text:
1480

Year 1480 (MCDLXXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 6 – Treaty of Toledo: Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize the African conquests of Afonso V of Portugal, and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain (see Treaty of Alcáçovas).
 * July 28
 * Mehmed II fails in his attempt to capture Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes.
 * An Ottoman army lands near Otranto, Italy. Pope Sixtus IV calls for a crusade to drive it away.
 * September 27 – Consorts and co-rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile initiate the Spanish Inquisition (looking for heretics and unconverted Jews).
 * October – Great Stand on the Ugra River: Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde. The Theotokos of Vladimir icon is credited with saving Moscow.

Date unknown

 * The Lighthouse of Alexandria's final remains disappear when Qaitbay, Sultan of Egypt, builds the Citadel of Qaitbay on its site.
 * Magdalen College School, Oxford, is established by William Waynflete.

Births

 * January 10 – Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (d. 1530)
 * February 12 – Frederick II of Legnica, Duke of Legnica from 1488 (until 1495 and 1505 with his brothers) (d. 1547)
 * February 13 – Girolamo Aleandro, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1542)
 * April 10 – Philibert II, Duke of Savoy (d. 1504)
 * April 18 – Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara (d. 1519)
 * June 1 – Tiedemann Giese, Catholic bishop from Danzig (Gdańsk) in Poland (d. 1550)
 * July 5 – Philip of the Palatinate, Bishop of Freising and Naumburg (d. 1541)
 * November 10 – Bridget of York, English nun (d. 1517)
 * October – Saint Cajetan, founder of the Theatines (d. 1547)
 * date unknown
 * Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italian metallurgist (d. 1539)
 * Claude Garamond, French publisher (d. 1561)
 * Giovanni Guidiccioni, Italian poet (d. 1541)
 * Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer (d. 1521)
 * Jerzy Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (d. 1541)
 * Gazi Husrev-beg, Ottoman statesmen (d. 1541)
 * Palma il Vecchio, Italian painter (d. 1528)
 * probable
 * Arasibo, Taino Cacique
 * Hans Baldung, German painter (d. 1545)
 * Matteo Bandello, Italian novelist (d. 1562)
 * Johann Georg Faust, German alchemist (d. 1540)
 * Anna Taskomakare, Swedish merchant craftswoman and estate owner (d. after 1528)
 * Jumacao, Taino Cacique
 * Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone (d. 1559)
 * Marcantonio Raimondi, Italian engraver (d. c. 1534)
 * Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (d. 1538)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Jakobus, nobleman from Lichtenberg in the northern part of Alsace (b. 1416)
 * April 14 – Thomas de Spens, Scottish statesman and prelate (b. c. 1415)
 * May 10 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1458–1480) (b. 1417)
 * May 19 – Jan Długosz, Polish historian (b. 1415)
 * May 25 – William III, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen (b. 1434)
 * June 6 – Vecchietta, Italian painter, sculptor and architect (b. c. 1410)
 * July 6 – Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer (b. 1416)
 * July 10 – René of Anjou, king of Naples (b. 1409)
 * July 15 – John III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg, German nobleman (b. 1441)
 * July 26 – Ruprecht of the Palatinate, Archbishop and Prince Elector of Cologne (b. 1427)
 * September 1 – Ulrich V, Count of Württemberg (b. 1413)
 * October 4 – Jakub of Sienno, medieval Bishop Kraków in the years 1461–1463 (b. 1413)
 * October 18 – Uhwudong, Korean dancer (b. 1440)
 * November 20 – Eleanor of Scotland, Scottish princess (b. 1433)
 * November 29 – Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern (b. 1417)
 * December 14 – Niccolò Perotti, Italian humanist scholar (b. 1429)
 * date unknown
 * Nicolas Jenson, French engraver (b. 1420)
 * Tristão Vaz Teixeira, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1395)
 * Antonio Vivarini, Italian painter (b. c. 1440)
 * Joana de Castre, Catalan noble (b. 1430)

title: 1480


text:
1100

Year 1100 (MC) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, the 1100th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 100th year of the 2nd millennium, the 100th and last year of the 11th century, and the 1st year of the 1100s decade. In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a non-leap century year starting on Monday (like 1900).

Levant

 * January – The Seljuk ruler Mahmud I is expelled from Baghdad by his brother Barkiyaruq, but Mahmud manages to retake the city, during his spring offensive.
 * May or June – Raymond IV (Saint-Gilles) sails to Constantinople to obtain the support of Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos), in his attempt to seize Tripoli.
 * August 1 – A Genoese fleet leaves Italy, to support the Crusaders' efforts to conquer the coastal cities; the ships reach Latakia on September 25.
 * August – Battle of Melitene: Bohemond I is captured by the Danishmends, leaving Tancred as regent of the Principality of Antioch for two years.
 * August 20 – With the support of the Venetian fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred capture the coastal city of Haifa.
 * December 25 – French Crusader Baldwin I is crowned first King of Jerusalem at the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, by Daimbert, the new Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, following the death of the previous ruler, Baldwin's brother Godfrey of Bouillon, on July 18.
 * After a success over the Armenians of Cilicia and the Emirate of Aleppo, Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa, with the support of Daimbert.
 * Genoa, Venice and Pisa gain trading privileges from the Crusader states, in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities.

Europe

 * August 2 – King William II (or William Rufus) dies in a hunting accident in the New Forest. Sir Walter Tirel is accused of having shot the arrow, but flees the country to avoid a trial. Henry I claims the throne.
 * August 5 – Henry I is crowned King of England, at Westminster Abbey. The power of the new monarch is ill-assured, and to mollify the barons he has to grant them the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of a written constitution in Europe.
 * August 30 – After the failure of the Council of Liubech in 1097, the Congress of Vytechev establishes peace and the feudal system in Kievan Rus; the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them. Sviatopolk II of Kiev becomes the first Grand Prince.
 * September 16 – Battle of Malagon: The Almoravid army defeats the Castellan troops.
 * September 23 – Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury returns from exile, at the invitation of Henry I.
 * October 18 – Peter I of Aragon conquers Barbastro (modern Spain) from the hands of the Almoravids.
 * November 11 – Henry I marries Matilda of Scotland, the daughter of King Malcolm III and a direct descendant of the Saxon king Edmund Ironside.
 * Henry I grants the ownership of Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight to Richard de Redvers, a Norman nobleman.
 * November 18 – The Council of Poitiers opens, but is soon forcibly closed by William IX, duke of Aquitaine, as the bishops are about to excommunicate King Philip I once more.
 * December 25 – Philip I elevates his son Louis VI as co-ruler to the government of the realm.
 * In Iceland, the Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form (approximate date).
 * Intense urban activity in north and central Europe: Kalmar (Kungälv) and Varberg (Sweden) are chartered; The cities of Aach (southern Germany) and Nakléřov in Bohemia are created. The castle of Burg Eppstein is built in central Germany.
 * Philip I conquers the Vexin area, and adds the city of Bourges and the province of Berry to his estate.

Africa

 * A collective of Tuareg  trading clans decide to permanently settle  the city of Timbuktu (modern Mali) north of Djenné along the Niger River. Timbuktu will later achieve fame as a center of Islamic learning. The Sankore, Djinguereber and Sidi Yahya mosques are among Timbuktu's most famous religious and scholarly institutions (approximate date).

China

 * February 23 – Emperor Zhezong dies after a 15-year reign. He is succeeded by his 17-year-old brother Huizong as ruler of the Song dynasty. At about this date, the Chinese population reaches around 100 million and in Kaifeng, his capital, the number of registered citizens within the walls is about 1,050,000 with the army stationed here boosting the overall populace to some 1.4 million people.
 * The Liao dynasty crushes the Zubu, a tribute state of the Khitan Empire, and takes their khan prisoner.

Americas

 * Oraibi, a Hopi village in Navajo County, becomes the oldest populated settlement in modern-day Arizona (modern-day United States).
 * The Ancestral Puebloans culture, located in the modern-day Four Corners (United States), rises (approximate date).
 * The city of Cusco (modern Peru) is founded (approximate d

ate).

Religion

 * September 8 – Antipope Clement III dies at Civita Castellana after a 20-year reign in opposition to the legitimate popes Gregory VII, Victor III and Urban II. Supporters of Emperor Henry IV in Rome choose Theodoric as his successor.
 * November – The council of Poitiers decrees that the followers of Robert of Arbrissel have to settle down and live under a rule, leading to the foundation of Fontevraud Abbey.
 * Frederick I becomes archbishop of Cologne, and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein.
 * The Stift St. Georgen Abbey is founded near Sankt Georgen am Längsee (modern Austria).
 * The Diocese of Faroe is founded (approximate date).

Technology

 * Checkers is invented (approximate date).

Births

 * May 19 – Judith of Bavaria, duchess of Swabia (d. 1130)
 * May 23 – Qin Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1161)
 * Achard of Saint Victor, Norman bishop (d. 1171)
 * Adrian IV, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1159)
 * Albert I (the Bear), margrave of Brandenburg (d. 1170)
 * Alexander III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1181)
 * Anselm of Havelberg, German bishop (approximate date)
 * Arnold I, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)
 * Bruno II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1137)
 * Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst, English conjoined twins (d. 1134)
 * Elvira of Castile, queen of Sicily (approximate date)
 * Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (d. 1148)
 * Héloïse d'Argenteuil, French abbess and scholar (d. 1162)
 * Herman of Carinthia, German astronomer (d. 1160)
 * Hillin of Falmagne, archbishop of Trier (d. 1169)
 * Jabir ibn Aflah, Arab astronomer and mathematician (d. 1150)
 * John of Meda, Italian monk and abbot (d. 1159)
 * Muhammad al-Idrisi, Almoravid geographer (d. 1165)
 * Owain Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)
 * Jacob ben Meir Tam, French Jewish rabbi (d. 1171)
 * Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl Leicester (d. 1168)
 * Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby (d. 1162)
 * Robert of Melun, bishop of Hereford (d. 1167)
 * Robert of Newminster, English abbot (d. 1159)
 * Teobaldo Roggeri, Italian shoemaker (d. 1150)
 * 1100s of the nominated of England have been doing over the past few years ago from 1100s

Deaths

 * February 23 – Zhe Zong, Chinese emperor (b. 1077)
 * February 25 – Gerland, bishop of Agrigento
 * March 28 – Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde, German noblewoman
 * July 18 – Godfrey of Bouillon, French nobleman (b. 1060)
 * July 23 – Warner of Grez, French nobleman
 * August 2 – William II (or William Rufus), king of England
 * September 8 – Clement III, antipope of Rome
 * September 16 – Bernold of Constance, German chronicler
 * October 13 – Guy I (or Wido), French nobleman
 * November 18 – Thomas of Bayeux, archbishop of York
 * December 22 – Bretislav II, duke of Bohemia
 * Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi, Hanafi-Maturidi scholar (b. 1030)
 * Azzo of Gobatsburg, Swedish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Geoffrey de Mandeville, Constable of the Tower
 * Geoffrey the Elder, Italo-Norman nobleman
 * Jaya Pala, Indian ruler of the Kamarupa Kingdom (b. 1075)
 * Qin Guan, Chinese poet and writer (approximate date)
 * Qutb al-din Hasan, ruler (malik) of the Ghurid Dynasty
 * Robert de Stafford, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * Lady Six Monkey, queen of the Mixtec city State of Huachino and queen of Jaltepec (d. 1100)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1100


text:
1101

Year 1101 (MCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was the 2nd year of the 1100s decade, and the 1st year of the 12th century.

Byzantine Empire

 * Crusade of 1101 – A second wave of European crusaders attempts to cross Anatolia, to reach the Kingdom of Jerusalem. They are defeated by the Seljuk troops under Sultan Kilij Arslan I, at Heraclea. A handful of crusaders under Raymond IV manage to reach the Byzantine port of Bafra, at the mouth of the River Halys.
 * Summer – The Byzantine fleet under Admiral Eustathios recaptures the ports of western Cilicia, Seleucia and Corycus. Eustathios extends his power over Cilician territory (belonging to Bohemond I) further east – occupying Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra.

Levant

 * Spring – King Baldwin I concludes an alliance with the Genoese fleet, offering them commercial privileges and booty. He captures the towns of Arsuf and Caesarea. Baldwin's crusaders pillage Caesarea and massacre the majority of the local population.
 * September 7 – Battle of Ramla: A Crusader force (some 1,100 men) under Baldwin I defeats the invading Fatimids at Ramla (modern Israel). Baldwin plunders the Fatimid camp and the survivors flee to Ascalon.

Europe

 * June 22 – Roger I, count of Sicily, dies at Mileto in Calabria after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his 8-year-old son Simon of Hauteville, while his mother, Adelaide del Vasto, acts as his regent.
 * Summer – Almoravid forces under Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin besiege Valencia, which is defended by Jimena Díaz, widow of Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar. The city holds out until May 1102.
 * Autumn – Countess Mathilda of Tuscany leads a successful expedition in northern Italy and takes Ferrara.
 * The county of Berg in Germany is established.

England

 * February 3 – Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham, escapes from the Tower of London and flees to Normandy. There he joins Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, who has just returned from the Crusades.
 * July 20 – Robert Curthose lands at Portsmouth with an army in an effort to take the English throne from his younger brother, Henry I.
 * August 2 – By the Treaty of Alton, ratified at Winchester, Robert abandons his claim to the throne, recognising Henry as King of England.

Culture

 * A vast compilation of Liao, Korean, and Song Buddhist writings is completed (approximate date).

Religion

 * Spring – Antipope Theodoric dies, the partisans of Emperor Henry IV choose Adalbert as the new antipope.
 * April 19 – King Canute IV of Denmark is canonized as a saint under the name San Canuto.
 * Fontevraud Abbey is founded by the French preacher Robert of Arbrissel.

Births

 * September – Ibn Bashkuwal, Andalusian biographer (d. 1183)
 * Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar, Jewish physician (d. 1184)
 * Arslan Shah I, Seljuk sultan of Kerman (d. 1142)
 * Artaldus, bishop of Belly-Ars (d. 1206)
 * Fujiwara no Tamako, Japanese empress consort (d. 1145)
 * Helena of Skövde, Swedish noblewoman and saint (d. 1160)
 * Stephen II, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1131), and his twin Ladislaus

Deaths

 * February 12 – Daozong of Liao, Chinese emperor (b. 1032)
 * March 14 – Fujiwara no Morozane, Japanese nobleman (b. 1042)
 * April 24 – Vseslav of Polotsk, Kievan prince
 * May 16 – Liemar, archbishop of Bremen
 * June 22 – Roger I, Norman nobleman
 * July 27
 * Conrad II, king of Germany and Italy (b. 1074)
 * Hugh d'Avranches, Norman nobleman
 * August 24 – Su Shi, Chinese statesman and poet (b. 1037)
 * August 27 – Guillaume de Montfort, bishop of Paris
 * September 7 – Geldemar Carpenel, French nobleman
 * September 30 – Anselm IV, archbishop of Milan
 * September – Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg, Bavarian-born Margravine of Austria and crusader (k. in battle) (b. c.1055)
 * October 5 – Uicheon, Korean Buddhist monk (b. 1055)
 * October 6 – Bruno of Cologne, founder of the Carthusian Order (b. c.1030)
 * October 18 – Hugh I, crusader, son of Henry I of France (b. 1057)
 * November 6 – Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, German nobleman
 * November 15 – Elvira of Toro, Leonese princess (b. 1038 or 1039)
 * December 11 – Nikon the Dry, Kievan monk and hermit
 * December 12 – Al-Musta'li, Fatimid caliph (b. 1074)
 * Constantine Bodin, king of Duklja (approximate date)
 * Egilbert, archbishop of Trier
 * Geoffrey Burel of Amboise, French nobleman, crusader (k. in battle)
 * Gilla na Naemh Ua Dunabhra, Irish chief poet
 * Qingshui, Chinese Chan Buddhist monk (b. 1047)
 * Su Song, Chinese statesman and scientist (b. 1020)
 * Theodoric, antipope of the Catholic Church
 * Urraca of Zamora, Leonese princess
 * Walter of Albano, Italian cardinal-bishop

title: 1101


text:
1400

Year 1400 (MCD) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The year 1400 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar, it was a common year starting on Wednesday.

January–March

 * January 4 – The Epiphany Rising begins in England against King Henry IV by nobles planning to restore King Richard II to the throne, and is quickly crushed. Baron Lumley dies after attempting to seize Cirencester. The Earl of Salisbury and the Earl of Kent are captured and beheaded on January 7. Sir Thomas Blount is hanged, drawn and quartered at Oxford on January 12. Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester is captured and executed by a mob in Bristol on January 13. The Earl of Huntingdon is beheaded at Pleshey on January 16.
 * February 14 – The deposed Richard II of England dies by means unknown in Pontefract Castle. It is likely that King Henry IV ordered his death by starvation, to prevent further uprisings.
 * February – Henry Percy (Hotspur) leads English incursions into Scotland.
 * March 23 – Five-year-old Trần Thiếu Đế is forced to abdicate as ruler of Đại Việt (modern-day Vietnam), in favour of his maternal grandfather and court official Hồ Quý Ly, ending the Trần dynasty after 175 years and starting the Hồ dynasty. Hồ Quý Ly subsequently changes the country's name to Đại Ngu.

April–June

 * April 21 – Sir Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, resigns as England's Admiral of the North and West to join the resistance against King Henry IV. The office will remain vacant for more than six years. Percy will be beheaded in 1403 after his defeat in the Battle of Shrewsbury.
 * April 23 – In what is now Romania, Alexandru cel Bun (Alexander the Good) is installed as the new Prince (Voivode) of Moldavia by Mircea the Elder, the Voivode of Wallachia, after Mircea removes the reigning monarch, Prince Iuga.
 * April 25 – Jingnan campaign: In the Shandong province of Ming dynasty China, Zhu Di, Prince of Yan, defeats the Imperial forces of General Li Jinglong in the two-day Battle of Baigou River, by taking advantage of the chaos that results when a gust of wind breaks the staff of General Li's flag of battle. The Yan forces capture 100,000 of the Imperial soldiers as prisoners and Li and the others retreat to Jinan.
 * April – King Swa Saw Ke, of Ava, the largest kingdom in Burma, dies after a reign of 33 years and is succeeded by his son, King Tarabya, who reigns less than seven months before being assassinated.
 * May 22 – Meeting in Frankfurt, three of the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire (Rupert, elector of the Palatinate, Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg, elector of Saxony, and Jobst of Moravia, elector of Brandenburg) meet in an attempt to replace the Emperor, Wenceslaus, King of the Romans because of his failure to stamp out civil unrest or to resolve the Western Schism. They select Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg as the replacement for Wenceslaus.
 * June 5 – Duke Frederick I of Brunswick-Lüneburg is assassinated after being identified as a rival to Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick, on his way back from a May 22 meeting of the prince-electors, is ambushed by a party of men led by Count Henry of Waldeck while passing through the village of Kleinenglis in the Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont (now part of the German state of Hesse, near Borken).

July–September

 * July 7 – Sir John Swinton, an envoy of King Robert III of Scotland, crosses the border into England along with 20 knights, after being given a writ of safe conduct by King Henry IV to allow their travel to negotiate during the standoff between the two British kingdoms between phases of the Hundred Years' War.
 * July 26 – Jagiellonian University is re-established in Kraków by order of King Władysław II, with the creation of the Faculty of Theology at what is then called the Kraków Academy. The restoration is partially financed by the sale of jewelry owned by the King's late wife, Queen Jadwiga, who had died in 1399.
 * August 6 – Writing from Newcastle upon Tyne to Scotland's King Robert III, England's King Henry IV sends a demand that King Robert meet him "on Monday the 23rd of this present month of August, at Edinburgh, where, for this reason and for the peace of tranquility of the realms of England and Scotland, we intend to be," for Robert "to perform the obligation which you owe us" as "overlords of Scotland and of its kings in all temporal matters pertaining to them..." King Henry warns that "considering the effusion of Christian blood and other dangers and losses which may occur if you do not comply with our wishes, you will be present to render us homage and take the oath of fealty."
 * August 14 – King Henry IV leads the English Army into Scotland, after receiving no answer from Scotland's King Robert III to his August 6 demand. The troops reach Haddington, East Lothian the next day and at Leith, on the outskirts of Edinburgh, by August 18. As historian James Hamilton Wylie will note almost 500 years later, "the walls of Edinburgh did not fall before this ram's-horn blast, and August 23rd came and went without the required homage or recognition."
 * August 20 – Meeting at the Lahneck Castle in what is now the German state Rhineland-Palatinate, the princes of the German states vote to depose the Holy Roman Emperor, Wenceslaus, due to his weak leadership and mental illnesses.
 * August 21 – Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, is elected as King of the Romans.
 * August 29 – Having failed in his expedition to receive a pledge of fealty from the King of Scotland, King Henry IV crosses back into England.
 * September 16 – Owain Glyndŵr is proclaimed Prince of Wales by his followers, and begins attacking English strongholds in northeast Wales.

October–December

 * October 7 – Tamerlane, the Mongol conqueror, stops between Malatya and Aleppo at the Turkish garrison in Behesna. According to author Peter Purton, the garrison "had the temerity to shoot a catapult ball at Timur which rolled into his tent. Setting up his own battery of 20 machines, it is said that the first shot hit and destroyed the offending weapon. Treating this as a good omen, the attack was launched, the towers mined... and the place surrendered."
 * October 29 – Jingnan campaign: In China, Prince Zhu Di of Yan expands his conquests with the capture of Cangzhou in Heibei province.
 * October 30 – (11 Rabi' I 803 AH) Tamerlane begins the destruction of the Syrian city of Aleppo overwhelming the Mamluk Sultanate defenders.
 * November 2 – The Mamluk Sultanate surrenders the city of Aleppo and Tamerlane's Army massacres many of the inhabitants.
 * November 25 – (9th waxing of Nadaw, 730 ME) Minkhaung I becomes the new King of Ava, the largest kingdom in what is now northern Myanmar, after a battle for power that follows the assassination of the erratic King Tarabya.
 * December 21 – Manuel II Palaiologos becomes the only Byzantine Emperor ever to visit England, and is greeted at Blackheath by King Henry IV, who hosts the Emperor at Eltham Palace during the Christmas holiday.
 * December 25 – In China, the Jingnan campaign of Prince Zhu Di of Yan suffers a serious reversal at the Battle of Dongchang as Imperial General Sheng Yong, replacement of Li Jinglong, encircles the Yan forces. Yan Army General Zhang Yu is killed, but Zhu Di is able to escape to the northern capital at Beijing and regroups his forces for a second attack to take place in February.

Date unknown

 * Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.
 * Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Azerbaijan, and the Jalayirid dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee, and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.
 * In modern-day Korea, King Jeongjong of Joseon abdicates in fear of an attack by his ambitious younger brother, Taejong. Taejong succeeds to the throne.
 * Prince Parameswara establishes the Malacca Sultanate, in present-day western Malaysia and northern Sumatra.
 * Hananchi succeeds Min as King of Hokuzan, in modern-day north Okinawa, Japan.
 * Wallachia (modern-day southern Romania) resists an invasion by the Ottomans.
 * A Wallachian army captures Iuga, and makes Alexandru cel Bun the Prince of Moldavia.
 * The Kingdom of Kongo begins.
 * The Haast's eagle and Moa are both driven to extinction by Māori hunters.
 * The Mississippian culture starts to decline.
 * Europe is reported to have around 52 million inhabitants.
 * The House of Medici becomes powerful in Florence.
 * Newcastle upon Tyne is created a county corporate, by Henry IV of England.
 * Jean Froissart completes his Chronicles, detailing the events of the 14th Century in France.

Births

 * January 13 – Infante John of Portugal, the Constable (d. 1442)
 * March 15 – Guillaume Jouvenel des Ursins, Justice Minister of France (d. 1472)
 * May 19 – John Stourton, 1st Baron Stourton, English baron (d. 1462)
 * June 14 – Joan Ramon II, Count of Cardona (d. 1471)
 * July 26 – Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester, English noble (d. 1439)
 * October 24 – Mani' ibn Rabi'a al-Muraydi, oldest known ancestor of the House of Al Sa'ud (d. 1463)
 * December 25 – John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1487)
 * date unknown
 * James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (d. 1459)
 * Luca della Robbia, Florentine sculptor (d. 1482)
 * Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine (d. 1453).
 * James of Sclavonia, Croatian friar (d. April 1485 or 1496)
 * Gennadius Scholarius, Byzantine Greek philosopher and theologian, and Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 1473)
 * Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, English politician (d. 1460)
 * Owen Tudor, Welsh courtier (d. 1461)
 * Jacopo Bellini, Italian painter (d. 1470)
 * Rogier van der Weyden, Dutch painter (or 1399)
 * Hans Multscher, German painter and sculptor (d. 1467)
 * Helene Kottanner, Hungarian writer and courtier (d. after 1470)
 * Ausiàs March, medieval Valencian poet and knight (d. 1459)
 * Henry, Duke of Villena (d. 1445)
 * Gonçalo Velho Cabral, Portuguese monk, Commander in the Order of Christ, explorer, and hereditary landowner (d. 1460)
 * Manuel Fokas, Greek Byzantine painter (d. after 1454)
 * Gilles Binchois, Franco-Flemish composer (d. 1460)
 * Hang Jebat, closest companion of the legendary Malaccan hero Hang Tuah
 * Alexander of Masovia, Polish prince member of the House of Piast and Bishop of Trento (d. 1444)
 * Andrea Grego, Dominican friar and preacher (d. 1485)
 * Andronikos V Palaiologos, Byzantine ruler of Thessalonica and surrounding territories alongside his father John VII Palaiologos (d. 1407)
 * Thomas Boleyn, Master of Gonville Hall, Cambridge and English priest (d. 1472)
 * Vettore Cappello, merchant, statesman and military commander of the Republic of Venice (d. 1467)
 * Domenico Capranica, Italian theologian, canonist, statesman, and cardinal (d. 1458)
 * Pietru Caxaro, Maltese philosopher and poet (d. 1485)
 * Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester noblewoman, first the mistress and then the second wife of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1452)
 * probable
 * Marina Nani, Venetian dogaressa (d. 1473)
 * Giovanna Dandolo, Venetian dogaressa (d. after 1462)
 * Johannes Gutenberg (d. 1468)

Deaths

 * January 7
 * Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, English politician (executed) (b. 1374)
 * John Montagu, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English earl (executed) (b. 1350)
 * January 13 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester, English politician (executed) (b. 1373)
 * January 16 – John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, English politician (executed)
 * February 14 – King Richard II of England, (probably murdered) (b. 1367)
 * April 21 – John Wittlebury, English politician (b. 1333)
 * April 23 – Aubrey de Vere, 10th Earl of Oxford, third son of John de Vere (b. 1338)
 * April 28 – Baldus de Ubaldis, Italian jurist (b. 1327)
 * June 5 – Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, rival King of the Romans
 * June 17 – Jan of Jenštejn, Archbishop of Prague (b. 1348)
 * October 25 – Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (b. c. 1343)
 * November 8 – Peter of Aragon, Aragonese infante (b. 1398)
 * November 20 – Elizabeth of Moravia, Margravine of Meissen (b. 1355)
 * November – Tarabya of Ava (b. 1368)
 * December – Archibald the Grim, Scottish magnate (b. 1328)
 * date unknown – Narayana Pandit, Indian mathematician (b. 1340)

title: 1400


text:
1461

Year 1461 (MCDLXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February 2 – Battle of Mortimer's Cross: Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke, in Wales.
 * February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans, England: The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control for her husband.
 * March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London, and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England.
 * March 5 – Wars of the Roses: Henry VI of England is deposed by Edward, Duke of York.
 * March 29 – Battle of Towton: Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret, to make good his claim to the English throne (thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England).
 * July 10 – Stephen Tomašević becomes the last King of Bosnia, on the death of his father Stephen Thomas; he is crowned on November 17, in Saint Mary's Church, Jajce.
 * June 28 – Edward, Richard of York's son, is crowned as Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483).
 * July – Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, the last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces of the Ottoman Empire, after a year-long siege.
 * July 22 – Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483).
 * August 7 – The Ming Dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor; after setting fire to the eastern and western gates of the Imperial City, Beijing (which are doused by pouring rains during the day-long uprising), Cao Qin finds himself hemmed in on all sides by imperial forces, loses three of his own brothers in the fight, and instead of facing execution, he flees to his home in the city, and commits suicide by jumping down a well located within his walled compound.
 * August 15 – The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost, falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II, after a 21-day siege.
 * November 27 – 1461 L'Aquila earthquake. A severe earthquake occurs in L'Aquila.

Date unknown

 * Cirencester Grammar School is founded in southwest England by the Bishop of Durham.
 * Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli become students of Verrocchio.
 * Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is founded by the Ottomans.
 * François Villon writes Le Grand Testament.

Births

 * February 6 – Džore Držić, Croatian poet and playwright (d. 1501)
 * February 19 – Domenico Grimani, Italian nobleman (d. 1523)
 * March 11 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado, Spanish noble (d. 1531)
 * April 3 – Anne of France, French princess regent, eldest daughter of Louis XI of France and Charlotte of Savoy (d. 1522)
 * May 3 – Raffaele Riario, Italian cardinal (d. 1521)
 * May 25 – Zanobi Acciaioli, librarian of the Vatican (d. 1519)
 * August 5 – Alexander Jagiellon, King of Poland (d. 1506)
 * September 15 – Jacopo Salviati, Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici (d. 1533)
 * October 1 – Amalie of Brandenburg, Countess Palatine and Duchess of Zweibruecken and Veldenz (d. 1481)
 * December 28 – Louise of Savoy, Nun (d. 1503)
 * date unknown
 * Alessandro Alessandri, Italian jurist (d. 1523)
 * Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1510)
 * Nicholas West, English bishop and diplomat (d. 1533)

Deaths

 * February 2 – Owen Tudor, Welsh founder of the Tudor dynasty (executed)
 * March 28 – John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford (in battle)
 * March 29
 * Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland (in battle) (b. 1421)
 * Lionel de Welles, 6th Baron Welles
 * April 8 – Georg von Peuerbach, Austrian astronomer (b. 1423)
 * May 15 – Domenico Veneziano, Italian painter (b. c. 1410)
 * July 22 – King Charles VII of France (b. 1403)
 * September 21 – Sophia of Halshany, queen consort of Poland (b. 1405)
 * September 23 – Charles, Prince of Viana, King of Navarre (b. 1421)
 * October 7 – Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, follower of Joan of Arc (b. c. 1390)
 * November 6 – John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk (b. 1415)
 * probable – Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow

title: 1461


text:
640

Year 640 (DCXL) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 640 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * February 27 – Pepin the Elder, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, dies and is succeeded by his son Grimoald. He becomes the head of the Frankish household, and the most powerful man in the Frankish Kingdom (approximate date).
 * King Chintila dies of natural causes after a 3-year reign, in which he permitted the bishops wide authority in Hispania, Septimania and Galicia. He is succeeded by his son Tulga, who becomes ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date).
 * At the request of Porga of Croatia, one of the first dukes or princes (Croatian: knez) of Dalmatian Croatia, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius sends Christian missionaries to the Croatian Provinces (approximate date).
 * The French city of Lille (according to the legend) is founded by Lydéric. He kills Phinaert in a duel to avenge his parents' deaths (approximate date).

Britain

 * King Eadbald of Kent dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his sons, Eorcenberht and Eormenred, who jointly rule the Kingdom of Kent (now South East England).
 * Hartlepool Abbey in Northumbria (Northern England) is founded. Wooden huts surrounding a church are built in Saxon style.

Africa

 * May – Siege of Babylon Fortress: The Rashidun army lays siege to Babylon Fortress in the Nile Delta (near Cairo). The next two months' fighting remain inconclusive, the Byzantines having the upper hand by repulsing every Muslim assault.
 * July 6 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army (15,000 men) under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeats the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt). Amr divides his troops into three parts, surrounding the Byzantines.
 * December 21 – Muslim Arabs capture Babylon after a seven-month siege; during a night assault Arab warriors open the city gates. The Thebaid region (Upper Egypt) is annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate.
 * December 22 – On orders of the Saracen leader, Amar, the Serapeum of Alexandria, containing works that had survived the destruction of the Library of Alexandria, is burned down, along with its collection of 500,000 manuscripts. This story may be apocryphal.

Asia

 * Emperor Taizong of Tang begins the military campaigns against the Western Regions states in the Tarim Basin. General Hou Junji captures the kingdom of Gaochang, to solidify Tang rule in Central Asia.
 * Nestorian missionaries build the Daqin Pagoda in Chang'an (Shaanxi). Daqin is the name for the Roman Empire or the Near East.

Religion

 * Disibod, Irish monk and hermit, arrives as a missionary in Francia. He begins his religious work in the Vosges and Ardennes.
 * May 28 – Pope Severinus succeeds Honorius I as the 71st pope. He dies in Rome only two months after being consecrated.
 * December 24 – Pope John IV succeeds Severinus as the 72nd pope. His election is accepted by the Exarchate of Ravenna.

Economy

 * A surge in atmospheric lead in ice core drilled in the Colle Gnifetti Glacier in the Swiss Alps signals an increase in silver mining because of economic recovery, after natural disasters in 530s and 540s.

Births

 * Al-Akhtal, Arab poet (approximate date)
 * Arikesari Maravarman, king of the Pandyan Empire (approximate date)
 * Asparukh, ruler of the Bulgarian Empire (approximate date)
 * Godeberta, Frankish abbess (approximate date)
 * Isonokami no Maro, Japanese statesman (d. 717)
 * Kilian, Irish bishop (approximate date)
 * Luo Binwang, Chinese poet (d. 684)
 * Musa ibn Nusayr, Arab general (d. 716)
 * Winnoc, Welsh abbot (approximate date)
 * Wulfhere, king of Mercia (approximate date)
 * Wulfram, archbishop of Sens (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 27 – Pepin the Elder, Mayor of the Palace
 * August 2 – Pope Severinus
 * September 12 – Sak K'uk', queen of Palenque
 * Alena, Frankish martyr (approximate date)
 * Arnulf of Metz, Frankish bishop and saint
 * Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi, companion of Muhammed
 * Chintila, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)
 * Dushun, Chinese (Buddhist) patriarch (b. 557)
 * Eadbald, king of Kent (approximate date)
 * Eanswith, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
 * Li Xiaogong, prince of the Tang dynasty (b. 591)
 * Romanus, bishop of Rouen (approximate date)
 * Tysilio, Welsh prince and bishop
 * Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, Arab general

title: 640


text:
641

Year 641 (DCXLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 641 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * February 11 – Emperor Heraclius, age 65, dies of dropsy at Constantinople after a 31-year reign. He reorganized the imperial administration, but lost Armenia, parts of Egypt, Palestine, Syria and much of Mesopotamia to the Muslim Arabs. Heraclius is succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heraklonas.
 * The Muslim conquest of Egypt continues, with the siege of Alexandria.
 * May – Constantine III, age 29, dies of tuberculosis after a four-month reign, leaving his half-brother Heraklonas sole emperor. Rumors spread that Constantine has been poisoned by Heraclius's second wife (and niece) Martina.
 * September – The Byzantine Senate turns against Martina and her son Heraklonas, who are both mutilated, and exiled to Rhodes. Supported by general Valentinus, Constantine's son Constans II, age 10, succeeds to the throne.
 * Constans II establishes a new civil-military defensive organisation, based upon geographical military districts. Byzantine forces maintain the frontier, along the line of the Taurus Mountains (Southern Turkey).

Europe

 * Aega, Mayor of the Palace and regent (alongside of queen mother Nanthild) of Neustria and Burgundy, dies during the reign of King Clovis II. He is replaced by Erchinoald, a relative of Dagobert I's mother.
 * The Lombards under King Rothari conquer Genoa (Liguria), and all remaining Byzantine territories in the lower Po Valley, including Oderzo (Opitergium).
 * Arechis I, duke of Benevento (northeast of Naples), dies after a 50-year reign and is succeeded by his son Aiulf I.

Britain

 * Prince Oswiu of Bernicia conquers Gododdin (or "The Old North") as far north as Manau (modern Scotland), on behalf of his half-brother, King Oswald (approximate date).
 * King Bridei II dies after a 5-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Talorc III as ruler of the Picts.

Africa

 * November 8 – Siege of Alexandria: Muslim Arabs under 'Amr ibn al-'As capture Alexandria after a six-month siege. Byzantine officials formally capitulate to Amr, turning the city over to Arab hands.
 * The city of Fustat (later Cairo) is founded in Egypt. It becomes the first capital of Egypt under Muslim rule.

Asia

 * Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty (China) instigates a civil war in the Western Turkic Khaganate, by supporting Isbara Yabghu Qaghan.
 * November 17 – Emperor Jomei of Japan, age 48, dies after a 12-year reign.
 * Uija becomes the last king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje.

Births

 * Asparukh, ruler (khan) of the First Bulgarian Empire (d. 701)

Deaths

 * February 11 – Heraclius, Byzantine emperor
 * November 17 – Emperor Jomei of Japan (b. 593)
 * Aega, Mayor of the Palace (Neustria and Burgundy)
 * Arechis I, duke of Benevento (Italy)
 * Bridei II, king of the Picts
 * Emperor Constantine III of the Byzantine Empire
 * Mu, king of Baekje (one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea)
 * Ouyang Xun, Confucian scholar and calligrapher (b. 557)
 * Zaynab bint Jahsh, wife of Muhammad

title: 641


text:
642

Year 642 (DCXLII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 642 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Constans II marries Fausta.

Europe

 * April 30 – Chindasuinth, a Gothic warlord (already 79 years old), commences a rebellion and deposes King Tulga in Toledo, Spain. He is proclaimed king by the Visigothic nobility and anointed by the bishops. Tulga is tonsured and sent out to live his days in a monastery.
 * Radulf, a Frankish aristocrat, revolts against King Sigebert III of Austrasia and defeats his army, taking the title of rex or king of Thuringia.

Britain

 * August 5 – Battle of Maserfield: King Penda of Mercia defeats and kills King Oswald of Northumbria, age 38, at Oswestry (West Midlands). He commands a united British and Mercian force, which includes the Welsh army of Kings Cadafael Cadomedd of Gwynedd and Cynddylan of Pengwern. The Mercians become dominant in the English Midlands.
 * Oswiu succeeds his half-brother Oswald as king of Bernicia. He strengthens his position by marrying Eanflæd, daughter of King Edwin of Northumbria, then in exile in the Kingdom of Kent. This marriage takes place between 642 and 644.

Persia

 * Battle of Nahāvand: The Rashidun army (30,000 men) under Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas defeats the Persians at Nahāvand (modern Iran). The Persian cavalry, full of confidence, mounts an ill-prepared attack. The Arabs retreat to a safe area, where they outmanoeuvre and destroy the Persians in a narrow mountain valley.

Africa

 * Battle of Dongola: 'Amr ibn al-'As sends an Arab expedition of 20,000 horsemen, under his cousin Uqba ibn Nafi, to Makuria (Southern Egypt). The Nubians strike hard against the Muslims near Dongola with hit-and-run attacks. The Arab incursions into Nubia are temporarily halted.

Asia

 * Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty issues a decree throughout China, that increases the punishment for men who deliberately inflict injuries upon themselves (most commonly breaking their own legs) in order to avoid military conscription. This decree is an effort to eradicate this practice that has grown as a trend since the time of the rebellion against the Sui dynasty.
 * Taizong supports a revolt by Turkic tribes against the rebellious Tu-lu Qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate.
 * Empress Kōgyoku ascends to the throne of Japan, after her husband (and uncle) Emperor Jomei's death in 641.
 * Winter – Yeon Gaesomun seizes power over Goguryeo (Korea), and places King Bojang on the throne.

Arts and sciences

 * The earliest surviving dated Arabic-language papyrus (PERF 558), found in Heracleopolis (Egypt), and the earliest known Arabic text with diacritical marks is written.

Architecture

 * Arabs begin construction of the Mosque of Amr at Cairo, the first mosque built in Egypt and in all of Africa.

Religion

 * October 12 – Pope John IV dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by a Jerusalem-born cleric of Greek descent, Theodore I, as the 73rd pope of Rome.
 * A monastic settlement is founded in Hampshire (England) which later becomes Winchester Cathedral.

Births

 * Ceolfrith, Anglo-Saxon abbot (approximate date)
 * Hasan al-Basri, Arab theologian (d. 728)
 * Julian, archbishop of Toledo (d. 690)
 * Máel Ruba, Irish abbot (d. 722)
 * Mujahid ibn Jabr, Muslim scholar (or 645)

Deaths

 * August 5 or 641 – Oswald, king of Northumbria
 * October 12 – Pope John IV
 * Emma, Anglo-Saxon queen
 * Eowa, king of Mercia (English Midlands)
 * Domnall Brecc, king of Dál Riata
 * Domnall mac Áedo, high king of Ireland
 * Flaochad, Mayor of the Palace (Burgundy)
 * Heraklonas, Byzantine emperor (approximate date)
 * Khalid ibn al-Walid, Arab general (b. 592)
 * Mardanshah, Persian general
 * Nanthild, Frankish queen
 * Pulakeshin II, king of Chalukya (India)
 * Willibad, patrician (of duke) of Burgundy
 * Yeongnyu, king of Goguryeo (Korea)
 * Yuwen Shiji, chancellor of the Tang dynasty

title: 642


text:
643

Year 643 (DCXLIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 643 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Constans II recognises Theodore Rshtuni as ruler of Armenia, after his successful campaign against the Muslims. He names him commander (nakharar) of the Armenian army.
 * Maurikios names himself dux of Rome, and revolts against exarch Isaac (Exarchate of Ravenna). He declares Rome's independence from the Exarchate and from the Byzantine Empire.

Europe

 * King Rothari of the Lombards issues the Edictum Rothari, which is the first codification of Lombard law (written in Latin). The edict guarantees rights only for Lombard subjects.
 * Duke Leuthari II has Otto, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, murdered. He is succeeded by Grimoald the Elder, the eldest son of Pepin of Landen.

Britain

 * King Cynegils of Wessex dies after a 32-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Cenwalh (who is still pagan); he marries the sister of King Penda of Mercia (approximate date).

Persia

 * Peroz III, son of Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid king of Persia, flees to territory under the control of the Tang dynasty in China (approximate date).

Africa

 * Arab–Byzantine War: Arab armies continue their military expansion into North Africa and lay siege to Tripoli. The city is captured after one month.
 * 'Amr ibn al-'As sends a detachment to Sabratha (modern Libya). The city puts up feeble resistance, but soon surrenders and agrees to pay Jizya.

Asia

 * Chinese prefectural government officials travel to the capital of Chang'an, to give the annual report of the affairs in their districts. Emperor Taizong discovers that many have no proper quarters to rest in, and are renting rooms with merchants. Therefore, Taizong orders the government agencies in charge of municipal construction to build every visiting official his own private mansion in the capital.
 * A Chinese embassy is sent to the North Indian Empire. They are invited by Emperor Harsha, who holds a Buddhist convocation at the capital Kannauj, which is attended by 20 kings and thousands of pilgrims.
 * Taizong commissions artist Yan Liben to paint the life-size portraits of 24 government officials in the Lingyan Pavilion, to commemorate their service and contributions to the founding of the Tang dynasty.

Religion

 * Æbbe establishes a monastery at Ebchester, known as Kirk Hill at St Abb's Head near Coldingham (Scotland).

Births

 * Fazang, Chinese Buddhist patriarch (d. 712)
 * Li Zhong, prince of the Tang dynasty (d. 665)

Deaths

 * April 29 – Hou Junji, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
 * September 19 – Goeric, bishop of Metz
 * Cynegils, king of Wessex (approximate date)
 * Maurikios Chartoularios, Byzantine rebel leader
 * Otto, mayor of the palace (Austrasia)
 * Wei Zheng, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 580)

title: 643


text:
644

Year 644 (DCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 644 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Asia

 * Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty sends a Chinese expeditionary force, to invade and annex the Tarim Basin kingdom of Karasahr in Xinjiang, a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate. The oasis state is conquered, and Western Turks sent to assist Karasahr are defeated by the Tang forces.
 * Zenkoji, a Buddhist temple and landmark spot in Nagano, Japan, is officially built by Empress Kogyoku.

Britain

 * Oswine, son of the late king Osric of Deira, manages to establish himself as king of Deira (Northern England) despite armed objections from King Oswiu of Bernicia. His succession, probably the choice of the people of Deira, splits the Kingdom of Northumbria.

Byzantine Empire

 * Valentinus, Byzantine general, attempts to usurp the throne of his son-in-law Constans II. He appears at the gates of Constantinople with a contingent of Byzantine troops, and demands to be crowned emperor. His claim is rejected, and Valentinus is lynched by the populace.

Islamic Empire

 * November 3 – The second caliph Umar, (r. 634 – 644), dies of wounds inflicted by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz at Medina. On his death bed he appoints a committee to determine his successor. They select Uthman ibn Affan, who becomes the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Births

 * K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II, ruler of Palenque
 * Li Jiao, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 713)

Deaths

 * January 17 – Sulpitius the Pious, French bishop and saint
 * October 10 – Paulinus, Archbishop of York
 * Otto, mayor of the palace (Austrasia)
 * Radulf, king of Thuringia (approximate date)
 * Trudpert, Irish missionary (or 607)
 * Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz, assassin of Umar I
 * Umar I, Muslim caliph ((r. 634 – 644))
 * Valentinus, Byzantine general and usurper

title: 644


text:
645

Year 645 (DCXLV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 645 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Alexandria revolts against Arab rule, at the appearance of a Byzantine fleet of 300 ships, and Byzantine forces recapture the city. Abdullah ibn Sa'ad, Arab governor of Egypt, mounts an assault and retakes it. He begins building a Muslim fleet.

Europe

 * Plato, exarch (imperial governor) of Ravenna, invades the southern Po Valley. The Lombards under King Rothari defeat him on the banks of the Panaro River (near Modena); 8,000 imperial troops are killed.

Britain

 * King Cenwalh of Wessex is driven from his kingdom by his brother-in-law, King Penda of Mercia (according to Bede). He flees to the court of king Anna of East Anglia, and is baptised while in exile. Penda overruns Wessex.
 * Gwynedd and much of Wales is in the grasp of famine. Would-be king Cadwaladr Fendigaid flees to Brittany. Civil war continues in his kingdom (approximate date).

Japan

 * July 10 – Isshi Incident: Prince Naka-no-Ōe and Fujiwara no Kamatari assassinate Soga no Iruka, during a coup d'état at the imperial palace.
 * Empress Kōgyoku is forced to abdicate the throne in favor of her younger brother Kōtoku, age 49, who becomes the 36th emperor of Japan.
 * Naka-no-Ōe becomes crown prince and prime minister. Supporters of the semi-legendary regent Prince Shōtoku gain supremacy in Japan.
 * Kōtoku creates a new city at Naniwa, and moves the capital from Yamato Province. The capital has a sea port, establishing foreign trade and diplomatic relations.
 * Emperor Kōtoku establishes the Taika Reform: a land reform based on Confucian ideas and philosophies from China (approximate date)
 * The first nengō, derived from the Chinese system of eras (nianhao) begins with the Taika era.

China

 * May 1 – First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War: A Chinese expeditionary army under Emperor Taizong of Tang crosses the Liao River into Goguryeo (one of the Three kingdoms of Korea).
 * July 18 – Tang forces under Li Shiji heading southeast toward the Yalu River put the strategic fortress of Ansi City (in the province of Liaoning) under siege.
 * September – Taizong is unable to capture the Ansi fortress defended by Korean general Yang Manchun. Food supplies running low, he withdraws his forces, ending the Siege of Ansi.
 * October 13 – Emperor Taizong is compelled to order a withdrawal from Goguryeo.

Religion

 * Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, returns to China after a 16-year pilgrimage to India. He is greeted with much honor by Emperor Taizong.
 * The Giant Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci'en Temple, Xi'an (Shanxi) is first erected during the Tang dynasty (approximate date).

Births

 * Æthelred, king of Mercia (approximate date)
 * Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria (approximate date)
 * Jitō, empress of Japan (d. 703)
 * John of Damascus, Syrian church father (or 676)
 * Mujahid ibn Jabr, Arabic scholar (or 642)
 * Yazid I, Muslim Caliph (d. 683)

Deaths

 * April 26 – Richarius, Frankish hermit and monk
 * July 10 – Soga no Iruka, statesman of Japan
 * October 21 – Zhenzhu Khan, khan of Xueyantuo
 * unknown dates
 * Al-Khansa, Arabic poet (b. 575)
 * Cen Wenben, chancellor and editor of the Book of Zhou (b. 595)
 * Li Chengqian, crown prince of the Tang dynasty
 * Soga no Emishi, statesman of Japan (b. 587)
 * Yan Shigu, Chinese author of the Tang dynasty (b. 581)

title: 645


text:
646

Year 646 (DCXLVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 646 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab-Byzantine War: Alexandria is recaptured by the Muslim Arabs, after a Byzantine attempt (see 645) to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly 1,000 years of rule by Greco-Roman states in the city.
 * Gregory the Patrician, Byzantine exarch of Africa, begins a rebellion against Constans II, and proclaims himself emperor; the revolt finds broad support among the populace.

Arabian Empire

 * Caliph Uthman ibn Affan founds the city of Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) on the coast of the Red Sea. He establishes a port for Muslim pilgrims making the required Hajj to Mecca.

Africa

 * Battle of Nikiou: The Rashidun army (15,000 men) under Amr ibn al-'As defeats a smaller Byzantine force, near the fortified town of Nikiou (Egypt).
 * Amr ibn al-'As builds fortifications in Alexandria and quarters a strong garrison in the vicinity, which twice a year is relieved from Upper Egypt.

China

 * Summer – Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty destroys the Xueyantuo state, during the campaign against the Xueyantuo (Central Asia).

Japan

 * Emperor Kōtoku makes a decree about the policies of building tombs. He discontinues the old customs of sacrificing people in honor of a dead man, and forbids ill-considered rituals about purgation.
 * A Great Reform edict changes Japan's political order. It will lead to the establishment of a centralized government with Kōtoku ruling from his palace, Naniwa Nagara-Toyosaki Palace, in Osaka.

Religion

 * Xuanzang completes his book Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, which later becomes one of the primary sources for the study of medieval Central Asia and India.

Births

 * Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Muslim Caliph (d. 705)
 * Gudula, Frankish saint
 * Li Sujie, prince of the Tang dynasty (d. 690)
 * Sun Guoting, Chinese calligrapher (d. 691)
 * Tonyukuk, military leader of the Göktürks (approximate date)

Deaths

 * January 17 – Sulpitius the Pious, bishop of Bourges
 * January 19 – Liu Ji, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
 * unknown dates
 * Gallus, Irish missionary (approximate date)
 * Zhang Liang, general of the Tang dynasty

title: 646


text:
647

Year 647 (DCXLVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 647 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: An Arab army (20,000 men) under Abdullah ibn Sa'ad invades the Byzantine Exarchate of Africa. It conquers Tripolitania and the city of Sufetula, 150 miles (240 km) south of Carthage.
 * Self-proclaimed emperor Gregory the Patrician is killed during the Arab invasion at Sufetula. Africa returns to imperial allegiance after his death, but the foundation of Byzantine rule is fatally undermined.

Asia

 * Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty sends a Chinese mission to study Indian techniques of sugar manufacturing, at Bihar in the Ganges Valley.
 * Taizong establishes a Chinese military government to pacify the former territory of Xueyantuo, which extends to the Altai Mountains in the west.
 * Emperor Harsha, ruler of northern India, dies after a 41-year reign. His kingdom disintegrates into smaller states.
 * Jindeok becomes queen of the Korean kingdom of Silla after the death of Queen Seondeok.

Astronomy and science

 * A stone tower astronomical observatory (named Cheomseongdae) at Gyeongju is constructed in Silla (South Korea) around this time.

Religion

 * Hilda of Whitby, age 33, is persuaded by Aidan, bishop of Lindisfarne, to enter the monastic life at Hartlepool Abbey (Northumbria).

Births

 * Al-Abbas ibn Ali, Muslim martyr (d. 680)
 * Itzamnaaj B'alam II, ruler of Yaxchilan (d. 742)

Deaths

 * Æthelburh of Kent, queen of Northumbria
 * Felix of Burgundy, bishop of Dunwich (or 648)
 * Gao Shilian, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 576)
 * Gregory the Patrician, Exarch of Africa
 * Harsha, emperor of Harsha (India)
 * Li Baiyao, Chinese official and historian (b. 564)
 * Seondeok, queen of Silla (Korea)
 * Xiao Yu, prince of the Liang dynasty (b. 574)
 * Yang Shidao, chancellor of the Tang dynasty

title: 647


text:
648

Year 648 (DCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 648 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Constans II issues an imperial edict forbidding Monothelitism to be discussed, to quiet the intense controversy caused by the Monothelete doctrine. This edict, distributed by patriarch Paul II in Constans' name, is known as the Typos.

Europe

 * King Sigebert II of Austrasia is advised by Remaclus to establish a double-monastery, at Stavelot and Malmedy. As a missionary bishop, he founds an abbey on the River Amblève (modern Belgium).

Britain

 * King Cenwalh of Wessex returns from a 3-year exile in East Anglia, to reclaim his kingdom. He gives 3,000 hides of land around Ashdown to his nephew Cuthred, possibly sub-king of Berkshire (England).
 * Cenwahl invites bishop Birinus to establish under his direction the Old Minster in Winchester. Together they have a small stone church built.

Asia

 * Tang general Ashina She'er re-establishes Tang control of Karasahr, and leads a military campaign against the Tarim Basin kingdom of Kucha in Xinjiang, a vassal of the Western Turkic Khaganate.

Americas

 * In an early skirmish in the run up to the Second Tikal-Calakmul War, B'alaj Chan K'awiil scores a military victory, apparently over his half-brother, who had galled him by using the same royal emblem (or emblem glyph) as he did.
 * Dos Pilas breaks away from Tikal and becomes a vassal state of Calakmul.

Literature

 * The Book of Jin is compiled in China during the Tang dynasty. Its chief editor is the chancellor Fang Xuanling, who dies in this year as well.

Religion

 * Pope Theodore I excommunicates Paul II of Constantinople.

Births

 * Kōbun, emperor of Japan (d. 672)
 * Redbad, king of Frisia (d. 719)
 * Tōchi, Japanese princess (d. 678)

Deaths

 * Fang Xuanling, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 579)
 * John III of the Sedre, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.
 * Ma Zhou, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)
 * Xiao, empress of the Sui dynasty

title: 648


text:
611

Year 611 (DCXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 611 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Persian Empire

 * Byzantine–Persian War: The Persian army under Shahrbaraz captures Antioch, and most of the remaining Byzantine fortresses in Syria and Mesopotamia. King Khosrau II is re-establishing a neo-Persian Empire, and intensifies his war effort. The Byzantine army, ruined by defeat and corruption, offers only half-hearted opposition.

Britain

 * Cynegils becomes king of the West Saxons, or Wessex, after the death of his uncle Ceolwulf (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). He rules from 611 to 643 and shares power to some extent with his eldest son, Cwichelm, who may have been given Upper Wessex (approximate date).

Religion

 * The Four Gates Pagoda, located in central Shandong Province (East China), is completed.

Births

 * July 7 – Eudoxia Epiphania, daughter of Byzantine emperor Heraclius
 * Leo II, Pope of the Catholic Church (d. 683)

Deaths

 * Arnoald, Bishop of Metz (approximate date)
 * Ceolwulf, king of Wessex (approximate date)
 * Comentiolus, Byzantine general (approximate date)
 * Romilda of Friuli, regent duchess of Friuli (approximate date)

title: 611


text:
612

Year 612 (DCXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 612 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * August 13 – Empress Eudokia, wife of Heraclius, dies of epilepsy. She leaves two children, and is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.

Europe

 * King Theudebert II is defeated by his brother Theuderic II at Toul (northeastern France). He is captured in battle and, after having his royal paraphernalia taken, is handed over to his grandmother Brunhilda. He is put in a monastery, and assassinated with his son Merovech. Theuderic, age 25, becomes sole ruler of Austrasia and Burgundy.
 * Sisebut succeeds Gundemar as king of the Visigoths. He begins a campaign against the remains of Byzantine power in Spania.

Asia

 * Goguryeo–Sui War: Emperor Yángdi invades Goguryeo (Korea) with an expeditionary force of over one million men, named the "24 Armies".
 * Battle of Salsu: A Sui force of 305,000 men is defeated by the Korean general Eulji Mundeok at the Yalu River; only 2,700 troops survive.

Mesoamerica

 * October 22 – Sak K'uk' succeeds her father Aj Ne' Yohl Mat, as queen of the Maya state of Palenque (modern Mexico).

Religion

 * Columbanus moves to Italy and establishes the monastery of Bobbio (approximate date).
 * The Holy Sponge is brought to Constantinople from Palestine.
 * Arnulf, counselor of Theudebert II, becomes bishop of Metz.
 * Gallus founds the monastery of St. Gallen (Switzerland).

Births

 * May 3 – Constantine III, Byzantine emperor (d. 641)
 * Germanus of Granfelden, Frankish abbot (approximate date)

 * Oswiu, king of Northumbria (approximate date)Copán Stela P.jpg]]

Deaths

 * c. February–March – Gundemar, king of the Visigoths
 * March 6 – Janaab' Pakal, king of Palenque
 * August 13 – Fabia Eudokia, Byzantine empress consort
 * Áed Uaridnach, High King of Ireland
 * Aj Ne' Yohl Mat, king of Palenque
 * Conall Laeg Breg, king of Brega (Ireland)
 * Theudebert II, king of Austrasia (b. 586)

title: 612


text:
613

Year 613 (DCXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 613 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Heraclius marries his niece Martina; she becomes empress (Augusta) of the Byzantine Empire. This second marriage is considered to fall within the prohibited degree of kinship, and is approved by the Catholic Church in Constantinople.
 * January 22 – Constantine is crowned co-emperor (Caesar) by his father Heraclius and shortly after betrothed to his cousin, Gregoria, daughter of Nicetas. Only 8 months old, Constantine has no real power and his dynastic title is purely ceremonial.
 * Byzantine–Persian War: Heraclius appoints himself commander-in-chief, along with his brother Theodore (curopalates), to solidify command of the army.
 * Battle of Antioch: Heraclius mobilises a Byzantine expeditionary force to Antioch (Syria), but is completely defeated outside the city by the Persians. Shahin Vahmanzadegan makes further inroads into Central and Western Anatolia. In Syria, Shahrbaraz captures the cities of Damascus, Apamea and Emesa.

Europe

 * King Theuderic II dies of dysentery in the Austrasian capital of Metz, while preparing a campaign against his longtime enemy, Chlothar II. His grandmother Brunhilda attempts to establish a third regency for her illegitimate great-grandson Sigebert II.
 * Chlothar II reunites the Frankish Kingdom by ordering the murder of Sigebert II. He accuses Brunhilda, age 70, of killing ten kings of the Franks (according to the Liber Historiae Francorum). She is dragged to death behind a wild horse at Abbeville.

Britain

 * Battle of Chester: King Æthelfrith of Northumbria invades Gwynedd (northwest Wales), in order to route out his old enemy, Edwin of Deira. A united Brythonic force (Gwynedd, Powys, Pengwern and Dumnonian warriors) is defeated near Chester.

Asia

 * Goguryeo–Sui War: Emperor Yángdi crosses the Liao River again, and puts Manchuria under siege. During the campaign Yang Xuangan, an official of the Sui dynasty, starts a rebellion near Luoyang. Fearing attacks from two fronts, Yángdi is forced to retreat his army.
 * Isanapura becomes the capital of the Cambodian kingdom of Chenla (approximate date).

Religion

 * Islam: Muhammad begins preaching in public. He spreads the message of Islam and encourages a personal devotion to God. Quraysh leaders of Mecca oppose any change in the traditional tribal and religious customs.

Births

 * Woncheuk, Korean Buddhist monk (d. 696)
 * Aisha, wife of Muhammad (d. 678)

Deaths

 * April 22 – Saint Theodore of Sykeon, Byzantine ascetic
 * Bledric ap Custennin, king of Dumnonia (England)
 * Brunhilda, queen of Austrasia
 * Priscus, Byzantine general
 * Sigebert II, king of Austrasia
 * Theuderic II, king of Austrasia
 * Uncelen, Duke of Alemannia (Germany)
 * Yang Xuangan, official of the Sui dynasty

title: 613


text:
614

Year 614 (DCXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 614 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628:
 * The Levantine cities of Caesarea Maritima, Arsuf, and Tiberias surrender on terms to the Sasanians.
 * Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem: A Persian–Judaean army (26,000 men) commanded by Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem, after a 20-day siege against the Byzantine Empire. Somewhere between 57,000 and 66,500 citizens are slain; another 35,000 are enslaved, including the Patriarch Zacharias. Many churches in the city (including the "Church of the Resurrection" or Holy Sepulchre) are burned, and numerous relics, including the True Cross, the Holy Lance, and the Holy Sponge, are carried off to the Persian capital Ctesiphon.
 * The Persians destroy the Ghassanid Kingdom (Arabia), a vassal state of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date).

Europe

 * October 18 – King Chlothar II promulgates the Edict of Paris (Edictum Chlotacharii), a sort of Frankish Magna Carta that defends the rights of the Frankish nobles and the church, and regulates the appointment of counts (secular officials in charge of law courts, collecting taxes, and assembling contingents for the army), while it excludes Jews from all civil employment in the Frankish Kingdom.
 * The Palace of Diocletian in Split (Croatia) is damaged by the Avars, who sack the nearby city of Salona. The population flees to the walled palace, which is able to hold out.

Britain

 * Battle of Bampton: King Cynegils of Wessex defeats the invading Britons in Dumnonia (modern Devon). They use the Roman road eastward from Exeter to Dorchester, and are intercepted by the West Saxons marching south.

Religion

 * The Sudarium of Oviedo is taken from Palestine, after the invasion of the Sassanid Persians.

Other

 * First year that didn't happen, according to the phantom time hypothesis.

Births

 * Eanswith, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
 * Fujiwara no Kamatari, founder of the Fujiwara clan (d. 669)
 * Hilda of Whitby, abbess and saint (approximate date)
 * Li Yifu, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 666)
 * Rictrude, Frankish abbess (approximate date)
 * General Xue Rengui of the Tang dynasty (d. 683)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Mungo, Brythonic apostle and saint
 * Philippicus, Byzantine general (approximate date)
 * Queen Sado

title: 614


text:
615

Year 615 (DCXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 615 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * The Balkans are freely overrun by the Slavs, who settle in large numbers in what is now Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia and parts of Greece. The western territories of modern-day Yugoslavia (Bosnia, Croatia and Dalmatia) suffer raids from the Avars, who settle in this region.
 * The Slavs under Chatzon attack in longboats along the coasts of Thessaly, western Anatolia, and various Greek islands. They besiege the Byzantine city of Thessaloniki in a combined land and sea attack. The Slavs with their families encamp before the city walls.
 * The city of Epidaurus (Dalmatia) is destroyed by the Avars and Slavic invaders. The Illyrian refugees flee to the nearby island Laus, where they found Dubrovnik (Ragusa). The islands of Rab, Krk and Cres become major food suppliers for the surviving cities of the mainland.
 * Eleutherius succeeds John I as exarch of Ravenna. He persecutes those implicated in the murder of John and the judges of the State. After making a courtesy visit to Pope Adeodatus I, Eleutherius captures Naples and kills the rebel leader John of Conza.

Britain

 * Bangor Massacre: The Anglo-Saxons, under King Æthelfrith of Northumbria, after defeating the Kingdom of Powys, finally reach the Irish Sea and massacre 1,200 Christian monks at their monastery, in Bangor (Wales).
 * Edwin of Northumbria takes refuge in East Anglia; he marries Cwenburga, daughter of king Cearl of Mercia (according to the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum).

Mesoamerica

 * July 29 – Queen Sak K'uk' is succeeded by her son Pacal the Great, as ruler of the Maya city state Palenque (Mexico). He begins a building program at his capital, that produces some of Maya civilization's finest art and architecture.

Religion

 * May 25 – Pope Boniface IV dies after a 7-year reign, in which he has converted the Pantheon into the Church of "Santa Maria Rotonda". He is succeeded by Adeodatus I (also known as Deusdedit) as the 68th pope of Rome.
 * Several of Muhammad's followers begin to emigrate to the Aksumite Empire. They found a small colony there, under the protection of the Christian Ethiopian emperor Așhama ibn Abjar.

Births

 * Æbbe, Anglo-Saxon princess and abbess (approximate date)
 * Begga, Frankish abbess and saint (d. 693)
 * Bertin, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
 * Buyeo Yung, prince of Baekje (d. 682)
 * Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad (or 605)
 * Leodegar, bishop of Autun (approximate date)
 * Li Jingxuan, official of the Tang dynasty (d. 682)

Deaths

 * May 25 – Pope Boniface IV
 * November 21 – Columbanus, Irish missionary (b. 543)
 * Chatzon, chieftain of the Slavs
 * John I Lemigius, exarch of Ravenna
 * John of Conza, Italian rebel leader
 * Máel Coba mac Áedo, High King of Ireland
 * Pybba, king of Mercia (approximate date)

title: 615


text:
616

Year 616 (DCXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 616 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Sassanid War of 602–628: The Jews of Jerusalem gain complete control over the city; much of Judea and Galilee becomes an autonomous Jewish province of the Persian Empire. The Jewish Temple is rebuilt by Nehemiah ben Hushiel (exilarch of Jerusalem), who establishes a High Priesthood.
 * The Persian army under Shahin Vahmanzadegan destroys the city of Sardis, including its synagogue. Its importance is due to a highway, leading from the interior to the Aegean coast. Shahin marches through Anatolia, defeating the Byzantines numerous times.

Europe

 * Adaloald, age 14, succeeds his father Agilulf as Lombard king of Italy. He reigns under his mother Theodelinda as regent. The Lombard Kingdom gradually begins to convert to Catholicism, and establishes peace with the Exarchate of the Byzantine Empire.
 * King Sisebut orders in the Council of Toledo that Jews are to convert to Christianity. Children are taken from their parents and put in monasteries, where they learn the teaching of evangelism in the Visigothic Kingdom.

Britain

 * King Rædwald of East Anglia conquers Northumbria (Northern England) at the Battle of the River Idle. King Æthelfrith is killed during the fighting and his children are forced to flee north. His heir, prince Eanfrith (age 26), seeks refuge with his mother's family, probably in Gododdin (modern Scotland), and moves further north into Pictland. Princes Oswald (age 12), Oswiu (age 4) and others escape to the court of King Eochaid Buide of Dál Riata, where they are converted to Christianity by the monks of Iona.
 * Rædwald installs Edwin as king of Northumbria, effectively confirming him as bretwalda. He takes power in his native Deira and in Bernicia. His reign marks the domination of Northumbria as leading Anglo-Saxon state of the British Isles.
 * February 24 – Æthelberht, the first Christian Anglo-Saxon king, dies in Kent after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his pagan son, Eadbald, who promptly marries his stepmother Emma, in accordance with pre-Christian custom.
 * King Sæberht of Essex dies after a 12-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Sexred. He rules conjointly with his two brothers Sæward and Sigeberht; they throw out the Christian missionaries and return to paganism.
 * The Battle of Chester (Old Welsh: Guaith Caer Legion; Welsh: Brwydr Caer), which separates the (West) Welsh from the 'North' Welsh of Cumbria - marking the formation of Wales, is fought (approximate date).
 * Cadfan ap Iago succeeds his father Iago ap Beli, as king of Gwynedd (Wales) (approximate date).

Religion

 * Mellitus, bishop of London, is exiled by Sexred and his pagan brothers (Sæward and Sigeberht). He is forced to take refuge in Gaul, and returns to England the following year.
 * The Quraish clans begins to boycott Muhammad and Banu Hashem, in order to put pressure on his Muslim followers and his Islamic preachings.
 * A shrine on the site of the future Westminster Abbey (London) is founded (approximate date).

Births

 * September 28 – Javanshir, king of Caucasian Albania (d. 680)
 * Grimoald the Elder, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia (d. 657)

Deaths

 * February 24 – Æthelberht, king (bretwalda) of Kent
 * Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria (approximate date)
 * Agilulf, king of the Lombards (approximate date)
 * Anastasius, Coptic Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Gundoald, Bavarian nobleman
 * Iago ap Beli, king of Gwynedd (approximate date)
 * John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * Liu Jingyan, empress of the Chen dynasty (b. 534)
 * Nechtan II, king of the Picts (approximate date)
 * Sæbert, king of Essex (approximate date)
 * Secundus of Non, Lombard abbot
 * Selyf ap Cynan, king of Powys
 * Yeon Taejo, prime minister of Goguryeo (approximate date)
 * Yuan Humo, empress of Northern Zhou
 * Yuwen Shu, general of the Sui dynasty

title: 616


text:
617

Year 617 (DCXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 617 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine-Sassanid War: The Persian army under Shahin Vahmanzadegan conquers Chalcedon in Anatolia, and reaches the Bosporus, threatening Constantinople. Emperor Heraclius begins peace negotiations, promising an annual tribute of 1,000 talents of gold and silver. Shahin withdraws with his army to Syria, to focus on the invasion of Egypt.
 * The Avars send envoys to Constantinople for a meeting with Heraclius. He is warned about an ambush, and flees for safety behind the city walls in time. Angry at the failure to capture the Byzantine emperor, the Avars plunder Thrace and return to the Danube River, carrying off 270,000 people.

Europe

 * Grasulf II becomes the Lombard Duke of Friuli (Italy), after the assassination of his nephews, Tasso and Kakko, in Oderzo.

Britain

 * Sigeberht becomes king of Essex, after his father Sæward and uncle Sexred are killed in battle against the West Saxons.
 * Heathens revolt in Kent under King Eadbald. During the uprising Justus, bishop of Rochester, flees to Gaul.
 * King Edwin of Northumbria invades and annexes the minor British kingdom of Elmet (approximate date).

Asia

 * September 8 – Battle of Huoyi: Rebel forces under Li Yuān defeat the Sui troops near the Fen River, and capture the Chinese capital, Chang'an. Li has gained support from Shibi, ruler (khagan) of the Eastern Turks, who secures his northern frontier and supplies him with 2,000 horses.
 * Winter – Li Yuan demotes Sui emperor Yángdi to the status of Taishang Huang (retired emperor), and declares Yang You emperor, while he gives himself authority over the western Sui commanderies (prefecture), under the title of "Prince of Tang".

Religion

 * Meccans begin a boycott of the Banu Hashim clan, to which Islamic prophet Muhammad belongs. A civil war begins in Medina.
 * Battle of Bu'ath: The Arabic tribes win an indecisive battle against the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza, near the Medinan oasis.

Births

 * Songtsän Gampo, emperor of the Tibetan Empire (d. 649)
 * Wonhyo, Korean Buddhist monk and writer (d. 686)
 * Lady K’awiil Ajaw, queen regnant of the Maya city State of Cobá (d. 682)

Deaths

 * April 17 – Donnán of Eigg, Gaelic priest
 * Kakko, duke of Friuli (Italy)
 * Sæward, king of Essex (approximate date)
 * Sexred, king of Essex (approximate date)
 * Tasso, duke of Friuli (Italy)
 * Wendelin of Trier, hermit and abbot (approximate date)
 * Yang Yichen, general of the Sui dynasty
 * Zhai Rang, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty

title: 617


text:
618

Year 618 (DCXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 618 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Sassanian War: A Persian expeditionary force under Shahrbaraz invades Egypt, and occupies the province. After defeating the Byzantine garrisons in the Nile Valley, the Persians march across the Libyan Desert as far as Cyrene.
 * The Persians besiege Alexandria; the defence of the city is led by Nicetas (cousin of emperor Heraclius). The Byzantine resistance is undermined by a blockade of the harbor; the usual grain supplies are cut off from Egypt to Constantinople.

Asia

 * June 18 – The Sui dynasty ends: Rebel leader Li Yuan captures Luoyang, and has Emperor Yángdi murdered. He proclaims himself emperor Gao Zu and establishes the Tang dynasty, one of the most notable dynasties in Chinese history, which will last for almost 300 years.
 * October 6 – Battle of Yanshi: Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi, during the transition from Sui to Tang civil war.
 * November 29 – Battle of Qianshuiyuan: The Tang dynasty scores a decisive victory over their rival Xue Rengao.
 * Tong Yabghu Qaghan becomes the new ruler (khagan) of the Western Turkic Khaganate, founding the Khazar Khaganate. He maintains close relations with the Tang dynasty, and possibly marries into the imperial family.
 * Songtsän Gampo becomes the first emperor of the Tibetan Empire, after his father Namri Songtsen is poisoned. During his reign he expands Tibet's power beyond Lhasa (Tibetan Plateau) and the Yarlung Valley.
 * Yeongnyu becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

Religion

 * November 8 – Pope Adeodatus I dies in Rome after a 3-year reign, in which he has reversed the policies of his predecessors, Boniface IV and Gregory I, who favored monks over the secular clergy. Adeodatus will not be replaced until next year.

Births

 * Li Tai, prince of the Tang dynasty (d. 652)

Deaths

 * April 11 – Emperor Yang of Sui, emperor of the Sui dynasty (b. 569)
 * September 3 – Xue Ju, emperor of Qin
 * November 8 – Pope Adeodatus I
 * December 14 – Xue Rengao, emperor of Qin
 * Dou Wei, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
 * Fíngen mac Áedo Duib, king of Munster (Ireland)
 * Kevin of Glendalough, Irish abbot (b. 498)
 * Namri Songtsen, king of Tibet (approximate date)
 * Sheguy, ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate
 * Yang Gao, prince of the Sui dynasty (b. 607)
 * Yang Hao, prince of the Sui dynasty (b. 586)
 * Yang Jian, prince of the Sui dynasty (b. 585)
 * Yang Xiu, prince of the Sui dynasty
 * Yeongyang, king of Goguryeo (Korea)
 * Yu Shiji, official of the Chen- and Sui dynasty

title: 618


text:
619

Year 619 (DCXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 619 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Sasanian War: The besieged city of Alexandria is captured by the Persians. Nicetas, cousin of Emperor Heraclius, and Chalcedonian patriarch, John V, flee to Cyprus. King Khosrow II extends his rule southwards along the Nile.
 * Heraclius prepares to leave Constantinople and moves the Byzantine capital to Carthage, but is convinced to stay by Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople. He begins to rebuild the Byzantine army with the aid of funds from church treasures.
 * The Avars attack the outskirts of Constantinople. Numerous Slavic tribes rebel against Avar overlordship; they carve out their own sovereign territory in Moravia and Lower Austria (approximate date).

Asia

 * The Meccan boycott of the Hashemites and Muhammad ends.
 * November 2 – Tang campaigns against the Western Turks: A khagan of the Western Turkic Khaganate is assassinated in a Chinese palace by Eastern Turkic rivals, with the approval of Emperor Gaozu of Tang.

Arts and sciences

 * The calculation of the Chinese calendar begins to use true motions of the sun and moon, modeled using two offset opposing parabolas.
 * The Chinese begin using large orchestras.

Religion

 * December 23 – Pope Boniface V succeeds Adeodatus I as the 69th pope of Rome.
 * Muhammad's wife, Khadija, dies after 24 years of marriage in the Year of Sorrow.
 * Kubrat, ruler of the Bulgars, is baptised in Constantinople.
 * Mellitus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.

Births

 * Abd Allah ibn Abbas, cousin of Muhammad (d. 687)
 * Disibod, Irish monk and hermit (d. 700)
 * Li Chengqian, prince of the Tang dynasty (d. 645)
 * Li Ke, prince of the Tang dynasty (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 2 – Laurence, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * September 14 – Yang You, emperor of the Sui dynasty (b. 605)
 * Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad (b. 549)
 * Eulji Mundeok, military leader of Goguryeo (Korea)
 * Heshana Khan, ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate
 * John Moschus, Byzantine monk and ascetical writer
 * John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria (approximate date)
 * Khadija bint Khuwaylid, wife of Muhammad
 * Li Gui, emperor of the short-lived state Liang
 * Li Mi, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty (b. 582)
 * Liu Wenjing, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 568)
 * Yang Tong, emperor of the Sui dynasty (b. 605)
 * Yuwen Huaji, general of the Sui dynasty

title: 619


text:
650

Year 650 (DCL) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 650 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * The Khazar Khaganate extends from the Dnieper to the Caspian Sea, and establishes the city, Itil, as its capital on the shore of the Caspian. Northward it extends to the headwaters of the Volga. Their rulers accept the Jewish religion, apparently to assert their independence from both Muslims and Christians (approximate date).
 * A Rashidun army under Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah is annihilated by the Khazars, near the city of Balanjar (Northern Caucasus). During the battle, both sides use catapults against the other (approximate date).

Britain

 * The Mercians under King Penda move on East Anglia, destroy the monastery at Burgh Castle and expel King Anna who probably flees to Magonsæte (approximate date).
 * King Oswiu of Bernicia seeks Irish support against the forces of Penda. While in Ireland he has a liaison with Fín, the granddaughter of King Colmán Rímid Uí Néill (approximate date).
 * King Cloten of Dyfed (Southern Wales) marries Princess Ceindrech of Brycheiniog, and unites the two kingdoms (approximate date).

Asia

 * The first Chinese paper money is issued, yet these banknotes will not become government-issued until the Song dynasty era Sichuan province issues them in the year 1024, with the central government of China following suit in the 12th century.
 * Emperor Kōtoku is presented a white pheasant; he is pleased and begins a new Japanese era name (nengō) to be called Hakuchi, meaning 'The White Pheasant'.

Americas

 * Earliest confirmed date of habitation in the area around what is now Bluff, Utah by humans.
 * Yuknoom the Great, ruler of Calakmul, attacks Dos Pilas and forces its leader, B'alaj Chan K'awiil, and a likely heir to the throne of Tikal, to take refuge at Aguateca, beginning the Second Tikal-Calakmul War.
 * Jamaica is settled by the Ostinoid people, ancestors of the Taíno. They were farmers, potters, and villagers with socially complex societies. These people lived near the coast and extensively hunted turtles and fish.

Oceania

 * According to legend, the Polynesian traveller Ui-te-Rangiora sailed south into the Southern Ocean where they sighted ice floes and icebergs, eventually naming the area Te tai-uka-a-pia.

Religion

 * St. Martin's Church is built in Canterbury, England (approximate date).

Art and science

 * The panel of the Tamamushi Shrine, the so called "Hungry Tigress Jataka", is made during the Asuka period (Japan). It is now kept at Horyu-ji Treasure House (approximate date).

Births

 * Anastasia, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
 * Dagobert II, king of Austrasia (approximate date)
 * Frithuswith, Anglo-Saxon abbess (approximate date)
 * Giles, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
 * Jarir ibn Atiyah, Arab poet and satirist (approximate date)
 * Sergius I, pope of Rome (approximate date)
 * Shen Quanqi, Chinese poet and official (approximate date)
 * Werburgh, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
 * Yao Chong, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 721)

Deaths

 * Candrakīrti, Indian Madhyamaka philosopher (approximate date)
 * Chen Yueyi, empress of Northern Zhou (approximate date)
 * Ferchar mac Connaid, king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland)
 * Fursey, Irish missionary (approximate date)

title: 650


text:
651

Year 651 (DCLI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 651 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * King Clovis II of Neustria and Burgundy marries Balthild, said to be an Anglo-Saxon aristocrat sold into slavery in Gaul. She has been owned by Clovis' mayor of the palace, Erchinoald, who gives her to him to garner royal favour (approximate date).

Britain

 * King Oswiu of Bernicia declares war on his rival, King Oswine of Deira. Oswine refuses to engage him in battle, and retreats to Gilling (North Yorkshire). Oswine is betrayed by a friend, and murdered by Oswiu's soldiers.
 * Œthelwald succeeds his uncle Oswine as king of Deira, and allies himself with Oswiu's enemy, King Penda of Mercia. Queen Eanflæd of Bernicia donates the estate of Gilling for the foundation of a monastery.

Persia

 * King Yazdegerd III of Persia is murdered in a miller's hut near Merv by his followers, ending both Persian resistance to Arab conquest, and the Sassanid Empire.

Arabian Caliphate

 * The Rashidun army under Abdullah ibn Aamir invades Afghanistan, and captures the main forts in Khorasan (modern Iran). The Muslim Arabs occupy the cities of Balkh and Herat, which surrender peacefully.
 * An embassy led by Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas arrives in the capital Chang'an via an oversea route. They are greeted by Emperor Gao Zong, who orders the establishment of the first Chinese mosque.
 * The Quran is compiled by Caliph Uthman ibn Affan in its modern-day form. The text becomes the model from which copies are made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Arab world.

Religion

 * The Hôtel-Dieu de Paris is founded by bishop Landry (Landericus). It becomes the first major hospital in Paris.

Deaths

 * August 20 – Oswine, king of Deira (England)
 * August 31 – Aidan, Irish-born bishop of Lindisfarne
 * Braulio, bishop of Zaragoza (b. 590)
 * Dayi Daoxin, Chán Buddhist patriarch (b. 580)
 * Grasulf II, duke of Friuli (approximate date)
 * Radoald, duke of Benevento (Italy)
 * Yazdegard III, king of the Sassanid Empire
 * Apranik, Sasanian female military commander.

title: 651


text:
653

Year 653 (DCLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 653 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Constans II voluntarily surrenders Armenia to the Arabs, following a truce with Muawiyah, governor of Syria. Muawiyah grants the Armenians virtual autonomy, and appoints the nakharar Theodor Rshtuni as ruler of Armenia.
 * Muawiyah leads a raid against Rhodes, taking the scattered pieces of the Colossus of Rhodes (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) and shipping it back to Syria, where he destroys the bronze scrap to make coins.

Europe

 * King Rodoald is murdered after a six-month reign, and is succeeded by Aripert I, who is elected as king of the Lombards. He spreads Catholicism over the Lombard realm and builds many new churches through the kingdom.
 * Atto succeeds Theodelap as duke of Spoleto, in Central Italy (approximate date).

Britain

 * King Penda of Mercia secures dominance over the area of Middle Anglia, where he establishes his son Peada as ruler.
 * Peada marries Alchflaed, daughter of King Oswiu of Bernicia, and is baptised at Ad Murum (in the region of Hadrian's Wall) by bishop Finan.
 * King Œthelwald of Deira rejects Oswiu's overlordship, and turns to Penda instead. Penda mounts another attack against Bernicia (approximate date).
 * Talorgan I, nephew of Oswiu, is crowned king of the Picts. He probably accepts Northumbrian overlordship and pays tribute.
 * King Sigeberht I of Essex dies after a 36-year reign, and is succeeded by his relative Sigeberht II.
 * Sigeberht II is persuaded by Oswiu to adopt Christianity, as part of a mobilization against Penda.

Asia

 * Emperor Kōtoku sends an embassy to the court of the Tang dynasty in China. Japanese ambassadors, priests and students sail for the capital Chang'an, but some of the ships are lost en route.
 * Prince Tenji of Japan changes his residence to Asuka (Nara Prefecture), with other imperial family members and ministers. Only Emperor Kōtoku stays in the Naniwa Palace (approximate date).

Religion

 * June 17 – Pope Martin I is arrested in the Lateran in Rome, along with Maximus the Confessor, on the orders of Emperor Constans II, and taken to imprisonment in Constantinople.
 * Northumbrian missionaries under St. Cedd are despatched to Essex, to found the monastery at Bradwell-on-Sea.
 * The Temple of Sinheungsa in Gangwon Province (South Korea) is constructed by the Buddhist monk Jajang.

Births

 * Childeric II, king of the Franks (approximate date)
 * Li Xian, prince of the Tang dynasty (d. 684)

Deaths

 * March 6 – Li Ke, prince of the Tang dynasty
 * September 30 – Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury
 * Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, uncle of Muhammad (approximate date)
 * Chen Shuozhen, Chinese rebel leader
 * Chindasuinth, king of the Visigoths
 * Marcán mac Tommáin, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)
 * Plato, exarch of Ravenna
 * Rodoald, king of the Lombards
 * Romaric, Frankish nobleman
 * Sigeberht I, king of Essex
 * Talorc III, king of the Picts
 * Theodelap, duke of Spoleto (approximate date)
 * Zhang Xingcheng, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 587)

title: 653


text:
654

Year 654 (DCLIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 654 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Constans II appoints his son Constantine IV, age 2, co-emperor (Augustus). He is too young to rule as monarch of the Byzantine Empire, and his title remains a given name.

Europe

 * King Recceswinth draws up the Liber Judiciorum at Toledo, a Visigothic code based on Roman law, that establishes equality between Goths and Hispano-Romans without regard to racial or cultural differences.

Britain

 * King Penda of Mercia defeats the East Anglians at Bulcamp near Blythburgh (Suffolk). King Anna of East Anglia and his son Jurmin are killed.
 * Æthelhere succeeds his brother Anna as king of East Anglia, and accepts Mercian overlordship (approximate date).

Arabian Caliphate

 * Muawiyah, governor of Syria, stations a large garrison on Cyprus. He conquers the Greek island of Kos in the Dodecanese.
 * Arab invaders cross the Oxus River, in what later will be Uzbekistan. Nomadic Turkic tribes continue to control Central Asia.

Asia

 * November 24 – Emperor Kōtoku dies after a 9-year reign; Kōgyoku (his elder sister) is restored on the throne under the name Saimei.
 * Takamuko no Kuromaro, a Japanese diplomat, is sent to the Tang dynasty again, but dies upon his arrival in Chang'an.
 * Nakatomi no Kamatari, the inner minister (naidaijin) of Japan, is granted the Shikwan (the Purple Cap).
 * Muyeol becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.

Religion

 * August 10 – The exiled Pope Martin I is deposed, and succeeded by Eugene I, as the 75th pope of the Roman Catholic Church. On September 17, Martin is taken to Constantinople and publicly humiliated, for having condemned the Byzantine Emperor Constans II in 649.
 * Philibert, Frankish abbot, receives a gift from King Clovis II of Neustria, and founds Jumièges Abbey in Normandy.

Births

 * Takechi, Japanese prince (approximate date)
 * Theuderic III, king of the Franks (d. 691)

Deaths

 * January 16 – Gao Jifu, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 596)
 * June 1 – Pyrrhus, patriarch of Constantinople
 * November 24 – Kōtoku, emperor of Japan (b. 596)
 * Anna, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
 * Conall Cóel, high king of Ireland
 * Dúnchad mac Conaing, king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland)
 * Jindeok of Silla, queen of Silla
 * Jurmin, Anglo-Saxon prince (approximate date)
 * Takamuko no Kuromaro, Japanese diplomat

title: 654