text:
Talk:Nuclear proliferation

Recent Relevance?
I was curious as to if anyone had any intentions of updating any pieces of this article to reflect on current happenings? DesireeLaPointeUG (talk) 01:01, 3 October 2017 (UTC)
 * That would be quite a project. It may be simplified somewhat by the fact that this article mostly summarizes the content of other articles.  So one approach would be to update based on the current versions of those articles.  It's not clear how many people are paying attention to this article. NPguy (talk) 02:44, 5 October 2017 (UTC)

Denuclearization?
I was linked to here from said word as a link, but the page I came from was the one on the Mutsu nuclear cargo ship. Should there be a seperate page for denuclearization or perhaps a disambiguation page between weapons denuclearization and civil denuclearization? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.109.116.212 (talk) 12:43, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

Mutually Assured Destruction
I check on this page every now and then and I've noticed the revert to "coutervalue" as a replacement for the penultimate tactic of "Mutually assured destruction". I find such edits soften the portrayed effects of the potential problems caused by nuclear proliferation. In general, I do not feel that this page adequately reflects the danger and potential harm of the issue. I guess that's opinion, but isn't softening the article reflective of POV as well? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nihilozero (talk • contribs) 08:50, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Old untitled remarks
This page may need updating for recent developments in Iraq and North Korea, but I'm only familiar with the headlines, not the details... -- Catherine 04:44 Feb 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * Whoa...! Did you say recent? It has no mention of Pakistani nuclear tests... conducted in 1998! (Sigh) I guess I'll try to find time to fix it... I think that's an embarrassment. OK, done a quick fix. Andrewa 16:51, 5 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Nuciar Proliberation
If Mr. Bush spells it so, you should perhaps create a redirect to this page with these words ;) Because Mr. Bush has always right - if you tell sth. other he will bomb you nuciar :)
 * Please cite a source for this usage. --WikiSlasher 15:02, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually he pronounces it like nukear not nuciar. Here's the source from CNN. Nuciar proliberation gives no Google hits. Media Matters also cites this, apparently it was made at a House's dinner or something.

"Plus this.

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Here it comes. Nuclear proliferation. Nuclear proliferation. Nuclear proliferation.

BUSH: Nukear proliberation (ph).

(END VIDEO CLIP)

WHITFIELD: President Bush sharing the stage and laughs with someone bearing his likeness at last night's White House Correspondents Dinner. Mr. Bush on Mr. Bush, later on CNN SUNDAY." -- JForget 17:34, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

From the village pump:

Pakistan Nuclear Scandal
Given how big a deal this seems when I read the news articles about it, maybe we should have an article on it? See current events. --Dante Alighieri 18:39, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * We already have an article on Nuclear proliferation with a section about Pakistan that needs to be updated. See also Abdul Qadeer Khan for a related article. -- ChrisO 11:58, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Well then, someone should update the nuclear proliferation article. ;) As for the article on AQK, it seemed a bit sparse on current information regarding the issue. Anyone know a good source for more data? I was browsing google news but didn't really come up with that much useful info. --Dante Alighieri 16:31, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

More on the US policy towards Israel's weapons could be done as well, though it would have to be done carefully to insure NPOV (as I remember it, it's a "don't ask, don't tell" nuclear policy). As for North Korea and Pakistan, it wouldn't be that hard to at least integrate the headlines into it (as such) though there isn't a lot of distance or certainty on those. It might also be worth expanding into the proliferation histories of countries like Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, Switzerland, many of the former Soviet states, etc., which are interesting. --Fastfission 09:16, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Template:WMD
I've added the Template:WMD box-table to the country section of the article. This box adds lots of relevant links in a compact, and pleasant looking, way; so I think is useful. But arguably it's a bit off-topic, so I'm not completely certain this is a good idea. Any views?

I first tried it in the See also section, but it was too big to fit there nicely. - Rwendland 12:14, 22 May 2005 (UTC)

NPT
With a bit of restructuring/tidying/updating work, including making a better fit with NPT (there's some duplication) and perhaps related articles, this would be approaching featured quality I think. Rd232 08:41, 2 August 2005 (UTC)

Iran
Considering that we have quite a large article in Iran's nuclear program, I am surprised to see no mention of Iran in this article. Certainly some discussion of it is merited here. Simesa 11:19, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

I agree but who will have the time to write it / type it up? Jsw663 10:44, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

Competing article
Has anyone compared this article to the text in the new article Nuclear power phase-out? In that article I annotated this article as the "Main", but that might get edited out. Simesa 00:32, 24 August 2005 (UTC)
 * My understanding of it was that the other article is about nuclear power, while this one is primarily about nuclear weapons. They are of course related topics but somewhat different. --Fastfission 15:17, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Map inaccuracies
Please adjust the map to reflect the correct territory of the highlighted nations: Alaska for the US; Corsica for France and Sakhalin Island for the Russian Federation.

 * There's a new map from List of countries with nuclear weapons which I think is a bit better, but if there is anything I missed please let me know. Thanks. --Fastfission 15:13, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * (Sigh) Well, for a start, Australia has never had a nuclear weapons program. The claim seems to stem from a film Fortress Australia made by Peter Butt. There's no evidence to back it up; All he found was documents in the Australian Government archives which showed that some politicians wanted to develop a bomb at various stages. There was never any work done on one. Andrewa 14:49, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

What about Yugoslavia on the map? Serbia and Montenegro are marked, but since a year ago they are two different states. I suggest to mark the whole ex-Yugoslavia since the nuclear research was done prior to breakup, and today all the 6 republics are legal successor states of Yugoslavia. Honovic 21:39, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

From nation to nation
Recently "from nation to nation" was removed from the definition:
 * Nuclear proliferation is the spread from nation to nation of nuclear technology, including nuclear power plants but especially nuclear weapons.

leaving:
 * Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear technology, including nuclear power plants but especially nuclear weapons.

I can see what you are getting at, but this is too simplistic. When company B starts manufacturing nuclear power plants, using technology transfer from company A (from the same nation), by this new definition this is "nuclear proliferation". This isn't "nuclear proliferation" in its commonly understood sense. Somehow "nation" must remain in the definition. I think this change should be reverted unless someone can draft a better change.

If fact I'm not sure nuclear power plants should be in the definition. By the old definition the IAEA is a "nuclear prolifererator" when it helps a new nation develop a nuclear power station according to its charter. Or when one nation sells the first nuclear power station to another nation (making both the U.S. and the former-USSR large-scale proliferators). -- Rwendland 19:06, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think this includes nuclear power plants. It is usually weapons. As for nation to nation... I don't think it is necessary for it to "come from another nation" to be proliferation. When France got the bomb, it was proliferation (the weapons were "proliferating") though they did so wholly independently from other countries. --Fastfission 19:14, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I re-wrote the intro a bit, based on this consideration as well as noting that it automatically assumes that people know why this is a bad/good thing. Let me know what you think. --Fastfission 19:21, 16 October 2005 (UTC)

Suggested changes
This article is currently sprawling and duplicates a lot of content from other articles. My recommendation is to cut down the individual country reports — make the Iraq, North Korea, Iran, etc. bits just small summaries along the lines of their entries on List of countries with nuclear weapons and just link to pages with the details. That should free up a lot of space and make it much more readable (and not force us to update three different articles whenever something changes in the news). This page also seems to have a lot of entries which it doesn't need, like a short history of the Indian nuclear program. While that is certainly a form of proliferation, it's a subject better covered on a page of its own.

Another option in this regard is to write a short "History" section which incorporates some of these countries and links to their relevant pages, looking at them as examples of proliferation or anti-proliferation efforts and how they affected proliferation as a whole.

At the moment the page is unreadable and looks more like a compendium of articles than an encyclopedia article itself. I suggest splitting off into separate articles that which doesn't already have a separate article, at the very least. --Fastfission 02:11, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Coincidently I raised your first point 3 weeks ago in Talk:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but there has been no response there. I think we need to come up with a broader plan on where per-country proliferation is discussed, to reduce duplication.

I noted per country discussion of proliferation issues is duplicated in many articles:
 * Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
 * Nuclear proliferation, especially the Unsanctioned nuclear activity section
 * List of countries with nuclear weapons
 * Country_X and weapons of mass destruction series of articles
 * Sometimes in more general nuclear programme articles like Iran's nuclear program
 * Ancillary articles like Six-party talks, Nuclear weapons sharing

I'm not that familiar with wikipedia processes, but perhaps a WikiProject should be setup to address this cross-article duplication in the prolifereration area, and clearly agree what the focus of each article should be? This would give some "authority" to policing efforts to trim, and then keep the articles properly focused. Or perhaps that is excessive? -- Rwendland 08:36, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Global Nuclear Energy Partnership
In February, 2006, a new U.S. initiative, the Global Nuclear Energy Partnership was announced - it would be an international effort to reprocess fuel in a manner making proliferation infeasible, while making nuclear power available to developing countries. Would someone like to blend GNEP into this article? Simesa 20:41, 9 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Is the text about the International Framework for Nuclear Energy Cooperation ok?--Saimondo (talk) 01:10, 8 November 2013 (UTC)

Removed Propaganda
I have just removed the following from the Pakistan section:

", its defeat by India in all three wars that they have fought one of which led to the independence of East Pakistan, now Bangladesh."

Pakistan lost all three wars with India? Is Wiki written by J. R. R. Tolkien?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-Pakistan_Wars

Keep an eye open for BS.

Thanks

Additional protocol
I updated the signatories to the Additional Protocol, addeda section on limitations to safeguards in the Additional Protocol, and added an external link to a fuller discussion of such KonaScout 14:15, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Map
Should the map of armed nuclear nations have North Korea added as a nation with recognized nuclear weapons.

Sign your comments. And Yes, it should. CarolinianJeff 02:33, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

India's peaceful use commitment on CIRUS
Fundamental metric tensor recently changed the statement that the United States and Canada supplied the CIRUS research reactor to India subject to the "stipulation" that it be used only for peaceful purposes. The new version says that it was only an "understanding" but the United States and Canada, implying that India made no peaceful use commitment. I don't think this is correct. I believe the United States and Canada both insisted on a peaceful use commitment and India agreed. Thus, when India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974, it claimed that it was a "peaceful" nuclear explosion. This also led nuclear exporters, in the Nuclear Suppliers Guidelines, to call for the condition of no "nuclear explosive" use as well as the standard peaceful use commitment. Rather than just revert, I'd like to undtand the reason for the change. NPguy 01:52, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

US and Weapons Sharing
The line about "some countries consider US/NATO weapons sharing to be a violation of Articles I and II." Which countries? Where is the evidence for this? This is thrown out there without a single citation. This seems pretty clearly to be propaganda.

 * Article 1 of the NPT; Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly.. Quoted at  Imc 12:59, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

 * It's quite a big thing at the 5-yearly NPT review conferences, with the non-aligned state group regularly raising the issue e.g. in 2005 "Nuclear-weapon States ... must refrain from nuclear sharing for military purposes under any kind of security arrangements." It also lead to a Proposed US Senate Amendment to the NATO Expansion statute. Rwendland 18:08, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Nuclear Apartheid
I removed the latest addition on nuclear apartheid, because it doesn't belong where it was - as an argument for proliferation. Iran claims that it is not seeking nuclear weapons, so this should not be seen as an argument for proliferation. It seems to belong in the article on Iran's nuclear program page, as an element of Iran's position. I think the argument doesn't stand up to the facts, but it has been effective in getting developing countries to line up behind Iran. NPguy 03:23, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll move it there then if you think that's the more appropriate location. Lothar of the Hill People 03:29, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

US and UK
I corrected two errors in the new section on nuclear weapons cooperation between the United States and the UK. First, warheads are not transferred under the U.S.-UK agreement (and neither of the cited references supports this claim). Second, such transfer would not violate the NPT. The NPT bans transfers only by nuclear-weapon states to non-nuclear-weapon states. It does not bar transfers among nuclear-weapon states.NPguy 03:54, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, I think you'll find a NWS cannot transfer complete weapons to another NWS: Article 1 NPT "Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or ...". The US has supplied the UK with nuclear weapon designs and components, and exchanged fissile material with the UK (though not complete weapons) - I'll dig out the refs and add this to the section. Rwendland 16:59, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Oops! I should have relied on the Treaty text instead of my faulty memory.  I'd be interested in what you come up with.  I think transfers of material go both ways - U.S. to UK and vice versa - and I'm not aware of transfers of weapons components. NPguy 00:03, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

Recent edits re Atoms for Peace and A.Q. Khan
I'm concerned about two recent edits that rely on a single article from Asia Times. One extracts a lists of counries where A.Q. Khan went on a shopping spree for duel-use equipment to support Pakistan's enrichment program. The other relies on a quote from Homi Sethna about how Atoms for Peace helped many countries get weapons. I don't think either point is wrong, but I also don't think they represent the big picture. For example, the weapons program that benefited most directly from Atoms for Peace was India's. Canada and the United States helped supply the CIRUS reactor based on a peaceful use pledge from India. India used CIRUS to produce the plutonium for its first, supposedly "peaceful" nuclear explosions. Similarly, the A.Q. Khan saga should focus not on the list of countries but on how Khan evaded exporrt controls by importing dual-use equipment and technology. When export controls were strengthened, Khan set up his own supply network.

There are some relatively comprehensive secondary sources (e.g. ISIS, Monterey, NTI) online that would provide a stronger and more representative basis for making these points that the single, narrowly focused article. NPguy (talk) 04:05, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup needed
The list of countries has several duplications. Pakistan is listed twice, as is North Korea. There's also some discussion of cooperation between the two. My recommendation is to delete the entire second section on each country. However, there are some facts in the second section that are not in the first, which might be worth keeping in some form. What do others think? NPguy (talk) 03:24, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

 * There are a lot of subtle problems with this article. Breeder reactors are referred to as "future breeder reactors" as if there aren't already plenty of them in operation.  There's weaselly language that doesn't really make it clear to readers that "peaceful" nuclear reactors leave fissile plutonium in their "waste fuel"... That's how India developed Smiling Buddha from the "used fuel" that came out of CANDU reactors.  (Not that I'm opposed to nuclear reactors.  Came here for the greenhouse gases, stayed to learn about nuclear proliferation.) --arkuat (talk) 13:18, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Counterproliferation
Does anyone else realize the sheer irony of having "nonproliferation" redirect to "nuclear proliferation"? Kind of messed up.... I think the best option would be to have 1 page (i.e. most of this one) relabeled "nonproliferation", then make a new one on "nuclear proliferation" that deals w/ the more current-events and type-specific stuff.

Also, I mentioned this on the counterproliferation talk page, but somewhere we need to provide an accurate definition of NP vs. CP. The CP page is filled w/ stuff that should be on here. I could put the definitions on each, then maybe link to the other in order to show the contrast. Ideas?TehGus (talk) 16:45, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Vanunu-glove-box-bomb-components.jpg
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

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I thought it might be useful to have a general term Nonproliferation referring to all three types of WMD... Tried to start an article with this name LevYN/Nonproliferation but am not sure how, and, importantly, whether? LevYN (talk) 14:52, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

Straw poll on nuclear optimism
Folks, there is a straw poll set up for the Nuclear optimism article. If you are interested please enter your opinion in the discussion page.

Thanks.

--Mcorazao (talk) 15:41, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Merge proposal
It has been suggested that List of states with nuclear weapons be merged into Nuclear proliferation by me here. The general rationale is that the list's title would suggest it is a list of states with nuclear weapons and that allegations or unresolved concerns do not necessarily bear in mind on such a page if a state is not known to currently or have formerly possessed such weapons. Do others feels that allegations or unresolved concerns from Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Libya, South Korea, etc. might be more appropriate for this page?--68.251.188.242 (talk) 14:24, 4 January 2010 (UTC)

Competing Conferences in April
Hey! Nuclear Security Summit (2010) is going on and Tehran International Conference on Disarmament and Non- Proliferation, 2010 has been scheduled - need an expert to cover these, or at least put them into the article! Simesa (talk) 02:08, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

potential Saudi Arabia resource
Prince Hints Saudi Arabia May Join Nuclear Arms Race by the Associated Press published December 6, 2011 New York Times from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, excerpt ...

99.19.45.187 (talk) 05:40, 10 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Moved confusing report location out of quote.  97.87.29.188 (talk) 01:23, 16 December 2011 (UTC)

Spain
Spain is blue on the map, implying that it "... at one point had nuclear weapons and/or nuclear weapons research programs" however, spain is not mentioned in the article nor can I find any "spain and weapons of mass destruction"-page on wiki either. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.253.167.118 (talk) 15:25, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Old templates
There are some old inline templates in the "nuclear apartheid" section and elsewhere that don't seem to have any active discussion. Can they be removed? Joe Bodacious (talk) 13:18, 5 February 2013 (UTC)

Possible source for Pakistan requested cites
This source provides the requested info, but I don't know how it stacks up against WP:RS: http://news.ptfs.com/foia-and-declassification/2011/08/declassified-documents-chronicles-u-s-intervention-in-pakistan-nuclear-plans

Joe Bodacious (talk) 16:37, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

 * You'll need to do more homework than that. You'll need to explain what specific documents support what specific unsourced claims in the article.  I have little doubt that there is interesting information at that site, though it is mostly primary sources (Wikipedia prefers secondary sources to avoid original research).NPguy (talk) 02:46, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

Additional Protocol
We can have a separate article for this subject and go through the details. What do you think? Can any one find some sources? Mhhossein (talk) 18:13, 17 May 2015 (UTC)

 * The Additional Protocol could use an article of its own. Here's one potential secondary source. NPguy (talk) 02:42, 18 May 2015 (UTC)

Half of edit summary missing
I just edited this page and clicked the wrong button, so my edit summary was cut short. What I wanted to write is that E. Solingen is probably an important expert, but her opinion that was previously the second sentence of this article was presented without any source or context. Of course governments decide to build nuclear weapons when they think it's in their interest, why else would they? FNAS (talk) 14:28, 8 July 2016 (UTC)

introduction
My edit has been reverted for unknown reasons.

I believe there is need to improve the current introduction which I find unsatisfying. I think it should: My edit included all that in one paragraph, with also: I also think there should be some re-ordering of the body of the article. I am going to work on that.
 * 1) mention dual-use technology and breakout capability which are key concepts in connection with the process of proliferation and with the concerns it raises
 * 2) define the thing by describing briefly how it works (mention that proliferation implies basically the transfer of materials and technologies, mention the possibility of diversion of a civilian program) For now, it seems to me that defining proliferation as "the spread of..." is quite vague regarding this.
 * 3) mention the debate, especially on whether proliferation should be let free from interference, fought or controlled. Stating that "proliferation has been opposed etc" as the current version reads, could look like a disguised PoV; it appears that theoretical views from political science scholars and military experts are much more diverse.
 * 1) a paragraph on the IAEA and the NPT which are major regulation tools regarding proliferation, their addressing of the issue of dual-use etc. &
 * 2) a summary of the countries said to have acquired nuclear weapons as of now, in one paragraph instead of two.

It has been reverted but since there has been no discussion I still believe the version I proposed is better than the current introduction, regarding the points I raised. I would appreciate anybody's input on this. N0osphR~enwiki (talk) 14:02, 13 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the abrupt reversion. First let's go through the proposed revision:
 * Nuclear proliferation refers to the increase in number of countries possessing a nuclear arsenal. Nuclear proliferation consists in the transfer of fissionable material, and of weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information, to a country willing to develop nuclear weapons. It can imply the diversion of a civilian nuclear power program since some nuclear technologies are dual-use technologies. A state that does not possess nuclear weapons may have breakout capability, i.e. the capability to produce one or more weapons quickly and with little warning. There has been much debate on whether nuclear proliferation increases or reduces the likelihood of war, and on whether nuclear proliferation should be let free from interference, fought, or controlled.

 * Comment: The first sentence is generally accepted, though some talk of "vertical proliferation" as the increase in the size or capability of existing arsenals. The second sentence is not correct.  This is a list of things that can contribute to the spread of nuclear weapons.  It omits one of the key elements: the indigenous/independent development of nuclear weapons capabilities. The third and fourth sentences are generally OK.  The last sentence is overstated - the notion that proliferation may be a good thing is decidedly an unorthodox/minority position.  The norm of nonproliferation is almost universally accepted.

 * The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) seeks to promote and spread internationally the use of civilian nuclear energy, and to prevent, or at least detect, the diversion of civilian nuclear energy to nuclear weapons, nuclear explosive devices or purposes unknown. It operates a safeguards system as specified under Article III of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which aims to ensure that civil stocks of uranium, plutonium, as well as facilities and technologies associated with these nuclear materials, are not used for non-peaceful purposes. The United Nations Security Council, to which the AIEA reports, is able to impose international sanctions on a NPT member-state which does not comply with its nuclear non-proliferation undertakings.

 * Comment: It is good to have a paragraph on key elements of the nonproliferation regime, in which i would also include the Nuclear Suppliers Group. The first sentence is fine.  The second is not right because it implies that the IAEA was established to administer NPT safeguards, when in fact the IAEA predates the NPT.  It also misstates how safeguards work.  I'm not sure the UN Security Council deserves mention in the lede.

 * The United States used 2 A-bombs in war in 1945 and tested 1 H-bomb in 1952. The USSR tested 1 A-bomb in 1949 and 1 H-bomb in 1953.[1] The UK tested 1 A-bomb in 1952 and 4 H-bombs in 1957. France tested 1 A-bomb in 1960 and 1 H-bomb in 1968. China tested 1 A-bomb in 1964 and 1 H-bomb in 1967. India tested 1 A-bomb in 1974 and 1 H-bomb in 1998. Pakistan tested 5 A-bombs in 1998 and has tested no H-bomb. North Korea tested 1 A-bomb in 2006 and may have tested 1 H-bomb in 2016. Israel is also presumed to have nuclear weapons, though it maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity regarding this and is not known definitively to have conducted a nuclear test.[2] The first five are recognized "nuclear-weapons states" by the NPT. None of the others is a party to the NPT, although North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985 and withdrew in 2003, before its first nuclear test. (see List of states with nuclear weapons for further information)

 * Comment: A list may be OK, but this is too much information for the lede.

 * Beside the nine states that are known to have acquired or presumed to have acquired nuclear weapons, thirty-five to forty states could have the knowledge to develop nuclear weapons.[3]

 * Comment: This is out of place and not a mainstream view. Maybe a phrase could be added to the mention of breakout.

 * In any case, the current lede is far from ideal, so it's good to try to improve it. I suggest we come to agreement here (on the talk page) on a replacement lede. NPguy (talk) 17:18, 14 August 2016 (UTC)

Overkill Ratio
There needs to be a section on the 'Overkill Ratio'-- this is a term from the 80s, I believe, when the stockpile of nuclear weapons was at its greatest volume. The 'Overkill Ratio' is a measure of the volume of nuclear weapons vs. the total needed to destroy the surface of the Earth/wipe out all life. I.e. If the total number of missiles required to decimate the Earth would be 100, & there were 1000 nuclear weapons in existence, the Overkill Ratio would be 10 to 1. The section should include a table, perhaps by decade, of the Overkill Ratio since the first use of nuclear weapons. I do not have the technical expertise to write such a section. SaturnCat (talk) 09:44, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

Oman and UAE
The map at the beginning of the article shows Oman and UAE having programs for developing nuclear weapons. Is there any evidence for these claims?--Arado (talk) 13:47, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

 * No. It's not just the UAE and Oman but the entire Gulf Cooperation Council (also Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait) that are colored incorrectly.  Someone who knows how to fix the map should do so. NPguy (talk) 03:07, 2 June 2017 (UTC)
 * The map is not good. All Gulf countries are colored.

--88.136.1.107 (talk) 17:21, 26 January 2018 (UTC)

An issue with links
"The People's Republic of China detonated a nuclear weapon in 1964" The PRC was linked to the state. I have linked it and the part until the word 'weapon' to this page instead. An issue remains because every other country has a link to the country's page, but the PRC now does not. Sure, you could have put two links, but I chose not to because there would be no distinction for an unsuspecting reader. Or should it be done anyway? Like this. Example: The People's Republic of China detonated a nuclear weapon in 1964.--Adûnâi (talk) 12:01, 10 March 2019 (UTC)

Taiwan
A new section on the Republic of China has been added among the four states that are presumed to have nuclear weapons outside the NPT. The section seems out of place and misnamed. The generally accepted geographic hame is Taiwan. The placement of this section implies that Taiwan, like the other four states, has or had nuclear weapons. In fact, Taiwan is more similar to the NPT signatories in the later section listing NPT signatories. Taiwan's placement in this section might seem inappropriate, since Taiwan is not recognized as a State Party to the NPT. However, when it was internationally recognized as the Republic of China, Taiwan did sign and ratify the NPT.

My proposal is that the section on the Republic of China be renamed "Taiwan" and moved to the end of the "NPT Signatories" section. In addition, a brief discussion of its NPT status should be included. If there are no objections, this is what I plan to do. The section probably needs copy edits as well, but that can wait. NPguy (talk) 02:02, 29 January 2021 (UTC)

Taiwan
An editor added the following text on Taiwan, citing a number of sources in Chinese. The new text is not in good English so it is hard to understand what it is trying to say and harder to still to verify using non-English sources.

 * In 1988 upon being questioned by Director of American Institute in Taiwan, David Dean, in person with the United States satellite image recording a minimized nuclear test at Jioupeng military base field in Pingtung in 1986, Chief of the General Staff Hau Pei-tsun claimed that scientists in Taiwan had already produced the controlled nuclear reaction as the continuous progress in decades after the previous accomplishment equivalent to 1/6 of Hiroshima scale in South Africa in 1980, as per General Hau's Diary and President Nelson Mandela's later findings.

There may be good new information here, but it needs to be clarified. Please discuss here. NPguy (talk) 22:20, 29 May 2021 (UTC)

Spain nuclear weapons program
Spain did have a nuclear weapons program, Proyect Islero, which reached a point where two small nukes were practially ready and there were planned tests in Western Sahara, then a Spanish colony.

https://www.ondacero.es/programas/por-fin-no-es-lunes/podcast/capsula-tiempo/proyecto-islero-cuando-espana-estuvo-punto-tener-propia-bomba-atomica_202109186145983c8b645000018cc93d.html

185.219.11.126 (talk) 18:23, 15 December 2022 (UTC)

 * That's not what the article says. It says Spain had a nuclear weapons program, but it never reached the point of producing nuclear material for a weapon. NPguy (talk) 03:14, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nuclear proliferation


text:
Lager Beer Riot

The Lager Beer Riot occurred on April 21, 1855 in Chicago, Illinois, and was the first major civil disturbance in the city. Mayor Levi Boone, a Nativist politician, renewed enforcement of an old local ordinance mandating that taverns be closed on Sundays and led the city council to raise the cost of a liquor license from $50 per year to $300 per year, renewable quarterly. The move was seen as targeting German immigrants in particular and so caused a greater sense of community within the group.

Background
Chicago's rapid growth in the 1840s and 1850s was largely because of German and Irish Catholic immigrants. Chicago was developing into an attractive opportunity for many immigrants. Although the jobs that awaited the immigrant were often poor-paying wage based positions, opportunities were often more promising than that of their home country. The immigrants settled in their own neighborhoods, German immigrants congregating mainly on the North Side, across the Chicago River from City Hall and the older Protestant part of the city. The German settlers worked a six-day week, leaving Sunday as their primary day to socialize; much socialization took place in the small taverns that dotted the North Side of Chicago. German-language newspapers, such as the Illinois Staats-Zeitung and social movements like the Turners and German craft unions gave the German population of Chicago a high degree of social and political cohesiveness. Additionally, the Forty-Eighters among them had previously used demonstrations as a political tool during the European revolutions of 1848.

As in much of the rest of the country, nativist distrust of Catholic influence produced a backlash in the form of the "Know-Nothing" movement. In the election of 1854, the Temperance Party candidate, Amos Throop, lost by a margin of nearly 20% to Isaac Lawrence Milliken. Nevertheless, after winning the election, Milliken declared himself in favor of temperance as well. Milliken lost the following year to Levi Boone, the American Party candidate. Levi Boone ran on an anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic platform of the Know-Nothing Party, which garnered him enough support to win the election. The Know-Nothing Party nationally had been feeding off the swell of nationalist sentiments brewing in the nation in the 1840s and 1850s. In his inauguration speech, Mayor Boone stated, "I cannot be blind to the existence in our midst of a powerful politico-religious organization, all its members owing, and its chief officers bound under an oath of allegiance to the temporal, as well as the spiritual supremacy of a foreign despot." Associated with his fear of foreigners, Boone, a Baptist and temperance advocate, believed that the Sabbath was profaned by having drinking establishments open on Sunday. However, the temperance movement was seen in the eyes of immigrants as a means of control used by the elites to further control the working class. Although Boone's actions were in anticipation of Illinois enacting a Maine law by referendum that would prohibit the sale of alcohol for recreational purposes, the referendum failed in June 1855, by a statewide vote of 54% to 46%. The following year, after Boone was turned out of office, the prohibition was repealed.

Before 1853, Chicago had only "a small force of armed municipal officers." The Cook County sheriff's office was largely responsible for policing the city, whose constable system "was modeled on the colonial and English systems." Lacking any distinction of their own, elected town constables and night watchmen contributed to the protection of the city. In response to the inadequacy of the constable system, a police department separate and distinct from municipal courts was established in 1853. All eighty men who comprised the newly formed Chicago Police department were native born.

Events
Despite the renewed enforcement of Chicago's liquor ordinance, tavern owners continued to sell beer on Sundays. That resulted in over 200 Germans being arrested in violation of both the license and the Sunday ordinances. The numerous arrests lead to the scheduling of a test case for the 21st of April. Saloon keepers "decided to unite for defense and resistance, [and] contributed toward a common fund and counsel to represent all."

Robin Einhorn argues that the scheduling of such an event, "in effect, scheduled the riot." Protesters clashed with police near the Cook County Court House. Waves of angry immigrants stormed the downtown area. "As the marchers, coming from the north with fife and drum, approached the Chicago River at Clark Street," the mayor ordered the swing bridges opened to stop further waves of protestors from crossing the river. This left some trapped on the bridges, police then fired shots at protesters stuck on the Clark Street Bridge over the Chicago River. A policeman named George W. Hunt was shot in the arm by a rioter named Peter Martin. Martin was then killed by police, and Hunt's arm had to be amputated. Rumors flew throughout the city that more protesters were killed. There is no evidence to support that, but loaded cannons set on the public square contributed to those rumors.

Outcomes
The Lager Beer Riot lead to a compromise in which the city council lowered the liquor license fee from $300 to $100. The council decided not to release those already imprisoned for not paying the $300 fee, but most of those arrested during the riot were released and not charged.

The Lager Beer Riot illustrated the risk German immigrants were willing to bear to protect German saloon owners who they perceived as leaders of their community. The mayor's temperance policy thus united German property owners, who could have been a natural ally of the mayor because of their strong interest in order, with working-class German immigrants.

In addition to the economic implications of the riot, there were compelling socio-cultural reasons for German immigrants to protest the newly instated ordinance. Mitrani posits that, "To the German and Irish immigrants, drinking beer on Sundays was an orderly and habitual way to spend their one day off.... Yet on a deeper level, this clash over drinking marked the opening salvo in a struggle over how the new class of wage workers would spend their time." The riot over beer represents a larger issue of a nativist approach to control the immigrant working class. Drinking, particularly on Sundays, was considered unacceptable. Closing taverns on Sundays and raising the cost of liquor licenses was a way to enforce what was considered acceptable behavior.

While the new policies were an attempt to control the immigrant class, the events of the riot proved to be a call for a new type of order. Within a week of the riot, a committee was formed and worked with the city government to pass a series of reforms that ultimately resulted in the reorganization of the Chicago Police Department.

The lasting effects of such a traumatic event would influence Chicago for decades to come. Tensions continued to increase between those who advocated temperance and those who enjoyed the pastime. According to Sam Mitrani, "the bulk of those arrested [had] working-class occupations...[and] the only arrestees who were not part of or tied to [Chicago's] growing working class were four ministers, eight doctors, and four lawyers."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lager Beer Riot


text:
Talk:Metric prefix

FOLDOC WP:PLAGIARISM checked ~Kvng (talk) 18:17, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

Why “ronna” and “quetta”?
In 2010 to 2015, someone suggests “xona” or “xenta” for 1027, and for another prefix starting with x (e.g. “xono” or “xento”) for 10-27, but not approved by SI (if they are approved, then possibly “wecra” for 1030 and “wecro” for 10-30), why in 2022 someone suggests “ronna” and “quetta” for 1027 and 1030 and “ronto” and “quecto” for 10-27 and 10-30 and approved immediately? 2402:7500:900:7FD6:9DF4:38BD:FA:9760 (talk) 23:45, 16 January 2023 (UTC)

 * The short answer is "why not". Essentially the SI would have accepted the first reasonable proposal where:
 * the words don't already exist in any language; preferably not at all, but at least not with meanings that would lead to confusion or controversy;
 * the words follow the existing pattern of -a for multipliers and -o for divisors;
 * the abbreviations don't conflict with any existing SI symbols (W is for Watt) or mathematical operators (x is easily confused with ×);
 * the abbreviations are matched pairs of upper & lower case for reciprocal factors
 * q/Q and r/R were the only letters available for abbreviations; then it was simply a matter of finding words to go with them.
 * Martin Kealey (talk) 21:02, 1 February 2023 (UTC)

Footnote on table at § List of SI prefixes
I noticed that the footnote at the end of the table says that the reference is the first reference, but in the article, it's the third. (Am QuickQuokka on a public computer; see my talk page) --46.10.223.203 (talk) 17:44, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

Abbreviation for "micro-"
I see "mc" being used in place of "μ" very commonly.

Can I use this? -sqrt(e^i pi): beep boop 07:50, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

 * Not on Wikipedia, except to explain where it is used. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 09:31, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
 * That is exactly what I meant. I will change the page then, to include this. -sqrt(e^i pi): beep boop 14:31, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not out of ignorance, nor because of limitations of the keyboard (these are real, but circumvented in other ways). Instead, I believe 'mcg' is widely used by medics when prescribing drugs in tiny doses, because they fear 'μg' can result in an overdose if mis-read as 'mg'. I think this is worth mentioning if we can find a reference to back it up. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 16:04, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Here's one example that Google found straight away. I'm sure you can find more. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 16:07, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I consider this to be typical US government behavior. One agency, the FDA, just defies the law and NIST (which is part of the Commerce Department) by unilaterally proposing a change to SI rather than working with NIST or lawmakers to fix the problem. This is much the same as when law makers, President H. W. Bush, and NIST required the federal government to go metric as much as possible, and most federal agencies just ignored it. See Metrification in the United States.
 * An issue as far as what we should write is, what is the reliability of any article we find, and how much influence does it have in the field the article is addressed to? Is it just one researcher writing an article that sits on a shelf, or is the article actually affecting what practitioners do? I wouldn't automatically give weight to an article just because it was published by a government agency. Jc3s5h (talk) 16:29, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * This Scholar search found 23,800 hits. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 16:35, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * See also Microgram. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 16:37, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * If it there is an accepted exception to the SI style guide rule in common use in some situations, then surely that needs covering in the article, regardless of the reason for using it (ignorance, arrogance, safety concerns, typographical considerations, clarity, or whatever). -- DeFacto (talk). 17:16, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * The abbreviation "mcg" is in some situations an alternative for μg, but "mc" cannot be used in combination with other units. So "mc" is not a prefix, it has no place in this general article. The abbreviation "mcg" is mentioned specifically in the microgram article, that's enough. Ceinturion (talk) 23:22, 30 July 2023 (UTC)
 * That's a good point. I hadn't thought of it that way, but I find myself agreeing with . Dondervogel 2 (talk) 07:38, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * It can be mentioned as being used as an alternative to μ in some situations - that is a prefix. -- DeFacto (talk). 07:40, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I think the point is that mcg is an abbreviation of microgram. To claim that mc is a prefix would require a source stating that. Do you have one? Dondervogel 2 (talk) 08:52, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * If we were going to add something to the article, it would be nice to find a good source that indicates whether this only occurs in the US, or if it is done in many countries. Jc3s5h (talk) 10:11, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Looks like it might be used by the UK NHS. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 10:31, 31 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Someone unfortunately added mcg to the article today. An additional problem is he did it in such a way that he claims without a source that the reason for using mcg was that typewriters are lacking a "µ" key. However, sources state that the reason was that in handwriting, the symbol “µ” can look like an “m.”  Ceinturion (talk) 12:37, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

Indian currencies
Should definitely add the Indian use of lakh (100,000) and crore (see Indian numbering system 2A00:23C8:B903:2601:ED15:A9EE:FA49:31F0 (talk) 07:22, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

 * I added Lakh to 'See also'. Not sure more is merited. Dondervogel 2 (talk) 09:48, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Ambiguous raising-to-a-power
I think this is either perfectly ambiguous and/or wrong: "1 km2 denotes 1 km × 1 km = 106 m2, not 103 m2"; I think it should be written more like "3 km2 denotes 3 (km × km) = 3 × 106 m2, not 3 × 103 m2" (and also not 9 of anything). An an example of "1×1" is ambiguous, and if you change the 1 to something else, say 3, I think you'll agree that it is erroneous to claim that 3 km2 should be equal to 3 km × 3 km which would be 9×106 m2. I would request that someone more expert or confident than me update this example to at least be less ambiguous if not more correct. We are simply trying to convey that "prefixing" binds more tightly than exponentiation (which of course binds more tightly than multiplication). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.135.146.241 (talk) 19:16, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Metric prefix


text:
Carmelites

The Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel (Ordo Fratrum Beatissimæ Virginis Mariæ de Monte Carmelo; abbreviated OCarm), known as the Carmelites or sometimes by synecdoche known simply as Carmel, is a mendicant order in the Roman Catholic Church for both men and women. Historical records about its origin remain uncertain; it was probably founded in the 12th century on Mount Carmel.

Names
The Order of the Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel are also known simply as the Carmelites or the Carmelite Order. To differentiate themselves from the Discalced Carmelites (founded in 1562), who grew out of the older order but today have more members, the original Carmelites are sometimes known as the Carmelites of the Ancient Observance and very rarely the Calced Carmelites (discalced being a reference to some religious orders going barefoot or wearing sandals instead of shoes).

History
Historical records about its origin remain uncertain, but the order was probably founded in the 12th century on Mount Carmel in the Crusader States. Berthold of Calabria, as well as Albert of Vercelli, have traditionally been associated with the founding of the order, but few clear records of early Carmelite history have survived. The order of Carmelite nuns was formalised in 1452.

Spiritual origin
The Carmelite Order is one of the few monastic orders, if not the only one, not to refer to a charismatic founder, but to a prophet of the Old Testament: Elijah and his disciple Elisha are considered by the Carmelites as the spiritual fathers of the order. Tradition indicates the presence on Mount Carmel of a series of Jewish and then Christian hermits who lived, prayed and taught in the caves used by Elijah and Elisha. This is how the first Christian hermits (at the origin of the founding of the order) settled in the caves of Mount Carmel to pray to God. The first chapel built within the hermitages and bringing together this community is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Very quickly, the spirituality of the order turned to Mary who became the queen and mistress of Carmel.

Hermit and monastic life on Mount Carmel
Before the presence of the Carmelites, in the 6th century Byzantine monks built a monastery dedicated to Saint Elijah in a valley a few kilometers south of the present monastery. This was destroyed in 614 by the Persians of Khosrow II. Around 1150, a Greek monk from Calabria established a community of about ten members among the ruins of the ancient Byzantine monastery which he rebuilt and renamed Saint Elijah.

Foundation of the Order on Mount Carmel
Tradition indicates that the order was founded in 1185, but that is based on the story of a pilgrim in the Holy Land, the interpretation of which remains questionable. The oldest (and most reliable) written accounts of the presence of Latin hermits on Mount Carmel date back to 1220 and another text from 1263 (See ). During the Third Crusade, a group of hermits led by Berthold of Calabria began to inhabit the caves of Mount Carmel following the prophet Elijah. This first monastery was located in the east–west facing valley located 3.5 km south of the current monastery, and east of the "Haifa Sde Yehoshua Cemetery".

At the beginning of the 13th century, their leader was supposed to be Brocard, although written evidence is lacking. In the Carmelite rule, reference is made only to "Brother B." (in the introductory sentence of the rule) who asked the patriarch for a rule of life for hermits. Tradition has established that it was Brocard, second prior general of the order, who asked the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Albert of Vercelli, to provide the group of hermits with a written rule of life. This rule, dated 1209, is centered on prayer and defined the way of life of hermits.

The first act of the Order of Brothers of The Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel was to dedicate a chapel to the Virgin Mary under the title of Mary, Star of the Sea (in Latin: Stella Maris). Elisabeth Steinmann considers it probable that the hermits of Mount Carmel also settled in some cities of Palestine (Acre, Israel, Tire, Tripoli, Beaulieu in Lebanon), but after a few decades, these hermits began to leave the Holy Land as a result of the insecurity linked to the Muslim reconquests which marked the end of the Crusades. They then returned to Europe where they spread this new monastic order.

The rule of St. Albert was not approved by a pope until 30 January 1226 in the bull Ut vivendi normam of Honorius III. In 1229 Pope Gregory IX confirmed this rule again and gave it the status of Regula bullata.

At the end of the first crusade led by Louis IX of France in the Holy Land in 1254 (the Seventh Crusade), Louis brought six Carmelites back to France who joined with those who since 1238 had started to seek and found houses all over Europe. The fall of Saint-Jean-d'Acre in 1291, and the fall of the Latin state of Palestine led to the destruction of the last Carmelite convents in the Holy Land. The Carmelites who had chosen to remain there were massacred by the Mamelukes.

Jerg Ratgeb painted a fresco retracing the life of the Carmelites at the beginning of the 16th century, on the walls of the refectory of the Carmelite monastery in Frankfurt.

From hermits to friars
Back in Europe, the hermits of Carmel encountered many difficulties. Their eremitic life did not adapt well to their new settlements, they were scattered in different nations, and they found themselves in "competition" with other mendicant orders. Pope Innocent III wished to bring the mendicant orders all together under the direction of the Order of Friars Minor and the Order of Preachers. In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council decided to group the existing Mendicant orders under the two primary one. In 1274 the Second Council of Lyon disestablished all mendicant orders that were founded after 1215; only four remained: the Franciscans, the Order of Preachers, the Carmelites, and the Augustinians. The Carmelites, barely spared, had to change their way of life from eremitic to mendicant.

Gradually, during the 13th century, Carmelite hermits returning from Mount Carmel resettled throughout Europe, e.g. in Cyprus, Sicily, Italy, England, and southern France. Some dates and locations are known:
 * in 1235, Pierre de Corbie and his companion settled in the Duchy of Hainaut (Valenciennes)
 * in 1242, Carmelites settled in Aylesford, Kent, England
 * in 1244, Carmelites disembarked in Marseille, France, and settled in caves in Aygalades
 * in 1259, Carmelites settled in Paris, France
 * in 1274, Carmelites settled in Dublin, Ireland

However, the new settlements of the Carmelites in the European cities were very different from their eremitical life on Mount Carmel. In addition, they faced hostility from the secular clergy and even from other mendicant orders, who saw them as competitors. According to tradition, the prior general of the Carmelites, Simon Stock, worried about the very difficult situation of the order, which was still threatened with dissolution by the Catholic Church, intensely prayed to the Blessed Virgin Mary to aid the order. In 1251, Our Lady of Mount Carmel appeared to him accompanied by a multitude of angels and holding in her hand the Scapular of the Order. In his vision, Mary said "Receive, my dear son, this scapular of your Order, as the distinctive sign of the mark of the privilege that I have obtained for you and the children of Carmel; it is a sign of salvation, a safeguard in perils and the pledge of peace and special protection until the end of the centuries. Whoever dies in this garment will be preserved from eternal fires."

Following this vision, and the spread of the Scapular, the Order of Carmel endured and spread rapidly. The historicity of these events is disputed because of the lack of contemporary written records for the period in question; the earliest extant written records are from approximately 150 years later), and some documents contradict this narrative.

In the bull Paganorum incursus of 27 July 1247, Pope Innocent IV officially denominated the order the "Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel" and asked bishops to kindly accept them in their dioceses. However, the hostility of the secular clergy to the Carmelites was such that it prompted repetition of this recommendation on 4 October later that year.

In 1247, the Carmelites asked Pope Innocent IV to modify the Rule of Saint Albert of 1209 to adapt it to their new way of life in cities. In this modification, the communal dimension of their life was clearly emphasized. Pope Innocent IV clarified and corrected some ambiguities and mitigated some severities of the original Rule, and on 1 October 1247 he established the text in the bull Quae honorem conditoris omnium. Thereafter, e.g., the Carmelites no longer ate meals in their cells separately and instead ate in common in a refectory. Thereafter Carmelites also preached and heard confessions in secular (ordinary) churches.

The last great uncertainty for the survival of the order occurred in 1274. During the sanota vacillationis session of 17 July 1274, the Second Council of Lyon, presided by Pope Gregory X, suppressed all the mendicant orders that lacked regular legal status (incert mendicita). The Carmelites defended the anteriority of their foundation, i.e. their institution before 1215, and the pertinent decisions of the Fourth Lateran Council, and emphasized their pontifical approvals. After many Carmelite interventions during this session, the Pope confirmed their anteriority.

After the General Chapter of the Order of 1287 in Montpellier, France, the Carmelites replaced the white and brown striped, or barred, coat of their habit with a white cloak, because of which cloak they therefore colloquially were denominated "White Friars".

The assimilation of the Carmelites as a mendicant order in 1326 by Pope John XXII ended the final hindrances, and the Carmelites could then rightly perform their apostolic mission. Nonetheless, a conflict ensued between the Carmelites who desired an eremitic life and those who desired an apostolic life in cities, including preaching. Consequently, two kinds of Carmelite monastery developed, one in the heart of cities and another outside them. Carmelites began to study theology at universities.

Mitigation of the rule
The mitigation of the Rule came after the great epidemic of the Black Death in the middle of the 14th century, which brought about a collapse of the European population accompanied by a decrease of members of monastic orders.

During the chapter of Nantes, a majority of Carmelites asked to appeal to Pope Eugene IV for a second mitigation of the Rule of 1209 of Saint Albert; the reform of 1247 was considered the first mitigation.

The letter, dated 15 February 1432, indicated that "Many professed members of the Order can no longer observe the rule because of its severity and rigor, both because of the fragility human than by weakness of the body."

Two Carmelites were sent to convey this request to the Pope. The Pope responded in 1435 with the bull Romani Pontificis, dated 15 February 1432, the date of the petition. Addressed to the Prior General, Jean Faci, the bull granted the Carmelites permission to freely and lawfully stay and walk "in their churches, and in the cloisters of these and in the places adjoining them at the appropriate times", moreover, it granted the faculty to eat meat three days a week, except during Advent and Lent and on other days when this was prohibited by general law.

Pope Pius II completed this permission on 5 December 1469 by granting the Prior General the faculty of dispensing from fasting on days when abstinence was lifted.

Pope Sixtus IV granted greater freedom, commonly known as Mare magnum, in the bull Dum attendant meditatatione of 28 November 1476, which conceded many advantages to the mendicant orders. However, this mitigation of the Rule was somewhat resisted. Even before its promulgation, there was some protest against "a general relaxation" of the Rule.

Attempts of reforms
The advantages of the new rule were sometimes frowned upon in certain monasteries which wished to return to the old rule of 1247. The convents of La Selve (near Florence), Mantua and Géronde (Switzerland) thrived because of their tendency to observe the ancient observant rule. The Carmelites of Mantua obtained from Pope Eugene IV the bull Fama laudabilis, in 1442, which allowed them to be a separate congregation, governed by a vicar general and only distantly subject to the prior general. While influential during the 15th century, the "Reform of Mantua" subsequently became of marginal influence. Finally, this mitigation introduced around 1465 was definitively incorporated into the regulation of the Order of the Great Carmelites in 1783 by Pope Pius VI.

John Soreth, a friar from the Carmelite Convent of Caen, who served as Prior General in the years 1451–1471, tried to convince his subjects to lead a more rigorous religious life by developing seeds already sown and promoting movements that already existed. His motto was "Return to the Rule of Saint Albert". In his early decrees he protested against privileges and exemptions, seen as a major cause of the decline of the order. The constitutions of the order dating from 1362 were revised and the text approved by the general chapter of Brussels in 1462. They insisted on "The divine office, the vow of poverty, silence and solitude, the custody of the convent and the cell, studies, work and the visits of the superiors." The reform took hold in some of the convents, the "observant convents", and the "mixed convents". John Soreth hoped that his reform would gradually be imposed in all the houses of the order, but this attempt at reform remained largely unfulfilled since the prior general who followed him favored a return to a mitigation of the rule, and met with the approval of Popes Pius II and Sixtus IV.

In 1523 Pope Hadrian VI appointed Nicolas Audet as vicar general. The latter organized a centralization of the government of the different provinces while ensuring the training of the religious.

In 1499, the Reform of Albi aimed at a return to a more strict observance and in 1513 was approved as a "Congregation of Observance". However, this reform was suppressed in 1584 by Pope Gregory XIII

In 1603, Henri Sylvius, Prior General of the Order, went to France at the request of the king Henri IV of France, to undertake with Philippe Thibault the reform of the province of Touraine. Pierre Behourt, Louis Charpentier, Philippe Thibault and Jean de Saint-Samson were to be the initiators and architects of this reform of the Carmelites of the Old observance. Figures of note in the Catholic Reformation, they were supported by Charles Borromeo, cardinal and archbishop of Milan. On 20 June 1604, at the provincial chapter of Nantes, Henri Sylvius published the statutes of the reform, which intended to promote the interior life and return to the ancient tradition of the order, under the patronage of the Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph.

By the middle of the 17th century, most of the French provinces had adopted the reform, which had already won over the convents of Belgium (1624) and Germany. Its constitutions were definitively affirmed in 1635.

In 1645, during the general chapter held in Rome, the provincial of Touraine, Léon de Saint-Jean, was appointed a member of a committee to further revise these constitutions with a view to having them adopted by all the reformed convents of the order.

Foundation of Carmelite Nuns
From the Middle Ages, women close to the communities of Carmelite friars were drawn to their life of prayer. Thus, in the Low Countries some beguinages adopted the Carmelite rule and thus formed communities in the second half of the 15th century. Prior General John Soreth worked to transform these beguinages into Carmelite women's convents.

On 7 October 1452, Pope Nicholas V promulgated the bull Cum Nulla introducing the Carmelites in France. Under his protection, Françoise d'Amboise (†1485), Duchess of Brittany, erected the first convent for Carmelite nuns in France. In 1463, a house was built in Vannes to accommodate a first community and on 2 November 1463 nine nuns arrived there from Liège and settled permanently. While the Vannes convent, such as Les Trois Maries, was to suffer suppression in 1792, during the French Revolution, in the meantime convents of Carmelite nuns had spread rapidly, including many in Spain and Italy.

Foundation of the Third Order
John Soreth played an extremely important role in the founding of the Third Order of the Carmelites. Pope Nicholas V supported this action in his bull Cum Nulla, too.

In France, there were many Carmelite fraternities of the Third Order before the Revolution. Many died during the French Revolution, but a few evolved and organized themselves into a religious congregation of apostolic life.

Currently the Third Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel has a large number of fraternities in many countries. Following the return of the Carmelites of the Old observance to France in 1989, at the request of the laity, fraternities began to be formed. The first fraternity was established in the diocese of Toulon in 1992. A second was in Nantes in 2001.

Teresian reform
Reform in Spain began in earnest in the 1560s, with the work of Teresa of Ávila, who, together with John of the Cross, established the Discalced Carmelites. Teresa's foundations were welcomed by King Philip II of Spain, who was most anxious for all Orders to be reformed according to the principles of the Council of Trent (1545–1563). But she created practical problems at the grassroots level. The proliferation of new religious houses in towns that were already struggling to cope economically was an unwelcome prospect. Local townspeople resisted direction by the nobility and diocesan clergy. Teresa tried to make her monasteries as self-sufficient as was practicable, and accordingly restricted the number of nuns in each community.

The Discalced Carmelites also faced much opposition from unreformed Carmelite houses, as when Carmelites from Toledo arrested and imprisoned John of the Cross in their monastery. Only in the 1580s did the Discalced Carmelites gain official approval of their status. In 1593, the Discalced Carmelites had their own superior general styled praepositus general, the first such being Nicholas Doria. Due to the politics of foundation, the Discalced friars in Italy were canonically erected as a separate juridical entity.

After the rise of Protestantism and the devastation of the French Wars of Religion, a spirit of reform renewed 16th–17th century France, as well as the Carmelite Order in France. In the late 16th century, Pierre Behourt began an effort to restore the state of the Province of Touraine, which was continued by the practical reforms of Philip Thibault. The Provincial Chapter of 1604 appointed Thibault the prior of the Convent in Rennes, and moved the Novitiate to Rennes, thereby ensuring that new members of the Province would be formed by the reform-minded friars. The Observance of Rennes advocated poverty, the interior life and regular observance as the antidote to the laxity and decadence into which religious life had fallen, in addition, incorporating currents of renewal from the Discalced Reform, the French School, and the Society of Jesus. Thibault is said to have wished to marry the spirit of the society with the Order of Carmelites as far as possible. One of the most renowned figures of the Reform was John of St. Samson, a blind lay brother, highly regarded for his humility and exalted spiritual life. In 1612, Br. John was moved to the Convent at Rennes and, in addition to playing the organ, served as the instructor and spiritual director of the novices. Thus John of St. Samson became known as the "Soul of the Reform." Eventually, the Observance of Rennes spread to priories throughout France, Belgium, and Germany, and became known as the Touraine Reform, after the Province from which the movement originated.

Carmelite nunneries were established in New Spain (Mexico), the first founded in 1604 in Puebla de los Angeles, New Spain's second largest city, followed by one in the capital Mexico City 1616. In all, before Mexican independence in 1821, there were five Carmelite convents among 56 nunneries.

Papebroch controversy
Daniel Papebroch was a member of the Bollandists, a group of Jesuit hagiographers who produced the Acta Sanctorum, which took an analytical approach to the "Lives of the Saints". In his preliminary commentary on Albert of Vercelli, who is credited with the Carmelite Rule, Papebroch said that the tradition universally received by the Carmelites, that the origin of the order dated back to the prophet Elias, as its founder, was insufficiently grounded. The Carmelites took exception to this.

From 1681 to 1693 there appeared between twenty or thirty pamphlets castigating Papebroch and his work. The series culminated in the large quarto volume signed by Sebastian of St. Paul, provincial of the Flemish-Belgian province of the Carmelite Order, which made serious charges against Papebroch's orthodoxy. Learning that steps were being taken to obtain a condemnation from Rome of the Acta Sanctorum, the Bollandists responded. Conrad Janninck replied first with open letters to Sebastian of St. Paul. The two letters were printed in 1693, followed by a more extended defense of the "Acta", published by Janninck in 1695. Papebroch published his rebuttal in 1696, 1697, and 1698 in the three volumes of the "Responsio Danielis Papebrochii ad Exhibitionem Errorum".

When Rome did not issue a condemnation the adversaries of Papebroch had recourse to the tribunal of the Spanish Inquisition, which in November, 1695, issued a decree condemning the fourteen volumes of the Acta Sanctorum published up to that time and branding it heretical. Janninck was sent to Rome not only to prevent the confirmation by Rome of the decree of the Spanish Inquisition, but also to secure the retraction of the decree. In December, 1697, he received the assurance that no censure would be passed against the volumes condemned in Spain. On 20 November 1698, Pope Innocent XII issued a brief that ended the controversy by imposing silence on both parties. Whether it was judged prudent in Rome not to enter into conflict with the Spanish tribunal, or whether the latter prolonged the affair by passive resistance, the decree of condemnation made in 1695 was not revoked until 1715, the year following the death of Papebroch.

Modern history
Leaders of the Carmelite Order meet from time to time in General Congregation. The most recent General Congregation took place in Fátima, Portugal in September 2016. Since the 1430s, the Congregation of Mantua had continued to function in its little corner of Italy. It was only at the end of the 19th century that those following the reform of Tourraine (by this time known as the "strict observance") and the Mantuan Congregation were formally merged under one set of constitutions. The friars following Mantua conceded to Tourraine's Constitutions but insisted that the older form of the habit – namely their own – should be adopted. In a photograph of the period Titus Brandsma is shown in the habit of Tourraine as a novice; in all subsequent images he wears that of the newly styled ancient observance.

The French Revolution led to the suppression of the order, with the nuns dispersed into small groups who lived out of view in private houses. At the peak of the persecution, a Carmelite convent, now known as the Martyrs of Compiègne, were executed by guillotine. After the end of the disturbances, the wealthy heiress Camille de Soyécourt who became later the Carmelite Thérèse-Camille de l'Enfant-Jésus did much to restore the Carmelite life in France.

The Napoleonic secularisation at the beginning of the 19th century in Germany was a strong blow to the Carmelites. After Napoleon had occupied large parts of the Rhineland, almost all monasteries were dissolved after 1806; the 16 houses of the Lower German Province disappeared.

By the last decades of the 19th century, there were approximately 200 Carmelite men throughout the world. At the beginning of the 20th century, however, new leadership and less political interference allowed a rebirth of the order. Existing provinces began re-founding provinces that had become defunct. The theological preparation of the Carmelites was strengthened, particularly with the foundation of St. Albert's College in Rome.

By 2001, the membership had increased to approximately 2,100 men in 25 provinces, 700 enclosed nuns in 70 monasteries, and 13 affiliated Congregations and Institutes. In addition, the Third Order of lay Carmelites count 25,000–30,000 members throughout the world. Provinces exist in Australia, Brazil, Britain, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Hungary, Germany, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Singapore, Spain, Portugal and the United States. Delegations directly under the Prior General exist in Argentina, France, the Czech Republic, the Dominican Republic, Lebanon, the Philippines and Portugal.

Carmelite Missions exist in Bolivia, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Colombia, India, Kenya, Lithuania, Mexico, Mozambique, Peru, Romania, Tanzania, Trinidad, Venezuela and Zimbabwe.

Monasteries of enclosed Carmelite nuns exist in Brazil, Croatia, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kenya, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand (in Christchurch since 1933), Nicaragua, Norway, Peru, the Philippines, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States. Hermit communities of either men or women exist in Brazil, France, Indonesia, Lebanon, Italy and the United States.

The Discalced Carmelite Order built the priory of Elijah (1911) at the site of Elijah's epic contest with the prophets of Ba'al (1 Kings 18:20–40). The monastery is situated about 25 kilometers south of Haifa on the eastern side of the Carmel, and stands on the foundations of a series of earlier monasteries. The site is held sacred by Christians, Jews and Muslims; the name of the area is el-Muhraqa, an Arabic construction meaning "place of burning", and is a direct reference to the biblical account.

Several Carmelite saints have received significant attention in the 20th and 21st centuries. In 1970, Teresa of Avila became the first woman to be named a Doctor of the Church. In 1997, Thérèse of Lisieux became one of only four female Doctors of the Church, so named because of her famous teaching on the "way of confidence and love" set forth in her best-selling memoir, Story of a Soul. The Martyrs of Compiègne, murdered during the French Revolution, inspired a 1931 novella followed by a play, an opera, and a film. Notable 20th century Carmelites include Titus Brandsma, a Dutch scholar and writer who was killed in Dachau concentration camp because of his stance against Nazism; Teresa Benedicta of the Cross (née Edith Stein), a Jewish convert to Catholicism who was imprisoned and murdered at Auschwitz; and three nuns of Guadalajara who were martyred on 24 July 1936 by Spanish Republicans.

Raphael Kalinowski (1835–1907) was the first friar to be canonized in the order since co-founder John of the Cross. The writings and teachings of Brother Lawrence of the Resurrection, a Carmelite friar of the 17th century, continue as a spiritual classic under the title The Practice of the Presence of God. Other non-religious (i.e., non-vowed monastic) great figures include George Preca, a Maltese priest and Carmelite Tertiary. The Feast of All Carmelite Saints and Blesseds is celebrated on 14 November.

Habit and scapular

In 1287, the original way of life of the order was changed to conform to that of the mendicant orders on the initiative of Simon Stock and at the command of Pope Innocent IV. Their former habit of a mantle with black and white or brown and white stripes – the black or brown stripes representing the scorches the mantle of Elijah received from the fiery chariot as it fell from his shoulders – was discarded. They wore the same habit as the Dominicans, except that the cloak was white. They also borrowed much from the Dominican and Franciscan constitutions. Their distinctive garment was a scapular of two strips of dark cloth, worn on the breast and back, and fastened at the shoulders. Tradition holds that this was given to Simon Stock by the Blessed Virgin Mary, who appeared to him and promised that all who wore it with faith and piety and who died clothed in it would be saved. There arose a sodality of the scapular, which affiliated a large number of laymen with the Carmelites.

A miniature version of the Carmelite scapular is popular among Roman Catholics and is one of the most popular devotions in the church. Wearers usually believe that if they faithfully wear the Carmelite scapular (also called "the brown scapular" or simply "the scapular") and die in a state of grace, they will be saved from eternal damnation. Catholics who decide to wear the scapular are usually enrolled by a priest, and some choose to enter the Scapular Confraternity. The Lay Carmelites of the Third Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel wear a scapular which is smaller than the shortened scapular worn by some Carmelite religious for sleeping, but still larger than the devotional scapulars.

Visions and devotions
Among the various Catholic orders, Carmelite nuns have had a proportionally high ratio of visions of Jesus and Mary and have been responsible for key Catholic devotions.

From the time of her clothing in the Carmelite religious habit (1583) until her death (1607), Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi is said to have had a series of raptures and ecstasies.
 * First, these raptures sometimes seized upon her whole being with such force as to compel her to rapid motion (e.g. towards some sacred object).
 * Secondly, she was frequently able, whilst in ecstasy, to carry on working e.g., embroidery, painting, with perfect composure and efficiency.
 * Thirdly, during these raptures Mary Magdalene de' Pazzi gave utterance to maxims of Divine Love, and to counsels of perfection for souls. These were preserved by her companions, who (unknown to her) wrote them down.

In the Carmelite convent of Beja, in Portugal, two Carmelite nuns of the Ancient Observance reported several apparitions and mystical revelations throughout their life: Mariana of the Purification received numerous apparitions of the Child Jesus and her body was found incorrupt after her death; Maria Perpétua da Luz wrote 60 books with messages from heaven; both religious died with the odor of sanctity.

In the 19th century, another Carmelite nun, Thérèse of Lisieux, was instrumental in spreading devotion to the Holy Face throughout France in the 1890s with her many poems and prayers. Eventually Pope Pius XII approved the devotion in 1958 and declared the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday (the day before Ash Wednesday) for all Catholics. Therese of Lisieux emerged as one of the most popular saints for Catholics in the 20th century, and a statue of her can be found in many European and North American Catholic churches built prior to the Second Vatican Council (after which the number of statues tended to be reduced when churches were built).

In the 20th century, in the last apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Fátima, Portugal, Sister Lúcia, one of the most famous visionaries of Our Lady, said that the Virgin appeared to her as Our Lady of Mount Carmel (holding the Brown Scapular). Many years after, Lúcia became a Carmelite nun. When Lúcia was asked in an interview why the Blessed Virgin appeared as Our Lady of Mount Carmel in her last apparition, she replied: "Because Our Lady wants all to wear the Scapular... The reason for this", she explained, "is that the Scapular is our sign of consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary". When asked if the Brown Scapular is as necessary to the fulfillment of Our Lady's requests as the rosary, Lúcia answered: "The Scapular and the Rosary are inseparable".

Many Carmelites have been canonized by the Catholic Church as saints. The Feast of All Carmelite Saints is celebrated on 14 November. The Commemoration of All the Departed of the Carmelite Order occurs on 15 November.

Provinces of the Carmelite Order

 * Carmelites of the Province of the Assumption, British Province (founded c. 1241; refounded 1969)
 * Carmelites of the Most Pure Heart of Mary Province, USA/Canada/Peru/Mexico/El Salvador (founded 1890)
 * Carmelites of the North American Province of St. Elias (founded 1931)
 * Carmelite Province of Blessed Titus Brandsma of the Philippines (founded 1968)

title: Carmelites


text:
Talk:Folklore

Requesting wider attention
I felt article Islamic_literature is in bit of neglect so I added my note on talk page there, requesting to take note of Talk:Islamic_literature. If possible requesting copy edit support. Suggestions for suitable reference sources at Talk:Islamic_literature is also welcome.

Posting message here too for neutrality sake

Thanks and greetings

Bookku (talk) 08:03, 21 May 2020 (UTC)

Redundant
All too much of this article mirrors content in Folklore studies and seems to be less about the subject of Folklore itself than what folklorists think about it and its importance, starting with the "Overview". Some of this should be cut and the article focused more on the subject than those who study it. Manannan67 (talk) 21:31, 17 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree. On the whole, the article is far too long-winded and non-encyclopedic in style. I also object to the overuse of bold to pick out specific keywords, which is certainly not recommended – MOS:NOBOLD clearly states that italics are the preferred option. Rodney Baggins (talk) 21:47, 13 July 2020 (UTC)

Massive recent change
made a sweeping-change edit, with an edit summary stating "I have added some customary lores, added some on the history of folk, added references for further reading and lastly paraphrased some." But this added no new sources at all, just two "External links" entries (one an organization homepage, the other a reading list; neither them are usable in the article as sources of any kind); removed a lot of sources and material cited to them; removed numerous citations while curiously leaving material reliant upon them alone otherwise; added a large number of claims and new lists (misformatted as blocks of one-line paragraphs) based on those claims, without any sources for any of it; and drastically changed the nature of several sections. The only kinda-constructive thing I can see in any of that was removing the unnecessarily detailed paragraph about Ireland in particular, which really doesn't belong in this article. Many of the new claims do not appear to be on a cursory examination, but this is an encyclopedia, not someone's blog, and they don't get to just write what's on their mind without backing it up, much less also get to do violence to well-cited material already present.

If someone doesn't beat me to it, I'm of a mind to revert this completely, unless someone has good reasons not to (e.g. evidence that the removed sources were faulty) and is prepared to properly source everything added in the new version, and defend (one by one) the sourced statements that were deleted. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  23:06, 13 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Since no explanation or defense of these changes has been forthcoming I have reverted them .  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  22:08, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

Who is Aladdin
Fully details 117.53.41.26 (talk) 07:45, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Folklore


text:
User talk:TwoOneTwo

Be aware: Once messages have been read/issues resolved they will be blanked

''And this will happen before you have a chance to resume. Aliter 22:30, 20 Sep 2004 (UTC)''

Nomination of U.S. carrier strike group tactics for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article U.S. carrier strike group tactics is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/U.S. carrier strike group tactics until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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title: User talk:TwoOneTwo


text:
President of Poland

The president of Poland (Prezydent RP), officially the president of the Republic of Poland (Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), is the head of state of the Republic of Poland. Their rights and obligations are determined in the Constitution of Poland. The president heads the executive branch. In addition, the president has the right to dissolve parliament in certain cases, can veto legislation, represents Poland in the international arena, and is the commander-in-chief.

History
The first president of Poland, Gabriel Narutowicz, was sworn in as president of the Second Polish Republic on 11 December 1922. He was elected by the National Assembly (the Sejm and the Senate) under the terms of the 1921 March Constitution. Narutowicz was assassinated on 16 December 1922. Previously Józef Piłsudski had been "Chief of State" (Naczelnik Państwa) under the provisional Small Constitution of 1919. In 1926 Piłsudski staged the "May Coup", overthrew President Stanisław Wojciechowski and had the National Assembly elect a new one, Ignacy Mościcki, thus establishing the "Sanation regime". Before Piłsudski's death, parliament passed a more authoritarian 1935 April Constitution of Poland (not in accord with the amendment procedures of the 1921 March Constitution). Mościcki continued as president until he resigned in 1939 in the aftermath of the German invasion of Poland. Mościcki and his government went into exile in Romania, where Mościcki was interned. In Angers, France, Władysław Raczkiewicz, at the time the speaker of the Senate, assumed the presidency after Mościcki's resignation on 29 September 1939. Following the fall of France, the president and the Polish government-in-exile were evacuated to London, United Kingdom. The transfer from Mościcki to Raczkiewicz was in accordance with Article 24 of the 1935 April Constitution. Raczkiewicz was followed by a succession of presidents in exile, of whom the last one was Ryszard Kaczorowski.

In 1945–54, Poland became a part of Soviet-controlled central-eastern Europe. Bolesław Bierut assumed the reins of government and in July 1945 was internationally recognised as the head of state. The Senate was abolished in 1946 by the Polish people's referendum. When the Sejm passed the Small Constitution of 1947, based in part on the 1921 March Constitution, Bierut was elected president by that body. He served until the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic of 1952 eliminated the office of the president. replacing it with a collective leadership called the Council of State (Rada Państwa).

Following the 1989 amendments to the constitution which restored the presidency, general Wojciech Jaruzelski, the existing head of state, took office. In Poland's first direct presidential election, Lech Wałęsa won and was sworn in on 22 December 1990. The office of the president was preserved in the Constitution of Poland passed in 1997; the constitution now provides the requirements for, the duties of and the authority of the office.

The topic of creation the presidency role as a single-person position was meant to safeguard slow, gentle political change to keep the interests of the ruling party. By March 1989, a compromise regarding the creation of the institution of the presidency was reached between the government and the opposition. In return for a constitutionally defined presidency with various competences, the ruling party agreed to relinquish its position as managing organ within the state. The presidency would be created along with the restoration of a freely elected upper house, the Senate. The president would be elected by a joint session of the lower house (Sejm) and the Senate. By this way, representatives of the opposition, sitting in the Senate, would be involved in the political process of electing the president.

The Small constitution of October 17, 1992 created a parliamentarisation of the political system and while the presidency remained in the active model, it was deprived of far-reaching governing powers.

In recent years, newly elected presidents have renounced formal ties with their political party before taking office.

Election
The president of Poland is elected directly by the people to serve for five years and can be reelected only once. Pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution, the president is elected by an absolute majority. If no candidate succeeds in passing this threshold, a second round of voting is held with the participation of the two candidates with the largest and second largest number of votes respectively.

In order to be registered as a candidate in the presidential election, one must be a Polish citizen, be at least 35 years old on the day of the first round of the election, and collect at least 100,000 signatures of registered voters.

Powers
Article 126 paragraph 1 states that the president is the supreme representative of the state, rather than the people, a privilege reserved for the deputies of the Sejm and senators of the Senate. The constitution confirms the president the role of securing the continuity of state authority. The position of the presidency has an arbiter function (while not directly mentioned, unlike France or Romania), with the president playing a major role in the political system, assisted by set of legal instruments with which they can exert influence on the organs of state authority and the political system.

The president has a free choice in selecting the prime minister, yet in practice they usually give the task of forming a new government to a politician supported by the political party with the majority of seats in the Sejm (usually, though not always, it is the leader of that political party).

The president has the right to initiate the legislative process. They also have the opportunity to directly influence it by using their veto to stop a bill; however, a veto can be overruled by a three-fifths majority vote in the presence of at least half of the statutory number of members of the Sejm (230). Before signing a bill into law, the president can also ask the Constitutional Tribunal to verify its compliance with the Constitution, which in practice bears a decisive influence on the legislative process.

In their role as supreme representative of the Polish state, the president has the power to ratify and revoke international agreements, nominates and recalls ambassadors, and formally accepts the accreditations of representatives of other states. The president also makes decisions on award of highest academic titles, as well as state distinctions and orders. In addition, they have the right of clemency, viz. they can dismiss final court verdicts (in practice, the president consults such decisions with the minister of justice).

The president is also the supreme commander of the armed forces; they appoint the chief of the general staff and the commanders of all of the service branches; in wartime they nominate the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and can order a general mobilisation. The president performs their duties with the help of the following offices: the Chancellery of the President, the Office of National Security, and the Body of Advisors to the President.

Presidential residencies and properties
Several properties are owned by the Office of the President and are used by the head of state as their official residence, private residence, residence for visiting foreign officials etc.

 * The Presidential Palace in Warsaw is the largest palace in Warsaw and the official seat of the president of the Republic of Poland since 1993. The first presidential tenant was Lech Wałęsa when he moved to the Palace from Belweder in 1994.
 * Belweder, in Warsaw, was the official seat of the president until 1993. It is currently owned by the Office of the President as the official residence of the President and is used by the president and the government for ceremonial purposes. The palace also serves as an official residence for heads of state on official visits to Poland and other important guests.
 * The Presidential Castle in Wisła in a château built for the Habsburgs as their hunting cottage. It was rebuilt 1929–1931 and used as recreational residence by Ignacy Mościcki, President 1916—1939. Since 2002 it is again a property of the president, restored and opened in 2005 by President Kwaśniewski. It is today a recreational and conference centre for the president and a hotel.
 * Residence of the President of the Republic of Poland in Lucień
 * Manor House of the President of the Republic of Poland in Ciechocinek
 * Presidential Residence "Jurata-Hel" in Hel, the president's Baltic coastal retreat
 * Summer residence at the Hel Peninsula
 * Presidential Villa in Promnik
 * Presidential Villa in Klarysew

Acting president of Poland
The constitution states that the president is an elected office, there is no directly elected presidential line of succession. If the president is unable to execute their powers and duties, the marshal of the Sejm will have the powers of a president for a maximum of 60 days until elections are called.

On 10 April 2010, a plane carrying Polish president Lech Kaczyński, his wife, and 94 others including many Polish officials crashed near Smolensk North Airport in Russia; there were no survivors. Bronisław Komorowski took over acting presidential powers following the incident. On 8 July, Komorowski resigned from the office of Marshal of the Sejm after winning the presidential election. According to the constitution, the acting president then became the marshal of the Senate, Bogdan Borusewicz. In the afternoon Grzegorz Schetyna was elected as a new marshal of the Sejm and he became acting president. Schetyna served as the interim head of state until the swearing-in of Komorowski on 6 August.

Former presidents
Within Poland, former presidents are entitled to lifetime personal security protection by State Protection Service officers, in addition to receiving a substantial pension and a private office. On 10 April 2010, Lech Kaczyński, president at the time, along with Ryszard Kaczorowski, the last president-in-exile although not internationally recognised, died in the crash of a Polish Air Force Tu-154 en route to Russia.

title: President of Poland