text:
1413

Year 1413 (MCDXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 21 – Henry V becomes King of England following the death of his father Henry IV.
 * July 5 – Battle of Çamurlu: Mehmed I defeats his brother Musa, ending the Ottoman Interregnum.
 * August 28 – The University of St Andrews in Scotland is chartered by papal bull.
 * October 2 – The Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horodło.
 * October 12 – Tewodros I ascends the throne as Emperor of Ethiopia following the death of his father Dawit I

Date unknown

 * Samogitia becomes the last region in Europe to be Christianized.
 * The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty begin in Korea.

Births

 * February 24 – Louis, Duke of Savoy (d. 1465)
 * September 8 – Catherine of Bologna, Italian cloistered nun (d. 1463)
 * November 19 – Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1471)
 * date unknown – Joanot Martorell, Spanish writer (d. 1468)

Deaths

 * January 25 – Maud de Ufford, Countess of Oxford (b. 1345)
 * March 20 – Henry IV of England (b. 1367)
 * July 5 – Musa Çelebi, Ottoman prince and co-ruler of the Ottoman Empire
 * September 26 – Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1337)
 * October 6 – Dawit I of Ethiopia (b. 1382)
 * December 26 – Michele Steno, Doge of Venice (b. 1331)

title: 1413


text:
1414

Year 1414 (MCDXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 7 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg becomes the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
 * May 28 – Khizr Khan (Timur's governor of Multan) takes the Delhi Sultanate from Daulat Khan Lodi, founding the Sayyid Dynasty.
 * June 23 – Yeshaq I, succeeds his brother Tewodros I as Emperor of Ethiopia
 * August 6 – Joanna II succeeds her brother Ladislaus, as Queen of Naples.
 * November 16 – The Council of Constance begins in order to end the western schism.

Date unknown

 * Ernest, Duke of Austria (head of the Leopoldian line of the House of Habsburg) is the last duke to be enthroned in the Duchy of Carinthia, according to the ancient Carantanian ritual of installing dukes at the Prince's Stone; he adopts the title of Archduke.
 * Alien priory cells are suppressed in England.
 * The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa, of the Gelug school of Buddhism, declines the offer of the Yongle Emperor of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sends his disciple Chosrje Shākya Yeshes, who is given the title "State Teacher". The later Xuande Emperor will grant Yeshes the title of a king, upon a return visit to China (to the new capital at Beijing).
 * Durham School is founded as a grammar school in the city of Durham, England by Thomas Langley, Prince-Bishop of Durham; it continues in existence as an independent school 600 years later.

Births

 * January 7 – Henry II, Count of Nassau-Siegen, Co-ruler of Nassau-Siegen (1442–1451) (d. 1451)
 * March 25 – Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1455)
 * May 11 – Francis I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1450)
 * July 21 – Pope Sixtus IV (d. 1484)
 * November 7 – Jami, Persian poet (d. 1492)
 * November 9 – Albrecht III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg, Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (d. 1486)
 * date unknown
 * Charles I, Count of Nevers, Count of Nevers and Rethel (d. 1464)
 * probable – Narsinh Mehta, poet-saint of Gujarat (d. 1481)

Deaths

 * February 19 – Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1353)
 * March 28 – Jeanne-Marie de Maille, French Roman Catholic saint (b. 1331)
 * June 23 – Tewodros I, Emperor of Ethiopia
 * August 6 – King Ladislaus of Naples (b. 1377)
 * September 1 – William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (b. 1369)
 * date unknown
 * Fairuzabadi, Persian lexicographer (b. 1329)
 * Ali ibn Mohammed al-Jurjani, Persian encyclopaedic writer (b. 1339)
 * John I Stanley of the Isle of Man, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, King of the Isle of Man (b. 1350)
 * probable – Zyndram of Maszkowice, Polish 14th- and 15th-century knight (b. 1355)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1414


text:
1416

Year 1416 (MCDXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 27 – The Republic of Ragusa is the first state in Europe to outlaw slavery.
 * May 29 – Battle of Gallipoli: Venetian admiral Pietro Loredan destroys the Ottoman fleet.
 * May 30 – The Catholic Church burns Jerome of Prague as a heretic.

Date unknown

 * The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge (the longest arch bridge in the world at the time) is destroyed.
 * The Hussite Bible is completed by Tamás Pécsi and Bálint Újlaki.

Births

 * February 26 – Christopher of Bavaria (d. 1448)
 * March 27 – Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1480)
 * March 28 – Jodha of Mandore, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1489)
 * May 25 – Jakobus, nobleman from Lichtenberg in the northern part of Alsace (d. 1480)
 * October 26 – Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent (d. 1490)
 * date unknown
 * Benedetto Cotrugli, Ragusan/Croatian merchant, economist, scientist, diplomat and humanist (d. 1469)
 * Pal Engjëlli, Albanian Catholic clergyman (d. 1470)
 * Francis of Paola, founder of the Order of the Minims (d. 1507)
 * Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (d. 1469)
 * probable – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, English duchess and countess (d. 1472)

Deaths

 * February 2 – Racek Kobyla of Dvorce, Bohemian Hetman and Burgrave.
 * February 27 – Eleanor of Castile, queen consort of Navarre (b. c. 1363)
 * April 2 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon (b. 1379)
 * May 21 – Anna of Celje, queen consort of Poland (b. c. 1381)
 * May 30 – Jerome of Prague, Czech theologian (executed) (b. 1379)
 * June 15 – John, Duke of Berry, son of John II of France (b. 1340)
 * September 4 – John I, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count
 * October 1 – Yaqub Spata, lord of Arta
 * October 14 – Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 * December 29 – Mathew Swetenham, bowbearer of Henry IV
 * date unknown – The Limbourg brothers, painters of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry.
 * probable
 * Owain Glyndŵr, Welsh prince and leader of the Welsh Revolt
 * Julian of Norwich, English anchoress, mystic and author

title: 1416


text:
1417

Year 1417 (MCDXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * June 29 – An English fleet, led by the Earl of Huntingdon, defeats a fleet of Genoese carracks and captures their admiral, the "Bastard of Bourbon".
 * July 27 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII is deposed, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.
 * August 12 – King Henry V of England begins using English in correspondence (back to England from France whilst on campaign), marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.
 * September 20 – Henry V of England captures Caen, Normandy, which remains in English hands until 1450.
 * November 14 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII (who abdicated in 1415), as the 206th pope.

Date unknown

 * The earliest extant description of Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of the Isle of Man's parliament (Tynwald) is written down in law.
 * The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, England when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings, between Hallowtide and Candlemas.
 * Mircea cel Bătrân loses Dobruja to the Ottomans and pays them tribute, thus preventing Wallachia from becoming an Ottoman province.
 * Chimalpopoca, son of Huitzilihuitl, succeeds his father as Tlatoani (monarch) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City)

Births

 * February 23
 * Pope Paul II (d. 1471)
 * Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria-Landshut (1450–1479) (d. 1479)
 * May 25 – Catherine of Cleves, Duchess consort regent of Guelders (d. 1479)
 * June 19 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (d. 1468)
 * November 8 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1458–1480) (d. 1480)
 * November 19 – Frederick I, Count Palatine of Simmern from 1459 until 1480 (d. 1480)
 * November 23 – William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (d. 1487)
 * date unknown
 * Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, regent of Sweden 1457 and 1465–1466, archbishop of Uppsala 1448–1467
 * Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (d. 1487)

Deaths

 * January – Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (b. 1357)
 * March 5 – Manuel III Megas Komnenos, Emperor of Trebizond (b. 1364)
 * April 29 – Louis II of Anjou (b. 1377)
 * May 31 – William II, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1365)
 * September 4 – Robert Hallam, English Catholic bishop
 * September 22 – Anne of Auvergne, Sovereign Dauphine of Auvergne and Countess of Forez (b. 1358)
 * September 26 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (b. 1360)
 * October 18 – Pope Gregory XII (b. c. 1325)
 * November 17 – Gazi Evrenos, Ottoman general (b. 1288)
 * December 14 – John Oldcastle, English Lollard leader (executed)
 * probable – Huitzilíhuitl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan

title: 1417


text:
1418

Year 1418 (MCDXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 31 – Mircea I of Wallachia is succeeded by Michael I of Wallachia.
 * April 22 – The Council of Constance ends.
 * May 29 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy, captures Paris.

 * July – The English Siege of Rouen begins.

 * September 18 – King Taejong (r. 1400-1418) of the Joseon dynasty abdicates the throne. King Sejong ascends to the throne.

Date unknown

 * João Gonçalves Zarco leads one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the Madeira Islands.

Births

 * January 9 – Juan Ramón Folch III de Cardona, Aragonese admiral (d. 1485)
 * March 14 – Philip II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (1429–1492) (d. 1492)
 * April 20 – Earl David of Rookwood
 * May 16 – John II of Cyprus, King of Cyprus and Armenia and also titular King of Jerusalem from 1432 to 1458 (d. 1458)
 * August 5 – Malatesta Novello, Italian condottiero (d. 1465)
 * September 24 – Anne of Cyprus, Italian noble (d. 1462)
 * November 2 – Gaspare Nadi, Italian builder famous for his diary (diario) (d. 1504)
 * November 20 – Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley, Lord of Morley Saint Botolph (d. 1442)
 * December 8 – Queen Jeonghui, Queen consort of Korea (d. 1483)
 * December 12 – Archduke Albert VI of Austria (d. 1463)
 * date unknown – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1457)
 * Isotta Nogarola, Italian writer and intellectual (d. 1466)

Deaths

 * January 31 – Mircea I of Wallachia, ruler of Wallachia (b. 1355)
 * March 22 – Dietrich of Nieheim, German historian
 * June 2 – Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile
 * June 12 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)
 * November 25 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (b. 1401)
 * December 11 – Louis of Piedmont (b. 1364)
 * date unknown
 * Ixtlilxochitl I, ruler of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, and ally of the Aztecs
 * Foelke Kampana, Frisian lady and regent (b. 1355)

title: 1418


text:
1419

Year 1419 (MCDXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, which brings Normandy under the control of England.
 * June 20 – The Ōei Invasion of Tsushima Island, Japan by Joseon Korea begins.
 * July 30 – The first Defenestration of Prague occurs in Bohemia.
 * August – Siege of Ceuta: The Portuguese successfully defend off the invading Moroccans who attempt to retake the city of Ceuta.
 * September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin.
 * November – The Ottoman–Venetian peace treaty ends four years of conflict, by recognizing Venetian possessions in the Aegean and the Balkans.

Date unknown

 * Portuguese sea captains João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, discover the Madeira Islands.
 * The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.
 * The Timurid ruler of Persia, Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404–1447), sends a large embassy to the court of the Yongle Emperor of China. One of the Persian envoys, Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, keeps a diary of his travels throughout China, which soon becomes widely known throughout Iranian and the Turkic Middle East, thanks to its inclusion into historical works by Hafiz-i Abru, and Abdur Razzaq. Naqqash writes about China's wealthy economy and huge urban markets, its efficient courier system as compared to that in Persia, the hospitality of his hosts at the courier stations in providing comfortable lodging and food, and the fine luxurious goods and craftsmanship of the Chinese.
 * Mihail I defends Wallachia against the Ottomans, with Hungarian help.
 * The final 41 treasure ships are built in the Nanjing shipyards, used in the expeditions of Zheng He.

Births

 * February – Abu 'Amr 'Uthman, Hafsid caliph of Ifriqiya (d. 1488)
 * February 16 – John I, Duke of Cleves (d. 1481)
 * March 24 – Ginevra d'Este (d. 1440)
 * June 24 – John of Sahagún, Spanish Augustinian friar, priest and saint (d. 1479)
 * July 10 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (d. 1471)
 * November 1 – Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1485)
 * date unknown
 * Abd al-Haqq II, last Marinid Sultan of Morocco (d. 1465)
 * Barbara Fugger, German banker (d. 1497)

Deaths

 * April 5 – Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (b. 1350)
 * August 16 – Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (b. 1361)
 * September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (assassinated) (b. 1371)
 * December 17 – William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England
 * December 22 – Antipope John XXIII
 * date unknown
 * Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (b. 1357)
 * Stella de’ Tolomei, Italian courtier

title: 1419


text:
1420

Year 1420 (MCDXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March – The Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Mosque in Didymoteicho is inaugurated.
 * May 21 – Treaty of Troyes: With the Burgundian faction dominant in France, King Charles VI of France acknowledges Henry V of England as his heir, and as virtual ruler of most of France.
 * May 25 – Henry the Navigator is appointed Grand Master of the Military Order of Christ.
 * June 2 – Catherine of Valois marries King Henry V of England.
 * June 7 – Troops of the Republic of Venice capture Udine after a long siege, ending the independence of the Patriarchal State of Friuli, run by the Patriarch of Aquileia.
 * August 7 – Construction of the dome of Florence Cathedral is started, after Filippo Brunelleschi wins the commission for his "double shell" design.
 * August 31 – a 9.4 MS-strong earthquake shakes Chile's Atacama Region causing tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and Japan.
 * October 22 – Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh, an envoy of the embassy sent by the Timurid ruler of Persia, Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404–1447), to the Ming Dynasty of China during the reign of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424), records his sight and travel over a large floating pontoon bridge at Lanzhou (constructed earlier in 1372) as he crosses the Yellow River on this day. He writes that it was: "...composed of twenty three boats, of great excellence and strength attached together by a long chain of iron as thick as a man's thigh, and this was moored on each side to an iron post as thick as a man's waist extending a distance of ten cubits on the land and planted firmly in the ground, the boats being fastened to this chain by means of big hooks. There were placed big wooden planks over the boats so firmly and evenly that all the animals were made to pass over it without difficulty."
 * October 28 – Beijing is officially designated the capital of the Ming Dynasty, during the same year that the Forbidden City, the seat of government, is completed.
 * November 1 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Vyšehrad: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, fails and is ejected from Bohemia.

Date unknown

 * Henry V of England commences construction of the ship Grace Dieu.
 * Tang Saier starts a rebellion against the emperor of China, and takes two cities with her rebel army, before she is defeated.
 * Construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, China, while the palace complex of the Forbidden City is completed. In this year the Yongle Emperor confers the title "Beijing" ("Northern Capital") for the Ming Dynasty's new capital city, replacing Nanjing.
 * Radu II Praznaglava, supported by the Ottomans, and Dan II, with Hungarian help, start a seven-years-long struggle for the throne of Wallachia, after Mihail I is killed in a battle. The throne of Wallachia will switch from one to another about four times until 1427, when Radu II dies.
 * Alexandru cel Bun defends Moldavia against the first incursion by the Ottomans, at Cetatea Albă.

Births

 * February 9 – Dorothea of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg (d. 1491)
 * April 23 – George of Poděbrady, King of Bohemia (d. 1471)
 * June 5 – Anna of Saxony, Landgravine of Hesse, German royalty (d. 1462)
 * July 19 – William VIII, Marquess of Montferrat (d. 1483)
 * October 1 – Elisabeth of Cleves, Countess of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg, German noble (d. 1488)
 * date unknown
 * Jean Fouquet, French painter (d. 1481)
 * Nicolas Jenson, French engraver (d. 1480)
 * Antoinette de Maignelais, mistress of Charles VII of France (d. 1474)
 * Tomás de Torquemada, first grand inquisitor of Spain (d. 1490)

Deaths

 * June 11 – John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg (b. c. 1369)
 * June 12 – Adolf I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (b. 1362)
 * August – Mihail I, ruler of Wallachia (killed in battle)
 * August 9 – Pierre d'Ailly, French theologian and cardinal (b. 1351)
 * September 3 – Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland
 * date unknown
 * Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish chronicler (b. 1350)
 * Marina Galina, Dogaressa of Venice
 * Epiphanius the Wise, Russian saint
 * King Lukeni lua Nimi of the Kingdom of Kongo (b. 1380)

title: 1420


text:
1422

Year 1422 (MCDXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 10 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Německý Brod: The Hussites defeat an army of Royalist Crusaders.
 * March 21–May 2 – Hundred Years' War – Siege of Meaux: Meaux surrenders to the English.
 * June 10–September – The Ottoman sultan Murad II besieges Constantinople; the siege is broken off as a result of the rebellion of Küçük Mustafa.
 * August 22 – Use of the Spanish era dating system in the Kingdom of Portugal ceases.
 * September 1 – Henry VI becomes King of England, aged nine months.
 * September 27 – The Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after the brief Gollub War. The Prussian–Lithuanian border established by the treaty remains unchanged, until World War I.
 * October 21 – With the death of King Charles VI of France, Henry VI of England is proclaimed King of France in Paris, while his maternal uncle, the Dauphin, Charles, is proclaimed King Charles VII of France in Bourges.

Undated

 * Ottoman forces overrun the last domains of Constantine II of Bulgaria, who dies in exile at the Serbian court, ending the Bulgarian Empire.
 * On the Italian Peninsula, Venice has a population of 84,000, of which 200 men rule the city, while Florence has a population of 40,000, of which 600 men rule the city.

Births

 * March 8 – Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1479)
 * June 7 – Federico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino (d. 1482)
 * October 5 – Catherine, Princess of Asturias, Spanish royal (d. 1424)
 * November 27 – Gaston IV, Count of Foix, French nobleman from Bearn (d. 1472)
 * November 29 – Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont, English baron (d. 1460)
 * date unknown – Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza, Timurid ruler in Khurasan (d. 1457)
 * probable – William Caxton, English printer (d. c. 1491)
 * approximate – Agnès Sorel, French courtier, mistress of Charles VII of France (d. 1450)

Deaths

 * March 9 – Jan Želivský, Hussite priest (executed) (b. 1380)
 * July 8 – Michelle of Valois, French princess and duchess consort of Burgundy (b. 1395)
 * August 31 – King Henry V of England (b. 1386)
 * September 17 – Emperor Constantine II of Bulgaria (b. after 1370)
 * October 21 – King Charles VI of France (b. 1368)
 * probable – Thomas Walsingham, English chronicler

title: 1422


text:
1423

Year 1423 (MCDXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 6 – The Electorate of Saxony merges with the Margravate of Meissen and the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg.
 * February 11 – Hundred Years War: The island of Tombelaine, off of the coast of France, is taken by English forces in order to be used as a base to attack Mont Saint-Michel.
 * March 7 – After failing to defeat Hushang Shah in a siege of Salangpur, the Gujarat Sultan Ahmad Shah Iis attacked by Hushang's army while on his way back to Ahmedabad. He wins the battle and resumes his trip home.

April–June

 * April 13 – Hundred Years' War:.The Treaty of Amiens is signed as a mutual defense treaty between the Duchy of Burgundy, the Duchy of Brittany and the Kingdom of England.
 * April 15 – Francesco Foscari is elected the new Doge of the Republic of Venice after the death of Tommaso Mocenigo. He will serve as the Venetian Republic's executive for 34 years before being forced to abdicate a few days before his death in 1457.
 * April 27 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Hořice: The Taborites decisively beat the Utraquists.
 * April 28 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi abdicates as shogun of Japan and is succeeded by his son, Ashikaga Yoshikazu.
 * May 18 – The Treaty of Melno signed on September 27 to end the Gollub War between the State of the Teutonic Order (on the Baltic Sea, with a capital at Marienburg) and the alliance of Poland and Lithuania, is ratified by all three parties.
 * May 22 – Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: After a two-day battle, Turakhan Beg, Ottoman governor of Thessaly, breaks through the Hexamilion wall, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula in Greece.
 * May 23 – The Sultan of Gujarat, Ahmad Shah I is finally able to return home to reassume the throne.
 * June 10 – Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón, a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop, is elected by bishops in Avignon as the third "antipope", succeeding the late Antipope Benedict XIII., who had died on May 23 after a reign of more than 20 years. Sánchez Muñoz takes the name of Antipope Clement VIII as the Avignon clergy disagree with Pope Martin V of Rome.

July–September

 * July 10 – Pope Martin V gives his approval of the Treaty of Melno.
 * July 31 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated at Cravant, on the banks of the River Yonne near Auxerre, by the English and their Burgundian allies.
 * August – The Yongle Emperor launches his fourth campaign against the Northern Yuan.
 * August 2 – Ataullah Muhammad Shah I begins a 50-year reign as the Sultan of Kedah in what is now Malaysia, following the death of his father, Sulaiman Shah I, who had reigned for 50 years after becoming Sultan in 1373.
 * August 12 – The Treaty of Sveti Srdj ends the Second Scutari War, waged between the Serbian Despotate and the Venetian Republic, over Scutari, and other former possessions of Zeta, captured by the Venetians.
 * September 26 – Hundred Years' War: The Battle of La Brossinière is fought in France near Bourgon in what is now the Mayenne département. The English force of 2,800 men, under the command of Sir John De la Pole, is crushed by the armies of France, Anjou and Maine, and the English suffer more than 1,400 deaths.

October–December

 * October 20 – The Second Parliament of King Henry VI of England assembles after having been summoned on September 1. The House of Commons, led by John Russell, will consider laws until its adjournment on February 28.
 * December 15 – After a two-year expedition to Byzantium, Giovanni Aurispa arrives in Venice with largest and finest collection of Greek language texts up to that time, including 238 ancient manuscripts.
 * December 24 – Hussite Wars: In what is now the Czech Republic, General Sigismund Korybut, commander of the Hussite Army, withdraws his troops from Prague on the orders of Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania and Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland.

Date unknown

 * The three independent boroughs of Pamplona are united into a single town by royal decree, after centuries of feuds.
 * Dan II of Wallachia, with Hungarian help, wins two battles against the Ottomans.

Births

 * April 4 – Johann II of Nassau-Saarbrücken, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1429–1472) (d. 1472)
 * May 18 – Lady Katherine Percy, English nobility (d. 1475)
 * May 30 – Georg von Peuerbach, Austrian astronomer (d. 1461)
 * June 2 – Ferdinand I of Naples (d. 1494)
 * June 15 – Gabriele Sforza, Archbishop of Milan (d. 1457)
 * July 3 – Louis XI of France, monarch of the House of Valois, King of France from 1461 to 1483 (d. 1483)
 * July 6 – Antonio Manetti, Italian mathematician and architect (d. 1497)
 * August 24 – Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (d. 1500)
 * September 10 – Eleanor, Princess of Asturias (d. 1425)
 * August – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek scholar (d. 1511)

Deaths

 * January 23 – Margaret of Bavaria, Burgundian regent (b. 1363)
 * March – Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1358)
 * May 23 – Antipope Benedict XIII (b. 1328)
 * October 20 – Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York
 * November 1 – Nicholas Eudaimonoioannes, Byzantine diplomat
 * December 15 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights

title: 1423


text:
1424

Year 1424 (MCDXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 23 – William Cheyne becomes the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, replacing the late William Hankford.
 * February 1 – While negotiating his release from captivity, King James of Scotland is allowed to be married to Joan Beaufort in London, with a ceremony taking place at Southwark Cathedral.
 * February 12 – The coronation of Sophia of Halshany, wife of Władysław II Jagiełło, as Queen consort of Poland takes place at the Kraków Cathedral.
 * February 14 – Wars in Lombardy: The Army of the Florentine Republic, led by Captain Pandolfo III Malatesta, storms the city of Romagna.
 * March 28 – King James I of Scotland is released after having been held captive in England for 18 years. James is freed after putting his royal seal on a ransom treaty of £40,000, secured by Scottish hostages taking his place, as agreed at Durham in England.

April–June

 * April 5 – King James returns to Scotland for the first time since 1406, after being escorted to the border along with his wife Joan Beaufort, Queen consort, by English and Scottish nobles.
 * May 21 – The coronation of James I as King of Scotland takes place at Scone Abbey in the Scottish town of Scone. After the ceremony King James performs his first knighthood ceremony, honoring 18 prominent nobles.
 * June 2 – Battle of L'Aquila: Jacopo Caldora and Micheletto Attendolo, for the Kingdom of Naples, defeat Braccio da Montone, for Alfonso V of Aragon.

July –September

 * July 28 – The Army of the Duchy of Milan, led by the Duke Filippo Maria Visconti, defeats the Republic of Florence Army, led by Carlo I Malatesta, in the Battle of Zagonara.
 * August 17 – Battle of Verneuil: An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas. Alençon is captured and Douglas killed.
 * September 7 – Prince Zhu Gaochi of China becomes the Emperor Renzong of the Ming dynasty, beginning the Hongxi era, after the August 12 death of his father, the Yongle Emperor.
 * September 13 – After the signing of a treaty between the different factions in the Hussite Wars, the Bohemian campaign is completed in what is now the Czech Republic.
 * September 23 – The Hussites, led by Jan Žižka, begin marching towards North Moravia to suppress the ongoing rebellion there.

October –December

 * October 11 – Prokop the Great takes command of the Hussites after the death of Jan Žižka from the plague.
 * November 1 – Zhu Zhanji is designated as the Crown Prince of Ming dynasty China by his father, the Emperor Renzong. The Emperor dies eight months later and Zhu Zhanji becomes the Emperor Xuanzong on June 27, 1425.
 * November – The Bourges astronomical clock, designed by Jean Fusoris, is installed in the Bourges Cathedral as a gift to the town from King Charles VII.
 * December 10 – Radu II Chelul becomes the Prince of Wallachia (now in Romania) for the third time, taking over from Dan II after an Ottoman invasion.

Date unknown

 * Dalmatia: Aliota Capenna, lord of Lesina (nowadays Hvar), offers his realm to the Republic of Venice (also said to have occurred in 1409 and 1421).

Births

 * January 1 – Louis IV, Elector Palatine (1436–1449) (d. 1449)
 * June 9 – Blanche II of Navarre (d. 1464)
 * August – Demetrios Chalkokondyles, Greek scholar (d. 1511)
 * October 31 – King Władysław III of Poland (d. 1444)
 * December 8 – Anselm Adornes, Merchant, politician and diplomat (d. 1483)
 * December 25 – Margaret Stewart, Dauphine of France (d. 1445)
 * August 10 or 1426 – Boniface III, Marquess of Montferrat (d. 1494)
 * date unknown – Abu Sa'id Mirza, ruler of Persia and Afghanistan (d. 1469)
 * date unknown – Mary of Looz-Heinsberg, Dutch noble woman (d. 1502)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Muzio Sforza, Italian condottiero
 * January 8 – Stephen Zaccaria, Latin Archbishop of Patras
 * April 14 – Lucia Visconti, English countess (b. 1372)
 * May 10 – Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan
 * June 5 – Braccio da Montone, Italian condottiero
 * June 10 – Duke Ernest of Austria (b. 1377)
 * June 16 – Johannes Ambundii, Archbishop of Riga
 * August 12 – Yongle Emperor of China (b. 1360)
 * August 17 – John Stewart, Earl of Buchan (b. c. 1381)
 * September 17 – Catherine, Princess of Asturias, Castilian royal (b. 1422)
 * October 11 – Jan Žižka, Czech general and Hussite leader
 * date unknown – Joan II, Countess of Auvergne  (b. 1378)
 * probable – Johannes Abezier, provost and bishop of the Teutonic Knights (b. 1380)

title: 1424


text:
1425

Year 1425 (MCDXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

 * November 9 – Kale Kye-Taung Nyo becomes King of Ava by having his lover, Queen Shin Bo-Me, assassinate his 8-year-old nephew, King Min Hla.
 * December 9 – The Old University of Leuven, Belgium is founded.
 * Date unknown
 * The Maltese people rise up against Don Gonsalvo Monroy, count of Malta. The insurgents repel an attempt by the Viceroy of Sicily to bring the island to order. The Maltese do not submit to Catalan-Aragonese rule, until the Magna Charta Libertatis, granting them their new rights, is delivered to them.
 * Beijing, capital of China, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nanjing (estimated date).
 * By this year, paper currency in China is worth only 0.025% to 0.014% of its original value in the 14th century; this, and the counterfeiting of copper coin currency, will lead to a dramatic shift to using silver as the common medium of exchange in China.
 * Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi's critical history of Persia, Zafar Nama, is completed under the auspices of Mirza Ibrahim Sultan, grandson of Timur.

Births

 * January 5 – Henry IV of Castile (d. 1474)
 * March 21 – Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, English nobleman (d. 1446)
 * March 31 – Bianca Maria Visconti, Duchess of Milan (d. 1468)
 * April 30 – William III, Landgrave of Thuringia (1445–1482) and Duke of Luxembourg (1457–1482) (d. 1482)
 * October 14 – Alesso Baldovinetti, Italian painter (d. 1499)
 * November 18 – Kunigunde of Sternberg, first spouse of King George of Podebrady (d. 1449)
 * date unknown
 * Edmund Sutton, English nobleman (d. 1483)
 * Krokodeilos Kladas, Greek military leader (d. 1490)
 * Xicotencatl I, ruler of Tizatlan (in modern-day Mexico) (d. 1522)

Deaths

 * January 18 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (b. 1391)
 * February 27 – Prince Vasily I of Moscow (b. 1371)
 * March 17 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1407)
 * May 24 – Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany, Scottish politician (b. 1362)
 * May 29 – Hongxi Emperor of China (b. 1378)
 * July 8 – Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan, English noble (b. 1366)
 * July 21 – Manuel II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1350)
 * August 22 – Eleanor, Princess of Asturias (b. 1423)
 * September 8 – King Charles III of Navarre (b. 1361)
 * date unknown
 * Madhava of Sangamagrama, Indian mathematician (b. 1350)
 * Margareta, Swedish Sami missionary (b. 1369)
 * Yi Jong Mu, Korean general (b. 1360)
 * Parameshvara, Indian mathematician (b. 1360)

title: 1425


text:
1426

Year 1426 (MCDXXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

 * March 6 – Battle of St. James (near Avranches): An English army under John, Duke of Bedford, defeats the French under Arthur de Richemont, forcing the Duke of Brittany to recognize English suzerainty.
 * c. May 15–16 – Kale Kye-Taung Nyo, ruler of the Kingdom of Ava, flees his capital. He is succeeded by Mohnyin Thado, who receives Thinkhaya III of Toungoo.
 * June 16 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Usti nad Labem: The Hussites decisively beat the crusading armies in the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
 * July 7 – Battle of Khirokitia: King Janus of Cyprus is defeated and captured by the Mamluks and brought to Egypt, where he is ransomed after ten months.
 * Date unknown
 * Castello Orsini-Odescalchi is built in Bracciano, Italy by the Orsini family.
 * Eunuch-dominated secret police start to control the palace guards and imperial workshops, infiltrate the civil service, and head all foreign missions in China.

Births

 * February 2 – Eleanor of Navarre, queen regnant of Navarre (d. 1479)
 * February – Christian of Oldenburg, King of Denmark 1448–1481, of Norway 1450–1481 and of Sweden 1457–1464 (d. 1481)
 * July 13 – Anne Neville, Countess of Warwick (d. 1492)
 * September 19 – Maria of Cleves, French noble (d. 1487)
 * November 30 – Johann IV Roth, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1506)
 * date unknown – John II, Duke of Bourbon (d. 1488)

Deaths

 * March / May – Thomas Hoccleve, English poet (b. c. 1368)
 * c. late May – Kale Kye-Taung Nyo, deposed King of Ava (b. c. 1385)
 * September 18 – Hubert van Eyck, painter
 * November 24 – Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter, English Plantagent noblewoman, daughter of John of Gaunt (b. c. 1363)
 * December – Pippo Spano, Hungarian military leader (b. 1369)
 * December 31 – Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, English nobleman and military leader (b. c. 1377)
 * date unknown – Tezozomoc, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco and military leader

title: 1426


text:
1427

Year 1427 (MCDXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January – Spring – Radu II of Wallachia resumes the throne for the fourth time, but a seven-year struggle for it ends when he is defeated in battle, and probably killed, by Dan II, who resumes the throne for a fifth term.
 * April – The House of Balsic's rule of Montenegro comes to an end with the death of Balša III.
 * August 4 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Tachov: The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
 * August 17 – The first band of Gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizens of Paris.
 * October 13 – Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England, is founded by the Bishop of Lincoln.

Date unknown

 * Gabriel V is elected Patriarch of the Coptic Church for the second time.
 * Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (ancient Burma).
 * The Conflict of Druimnacour occurs in Sutherland, Scotland.
 * The first witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.
 * The Celestine Order is established in France.
 * The Celebration of Sant Jordi (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he will later become its patron saint).
 * Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.
 * Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.
 * Battle of the Echinades: A Byzantine fleet defeats the fleet of Carlo I Tocco.
 * Itzcoatl becomes the 4th Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, after his nephew Chimalpopoca is killed by the Maxtla, at Azcapotzalco.
 * Bhaktapur Royal Palace (in Nepal) is built by King Yaksa Malla.

Births

 * February 27 – Ruprecht, Archbishop of Cologne (d. 1480)
 * May 8 – John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester, Lord High Treasurer (d. 1470)
 * May 29 – Françoise d'Amboise, duchess consort of Brittany, co-founder of the first monastery of the Carmelites in France (d. 1485)
 * June 22 – Lucrezia Tornabuoni, Italian writer, adviser and spouse of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (d. 1482)
 * September 9 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English politician (d. 1464)
 * October 26 – Archduke Sigismund of Austria (d. 1496)
 * November 24 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire (d. 1473)
 * November 29 – Zhengtong Emperor of China (d. 1464)
 * November 30 – Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland (d. 1492)
 * date unknown – Shen Zhou, Chinese painter (d. 1509)

Deaths

 * April 17 – John IV, Duke of Brabant (b. 1403)
 * May 7 – Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr, English churchman
 * May 28 – Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg (b. 1397)
 * July 19 – Stefan Lazarević, Despot of Serbia (b. 1377)
 * date unknown
 * Chimalpopoca, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlán (b. 1397)
 * Qu You, Chinese novelist (b. 1341)
 * probable
 * Jehuda Cresques, Catalan cartographer (b. 1350)
 * Gentile da Fabriano, Italian painter
 * Radu II Prasnaglava, ruler of Wallachia, probably killed in or after a lost battle

title: 1427


text:
1428

Year 1428 (MCDXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February 2 – 1428 Catalonia earthquake. The earthquake takes place during Candlemas, striking the region of Catalonia, especially Roussillon, with an epicentre near Camprodon. The earthquake is one of a series of related seismic events that shake Catalonia in a single year. Beginning on 23 February 1427, tremors are felt in March, April, 15 May at Olot.
 * May – Joan of Arc makes her first attempt to reach the Armagnac court at Chinon in support of Charles VII of France but is rebuffed.
 * June 3 – Dan II leads an army against the Ottomans at Golubac Fortress, obtaining a treaty that will allow him a semi-peaceful rule in Wallachia, until 1432.
 * August 7 – The Valais witch trials begin in Swiss Savoy.
 * August 30 – Emperor Go-Hanazono accedes to the throne of Japan.
 * October 12 – English forces under Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, besiege Orléans. Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orléans, commands the defenders.
 * October 24 – Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, is mortally wounded in an unsuccessful assault on Orléans. He is succeeded in command by William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk.

Date unknown

 * The Aztec Empire is formed by the triple alliance of the Aztec city-states Tenochtitlán, Texcoco and Tlacopán and defeats Azcapotzalco to win control of the Valley of Mexico. Itzcóatl becomes 1st emperor.
 * A serious fire occurs at Baynard's Castle in the City of London, England.
 * Lam Sơn uprising: Lê Lợi, founder of the Lê dynasty in Vietnam, liberates Annam (the territory occupied by Ming dynasty China in 1407) and restores the kingdom as Đại Việt.

Births

 * February 3 – Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1458)
 * April 7 – William Percy, late medieval Bishop of Carlisle (d. 1462)
 * May 3 – Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (d. 1495)
 * July 4 – Filippo Strozzi the Elder, Italian banker (d. 1491)
 * September 21 – Jingtai Emperor of China (d. 1457)
 * November 2 – Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine (d. 1483)
 * November 22 – Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, English nobleman, known as "the Kingmaker" (d. 1471)
 * December 4 – Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe (1429–1511) (d. 1511)
 * date unknown – Donato Acciaioli, Italian scholar (d. 1478)
 * Maria Ormani, Italian artist, scribe and illuminator
 * probable – Didrik Pining, German explorer (approximate date)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (b. 1370)
 * February 3 – Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shōgun (b. 1386)
 * June 12 – Zawisza Czarny, Polish knight and diplomat
 * August 27 – John I of Münsterberg, Duke of Ziebice (b. 1370)
 * August 30 – Emperor Shōkō, emperor of Japan (b. 1401)
 * Autumn – Masaccio, Italian painter (b. 1401)
 * November 3 – Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, English military leader (mortally wounded in battle) (b. 1388)
 * November 4 – Sophia of Bavaria, Queen regent of Bohemia (b. 1376)
 * date unknown
 * Maxtla, Tepanec ruler of Azcapotzalco
 * Paul of Venice, Catholic theologian
 * Isabella, Countess of Foix, French sovereign (b. 1361)
 * probable – John Purvey, English theologian (b. 1353)

title: 1428


text:
1429

Year 1429 (MCDXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February 12 – Battle of Rouvray (or "of the Herrings"): English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy, which is carrying rations (food) to the army of William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk at Orléans, from attack by the Comte de Clermont and John Stewart.
 * April 29 – Siege of Orléans: Joan of Arc enters Orléans with a relief expedition.
 * May 7 – The Tourelles, the last English siege fortification at Orléans, falls. Joan of Arc becomes the hero of the battle by returning, wounded, to lead the final charge.
 * May 8 – The English, weakened by disease and lack of supplies, depart Orléans.
 * June 18 – Battle of Patay: French forces under Joan of Arc smash the English forces under Lord Talbot and Sir John Fastolf, forcing the withdrawal of the English from the Loire Valley.
 * July 17 – Charles VII of France is crowned in Rheims.
 * September – The Hafsid Saracens attempt to capture Malta, but are repelled by its defenders.
 * September 8 – Joan of Arc leads an unsuccessful attack on Paris, and is wounded.
 * November 4 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Joan of Arc liberates Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier.
 * November 24 – Joan of Arc besieges La Charité.

Date unknown

 * Fire destroys Turku.
 * A series of seven customs offices and barriers are installed along the Grand Canal of China, during the reign of the Ming Dynasty's Yongle Emperor.
 * Andreyas Succeeds Yeshaq I as Emperor of Ethiopia

Births

 * January 17 – Antonio del Pollaiuolo, Italian artist (d.c. 1498)
 * date unknown – Peter, Constable of Portugal (d. 1466)
 * probable – Mino da Fiesole, Florentine sculptor (d. 1484)

Deaths

 * February – Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, founder of the Medici dynasty of Florence (b. c. 1360)
 * June 22 – Ghiyath al-Kashi, Persian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1380)
 * July 4 – Carlo I Tocco, ruler of Epirus (b. 1372)
 * July 12 – Jean Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris (b. 1363)
 * September 28 – Cymburgis of Masovia, Duchess of Austria by marriage to Duke Ernest the Iron of Inner Austria (b. 1394)
 * October – Alexios IV Megas Komnenos, Empire of Trebizond (b. 1382)
 * date unknown – Emperor Yeshaq I of Ethiopia (b. 1414)

title: 1429


text:
1430

Year 1430 (MCDXXX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 7 – Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, marries Isabella of Portugal.
 * January 10 – Philip the Good founds the Order of the Golden Fleece.
 * March 29 – The Ottoman Empire, under Murad II, captures Thessalonica after an eight-year siege.
 * May 14 – The French first attempt to relieve the Siege of Compiègne.
 * May 23 – Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians, while leading an army to relieve Compiègne.
 * June 14 – William Waynflete becomes vicar of Skendleby, Lincolnshire.
 * July 11 – Battle of Trnava: The Hussites defeat the Hungarian-Moravian-Serbian army.
 * October 27 – Švitrigaila succeeds his cousin Vytautas as ruler of Lithuania.

Date unknown

 * With the surrender of Chalandritsa and the citadel of Patras to the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea, the Principality of Achaea comes to an end.
 * Bratislava Castle is converted to a fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg.
 * Optical methods are first used in the creation of art.

Births

 * March 10 – Oliviero Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1511)
 * March 23 – Margaret of Anjou, queen of Henry VI of England (d. 1482)
 * June 13 – Beatrice, Duchess of Viseu, Portuguese infante (d. 1506)
 * June 27 – Henry Holland, 3rd Duke of Exeter, Lancastrian leader during the English Wars of the Roses (d. 1475)
 * October 16 – King James II of Scotland (d. 1460) and his twin Alexander Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (d. 1430)
 * October 28 – Richard West, 7th Baron De La Warr, English soldier, son of Reginald West (d. 1475)
 * November 11 – Jošt of Rožmberk, Bishop of Breslau, Grand Prior of the Order of St. John (d. 1467)
 * date unknown
 * Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese warlord
 * Barbara von Ottenheim, German alleged witch and sculpture model (d. 1484)
 * Isabel Bras Williamson, Scottish merchant (d. 1493)
 * Joana de Castre, Catalan noble (d. 1480)
 * probable – Heinrich Kramer, German churchman and inquisitor (d. 1505)
 * approximate – Clara Hätzlerin, German scribe (d. 1476)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Philippa of England, queen consort of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (b. 1394)
 * January 29 or 1427 – Andrei Rublev, Russian iconographer (possible date; b. 1360)
 * April 18 – John III, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count
 * August 4 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (b. 1404)
 * August 18 – Thomas de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician (b. 1406)
 * October 27 – Vytautas, Grand Prince of Lithuania (b. 1352)
 * date unknown
 * Thomas FitzAlan, English noble
 * Christine de Pizan, Italian proto-feminist writer (b. 1364)

title: 1430


text:
1432

Year 1432 (MCDXXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 1 – Iliaș succeeds his father as Prince of Moldavia.
 * Spring – An Albanian revolt, led by Gjergj Arianit Komneni, breaks out against the Ottoman Empire, and spreads through most of Albania.
 * April – At the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Countess of Holland and Zeeland, is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour, ending Hainaut and Holland as independent counties.
 * May 6 – Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece is first presented to the public.
 * June 1 – Battle of San Romano: Florence defeats Siena.
 * August 31 – Sigismund Kęstutaitis attempts the capture or murder of Švitrigaila, his rival for the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Švitrigaila manages to escape.
 * December 8 – Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438): The first battle between the forces of Švitrigaila and Sigismund Kęstutaitis is fought near the town of Oszmiana (Ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Date unknown

 * The Université de Caen is founded.
 * The first baccalaureate service is believed to have originated at the University of Oxford.

Births

 * January 15 – King Afonso V of Portugal (d. 1481)
 * March 1 – Isabella of Coimbra, Portuguese infanta (d. 1455)
 * March 2 – Countess Palatine Margaret of Mosbach, Countess consort of Hanau (d. 1457)
 * March 30 – Mehmed II, the Conqueror, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1481)
 * April 12 – Anne of Austria, Landgravine of Thuringia, consort of William III, Landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1462)
 * August 15 – Luigi Pulci, Italian poet (d. 1484)
 * date unknown – Pope Innocent VIII (d. 1492)
 * probable – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (d. 1488)

Deaths

 * January 1 – Alexandru cel Bun, Prince of Moldavia
 * January 22 – John of Schoonhoven, Flemish theologian (b. 1356)
 * May 5 – Francesco Bussone da Carmagnola, Italian adventurer (executed)
 * May 19 – Joan of Valois, Duchess of Alençon, French duchess (b. 1409)
 * June 1 – Dan II, former Prince of Wallachia (killed in battle against Ottomans)
 * June 13 – Uko Fockena, East Frisian chieftain (b. c. 1408)
 * June 29 – Janus of Cyprus (b. 1375)
 * October 19 – John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, English politician (b. 1392)
 * November 14 – Anne of Burgundy, Duchess of Bedford (b. 1404)
 * date unknown
 * Gyaltsab Je, throne holder of the Gelug tradition of Buddhism (b. 1364)
 * Art Mac Cathmhaoil, Bishop of Clogher
 * Centurione II Zaccaria, last Prince of Achaea, Baron of Arcadia

title: 1432


text:
1433

Year 1433 (MCDXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * May 31 – Sigismund is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome. There has been no crowned Emperor since the death of his father, Charles IV, in 1378.
 * August 14 – Edward I becomes King of Portugal.
 * September – Cosimo de' Medici, later the de facto ruler of Florence and patron of Marsilio Ficino, is exiled by the Albizzi/Strozzi faction (Cosimo returns a year later, in September 1434).
 * October – Iliaș of Moldavia is deposed by his half-brother and joint ruler Stephen II.

Date unknown

 * The Ming Dynasty in China completes its last great maritime expedition, led by Admiral Zheng He; the fleet would be dispersed, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean, and making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.
 * In Ming Dynasty China, cotton is listed as a permanent item of trade, on the tax registers of Songjiang prefecture.
 * Kalantiaw (of what would later be known as the Philippines) supposedly promulgates the legal code eventually referred to as the Code of Kalantiaw. Modern historians doubt its existence.

Births

 * August 31 – Sigismondo d'Este, Italian nobleman (d. 1507)
 * September 17 – James of Portugal, Portuguese cardinal (d. 1459)
 * September 24 – Shekha of Amarsar, Rajput chieftain (d. 1488)
 * September 27 – Stanisław Kazimierczyk, Polish canon regular and saint (d. 1489)
 * October 19 – Marsilio Ficino, Florentine philosopher (d. 1499)
 * November 10
 * Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1477)
 * Jeanne de Laval, French noble, queen consort of Naples (d. 1498)
 * date unknown
 * Stephen III of Moldavia, prince from 1457 (d. 1504)
 * Giovanni Giocondo, Veronese-born friar, architect and classical scholar (d. 1515)
 * probable – Kettil Karlsson, regent of Sweden from 1464 (d. 1465)

Deaths

 * April 14 – Lidwina, Dutch saint (b. 1380)
 * May 9 – King Min Saw Mon of Arakan
 * August 14 – King John I of Portugal (b. 1357)
 * August 30 – Peter I, Count of Saint-Pol (b. 1390)
 * September – Zweder van Culemborg, Bishop of Utrecht (birth year unknown)
 * September 28 – Přemek I, Duke of Opava (b. c.1365)
 * December 1 – Emperor Go-Komatsu, the 100th emperor of Japan (b. 1377)

title: 1433


text:
1434

Year 1434 (MCDXXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * April 14 – The foundation stone of Nantes Cathedral in Nantes, Brittany, is laid.
 * May 30 – Hussite Wars – Battle of Lipany: The Catholics and Utraquists defeat the Taborites, ending the Hussite Wars.
 * June 19 or 20 – Zara Yaqob becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.
 * Late June – Miner Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson begins a Swedish rebellion against King Eric of Pomerania (named the Engelbrekt rebellion after him), eventually leading to the deposition of the king.
 * July 10–August 9 – Suero de Quiñones and his companions stage the Passo Honroso, at the Órbigo in León.
 * August 16 – King Eric of Pomerania is deposed from the Swedish throne at a meeting in Vadstena. He still retains power in Denmark and Norway, though.
 * September – Cosimo de' Medici returns to Florence, one year after being exiled by the Albizzi and Strozzi faction.
 * October 21 – The University of Catania is founded in Italy.

Date unknown

 * Jan van Eyck paints the Arnolfini Portrait.
 * Explorer Gil Eanes rounds Cape Bojador in Western Sahara, thus destroying the legends of the "Dark Sea".
 * In Ming Dynasty China, a long episode of drought, flood, locust infestation, and famine cripple agriculture and commerce in areas throughout the country, until 1448.
 * The Puke Feud occurs in Sweden.

Births

 * January 7 – Adolf, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1441)
 * March 12 – William III, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen (d. 1480)
 * March 19 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1443)
 * March 25 – Eustochia Smeralda Calafato, Italian saint (d. 1485)
 * June 13 – Cristoforo della Rovere, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1478)
 * September 18 – Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1467)
 * September 23 – Yolande of Valois, Duchess consort of Savoy (d. 1478)
 * December 28 – Antonio Grimani, Italian admiral (d. 1523)
 * probable
 * Isabella of Bourbon, Burgundian countess, spouse of Charles the Bold (d. 1465)
 * Matteo Maria Boiardo, Italian poet (d. 1494)
 * Kano Masanobu, Japanese painter (d. 1530)

Deaths

 * January – John I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1381)
 * April 20 – Alexandra of Lithuania, Duchess of Masovia
 * May 30 – Prokop the Great, Hussite general (b. 1380)
 * June – Amda Iyasus, Emperor of Ethiopia
 * June 1 – King Wladislaus II of Poland (age unknown)
 * June 5 – Yuri IV, Russian grand prince (b. 1374)
 * November 12 – King Louis III of Anjou (b. 1403)

title: 1434


text:
1435

Year 1435 (MCDXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1435th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 435th year of the 2nd millennium, the 35th year of the 15th century, and the 6th year of the 1430s decade.

January–December

 * January 11 – Sweden's first Riksdag of the Estates is summoned under rebel leader Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, who is elected rikshövitsman (military commander of the realm), in the absence of a king, on January 13.
 * January 13 – Sicut Dudum, a papal bull forbidding the enslavement of the Guanche natives in Canary Islands by the Spanish, is promulgated by Pope Eugene IV.
 * February 2 – The Kingdom of Naples passes to René of Anjou.
 * By August – Battle of Podraga: Brothers Iliaș and Stephen II battle to a draw for the throne of Moldavia, leading to a joint rule by them, helped by the intervention of the Polish king.
 * August 5 – Battle of Ponza: In a naval battle, the Duchy of Milan decisively defeats Alfonso V of Aragon who is captured.
 * September 1 – Battle of Wiłkomierz: Sigismund Kęstutaitis decisively defeats Grand Duke Švitrigaila, in the decisive battle of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
 * September 21 – The Treaty of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy ends the English-Burgundian alliance.
 * October 14 – Eric of Pomerania is reinstated as king of Sweden, only briefly, however, he is once again deposed in January of the following year.

Date unknown

 * Francis of Paola founds the Order of the Minims in Italy.
 * China returns to a policy of isolation.
 * Gil Eanes and Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia explore the coast of Africa, as far as the Angra dos Ruivos (in modern-day Western Sahara).
 * Enea Piccolomini, the future Pope Pius II, is sent by Cardinal Albergati on a secret mission to Scotland and Northern England.

Births

 * January 20 – Ashikaga Yoshimasa, shōgun (d. 1490)
 * February 1 – Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy (d. 1472)
 * April 8 – John Clifford, 9th Baron de Clifford, English noble (d. 1461)
 * April 16 – Jan II the Mad, Duke of Żagań (1439–1449 and 1461–1468 and again in 1472) (d. 1504)
 * May 4 – Joan of France, Duchess of Bourbon, French princess (d. 1482)
 * October 24 – Andrea della Robbia, Italian artist (d. 1525)
 * date unknown
 * Yoshida Kanetomo, Shinto priest (d. 1511)
 * Jean Molinet, French poet and chronicler (d. 1507)
 * Kim Si-seup, Korean scholar and author (d. 1493)
 * Sophie of Pomerania, Duchess of Pomerania (d. 1497)
 * Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby (d. 1504)
 * probable
 * Johannes Tinctoris, Flemish music theorist and composer (approximate date; d. 1511)
 * Andrea del Verrocchio, Florentine sculptor (approximate date; d. 1488)

Deaths

 * January 31 – Xuande Emperor of China (b. 1399)
 * February 2 – Queen Joanna II of Naples (b. 1371)
 * March 27 – Spytek z Tarnowa i Jarosławia, Polish nobleman
 * June 12 – John FitzAlan, 14th Earl of Arundel, English military leader (b. 1408)
 * September 9 – Sir Robert Harling, English knight under the Duke of Bedford
 * September 14 – John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, regent of England (b. 1389)
 * September 24 – Isabeau of Bavaria, queen of Charles VI of France
 * September 27 – Savvatiy, Russian monastery founder
 * October 9 – Paweł Włodkowic, Polish scholar (b. 1370)
 * October 13 – Hermann II of Celje, Ban of Croatia
 * December 30 – Bonne of Berry, Regent of Savoy (b. 1362)
 * date unknown – Abd al-Qadir Maraghi, musician and artist

title: 1435


text:
1438

Year 1438 (MCDXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary.
 * January 9 – The city of Cluj (Kolozsvár) is conquered, thus marking the end of the Transylvanian peasant revolt, which started at Bobâlna.
 * January 10 – The Council of Florence opens in Ferrara.
 * February 2 – The Unio Trium Nationum pact is established in Transylvania.
 * February 10 – All Souls' College is founded in the University of Oxford by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Henry VI of England as a graduate institution.
 * March 18 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany.
 * April 14 – The County of Holland declares war on several cities of the Hanseatic League, triggering the Dutch–Hanseatic War.
 * July 7 – Charles VII of France issues the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, giving the French church control over the appointment of bishops, and depriving the Pope of French ecclesiastical revenues.
 * September 13 – Afonso V becomes King of Portugal.
 * October
 * Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, loses direct control of Sweden, as Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.
 * The siege of Brescia in Italy by the condottieri troops of Niccolò Piccinino, begun on July 11, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.

Date unknown

 * Pachacuti becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Cusco and begins its expansion into the Inca Empire (Tahuantinsuyu).
 * At 95 years of age, Nang Keo Phimpha becomes queen of Lan Xang for a few months before being deposed and killed.
 * Just two years after the Ming dynasty court of China allowed landowners paying the grain tax to pay their tax in silver instead, the Ming court now decides to close all silver mines and prohibit all private silver mining in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. This is a concerted effort to halt the increase of silver circulating into the market. The illegal mining of silver is now an offense punishable by death; although it becomes a dangerous affair, the high demand for silver also makes it very lucrative, and so many chose to defy the government and continue to mine.
 * The Sukhothai Kingdom merges with the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

Births

 * February 5
 * Margaret of Bourbon, French noble (d. 1483)
 * Philip II, Duke of Savoy (d. 1497)
 * February 12 – Adolf, Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen (1465–1471) (d. 1477)
 * March 23 – Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo, Italian noble (d. 1504)
 * April 3 – John III of Egmont, Dutch noble (d. 1516)
 * September 7 – Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse (1458–1471) (d. 1471)
 * December 1 – Peter II, Duke of Bourbon, son of Charles I (d. 1503)
 * date unknown – Husayn Bayqarah, Timurid ruler of Herat (d. 1506)
 * probable – Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset, English nobleman and military commander during the Wars of the Roses (d. 1471)

Deaths

 * April 24 – Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel (b. 1429)
 * September 9 – Edward, King of Portugal (b. 1391)
 * October 16 – Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (b. 1383)
 * October 20 – Jacopo della Quercia, Sienese sculptor (b. c. 1374)

title: 1438


text:
1439

Year 1439 (MCDXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * May 4 – Battle of Grotnik: Władysław III's royal army defeats the Hussite movement in Poland.
 * June 29 – Date of Venerable Macarius' Miracle of the Moose, according to Russian hagiographers.
 * July 6 – Pope Eugene IV issues the Bull of Union with the Greeks, proclaiming the end of the East–West Schism. The bull is repudiated by most eastern bishops shortly thereafter.
 * September 8 – Cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi captures Foligno, ending Trinci's signoria.
 * September 29 or October 1 – Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, is declared deposed in Sweden. Karl Knutsson Bonde continues to serve as Regent of Sweden.
 * November 12 – In England, Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament.

Date unknown

 * Johannes Gutenberg develops printing with movable type at Mainz at about this date.
 * The Great Ordinance is adopted by the French Estates-General. This measure grants the king the exclusive right to raise troops, and establishes the taxation measure known as the taille, in support of a standing army.
 * The Council of Florence is moved to Florence.
 * At the Portuguese Cortes, Peter, Duke of Coimbra is appointed Regent of the Kingdom.

Births

 * March 3 – Ashikaga Yoshimi, brother of Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimasa (d. 1491)
 * April 3 – Ludwig II, Count of Württemberg-Urach, German noble (d. 1457)
 * May 29 – Pope Pius III (d. 1503)
 * July 18 – John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German duke (d. 1507)
 * July 26 – Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria, member of the Wittelsbach dynasty (d. 1501)
 * August 10 – Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, Duchess of York, second child of Richard Plantagenet (d. 1476)
 * date unknown – Hua Sui, Chinese inventor and printer (d. 1513)

Deaths

 * April 30 – Richard de Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, English military leader (b. 1382)
 * June 24 – Duke Frederick IV of Austria (b. 1382)
 * September 12 – Sidi El Houari, Algerian imam (b. 1350)
 * October 20 – Ambrose the Camaldulian, Italian theologian
 * October 27 – Albert II of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1397)
 * December 30 – Margaret Holland, English noblewoman (b. 1385)

title: 1439


text:
1440

January–December

 * February to June – The French nobility rises up against King Charles VII in the Praguerie
 * February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
 * April 9 – Christopher of Bavaria is elected King of Denmark.
 * April – Murad II lays siege to Belgrade. The city is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery prevents the Turks from capturing the city.
 * September 12 – Eton College is founded by Henry VI of England.
 * September 13 – Breton knight Gilles de Rais is taken into custody, upon an accusation of murdering children brought against him by the Bishop of Nantes.
 * September – The term of Regent of Sweden Karl Knutsson Bonde ends, as newly elected king of Denmark Christopher of Bavaria is also elected king of Sweden.
 * October 22 – Gilles de Rais confesses, and is sentenced to death.

Date unknown

 * Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Moctezuma I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina).
 * Lorenzo Valla's De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio demonstrates that the Donation of Constantine is a forgery.
 * Sir Richard Molyneux is appointed constable of Liverpool Castle, in England.
 * The Ming dynasty government of China begins a decade-long series of issuing harsh edicts towards those who illegally mine silver, the latter known as 'miner bandits' (kuangzei), a trend begun in 1438. The government wants to cap the amount of silver circulating into the market, as more grain taxes are converted into silver taxes. The government establishes community night watches known as 'watches and tithings' (baojia), who ensure that illegal mining activities are brought to a halt. However, these are desperate measures, as illegal silver mining continues to thrive as a dangerous but lucrative venture.
 * Uwaifiokun, Oba of Benin, is killed by his brother, the Prince Ogun, who succeeds him as Ewuare I.
 * Zhu Quan writes the Cha Pu ("Tea Manual") in China.

Births

 * January 22: Ivan III of Russia (d. 1505)
 * February 13: Hartmann Schedel, German physician (d. 1514)
 * date unknown: Clara Tott, German court singer (d. 1520)

Deaths

 * March 9: Frances of Rome, Italian Benedictine nun and saint (b. 1384)
 * March 20: Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (b. 1365)
 * April 2: Giovanni Vitelleschi, Italian Roman Catholic bishop and soldier
 * April 6: Henry Wardlaw, Scottish church leader
 * September 20: Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1371)
 * September 30: Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn, English soldier and politician
 * October 12: Ginevra d'Este (b. 1419)
 * October 26: Gilles de Rais, French soldier (b. 1404)
 * November 13: Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland
 * date unknown:
 * Itzcóatl, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlan
 * Uwaifiokun, Oba of Benin

title: 1440


text:
1441

January–December

 * February – The Republic of Venice annexes the seigniory of Ravenna, ending the da Polenta Dynasty.
 * February 12 – King's College, Cambridge, is founded by King Henry VI of England.
 * March 1 – Battle of Samobor: The army of Ulrich II, Count of Celje, defeats the army of Stjepan Banić at Samobor, Croatia in union with Hungary.
 * September – The Dutch–Hanseatic War concludes with the Treaty of Copenhagen.
 * November 10 – Alfonso V of Aragon lays siege to Naples.
 * November 20 – The Peace of Cremona (1441) ends the war between the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan.

Date unknown

 * Ouagadougou becomes the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms.
 * Two subjects of the Ethiopian Empire attend a Christian ecclesiastical council at Florence as part of negotiations concerning a possible union of Coptic Orthodoxy and the Latin Church. This is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian branch of the Coptic Church with Europe.
 * A revolt occurs in the Mayan nation of Mayapan; the Maya civilization splits into warring city-states.
 * With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Hacı I Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.
 * Nuno Tristão reaches the Ras Nouadhibou (Cabo Branco) on the western coast of Africa. This is probably the first voyage where a caravel is used for maritime exploration.
 * The first enslaved black Africans are brought to Europe at Lagos in the Kingdom of Portugal.

Births

 * February 9 – Ali-Shir Nava'i, Central Asian poet, politician and writer (d. 1501)
 * March 24 – Ernest, Elector of Saxony, German ruler of Saxony (d. 1486)
 * June 25 – Federico I Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (1478–1484) (d. 1484)
 * June 27 – John III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg, German nobleman (d. 1480)
 * July 23 – Danjong of Joseon, King of Joseon (d. 1457)
 * November 11 – Charlotte of Savoy, French queen (d. 1483)

Deaths

 * March 8 – Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria
 * April 1 – Blanche I of Navarre, Queen of Navarre (1425–1441) and Regent of Sicily (1404–1405 and 1408–1415)
 * June 14 – Corrado IV Trinci, former lord of Foligno
 * July 9 – Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter
 * July 12 – Kyōgoku Takakazu, Japanese noble and vassal of Ashikaga Yoshinori
 * July 12 – Ashikaga Yoshinori, Japanese shōgun (b. 1394)
 * September 25 – Akamatsu Mitsusuke, Japanese samurai
 * October 24 – Adolf, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1434)
 * October 27 – Margery Jourdemayne, Englishwoman executed for treasonable witchcraft
 * November 18 – Roger Bolingbroke, English cleric, astronomer, astrologer, magister and alleged necromancer
 * December 26 – Niccolò III d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara (b. 1383)

title: 1441


text:
1442

Year 1442 (MCDXLII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 18–25 – Battle of Hermannstadt: John Hunyadi defeats an army of the Ottoman Empire (80,000 strong), led by Mesid Bey of Vidin, near Sibiu in Transylvania.
 * June 2 – Alfonso of Aragon proclaims himself King of Naples.
 * September – John Hunyadi defeats another army of the Ottoman Empire (70,000 strong), led by Hadım Şehabeddin, Beylerbey (or governor) of Rumelia, near the Ialomița River. Following this, he places Basarab II as ruler of Wallachia.

Date unknown

 * The community of Rauma, Finland is granted its town rights.
 * The municipality of Juva, Finland is founded.
 * The national law of Kristofers landslag is introduced in Sweden.
 * After being imprisoned (before September) by the Sultan, Vlad II Dracul is temporarily replaced, as ruler of Wallachia, by his son Mircea II.
 * A fourth tower is added to Liverpool Castle in England.
 * Jelena Balšić completes writing the Gorički zbornik manuscripts at her church of St. Mary, on the island of Beška in the Serbian Despotate.
 * Portuguese sailors first arrive at the Senegal River.

Births

 * April 13 – Henry IV of Neuhaus, High Treasurer of Bohemia (1485–1503), Burgrave of Prague Castle (1503–1507) (d. 1507)
 * April 15 – John Paston, English noble (d. 1479)
 * April 28 – King Edward IV of England, King of England from 4 March 1461 until 3 October 1470, and again from 11 April 1471 to 3 October 1480 (d. 1483)
 * July 3 – Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (d. 1500)
 * July 15 – Boček IV of Poděbrady, Bohemian nobleman, eldest son of King George of Podebrady (d. 1496)
 * September 8 – John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford (d. 1513)
 * September 27 – John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1492)
 * date unknown
 * Ahmad Zarruq, Moroccan scholar and Sufi sheikh (d. 1493)
 * Tamás Bakócz, Hungarian archbishop (d. 1521)
 * Vannozza dei Cattanei, mistress of Pope Alexander VI

Deaths

 * August 29 – John VI, Duke of Brittany (b. 1389)
 * September 25 – Robert de Morley, 6th Baron Morley, Lord of Morley Saint Botolph (b. 1418)
 * October 18 – Infante João of Portugal (b. 1400)
 * November 14 – Yolande of Aragon, politically active French noblewoman (b. 1384)
 * December 18 – Pierre Cauchon, French Catholic bishop (b. 1371)
 * December 19 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg (b. 1409)
 * date unknown
 * Al-Maqrizi, Egyptian Arab historian
 * Ahmed Shah, Sultan of Gujarat
 * Nguyễn Trãi, Vietnamese Confucian scholar.

title: 1442


text:
1443

Year 1443 (MCDXLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * July 22 – Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl (Old Zürich War): The forces of the city of Zürich are defeated, but the Swiss Confederacy have insufficient strength to besiege and take the city.
 * November 8 – Battle of Niš: John Hunyadi and the army of the Crusade of Varna defeat three armies of the Ottoman Empire, and capture the city of Niš in modern-day Serbia; Skanderbeg deserts the Ottoman camp and goes to Albania.
 * November 28 – Skanderbeg and his forces, rebelling against the Ottoman Empire, liberate Krujë, in Middle Albania, and raise the Albanian flag.

Date unknown

 * In Moldavia, the conflict between brothers and co-rulers Iliaș and Stephen II reignites, and Stephen captures Iliaș and blinds him, thus remaining sole ruler of the country.
 * Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão penetrates the Arguin Gulf, off the west coast of Africa.
 * King Sejong the Great starts to crate Hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language, with his scholars.
 * Vlad II Dracul begins his second term as ruler of Wallachia, succeeding Basarab II.
 * The Buddhist Zhihua Temple (智化寺) is built in Beijing, at the order of Wang Zhen, chief eunuch at the court of the Zhengtong Emperor of Ming Dynasty China.
 * A powerful earthquake destroys the Timișoara Fortress in the Kingdom of Hungary

Births

 * January 27 – Albert III, Duke of Saxony (d. 1500)
 * February 2 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, Electress of Saxony (d. 1484)
 * February 12 – Giovanni II Bentivoglio, Italian noble (d. 1508)
 * February 23 – Matthias Corvinus, of Hungary (d. 1490)
 * May 17 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1460)
 * May 29 – Victor, Duke of Münsterberg, Reichsgraf, Duke of Münsterberg and Opava, Count of Glatz (d. 1500)
 * May 31 or 1441 – Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, English noble, mother of King Henry VII, grandmother of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1509)
 * June 29 – Anthony Browne, English knight (d. 1506)
 * September 9 – Muhammad Jaunpuri (d. 1505)
 * November 10 – Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, Germany noble (d. 1511)
 * December 1 – Magdalena of France, French princess and regent of Navarre (d. 1495)
 * December 5 – Pope Julius II (d. 1513)
 * probable
 * Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (d. 1496)
 * Ygo Gales Galama, Frisian warlord and freedom fighting rebel (d. 1492)

Deaths

 * January 16 – Erasmo of Narni, Italian mercenary (b. 1370)
 * January 28 – Robert le Maçon, Chancellor of France
 * February – Guidantonio da Montefeltro, count of Urbino (b. 1377)
 * March 24 – James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas (b. 1371)
 * April 12 – Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * May – John II, Count of Nassau-Siegen
 * May 9 – Niccolò Albergati, Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. 1373)
 * June 5 – Ferdinand the Holy Prince of Portugal (b. 1402)
 * August 16 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1434)
 * September 18 – Lewis of Luxembourg, Archbishop of Rouen
 * date unknown – Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal
 * Jelena Balšić, Serbian duchess (b. 1366)
 * probable – Zeami Motokiyo, Japanese actor and playwright (b. 1363)

title: 1443


text:
1444

January–December

 * March 2 – The League of Lezhë, an alliance of Albanian principalities, is established in Lezhë; George Kastrioti Skanderbeg is proclaimed commander of the Albanian resistance.
 * May 22 – The Treaty of Tours, signed between England and France, secures a truce in the Hundred Years' War for five years.
 * June 15 – Cosimo de' Medici founds a public library at San Marco, Florence.
 * June 29 – Battle of Torvioll: Skanderbeg defeats an Ottoman army.
 * August 6 – A Portuguese fleet of caravels, led by Lançarote de Freitas, lands 235 slaves at Algarve, Portugal.
 * August 15 – The Peace of Szeged is signed between the Turkish Ottoman Empire and Hungary.
 * August 26 – Old Zürich War – Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs: Charles VII of France, seeking to send away troublesome troops made idle by the truce with England, sends his son (the Dauphin Louis) with a large army into Switzerland, to support the claims of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The massively outnumbered Swiss force is destroyed in this battle, but inflict such casualties on the French that they withdraw.
 * August – After making peace with the Karamanids, Ottoman Sultan Murad II abdicates in favor of his son Mehmed II.
 * November 10 – Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Władysław III of Poland and Hungary are defeated by the Turks, under Sultan Murad II. Władysław is killed, ending the Jagiellonian Union of Hungary and Poland.

Date unknown

 * Constantine XI Palaiologos, as ruler of the Despotate of the Morea, invades the Duchy of Athens (at this time under Florentine control), and forces it to pay tribute and return Thebes to the Byzantine Empire.
 * Forces of the Sultan of Egypt fail to take Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes.
 * Portuguese explorers reach the mouth of the rivers Senegal and Gambia.
 * The first European slave market for the sale of African slaves, the Mercado de Escravos, opens in Lagos, Portugal.
 * A serious fire occurs at Old St Paul's Cathedral in London.
 * The Iguvine Tablets are discovered at Gubbio, Italy.
 * Stephen II of Moldavia takes as co-ruler his step brother Petru, also brother-in-law to John Hunyadi.

Births

 * January 24 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1476)
 * March 15 – Francesco Gonzaga, Catholic cardinal (d. 1483)
 * April 22 – Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk (d. 1503)
 * May 29 – Otto III, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin (1460–1464) (d. 1464)
 * June 14 – Nilakantha Somayaji, Indian astronomer-mathematician (d. 1544)
 * June 28 – Charlotte, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1487)
 * October 18 – John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk (d. 1476)

 * date unknown – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (d. 1514)

Deaths

 * January 8 – Wilhelm II, Count of Henneberg-Schleusingen (b. 1415)
 * February 14 – Henriette, Countess of Montbéliard, regent of Württemberg (b. 1387)
 * March 9 – Leonardo Bruni, Italian humanist (b. 1374)
 * April 26 – Robert Campin, Flemish painter (b. 1378)
 * May 20 – Saint Bernardino of Siena, Italian Franciscan missionary (b. 1380)
 * May 27 – John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, English military leader (b. 1404)
 * October 15 – Niccolò Piccinino, Italian mercenary (b. 1386)
 * November 10 – King Władysław III of Poland (in battle) (b. 1424)
 * November 25 – Martin Gouge, French chancellor
 * date unknown – Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder, Italian humanist, statesman, and canon lawyer

title: 1444


text:
1445

Year 1445 (MCDXLV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * October 10 – Battle of Mokra: The Albanian forces under Skanderbeg defeat the Ottoman forces (Pope Eugene IV raises a hymn of praise, that Christendom has been provided with a new defender, after he hears of the battle).
 * April - Henry VI of England marries Margaret of Anjou.

Date unknown

 * The Portuguese set up their first trading post (Feitoria) in Africa, on the island of Arguin.
 * Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias discovers the Cap-Vert, on the western coast of Africa.
 * Battle of Gomit: Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia defeats and kills Sultan Arwe Badlay, of Adal.
 * Vlad II Dracul, aided by a crusaders' fleet from Burgundy, attacks Giurgiu, and massacres the Ottoman garrison after their surrender.
 * Stephen II remains sole ruler of Moldavia.

Births

 * March 16 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss-born priest (d. 1510)
 * April 4 – Wiguleus Fröschl of Marzoll, Bishop of Passau (1500–1517) (d. 1517)
 * October 25 – Fulk Bourchier, 10th Baron FitzWarin, English baron (d. 1479)
 * October 31 – Hedwig, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1511)
 * December 11 – Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1496)
 * date unknown – Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer (d. 1497)
 * probable – Nicolas Chuquet, French mathematician
 * approximate – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (d. 1510)

Deaths

 * January 19 – Antonio Correr, Venetian cardinal (b. 1359)
 * February 19 – Leonor of Aragon, queen of Portugal (b. 1402)
 * April 7 – Louis VIII, Duke of Bavaria, German noble (b. 1403)
 * May 15 – Johanna van Polanen, Dutch noblewoman (b. 1392)
 * June 5 – Leonel Power, English composer
 * July 15 – Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland
 * August 2 – Oswald von Wolkenstein, Austrian composer (b. 1377)
 * date unknown – Olug Moxammat of Kazan, Khan of Kazan

title: 1445


text:
1446

Year 1446 (MCDXLVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 6 – The Battle of Ragaz marks the last military conflict of the Old Zurich War between the Swiss Confederacy and the Habsburgs. 1,200 Confederates defeat the Austrian army, commanded by Hans von Rechberg and Wolfhard V. von Brandis, the Habsburg bailiff of Feldkirch. Among other things, the banners of the lords of Brandis are lost to the confederates and later transferred to the church in Sarnen. According to contemporary accounts, around 900 men from the Habsburg army and around 100 men from the Swiss army fell in the battle.
 * June 6 – John Hunyadi is proclaimed regent, bestowing the title "governor" upon him. His election was primarily promoted by the lesser nobility, but Hunyadi had by that time become one of the richest barons of the kingdom. His domains covered an area exceeding 800,000 hectares (2,000,000 acres). Hunyadi was one of the few contemporaneous barons who spent a significant part of their revenues to finance the wars against the Ottomans, thus bearing a large share of the cost of fighting for many years.
 * June 12 – An  armistice between Duchy of Austria and the Swiss Confederation comes into force.
 * June 21 – Lidköping gets its charter, and thus qualifies as one of the now defunct Cities of Sweden.
 * August –  Christopher of Bavaria undertakes a fruitless military campaign against Gotland to end Eric of Pomerania's piracy.
 * August 24 – After many years of fruitless negotiations between Christopher of Bavaria and Eric of Pomerania, a Swedish war march to Gotland is launched in the early summer of 1446. King Christopher comes with a force to the island and on an open field in Västergarn with crossbowmen at gunpoint behind each monarch's back; regular peace negotiations take place.
 * September 27 – Battle of Otonetë: Skanderbeg defeats the Ottomans.
 * Before October – Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire is forced to abdicate, in favor of his father Murad II, by the Janissaries.
 * October 9 – The hangul alphabet is proclaimed in Korea, by King Sejong the Great. The Hunmin Jeongeum, published during the year, is considered the start of this brand new scientific writing system.
 * October – Murad II invades Attica, forcing Constantine XI to return Thebes to the duchy of Athens, and remove the tribute imposed in 1444. Murad II imposes his own tribute.
 * December 10 – After hesitating for several weeks, Sultan Murad II, of the Ottoman Empire, destroys the Hexamilion wall, in an assault that includes cannons. Murad and the Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, ravage the Peloponnese Peninsula at will, with the Sultan devastating the northern shore, while Glarentza and Turakhan raid in the interior. The Despotate of the Morea is turned into an Ottoman vassal state.

Date unknown

 * Nuno Tristão is killed by natives on the coast of Senegal.
 * Portuguese navigator Álvaro Fernandes reaches the mouth of the Casamance River in Senegal.
 * The Precious Belt Bridge in China is fully reconstructed.
 * In Italy, the siege of Cremona, by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme, is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forlì.
 * The Blarney Stone is set into a tower of Blarney Castle in Blarney, County Cork in Ireland.
 * Yet another league is formed to counter the House of Sforza.

Births

 * April 18 – Ippolita Maria Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1484)
 * May 3
 * Frederick I of Liegnitz, Duke of Chojnów and Strzelin from 1453 (d. 1488)
 * Margaret of York, duchess consort of Burgundy by marriage to Charles the Bold (d. 1503)
 * August 14 – Andrey Bolshoy, Russian royal (d. 1493)
 * December 26 – Charles de Valois, Duke de Berry, French noble (d. 1472)
 * date unknown – Edmund de Ros, 10th Baron de Ros, English politician (d. 1508)
 * probable
 * Alexander Agricola, Flemish composer (d. 1506)
 * William Grocyn, English scholar (d. 1519)
 * Pietro Perugino, Italian painter (d. 1524)

Deaths

 * April 15 – Filippo Brunelleschi, Italian architect (b. 1377)
 * May 9 – Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (b. 1367)
 * May 24 – Ambroise de Loré, Baron of Ivry (b. 1396)
 * June 11 – Henry Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick, English nobleman (b. 1425)
 * December 28 – Antipope Clement VIII
 * February 2 – Vittorino da Feltre, Italian humanist (b. 1378)
 * date unknown – Nuno Tristão, Portuguese explorer

title: 1446


text:
1447

Year 1447 (MCDXLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 6 – Pope Nicholas V succeeds Pope Eugene IV, to become the 208th pope.
 * March 16 – A major fire destroys the centre of Valencia.
 * September 15 – Roman II seizes the throne of Moldavia after killing his uncle, Stephen II, and will have his other uncle, Petru as co-ruler.
 * December
 * Vlad II Dracul, ruler of Wallachia, and his eldest son Mircea are assassinated. Vladislav II succeeds him, with the assistance of John Hunyadi.
 * The Albanian–Venetian War of 1447–48 begins.

Date unknown

 * The Siege of Soest, Germany, occurs, in the course of the Soest Feud.
 * Tashi Lhunpo Monastery is founded by the 1st Dalai Lama at its original location in Shigatse, Tibet.
 * Iizasa Ienao founds Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, the earliest historically verifiable Japanese koryū martial art, that will still be extant in modern times.

Births

 * February 1 – Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg (d. 1504)
 * February 4 – Lodovico Lazzarelli, Italian poet (d. 1500)
 * April 5 – Catherine of Genoa, Italian author and nurse (d. 1510)
 * April 17 – Baptista Mantuanus, poet and carmelite (d. 1516)
 * June 27 – Jean IV de Rieux, Breton noble and Marshal (d. 1518)
 * July 5 – Costanzo I Sforza, Italian noble (d. 1483)
 * September 10 – Paolo da San Leocadio, Italian painter in Spain (d. 1520)
 * October 30 – Lucas Watzenrode, Prince-Bishop of Warmia (d. 1512)
 * December 3 – Bayezid II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1512)
 * December 9 – Chenghua Emperor of China (d. 1487)
 * December 15 – Albert IV, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1508)
 * date unknown
 * Piero Capponi, Italian soldier and statesman (d. 1496)
 * Philippe de Commines, Flemish historian (d. 1511)
 * Catherine of Genoa, Catholic mystic (d. 1510)
 * probable
 * Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, Italian sculptor (d. 1522)

Deaths

 * February 23
 * Pope Eugene IV (b. 1383)
 * Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1390)
 * March 6 – Colette of Corbie, French abbess and saint in the Catholic Church (b. 1381)
 * March 13 – Shahrukh Mirza, ruler of Persia and Transoxonia (b. 1377)
 * March 31 – Robert Long, English politician (b. 1390)
 * April 11 – Henry Beaufort, Cardinal, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1377)
 * April 22 – Yaqub al-Charkhi, Sufism (b. 1359)
 * May 1 – Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria-Ingolstadt (b. 1368)
 * May 12 – Hein Hoyer, German politician (b. 1380)
 * July 6 – António Martins de Chaves, Catholic cardinal (b. 1390)
 * July 9 – Gruffudd Vychan, Welsh knight (b. 1390)
 * July 13 – Stephen II of Moldavia, Prince of Moldavia (b. 1410)
 * August 5 – John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, English nobleman and military commander (b. 1395)
 * August 9 – Konrad IV the Elder, Polish priest (b. 1380)
 * August 13 – Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (b. 1392)
 * October 31 – Tommaso Bellacci, Italian Roman Catholic professed member of the Third Order of Saint Francis (b. 1370)
 * November 17 – Euphemia of Münsterberg, German sovereign (b. 1385)
 * November 21 – Biagio Molino, Roman Catholic patriarch (b. 1380)
 * December – Vlad II Dracul, Prince of Wallachia, and his son Mircea II

title: 1447


text:
1448

Year 1448 (MCDXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, dies with no designated heir, leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. Brothers Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna and Nils Jönsson Oxenstierna are selected to serve as co-regents of Sweden.
 * April 15 – Queens' College, Cambridge is founded by Margaret of Anjou.
 * August 14 – Battle of Oronichea: Albania is victorious over Venice.
 * June 20 – The Regency period of Sweden ends with the election of Karl Knutsson Bonde, as King Charles VIII of Sweden.
 * June 28 – Charles VIII of Sweden is publicly hailed as king at Mora Stones, and is crowned in Uppsala Cathedral the following day.
 * September 28 – Christian of Oldenburg, betrothed to Queen Dowager Dorothea of Brandenburg, becomes King Christian I of Denmark.
 * October 4 – Peace between Albania and Venice is established.
 * October 17 – Battle of Kosovo: Hungarian forces under John Hunyadi are defeated by the Turks, due to Ottoman superiority.
 * October–November – Vlad III the Impaler becomes reigning Prince of Wallachia for two months, before being deposed by Vladislav II of Wallachia.
 * December 20 – Pope Nicholas V appoints Rudolf of Diepholt, Bishop of Utrecht, as cardinal.
 * December – Jonas, a Russian bishop, is installed by the Council of Russian Bishops in Moscow, as Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus; as this is without the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople, it signifies the beginning of an effectively independent church structure in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

Date unknown

 * Roman II flees to Poland, when an army sent by John Hunyadi, and led by Csupor de Monoszló, comes to put Petru on the throne of Moldavia. Petru dies suddenly, and Csupor takes on the throne for two months, as Ciubăr Vodă.
 * After a long episode of drought, flood, locust infestation and famine in Ming dynasty China since the year 1434, these natural afflictions finally wane, and agriculture and commerce return to a state of normality.
 * The Vatican Library is founded by Pope Nicholas V.

Births

 * February 14 – Nannina de' Medici, Florentine member of the de' Medici family (d. 1493)
 * March 20 – Marie of Savoy, Countess of Saint-Pol, Luxembourgian noble (d. 1475)
 * July 14 – Philip, Elector Palatine (d. 1508)
 * September 7 – Henry, Count of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1473–1482) (d. 1519)
 * October 31 – Władysław II of Płock, Polish noble (d. 1462)
 * November 4 – King Alphonso II of Naples (d. 1495)
 * December 12 – John Talbot, 3rd Earl of Shrewsbury, English Earl (d. 1473)
 * date unknown
 * Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia (d. 1478)
 * Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine (d. 1473)
 * Suor Barbara Ragnoni, Italian painter (d. 1533)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (b. 1418)
 * June 18 – Elizabeth de Beauchamp, Baroness Bergavenny, English baroness (b. 1415)
 * September 23 – Adolph I, Duke of Cleves (b. 1373)
 * October – Carlo II Tocco, ruler of Epirus
 * October 12 – Zhu Quan, Prince of Ning, Chinese military commander, historian and playwright (b. 1378)
 * October 31 – John VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1390)
 * date unknown
 * Petru III of Moldavia

title: 1448


text:
1449

Year 1449 (MCDXLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 6 – Constantine XI Palaiologos is crowned Byzantine Emperor at Mistra; he will be the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the founding of Rome.
 * February – Alexăndrel seizes the throne of Moldavia, with the support of the boyars.
 * March 24 – Hundred Years' War: English forces capture Fougères in Brittany.
 * April 7 – The last Antipope, Felix V, abdicates.
 * April 19 – Pope Nicholas V is elected by the Council of Basel.
 * April 25 – The Council of Basel dissolves itself.
 * May – An English privateering fleet led by Robert Wennington challenges ships of the Hanseatic League.
 * May 14 – Second Siege of Sfetigrad (1449): The Albanian garrison surrenders and the Ottomans seize the fortress.
 * May 20 – Battle of Alfarrobeira: King Afonso V of Portugal defeats the forces of Peter, Duke of Coimbra.
 * July – Hundred Years' War: The French invade Normandy.
 * August 13 – First Margrave War: Margrave Albrecht takes Lichtenau Fortress from Nuremberg.
 * September 1 – Battle of Tumu Fortress: The Oirat Mongols defeat the Ming dynasty army, and capture the Zhengtong Emperor of China; the latter is officially deposed, while his brother ascends as the Jingtai Emperor the next year.
 * October – Bogdan II of Moldavia enters the country with troops from John Hunyadi, and takes the throne after Alexăndrel flees.
 * October 29 – The French recapture Rouen from the English.

Births

 * January 1 – Lorenzo de' Medici, Italian statesman (d. 1492)
 * January 17 – Osanna of Mantua, Italian Dominican tertiary (d. 1505)
 * February 7 – Adriana of Nassau-Siegen, consort of Count Philip I of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1477)
 * April 27 – Asakura Ujikage, 8th head of the Asakura clan of Japan (d. 1486)
 * August 10 – Bona of Savoy, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1503)
 * September 20 – Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noble (d. 1500)
 * October 21 – George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1478)
 * November 11 – Catherine of Poděbrady, Hungarian Queen (d. 1464)
 * November 14 – Sidonie of Poděbrady, Bohemian princess, duchess consort of Saxony (d. 1510)
 * December 6 – Dorotea Gonzaga, Italian noble (d. 1467)
 * date unknown
 * Aldus Manutius, Italian printer
 * Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus (d. 1513)
 * Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan (d. 1481)
 * Domenico Gagini, Italian sculptor (d. 1492)
 * Domenico Ghirlandaio, Italian artist (d. 1494)
 * Magnus Hundt, German physician and theologian (d. 1519)
 * Margaret of Thuringia, Electress consort of Brandenburg (d. 1501)
 * probable
 * Ilham Ghali khan of Kazan Khanate, (d. 1490)
 * Srimanta Sankardeva, Assamese scholar and religious figure (d. c. 1568)
 * Mandukhai Khatun, Mongolian queen

Deaths

 * January 4 – Cecilia of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. c.1405)
 * January 21 – Giovanni Berardi, Archbishop of Taranto (b. 1380)
 * February 2 – Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Islamic scholar (b. 1372)
 * March – Dolce dell'Anguillara, Italian condottiero (b. 1401)
 * May – Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross, Lord of the Isles
 * May 20 (at the Battle of Alfarrobeira)
 * Álvaro Vaz de Almada, 1st Count of Avranches
 * Peter, Duke of Coimbra (b. 1392)
 * June 1 – Polissena Sforza, Lady of Rimini (b. 1428)
 * August 13 – Louis IV, Elector Palatine (b. 1424)
 * October 27 – Ulugh Beg, Timurid ruler and astronomer (b. 1394)
 * October 31 – Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brzeg-Legnica and Cieszyn, German princess (b. 1403)
 * November 19 – Kunigunde of Sternberg, first spouse of the King George of Podebrady (b. 1425)
 * December 24 – Walter Bower, Scottish chronicler (b. 1385)

title: 1449