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Dannii Minogue

Dannii Minogue (born 20 October 1971) is an Australian singer, television personality, and actress. She first gained recognition for her appearances on the television talent show Young Talent Time (1982–1988) and for her role as Emma Jackson on the soap opera Home and Away (1989–1990). Minogue began her music career in the early 1990s, achieving early success with her debut studio album, Love and Kisses (1991), which was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and included the hit singles "Love and Kisses", "Jump to the Beat" and "Success". Following the release of her second studio album, Get into You (1993), Minogue's popularity as a singer had declined, leading her to make a name for herself with award-winning performances in theatre productions.

The late 1990s saw a brief return to music after Minogue reinvented herself as a dance artist with her third studio album, Girl (1997), and its lead single "All I Wanna Do". Her fourth studio album, Neon Nights (2003), became the most successful of her career; it was certified gold by the BPI and spawned the hit singles "Who Do You Love Now?", "I Begin to Wonder" and "Put the Needle on It". In 2007, she released her fifth studio album, Club Disco. In the UK, Minogue has achieved nine Top 10 singles and 13 consecutive number-one dance singles, becoming the best-performing artist on the UK Dance Chart. In Australia, she has achieved 12 Top 30 singles and six Gold certified singles. As of January 2017, she has sold over eight million records worldwide.

Minogue has served as a judge on multiple television talent shows, including The X Factor UK (2007–2010), Australia's Got Talent (2007–2012), Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (2013), The X Factor Australia (2013–2015), Let It Shine (2017), and The Masked Singer Australia (2019–2021). As a television presenter, she has hosted It's Not Just Saturday (1996), Dance Boss (2018), Ultimate Beastmaster (2018), I Kissed a Boy (2023), and I Kissed a Girl (2024).

Early life and career beginnings
Dannii Minogue was born on 20 October 1971 and brought up in Surrey Hills, Melbourne. She attended Camberwell Primary School and later Camberwell High School. She is the younger daughter of Carol Ann Jones, a dancer from Maesteg, Wales, and accountant Ronald Charles Minogue. She is the youngest of three children; her older sister is singer Kylie Minogue, while her brother Brendan is a news cameraman in Australia.

Minogue began her career as a child on Australian television. From the age of 7, she appeared in several soap operas, including Skyways and The Sullivans. In 1982, she joined the weekly music programme Young Talent Time. Minogue recorded her first solo recordings for the programme, including a cover version of Madonna's hit single "Material Girl"; during this time, she also performed live at several sold-out nationwide concert tours. In 1988, Minogue departed from Young Talent Time to continue her acting career, appearing as the rebellious tomboyish teenager Emma Jackson on the soap opera Home and Away in 1989. Minogue remained on the programme for only a year. She proved to be popular among Australian audiences when she was nominated for a Silver Logie as the Most Popular Actress on Australian television.

In September 1988, Minogue released her own fashion range, Dannii. She became interested in fashion design while appearing on Young Talent Time. Minogue had designed the clothing she had worn on the show, and the positive response from the audience resulted in her releasing her own line. Minogue's debut line Dannii sold out across Australia in ten days and was followed by three additional summer lines in 1989.

1990–1995: Dannii and Get into You
Minogue signed a recording contract with Australian-based Mushroom Records in January 1989. Her first album, Dannii, was released the following year and reached number twenty-four on the Australian albums chart. Outside Australia, the album was released in 1991 under the title Love and Kisses and peaked at number eight in the United Kingdom and was certified gold. Minogue's debut single "Love and Kisses" peaked at number four on the Australian singles chart and was certified gold. In the UK, the song peaked at number eight on the singles chart. Subsequent singles "Success", "Jump to the Beat", "Baby Love" and "I Don't Wanna Take This Pain" all reached the UK top 40.

Minogue released Love and Kisses and..., a re-issue of her debut album, in November 1991. The album, a collection of dance songs, comprised tracks and remixes from Love and Kisses. It peaked at number 42 on the UK albums chart and sold nearly 60,000 copies in its own right. Several remixes by producer and DJ Steve "Silk" Hurley were successful in European dance clubs. She credits these remixes for providing her with a "new image and sound to work with" on future releases. Also that year, Minogue made her feature film debut in Secrets, which co-starred Noah Taylor. The film revolved around five Australian teenagers who become stuck in the basement of a hotel in an attempt to see The Beatles. The film was not well received by audiences or critics, with Minogue's performance being described as "not all that convincing".

Minogue released her second album Get into You, which included the songs "Show You the Way to Go", "This Is It" and "This Is the Way", in October 1993. The album contained uptempo dance tracks, but despite her past chart success, failed to make the British top fifty. In mid-1994, Minogue returned to television as a presenter, co-hosting Channel 4's morning show The Big Breakfast in the UK. In 1995, Minogue released the singles "Rescue Me" and "Boogie Woogie", a collaboration with dance act Eurogroove. Released only in Japan, both songs reached number one on the Japanese singles chart. She began recording her third album in 1995; however, Minogue and her record label, Mushroom Records, parted ways in late 1995 following a contract disagreement. The tracks recorded in 1994/1995 for Minogue's planned third album were unheard for many years, they were finally released in 2009 via Cargo Records on the compilation album The 1995 Sessions. In 1991, Minogue appeared before the Queen at the Royal Variety Show where she sang "Success".

1996–2004: Girl and Neon Nights
In 1996, Minogue resumed her co-hosting duties, presenting the Eggs on Legs road show segment. That same year, Minogue briefly hosted the children's show Disney Time and co-hosted, with Gareth Jones, the teenage Saturday morning entertainment show It's Not Just Saturday for 16. In 1997, Minogue hosted Top of the Pops, a British music chart television programme, before returning to her recording career later that year. In April 1997, Minogue made her stage debut as Rizzo in the musical Grease: The Arena Spectacular. In Australia, the show sold over 450,000 tickets during its first season. The following year, Minogue resumed her role as Rizzo, performing in New Zealand. At the 1998 Mo Awards, Minogue was nominated for "Best Female Musical Theatre Performer" for her role.

Following the release of several remixes of her songs by Steve "Silk" Hurley, Minogue became interested in dance music. She commented that the remixes were "the first thing I did that was really cool and my love of dance music and clubbing started from there." Minogue's interest in dance music and clubbing influenced her third album, Girl, released in September 1997, which featured collaborations with musicians such as Brian Higgins of Xenomania. The album presented a more sophisticated and adult style of dance music, but despite generally positive reviews, failed to make the British top 50. The lead single "All I Wanna Do", which the Daily Mirror described as a "bass-bumping, shuddering return", peaked at number four on the UK singles chart. In her native Australia, the single peaked at number eleven and was certified gold. The album's second single "Everything I Wanted" made the top 20 in the UK and the top 50 in Australia, while the third single "Disremembrance" narrowly missed the top 20 in the UK, peaking at number 21. All three singles released from Girl reached number one on the UK dance chart.

In June 1998, Minogue began The Unleashed Tour, a 22-date UK tour. Mushroom Records released two budget compilation albums in December 1998, as part of the label's 25th anniversary. Released only in Australia, The Singles comprised all Minogue's single releases, while The Remixes contained popular remixes. These releases were promoted with the song "Coconut", which was previously only available as a hidden track on CD versions of the Girl album. In January 1999, following her performance at the 1998 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras, Minogue released the festival's first official theme song, "Everlasting Night". It appeared on the compilation CD Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras of 1999 and its music video, co-directed by Minogue, was a tribute to Australia's gay and lesbian community.

In November 2001, Minogue released the single, "Who Do You Love Now?", a collaboration with Riva. Described by Sound Generator as a "nice serene and dreamy vocal on the dance floor anthem", the song peaked at number three on the UK singles chart and reached number one on the dance charts. In Australia, the song peaked at number 15, while in the United States the song was released to dance clubs and reached number 12 on the US Billboard Dance Club chart. In 2001, Minogue signed a six-album deal with London Records, a subsidiary of Warner Music International.

In March 2003, Minogue released her fourth album, Neon Nights, which the BBC called "a pleasant cocktail of pop sophistication, club culture and accessibility". It consisted of 1980s inspired dance-pop songs and provided Minogue with some of the strongest reviews of her career. Neon Nights peaked at number eight on the UK albums chart (her highest ranking since her debut) and produced four top 10 singles. "Who Do You Love Now?" was not officially released as the first single; however, it was included on the album. The official lead single was "Put the Needle on It", a 1980s inspired dance-pop song which became a top 10 hit in the UK, peaking at number seven. It enjoyed top 20 success in several countries including Australia, where it peaked at number 11 and was certified gold. The second single, "I Begin to Wonder", was declared one of the "best things" on the album by Ireland's Radio Telefís Éireann and became her highest-charting single in the UK, peaking at number two. In Australia, the single garnered Minogue another top 20 hit, peaking at number 14 and was also certified gold. Third single "Don't Wanna Lose This Feeling" reached number five in the UK, while in Australia the single just missed the top 20, charting at number 22. Following extensive airplay by North American dance radio, Warner Music Group released the album in the United States in late 2003. Singles "I Begin to Wonder" and "Don't Wanna Lose This Feeling" were also substantial successes on the US dance charts.

2004–2006: The Hits & Beyond
In June 2004, Afterlife released the album Speck of Gold, which featured Minogue on the single "Take Me Inside". The album was released in Australia in 2008, featuring two different versions of the song. In October 2004, Minogue released the single "You Won't Forget About Me", a collaboration with the dance act Flower Power. Described by MSN Entertainment as a "real grower" and noted for its "snip snapping house beats and '80s flecked synths", the song peaked at number seven on the UK singles chart and also made the top 20 in Australia. "Perfection", a collaboration with the Soul Seekerz, followed in October 2005 where it reached the top twenty in both the UK and Australia.

Minogue released The Hits & Beyond, a greatest hits album, in June 2006. The album consisted of new songs alongside singles from her four studio albums. It debuted at number 17 on the UK Albums Chart. The album introduced a new single, "So Under Pressure", inspired by the cancer diagnoses of her sister Kylie as well as that of an unnamed friend. On 11 December Minogue performed "Kids" with her sister Kylie during Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour in Melbourne and "Celebration" on 31 December in London at Wembley Arena. The single made the top 20 in Australia and the UK and also became her 10th consecutive song to reach the number one spot on the UK Upfront Club chart. Minogue has described the recording of "So Under Pressure" as a "real achievement" as she was "brave enough to put all [her feelings] into words". In September 2006, Minogue's cover of "I'll Be Home for Christmas" appeared on Spirit of Christmas, a compilation album of holiday songs available through the Myer department store chain across Australia.

In November 2006, Minogue performed Sister Sledge's 1979 song "He's the Greatest Dancer" on BBC One's Children in Need telethon. A studio version of the song, remixed by Fugitive, appeared on the dance compilation Clubland 10, which was released in November 2006. The following month, "He's the Greatest Dancer" was released to UK dance clubs and reached number one on the Upfront Club chart. It also charted in the top 40 on the Australian singles chart.

2007–2010: Unleashed and Club Disco
October onwards saw a total of five releases from Minogue; first, on 29 October, reissues of her 1997 and 2003 albums Girl and Neon Nights, each containing two discs, the second disc of which includes remixes. On 5 November, she released Unleashed, a collection of previously unheard material from her time with London Records, and The Video Collection, which includes every one of her music videos as well as bonus features. Minogue's fifth studio album Club Disco was released on the same date and in May 2008 in Australia, featuring several previously released singles, such as "You Won't Forget About Me", "Perfection", and "So Under Pressure", cancelled single "I Can't Sleep at Night" and covers of "Xanadu" and the disco classic "He's the Greatest Dancer". Finally, on 3 December, a single was released, titled "Touch Me Like That", which peaked at number one on the UK Dance Chart.

In early 2008, Minogue was hired as the headline performer at Australian Fashion Week. In particular, she was booked to make an appearance at the opening party hosted by MAC Cosmetics. She also released Club Disco as a double album in Australia with some changes to the track listing. At the start of 2009, a digital compilation album, The Early Years, was released online that featured songs from Minogue's first two studio albums.

On 7 December 2009, Minogue released The 1995 Sessions, an album full of previously unreleased recordings made for what would have been her then third studio album, which never materialised due to differences with her then label. On the same date, Minogue re-released remastered editions of her first two albums with MCA Records, her debut Love & Kisses and the follow-up Get into You. In total Minogue's music has achieved more than 200 weeks on the UK Sales Chart and she has sold more than seven-million records worldwide. On 23 June 2010, ITV2 announced Dannii Minogue: Style Queen, a three-part documentary about Minogue's fashion line "Project D", The X Factor, motherhood, her partner Kris Smith and her return to music as well as writing her autobiography My Story, which was produced by Steve Vizard and broadcast in Australia on Foxtel.

2011–2014: This Is It: The Very Best Of
In January 2012, Minogue appeared in the ITV documentary The Talent Show Story where she talked about her time on The X Factor UK and working on talent shows. Other talent show judges interviewed included Gary Barlow, Louis Walsh, Kelly Rowland, Tulisa, Amanda Holden, Piers Morgan, Carrie Grant and Simon Cowell, as well as The X Factor host Dermot O'Leary and Britain's Got Talent hosts Ant & Dec. In February 2012, Minogue officially opened Madame Tussauds Sydney, unveiling a waxwork of herself at the launch.

In September 2013, Minogue teamed up with Ronan Keating to record a duet of the Christmas classic "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" for department store chain Myer's The Spirit of Christmas 2013 compilation. In late 2014, Minogue recorded a cover version of "That's How You Know" for the Australian We Love Disney album.

2015–present: Musical comeback
In February 2015, Minogue announced that, after a long hiatus, she planned to make her musical comeback at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. Minogue also revealed she had been working on new music. Following the announcement, Minogue, British rapper Reece Robertson and the official Sydney Mardi Gras profiles launched a mysterious online campaign on social media featuring the #pressplay hashtag. At the end of February, Sydney Mardi Gras shared a YouTube link to a video called #pressplay featuring the extended mix of "Summer of Love". On 2 March, the extended mix of "Summer of Love" was made available to pre-order on iTunes.

In August 2017, Minogue confirmed that she would be a support act for Take That on their first Australian tour in over twenty years, which would take place that November. She also announced a single titled "Holding On" would be released on 11 August and that more new music would be released around the time of the tour. On 2 November 2017, Minogue confirmed she would release a song titled "Galaxy" on 10 November, a day before the tour was due to start.

In 2023, it was announced that Minogue would be releasing a new song just weeks after her sister, Kylie Minogue, would be releasing the lead single for her upcoming album Tension, "Padam Padam". Minogue's song "We Could Be the One" was released on 2 June 2023, and also features as the opening song for the British gay sting show that she hosts, I Kissed a Boy.  It charted at number 5 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart on 9 June 2023. On 16 June 2023, Minogue released an anniversary edition of her Neon Nights album. Titled Neon Nights 20, the album was made available on all digital outlets and CD and vinyl. Minogue had confirmed the deluxe, expanded anniversary issue in April 2023.

UK television
In 2007, Minogue became a judge on the fourth series of The X Factor UK, alongside Simon Cowell, Louis Walsh and Sharon Osbourne. She mentored the Boys category and selected Leon Jackson, Rhydian Roberts and Andy Williams to represent her in the live rounds of the competition. Ultimately, two of her chosen acts, Roberts and Jackson, became the final two, with Jackson eventually becoming the winner after topping the public vote. Minogue was the first female judge to win the show. On 20 September 2008, Minogue presented the Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards ceremony. That same year, Minogue returned to the show's fifth series alongside Cowell, Walsh and Cheryl Cole, who replaced Osbourne. Following the initial auditions and boot camp stages of the competition, Minogue was assigned the Over 25s category to mentor. She chose Daniel Evans, Rachel Hylton and Ruth Lorenzo as her final three contestants for the live shows and was assisted by Spice Girls member Emma Bunton. In the quarter-final, Minogue lost her final act as Lorenzo was eliminated from the competition finishing in fifth place, leaving her without a contestant in the semi-final.

Throughout the fifth series, several people in the entertainment industry, including Ronan Keating, Noel Gallagher and Graham Norton questioned Minogue's judging credentials and mentoring ability. On 22 November 2008, during a live broadcast of the programme, Minogue broke down in tears and was unable to introduce one of her acts, Rachel Hylton, following an on-air row with Louis Walsh over a choice of song. Despite the controversies, she proved popular in public votes and polls. Minogue later stated that she did not enjoy her experience on the fifth series and "would never want to go through that again". Minogue returned for the sixth series in 2009 and mentored the Girls category. She chose Rachel Adedeji, Lucie Jones and Stacey Solomon as her final three acts to compete in the live shows and was assisted at the judges' houses stage by her older sister, Kylie Minogue. Despite losing Adedeji in week 4 and Jones the following week, Solomon went on to advance into the final and ultimately finish in third place. In 2010, Minogue was pregnant. She later stated that, as her baby's expected arrival in July would clash with filming for The X Factor audition dates, she would be unable to judge in the audition episodes for the seventh series. Minogue returned during the judges' houses stage. She mentored the Boys category selecting Nicolo Festa, Matt Cardle and Aiden Grimshaw as her final three, with Paije Richardson as her wildcard act. Minogue was assisted by fellow Australian and friend Natalie Imbruglia who was a guest judge in the Birmingham auditions that year filling in for Minogue. Cardle was her only act to make it into the final and eventually won, with Minogue becoming the winning mentor for the second time.

On 14 May 2011, it was announced that Minogue would not be returning for the eighth series of The X Factor UK. Of her decision, Minogue said "During discussions for me to return (to The X Factor) it became clear that unfortunately, this year, the X Factor audition dates in the UK clash with the live shows of Australia's Got Talent during June and July. For this reason I am unable to return." She was replaced by Kelly Rowland. In January 2012, Minogue appeared on the ITV documentary The Talent Show Story where she talked about her time on The X Factor and working on talent shows. Other The X Factor judges who were interviewed included Gary Barlow, Walsh, Tulisa, Rowland and Simon Cowell as well as the host Dermot O'Leary. In June 2013, Minogue joined Elle Macpherson and Tyson Beckford on the judging panel for the ninth series of Sky Living's Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model. She replaced Whitney Port and Julien McDonald.

In September 2016, it was revealed Minogue was returning to British television, as a judge on the judging panel of Gary Barlow talent show Let It Shine alongside fellow judges Martin Kemp and Barlow. In May 2022, it was announced that Minogue would host a brand new gay dating show in the UK on BBC Three called I Kissed a Boy.  The list of contestants and a preview for the show were released in April 2023. The show officially aired on Saturday 13 May 2023 on BBC Three.

Australian television
In 2007, Minogue was hired by Simon Cowell to become a judge on the Seven Network talent show Australia's Got Talent along with Red Symons and Tom Burlinson. It was after this series that Minogue was offered the role on The X Factor UK after Cowell thought she proved good as a judge on Australia's Got Talent. She returned to the panel for seasons two and three in 2008 and 2009. Australia's Got Talent returned for a fourth season in 2010, and Minogue was the only original judge to remain on the panel as producers revamped the series. Brian McFadden and Kyle Sandilands took the places of Red Symons and Tom Burlinson. Minogue also returned for the fifth season in 2011 and the sixth season in 2012. In November 2012, it was announced that Minogue would not be returning for the seventh season in an attempt to reboot the show. She was replaced by Geri Halliwell in the Nine Network's version of the show.

In 2013, Minogue joined the judging panel of the fifth season of The X Factor Australia as Mel B's replacement. She joined returning judges Ronan Keating and Natalie Bassingthwaighte and fellow new judge Redfoo, who replaced Guy Sebastian. Minogue mentored the Over 24s category and one of her acts Dami Im became the winner. Minogue reprised her judging role for the sixth season in 2014. She mentored the Groups category and one of her acts Brothers3 placed third in the competition. Minogue returned for the seventh season in 2015 for the final time as a judge where she mentored the Girls Category and ended up losing all of her acts by the 7th week of the show. She was replaced by Iggy Azalea.

In 2019, she was announced as one of the panellists on the Australian version of The Masked Singer alongside Jackie O, Dave Hughes and Lindsay Lohan. Minogue returned for the second season alongside Jackie O and Hughes, and new judge Urzila Carlson who replaced Lohan. All judges returned for the third season in 2021. However, in June 2022, it was announced that Minogue, Jackie O and Carlson would not be returning to the judging panel for the fourth season. It was later announced that Minogue departed the show because she was busy filming a new show in the UK. She was replaced by international pop singer Mel B.

Theatre productions
In 1999, Minogue returned to theatre, starring in the production of Shakespeare's Macbeth at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. The play received mixed reviews; critic Matt Grant wrote that Minogue "lacks true conviction as she ploughs through the lines without capturing their full force", while Fiachra Gibbons singled Minogue's performance out, noting in her review that Minogue's "disco-queen-from-hell delivery works well" for her character, Lady Macbeth. Two years later, Minogue appeared as Esmeralda in the musical production of Notre-Dame de Paris in London's West End. The musical received poor reviews from British critics who called it "lame" and its songs "reminiscent of [the] Eurovision song contest". At the 2002 Maxim Awards, she won "Best Stage Performance" for her role. In 2001, Minogue also appeared in the stage play The Vagina Monologues, which co-starred Kika Markham and Meera Syal.

Radio
In June 2003, Minogue hosted her own radio programme, Dannii Minogue's Neon Nights. Broadcast in Australia and the UK, Minogue played songs by up-and-coming DJs, as well as her own music. Minogue departed London Records when Warner (its parent owner) dismissed its staff and offered Minogue a deal to depart the label or stay and wait a year to release her next album which had been partially recorded. Minogue collaborated with producers Hugo Lira, Gareth Young, Ian Masterson, Ross Callum and Pascal Gabriel. Many of these tracks were later released on the album "Unleashed". Later that year she signed a new contract with independent dance label All Around the World Records.

Fashion
In the late 1980s, Minogue had a fashion range that she designed which was sold in Target Australia. Since joining The X Factor and Australia's Got Talent in 2007, Minogue has become a Style Icon in Australia, Ireland and the United Kingdom, receiving critical acclaim from various fashion designers such as Victoria Beckham and wearing dresses from J'Aton Couture, Antonio Berardi, Dolce & Gabbana, Marchesa, Philip Armstrong, Carla Zampatti, Gucci and Aurelio Costarella and has featured on fashion magazines like Cosmopolitan, InStyle and Vogue. The press in Britain have especially taken notice of her sense of fashion and different hairstyles since Cheryl Cole joined The X Factor in 2008 often comparing both of them. The praise Minogue got from the tabloids on The X Factor led her to set up her own fashion label with Tabitha Somerset-Webb called Project D, as well as a fragrance. The first line of Project D was sold exclusively by Selfridges in the United Kingdom, the Spring/Summer line was showcased by Minogue during the live first Sunday night show of The X Factor Season 7, wearing her Jingle prom-style dress. In August 2012, the label was rebranded and relaunched as Project D London. In May 2013, Minogue announced that she would no longer be associated with Project D, ending a three-year collaboration with Somerset-Webb.

In late July 2011, it was announced that Minogue would serve as the ambassador for 2011's Melbourne Spring Fashion Week, a role that will see Minogue participate in a series of appearances in September. In 2014, Minogue continued her expansion into the fashion world by launching her own ecommerce store fashion saga. In addition, Minogue announced the launch of her petite clothing line through Target Australia. To date, Minogue has released six Dannii For Target Petites Collection ranges along with a range of shoes and accessories.

Endorsements
Minogue has been a global ambassador for Etihad Airways since 2008. It was confirmed that Minogue would be one of the new faces of Marks and Spencer. She filmed her first commercial in South Africa, which featured Cheryl Lynn's "Got to be Real", for their Spring campaign that aired 24 March 2010. She starred alongside Twiggy, Lisa Snowdon, VV Brown and Ana Beatriz Barros. Minogue didn't feature in the Autumn ad due to her pregnancy, she did feature in the Christmas ad with Peter Kay which featured the Bee Gees' "You Should Be Dancing". Minogue travelled to Miami, Florida in January 2011 to shoot the commercial for M&S for the 2011 Spring collection. Minogue is a former face of world-famous cosmetics brand ModelCo, appearing in ad campaigns for the company. On 5 April 2015 Minogue was announced as the 2015 Style Ambassador for Westfield Australia. In January 2017, Minogue was announced as an Ambassador for L'Oréal Australia.

Writing
In 2010, Minogue released her autobiography, My Story. The following year she released a fashion book titled My Style.

Relationships
In January 1994, Minogue married actor Julian McMahon, whom she met in 1990 while working on the television series Home and Away. McMahon is the son of the former Prime Minister of Australia Sir William McMahon and Lady McMahon. Minogue and McMahon were married for less than two years and divorced in 1995. Minogue stated that McMahon's mother, Lady Sonia McMahon threatened not to attend their wedding and caused a rift. In October 1995, Minogue posed nude in the Australian edition of Playboy. Commenting on the reason she posed nude, Minogue said she "just had a marriage break-up. Most women go to the hairdressers – I did Playboy. I chose the photographer, the location, what I did or didn't want to wear, and everything else about the pictures. I found it a really liberating, empowering experience." She later said that she had posed for the money, saying that she was broke following her divorce. In October 1999, Minogue became engaged to 1997 Formula 1 World Champion Jacques Villeneuve, but their relationship ended in 2001.

In early 2002, she began dating music producer and Bros bassist Craig Logan, whom she met while recording material for Neon Nights. Media reports in March 2002 claimed Minogue and Logan were engaged, but in December 2002 they ended their relationship.

In August 2008, Minogue began dating English model and former professional rugby league player Kris Smith. They met in Ibiza, where Smith was celebrating his 30th birthday. On 9 January 2010, it was announced that Minogue was pregnant; the news was revealed after receiving her 12-week scan. Minogue gave birth via caesarean section to an 8 lb 3oz/4 kg boy, at Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia on 5 July 2010. She had previously planned for a home birth. In April 2012, Minogue announced on Twitter that she and Smith had separated.

In May 2024, after Minogue stated "I identify as queer in a weird way," it was widely reported that Minogue had come out as queer; however, Minogue later clarified in an Instagram post that she is straight.

Controversies
In 2002, the British National Party (BNP), a far-right and anti-immigration political party, falsely claimed that Minogue supported their cause following comments she had made in an interview with Britain's GQ. In the interview, Minogue was quoted saying that French National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen had "struck a chord with people". Minogue responded saying that she had been misquoted and was "mortified" to be associated with the party adding that "Australia is the most multicultural melting pot of people. I'm completely proud of that." Minogue responded to the British National Party's claims in Gay Times magazine saying, "I am not a racist. That is not how I live my life. I have a Jewish manager, I perform in gay clubs, I come from a multicultural background and I am very proud of that."

Minogue received much criticism during series 6 of The X Factor. Controversy began after the first live show on 10 October, after Minogue commented on press reports stating that Danyl Johnson was bisexual. After his performance of "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going", in which he had changed the gender of the person being addressed in the song from male to female, Minogue remarked to Johnson on air that he didn't need to change the gender if the press was to be believed. Minogue's remarks sparked an online backlash. Minogue released a statement on the issue:

I want to clear up exactly what happened on last night's X Factor show and post my sincere apologies to anyone who took offence. I made a comment about Danyl changing the lyrics of his song. It was meant to be a humorous moment about the fact he has an opportunity to have fun with his song. An openly bisexual singing a song that is lyrically a 'girl's song'. Danyl and I were joking about the very same thing in rehearsals on Friday, so it carried on to the show. I'd like to apologise to anyone that was offended by my comments, it was never my intention. I spoke to Danyl straight after the show last night and he wasn't offended or upset by my comments, and knew exactly what I was saying.

Minogue also apologised on the live results show on 11 October, saying Johnson was not upset by her comments. It has since been reported that British regulator Ofcom received around 4,000 complaints from viewers over the comment. As a result, Ofcom launched an investigation, which cleared Minogue and The X Factor. No penalties were imposed.

Media portrayal and other activities
Throughout her career, Minogue has often been compared with her sister, Kylie, whose career has been more successful. Referring to the comparison, Minogue said: "[I]t is hard to be compared all the time to Kylie. On the other hand, however, people will always try to compare you to somebody. Look at Britney and Christina." In an interview with Elle in April 2009, Kylie criticised X Factor judge Louis Walsh for his jibes at her sister: "I'm so proud of my sister and it annoys the hell out of me when comparisons between us are made. In England you lot don't know where she came from. She was on TV every week from 7 years old. It makes it harder for her when she gets Louis Walsh's rather pathetic jibes – one of which is she hasn't had a hit record and that's just not true." She also denied rumours that she did not get along with Cheryl Cole and that she had referred to former judge Sharon Osbourne as "so cheap".

Like her sister, Minogue has a sizeable gay following and has performed multiple times at the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras and the London nightclub G-A-Y. She credits her gay following for much of her success, commenting that gay culture has "always been a part of [her] music". Minogue openly supports gay rights causes for social equality and believes that same-sex marriages should be accepted by all governments.

Minogue is an ambassador for the Terrence Higgins Trust, an organisation that works to increase awareness of AIDS. She joined the charity in hope that her endorsement would encourage people to discuss safe sex and the disease more openly. In 2004 she posed nude, wrapped only in a red ribbon, to promote World AIDS Day in Australia and the UK. She has long been a supporter of breast cancer research and in August 2008 became an ambassador for the Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre Appeal.

Discography

 * Dannii / Love and Kisses (1991)
 * Get into You (1993)
 * Girl (1997)
 * Neon Nights (2003)
 * Club Disco (2007)

title: Dannii Minogue


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Azadirachta indica

Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, margosa, nimtree or Indian lilac, is a tree in the mahogany family Meliaceae. It is one of the two species in the genus Azadirachta. It is native to the Indian subcontinent and to parts of Southeast Asia, but is naturalized and grown around the world in tropical and subtropical areas. Its fruits and seeds are the source of neem oil. Nim is a Hindustani noun derived from Sanskrit nimba (निंब).

Description
Margosa is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height of 15 –, and rarely 35 –. It is evergreen, shedding many of its leaves during the dry winter months. The branches are wide and spreading. The fairly dense crown is roundish and may reach a diameter of 20 –. The opposite, pinnate leaves are 20 - 40 cm long, with 20 to 30 medium to dark green leaflets about 3 – long. The terminal leaflet often is missing. The petioles are short.

White and fragrant flowers are arranged in more-or-less drooping axillary panicles which are up to 25 cm long. The inflorescences, which branch up to the third degree, bear from 250 to 300 flowers. An individual flower is 5 – long and 8 – wide. Protandrous, bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual tree.

The fruit is a smooth (glabrous), olive-like drupe which varies in shape from elongate oval to nearly roundish, and when ripe is 14 - 28 mm by 10 - 15 mm. The fruit skin (exocarp) is thin and the bitter-sweet pulp (mesocarp) is yellowish-white and very fibrous. The mesocarp is 3 - 5 mm thick. The white, hard inner shell (endocarp) of the fruit encloses one, rarely two, or three, elongated seeds (kernels) having a brown seed coat. The margosa tree is similar in appearance to its relative, the chinaberry or bakain, Melia azedarach, with which it may be confused. Melia azedarach also has toothed leaflets and similar looking fruit. One difference is that margosa leaves are pinnate but chinaberry leaves are twice- and thrice-pinnate.

Taxonomy
The name Azadirachta indica was first published by Adrien-Henri de Jussieu in 1830. In 1753, Carl Linnaeus had described two species, Melia azedarach and Melia azadirachta. De Jussieu considered Melia azadirachta to be sufficiently different from Melia azedarach to be placed in a new genus. For both his species, Linnaeus referred to the name 'azedarach', which is derived from the French 'azédarac', which in turn is from the Persian 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت), meaning 'free or noble tree'. The Persian name of the tree, azad darakhat-e-hind, meaning 'the free tree of India'', implies that it is free from disease and insect problems.

Distribution
Azadirachta indica is considered to be native to the Indian region and Bangladesh in the Indian subcontinent and to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam in Indochina. It has been widely introduced elsewhere in tropical and subtropical regions, from South America to Indonesia.

Ecology
The margosa tree is noted for its drought resistance. Normally, it thrives in areas with sub-arid to sub-humid conditions, with an annual rainfall of 400 - 1200 mm. It can grow in regions with an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such cases it depends largely on ground water levels. Margosa can grow in many different types of soil, but it thrives best on well-drained deep and sandy soils. It is a typical tropical to subtropical tree and exists at annual mean temperatures of 21 - 32 C. It can tolerate high to very high temperatures and does not tolerate temperature below 5 C. Margosa is one of very few shade-giving trees that thrive in drought-prone areas such as the dry coastal, southern districts of India and Pakistan. The trees are not at all delicate about water quality and thrive on the merest trickle of water, whatever the quality. In India and tropical countries where the Indian diaspora has reached, it is very common to see margosa trees used for shade lining streets, around temples, schools and other such public buildings or in most people's backyards. In very dry areas, the trees are planted on large tracts of land.

Weed status
Margosa is considered as a weed in many areas, including some parts of the Middle East, most of Sub-Saharan Africa including West Africa and Indian Ocean states, and some parts of Australia. Ecologically, it survives well in similar environments to its own, but its weed potential has not been fully assessed.

In April 2015, A. indica was declared a class B and C weed in the Northern Territory, Australia, meaning its growth and spread must be controlled and plants or propagules are not allowed to be brought into the territory. It is illegal to buy, sell, or transport the plants or seeds. Its declaration as a weed came in response to its invasion of waterways in the "Top End" of the territory.

After being introduced into Australia, possibly in the 1940s, A. indica was originally planted in the Northern Territory to provide shade for cattle. Trial plantations were established between the 1960s and 1980s in Darwin, Queensland, and Western Australia, but the Australian margosa industry did not prove viable. The tree has now spread into the savanna, particularly around waterways, and naturalised populations exist in several areas.

Phytochemicals
Margosa fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, and bark contain diverse phytochemicals, some of which were first discovered in azadirachta seed extracts, such as azadirachtin established in the 1960s as an insect antifeedant, growth disruptor, and insecticide. The yield of azadirachtin from crushing 2 kg of seeds is about 5 g.

In addition to azadirachtin and related limonoids, the seed oil contains glycerides, diverse polyphenols, nimbolide, triterpenes, and beta-sitosterol. The yellow, bitter oil has a garlic-like odor and contains about 2% of limonoid compounds. The leaves contain quercetin, catechins, carotenes, and vitamin C.

Uses
Margosa leaves are dried in India and placed in cupboards to prevent insects from eating clothes, and in containers in which rice and wheat are stored. The flowers are also used in many Indian festivals like Ugadi. See below: .

Culinary
The tender shoots and flowers of the margosa tree are eaten as a vegetable in India. A soup-like dish called vēppam pū cāṟu (வேப்பம் பூ சாறு) in Tamil (translated as "margosa flower rasam") made of the flower of neem is prepared in Tamil Nadu. In Bengal, young margosa leaves are fried in oil with tiny pieces of aubergine (brinjal). The dish is called nim bēgun bhājā (নিম বেগুন ভাজা) and is the first item during a Bengali meal, which acts as an appetizer. It is eaten with rice.

Margosa is used in parts of mainland Southeast Asia, particularly in Cambodia, Laos (where it is called kadao [ກະເດົາ]), Thailand (where it is known as sadao [สะเดา or satao สะเตา ]), Myanmar (where it is known as ta.ma [တမာ]) and Vietnam (where it is known as sầu đâu and is used to cook the salad gỏi sầu đâu). Even if lightly cooked, the flavour is quite bitter, and the food is not consumed by all inhabitants of these nations. In Myanmar, young margosa leaves and flower buds are boiled with tamarind fruit to soften its bitterness and eaten as a vegetable. Pickled margosa leaves are also eaten with tomato and fish paste sauce in Myanmar.

Traditional medicine
Products made from margosa trees have been used in the traditional medicine of India for centuries, for treating skin troubles and rheumatism, but there is insufficient clinical evidence to indicate any benefits of using margosa for medicinal purposes. In adults, no specific doses have been established, and short-term use of margosa appears to be safe, while long-term use may harm the kidneys or liver; in small children, margosa oil is toxic and can lead to death. Margosa may also cause miscarriages, infertility, and low blood sugar.

In Southern India and the Middle-East, neem twigs are often used as a teeth-cleaning twig.

Pest and disease control
Margosa is a key ingredient in non-pesticidal management (NPM), providing a natural alternative to synthetic pesticides. Margosa seeds are ground into powder that is soaked overnight in water and sprayed on the crop. To be effective, it must be applied repeatedly, at least every ten days. Margosa does not directly kill insects. It acts as an anti-feedant, repellent, and egg-laying deterrent and thus protects the crop from damage. The insects starve and die within a few days. Margosa also suppresses the subsequent hatching of their eggs. Margosa-based fertilizers have been effective against southern armyworm. Margosa cake may be used as a fertilizer.

Margosa oil has been shown to avert termite attack as an ecofriendly and economical agent.

Other uses

 * Tree: the margosa tree is of great importance for its anti-desertification properties and possibly as a good carbon dioxide sink. It is also used for maintaining soil fertility.
 * Fertilizer: neem extract is added to fertilizers (urea) as a nitrification inhibitor.
 * Animal feed: margosa leaves can be occasionally used as forage for ruminants and rabbits.
 * Teeth cleaning: margosa has traditionally been used as a type of teeth-cleaning twig.

Toxicity
According to the American Journal of Neuroradiology, margosa oil has the ability to cause some forms of toxic encephalopathy and ophthalmopathy if consumed in quantities exceeding 150ml (5.07 us fluid ounces).

Genome and transcriptomes
Margosa genome and transcriptomes from various organs have been sequenced. Expressed sequence tags were identified by generation of subtractive hybridization libraries of margosa fruit, leaf, fruit mesocarp, and fruit endocarp.

Cultural and social impact

The name Nimai ('born under a neem tree'), of the Bhakti movement Vaishnava saint and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (believed to be an incarnation of Radha Krishna in Gaudiya Vaishnavism and ISKCON) is due to his birth under a neem tree.

In 1995, the European Patent Office (EPO) granted a patent on an anti-fungal product derived from margosa to the United States Department of Agriculture and W. R. Grace and Company. The Indian government challenged the patent when it was granted, claiming that the process for which the patent had been granted had been in use in India for more than 2,000 years. In 2000, the EPO ruled in India's favour, but W. R. Grace appealed, claiming that prior art about the product had never been published. On 8 March 2005, that appeal was lost and the EPO revoked the Neem patent.

Biotechnology
The biopesticide produced by extraction from the tree seeds contains limonoid triterpenes. Currently, the extraction process has disadvantages such as contamination with fungi and heterogeneity in the content of limonoids due to genetic, climatic, and geographical variations. To overcome these problems, production of limonoids from plant cell suspension and hairy root cultures in bioreactors has been studied, including the development of a two-stage bioreactor process that enhances growth and production of limonoids with cell suspension cultures of A. indica.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Azadirachta indica


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Talk:Somalia

Somalia showed as controlling Somaliland

 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Somalia_(orthographic_projection).svg#mw-jump-to-license

The picture has been locked by an administrator, leaving it stuck in a state that does not accurately represent de-facto territory. I would strongly suggest Somalia be shown with its de-facto borders, not de jure borders, per standard border guidelines. ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 18:30, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Somaliland de-facto in the map used is much larger than the reality on the ground. Somaliland doesn't control 40% of its claim territory. SSC-Khatumo is a new unionist administration controls that 40% after 13 years of struggle against Somaliland and its ambition to seek independence based on colonial borders. Meaning even the new replaced map is not accurate. We need a map that shows the real size of the de facto entity while showing Somalia with its SSC-Khatumo. If that is not available, we can for now use the de jure map of Somalia, which reflects the recognised borders of Somalia. Anwar8989 (talk) 08:38, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok so a few things
 * Firstly, Somalilands claimed borders vs it's controlled territories have always being fairly vague because of the dispute involving it and Puntland state borrders. It would be highly impractical to constantly adjust the map based on Los Anod conflict territorial gains and loses, especially since the conflict has been plagued with poor coverage by third party organisations, meaning accurate battle lines are difficult to draw anyway.
 * To explain why Somaliland qualifies for being mentioned on the map, let's look at two examples which overlap here:
 * File:Morocco_(orthographic_projection,_WS_claimed).svg (Morocco map): On this map, despite Western Sahara controlling very little of what they claim, many states do not recognise Moroccan ownership of it, and so the entire Western Sahara is not included as being undisputably part of Morocco.
 * File:CHN_orthographic.svg (China map): The Indian claim on this map is an example of a claim not being recognised by many other states other than itself, but is included anyway.
 * Other examples would include Guyana Essequibo being claimed by Venezuela, and Northern Cyprus being claimed but not shown as controlled on the map of Cyprus despite being otherwise unrecognised by anyone.
 * Hopefully this is a good enough explanation as to why it should be changed for you. ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 13:33, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The conflict was not only over a city, it was over a territory that makes 40% of territories claimed by Somaliland. Now the region has its own administration which is fully independent from Somaliland. Also who would cover a war in non recognised entity that has barely any influence on the world. I think Somaliland needs a new map that shows its true borders, which can be easily constructed. Khatumo SSC is longer disputed, it is endorsed by both Puntland as independent state as well as the Federal government.
 * Looking at Morocco, Western Sahara is actually mostly controlled by Morocco, if we are keen on sharing accurate information, those maps should change too. I would advise on making new maps that shows the true uncontrolled size of Somaliland rather then sharing inaccurate information. I would go no for the current new map. Anwar8989 (talk) 19:00, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry for late response
 * I still believe that the map should contain Somaliland, per my statement above. Not too sure on the guidelines on mapping, but if there isn't any, this could be the point to create one.In regards to creating maps, that can also be debated either way. Still, I am In favour of reverting the map to show Somaliland. Perhaps we should ask for a third opinion? ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 15:57, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Hi both, please allow me to join you in the conversation. I think both of you have a valid point. I am more in favour of creating a new map that reflects the real controlled territories of Somaliland rather than reverting to this old wrong map. We could leave this meanwhile. So, I would so no to the old map and yes for better replacement. SawsanJojo (talk) 18:28, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

RFC discussion
Should the current map of Somalia on this page, which does not show the areas controlled by Somaliland be replaced? If so, in what way?

 * Option 1: Keep current map
 *  Option 2: Replace current map but with a map only highlighting rough boundaries of the areas de facto controlled by Somaliland in light of the current Los Anod conflict
 * Option 3: Replace current map with a map highlighting Somaliland's de jure borders
 * Option 4: Show a map of Somalia with its de jure borders, while also displaying one with its de facto borders.

It's worth noting there was an edit war on this issue back in December, resulting in the current version of the map being protected. ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 15:50, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Support Option 3, with a secondary preference for Option 2 per my comments above (before RFC). ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 17:30, 1 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Somaliland is not a dejure state, in fact, never was either. Therefore, its claims control over territories is something that we are not certain of, also no international actor recognises Somaliland claim of these territories. Somaliland always had disputed border and now doesn't control all the eastern part of its claimed territory. Therefore option 3 is definitely not a choice.
 * Somala's current map is a dejure. The world recognised Somalia with its 1960s border, the entire world. It makes sense to leave it with the current option. I will vote Option 1 Nawal00 (talk) 19:51, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Update:Secondary preference for Option 4 ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 18:43, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Option 1 - I don't think our maps typically represent what authority "de facto" controls a certain region. They more typically represent what the internationally recognized boundries are (e.g. Ukraine). It's a fair point that not representing regions that are "de facto" controlled by other parties may be slightly misleading for readers, but I think the overwhelming counter argument to that is that it's relatively easy for us to figure out internationally recognized borders, and relatively hard for us to figure out de facto borders. Trying to use de facto borders would just throw everything into chaos. NickCT (talk) 16:45, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I understand the point about not using actual de facto line of control, hence my leaning towards Option 3, but it must be said that even on the Ukraine's page we have a map showing its de jure borders (The initial one), but then we have one showing territories currently occupied by Russia, as seen at File:Europe-Ukraine (disputed territory).svg. I actually never thought of using two maps beforehand, like it is on Ukraine. Perhaps it could work?ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 17:51, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm a bit confused by your statement. Would you agree or disagree that the map for this article (i.e. Somalia) should show Somalia's de jure borders, like Ukraine's map show's its de jure borders? Two maps could make sense. Showing the "disputed territories" somewhere in the body seems reasonable. NickCT (talk) 19:27, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I find it a bit hard to put it accross, I was suggesting we show that Somalia does indeed claim Somaliland, but does not control it in its entirety, which could be indicated via a shade if lighter green (it was like this until a edit war in December that resulted in the map being given protected status). Two maps could be a comprimise by allowing Somalia's internationally recognized borders to be shown while allowing people to view what it de facto controls. ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 21:12, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * (For an example of what a mean, see Morocco and how West Sahara is highlighted on the map, or Cyprus in which North Cyprus is shown as claimed but uncontrolled.) ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 21:23, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah. I mean I guess we sometimes represent de facto borders (e.g. Cyprus, Morocco, Moldovia), and sometimes de jure ones (e.g. Ukraine, Yemen, Myanmar). I'm really not sure what the distinction is between those places. I stick to what I said earlier about de jure borders being easier to represent. NickCT (talk) 22:07, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

 * (I added a fourth option there now, based off the comments of NickCT) ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 10:00, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment - I'm confused by the options here. I don't understand the difference between options 1 and 3, I'm unsure what 2 would look like, and 4 seems like it's still leaving questions unanswered. I was just looking at the page for Ukraine, and for its European map, here, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe-Ukraine_(disputed_territory).svg#/media/File:Europe-Ukraine_(disputed_territory).svg, it shows the de jure and de facto territory in dark green, while showing the de jure but uncontrolled territory in light green. This would be my suggestion for Somalia, as well. Garnet Moss (talk) 00:04, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Option 1 shows only Somalia with borders recognised by the UN, option 3 would show both Somalia and Somaliland on the map. You brought up the Ukraine map. In this context it would fall into Option 3. ASmallMapleLeaf (talk) 16:58, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Option 3 if it looks like the maps in Cyprus and Georgia (country). Alaexis¿question? 10:02, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This seems sensible to me – the two-color maps in those articles are clear, neutral, and informative. —Mx. Granger (talk · contribs) 14:41, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The main problem for option 3 is that SL is shown much bigger than it controls. Option 1 could be a temporary solution, 3 is definitely no accurate and not the right choice Anwar8989 (talk) 16:08, 20 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Option 1 as I commented above, SL map shared in the past is inaccurate and while a new map is to be generated, option 1 is the de jure most real map to adhere to.
 * Option 4 Ours is ok but doesn't give enough weight to the De Facto situation which is fairly stable and widely reported. Lukewarmbeer (talk) 09:46, 21 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Option 4 if there is reliable information about de facto boundaries. Otherwise option 1. Senorangel (talk) 04:16, 2 March 2024 (UTC)

 * Show de facto borders/claims using the different greens, this is the longstanding standard as laid out in the map conventions. It's concerning that this is not one of the options, as we should not show Somaliland's de jure borders. If the de facto borders have stably changed, that is a reason to update the map, not to throw out our longstanding conventions to handle territorial disputes. CMD (talk) 11:37, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I admit, I do think I phrased this RFC poorly. I think I your refering to Option 2 or Option 3. Option 2 would show what Somaliland has authority over Vs option 3 showing its claims. I am surprised it took this long for someone to even bring up conventions here. Fantastic Mr. Fox (talk) 12:07, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
 * We should not show Somaliland's claims on this article, Somaliland's claims should be shown on the Somaliland article. This article should show Somalia's claims. Option 2 then, although a note that while this specific bout of conflict is new, it is not unique and control has shifted in this are frequently between the many actors involved. CMD (talk) 15:00, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
 * We need a new map that shows all areas identified as part of Somalia e.g all federal states including the newest SSC Khartoum as dark green and part controlled by SL as light green. Map that genuinely reflects the reality in the ground not the old ones that show smaller size of Somalia and larger SL territories Anwar8989 (talk) 16:32, 28 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Somaliland doesn’t have a dejure border as it is not recognised entity, add to that its claim border was never controlled and it has been reduced much further to the east since its war last year with new entity known as SSC Khatumo. So SL neither has recognised borders by the international community nor it controls the borders it claims. Nothing it settled here. So Somalia’s dejure it the best one to show. Sharwa (talk) 13:32, 27 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Somalia's de jure border is shown in every option proposed. CMD (talk) 14:54, 27 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Comment Serbia and Kosovo, Kashmir on the 3 pages, China and Taiwan, Israel and PTs and Golan heights, Venezuela and Esequibo, and Morocco and WS are shown with de jure and de facto, although Ukraine is shown with Crimea. There is a clear convention for de facto to be overlayed, so I think Option 2
 * Alexanderkowal (talk) 13:19, 23 May 2024 (UTC)

Gobolka Raascasayr
gobolka raascasayr waa gobol kamid aha gobolada puntland, waxa loo magacaabay gobolnimo sanadkii 2013-ka. caasimadiisu waa caluula waxa uu kakooban yahay 5 degmo 1-caluula 2-baargaal 3-bareeda 4-murcanyo 5-gumbax gobolkani waxaa mara badwaynta hindiyo iyo gacanka cadan. waxa uu kucaan yahay maydiga iyo beeya bedkiisu waa 11,490km² 102.223.188.66 (talk) 19:04, 19 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 14 March 2024
Okay, in the “HDI” tab, it says that Somalia is last. I think it would make more sense to change that to “193rd.” Also, the UN Country Insight states that Somalia’s HDI increased by 0.380 because it has basically never had data before. For South Sudan, they didn’t write “last.” 48JcL48 (talk) 00:39, 14 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done You have implemented the edit yourself (you should've closed this request at the same time too) . Liu1126 (talk) 23:15, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

Somalia 102.68.16.187 (talk) 17:24, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

"THE Somali community"
What does this even mean? It's a very buzzword-ish way to refer to an entire population of a country. 2603:7081:1603:A300:4B6C:E19C:E222:F8E1 (talk) 22:12, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Maraje
Maraje waa magaalo ku taal Somalia gaar ahaan Puntland oo ka tirsan Gobolka Sanaag Calmadow. Maraje waxaa dega Beesha Dubays Waa magaalo ku caan ah Beeraha iyo Xijiga. waa magaalo leh biyo Dur dur ah kuwaas oo looga faa'idaysto falashada Beeraha. Waxay 40km u jirtaa Bosaso Daarug (talk) 07:18, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Somalia


text:
Carlo Rubbia

Carlo Rubbia (born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN.

Early life and education
Rubbia was born in 1934 in Gorizia, an Italian town on the border with Slovenia. His family moved to Venice then Udine because of wartime disruption. His father was an electrical engineer and encouraged him to study the same, though he stated his wish to study physics. In the local countryside, he collected and experimented with abandoned military communications equipment. After taking an entrance exam for the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa to study physics, he failed to get into the required top ten (coming eleventh), so began an engineering course in Milan in 1953. Soon after, a Pisa student dropped out, presenting Rubbia with his opportunity. He gained a degree and doctorate in a relatively short time with a thesis on cosmic ray experimentation; his adviser was Marcello Conversi. At Pisa, he met his future wife, Marisa, also a Physics student.

Columbia University
Following his degree, he went to the United States to do postdoctoral research, where he spent about one and a half years at Columbia University performing experiments on the decay and the nuclear capture of muons. This was the first of a long series of experiments that Rubbia has performed in the field of weak interactions and which culminated in the Nobel Prize-winning work at CERN.

CERN
He moved back to Europe for a placement at the University of Rome before joining the newly founded CERN in 1960, where he worked on experiments on the structure of weak interactions. CERN had just commissioned a new type of accelerator, the Intersecting Storage Rings, using counter-rotating beams of protons colliding against each other. Rubbia and his collaborators conducted experiments there, again studying the weak force. The main results in this field were the observation of the structure in the elastic scattering process and the first observation of the charmed baryons. These experiments were crucial in order to perfect the techniques needed later for the discovery of more exotic particles in a different type of particle collider.

In 1976, he suggested adapting CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to collide protons and antiprotons in the same ring – the Proton-Antiproton Collider. Using Simon van der Meers technology of stochastic cooling, the Antiproton Accumulator was also built. The collider started running in 1981 and, in early 1983, an international team of more than 100 physicists headed by Rubbia and known as the UA1 Collaboration, detected the intermediate vector bosons, the W and Z bosons, which had become a cornerstone of modern theories of elementary particle physics long before this direct observation. They carry the weak force that causes radioactive decay in the atomic nucleus and controls the combustion of the Sun, just as photons, massless particles of light, carry the electromagnetic force which causes most physical and biochemical reactions. The weak force also plays a fundamental role in the nucleosynthesis of the elements, as studied in theories of stars evolution. These particles have a mass almost 100 times greater than the proton. In 1984 Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer were awarded the Nobel Prize "for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction".

To achieve energies high enough to create these particles, Rubbia, together with David Cline and Peter McIntyre, proposed a radically new particle accelerator design. They proposed to use a beam of protons and a beam of antiprotons, their antimatter twins, counter rotating in the vacuum pipe of the accelerator and colliding head-on. The idea of creating particles by colliding beams of more "ordinary" particles was not new: electron-positron and proton-proton colliders were already in use. However, by the late 1970s / early 1980s those could not approach the needed energies in the centre of mass to explore the W/Z region predicted by theory. At those energies, protons colliding with anti-protons were the best candidates, but how to obtain sufficiently intense (and well-collimated) beams of anti-protons, which are normally produced impinging a beam of protons on a fixed target? Van den Meer had in the meantime developed the concept of "stochastic cooling", in which particles, like anti-protons could be kept in a circular array, and their beam divergence reduced progressively by sending signals to bending magnets downstream. Since decreasing the divergence of the beam meant to reduce transverse velocity or energy components, the suggestive term "stochastic cooling" was given to the scheme. The scheme could then be used to "cool" (to collimate) the anti-protons, which could thus be forced into a well-focused beam, suitable for acceleration to high energies, without losing too many anti-protons to collisions with the structure. Stochastic expresses the fact that signals to be taken resemble random noise, which was called "Schottky noise" when first encountered in vacuum tubes. Without van der Meer's technique, UA1 would never have had the sufficient high-intensity anti-protons it needed. Without Rubbia's realisation of its usefulness, stochastic cooling would have been the subject of a few publications and nothing else. Simon van de Meer developed and tested the technology in the proton Intersecting Storage Rings at CERN, but it is most effective on rather low intensity beams, such as the anti-protons which were prepared for use in the SPS when configured as a collider.

Harvard University
In 1970, Rubbia was appointed Higgins Professor of Physics at Harvard University, where he spent one semester per year for 18 years, while continuing his research activities at CERN. In 1989, he was appointed Director-General of the CERN Laboratory. During his mandate, in 1993, "CERN agreed to allow anybody to use the Web protocol and code free of charge … without any royalty or other constraint".

Gran Sasso Laboratory
Rubbia has also been one of the leaders in a collaboration effort deep in the Gran Sasso Laboratory, designed to detect any sign of decay of the proton. The experiment seeks evidence that would disprove the conventional belief that matter is stable. The most widely accepted version of the unified field theories predicts that protons do not last forever, but gradually decay into energy after an average lifetime of at least 1032 years. The same experiment, known as ICARUS and based on a new technique of electronic detection of ionizing events in ultra-pure liquid argon, is aiming at the direct detection of the neutrinos emitted from the Sun, a first rudimentary neutrino telescope to explore neutrino signals of cosmic nature.

Rubbia further proposed the concept of an energy amplifier, a novel and safe way of producing nuclear energy exploiting present-day accelerator technologies, which is actively being studied worldwide in order to incinerate high activity waste from nuclear reactors, and produce energy from natural thorium and depleted uranium. In 2013 he proposed building a large number of small-scale thorium power plants.

Other organisational affiliations
Rubbia was principal Scientific Adviser of CIEMAT (Spain), a member of the high-level Advisory Group on global warming set up by EU's President Barroso in 2007 and of the board of trustees at the IMDEA Energy Institute. In 2009–2010, he was Special Adviser for Energy to the Secretary General of ECLAC, the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America, based in Santiago (Chile). In June 2010, Rubbia has been appointed Scientific Director of the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies in Potsdam (Germany). He is a member of the Italy-USA Foundation. During his term as President of ENEA (1999–2005) he has promoted a novel method for concentrating solar power at high temperatures for energy production, known as the Archimede Project, which is being developed by industry for commercial use.

Personal life
Marisa and Carlo Rubbia have two children.

Awards and honors
In December 1984, Rubbia was nominated Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI.

On 30 August 2013, Rubbia was appointed to the Senate of Italy as a Senator for Life by President Giorgio Napolitano.

Asteroid 8398 Rubbia is named in his honor. He was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1984.

In 1984, Rubbia received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

title: Carlo Rubbia


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