Mando'a" and extensively expanded by Karen Traviss, author of the Republic Commando novel series.

Mando'a is identified as a primarily spoken, agglutinative language lacking grammatical gender in nouns and pronouns. The language is also identified as lacking a passive voice, primarily speaking in an active voice. It is often vague and described as having three grammatical tenses (present, past, and future). Its speakers typically do not use the tenses other than the present. The language is described as having a mutually intelligible dialect called "Concordian" spoken on the planet Concord Dawn, as stated in Traviss's novels Order 66 and 501st, and a dialect spoken on Mandalore's moon Concordia is heard in "The Mandalore Plot", a season two episode of The Clone Wars.

Sith
The Sith language, intended to be spoken by Sith characters, was created by Ben Grossblatt for the Book of Sith, published in February 2012. Language development and a writing system began in November 2010. Grossblatt sought to create a pronounceable language that was not "cartoonish" and "would conform to the patterns of principles of [human] [sic] language". He felt that it needed to "feel martial and mystical" and be a "suitable, aesthetically-pleasing vehicle for communication". He intended the language's sound as "tough—but not barbarous" and as "convey[ing] a kind of confident, elegant cruelty". To achieve "formal, quasi-military" and "imposing, undeniable" qualities, he preferred closed syllables, creating brisk and choppy words. The language is constructed as agglutinative.

Shyriiwook
Shyriiwook, also known as Wookieespeak, is a language consisting largely of roars and growls spoken by the Wookiee species, notably Chewbacca. Non-Wookiee characters are capable of understanding Shyriiwook, such as Chewbacca's friend Han Solo. Chewbacca's dialogue was created from walrus, camel, bear, and badger recordings from Burtt's personal sound library. One of the most prominent elements was an American black bear living in Happy Hollow Park & Zoo, San Jose, California. The sounds were mixed in different ratios to create different roars.

Tusken Raiders
Tatooine's Tusken Raiders use a language difficult for non-Tuskens to understand, although the Mandalorian in The Mandalorian was able to understand and respond in their sign language. According to the Knights of the Old Republic video game, they speak a language of their own. In the game, a droid named HK-47 assists the player in communicating with the Tusken Raiders. They commonly utter roars and battle cries when seen in public.

The script for The Mandalorian episode "Chapter 5: The Gunslinger" stated that the Mandalorian and a Tusken Raider communicate using a sign language, and a hearing member of the crew who knew sign language encouraged the production to look for a deaf person to consult on the sign language and play the Tusken Raider. Troy Kotsur was cast in the role, and he developed the Tusken Sign Language based on the environment and culture of the Tusken Raiders rather than using American Sign Language. The hand shapes used for the language were kept simple. For example, the sign name for the Mandalorian is a flat handshape based on the letter M to outline the gaps in a Mandalorian helmet and the sign name for Grogu is one's hands on either side of the head to indicate big ears. The Tusken Raiders also converse in Tusken Sign Language in The Book of Boba Fett.

Ubese
Ubese is a language heard in a Return of the Jedi scene where a disguised Princess Leia bargains with Jabba the Hutt through C-3PO as a translator. Leia repeats the same Ubese phrase three times, translated differently in subtitles and C-3PO each time. David J. Peterson, linguist and constructed language creator, cited his attempt as a young fan to reconcile this apparent impossibility as an example of how even casual fans may notice errors in fictional constructed languages. He identified Ubese as a "sketch" of a language rather than a fully developed language and categorized it as a "fake language" intended to "give the impression of a real language in some context without actually being a real language". Ultimately, he was critical of Ubese as "poorly constructed and not worthy of serious consideration".

Critical commentary
Ben Zimmer labeled the method of language construction in Star Wars "a far cry" from that of constructed languages like Klingon, Na'vi, and Dothraki, and he described the use of language as "never amount[ing] to more than a sonic pastiche".

Linguistic anthropologist Jim Wilce summarized analyses of language in Star Wars conducted through the Society for Linguistic Anthropology's electronic mailing list. David Samuels described the approach to language as instrumental and compared the films to a Summer Institute of Linguistics convention, in which "there are no untranslatable phrases, and everyone can understand everyone else", and pointed out that the "idea that the Force is something that would be understood differently in the context of different grammars is never broached". Hal Schiffmann made five observations about language in Star Wars: all humans speak English and no other real-world language, there is "mutual passive bilingualism" in which characters speaking different languages understand one another, non-human creatures may have their own languages but are translated by C-3PO, certain non-English vocalizations serve to confuse or amuse the audience rather than serve as language, even non-English speaking characters are expected to understand English. Zimmer supported Schiffmann's claim that untranslated alien languages are not representations of real languages by pointing to the film's script, which describes the language of the Jawas as "a queer, unintelligible language" and that of the Tusken Raiders as "a coarse, barbaric language". Wilce also pointed out discussion on the usage of real non-English to create the "Otherness" of characters such as Jabba the Hutt, Greedo, and the Ewoks.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Languages in Star Wars


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Orleans County, New York

Orleans County is a county in the western part of the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,343. The county seat is Albion. The county received its name at the insistence of Nehemiah Ingersoll though historians are unsure how the name was selected. The two competing theories are that it was named to honor the French Royal House of Orleans or that it was to honor Andrew Jackson's victory in New Orleans. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.

Located on the south shore of Lake Ontario, Orleans County since the late 20th century has been considered part of the Rochester, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
When counties were established by the British authorities in the province of New York in 1683, the present Orleans County was part of the territory of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of present-day New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, and further on March 16, 1770, by the creation of Gloucester County, both containing territory now in Vermont.

On March 12, 1772, the remaining Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. Tryon County contained the large western portion (and thus, since no western boundary was specified, theoretically still extended west to the Pacific). The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, and the county included the Mohawk River valley, the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State. The county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York. This western area was occupied largely by the Onondaga, Oneida and other western nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. The westernmost European settlements were in the area of Little Falls and present-day Herkimer.

During the unrest prior to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, feelings ran high in the Mohawk Valley, and there were local attacks by rebels against known Loyalists. Most of Tryon County's Loyalists fled to Canada before 1776, where they were later granted land by the Crown to develop what is now Ontario.

In 1784, following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, Tryon County's name was changed to Montgomery County to honor the general, Richard Montgomery. He had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec. It replaced the name of the now hated colonial British governor. In 1789, Ontario County split off from Montgomery. During this period, thousands of migrants settled in the western part of the state from New England and eastern New York resulting in the creation of more counties.

In 1802, Genesee County was created by splitting Ontario County. Genesee County was then divided into Allegany County in 1806, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, and Niagara Counties in 1808, Ontario, Livingston, and Monroe Counties in 1821, and finally Orleans County in 1824.

When Orleans County was formed in 1824, a dispute arose about naming it after President Andrew Jackson or President John Adams. During and following the Napoleonic era in France, numerous French refugees came to New York, some settling in the upstate areas.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 817 sqmi, of which 391 sqmi is land and 426 sqmi (52%) is water.

The high proportion of water is due to the extension of Orleans County north into Lake Ontario to the Canada–US border (a line of latitude running through the middle of the lake). The distance from the Orleans shore north to the international border is greater than the distance from the shore south to the Genesee County line, meaning the area of Orleans under water is greater than that above water.

Orleans County is in western New York State, northeast of Buffalo and west of Rochester, on the southern shore of Lake Ontario.

The Erie Canal passes (east–west) through the middle of the county. When its construction was completed in 1824, it attracted new settlers to the largely rural county. Trade and passenger traffic stimulated the development of local businesses.

Adjacent counties

 * Monroe County - east
 * Genesee County - south
 * Niagara County - west

National protected area

 * Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge (part)

State protected areas

 * Lakeside Beach State Park
 * Oak Orchard State Marine Park
 * Oak Orchard Wildlife Management Area
 * Tonawanda Wildlife Management Area

Government and politics

 * }

Starting in 1824, the county government was run by a board of supervisors, consisting of elected supervisors from each township in Orleans County. This geographic representation meant that the residents of more urbanized areas were underrepresented on the board.

In 1980, the state and county established a seven-member elected legislature to replace the board of supervisors. Representatives are elected from single-member districts roughly equal in population. It is headed by a chairman.

Orleans County is heavily Republican. It has voted Republican in every presidential election since the party's founding in 1856, except for one, 1964. It also voted Whig in every election from 1828 until 1852.

State and federal government
Orleans County is part of:
 * The 8th Judicial District of the New York Supreme Court
 * The 4th Division of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 42,883 people, 16,119 households, and 10,872 families residing in the county. The population density was 113 PD/sqmi. There were 17,347 housing units at an average density of 44 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 89.8% White, 5.9% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 1.3% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. 4.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. According to Census 2000, 20.3% were of German, 18.3% English, 10.8% Italian, 10.3% Irish, 9.4% American and 7.3% Polish ancestry and 96.0% spoke English and 3.0% Spanish as their first language.

Census 2010 showed there were 16,119 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.5 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 19.8% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 29.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $48,731. Males had a median income of $32,450 versus $22,605 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,457. About 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line.

Education
Public schools

The county has five school districts, although the actual district boundaries can extend into neighboring counties, and the same is true for neighboring counties' districts. The five districts, from west to east, are:
 * Lyndonville Central School District (northern half of western third, roughly covering Lyndonville village and the towns of Yates and Ridgeway)
 * Medina Central School District (southern half of western third, roughly covering Medina village and the towns of Ridgeway and Shelby)
 * Albion Central School District (middle third, roughly covering Albion village and the towns of Carlton, Gaines, Albion, and Barre)
 * Kendall Central School District (northern half of eastern third, roughly covering the towns of Kendall and Murray)
 * Holley Central School District (southern half of eastern third, roughly covering Holley village and the towns of Murray and Clarendon)

Each of these school districts participates in Orleans/Niagara BOCES or Monroe #2-Orleans BOCES.

Private school

There is currently one non-denominational K-12 school in the county. College
 * Orleans County Christian School

One college maintains satellite campuses in Orleans County.
 * Genesee Community College - Albion (This campus has been declared defunct, with all staff & operations moved to Medina campus)
 * Genesee Community College - Medina

Recreation
The County of Orleans has created an interactive map of notable places for visitors to see while visiting the county.

https://orleanscountytourism.com/history/

Lakes
There are two major dams on Oak Orchard Creek that have created public boating areas.

 * Waterport Pond in the town of Carlton also called lake Alice by locals.
 * Glenwood Lake in the town of Ridgeway and the village of Medina

Libraries
Orleans County has 4 public libraries serving its population.
 * Community Free Library, located in Holley
 * Hoag Library, located in Albion
 * Lee-Whedon Memorial Library, located in Medina
 * Yates Community Library, located in Lyndonville

Museums
Orleans County has 6 museums that are open to the public.
 * Clarendon Historical Society Museum & Farwell's Settlement
 * The Cobblestone Museum
 * Holley Depot Museum
 * Medina Railroad Museum
 * Murray-Holley Historical Society
 * Oak Orchard Lighthouse Museum

Parks
There are two State Parks and many municipal parks spread throughout the county.
 * Lakeside Beach State Park
 * Oak Orchard Marine State Park

Transportation
Orleans County has eight private airstrips and one public-use airport:
 * Pine Hill Airport (New York) (9G6)

RTS Orleans provides bus service to Orleans County. The county's Department of Public Works is headquartered in Albion and is charged with maintaining roads, including: Each town and village within Orleans County maintains its own highway department.
 * Overseeing construction and repair of county roads, bridges, and ditches
 * Removing snow and ice

Major roadways

 * [[Image:NY-18.svg|20px]] New York State Route 18
 * [[Image:NY-31.svg|20px]] New York State Route 31
 * [[Image:NY-31A.svg|20px]] New York State Route 31A
 * [[Image:NY-31E.svg|20px]] New York State Route 31E
 * [[Image:NY-63.svg|20px]] New York State Route 63
 * [[Image:NY-98.svg|20px]] New York State Route 98
 * [[Image:NY-104.svg|22px]] New York State Route 104
 * [[Image:NY-237.svg|22px]] New York State Route 237
 * [[Image:NY-269.svg|22px]] New York State Route 269
 * [[Image:NY-272.svg|22px]] New York State Route 272
 * [[Image:NY-279.svg|22px]] New York State Route 279
 * [[Image:NY-387.svg|22px]] New York State Route 387
 * [[Image:Lake Ontario State Parkway.svg|26px]] Lake Ontario State Parkway
 * List of county routes in Orleans County, New York

The former New York State Route 941M was located in Orleans County.

Larger Settlements
All larger settlements are Villages

Towns

 * Albion
 * Barre
 * Carlton
 * Clarendon
 * Gaines
 * Kendall
 * Murray
 * Ridgeway
 * Shelby
 * Yates

Villages

 * Albion (county seat)
 * Holley
 * Lyndonville
 * Medina

Hamlets

 * Ashwood
 * Barre Center
 * Baldwin Corner
 * Brockville
 * Carlton Station
 * Childs
 * County Line
 * Eagle Harbor
 * East Shelby
 * Fancher
 * Gaines
 * Hindsburg
 * Hulberton
 * Jeddo
 * Jones Beach
 * Kendall Mills
 * Kent
 * Kenyonville
 * Knowlesville
 * Kuckville
 * Lomond Shore
 * Millers
 * Millville
 * Oak Orchard
 * Point Breeze
 * Sawyer
 * Shadigee
 * Shelby Center
 * Sunset Beach
 * Yates Center
 * Waterport
 * West Barre
 * West Gaines
 * West Shelby

title: Orleans County, New York


text:
Orange County, New York

Orange County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 401,310. The county seat is Goshen. This county was first created in 1683 and reorganized with its present boundaries in 1798. The county is part of the Hudson Valley region of the state.

Orange County is part of the Kiryas Joel-Poughkeepsie-Newburgh metropolitan statistical area, which belongs to the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area.

As of the 2010 census the center of population of the state of New York was located in Orange County, approximately 3 mi west of the hamlet of Westbrookville.

History
Orange County was officially established on November 1, 1683 when the Province of New York was divided into twelve counties. Each of these was named to honor a member of the British royal family, and Orange County took its name from the Prince of Orange, who subsequently became King William III of England. As originally defined, Orange County included only the southern part of its present-day territory, plus all of present-day Rockland County further south. The northern part of the present-day county, beyond Moodna Creek, was then a part of neighboring Ulster County.

At that date, the only European inhabitants of the area were a handful of Dutch colonists in present-day Rockland County, and the area of modern Orange County was entirely occupied by the native Munsee people. Due to its relatively small population, the original Orange County was not fully independent and was administered by New York County.

The first European settlers in the area of the present-day county arrived in 1685. They were a party of around twenty-five families from Scotland, led by David Toshach, the Laird of Monzievaird, and his brother-in-law Major Patrick McGregor, a former officer of the French Army. They settled in the Hudson Highlands at the place where the Moodna Creek enters the Hudson River, now known as New Windsor. In 1709, a group of German Palatine refugees settled at Newburgh. They were Protestants from a part of Germany along the Rhine that had suffered during the religious wars. Queen Anne's government arranged for passage from England of nearly 3,000 Palatines in ten ships. Many were settled along the Hudson River in work camps on property belonging to Robert Livingston. In 1712, a 16-year-old indentured servant named Sarah Wells from Manhattan led a small party of three Munsee men and three hired carpenters into the undeveloped interior of the county and created the first settlement in the Town of Goshen on the Otter Kill. She was falsely promised by her master Christopher Denne 100 acres bounty for taking on the dangerous mission to make a land claim for him. He never gave her the land. But, she did fall in love and married Irish immigrant William Bull there in 1718 and they had 12 children and built the Bull Stone House. In 1716, the first known Black woman resident was recorded in Orange County. Her name was Mercy and she was enslaved by Christopher Denne at his settlement on the Otter Kill. Additional immigrants came from Ireland; they were of Scots and English descent who had been settled as planters there.

During the American Revolutionary War the county was divided into Loyalists, Patriots, and those who remained neutral. The local government supported the Revolution, or "The Cause." Some residents posed as Loyalists but were part of a secret spy network set up by Gen. George Washington. Capt. William Bull III of the Town of Wallkill (which was then a part of Ulster County) served in the Continental Army with Gen. Washington in Spencer's Additional Continental Regiment. His cousin was revealed after the war to be part of Washington's spy ring. His brother Moses Bull raised 20 men from the Town of Wallkill to service with his brother. Capt. Bull was promoted twice for valor on the battlefield, once in the Battle of Monmouth where he was part of Lord Stirling's men who famously saved the day after Gen. Lee's retreat. Capt. Bull wintered at Valley Forge with several men from Orange County. Capt. Bull retired from the Army in 1781 and returned to the Town of Wallkill where he built Brick Castle. Hundreds of men from Orange County served in the local militia and many of them fought in the Battle of Fort Montgomery and Fort Clinton. However, many residents remained loyal to King George III, include members of Capt. Bull's family. Many in the county were divided within families. Capt. Bull's uncle Thomas Bull was jailed for years in Goshen and then Fishkill for being a Loyalist. Resident Claudius Smith was a Loyalist marauder whose team robbed and terrorized citizens; he was hanged in Goshen in 1779 for allegedly robbing and killing Major Nathaniel Strong; two of his sons were also executed for similar crimes. Capt. Bull's cousin Peter Bull of Hamptonburgh served in the Orange County regiment and was charged with guarding the roads at night from Smith. The Mathews family of Blooming Grove were active Loyalists; Fletcher Mathews was a sympathizer and sometime associate of Smith, and his brother David Mathews was Mayor of New York City during its British occupation for the entirety of the war.

In 1798, after the American Revolutionary War, the boundaries of Orange County changed. Its southern corner was used to create the new Rockland County, and in exchange, an area to the north of the Moodna Creek was added, which had previously been in Ulster County. This caused a reorganization of the local administration, as the original county seat had been fixed at Orangetown in 1703, but this was now in Rockland County. Duties were subsequently shared between Goshen, which had been the center of government for the northern part of Orange County, and Newburgh, which played a similar role in the area transferred from Ulster County. The county court was established in 1801. It was not until 1970 that Goshen was named as the sole county seat.

Due to a boundary dispute between New York and New Jersey, the boundaries of many of the southern towns of the county were not definitively established until the 19th century.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 839 sqmi, of which 812 sqmi is land and 27 sqmi (3.2%) are water.

Orange County is in southeastern New York State, directly north of the New Jersey-New York border, west of the Hudson River, east of the Delaware River and northwest of New York City. It borders the New York counties of Dutchess, Putnam, Rockland, Sullivan, Ulster, and Westchester, as well as Passaic and Sussex counties in New Jersey and Pike County in Pennsylvania.

Orange County is the only county which borders both the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, and is also the only county in the state to border both New Jersey (south) and Pennsylvania (west).

Orange County is where the Great Valley of the Appalachians finally opens up and ends. The western corner is set off by the Shawangunk Ridge. The area along the Rockland County border (within Harriman and Bear Mountain state parks) and south of Newburgh is part of the Hudson Highlands. The land in between is the valley of the Wallkill River. In the southern portion of the county the Wallkill valley expands into a wide glacial lake bed known as the Black Dirt Region for its fertility.

The highest point is Schunemunk Mountain, at 1664 ft above sea level. The lowest is sea level along the Hudson.

National protected areas

 * Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River (part)
 * Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge (part)

Adjacent counties

 * Dutchess County – northeast
 * Passaic County, New Jersey - southeast
 * Pike County, Pennsylvania – southwest
 * Putnam County - east
 * Rockland County – southeast
 * Sullivan County – northwest
 * Sussex County, New Jersey - south
 * Ulster County – north

2000–2010
At the 2010 United States Census, there were 372,813 people living in the county. The population density was 444 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 77.2% White, 10.2% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 2.4% Asian, and 3.1% from two or more races. 18% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. According to the 2000 United States Census, 18.3% were of Italian, 18.1% English, 17.4% Irish, 10.2% German, and 5.0% Polish ancestry. According to the 2009–13 American Community Survey, 76.57% of people spoke only English at home, 13.39% spoke Spanish, 4.03% spoke Yiddish, and 0.83% spoke Italian.

During the 2000 Census, there were 114,788 households, out of which 39.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.90% were married couples living together, 11.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.40% were non-families. 21.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.35.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 29.00% under the age of 18, 8.70% from 18 to 24, 30.00% from 25 to 44, 21.90% from 45 to 64, and 10.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $52,058, and the median income for a family was $60,355. Males had a median income of $42,363 versus $30,821 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,597. About 7.60% of families and 10.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.80% of those under age 18 and 8.00% of those age 65 or over.

Despite its rural roots, Orange County has been among the fastest-growing regions within the New York City metropolitan area.

2018
Per the American Community Survey's 2018 estimates, there were 381,951 residents within Orange County. 63.5% of the county was non-Hispanic white, 12.95 Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.0% from two or more races, and 21.0% Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24.4% of Orange County's residents spoke another language other than English at home.

There were 126,776 households in 2018 and an average of 2.90 persons per household. The owner-occupied housing rate was 68.0% and the median gross rent of the county was $1,223. The median homeowner cost with a mortgage was $2,280 and $909 without a mortgage.

The median income for a household from 2014 to 2018 was $76,716 and the per capita income was $33,472. 11.5% of the county's inhabitants were below the poverty line in 2018.

Law and government

Originally, like most New York counties, Orange County was governed by a board of supervisors. Its board consisted of the 20 town supervisors, nine city supervisors elected from the nine wards of the City of Newburgh, and four each elected from the wards of the cities of Middletown and Port Jervis. In 1968, the board adopted a county charter and a reapportionment plan that created the county legislature and executive. The first county executive and legislature were elected in November 1969 and took office on January 1, 1970. Today, Orange County is still governed by the same charter; residents elect the county executive and a 21-member county legislature elected from 21 single-member districts. There are also several state constitutional positions that are elected, including a sheriff, county clerk and district attorney. Prior to January 1, 2008, four coroners were also elected; however, on that date, the county switched to a medical examiner system.

The current county officers are:
 * County Executive: Steven M. Neuhaus (Republican)
 * County Clerk: Kelly A. Eskew (Republican)
 * Sheriff: Paul Arteta (Republican)
 * District Attorney: David M. Hoovler (Republican)

The County Legislature and its previous board of supervisors were long dominated by the Republican Party. However, since the late 20th century, the Democrats have closed the gap. During 2008 and 2009 the legislature was evenly split between 10 Republicans, 10 Democrats, and 1 Independence Party member. In 2009, the legislature had its first Democratic chairman elected when one member of the Republican caucus voted alongside the 10 Democratic members to elect Roxanne Donnery (D-Highlands/Woodbury) to the post. At the November 2009 election, several Democratic incumbents were defeated. As of the convening of the legislature on January 1, 2022, there are 14 Republicans, 6 Democrats, and 1 Independence member.

Transportation

The county is served by Stewart International Airport, located two miles west of Newburgh, New York. The airport serves American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Allegiant Air, and JetBlue Airways. AirTran Airways stopped providing service to the airport in late 2008.

Ground transportation within Orange County is provided primarily by Transit Orange. Leprechaun Lines, Monsey Trails, NJ Transit, Short Line Bus, and Metro-North Railroad's Port Jervis Line also provide services, as well as amenities such as senior citizen & handicapped dial-a-bus and car services, which usually restrict themselves to their respective town or city. Shortline also operates the Main Line of Orange County between Middletown and Monroe Woodbury (Commons), with stops in Walkill & (The Galleria), Goshen, Chester, Monroe & Harriman.

Major roadways
Major routes in Orange County are freeways Interstate 84, Interstate 87, State Route 17 (Future Interstate 86), and the Palisades Interstate Parkway, and surface roads U.S. Route 6, U.S. Route 9W, and U.S. Route 209. There are two Hudson River crossings in Orange County: the Bear Mountain Bridge and the Newburgh-Beacon Bridge.

Politics

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In recent years, Orange County has emerged as a swing county, mirroring the preferences of the nation as a whole in presidential elections, voting for the winner in every election from 1996 to 2016. The streak ended in 2020, however, as Orange County narrowly voted to re-elect Donald Trump, even as Democratic nominee Joe Biden of Delaware won the election overall. Bill Clinton won Orange County 48% to 42% in 1996. George W. Bush won 47% of the Orange County vote in 2000, and 54% in 2004. Barack Obama carried the county with a 51% vote share four years later and carried the county again in 2012. However, Donald Trump won the county in 2016, thus making it one of 206 counties across the country to vote for Obama twice and then Trump. In 2020, Trump again won Orange County, this time by just 312 votes out of nearly 170,000 votes cast, a margin of about 0.2 percentage points. Despite this, it was only the fourth-closest county in the state and one of five that Trump won by less than 500 votes.

Previously, like most of the Lower Hudson, Orange County had leaned Republican. From 1884 to 1992, a Republican carried Orange County in all but one presidential election. The only time this tradition was broken was in 1964, during Democrat Lyndon Johnson's 44-state landslide. County voters have shown a willingness to sometimes elect Democrats, such as U.S. Rep. John Hall. From 2007 on, when Hall represented the 19th district, which covered most of the county, Orange's representation in Congress was exclusively Democratic, as Maurice Hinchey had represented the towns of Crawford, Montgomery, and Newburgh as well as the city of Newburgh, all of which were in what was then the 22nd district, since 1988.

In the 2010 midterms, Hall was defeated by Nan Hayworth. In 2012, after Hinchey's former 22nd district was eliminated in redistricting following his retirement and all of Orange County was included in the current 18th district. Hayworth was defeated by Democrat Sean Patrick Maloney, a former adviser to President Bill Clinton and the first openly gay person to be elected to Congress from New York. Maloney won a rematch against Hayworth in 2014; in 2016 he was again re-elected over Phil Oliva, and in 2018, despite running in the Democratic primary for New York Attorney General, he won re-election again over James O'Donnell. Maloney was re-elected in 2020, defeating the 2018 Republican nominee for US Senate Chele Farley. Due to redistricting, Maloney left the 18th District and the seat was left vacant. The Democrats nominated former Ulster County Executive and incumbent Congressman from the 19th Congressional District Pat Ryan, while the Republicans chose then-Assemblyman Colin Schmitt. While Ryan won the district as a whole, Schmitt won Orange County itself by 9,652 votes, or approximately 7.94%

At the state level, Republicans had held onto both State Senate seats until 2018, when John Bonacic retired after 26 years, the 42nd district was then won by Democrat Jen Metzger, for 1 term. In 2020 it returned to the GOP, via Mike Martucci, who chose not to run for re-election in 2022. The 39th State Senate District was held by Democrat James Skoufis from 2016 through 2022, when statewide redistricting moved Skoufis to the newly drawn 42nd district. Skoufis was re-elected to this new district, consisting of most of the county. Newburgh and Maybrook, meanwhile, remained in the new 39th District, held since 2022 by Republican Robert Rolison.

Democrats have also made significant gains in the county's State Assembly seats. The 98th district, which includes the far western part of the county as well as the Town of Warwick, is represented by Karl Brabenec, and the 101st district, which includes the Towns of Crawford and Montgomery, was until 2016 held by Claudia Tenney, both Republicans. After Tenney left her seat to run for Congress that year, Brian Miller, another Republican, was elected to replace her. He held the seat until 2022 when redistricting moved him elsewhere, and he was replaced by fellow Republican Brian Maher. Colin Schmitt represented the 99th district until 2022 when it was redrawn and he left to run for Congress. The district was won by Chris Eachus, a Democrat. The other two districts are also held by Democrats: Aileen Gunther in the 100th district (Middletown) and Jonathan Jacobson in the 104th district (Newburgh).

Sports
Delano-Hitch Stadium in Newburgh has played host to various professional and amateur baseball teams from various leagues since opening in 1926. The stadium was home to the North Country Baseball League Newburgh Newts for the 1st and only season, 2015.

High school sports
High schools in Orange County compete in Section 9 of the New York State Public High School Athletic Association along with schools from Dutchess, Ulster, and Sullivan counties.

College sports
The Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy in West Point field NCAA Division I teams in 24 different sports. Mount Saint Mary College in Newburgh fields 15 teams in the Eastern College Athletic Conference and the Skyline Conference of NCAA Division III. Orange County Community College Colts in Middletown compete in the National Junior College Athletic Association.

Motorsports
The Orange County Fair Speedway hosts weekly series racing along with the Super DIRTcar Series along with monster trucks and demolition derbies. They also have a Dirt bike track located outside Turns 3 and 4 of the Speedway. Some notable drivers to race at the track include Stewart Friesen, Brett Hearn and Max McLaughlin.

Cities

 * Middletown
 * Newburgh
 * Port Jervis

Towns

 * Blooming Grove
 * Chester
 * Cornwall
 * Crawford
 * Deerpark
 * Goshen
 * Greenville
 * Hamptonburgh
 * Highlands
 * Minisink
 * Monroe
 * Montgomery
 * Mount Hope
 * New Windsor
 * Newburgh
 * Palm Tree
 * Tuxedo
 * Wallkill
 * Warwick
 * Wawayanda
 * Woodbury

Villages

 * Chester
 * Cornwall on Hudson
 * Florida
 * Goshen (county seat)
 * Greenwood Lake
 * Harriman
 * Highland Falls
 * Kiryas Joel
 * Maybrook
 * Monroe
 * Montgomery
 * Otisville
 * South Blooming Grove
 * Tuxedo Park
 * Unionville
 * Walden
 * Warwick
 * Washingtonville
 * Woodbury

Census-designated places

 * Balmville
 * Beaver Dam Lake
 * Firthcliffe
 * Fort Montgomery
 * Gardnertown
 * Mechanicstown
 * Mountain Lodge Park
 * New Windsor
 * Orange Lake
 * Pine Bush
 * Salisbury Mills
 * Scotchtown
 * Sparrow Bush
 * Vails Gate
 * Walton Park
 * Washington Heights
 * West Point

Hamlets

 * Amity
 * Arden
 * Bellvale
 * Bullville
 * Carpenter's Point
 * Central Valley
 * Circleville
 * Cuddebackville
 * Highland Mills
 * Howells
 * Huguenot
 * Little Britain
 * Michigan Corners
 * Mountainville
 * New Hampton
 * Pine Island
 * Ridgebury
 * Slate Hill
 * Sugar Loaf
 * Thompson Ridge
 * Westbrookville

Education
School districts include:

 * Chester Union Free School District
 * Cornwall Central School District
 * Eldred Central School District
 * Florida Union Free School District
 * Goshen Central School District
 * Greenwood Lake Union Free School District
 * Haverstraw-Stony Point Central School District (North Rockland)
 * Highland Falls Central School District
 * Kiryas Joel Village Union Free School District (Palm Tree)
 * Marlboro Central School District
 * Enlarged City School District of Middletown
 * Minisink Valley Central School District
 * Monroe-Woodbury Central School District
 * Newburgh Enlarged City School District
 * Pine Bush Central School District
 * Port Jervis City School District
 * Suffern Central School District
 * Tuxedo Union Free School District
 * Valley Central School District (Montgomery)
 * Wallkill Central School District
 * Warwick Valley Central School District
 * Washingtonville Central School District

Private 2ndary educational institutions:

 * John S. Burke Catholic High School (Goshen)
 * Storm King School (Cornwall)
 * United States Military Academy Preparatory School (West Point)

Colleges:

 * Mount Saint Mary College (Newburgh)
 * OCCC/SUNY Orange (Middletown)
 * United States Military Academy (West Point)

In popular culture

 * Heavy: parts of the movie were filmed in the Laurel Grove Cemetery in Port Jervis
 * Super Troopers: parts of the movie were filmed in the Newburgh area.
 * The Sopranos parts of season 6-b, Episode 1: Warwick and Tuxedo
 * Michael Clayton: Moodna Viaduct (Cornwall), South Blooming Grove, and Stewart Airport (New Windsor/Newburgh area)
 * The Human Footprint: parts filmed in the Hudson Valley region; aired on National Geographic Channel in 2008
 * American Chopper: Montgomery, NY & then Newburgh, NY
 * Final Destination & Final Destination 2: Parts of plot takes place in Otisville, NY and Greenwood Lake, NY - Shown by patches that police officers wear and television news program that is played.
 * The OA: Partially filmed in Central Valley, NY

Points of interest
Points of interest in Orange County include the United States Military Academy at West Point; OCGC, a Paul Rudolph design; Brotherhood Winery in Washingtonville, America's oldest (continuously functioning) winery (as it made legal "sacramental" church wines during Prohibition), ; the birthplace of William H. Seward in Florida; Museum Village in Monroe, an 18th Century Colonial town; the Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame in Goshen; Bull Stone House, a NY Historical designated structure, built in 1722 and still used as a private residence (10 generations) by the Bull family, as well as the William Bull III House, built in the 1780s. The Historical, Art Deco style Paramount Theatre (Middletown, New York), built in 1930. Thrall Library/Middletown station (Erie Railroad), built in 1896, closed in 1983, refurbished (& expanded) into a public library in 1995. The multi-acre, Salesian Seminary, in Goshen, which trained NYC novitiates for the priesthood, was sold to the Village c. 2005 and a $4.5 million state-of-the-art library built on the grounds in 2018.

Three state parks: Goosepond Mountain State Park, Harriman State Park and Sterling Forest State Park. Sugarloaf arts community, which features the Lyceum Center theatre. The Times Herald-Record newspaper, the first cold press offset daily in the country, in Middletown Commercial centers of interest include the Galleria at Crystal Run, in Wallkill; Woodbury Common Premium Outlets in Monroe. The Orange County Fair in Wallkill is an annual 2 or 3 week summer event, dating back to 1808, but officially opening in 1841. Newburgh was the location of Orange County Choppers, 61,000 square foot, $12 million, custom motorcycle-shop facility featured on The Discovery Channel's reality television series American Chopper but it was closed and sold by 2020. The home and birthplace of Velveeta and Liederkranz Cheese in Monroe (village).

Notable residents

 * Juan Rodriguez, interpreter and sailor for the Dutch West India Company in what is today Manhattan, from the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, which is today the Dominican Republic. He began working in Orange County and the surrounding area in 1612. He is considered the first person of African descent and non-Native resident of what would eventually become New York City
 * Sarah Wells, 1712, first female settler of European heritage in the interior of Orange County, at age 16. She and husband William Bull, built a stone house in the (now Town of Goshen) wilderness, and raised 12 children to adulthood. Died in 1796, aged 100 years, 15 days, with 335 descendants. Matriarch of the Bull Family
 * William Bull, built Knox's Headquarters in New Windsor
 * J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur Chester Greycourt colonial farmer and agricultural writer Letters from an American Farmer
 * Thomas Young, organizer of Boston Tea Party, born New Windsor
 * Henry Wisner, Orange County delegate to the First and Second Continental Congress, (but did not sign the Declaration of Independence) and a gunpowder producer during Revolutionary War
 * David Mathews, Loyalist, Mayor of New York City under the British, during the American Revolution, resided in Mathewsfield (now Blooming Grove)
 * Claudius Smith, Loyalist, guerilla Tory who terrorized Monroe with Chief Joseph Brant and the Smith gang, he was hanged
 * Joseph Brant, Loyalist, native American guerrilla leader during the American Revolutionary War
 * Noah Webster, Lexicographer, Webster's dictionary. Founded a private school, c. 1783, catering to wealthy families in Goshen.
 * George Washington, resided/stationed in Hasbrouck House in Newburgh from April 1782 until August 1783, during the waning days of the American Revolutionary War
 * Benedict Arnold, revolutionary war general turned traitor
 * Solomon Townsend, industrialist and State Legislator, established Augusta Forge (iron works) in Tuxedo Park
 * James Varick, founder AME Zion Church and its 1st bishop, born Newburgh
 * William H. Seward, U.S. Secretary of State, under Lincoln, a 2-term federal Senator and 12th governor of NY, born and raised Florida, NY.
 * Albert J. Myer, born Newburgh September 20, 1829. Surgeon & US Army general (1854–1869). Known as the father of the U.S. Army Signal Corps and the U.S. Weather Bureau
 * Stephen Crane, wrote part of The Red Badge of Courage in Port Jervis, ostensibly based on Orange Blossoms battle at Chancellorsville
 * Zane Grey, practiced dentistry in Middletown, before his literary career
 * Pierre Lorillard IV, tobacco magnate, founded Tuxedo Park in 1886
 * Emily Post, author, resided in Emily Post Cottage, buried in St. Mary's, both in Tuxedo Park
 * Tomás Estrada Palma, first President of Cuba, resided in a home on Route 32 in Central Valley
 * David Moffat, railroad developer, Washingtonville native
 * Webb Horton, (1826-1908) Narrowsburgh industrial tanner, had Webb Horton House (aka Morrison Hall) built in Middletown (1902–07). The namesake of Webb Horton (Presbyterian) Church (b. 1918 Middletown) and E. Horton Hospital (1929-2011 in Middletown)
 * Satella Waterstone, author and composer, born Greenwood Lake 1875
 * Willie "The Lion" Smith, jazz "stride" pianist, born Goshen 1897. A handwritten letter sent by Smith, thanking the Goshen Public Library resides amongst their permanent historical collection.
 * Horace Pippin, Black artist and painter, raised and educated (in segregated schools) in Goshen
 * Rose Thompson Hovick, mother of Gypsy Rose Lee and June Havoc
 * Elise McAbee, US Army chemist/materials engineer, born 1920, raised in Orange county
 * Jolie Gabor, mother of Gabor sisters, resided in large brick home with separate enclosed, mosaic-tiled pool, in Goshen, NY on Old Chester Road
 * James Patterson, prolific (commercial) novelist, born Newburgh 1947
 * Spencer Tunick, photographer of large scale nudes, born Middletown, 1967
 * Mel Gibson, attended elementary school in Washingtonville the year before his family moved to Australia in the 1960s.
 * Denzel Washington, actor, attended the now defunct Oakland Military Academy
 * Tony Gilroy, writer, producer, director Washingtonville graduate
 * Whoopi Goldberg, Academy Award-winning actress, owns a Tuxedo Park home
 * Robert De Niro, Academy Award-winning actor, owns home in Tuxedo Park
 * Emily DiDonato, fashion model, spokesmodel for Maybelline, born in Goshen, 1991
 * James Mangold, screenwriter, director, Washingtonville graduate
 * Armand Assante, Emmy Award winning actor, raised in and graduated Cornwall
 * Geraldine Ferraro, 1984 U.S. vice-presidential candidate, U.S. Congresswoman, born Newburgh
 * Benjamin Gilman, US Congressman (1973–2003), lifelong Middletown resident
 * Jimmy Sturr, Irish-American lifelong resident of Florida, NY, 18x Grammy winning, polka band leader
 * John Bonacic, 30 year OC politician, State Assembly then Senate
 * Joel Teitelbaum, Grand Rabbi of Satmar Hasidic community, spent final years and is buried in Kiryas Joel
 * Aaron Teitelbaum, current Grand Rabbi of Kiryas Joel faction of Satmar Hasidic community.
 * Martin Dempsey, US Army General and 18th chairman (Pentagon) Joint Chiefs of Staff 2011–2015, 1970 J.S. Burke graduate
 * General David Petraeus, 1970 Cornwall grad, retired four-star general of the U.S. Army. Former Director of the C.I.A. and commander of U.S. forces in Iraq (2007-2008) and Afghanistan (2011)
 * Frank Shorter, Marathon runner: 1972 Olympic gold medalist, 1976 Olympic silver. Raised in Middletown
 * Ed Banach, 1984 Olympic wrestling gold medalist, Port Jervis native
 * Lou Banach, 1984 Olympic wrestling gold medalist, Port Jervis native
 * Bill Bayno, 1980 J.S. Burke grad, 1990s champion UNLV college coach, astn. NBA coach
 * William Moran, a retired United States Navy Admiral and Vice-Chief of Naval Operations (2016-2019).
 * Johnny Brennan, Salisbury Mills resident 1980s and early 90s, comedian and voice actor The Jerky Boys, Family Guy (voices Mort Goldman)
 * Nathaniel White, convicted serial killer, Town of Wallkill resident (during murders)
 * Jay Westervelt, environmentalist, Village of Florida resident
 * Andy Grammer, pop musician, born 1983, raised in Chester, graduated Monroe
 * Mike Martucci, politician from New Hampton
 * James Skoufis, state senator
 * Cyndi Lauper, 1980s pop singer, spent summers in Tuxedo Park
 * Saul Williams, musician, poet, actor and artist; was born and raised in Newburgh
 * Vérité, (YouTube) pop musician, born and raised in OC
 * Cage Kennylz, rapper, raised in Middletown
 * Aaron Tveit, actor and singer, Broadway star, reared in Middletown
 * Paul Teutul Sr., reality TV star of American Chopper, owner Orange County Choppers
 * Paul Teutul Jr., reality TV star and custom motorcycle builder of Paul Jr. Designs
 * James Cromwell actor 1970s-2020s, political & environmental activist, Warwick resident since 2000s
 * James Emery, Warwick resident, since 2000s, jazz guitarist of String Trio of New York
 * Shotsie Gorman, tattoo artist
 * Stefanie Dolson, WNBA player and 2021 Olympic 3x3 Gold medalist, Minisink High graduate (descendant of 18th century, OC settler and pelt trader James Dolson)
 * Nick Abruzzese, 2022 US Olympic Hockey Team, Harvard graduate, NHL Toronto Maple Leafs 2019 draftee, Slate Hill resident
 * Derek Jeter, New York Yankees team 'captain' and HoFer, purchased Tiedemann Castle (b. 1915) in Warwick, where his parents resided year round, sold via auction in December 2022
 * Greg Anthony, former New York Knicks NBA player
 * Mike Avilés, MLB player, Kansas City Royals and Boston Red Sox, raised Middletown
 * Matt Morris, former all star pitcher St. Louis Cardinals and Pittsburgh Pirates, 1990s Valley Central graduate
 * Dee Brown, former Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball player.
 * Jason Motte, former MLB pitcher, closer for the 2011 Champion St. Louis Cardinals, Valley Central graduate
 * Dave Telgheder, former MLB pitcher for the New York Mets and the Oakland Athletics.
 * Scott Pioli, NFL executive, former General Manager of the Kansas City Chiefs

title: Orange County, New York


text:
Oswego County, New York

Oswego County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 117,525. The county seat is Oswego. The county name is from a Mohawk-language word meaning "the pouring out place", referring to the point at which the Oswego River feeds into Lake Ontario at the northern edge of the county in the city of Oswego. The county is part of the Central New York region of the state.

Oswego County is part of the Syracuse, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
When counties were established in the British colony of New York in 1683, the present Oswego County was part of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of what is now New York state as well as all of the present state of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766, by the creation of Cumberland County in the British colony, and further on March 16, 1770, by the creation of Gloucester County, both containing territory now in Vermont.

On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion (and thus, since no western boundary was specified, theoretically still extended west to the Pacific). The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately 5 mi west of the present city of Schenectady, and the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State. The county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York.

In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada. In 1784, following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery County to honor the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec, replacing the name of the hated British governor.

In 1789, the size of Montgomery County was reduced by the splitting off of Ontario County from Montgomery. The actual area split off from Montgomery County was much larger than the present county, also including the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Steuben, Wyoming, Yates, and part of Schuyler and Wayne counties.

Oswego County was partly in Macomb's Purchase of 1791.

In 1791, Herkimer County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery (the other two being Otsego, and Tioga County). This was much larger than the present county, however, and was reduced by a number of subsequent splits.

In 1794, Onondaga County was created from a part of Herkimer County. This county was larger than the current Onondaga County, including the present Cayuga, Cortland, and part of Oswego counties.

In 1798, Oneida County was created from a part of Herkimer County. This county was larger than the current Oneida County, including the present Jefferson, Lewis, and part of Oswego counties.

In 1805, Oneida County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Jefferson and Lewis counties.

In 1816, Oswego County was created as New York State's 48th county from parts of Oneida and Onondaga counties.

In 1841, businessmen in Oswego attempted to divide Oswego County into two counties. They failed to persuade the State to do so, however. Occasionally, the topic still comes up today by dividing the county into an east part and a west part, with the east portion being renamed "Salmon County".

At various times, beginning in 1847 and as late as 1975, attempts were made to move the county seat to the Village of Mexico. However, none of these attempts succeeded.

On April 20, 2002, at around 6:50 am, many residents of Oswego County were shaken awake by a magnitude 5.2 earthquake centered near Plattsburgh, New York. Minor damage to a Fire Hall in Altmar was the only report of damage. No injuries were sustained.

During February 1–12, 2007, a major lake effect snowfall dumped over ten feet of snow in many places in Oswego County, resulting in several roof collapses, some communities being cut off, and some people being snowed-in in their homes. A state of emergency was declared for the county, and the National Guard was sent in to help clear the snow.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1312 sqmi, of which 952 sqmi is land and 360 sqmi, comprising 27%, is water.

Oswego County is in northwestern New York State, just north of Syracuse and northwest of Utica, on the eastern shore of Lake Ontario. Part of the Tug Hill Plateau is in the eastern part of the county and, at 1550 ft, is the highest point. The Salmon River Falls, a 110 ft waterfall, is a popular sightseeing destination in the northeastern portion of the county.

There are two harbors in the county: Oswego Harbor at the mouth of the Oswego River and Port Ontario on the Salmon River. The first major port of call on the Great Lakes is the Port of Oswego Authority dock.

Adjacent counties

 * Jefferson County – north
 * Lewis County – northeast
 * Oneida County – east
 * Madison County – southeast
 * Onondaga County – south
 * Cayuga County – southwest

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-81.svg|22px]] Interstate 81
 * [[Image:US 11.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 11
 * [[Image:NY-3.svg|20px]] New York State Route 3
 * [[Image:NY-13.svg|20px]] New York State Route 13
 * [[Image:NY-48.svg|20px]] New York State Route 48
 * [[Image:NY-49.svg|20px]] New York State Route 49
 * [[Image:NY-69.svg|20px]] New York State Route 69
 * [[Image:NY-104.svg|22px]] New York State Route 104
 * [[Image:NY-104B.svg|23px]] New York State Route 104B
 * [[Image:NY-481.svg|22px]] New York State Route 481 (Veterans Memorial Highway)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 122,377 people, 45,522 households, and 31,228 families residing in the county. The population density was 128 PD/sqmi. There were 52,831 housing units at an average density of 55 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.17% White, 0.59% Black or African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.48% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population. 15.5% were of Irish, 14.0% German, 13.7% Italian, 13.3% English, 9.6% American, 7.9% French and 5.3% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000. 96.2% spoke English and 1.7% Spanish as their first language.

There were 45,522 households, out of which 35.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.80% were married couples living together, 10.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.40% were non-families. 24.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.80% under the age of 18, 10.90% from 18 to 24, 28.90% from 25 to 44, 22.10% from 45 to 64, and 11.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 97.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,598, and the median income for a family was $43,821. Males had a median income of $34,976 versus $23,938 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,853. About 9.70% of families and 14.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.10% of those under age 18 and 9.50% of those age 65 or over.

Oswego County is also home to two colleges: State University of New York at Oswego in the Town of Oswego and the Fulton Branch Campus of Cayuga County Community College in the City of Fulton.

Communities

Oswego County has 22 towns, 2 cities, and 10 villages.

Larger settlements
† - County seat

†† - Former village

‡ - Not wholly in this county

Towns

 * Albion
 * Amboy
 * Boylston
 * Constantia
 * Granby
 * Hannibal
 * Hastings
 * Mexico
 * Minetto
 * New Haven
 * Orwell
 * Oswego
 * Palermo
 * Parish
 * Redfield
 * Richland
 * Sandy Creek
 * Schroeppel
 * Scriba
 * Volney
 * West Monroe
 * Williamstown

Nature
Swimming places in the county include

 * on Lake Ontario
 * Selkirk Shores State Park
 * Sandy Island Beach State Park
 * Mexico Point State Park
 * Salmon River Lighthouse and Marina (Selkirk Light?)

 * Swimming on Oneida Lake :
 * Taft Bay Park at Bernhards Bay, New York, and other swimming on Oneida Lake. Oswego County includes the majority of the northern shore of the lake, running east to the hamlet of Cleveland, New York. It also includes all of the lake surface from the north shore to the south shore, which is the northern edge of Onondaga and Madison counties. So swimming out from beaches on the southern shore, even, puts you in Oswego County. Oswego County runs east along the south shore almost to the hamlet of Lakeport.

 * Pool swimming include:
 * Brennan Beach RV Resort
 * Gallager Pool in Oswego
 * Scriba Town Park
 * Fulton City Pools

Economy
Oswego's economy is most prominent as industry; in 2012, manufactured shipments made up $2.1 billion of the local economy. Retail made up the next most prominent sector, totaling $1.2 billion or more than $10,000 per resident. Wholesale merchants also made $368 million sales the same year. Services made up the final total, equal to over $500 million in food service, healthcare, accommodation, and social services.

Media
Sample News Group owns and publishes four periodical newspapers in the county, The Palladium-Times, Valley News, Oswego County News and Oswego Shopper. These collectively operate the website OswegoCountyNewsNow.com.

Government and politics

 * }

The Oswego County Legislature has 25 members, elected from equal population districts, reduced from 36 in 1993. The legislators are split between seven committees that meet monthly and also attend a general meeting once per month. The seven standing committees as of December 2019 were Government, Courts and Consumer Affairs; Public Safety; Infrastructure, Facilities and Technology; Economic Development and Planning; Health; Human Services; and Finance and Personnel.

In the 2019 general election, the county GOP won three more seats previously occupied by Democrats, expanding its control of the legislature to 23–2. The two Democratic candidates who were elected ran unopposed, and there was only one other Democrat running for any of the 25 seats. Meanwhile, a proposition that sought to expand legislator terms from two years to four years was rejected, with 65.06 percent of 17,701 total votes countywide going against the proposition.

District representation (2024)
Oswego County has two representatives in the state assembly, with Republicans Will Barclay and Brian Manktelow both serving as assemblymen for portions of the county. There are two state senators who represent Oswego County. Mark Walczyk represents the 49th district and John Mannion represents the 50th district in the state senate.

title: Oswego County, New York


text:
Otsego County, New York

Otsego County is a county in the U.S. state of New York located within the Mohawk Valley Region. As of the 2020 census, the population was 58,524. The county seat is Cooperstown. The county's population center is Oneonta. The name Otsego is from a Mohawk or Oneida word meaning "place of the rock." The county is part of the Mohawk Valley region of the state.

History

In 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. The area split off from Montgomery County was much larger than the present county, as it included the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Steuben, Wyoming, Yates, and part of Schuyler and Wayne counties.

Formation
Otsego County was one of three early counties split off from Montgomery (the other two being Herkimer and Tioga) after the American Revolutionary War. Otsego County was officially established on February 16, 1791, with Cooperstown as its county seat. The original county consisted of three large townships:
 * Cherry Valley in the northeast,
 * Otsego in the northwest, and
 * Harpersfield in the south.

Otsego and Cherry Valley together roughly covered the area of modern Otsego County, while Harpersfield covered the area south of the current county as far as the Delaware River.

Governor George Clinton made the original appointments to Otsego County government positions, including:
 * Richard R. Smith, county sheriff, from Otsego township,
 * Jacob Morris, county clerk, from Otsego township,
 * William Cooper, chief judge, founder of Cooperstown and from Otsego township,
 * Jedediah Peck, associate justice from Otsego township,
 * Edward Griswold, associate justice from Cherry Valley
 * Platt Townsend, associate justice from Harpersfield,
 * Alexander Harper, commander of the county militia, from Harpersfield.

New towns
By 1793, four towns had been added to the county by division of the existing towns:
 * The Otsego township had been divided into the towns of:
 * Burlington in the west,
 * Otsego in the northeast,
 * Richfield in the north, and
 * Unadilla in the south.
 * Harpersfield had been divided into the towns of:
 * Franklin in the west and
 * Harpersfield in the east.

In 1795, a piece of Otsego County was joined with a portion taken from Albany County to create Schoharie County.

In 1797, a piece of Otsego County was joined with a portion taken from Ulster County to create Delaware County.

In 1843, Otsego County, Michigan was named after the county in New York.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1016 sqmi, of which 1002 sqmi is land and 14 sqmi (1.4%) is water.

Otsego County is in central New York State, to the west of Albany, southeast of Utica, and northeast of Binghamton. The county is part of the Central New York Region and Mohawk Valley Region of New York State. The county is considered by some to belong to the Southern Tier region of New York State, and is the northernmost county of the Appalachian Region.

Adjacent counties

 * Herkimer County - north
 * Montgomery County - northeast
 * Schoharie County - east
 * Delaware County - south
 * Chenango County - southwest
 * Oneida County - northwest
 * Madison County - northwest

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 61,676 people, 23,291 households, and 15,115 families residing in the county. The population density was 62 /mi2. There were 28,481 housing units at an average density of 28 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.80% White, 1.75% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.63% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.90% of the population. 15.0% were of Irish, 14.9% English, 14.9% German, 11.3% Italian and 9.1% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 95.4% spoke English and 2.1% Spanish as their first language.

There were 23,291 households, out of which 29.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.10% were married couples living together, 9.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.10% were non-families. 27.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.70% under the age of 18, 14.40% from 18 to 24, 24.30% from 25 to 44, 23.60% from 45 to 64, and 15.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 93.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $33,444, and the median income for a family was $41,110. Males had a median income of $29,988 versus $22,609 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,806. About 8.80% of families and 14.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.80% of those under age 18 and 8.20% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics

 * }

Otsego County is generally a swing and bellwether county, having voted for the winner of the national election in every election from 1980 to 2016. In 2004, Otsego County voted 51–48 percent in favor of George W. Bush. In 2008 and 2012, Otsego County voted in favor of Barack Obama. Democrats are prevalent in the City of Oneonta and Village of Cooperstown, whereas the majority of voters in many of the surrounding towns are registered Republicans. In 2020 the county voted for 51%-46% Donald Trump, and lost its bellwether status when Biden won the election.

Otsego County is the only county in New York that names its legislative body the Board of Representatives. It consists of fourteen members elected from single-member districts. The Board Chair is David Bliss (R). The county also has an elected District Attorney, County Treasurer, County Clerk, and County Sheriff.

Media
Along with Herkimer County and the eastern portion of Oneida County, northern Otsego County is considered part of the Utica television market, while the southern half of the county, including the city of Oneonta, is considered to be in the Binghamton television market.

Economy
The Village of Cooperstown (home of James Fenimore Cooper, whose father William Cooper founded it) is located at the south end of Otsego Lake. It attracts many tourists to the Baseball Hall of Fame and the New York State Historical Association museums. Cultural attractions also include the Glimmerglass Opera, with a summer season that draws many repeat visitors for stays.

The primary contributor to the economy is healthcare: Bassett Medical Center, the headquarters of Bassett Healthcare Network and its more than 3,000 employees, is located here.

The City of Oneonta has two institutions of higher education: Hartwick College and the State University of New York at Oneonta; A.O. Fox Memorial Hospital, an affiliate of the Bassett Network; major retail activity; and numerous small businesses. The county as a whole remains relatively rural, with dairy farming a contributing industry that has consolidated employment in recent years, although production has remained steady.

City

 * Oneonta

Towns

 * Burlington
 * Butternuts
 * Cherry Valley
 * Decatur
 * Edmeston
 * Exeter
 * Hartwick
 * Laurens
 * Maryland
 * Middlefield
 * Milford
 * Morris
 * New Lisbon
 * Oneonta
 * Otego
 * Otsego
 * Pittsfield
 * Plainfield
 * Richfield
 * Roseboom
 * Springfield
 * Unadilla
 * Westford
 * Worcester

Villages

 * Cherry Valley
 * Cooperstown (county seat)
 * Gilbertsville
 * Laurens
 * Milford
 * Morris
 * Otego
 * Richfield Springs
 * Unadilla

Census-designated places

 * Burlington Flats
 * East Worcester
 * Edmeston
 * Fly Creek
 * Garrattsville
 * Hartwick
 * Hartwick Seminary
 * Mount Vision
 * Portlandville
 * Schenevus
 * Schuyler Lake
 * South Edmeston
 * Springfield Center
 * Unadilla Forks
 * Wells Bridge
 * West End
 * Westford
 * Worcester

Hamlets

 * East Springfield
 * Schuyler Lake
 * Silver Lake
 * West Burlington
 * West Edmeston

title: Otsego County, New York


text:
Talk:Tribble

Romulans?
"...endears them to every sentient race which encounters them — except Klingons and Romulans." Where or when is it ever shown or stated that the tribbles don't like Romulans (or vice-versa)? John1701 10:39, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

Racist?
The tribble reaction to Klingons raises an interesting question:

 * Are tribbles racist, or are they just responding to Klingon hostility? (Maybe the Klingons are the racists -- or speciesists.)
 * They are apparently extremely biologically allergic, and therefore irritative, to each other. The tribbles' "life ethics" also go directly against traditional Klingon values, aggravating the Klingons to a near fanatical hatred of the species. I'd call it "kindism." :P --AndromedaRoach 4:42, 27 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Shmoos
To what extent were Tribbles influenced by Al Capp's shmoos? Eclecticology, Tuesday, June 11, 2002

BBC Elite
The eighties computer game "Elite" for BBC, Commodore 64 and other microcomputers of that era featured an animal called a "Trumble" which behaved much like a Tribble: multiplying at a fast rate until the screen was literally blocked with Trumbles. Surely this qualifies as another pop reference to Tribbles.

Rewrite
This page is in serious need of a rewrite. The history section in particular seems written by a non-native english speaker.

Is this true?
"there are 140 documented Tribble predators, the main two are the shovel nosed fox and the plaid chested chimpanzee." UrbaneLegend 19:49, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

I don't think so. Star Trek canon is pretty clear. There were two officially recognized Tribble episodes, one non-canon Tribble cartoon episode, and who knows how many novles referencing them. The article should make clear what information is taken from the non-canon sources. Canon-wise Tribbles breed (and self-reproduce), were hunted to extinction by Klingons, and repopulated thanks to time travel by the DS9 crew. Spookyadler 10:16, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

What about the Futurama Reference
"The Problem with Popplers"

Other Tribbles (Disambiguation)
I added a "Tribble (disambiguation)" page, since there is at least one more "tribble" wiki entry (Bud Tribble). I would prefer that this "Tribble" entry be renamed to "Tribble (Star Trek)", and then rename the disambiguation page to just "Tribble". - Loadmaster 20:34, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

I agree. Certainly, this man seems to predate the phrase "star trek", & "Star Trek":

Samuel Joelah Tribble (November 15, 1869 - December 8, 1916) was an American politician and lawyer.
 * Added to the disambiguation page. — Loadmaster 23:51, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Today, someone called me w/ the caller identification including "Tribble", as the name.

The earliest prominent indication of a concept should, in most cases, supplant the others, or the disambiguation should supercede everything else.

Thank You.

[[ hopiakuta | [[ [[%c2%a1]] [[%c2%bf]] [[ %7e%7e%7e%7e ]] -]] 00:54, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Here's a better idea: Have "Tribble" redirect to "Tribble (disambiguation)". Then that article should link to the other articles, include "Tribble (Star Trek)". Val42 17:49, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Any possible relation of Tribbles to tribbing? Fun and furry...

A tribble or trybble is a three-bit logical progression similar to a byte or nibble. It could also be spelled trubble.67.150.171.161 (talk) 15:05, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

 * That sort of thing would go on the Tribble (disambiguation) page. And you'd need a good citation for it, because it does not appear to be in common use. — Loadmaster (talk) 17:32, 27 February 2008 (UTC)

Animated episode(s) now canon?
User:Diego_bf109 added this:
 * Tribbles return in the now-canon (Since 2006) Star Trek: The Animated Series episode "More Tribbles, More Troubles" ...

The question is, where is it stated that the animated episode (or series) is now canon? I can't find any reference to this at Star Trek canon. — Loadmaster 21:40, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

I changed this back to reading as non-cannon because I could not find any reference to this episode of The Animated Series being made canonical. 144.226.230.36 02:01, 26 January 2007 (UTC)

Sorry for the late reply. I based that on what I read on http://ex-astris-scientia.org/inconsistencies/canon.htm

Diego bf109 17:45, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

This is Otakudom
I came here because I was wondering where the term came from in the Anime Fan Parody called "This is Otakudom." There is a scene where a character calls another character's mother to see if she can go to Otakon. The mother then responds something like. "My daughter is not going to any convention. I was a trekkie, I know what happens at those things. No daughter of mine is going to wake up naked in a crowded hotel room with a bottle of tequilla in one hand and a tribble in the other."

I wonder if this is worth mentioning in the popular culture section, as the word led me here and she was at a Star Trek convention I assume this is what she was talking about. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mavrickindigo (talk • contribs) 13:55, 27 February 2007 (UTC).

Capitalization
The word "tribble" is capitalized if it occurs in episode titles (e.g., "The Trouble with Tribbles"), of course, but the noun "tribble" is not capitalized anywhere else, just as the nouns "dog" and "cat" are not. — Loadmaster 16:33, 6 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The nouns "dog" and "cat" are not the only relevant comparisons. While "human", "targ" and "microbe" aren't capitalized, "Klingon", "Ferengi" and "Edo" are.  In some cases, the capitalized word is also an adjective indicating cultural origin, as in "Klingon blood wine", but why is that capitalized while "human mating rituals" isn't?  To figure out whether or not "Tribble" should be capitalized, we need to define the rules and conventions of species capitalizations a bit further than simply comparing to "dog" and "cat". - Ugliness Man 01:44, 7 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Yet "Human", "Klingon", and "Edo" are all proper nouns, being the name of cultures as well as a species. "Dog" and "cat", and by extension, "tribble" as well, are not. Unless you're referring to a fictional "Dog" or "Doggish" culture", of course, but as far as I know, there is no "Tribble culture". — Loadmaster 20:42, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

References in popular culture section
User:Tony Sidaway removed the "References in popular culture" section, which I pretty much agree with. It would be nice, however, to perhaps allow a two or three examples, in particular the Jeopardy episode:
 * Removed from the article Tribbles made a brief appearance on Jeopardy! in the 1997 Teen Tournament when they were the object of a Daily Double answer. The tribbles appeared on host Alex Trebek's podium during the clue and then multiplied every commercial break, eventually covering the camera.

— Loadmaster 20:45, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I put it back in. It's a nice section, and many, many other articles have similar sections, and unless they're all removed I believe it should stay. Now if anyone feels it can be better structured, than by all means. --Gero 02:07, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

 * It's gone again. I think it should stay, and if it doesn't I think the fact a book about speculative alien evolution hailed them as the most believable creatures in Star Trek should be worked in somewhere else. Daibhid C (talk) 00:04, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * There are certain editors who don't like trivia sections in articles. This is because of the Wikipedia policy "Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information".  However, I see these references as related facts and thereby relevant. Do you want to battle against the anti-trivia editors? — Val42 19:18, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Popular culture section, again
This really ought to go, unless it can be reorganized into something resembling an encyclopedic treatment. In my opinion, only the second item in the current version (regarding believability) is useful; the rest is just cruft. Tribbles are well known in popular culture, and that ought to be noted, but a list of times that some television program used the word "tribble" is crap. — Gavia immer (talk) 13:16, 26 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree that most of the list is pretty meaningless. The item about the Jeopardy! show, however, seems relevant enough as TV history to be included. If we had a citation for it, it would be a cinch to include it. — Loadmaster (talk) 21:48, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The section was removed by 168.12.253.66. — Loadmaster (talk) 21:47, 21 November 2012 (UTC)

 * ...and I removed it again. We really need a consensus here about whether the section should be included or not. — Loadmaster (talk) 18:33, 17 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Agreeing on that one. After all, it would be nice to know what kind of impact the Tribbles have outside of Star Trek.DanielC46 (talk) 08:48, 18 December 2012 (UTC)

Propose reduction of 'History' section
I suggest that the History section here be reduced to a fraction of its size. No sources are given, and it appears to violate a number of guidelines on information about editors' favorite episodes etc, as well as guidelines about excessive detail on various versions and patches of video games, etc.

In its length and detail, the section is misleading: it makes it sound as if Tribbles are a fundamental element of Star Trek. I've been a casual Trek watcher for thirty years and I'd never heard of them before today. And before anyone jumps in and says clearly I don't know my Star Trek - that is exactly the point I am making! Cpaaoi (talk) 12:14, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Okay, I've cut it right down - the article now actually makes some sense! Cpaaoi (talk) 16:20, 27 June 2017 (UTC)

Which films?
The page says of Tribble appearances: "...as well as in a number of Star Trek feature films". 'A number'? How many, and which ones? Thanks. Randy Kryn (talk) 11:16, 23 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Four films, from this older edition of the page. It looks like much good information was then removed and lost from the page, maybe some of that can be put back. Randy Kryn (talk) 11:21, 23 May 2019 (UTC)

List of appearances?
it would be nice to have a complete list of all mentions and appearances of tribbles 74.109.240.229 (talk) 14:53, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tribble