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Grumman E-2 Hawkeye

The Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye is an American all-weather, carrier-capable tactical airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft. This twin-turboprop aircraft was designed and developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s by the Grumman Aircraft Company for the United States Navy as a replacement for the earlier, piston-engined E-1 Tracer, which was rapidly becoming obsolete. The aircraft's performance has been upgraded with the E-2B and E-2C versions, where most of the changes were made to the radar and radio communications due to advances in electronic integrated circuits and other electronics. The fourth major version of the Hawkeye is the E-2D, which first flew in 2007. The E-2 was the first aircraft designed specifically for AEW, as opposed to a modification of an existing airframe, such as the Boeing E-3 Sentry. Variants of the Hawkeye have been in continuous production since 1960, giving it the longest production run of any carrier-based aircraft.

The E-2 also received the nickname "Super Fudd" because it replaced the WF (later E-1) "Willy Fudd". In recent decades, the E-2 has been commonly referred to as the "Hummer" because of the distinctive sounds of its turboprop engines, quite unlike that of turbojet and turbofan jet engines. In addition to U.S. Navy service, smaller numbers of E-2s have been sold to the armed forces of Egypt, France, Israel, Japan, Mexico, Singapore and Taiwan.

Grumman also used the basic layout of the E-2 to produce the Grumman C-2 Greyhound cargo aircraft.

Background
Continual improvements in airborne radars through 1956 led to the construction of AEW airplanes by several different countries and several different armed forces. The functions of command and control and sea and air surveillance were also added. The first carrier-based aircraft to perform these missions for the U.S. Navy and its allies was the Douglas AD Skyraider, which was replaced in US Navy service by the Grumman E-1 Tracer, which was a modified version of the S-2 Tracker twin-engine anti-submarine warfare aircraft, where the radar was carried in an aerofoil-shaped radome carried above the aircraft's fuselage.

E-2A and E-2B Hawkeye
In 1956, the U.S. Navy developed a requirement for an airborne early warning aircraft where its data could be integrated into the Naval Tactical Data System aboard the Navy's ships, with a design from Grumman being selected to meet this requirement in March 1957. Its design, initially designated W2F-1, but later redesignated the E-2A Hawkeye, was the first carrier plane that had been designed from its wheels up as an AEW and command and control airplane. The design engineers at Grumman faced immense challenges, including the requirement that the aircraft be able to operate from the older modified Essex-class aircraft carriers. These vessels were built during World War II and were smaller than modern carriers, being later modified to allow them to operate jet aircraft. Consequently, various height, weight and length restrictions had to be factored into the E-2A design, resulting in some handling characteristics which were less than ideal. However, the E-2A never operated from the modified Essex class carriers.

The first prototype, acting as an aerodynamic testbed only, flew on 21 October 1960. The first fully equipped aircraft followed it on 19 April 1961 and entered service with the US Navy as the E-2A in January 1964. By 1965, the project had accumulated so many development issues that it was cancelled after 59 aircraft had already been built. In particular, difficulties were being experienced due to inadequate cooling in the closely packed avionics compartment. Early computers and complex avionics systems generated considerable heat and could fail without proper ventilation. These issues continued long after the aircraft entered service. At one point, reliability was so bad that the entire fleet of aircraft was grounded.

After Navy officials had been forced to explain to Congress why four production contracts had been signed before avionics testing had been completed, action was taken; Grumman and the US Navy scrambled to improve the design. The unreliable rotary drum computer was replaced by a Litton L-304 digital computer and various avionics systems were replaced – the upgraded aircraft were designated E-2Bs. In total, 49 of the 59 E-2As were upgraded to E-2B standard. These aircraft replaced the E-1B Tracers in the various US Navy AEW squadrons.

E-2C Hawkeye and upgrades

Although the upgraded E-2B was a vast improvement on the unreliable E-2A, it was an interim measure. The US Navy knew the design had much greater capability and had yet to achieve the performance and reliability parameters set out in the original 1957 design. In April 1968, a reliability improvement program was initiated. In addition, now that the capabilities of the aircraft were starting to be realized, more were desired; 28 new E-2Cs were ordered to augment the 49 E-2Bs that would be upgraded. Improvements in the new and upgraded aircraft were concentrated in the radar and computer performance.

Two E-2A test machines were modified as E-2C prototypes, the first flying on 20 January 1971. Trials proved satisfactory and the E-2C was ordered into production. The first production aircraft performed its initial flight on 23 September 1972. The original E-2C, known as Group 0, consisted of 55 aircraft; the first aircraft became operational in 1973 and serving on carriers in the 1980s and 1990s, until they were replaced in first-line service by Group II aircraft. US Navy Reserve used some aircraft for tracking drug smugglers. The type was commonly used in conjunction with Grumman F-14 Tomcat fighters; monitoring airspace and then vectoring Tomcats over the Link-4A datalink to destroy potential threats with long range AIM-54C Phoenix missiles.

The next production run, between 1988 and 1991, saw 18 aircraft built to the Group I standard. Group I aircraft replaced the E-2's older APS-125 radar and T56-A-425 turboprops with their successors, the APS-139 radar system and T56-A-427 turboprops. The first Group I aircraft entered service in August 1981. Upgrading the Group 0 aircraft to Group I specifications was considered, but the cost was comparable to a new production aircraft, so upgrades were not conducted. Group I aircraft were only flown by the Atlantic fleet squadrons. This version was followed within a few years by the Group II, which had the improved APS-145 radar. A total of 50 Group II aircraft were delivered, 12 being upgraded Group I aircraft. This new version entered service in June 1992 and served with the Pacific and Atlantic Fleet squadrons.

By 1997, the US Navy intended that all front line squadrons would be equipped, for a total of 75 Group II aircraft. Grumman merged with Northrop in 1994 and plans began on the Group II Plus, also known as the Group II / NAV upgrade. This kept the same computer and radar as the Group II while upgrading the pilot avionics, such as replacing the mechanical Inertial Navigation System (INS) with a more reliable and accurate laser Ring Gyroscope-driven INS, installing dual Multifunction Display Units (MFCDUs) (vice one in the Group II) and integrating GPS into the weapon system. A variant of the Group II with upgrades to the mission computer and CIC workstations is referred to as the MCU/ACIS, these were produced in small numbers due to production of the Hawkeye 2000 soon after its introduction. All Group II aircraft had their 1960s vintage computer processors replaced by a mission computer with the same functionality via modern computer technology, referred to as the GrIIM RePr (Group II Mission Computer Replacement Program, pronounced "grim reaper").

Another upgrade to the Group II was the Hawkeye 2000, which featured the same APS-145 radar but incorporated an upgraded mission computer and CIC (Combat Information Center) workstations (Advanced Control Indicator Set or ACIS and carries the U.S. Navy's new CEC (cooperative engagement capability) data-link system. It is also fitted with a larger capacity vapor cycle avionics cooling system. Starting in 2007 a hardware and software upgrade package began to be added to existing Hawkeye 2000 aircraft. This upgrade allows faster processing, double current trackfile capacity and access to satellite information networks. Hawkeye 2000 cockpits being upgraded include solid-state glass displays and a GPS-approach capability. The remaining Hawkeye Group II NAV Upgrade aircraft received GPS approach capability, but did not get the solid-state glass displays.

In 2004, the E-2C's propeller system was changed; a new eight-bladed propeller system named NP2000 was developed by the Hamilton-Sundstrand company to replace the old four-bladed design. Improvements included reduced vibrations and better maintainability as a result of the ability to remove prop blades individually instead of having to remove the entire prop and hub assembly. The propeller blades are of carbon fiber construction with steel leading edge inserts and de-icing boots at the root of the blade.

E-2D Advanced Hawkeye

Once considered for replacement by the "Common Support Aircraft", this concept was abandoned. The latest E-2 version is the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye, which features an entirely new avionics suite including the new AN/APY-9 radar, radio suite, mission computer, integrated satellite communications, flight management system, improved T56-A-427A engines, a glass cockpit and aerial refueling. The APY-9 radar features an active electronically scanned array (AESA), which adds electronic scanning to the mechanical rotation of the radar in its radome. The E-2D includes provisions for the copilot to act as a "Tactical 4th Operator" (T4O), who can reconfigure his main cockpit display to show radar, IFF, Link 16 (JTIDS)/CEC and access all acquired data. The E-2D's first flight occurred on 3 August 2007. On 8 May 2009, an E-2D used its Cooperative Engagement Capability system to engage an overland cruise missile with a Standard Missile SM-6 fired from another platform in an integrated fire-control system test. These two systems will form the basis of the Naval Integrated Fire Control – Counter Air (NIFC-CA) when fielded in 2015; the USN is investigating adding other systems to the NIFC-CA network in the future.

The APY-9 radar has been suspected of being capable of detecting fighter-sized stealth aircraft, which are typically optimized against high frequencies like Ka, Ku, X, C and parts of the S-bands. Small aircraft lack the size or weight allowances for all-spectrum low-observable features, leaving a vulnerability to detection by the UHF-band APY-9 radar, potentially detecting fifth-generation fighters like the Russian Sukhoi Su-57 and the Chinese Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang J-31. Historically, UHF radars had resolution and detection issues that made them ineffective for accurate targeting and fire control; Northrop Grumman and Lockheed claim that the APY-9 has solved these shortcomings by using advanced electronic scanning and high digital computing power via space/time adaptive processing. According to the Navy's NIFC-CA concept, the E-2D could guide fleet weapons, such as AIM-120 AMRAAM and SM-6 missiles, onto targets beyond a launch platform's detection range or capabilities.

Deliveries of initial production E-2Ds began in 2010. On 4 February 2010, Delta One conducted the first E-2D carrier landing aboard USS Harry S. Truman as a part of carrier suitability testing. On 27 September 2011, an E-2D was successfully launched by the prototype Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) at Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst. On 12 February 2013, the Office of the Secretary of Defense approved the E-2D to enter full-rate production. The Navy plans for an initial operational capability by 2015. In June 2013, the 10th E-2D was delivered to the Navy, with an additional 10 aircraft in various stages of manufacturing and predelivery flight testing. On 18 July 2013, Northrop Grumman was awarded a $113.7 million contract for five full-rate production Lot 2 E-2D Advanced Hawkeye aircraft. On 13 August 2013, Northrop Grumman was awarded a $617 million contract for five E-2Ds until full-rate production Lot 1. On 30 June 2014, Northrop Grumman was awarded a $3.6 billion contract to supply 25 more E-2D, for a total contracted number of 50 aircraft; 13 E-2D models had been delivered by that time.

In December 2016, an E-2D flew for the first time fitted with an aerial refueling capability. This feature will allow the aircraft to double its time on station to five hours and increase total mission time from four to seven hours. The refueling modification will start being built into the 46th plane (out of 75 planned) for delivery in late 2020 costing an additional $2 million per aircraft and the Navy plans to retrofit the feature on all previous Hawkeyes for $6 million per plane.

Design

The E-2 is a high-wing airplane, with one Allison T56 turboprop engine (5250 shp rating) on each wing and retractable tricycle landing gear. As with all carrier-borne airplanes, the E-2 is equipped with a tail hook for recovery (landing) and the nose gear can attach to a shuttle of the aircraft carrier's catapults for launch (takeoff). A distinguishing feature of the Hawkeye is its 24-foot (7.3 m) diameter rotating radar dome (rotodome) that is mounted above its fuselage and wings. This carries the E-2's primary antennas for its long-range radar and IFF systems. No other carrier-borne aircraft possesses one of these. Land-based aircraft with rotodomes include the Boeing E-3 Sentry, a larger AWACS airplane operated by the U.S. Air Force and NATO air forces in large numbers. The similarly placed stationary radome of the E-2's piston-engined predecessor, the E-1 Tracer, also mandated the E-2's adoption of a modern version of the Grumman Sto-Wing folding wing system, preventing the folded wing panels from making contact with the E-2's rotodome.

The aircraft is operated by a crew of five, with the pilot and co-pilot on the flight deck and the combat information center officer, air control officer and radar operator stations located in the rear fuselage directly beneath the rotodome.

In U.S. service, the E-2 Hawkeye provides all-weather airborne early warning and command and control capabilities for all aircraft-carrier battle groups. In addition, its other purposes include sea and land surveillance, the control of the aircraft carrier's fighter planes for air defense, the control of strike aircraft on offensive missions, the control of search and rescue missions for naval aviators and sailors lost at sea, relaying radio communications, air-to-air and ship-to-air. It can also serve in an air traffic control capacity in emergency situations when land-based ATC is unavailable.

The E-2C and E-2D Hawkeyes use advanced electronic sensors combined with digital computer signal processing, especially its radars, for early warning of enemy aircraft attacks and anti-ship missile attacks, controlling the carrier's combat air patrol (CAP) fighters, and secondarily for surveillance of the surrounding sea and land for enemy warships and guided-missile launchers and any other electronic surveillance missions as directed.

US Navy

The E-2A entered U.S. Navy service in January 1964 and in April 1964 with VAW-11 at NAS North Island. The first deployment was aboard the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) during 1965.

Since entering combat during the Vietnam War, the E-2 has served the US Navy around the world, acting as the electronic "eyes of the fleet".

In August 1981, a Hawkeye from VAW-124 "Bear Aces" directed two F-14 Tomcats from VF-41 "Black Aces" in an intercept mission in the Gulf of Sidra that resulted in the downing of two Libyan Sukhoi Su-22s. Hawkeyes from VAW-123 aboard the aircraft carrier USS America (CV-66) directed a group of F-14 Tomcat fighters flying the Combat Air Patrol during Operation El Dorado Canyon, the joint strike of two Carrier Battle Groups in the Mediterranean Sea against Libyan targets during 1986.

More recently, E-2Cs provided the command and control for both aerial warfare and land-attack missions during the Persian Gulf War. Hawkeyes have supported the U.S. Coast Guard, the U.S. Customs Service, and American federal and state police forces during anti-drug operations.

In the mid-1980s, several U.S. Navy E-2Cs were made available to the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Customs Service for counter-narcotics (CN) and maritime interdiction operations (MIO). This also led to the Coast Guard building a small cadre of Naval Flight Officers (NFOs), starting with the recruitment and interservice transfer of Navy flight officers with E-2 flight experience and the flight training of other junior Coast Guard officers as NFOs. A fatal aircraft mishap on 24 August 1990 involving a Coast Guard E-2C at the former Naval Station Roosevelt Roads in Puerto Rico prompted the Coast Guard to discontinue flying E-2Cs and to return its E-2Cs to the Navy. The U.S. Customs Service also returned its E-2Cs to the Navy and concentrated on the use of former U.S. Navy P-3 Orion aircraft in the CN role.

E-2C Hawkeye squadrons played a critical role in air operations during Operation Desert Storm. In one instance, a Hawkeye crew provided critical air control direction to two F/A-18 Hornet aircrew, resulting in the shootdown of two Iraqi MiG-21s. During Operations Southern Watch and Desert Fox, Hawkeye crews continued to provide thousands of hours of air coverage, while providing air-to-air and air-to-ground command and control in a number of combat missions.

The E-2 Hawkeye is a crucial component of all U.S. Navy carrier air wings; each carrier is equipped with four Hawkeyes (five in some situations), allowing for continuous 24-hour-a-day operation of at least one E-2 and for one or two to undergo maintenance in the aircraft carrier's hangar deck at all times. Until 2005, the US Navy Hawkeyes were organized into East and West coast wings, supporting the respective fleets. However, the East coast wing was disestablished, all aircraft were organized into a single wing based at Point Mugu, California. Six E-2C aircraft were deployed by the US Naval Reserve for drug interdiction and homeland security operations until 9 March 2013, when the sole Reserve squadron, VAW-77 "Nightwolves", was decommissioned and its six aircraft sent to other squadrons.

During Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom all ten Regular Navy Hawkeye squadrons flew overland sorties. They provided battle management for attack of enemy ground targets, close-air-support coordination, combat search and rescue control, airspace management, as well as datalink and communication relay for both land and naval forces. During the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, three Hawkeye squadrons (two Regular Navy and one Navy Reserve) were deployed in support of civilian relief efforts including Air Traffic Control responsibilities spanning three states, and the control of U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Coast Guard and Army National Guard and Air National Guard helicopter rescue units.

Hawkeye 2000s first deployed in 2003 aboard USS Nimitz with VAW-117, the "Wallbangers" (formerly the "Nighthawks") and CVW-11. U.S. Navy E-2C Hawkeyes have been upgraded with eight-bladed propellers as part of the NP2000 program; the first squadron to cruise with the new propellers was VAW-124 "Bear Aces". The Hawkeye 2000 version can track over 2,000 targets simultaneously while also detecting 20,000 targets to a range greater than 400 mi and simultaneously guide 40–100 air-to-air intercepts or air-to-surface engagements.

In 2014, several E-2C Hawkeyes from the Bear Aces of VAW-124 were deployed from USS George H.W. Bush as flying command posts and air traffic controllers over Iraq during Operation Inherent Resolve against the Islamic State.

VAW-120, the E-2C fleet replacement squadron began receiving E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes for training use in July 2010. On 27 March 2014, the first E-2Ds were delivered to the VAW-125. The E-2D achieved Initial Operational Capability (IOC) in October 2014 when VAW-125 was certified to have five operational aircraft. This began training on the aircraft for its first operational deployment, scheduled for 2015 aboard USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71). The E-2D will play a larger role than that of the E-2C, with five E-2Ds aboard each carrier instead of the current four C-models, requiring the acquisition of 75 total E-2Ds. On 11 March 2015, the Theodore Roosevelt Carrier Strike Group departed Naval Station Norfolk and returned to port on 23 November 2015, concluding the first operational use of the E-2D.

Other operators
E-2 Hawkeyes have been sold by the U.S. Federal Government under Foreign Military Sales (FMS) procedures to the armed forces of Egypt, France, Israel, Japan, Singapore and Taiwan.

Egypt
Egypt purchased five E-2C Hawkeyes, that entered service in 1987 and were upgraded to Hawkeye 2000 standard. One additional upgraded E-2C was purchased. The first upgraded aircraft was delivered in March 2003 and deliveries were concluded in late 2008. Egypt requested two additional excess E-2C aircraft in October 2007; deliveries began in 2010. They all operate in 601 AEW Brigade, Cairo-West.

Egypt used the E-2C Hawkeye in a bombing operation in 2015 against ISIL in Libya.

France

The French Naval Aviation (Aeronavale) operates three E-2C Hawkeyes and has been the only operator of the E-2 Hawkeye from an aircraft carrier besides the U.S. Navy. The French nuclear-powered carrier, FRENCH AIRCRAFT CARRIER Charles de Gaulle, currently carries two E-2C Hawkeyes on her combat patrols offshore. The third French E-2C Hawkeye has been upgraded with eight-bladed propellers as part of the NP2000 program. In April 2007, France requested the purchase of an additional aircraft.

The Flottille 4F of the French Navy's Aeronavale was stood up on 2 July 2000 and flies its E-2C Hawkeyes from its naval air station at Lann-Bihoue, deploying to the Charles de Gaulle. They took part in operations in Afghanistan and Libya.

In September 2019 Florence Parly, French Minister of the Armed Forces, announced that three new E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes would be purchased in 2020 to replace the E-2Cs in service.

Japan
On 6 September 1976, Soviet Air Forces pilot Viktor Belenko successfully defected, landing his MiG-25 'Foxbat' at Hakodate Airport, Japan. During this incident, the Japan Self-Defense Forces' (JASDF) radar lost track of the aircraft when Belenko flew his MiG-25 at a low altitude, prompting the JASDF to consider procurement of airborne early warning aircraft.

Initially, the E-3 Sentry airborne warning and control system aircraft was considered to be the prime candidate for the airborne early warning mission by the JASDF. However, the Japanese Defense Agency realized that the E-3 would not be readily available due to USAF needs and opted to procure E-2 Hawkeye aircraft. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force bought thirteen E-2C aircraft to improve its early warning capabilities. The E-2C was put into service with the Airborne Early Warning Group (AEWG) at Misawa Air Base in January 1987.

On 21 November 2014, the Japanese Ministry of Defense officially decided to procure the E-2D version of the Hawkeye, instead of the Boeing 737 AEW&C design. In June 2015, the Japanese government requested to buy four E-2Ds through a Foreign Military Sale.

In September 2018 the Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) notified Congress of the possible sale of up to nine E-2Ds to Japan.

A sale of up to five E-2Ds for JASDF was approved by the U.S. State Department and DSCA notified Congress on 7 March 2023. The sale includes ancillary equipment, spares and training support for an estimated $1.38 billion. The proposed five E-2Ds are in addition to the six E-2Ds Japan already has and the seven more it has on order. However, the Japanese Ministry of Defense did not reveal in its most recent proposed budget any intention to acquire more aircraft.

Mexico
In 2004, three former Israel Air Force E-2C aircraft were sold to the Mexican Navy to perform maritime and shore surveillance missions. These aircraft were upgraded locally by IAI. The first Mexican E-2C was rolled out in January 2004.

Singapore

The Republic of Singapore Air Force acquired four Grumman E-2C Hawkeye airborne early warning aircraft in 1987, which are assigned to the 111 Squadron "Jaeger" based at Tengah Air Base.

In April 2007, it was announced that the four E-2C Hawkeyes were to be replaced with four Gulfstream G550s which would become the primary early warning aircraft of the Singapore Air Force. On 13 April 2012, the newer G550 AEWs officially took over duty from the former. Singapore has close ties with the Israel military which has also acquired the G550 AEW.

Israel
Israel was the first export customer; its four Hawkeyes were delivered during 1981, complete with the folding wings characteristic of carrier-borne aircraft.

The four examples were soon put into active service before and during the 1982 Lebanon War during which they won a resounding victory over Syrian air defenses and fighter control. They were central to the Israeli victory in the air battles over the Bekaa Valley during which over 90 Syrian fighters were downed. The Hawkeyes were also the linchpins of the operation in which the IAF destroyed the surface-to-air missile (SAM) array in the Bekaa, coordinating the various stages of the operation, vectoring planes into bombing runs and directing intercepts. Under constant escort by F-15 Eagles, there were always two Hawkeyes on station off the Lebanese coast, controlling the various assets in the air and detecting any Syrian aircraft upon their takeoff, eliminating any chance of surprise.

The Israeli Air Force (IAF) operated four E-2s for its homeland AEW protection through 1994. The IAF was the first user of the E-2 to install air-to-air refueling equipment.

Three of the four Israeli-owned Hawkeyes were sold to Mexico in 2002 after they had been upgraded with new systems; the remaining example was sent to be displayed in the Israeli Air Force Museum. In 2010, Singapore began retiring its E-2Cs as well. Both Israel and Singapore now employ the Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) Eitam, a Gulfstream G550-based platform with Elta's EL/W-2085 sensor package (a newer derivative of the airborne Phalcon system) for their national AEW programs.

Taiwan

Taiwan acquired four E-2T aircraft from the US on 22 November 1995. On 15 April 2006 Taiwan commissioned two new E-2K Hawkeyes at an official ceremony at the Republic of China Air Force (ROCAF) base in Pingtung Airport in southern Taiwan.

The four E-2Ts were approved for upgrade to Hawkeye 2000 configuration in a 2008 arms deal. The four E-2T aircraft were upgraded to what became known as E-2K standard in two batches, the first batch of two aircraft were sent to the United States in June 2010, arriving home in late 2011; on their return the second batch of two aircraft were sent for upgrade, returning to Taiwan in March 2013.

Offers
In August 2009, the U.S. Navy and Northrop Grumman briefed the Indian Navy on the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye on its potential use to satisfy its current shore-based and future carrier-based Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) requirements. The Indian Navy has reportedly expressed interest in acquiring up to six Hawkeyes.

Variants

 * W2F-1 : Original designation of the Hawkeye, changed to E-2A in 1962.
 * E-2A : Initial production version, was W2F-1 before 1962. 59 built.
 * TE-2A : Two E-2As converted as crew trainers.
 * YC-2A : Two E-2As, BUNOs 148147 and 148148, converted as prototypes of the C-2 Greyhound
 * E-2B : As E-2A but fitted with improved computing, enlarged outer fins. 52 converted from E-2A.
 * YE-2C : Two E-2As, BUNOs 148712 and 148713, converted as E-2C prototypes. Designated as YE-2C and NE-2C respectively. These airframes then finished out their useful life being used as TE-2C pilot trainers.
 * E-2C : As the E-2B but with all new electronics, surveillance radar and search radar, 63 built. In "plus-models" the E-2C also has upgraded turboprop engines.
 * E-2C Group 0
 * Initial production version of E-2C, fitted with AN/APS-120 or AN/APS-125 radar. Lengthened nose compared to earlier versions

 * E-2C Group I
 * New radar (AN/APS-139), plus upgraded mission computer and upgraded engines. 18 new build aircraft.

 * E-2C Group 2
 * AN/APS-145 radar, further improved electronics.

 * E-2C Group 2 Plus (Nav Upgrade)
 * Avionics upgrade, inclusion of GPS into weapon system.

 * E-2C Hawkeye 2000
 * New mission computer, Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) and additional satellite communications aerial. Originally designated Group 2+.

 * E-2D : A variant with new avionics suite, improved engines, a new "glass cockpit" and the potential for air-to-air refueling.
 * E-2T/K : E-2C variant for Republic of China (Taiwan), with parts taken from retired E-2Bs (USN BuNos 151709, 151710, 151724, 152479). However, these aircraft have the same level of electronics as the E-2C Group II Hawkeyes with their APS-145 radars and are referred to as E-2T, with "T" standing for Taiwan. On July 31, 1999, Taiwan was approved to acquire two additional E-2s built to Hawkeye 2000 standard. Later, the four original E-2Ts were also upgraded to the same standard. The upgraded aircraft were referred to as E-2Ks.

Operators

 * Egyptian Air Force
 * French Navy
 * Flottille 4F (E-2C Hawkeye 2000)
 * French Navy
 * Flottille 4F (E-2C Hawkeye 2000)

 * Japan Air Self-Defense Force: As of March 2023, the JASDF operated 10 E-2Cs and 6 E-2Ds.
 * 601st Squadron (E-2C) & (E-2D)
 * 603rd Squadron (E-2C) & (E-2D)
 * Mexican Navy
 * 1st Early Warning and Reconnaissance Naval Air Squadron
 * Republic of China Air Force
 * 6th Mixed Wing
 * Republic of China Air Force
 * 6th Mixed Wing
 * United States Navy
 * VAW-113
 * VAW-115
 * VAW-116
 * VAW-117
 * VAW-120
 * VAW-121
 * VAW-123
 * VAW-124
 * VAW-125
 * VAW-126
 * VX-20
 * VX-30
 * VX-1
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Weapons School
 * Carrier Airborne Early Warning Weapons School

Former operators

 * Israeli Air Force
 * 192 Squadron
 * Republic of Singapore Air Force
 * 111 Squadron
 * U.S. Coast Guard
 * U.S. Navy (decommissioned squadrons)
 * VAW-11
 * VAW-12
 * VAW-77
 * VAW-78
 * VAW-88
 * VAW-110
 * VAW-112
 * VAW-114
 * VAW-122
 * VAW-127
 * VAW-114
 * VAW-122
 * VAW-127

Aircraft on display

 * E-2B, BuNo 150540, National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida
 * E-2B, BuNo 152476, Patuxent River Naval Air Museum, NAS Patuxent River, Maryland
 * E-2B, BuNo 152484, Air Victory Museum, Lumberton, New Jersey
 * E-2B, BuNo 150541, NAS Norfolk Air Park (adjacent Gate 4), Naval Station Norfolk/Chambers Field (former NAS Norfolk), Virginia. Early E-2C variant nose cap installed for static display.
 * E-2C, BuNo 159496, Naval Air Station Fallon, Nevada.
 * E-2C, BuNo 160012, Garden City, NY as part of Cradle of Naval Aviation Display
 * E-2C, 944, Israeli Air Force Museum, Hatzerim Air Base, Israel
 * E-2C, BuNo 160992, on base memorial display, NAS Point Mugu, California
 * E-2C, BuNo 161227, flight deck display aboard USS Midway Museum, San Diego, California
 * E-2C, BuNo 161098, on display at former NAS Atlanta, GA
 * E-2C, BuNo 161344, awaiting restoration at Yanks Air Museum, Chino, CA
 * E-2C, BuNo 162796, Singapore Air Force Museum, Singapore
 * E-2C, BuNo 164494, National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, FL. This aircraft was the last to launch from USS Enterprise (CVN-65) prior to her inactivation.

title: Grumman E-2 Hawkeye


text:
Talk:World Series/Archive 1

Is there any reason this article is named World Series (baseball)? The only reason I can think of is that there's another World Series around, but I don't know any. Moreover, the World Series article redirects here. I'll swap them unless there appears to be a good reason for this construction; in that case there should be disambiguation at World Series. jheijmans

 * There are other "World Series" for other sports (such as poker -- if you want to call that sport -- other examples), but these uses always have to be introduced as "World Series of.." to distinguish them from the World Series. I would have brought this up myself but I thought that the fact that I am American might be clouding my judgement. I say go ahead and swap the article/redirect order and make edit links for the other World Series in a "See also" section at the bottom. Don't forget to also fix any broken redirects. --maveric149

 * Yeah, there are a few other "World Series" - for instance, World Series Cricket which was a pretty important event in cricket history. Generally I would agree with you that most people globally would think of the baseball first. --Robert Merkel

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:World Series/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Grumman E-2 Hawkeye

Requested move 23 May 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) BilledMammal (talk) 11:57, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye → Grumman E-2 Hawkeye – (edited from:Grumman E-2) – Why does Northrop Grumman, a corporation formed in 1994, get credit for an aircraft that first flew in 1960? Rename per WP:AIR/NC. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1992–93 Schierbecker (talk) 01:25, 23 May 2024 (UTC) — Relisting. Polyamorph (talk) 08:59, 30 May 2024 (UTC) — Relisting. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 11:49, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose: The "Hawkeye" name should stay in the title, in line with similar aircraft like the Boeing E-3 Sentry and E-7 Wedgetail. GarethBaloney (talk) 20:56, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I didn't mean to remove the Hawkeye moniker, User talk:GarethBaloney. Schierbecker (talk) 21:03, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * In that case, rename to Grumman E-2 Hawkeye. It fits in with all the other pre-1994 Grumman aircraft aside from the EA-6B Prowler, for some reason. GarethBaloney (talk) 21:42, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Also Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS, both of which I have recently proposed to rename. Schierbecker (talk) 21:54, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Military history and WikiProject Aviation have been notified of this discussion. Schierbecker (talk) 22:03, 23 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I struck the oppose above to make it clearer that GarethBaloney changed their preference, hope that's okay. ASUKITE 14:49, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Tried to fix move to calm RMCD bot. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 01:09, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Per WP:AIR/NC, "If the type has been produced by different companies or different company names then consensus should be reached on a case-by-case basis on which to use." The Jane's source you provided above is from the year before the Northrop Grumman merger, so of course it will not refer to it by its current manufacturer.  Most sources today refer to the aircraft as a Northrop Grumman product, and therefore WP:COMMONNAME applies. -  ZLEA  T \ C 03:40, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Jane's probably wasn't the best example to use. Though for the record, later editions of Jane's post merger call it the "Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye". Jane's tends to use whatever the current prime contractor's name is for organization. It's worth noting that the B-2 Spirit page was moved to Northrop B-2 Spirit following a brief discussion on the page. It would be nice if we were consistent. Schierbecker (talk) 04:22, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
 * For the record, I would have opposed the B-2 Spirit move for the same reason had there been a formal move request. - ZLEA  T \ C 14:30, 30 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Support This is the general article, not the Northrop Grumman E-2D only article -- 65.92.244.143 (talk) 23:12, 31 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Military history, WikiProject Aviation, and WikiProject Aircraft have been notified of this discussion. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 11:49, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Grumman E-2 Hawkeye


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User:Colocolo~enwiki

hi i am colocolo

title: User:Colocolo~enwiki


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Krull dimension

In commutative algebra, the Krull dimension of a commutative ring R, named after Wolfgang Krull, is the supremum of the lengths of all chains of prime ideals. The Krull dimension need not be finite even for a Noetherian ring. More generally the Krull dimension can be defined for modules over possibly non-commutative rings as the deviation of the poset of submodules.

The Krull dimension was introduced to provide an algebraic definition of the dimension of an algebraic variety: the dimension of the affine variety defined by an ideal I in a polynomial ring R is the Krull dimension of R/I.

A field k has Krull dimension 0; more generally, k[x1, ..., xn] has Krull dimension n. A principal ideal domain that is not a field has Krull dimension 1. A local ring has Krull dimension 0 if and only if every element of its maximal ideal is nilpotent.

There are several other ways that have been used to define the dimension of a ring. Most of them coincide with the Krull dimension for Noetherian rings, but can differ for non-Noetherian rings.

Explanation
We say that a chain of prime ideals of the form $$\mathfrak{p}_0\subsetneq \mathfrak{p}_1\subsetneq \ldots \subsetneq \mathfrak{p}_n$$ has length n. That is, the length is the number of strict inclusions, not the number of primes; these differ by 1. We define the Krull dimension of $$R$$ to be the supremum of the lengths of all chains of prime ideals in $$R$$.

Given a prime ideal $$\mathfrak{p}$$ in R, we define the  of $$\mathfrak{p}$$, written $$\operatorname{ht}(\mathfrak{p})$$, to be the supremum of the lengths of all chains of prime ideals contained in $$\mathfrak{p}$$, meaning that $$\mathfrak{p}_0\subsetneq \mathfrak{p}_1\subsetneq \ldots \subsetneq \mathfrak{p}_n = \mathfrak{p}$$. In other words, the height of $$\mathfrak{p}$$ is the Krull dimension of the localization of R at $$\mathfrak{p}$$. A prime ideal has height zero if and only if it is a minimal prime ideal. The Krull dimension of a ring is the supremum of the heights of all maximal ideals, or those of all prime ideals. The height is also sometimes called the codimension, rank, or altitude of a prime ideal.

In a Noetherian ring, every prime ideal has finite height. Nonetheless, Nagata gave an example of a Noetherian ring of infinite Krull dimension. A ring is called catenary if any inclusion $$\mathfrak{p}\subset \mathfrak{q}$$ of prime ideals can be extended to a maximal chain of prime ideals between $$\mathfrak{p}$$ and $$\mathfrak{q}$$, and any two maximal chains between $$\mathfrak{p}$$ and $$\mathfrak{q}$$ have the same length. A ring is called universally catenary if any finitely generated algebra over it is catenary. Nagata gave an example of a Noetherian ring which is not catenary.

In a Noetherian ring, a prime ideal has height at most n if and only if it is a minimal prime ideal over an ideal generated by n elements (Krull's height theorem and its converse). It implies that the descending chain condition holds for prime ideals in such a way the lengths of the chains descending from a prime ideal are bounded by the number of generators of the prime.

More generally, the height of an ideal I is the infimum of the heights of all prime ideals containing I. In the language of algebraic geometry, this is the codimension of the subvariety of Spec($$R$$) corresponding to I.

Schemes
It follows readily from the definition of the spectrum of a ring Spec(R), the space of prime ideals of R equipped with the Zariski topology, that the Krull dimension of R is equal to the dimension of its spectrum as a topological space, meaning the supremum of the lengths of all chains of irreducible closed subsets. This follows immediately from the Galois connection between ideals of R and closed subsets of Spec(R) and the observation that, by the definition of Spec(R), each prime ideal $$\mathfrak{p}$$ of R corresponds to a generic point of the closed subset associated to $$\mathfrak{p}$$ by the Galois connection.

Examples

 * The dimension of a polynomial ring over a field k[x1, ..., xn] is the number of variables n. In the language of algebraic geometry, this says that the affine space of dimension n over a field has dimension n, as expected. In general, if R is a Noetherian ring of dimension n, then the dimension of R[x] is n + 1. If the Noetherian hypothesis is dropped, then R[x] can have dimension anywhere between n + 1 and 2n + 1.
 * For example, the ideal $$\mathfrak{p} = (y^2 - x, y) \subset \mathbb{C}[x,y]$$ has height 2 since we can form the maximal ascending chain of prime ideals$$(0)=\mathfrak{p}_0 \subsetneq (y^2 - x)= \mathfrak{p}_1 \subsetneq (y^2 - x, y) = \mathfrak{p}_2 = \mathfrak{p}$$.
 * Given an irreducible polynomial $$f \in \mathbb{C}[x,y,z]$$, the ideal $$I = (f^3)$$ is not prime (since $$f\cdot f^2 \in I$$, but neither of the factors are), but we can easily compute the height since the smallest prime ideal containing $$I$$ is just $$(f)$$.
 * The ring of integers Z has dimension 1. More generally, any principal ideal domain that is not a field has dimension 1.
 * An integral domain is a field if and only if its Krull dimension is zero. Dedekind domains that are not fields (for example, discrete valuation rings) have dimension one.
 * The Krull dimension of the zero ring is typically defined to be either $$-\infty$$ or $$-1$$. The zero ring is the only ring with a negative dimension.
 * A ring is Artinian if and only if it is Noetherian and its Krull dimension is ≤0.
 * An integral extension of a ring has the same dimension as the ring does.
 * Let R be an algebra over a field k that is an integral domain. Then the Krull dimension of R is less than or equal to the transcendence degree of the field of fractions of R over k. The equality holds if R is finitely generated as an algebra (for instance by the Noether normalization lemma).
 * Let R be a Noetherian ring, I an ideal and $$\operatorname{gr}_I(R) = \oplus_0^\infty I^k/I^{k+1}$$ be the associated graded ring (geometers call it the ring of the normal cone of I.) Then $$\operatorname{dim} \operatorname{gr}_I(R)$$ is the supremum of the heights of maximal ideals of R containing I.
 * A commutative Noetherian ring of Krull dimension zero is a direct product of a finite number (possibly one) of local rings of Krull dimension zero.
 * A Noetherian local ring is called a Cohen–Macaulay ring if its dimension is equal to its depth. A regular local ring is an example of such a ring.
 * A Noetherian integral domain is a unique factorization domain if and only if every height 1 prime ideal is principal.
 * For a commutative Noetherian ring the three following conditions are equivalent: being a reduced ring of Krull dimension zero, being a field or a direct product of fields, being von Neumann regular.

Of a module
If R is a commutative ring, and M is an R-module, we define the Krull dimension of M to be the Krull dimension of the quotient of R making M a faithful module. That is, we define it by the formula:

 * $$\dim_R M := \dim( R/{\operatorname{Ann}_R(M)})$$

where AnnR(M), the annihilator, is the kernel of the natural map R → EndR(M) of R into the ring of R-linear endomorphisms of M.

In the language of schemes, finitely generated modules are interpreted as coherent sheaves, or generalized finite rank vector bundles.

For non-commutative rings
The Krull dimension of a module over a possibly non-commutative ring is defined as the deviation of the poset of submodules ordered by inclusion. For commutative Noetherian rings, this is the same as the definition using chains of prime ideals. The two definitions can be different for commutative rings which are not Noetherian.

title: Krull dimension


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Public school

Public school may refer to:

 * State school (known as a public school in many countries), a no-fee school, publicly funded and operated by the government
 * Public school (United Kingdom), certain elite fee-charging private schools in England and Wales
 * Great Public Schools, independent non-government fee-charging (mainly boys') elite schools in New South Wales, Australia originally established on the basis of Christian denominations
 * Public Schools Association, a group of seven independent boys' schools in Perth, Western Australia
 * Associated Public Schools of Victoria, a group of eleven elite schools in Victoria, Australia
 * Public school (India), a group of historically elite fee-charging privately owned and managed schools in India

title: Public school


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School uniforms in Japan

The Japanese school uniform is modeled in appearance similar to that of the European-style naval uniforms. It was first used in Japan in the late 19th century, replacing the traditional kimono. Today, school uniforms are common in many of the Japanese public and private school systems. The Japanese word for this type of uniform is seifuku (制服).

History
The majority of Japan's junior high and high schools require students to wear uniforms. The Japanese school uniform is not only a symbol of youth but also plays an important role in the country's culture, as they are felt to help instill a sense of discipline and community among youth. There are many types of uniforms that range from standard to unique ones varying in the ensembles used.

Japanese school uniforms have been around for 150 years.

Originally students just wore standard everyday clothes to school; kimono for female students, with for male students. During the Meiji period, students began to wear uniforms modelled after Western dress.

Initially, in the 1880s, female students wore Western dress, but this was rather impractical. Utako Shimoda (1854–1936), a women's activist, educator and dress reformer, found traditional kimono to be too restrictive, preventing women and girls from moving and taking part in physical activities, harming their health. While western dress was being adopted at the time, she also believed corsets to be restrictive and harmful to women's health. Utako Shimoda had worked as lady-in-waiting to Empress Shōken from 1871 to 1879. She adapted the clothing worn by ladies-in-waiting at the Japanese imperial court, which included, to make a uniform for her Jissen Women's School. During the Meiji period (1868–1912) and the following Taishō period (1912–1926), other women's schools also adopted the. It became standard wear for high schools in Japan, and is still worn by many women to their university graduations.

During the Taishō period, male students began to wear (matching black trousers and a tunic with a standing collar and five gold buttons, and geta). These, apart from the footwear, are still worn today.

There was then a fashion for European-style naval uniforms, called in Japanese, and first introduced in 1920. The idea was taken from scaled-down sailor suits worn by children coming from royal European families. It was relatively easy to sew and thus was easily adopted in the country. Talking about junior and senior high school uniforms, the traditional attire was taken from the Meiji period consisting of military-style uniform for boys and sailor outfit for girls. After which, many schools adopted a more Western-pattern Catholic uniform style. Girls started wearing white blouses with ties, blazers with their school crests, and skirts. Boys also wore white shirts with ties, blazers, and tailored trousers. Schools in Japan do not have gender-exclusive locker rooms; thus, it is quite difficult to change from classroom uniforms into sports uniforms. As a result, most students wear their sports uniforms under their classroom uniforms. Some schools are very particular with the hairstyles as well as the footwear, too. Traditionally, school uniforms were worn outside of school.

The and sailor-style dress have always been a part of Japan's "growing modern" culture due to its formal appearance and its existence as a concept. Old-fashioned textbooks state that the uniforms were based on the Imperial Japanese Army uniform rather than the European uniforms. The sides of the uniform are similar to existing styles of Japanese dressmaking and the collar had straight lines. Many home economics classes in Japan up until the 1950s gave sewing sailor outfits as assignments. Girls sewed sailor outfits for younger children in their communities. In the 1980s, gangs began modifying uniforms by making skirts longer and shortening the tops, and so schools began switching to blazer or sweater vest style uniforms to try to combat the effect. , 50% of Japanese junior high schools and 20% of senior high schools use sailor suit uniforms. The stated in 2012 that, "The sailor suit is changing from adorable and cute, a look that 'appeals to the boys,' to a uniform that 'girls like to wear for themselves.'" As of that year, contemporary sailor suits have front closures with zippers or snaps and more constructed bodices. The stated that "the form is snug to enhance the figure—the small collar helps the head look smaller, for better balance."

Usage

The Japanese junior and senior-high-school uniform traditionally consists of a military-styled uniform for boys and a sailor outfit for girls. These uniforms are based on Meiji-period formal military dress, themselves modeled on European-style naval uniforms. The sailor outfits replace the undivided (known as andon bakama (行灯袴)) designed by Utako Shimoda between 1920 and 1930. While this style of uniform is still in use, many schools have moved to more Western-pattern Catholic school uniform styles. These uniforms consist of a white shirt, tie, blazer with school crest, and tailored trousers (often not of the same colour as the blazer) for boys and a white blouse, tie, blazer with school crest, and tartan culottes or skirt for girls.

Regardless of what type of uniform any particular school assigns its students, all schools have a summer version of the uniform (usually consisting of just a white dress shirt and the uniform slacks for boys and a reduced-weight traditional uniform or blouse and tartan skirt with tie for girls) and a sports-activity uniform (a polyester track suit for year-round use and a T-shirt and short pants for summer activities). Depending on the discipline level of any particular school, students may often wear different seasonal and activity uniforms within the same classroom during the day. Individual students may attempt to subvert the system of uniforms by wearing their uniforms incorrectly or by adding prohibited elements such as large loose socks or badges. Girls may shorten their skirts, permanently or by wrapping up the top to decrease length; boys may wear trousers about the hips, omit ties, or keep their shirts unbuttoned.

Since some schools do not have sex-segregated changing- or locker-rooms, students may change for sporting activities in their classrooms. As a result, such students may wear their sports uniforms under their classroom uniforms. Certain schools also regulate student hairstyles, footwear, and book bags; but these particular rules are usually adhered to only on special occasions, such as trimester opening and closing ceremonies and school photo days.

It is normal for uniforms to be worn outside of school areas, but this is going out of fashion and many students wear casual dress outside of school. While not many public elementary schools in Japan require uniforms, many private schools and public schools run by the central government still do so.

The gakuran (学ラン), also called the tsume-eri (詰襟), is the uniform for many middle-school and high-school boys in Japan. The colour is normally black, but some schools use navy blue.

The top has a standing collar buttoning down from top-to-bottom. Buttons are usually decorated with the school emblem to show respect to the school. Pants are straight leg and a black or dark-coloured belt is worn with them. Boys usually wear penny loafers or sneakers with this uniform. Some schools may require the students to wear collar-pins representing the school and/or class rank.

Traditionally, the is also worn along with a matching (usually black) student cap, although this custom is less common in modern times.

The is derived from the Prussian Waffenrock or the Christian clergy cassock. The term is a combination of gaku (学) meaning "study" or "student", and ran (らん/蘭) meaning the Netherlands or, historically in Japan, the West in general; thus, translates as "Western style clothes for student (uniform)".

The original model of the present day was first established in 1873 for students of all schools. During the Japanese occupation, such clothing was also brought to school in Korea, pre-1980s Taiwan, Manchukuo. Nowadays, the is still worn in some South Korean conservative high schools.

While the is associated solely as the boys' uniform of both most middle schools and conservative high schools nowadays, blazers began to be adopted in most number of high schools in Japan (both public and private).

Sailor

The sailor (セーラー服) (lit. 'sailor outfit') is a common style of uniform worn by female middle school students, traditionally by high school students, and occasionally, elementary school students. It was introduced as a school uniform in 1920 at Heian Jogakuin (平安女学院) and 1921 by the principal of Fukuoka Jo Gakuin University (福岡女学院), Elizabeth Lee. It was modeled after the uniform used by the British Royal Navy at the time, which Lee had experienced as an exchange student in the United Kingdom.

Much like the male uniform, the, the sailor outfits bear a similarity to various military-styled naval uniforms. The uniform generally consists of a blouse attached with a sailor-style collar and a pleated skirt. There are seasonal variations for summer and winter; sleeve length and fabric are adjusted accordingly. A ribbon is tied in the front and laced through a loop attached to the blouse. Several variations on the ribbon include neckties, bolo ties, neckerchiefs, and bows. Common colours include navy blue, white, gray, light green, and black.

Shoes, socks, and other accessories are sometimes included as part of the uniform. These socks are typically navy or white. The shoes are typically brown or black penny loafers. Although not part of the prescribed uniform, alternate forms of legwear (such as loose socks, knee-length stockings, or similar) are also commonly matched by more fashionable girls with their sailor outfits.

The sailor uniform today is generally associated solely with both most middle schools and conservative high schools, since a majority of high schools have changed to more Western-style tartan skirts or blazers, similar to the Catholic school uniform.

Genderless uniforms
Historically, school uniforms in Japan are decided on the basis of sex, with trousers for male students and skirts for female students. However, in April 2019, public junior high schools in Tokyo's Nakano Ward began allowing students to choose their uniform regardless of sex. This started with a sixth grader who did not want to wear skirts in junior high school and asked her female classmates for their opinions on uniforms. The responses showed that most of her classmates also wanted the freedom to choose their uniforms. The young student delivered the survey results to the mayor of Nakano, and all of the principals for the ward's public junior high schools agreed on the proposal, allowing students to freely choose their uniforms.

Schools allowing trousers for female students rose to 600 in 2019 from only four in 1997, and over 400 schools adopted genderless uniforms for 2022's fiscal year. There was a lot of support from female students for the adaptation of genderless uniforms and the implementation of slacks since it allowed for more comfort by keeping their legs warm and making it easier to ride their bicycles. The decision for genderless uniforms is also in consideration of sexual minority students.

In addition to changes made in the uniform, schools made adaptations to the school bags and uniforms for outside-of-class activities. In 2022, genderless swimwear was introduced at a few high schools and has quickly spread to more schools throughout Japan. Genderless swimwear gradually evolved from the need to protect against sunburn to a desire to deemphasize body shape by adding more coverage.

Cultural significance
School uniform varies throughout different schools in Japan, with some schools known for their particular uniforms. School uniform can have a nostalgic characteristic for former students, and are often associated with relatively carefree youth. Uniforms are sometimes modified by students as a means of exhibiting individualism. This is done in ways such as lengthening or shortening the skirt, removing the ribbon, hiding patches or badges under the collar, etc. In past decades, brightly coloured variants of the sailor outfits were also adopted by Japanese, and  biker gangs.

title: School uniforms in Japan


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Territorial dispute

A territorial dispute or boundary dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of territories (land, water or airspace) between two or more political entities.

Context and definitions
Territorial disputes are often related to the possession of natural resources such as rivers, fertile farmland, mineral or petroleum resources although the disputes can also be driven by culture, religion, and ethnic nationalism. Territorial disputes often result from vague and unclear language in a treaty that set up the original boundary.

Territorial disputes are a major cause of wars and terrorism, as states often try to assert their sovereignty over a territory through invasion, and non-state entities try to influence the actions of politicians through terrorism. International law does not support the use of force by one state to annex the territory of another state. The UN Charter states, "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations."

In some cases in which the boundary is not demarcated, such as the Taiwan Strait, and Kashmir, the parties involved define a Line of Control, which serves as the de facto international border.

 * The term border dispute (or border conflict) applies to cases in which a limited territory is disputed by two or more states, each contending state would publish its own maps to include the same region which would invariably lie along or adjacent to the recognised borders of the competing states, such as the Abyei region which is contested between South Sudan and the Sudan. With border conflicts, the existence of the rival state is not being challenged, such as the relationship between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China or the relationship between North Korea and South Korea, but each state recognises the shape of the rival state only as not containing the claimed territory, in spite of who actually governs the land and how it is recognised in the international community.
 * An occupied territory, in general, is a region distinct from the recognized territory of the sovereign states but which the occupying state controls, usually with military forces. Sometimes, a long-term occupation is maintained as a means to act upon a territorial claim, but an occupation may also be strategic (such as creating a buffer zone or preventing a rival power obtaining control) or a means of coercion (such as a punishment, to impose some internal measures or for use as a bargaining chip).
 * The term irredentism applies to border disputes but also to wider territorial claims:
 * [[File:Poster regarding Japan's Northern Territories on public display in Sapporo, 2012.jpg|thumb|360x360px|A Japanese poster calling for the return of the [[Kuril Islands dispute|Northern Territories]] from Russian administration]]If a nation emerges when declaring independence from a larger state, its ultimate recognition may not always grant the new state control over the territory it proposed as part of the declaration. Those lands remain unredeemed territory in the eyes of nationalist movements from the state but do not otherwise cause a problem between the governments on each side of the border.
 * In cases that territory was achieved through historical conquests such as an empire, traditionalists may view former colonies as unredeemed territory.

Basis in international law
Territorial disputes have significant meaning in the international society, both by their relation to the fundamental right of states, sovereignty and also because they are important for international peace. International law has significant relations with territorial disputes because territorial disputes tackles the basis of international law; the state territory. International law is based on the persons of international law, which requires a defined territory, as mentioned in the 1933 Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States.

Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention declares that "a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: (a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other States"

Also, B. T. Sumner's article mentions, "In international law and relations, ownership of territory is significant because sovereignty over land defines what constitutes a state."

Therefore, the breach of a country's borders or territorial disputes pose a threat to a state's very sovereignty and the right as a person of international law. In addition, territorial disputes are sometimes brought to the International Court of Justice, as was the case in Costa Rica and Nicaragua (2005). Territorial disputes cannot be separated from international law, whose basis is on the law of state borders, and their potential settlement also relies on international law and the Court.

title: Territorial dispute


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Talk:Sailor Moon

Saban Moon article
I saw that someone tagged this as needing its own article - I think that could be a good idea. It's gotten some coverage off and on throughout the years, but especially in the last month or so as the pilot was discovered. I'll try to throw something together as a general overview of the potential article. ReaderofthePack (formerly Tokyogirl79)  (｡◕‿◕｡)  14:16, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm going to use this as kind of a guide, of course trying to verify everything as much as possible. ReaderofthePack (formerly Tokyogirl79)  (｡◕‿◕｡)  14:56, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It's kind of proving to be its own fun little rabbit hole to run down, honestly. Coverage for this spans decades, so I'm pretty sure this could stand on its own since the article could expand on the production, as well as the second POC for Team Angel. The investigation into finding the pilot is kind of fascinating. ReaderofthePack (formerly Tokyogirl79)  (｡◕‿◕｡)  16:49, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * What I have is extremely rough and right now I'm just trying to get the material in order before adding in additional sourcing, but you can see my draft here. I'm not really sure what to call the article, as it was never actually a series. "Sailor Moon (American pilot)" would be more accurate in my opinion. ReaderofthePack (formerly Tokyogirl79)  (｡◕‿◕｡)  16:51, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, I didn't realize that the pilot had Adrienne Barbeau in it! <3 ReaderofthePack (formerly Tokyogirl79)  (｡◕‿◕｡)  16:51, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and created it at Sailor Moon (North American live-action adaptation). I am not finished with this, but it looks like there's been enough coverage and reception of the pilot and the music video to justify it having its own article. I'll post at the SM WP to see if anyone can help with expanding the reception section, as it's going to take some digging. I'm having more luck using "Saban Moon" as a search term, but not everyone has used that to discuss the pilot/MV. ReaderofthePack (formerly Tokyogirl79)  (｡◕‿◕｡)  17:51, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * It's looking good. Make sure you use all the sources I added to the Saben Moon section of the Sailor Moon article.--Coin945 (talk) 18:18, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

1980s American book of the same name
I remember reading a book in the early 80s also titled Sailor Moon it was about a former sailor who became a astronaut and guided a space ship to the moon and he fought aliens on the moon. I am not sure why there is no mention about this book I think it was released in 1981 or 1982 I remember reading it at the library 71.241.133.136 (talk) 02:29, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

 * @71.241.133.136 This was probably due to the fact that Sailor Moon was not released yet, and Taekuchi will not have possibly known about it. When Sailor Moon was released in the western sections, the book would have become lesser-known. CherryLS (talk) 10:38, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sailor Moon


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Talk:Buffy the Vampire Slayer

Main cast photo
Can anyone get any pictures to put on each seasons page to show the cast of the season. i've been trying but i am bad at editing so can someone see if they can try (tomwikiman)

Reboot
Hi, when it will be added that the series will have a new reboot. BRFZ1 (talk) 22:11, 2 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Given the nature of television production, any reference would have to be 'FOX intends to reboot Buffy' until the series is actually confirmed to be in production. 70.66.215.159 (talk) 07:00, 10 May 2018 (UTC)

There is a statement in the article regarding the upcoming reboot that is glaringly false—namely the reference to Fran and Kaz Kuzui being involved in the original TV series production. The Kuzuis were involved in producing and directing the 1992 Buffy film that preceded the launch of the TV series by five years; Joss Whedon despised their interpretation (and vandalism) of his script, and distanced himself from the end result (which was critically panned).

Gale Berman approached Whedon in 1996 about a spin off television series that would give him full creative control, and he ran with it—after refashioning the more shallow, Valley Girl premise of the film into an allegorical, ongoing storyline that used vampires, demons and evil as metaphors for the harrowing experience of high school, told from the novel perspective of a teenage girl protagonist with super powers, agency, and a band of misfits as loyal friends.

Because the Kuzuis produced the original film, they owned the rights to what would become the Buffy franchise, and were thus entitled to executive producer credit on not only BTVS, but on the Angel spin-off as well.

Rather infuriatingly, the Kuzuis made quite a handy profit on all seven seasons of Buffy and on all five of Angel, even though all involved in the TV productions have gone on record saying that neither Kuzui ever once visited the sets, nor had any role in either production at all.

Given that Whedon is apparently assuming executive producer duties on this upcoming spin off, any reference to the Kuzuis “involvement” unequivocally reflects their ownership rights and nothing more—because Whedon wouldn’t be caught dead participating in any project in which the Kuzuis were offered input of any kind. Alanrobts (talk) 16:52, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

Nomination of Portal:Buffy the Vampire Slayer for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether Portal:Buffy the Vampire Slayer is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The page will be discussed at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2nd nomination) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the page during the discussion, including to improve the page to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the deletion notice from the top of the page. North America1000 10:05, 8 May 2019 (UTC)

"Buffy the Vampire Slayer (franchise)" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Buffy the Vampire Slayer (franchise). Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Steel1943 (talk) 18:53, 5 November 2019 (UTC)

Scooby Gang?
This article and others on this subject frequently refer to Buffy, Willow and Xander as the "Scooby gang". I am watching the series from the beginning and am part way through Season 2, and so far no-one has ever referred to them as such. Neither they themselves nor anyone else. If this is a word from the fandom I think it is inappropriate to use it here. On the other hand, if it is a phrase in common use later on perhaps that could be explained. Rachel Pearce (talk) 23:15, 19 May 2020 (UTC)

 * I think it was first used in s2e9 "What's My Line" by Xander: “C’mon, Cordelia. You want to be a member of the Scooby Gang you got to be willing to be inconvenienced every now and then.” Next in s3e17 "Enemies" by Faith: "... you get your little Scooby Gang, what do I get?" And multiple times in seasons 4–6. —Tamfang (talk) 06:19, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

Controversy
Is adding a section about the back stages controversies worth the effect?

I know that’s going to be contentious: and probably hard to do, while keeping fair to all parties, but it could be useful, I think.

Cuddy2977 (talk) 08:18, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Buffy the Vampire Slayer