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AD 60

AD 60 (LX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nero and Lentulus (or, less frequently, year 813 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 60 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

The year 60 is the first identifiable year for which a date is cited complete with day of the week, i.e. 6 February 60, identified as a "Sunday" (as viii idus Februarius dies solis "eighth day before the ides of February, day of the Sun") in a Pompeiian graffito. According to the currently-used Julian calendar, 6 February 60 was a Wednesday (dies Mercurii, "day of Mercury"). This is explained by the existence of two conventions of naming days of the weeks based on the planetary hours system, 6 February was a "Sunday" based on the sunset naming convention, and a "Wednesday" based on the sunrise naming convention.

Roman Empire

 * The Roxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans.
 * Nero's exploration of the Nile: Emperor Nero sends an expedition which reaches the historical city Meroë (Sudan). (approximate date)
 * Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of the province of Africa.
 * Agrippa II of the Herodians rules the northeast of Judea.
 * The city of Laodicea on the Lycus is destroyed by an earthquake
 * The following events in Roman Britain (Britannia) take place in AD 60 or 61:
 * Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, Roman governor of Britain, captures the island of Mona (Anglesey), the last stronghold of the Druids.
 * Prasutagus, king of the Iceni (modern East Anglia), dies leaving a will which passes his kingdom to his two daughters and the Roman Empire. The Roman army, however, annexes the kingdom as if conquered, depriving the nobles of their hereditary lands and plundering the land. The king's widow, Boudica, is flogged and forced to watch their daughters publicly raped. Roman financiers, including Seneca the Younger, call in their loans.
 * Boudica leads a rebellion of the Iceni against Roman rule in alliance with the Trinovantes, Cornovii, Durotriges and Celtic Britons. The Iceni and Trinovantes first destroy the Roman capital Camulodunum (Colchester), wipe out the infantry of the Legio IX Hispana (commanded by Quintus Petillius Cerialis) and go on to burn Londinium (London) (probably destroying London Bridge) and Verulamium (St Albans), in all cases massacring the inhabitants by the thousands.
 * Battle of Watling Street: Paulinus defeats the rebels, using a flying wedge formation, imposes wide-ranging punishments on native Britons, and the Romanization of Britain continues. Boudica either poisons herself, or falls sick and dies.

Religion

 * The First Epistle of Peter, if by Peter, is probably written between this year and c. AD 64.
 * Paul of Tarsus journeys to Rome, but is shipwrecked on Malta. He stays for three months and converts Publius, the first bishop of Malta.
 * Paul's Epistle to the Philippians is written from Rome. (approximate date)

Art and science

 * Hero of Alexandria writes Metrica, Mechanics, and Pneumatics.
 * AD 60–79 – House of the Vettii, Pompeii, is rebuilt.

Births

 * Buddhamitra, Indian Buddhist nun (approximate date)
 * Marcus Vitorius Marcellus, Roman politician (approximate date)
 * Nicomachus, Greek mathematician (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Abdagases I, king of the Parthian Empire (approximate date)
 * Boudica, British queen of the Iceni tribe (approximate date)
 * Peter of Rates, first bishop of Braga (approximate date)

title: AD 60


text:
AD 61

AD 61 (LXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Turpilianus and Caesennius (or, less frequently, year 814 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 61 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Publius Petronius Turpilianus and Lucius Caesennius Paetus become Roman consuls.
 * Galba becomes governor of Hispania Tarraconensis.
 * The following events in Roman Britain (Britannia) take place in AD 60 or 61:
 * Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, Roman governor of Britain, captures the island of Mona (Anglesey), the last stronghold of the Druids.
 * Prasutagus, king of the Iceni (modern East Anglia), dies leaving a will which passes his kingdom to his two daughters and the Roman Empire. The Roman army however annexes the kingdom as if conquered, depriving the nobles of their hereditary lands and plundering the land. The king's widow, Boudica, is flogged and forced to watch their daughters publicly raped. Roman financiers, including Seneca the Younger, call in their loans.
 * Boudica leads a rebellion of the Iceni against Roman rule in alliance with the Trinovantes, Cornovii, Durotriges and Celtic Britons. The Iceni and Trinovantes first destroy the Roman capital Camulodunum (Colchester), wipe out the infantry of the Legio IX Hispana (commanded by Quintus Petillius Cerialis) and go on to burn Londinium (London) (probably destroying London Bridge) and Verulamium (St Albans), in all cases massacring the inhabitants in their thousands.
 * Battle of Watling Street: Paulinus defeats the rebels, using a flying wedge formation, and imposes wide-ranging punishments on native Britons, but is removed from office after an enquiry instituted by Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus (appointed procurator 61) and the Romanisation of Britain continues. Boudica either poisons herself or falls sick and dies.

Births

 * Pliny the Younger, Roman author and statesman (d. c. 113)

Deaths

 * Barnabas, Cypriot Jew and bishop of Milan (approximate date)
 * Boudica, British queen of the Iceni tribe (approximate date)
 * Lucius Pedanius Secundus, Roman politician and prefect
 * Ma Wu, Chinese general of the Eastern Han Dynasty
 * Publius Memmius Regulus, Roman politician

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AD 61


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AD 62

AD 62 (LXII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Afinius (or, less frequently, year 815 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 62 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Nero marries for the second time, to Poppaea Sabina, ex-wife of Marcus Salvius Otho.
 * After the death of Burrus and the disgrace of Seneca, Nero is free from their influence and becomes a megalomaniacal artist fascinated by Hellenism and the Orient. Tigellinus becomes Nero's counselor. His rule is highly abusive.
 * Nero completes the Baths of Nero in Rome.
 * A great earthquake damages cities in Campania, including Pompeii (February 5).
 * The Parthians invade Armenia and lay siege to Tigranocerta. The city is well-fortified and garrisoned by the Romans. The assault fails and king Vologases I retreats. Instead, he makes preparations to invade Syria.
 * Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo strengthens the fortifications on the Euphrates frontier. He builds a strong flotilla of ships equipped with catapults and a wooden bridge across the river, which allows him to establish a foothold on the Parthian shore.
 * Lucius Caesennius Paetus advances towards Tigranocerta, but due to lack of supplies he makes camp for the winter in the fortress at Rhandeia in northwestern Armenia.
 * Vologases I leads the Parthian army in a full-scale assault on the Euphrates. Legio X Fretensis and men of the other two legions (Legio III Gallica and Legio VI Ferrata) defend the eastern bank of the river, fighting off a desperate attack.
 * Battle of Rhandeia: The Roman army (two legions) is defeated by the Parthians under king Tiridates I. Paetus surrenders and withdraws his disheveled army to Syria.
 * A violent storm destroys 200 ships anchored at Portus.

Arts and sciences

 * Lucan writes a history of the conflict between Julius Caesar and Pompey.
 * The making of Still Life, a detail of a wall painting from Herculaneum, begins (finished in AD 79). It is now kept at Museo Nazionale in Naples.

Religion

 * Paul of Tarsus is released from imprisonment in Rome (approximate date).

Deaths

 * June 8 – Claudia Octavia, wife of Nero (possibly executed) (b. AD 40)
 * November 24 – Aulus Persius Flaccus, Roman poet (b. AD 34)
 * Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix, Roman consul (murdered) (b. AD 22)
 * Gaius Rubellius Plautus, cousin of Nero (executed) (b. AD 33)
 * James the Just, brother of Jesus (martyred) (approximate date)
 * Lucius Caecilius Iucundus, Roman banker from Pompeii (b. c. AD 14)
 * Sextus Afranius Burrus, Roman prefect and friend of Seneca (b. AD 1)

title: AD 62


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AD 63

AD 63 (LXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Regulus and Rufus (or, less frequently, year 816 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 63 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Vespasian becomes governor of Africa (estimated year).
 * Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is restored to command after the Roman debacle at the Battle of Rhandeia. He invades Armenia and defeats Tiridates I, who accepts Roman sovereignty. Parthia withdraws from the war.
 * Pompeii, the city at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, builds a new monumental forum, after the town is heavily damaged by a strong earthquake.

Religion

 * According to legend, Joseph of Arimathea goes to Glastonbury on the first Christian mission to Britain.
 * Apostle Paul possibly visits Spain.

Arts and sciences

 * Aulus Cornelius Celsus writes a dictionary (encyclopedia) on the arts and sciences.

Births

 * Dou, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 97)

Deaths

 * Claudia Augusta, daughter of Nero
 * Mark the Evangelist (traditional date) (see AD 61)

title: AD 63


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AD 64

AD 64 (LXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 64th Year of the Anno Domini designation, the 64th year of the 1st millennium, the 64th year of the 1st century, and the 4th year of the 7th decade. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Crassus (or, less frequently, year 817 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 64 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * July 1827 – Great Fire of Rome: A fire begins which destroyed three of fourteen of the administrative regions of Rome, more commonly known as the Palatine hill, the Circus Maximus, and the Oppian hill. Also suffering severe damage were the Campus Martius and the Via Lata.
 * Persecution of Christians in Rome begins under Nero. Peter the Apostle is possibly among those crucified.
 * Nero proposes a new urban planning program based on the creation of buildings decorated with ornate porticos, the widening of the streets and the use of open spaces. This plan will not be applied until after his death in AD 68.
 * Lyon sends a large sum of money to Rome to aid in the reconstruction. However, during the winter of AD 64–65, Lyon suffers a catastrophic fire itself, and Nero reciprocates by sending money to Lyon.

Asia

 * The Kushan sack the ancient town of Taxila (in modern-day Pakistan).

Religion

 * First Epistle of Peter written from Babylon according to traditional Christian belief.
 * Paul leaves Titus in Crete as bishop (approximate date) Then goes to Asia Minor

Arts and sciences

 * Seneca proclaims the equality of all men, including slaves.

Births

 * September 13 – Julia Flavia, daughter of Titus and lover of his brother Domitian (d. AD 96)
 * Julia Agricola, daughter of Gnaeus Julius Agricola
 * Philo of Byblos, Phoenician historian and writer (d. 141)

Deaths

 * October 13 — Peter the Apostle (Margherita Guarducci, who led the research leading to the rediscovery of Peter's reputed tomb in 1963, concluded that Peter died on that date, shortly after the Great Fire of Rome and during the festivities to mark "dies imperii" of Emperor Nero, and that Peter and other Christians were crucified in honor of the decennial of Nero's October 13, AD 54 ascension to the imperial throne.) (b. 1 BC)
 * Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus, Roman consul (b. AD 16)
 * Paul the Apostle (earliest date) (b. AD 5)
 * Yin Lihua, Chinese empress (b. AD 5)

title: AD 64


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AD 65

AD 65 (LXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nerva and Vestinus (or, less frequently, year 818 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 65 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * April 19 – The freedman Milichus betrays the Pisonian conspiracy led by Gaius Calpurnius Piso to kill Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
 * An epidemic afflicts Rome.
 * After a stage performance in which he appears and shocks the senatorial class considerably, Nero engages in a series of reprisals against Seneca the Younger and Tigellinus, pro-republican senators, and anyone else he distrusts.
 * Nero's pregnant wife, Poppea Sabina, dies from Nero kicking her stomach or while having a miscarriage.

Religion

 * Paul of Tarsus ordains Timothy as bishop of Ephesus (traditional date).
 * Paul writes his first epistle to Timothy in Corinth; afterwards, he goes to Nikopoli to spend the winter.
 * In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made.
 * The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter.

Births

 * Philopappos, Greek prince of Commagene (d. AD 116)
 * Tiberius Claudius Atticus Herodes, Greek aristocrat

Deaths

 * April 30 – Lucan, Roman poet and philosopher (b. AD 39)
 * Faenius Rufus, Roman praetorian prefect (executed)
 * Gaius Calpurnius Piso, Roman consul (approximate date)
 * Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus, Roman procurator
 * Jude the Apostle, Christian martyr (approximate date)
 * Lucius Antistius Vetus, Roman consul and governor
 * Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, Roman politician
 * Marcus Julius Vestinus Atticus, Roman politician
 * Marcus Ostorius Scapula, Roman politician
 * Plautius Lateranus, Roman politician (executed)
 * Poppea Sabina, second wife of Nero (b. AD 30)
 * Seneca, Roman statesman and tutor of Nero (b. AD 1)
 * Simon the Zealot, Christian martyr (approximate date)

title: AD 65


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AD 66

AD 66 (LXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Telesinus and Paullinus (or, less frequently, year 819 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 66 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * September 22 – Emperor Nero creates the Legio I Italica. He appoints Titus Flavius Vespasian as General of the army of Judea, and Governor of Judea which gives him command of three legions — V Macedonica, X Fretensis and XV Apollinaris.
 * October – The Jewish Revolt commences against the Roman Empire. The Zealots lay siege to Jerusalem and annihilate the Roman garrison (a cohort of Legio III Cyrenaica). The Sicarii capture the fortress of Masada overlooking the Dead Sea.
 * Mid–late October – Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, marches into Judea and leads a Roman army of 30,000 men to put down the Jewish rebellion. At its core is Legio XII Fulminata, plus 2,000 selected men from the other three Syrian legions, six more cohorts of infantry and four alae of cavalry, plus over 14,000 auxiliaries furnished by Rome's eastern allies, including Herod Agrippa II and two other client kings, Antiochus IV of Commagene and Sohaemus of Emesa, who lead their forces (largely archers and cavalry) in person.
 * Gallus leads his main force down the coast from Caesarea via Antipatris to Lydda, detaching other units, by land and sea, to neutralize the rebel strongholds at Joppa, Narbata and the Tower of Aphek. With Galilee and the entire Judean coast in his hands, Gallus assumes his campaign before the winter rains render the roads impassable. He turns inland and marches on Jerusalem, taking the road via the plain at Emmaus. Gallus succeeds in conquering Beit She'arim (the "New City") on the Bezetha Hill.
 * November – Battle of Beth-Horon: Gallus abandons the siege of Jerusalem and chooses, for uncertain reasons, to withdraw west to winter quarters, where he is ambushed and defeated by Judean rebels. Some 5,300 Roman troops are killed, as well as all their pack animals, their artillery (which is to serve the Jews of Jerusalem during Titus's siege operations four years later), and the greatest disgrace of all, the eagle standard of Legio XII Fulminata. Gallus abandons his troops in disarray, fleeing to Syria.

Britannia

 * Suetonius Paullinus, governor of Britannia, becomes a Roman Consul.
 * The Roman Legio II Augusta is stationed at Gloucester.

Asia

 * Baekje invades Silla in the Korean Peninsula, and captures Castle Ugok.

Arts and sciences

 * Dioscorides writes his De Materia Medica, a treatise on the methodical treatment of disease by use of medicine (approximate date).

Astronomy

 * Halley's Comet is visible.

Religion

 * The first and second Epistles to Timothy are written (speculative date, if actually written by St. Paul).
 * Paul in Asia Minor for second time after his release from Rome. Then probably goes to Greece. Second imprisonment in Rome.

Deaths

 * Claudia Antonia, daughter of Claudius (b. AD 30)
 * Gaius Anicius Cerialis, Roman suffect consul
 * Gaius Petronius Arbiter, Roman politician (b. AD 27)
 * Lucius Annius Vinicianus, Roman politician (b. AD 36)
 * Marcia Servilia Sorana, Roman noblewoman
 * Rufrius Crispinus, Roman praetorian prefect

title: AD 66


text:
AD 67

AD 67 (LXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Julius Rufus and Fonteius Capito (or, less frequently, year 820 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 67 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Gaius Julius Vindex revolts, first in a series of revolts that lead to Nero's downfall.
 * Gaius Licinius Mucianus replaces Gaius Cestius Gallus as governor of Syria.
 * First Jewish–Roman War: Vespasian arrives in Ptolemais in Phoenicia along with the Legio X Fretensis and Legio V Macedonica, to put down the revolt.
 * Vespasian is joined by his son Titus, who brings Legio XV Apollinaris from Alexandria. By late spring the Roman army numbers more than 60,000 soldiers, including auxilia and troops of King Herod Agrippa II.
 * Jewish leaders at Jerusalem are divided through a power struggle, and a brutal civil war erupts. The Zealots and the Sicarii execute anyone who tries to leave the city.
 * Siege of Yodfat: Its 40,000 Jewish inhabitants are massacred. The historian Josephus, leader of the rebels in Galilee, is captured by the Romans. Vespasian is wounded in the foot by an arrow fired from the city wall.
 * The Jewish fortress of Gamla in the Golan falls to the Romans, and its inhabitants are massacred.
 * Nero travels to Greece, where he participates in the Olympic Games and other festivals.
 * Nero, jealous of the success of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo in Armenia, orders that he be put to death. Corbulo literally "falls on his sword".

Religion

 * Apostles Peter and Paul are martyred in Rome (possible date).
 * Linus succeeds Peter, as the second Bishop of Rome.

Births

 * Myeongnim Dap-bu, Korean prime minister (d. 179)
 * Publius Juventius Celsus, Roman consul (d. 130)

Deaths

 * Cestius Gallus, Roman politician and governor
 * Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman general (b. c. AD 7)
 * Lucius Domitius Paris, Roman freedman and actor
 * Paul the Apostle, Christian martyr (b. c. AD 5)
 * Paulinus of Antioch, Roman bishop and martyr
 * Publius Rufus Anteius, Roman politician
 * Publius Sulpicius Scribonius, Roman politician

title: AD 67


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AD 71

AD 71 (LXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vespasian and Nerva (or, less frequently, year 824 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 71 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The Romans establish a fortress at York (Eboracum), as a base for their northern forces. Initially established solely for Legio IX Hispana, it expands later to include public housing, baths and temples.
 * Battle of Stanwick: Quintus Petillius Cerialis, governor of Britain, puts down a revolt by the Brigantes.
 * Emperors Vespasian and Marcus Cocceius Nerva are Roman Consuls.
 * Battle of Treves: Cerialis defeats Claudius Civilis, thus quelling the Batavian rebellion.
 * Titus is awarded with a triumph, accompanied by Vespasian and his brother Titus Flavius Domitian. In the parade are Jewish prisoners and treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. The leader of the Zealots, Simon Bar Giora, is lashed and strangled in the Forum.
 * Titus is made praetorian prefect of the Praetorian Guard and receives pro-consular command and also tribunician power, all of which indicates that Vespasian will follow the hereditary tradition of succession.
 * Herodium, a Jewish fortress south of Jerusalem, is conquered and destroyed by Legio X Fretensis on their way to Masada.
 * Doncaster is founded by Roman settlers. The area was originally known as Danum.

Asia

 * Reign of Rabel II, king of Nabataea. He makes Bostra, Syria, his second capital.

Religion

 * Mithraism begins to spread throughout the Roman Empire.

Births

 * Chadae, Korean king of Goguryeo (d. 165)

Deaths

 * Liu Ying, Chinese prince of the Han Dynasty who converted to Buddhism

title: AD 71


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AD 72

AD 72 (LXXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vespasian and Titus (or, less frequently, year 825 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 72 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Antiochus IV of Syria is deposed by Emperor Vespasian.
 * Vespasian and Titus are Roman Consuls.
 * First Jewish–Roman War: The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) under Sextus Lucilius Bassus lays siege to the Jewish garrison of Machaerus at the Dead Sea. After they capitulate, the Zealots are allowed to leave the fortress before it is destroyed.
 * The Romans lay siege to Masada, a desert fortress held by the Sicarii.
 * Flavia Neapolis (Nablus) is founded.
 * Vespasian starts the building of the Colosseum; the amphitheatre is used for gladiatorial games and public spectacles, such as sea battles, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas of Classical mythology.

Births

 * Julia Balbilla, princess of Commagene

Deaths

 * July 3 – Thomas the Apostle, Christian preacher and martyr (according to Roman Catholic tradition)

title: AD 72


text:
AD 73

AD 73 (LXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Domitian and Messalinus (or, less frequently, year 826 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 73 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Vespasian and Titus are appointed to be Roman censors.
 * Spring – The Roman governor Lucius Flavius Silva lays siege to Masada, the last outpost of the Jewish rebels following the end, in AD 70, of the First Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Revolt). The Roman army (Legio X Fretensis) surrounds the mountain fortress with a 7-mile long siege wall (circumvallation) and builds a rampart of stones and beaten earth against the western approach. After the citadel is conquered, 960 Zealots under the leadership of Eleazar ben Ya'ir commit mass suicide when defeat becomes imminent.
 * Pliny the Elder serves as procurator in Hispania Tarraconensis.
 * Titus Flavius Domitianus becomes Roman Consul.
 * Emperor Vespasian begins conquest of territory east of the upper Rhine and south of the Main. In addition, he reorganizes the defenses of the upper and lower Danube.

Asia

 * February – The Chinese Han Dynasty launches a major campaign against the Xiongnu, whom they confront in the Battle of Yiwulu in the Kumul oasis, an ultimate Han military victory led by General Dou Gu (d. AD 88).
 * Ban Chao (Pan-Ch’ao), competing with the Xiongnu, imposes a Chinese protectorate on the kings of Lop Nor and Khotan in the Tarim basin, with the aim of controlling the Silk Road.

Arts and sciences

 * Martial writes a satire on "military cowardice".

Births

 * Titus Flavius Hyrcanus, Roman aristocrat

title: AD 73


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AD 74

AD 74 (LXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Titus (third time) and Vespasian (fifth time) (or, less frequently, year 827 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 74 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consuls.
 * The Black Forest region is reattached to the Roman Empire.
 * December 27 – Vespasian grants generous privileges to doctors and teachers.

Asia

 * The Chinese reestablish a protectorate of the Western Regions.
 * Chinese generals Dou Gu (Teou Kou) and Geng Bing (Keng Ping) take control of Turpan.

Arts and Science

 * Mesopotamia: The last known cuneiform text is written.

Births

 * March 18 – Hyginus, bishop of Rome

Deaths

 * Caenis, Roman slave and secretary of Antonia Minor (mother of Emperor Claudius) and mistress of Emperor Vespasian
 * Polemon II, prince of the Bosporan Kingdom, Pontus, Cilicia and Cappadocia

title: AD 74


text:
AD 75

AD 75 (LXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Vespasianus (or, less frequently, year 828 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 75 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consuls.
 * The Temple of Peace, also known as the Forum of Vespasian, is built in Rome. The temple celebrates the conquest of Jerusalem (in AD 70) and houses the Menorah from Herod's Temple.
 * Vespasian fortifies Armazi (Georgia) for the Iberian king Mithridates I. The Alans raid the Roman frontier in Armenia.
 * Sextus Julius Frontinus becomes governor of Britannia and makes his headquarters in Isca Augusta (Wales).
 * Frontinus begins his conquest of Wales; Legio II Augusta is moved to the border of the River Usk.

Asia

 * Accession of Han Zhangdi of the Han dynasty (until AD 88).
 * Revolt against the Chinese in Tarim: Cachera and Turpan are besieged. Luoyang orders the evacuation of Tarim. Ban Chao makes the rebels retreat towards Khotan. At the same time, the Chinese army of Ganzhou reconquers Turpan in Northern Xiongnu. Ban Chao convinces the emperor of the need to control Central Asia in the fight against Xiongnu.

Births

 * Suetonius, Roman historian (approximate date) (d. c. 122)
 * Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus, Cilician prince (d. 150)

Deaths

 * Chen Mu, Chinese governor and general
 * Guo Xun, Chinese general
 * Han Mingdi, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. AD 28)

title: AD 75


text:
AD 76

AD 76 (LXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Titus and Vespasianus (or, less frequently, year 829 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 76 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperors Vespasianus Augustus and Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consuls.
 * Governor Sextus Julius Frontinus subdues the Silures and other hostile tribes of Wales, establishing a fortress at Caerleon or Isca Augusta for Legio II Augusta, and makes a network of smaller forts for his auxiliary forces.

China

 * First year of Jianchu era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

Art and Science

 * Chinese historian Ban Gu develops a theory of the origins of the universe.

Religion

 * Pope Anacletus I succeeds Pope Linus as the third pope of the Catholic Church (according to the official Vatican list).

Births

 * January 24 – Hadrian, Roman emperor (d. 138)

Deaths

 * Linus, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
 * Marcus Vettius Bolanus, Roman politician and governor (b. 33 AD)
 * Nicanor the Deacon, Greek missionary and martyr
 * Quintus Asconius Pedianus, Roman historian (b. 9 BC)

title: AD 76


text:
AD 77

AD 77 (LXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vespasian and Titus (or, less frequently, year 830 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 77 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Gnaeus Julius Agricola is named governor of Britannia, a post he occupies until AD 84. He extends the Roman influence to the mouth of the River Clyde (Scotland), and builds fortifications.
 * Agricola subdues the Ordovices in Wales, and pursues the remnants of the tribe to Anglesey, the holy island of the Druids.
 * The Caledonian tribes in Scotland form a confederacy of 30,000 warriors, under the leadership of Calgacus.
 * Winter – Agricola conquers Anglesey, and disperses his army to their winter quarters.

Asia

 * King Giru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean Peninsula.

Arts and sciences

 * Pliny the Elder publishes the first ten books of Naturalis Historia.
 * The Romans develop a simple method of distillation.

Deaths

 * Daru of Baekje, Korean king

title: AD 77


text:
AD 78

AD 78 (LXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Novius and Commodus (or, less frequently, year 831 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 78 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The Romans conquer the Ordovices, located in present-day northern Wales, as well as the Silures.
 * Gnaeus Julius Agricola replaces Sextus Julius Frontinus as governor of Roman Britain, which leads to the conquering of portions of Wales and northern England.

Asia

 * Indian Prince Aji Caka introduces the Sanskrit language and Pallawa script, used to inscribe Javanese words and phrases, to the Indonesian islands.
 * Emperor Kadphises of the Kushan Empire sends a delegation to Rome, to seek support against the Parthians.
 * This is the base year (year zero) of the Saka era used by some Hindu calendars, the Indian national calendar, and the Cambodian Buddhist calendar. It begins near the vernal equinox for the civil solar calendar, but begins opposite the star Spica for the traditional solar calendar.
 * Pacorus II becomes king of the Parthian Empire (r. 78–115).

Philosophy

 * The Chinese philosopher Wang Chong (Wang-Ch'ung) claims all phenomena have material causes.

Births

 * Liu Qing, Chinese prince of the Han Dynasty (d. 106)
 * Wang Fu, Chinese historian, poet and philosopher (approximate date)
 * Zhang Heng, Chinese mathematician, astronomer, inventor, and statesman (d. 139)

Deaths

 * Gaius Salonius Matidius Patruinus, Roman politician
 * Vologases I, king of the Parthian Empire

title: AD 78


text:
AD 80

AD 80 (LXXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Domitianus (or, less frequently, year 833 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 80 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Titus completes and inaugurates the Colosseum with 100 days of games.
 * The earliest stage of Lullingstone Roman villa is built.
 * The Roman occupation of Britain reaches the River Tyne–Solway Firth frontier area. Gnaeus Julius Agricola creates a fleet for the conquest of Caledonia; he finally proves that Britannia is an island.
 * Legio II Adiutrix is stationed at Lindum Colonia (modern Lincoln). The city is an important settlement for retired Roman legionaries.
 * The original Roman Pantheon is destroyed in a fire, along with many other buildings.
 * The Eifel Aqueduct is constructed to bring water 95 km from the Eifel region to Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensum (modern Cologne).
 * An epidemic afflicts Rome.
 * Martial publishes the Liber Spectaculorum.

Asia

 * Some 30,000 Asian tribesmen migrate from the steppes to the west with 40,000 horses and 100,000 cattle, joining with Iranian tribesmen and with Mongols from the Siberian forests to form a group that will be known in Europe as the Huns.
 * King Pasa becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla.

Art and Science

 * The aeolipile, the first steam engine, is described by Hero of Alexandria.

Religion

 * The Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles are written (approximate date).

Births

 * Aspasius, Greek philosopher and writer (approximate date)
 * Aśvaghoṣa, Indian philosopher and poet (d. c. 150)
 * Yin, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (d. 103)

Deaths

 * Kujula Kadphises, Kushan prince (approximate date)
 * Lucius Vipstanus Messalla, Roman politician
 * Philip the Apostle, Christian apostle and martyr
 * Talhae of Silla, Korean ruler of Silla
 * Vologases II, king of the Parthian Empire
 * Zhao Xi, Chinese politician (b. AD 4)

title: AD 80


text:
AD 82

AD 82 (LXXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Sabinus (or, less frequently, year 835 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 82 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Domitian becomes Roman Consul.
 * Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet, and encircles the Celtic tribes beyond the Forth; the Caledonians rise in great numbers against the Romans. They attack the camp of Legio IX Hispana at night, but Agricola sends his cavalry in, and puts them to flight.
 * Calgacus unites the Picts (30,000 men) in Scotland, and is made chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy.
 * Dio Chrysostom is banished from Rome, Italy, and Bithynia, after advising one of the Emperor's conspiring relatives.
 * Domitian levies Legio I Minervia.

Births

 * Wang Fu, Chinese historian and philosopher (d. 167)

Deaths

 * Anianus, Patriarch of Alexandria

title: AD 82


text:
AD 83

AD 83 (LXXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Quintus Petillius Rufus (or, less frequently, year 836 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 83 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (AD 83 or 84): According to Tacitus, 10,000 Britons and 360 Romans are killed.
 * Emperor Domitian fights the Chatti, a Germanic tribe. His victory allows the construction of fortifications (Limes) along the Rhine-frontier.
 * The Roman fort Inchtuthil is built in Scotland.
 * Domitian is, again, also a Roman Consul.
 * Possible date that Demetrius of Tarsus visits an island in the Hebrides populated by holy men, possibly druids.
 * In Rome, the castration of slaves is prohibited.

Births

 * Vibia Sabina, Roman empress (d. c. 136)

Deaths

 * Marcus Pompeius Silvanus, Roman politician
 * Pomponia Graecina, Roman noblewoman

title: AD 83


text:
AD 84

AD 84 (LXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Sabinus (or, less frequently, year 837 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 84 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (AD 83 or 84), in which Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeats the Caledonians.
 * Emperor Domitian recalls Agricola back to Rome, where he is rewarded with a triumph and the governorship of the Roman province of Africa, but he declines it.
 * Pliny the Younger is sevir equitum Romanorum (commander of a cavalry squadron).
 * The construction of the limes, a line of Roman fortifications from the Rhine to the Danube, has begun.
 * Through his election as consul for ten years and censor for life, Domitian openly subordinates the republican aspect of the state to the monarchical.
 * Domitian increases the troops' pay by one third, thus securing their loyalty.

Asia

 * Change from Jianchu to Yuanhe era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.

Deaths

 * Luke the Evangelist, Greek physician and martyr
 * Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul married Julia Flavia (executed)

title: AD 84


text:
AD 85

AD 85 (LXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Fulvus (or, less frequently, year 838 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 85 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Dacians under Decebalus engage in two wars against the Romans from this year to AD 88 or 89.
 * Emperor Domitian repulses a Dacian invasion of Moesia.
 * Domitian appoints himself censor for life, which gives him the right to control the Senate. His totalitarian tendencies put the senatorial aristocracy firmly in opposition to him.

Asia

 * Baekje invades the outskirts of Silla in the Korean peninsula. The war continues until the peace treaty of 105.

Births

 * Marcion of Sinope, Greek theologian and founder of Marcionism (d. 160)
 * Vibia Matidia (the Younger), Roman noblewoman (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Gaius Oppius Sabinus, Roman politician and governor
 * Lucius Mindius, Roman politician and aristocrat
 * Titus Atilius Rufus, Roman politician and governor

title: AD 85


text:
AD 86

AD 86 (LXXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Petronianus (or, less frequently, year 839 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 86 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Domitian introduces the Capitoline Games.
 * Roman general (and future emperor) Trajan begins a campaign to crush an uprising in Germania.
 * Germania is divided into two provinces, Germania Inferior and Germania Superior (approximate date).
 * Martial publishes Books I and II of the Epigrams.

Dacia

 * First Battle of Tapae: Roman legions face disaster in Dacia, when Roman general Cornelius Fuscus launches a powerful offensive that becomes a failure. Encircled in the valley of Timi, he dies along with his entire army. Rome must pay tribute to the Dacians in exchange for a vague recognition of Rome's importance.

Asia

 * Ban Gu (Pan Kou) and his sister Ban Zhao (Pan Tchao) compose the History of China.

Births

 * September 19 – Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor (d. 161)

Deaths

 * Cornelius Fuscus, Roman general and praetorian prefect

title: AD 86


text:
AD 87

AD 87 (LXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Saturninus (or, less frequently, year 840 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 87 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The Roman Julius Maternus explores western Africa (approximate date).
 * Lyon, a city in Gaul, has a population of over 100,000 citizens (approximate date).
 * Sextus Julius Sparsus gains power in the Roman Senate (approximate date).

Europe

 * Decebalus becomes king of Dacia.

Births

 * Pothinus, bishop of Lyon (approximate date)
 * Rupilia Faustina, Roman noblewoman (approximate date)

title: AD 87


text:
AD 88

AD 88 (LXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Rufus (or, less frequently, year 841 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 88 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Two Egyptian obelisks are erected in Benevento in front of the Temple of Isis, in honour of Emperor Domitian.
 * Quintilian retires from teaching and from pleading, to compose his great work on the training of the orator (Institutio Oratoria).
 * The First Dacian War ends: Decebalus becomes a client king of Rome, he receives money, craftsmen and war machines to protect the borders (limes) of the Roman Empire.

Asia

 * Emperor Han Zhangdi dies at age 31 after a 13-year reign in which Chinese military forces have become powerful enough to march against tribes who threaten their northern and western borders. Having used intrigue as well as armed might to achieve his ends, Zhangdi and his General Ban Chao have reestablished Chinese influence in Inner Asia, but court eunuchs have increased their power during the emperor's reign. Zhangdi is succeeded by his 9-year-old son Zhao, who will reign until 105 as emperor Han Hedi, but he will be a virtual pawn of Empress Dou (adoptive mother) and scheming courtiers who will effectively rule the Chinese Empire.
 * Last year (4th) of yuanhe era and start of zhanghe era of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.

Religion

 * Pope Clement I succeeds Pope Anacletus I as the fourth pope.

Deaths

 * Dou Gu, Chinese general of the Han dynasty
 * Gaius Vettulenus Civica Cerealis, Roman politician
 * Han Zhangdi, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. AD 57)

title: AD 88


text:
AD 89

AD 89 (LXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Fulvus and Atratinus (or, less frequently, year 842 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 89 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * January 1 – Lucius Antonius Saturninus incites a revolt against Emperor Domitian (it is suppressed by January 24).
 * Legio XIII Gemina is transferred to Dacia, to help in the war against King Decebalus.
 * Aquincum (old Budapest, Óbuda) is founded (approximate date).

Asia

 * First year of Yongyuan era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
 * June – Battle of Ikh Bayan: The Han Chinese army under Dou Xian, allied with the southern Xiongnu, is victorious over the Northern Xiongnu.

Religion

 * Polycarpus I, Greek bishop of Byzantium, dies after a 20-year reign and is succeeded by Plutarch.
 * The Gospel of Matthew is published in Syria or Phoenicia, by a converted Jewish scholar.

Births

 * Sindae, Korean ruler of Goguryeo (d. 179)

Deaths

 * Lucius Antonius Saturninus, Roman politician and general
 * Polycarpus I, Greek bishop of Byzantium

title: AD 89


text:
AD 90

AD 90 (XC) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Domitian and Nerva (or, less frequently, year 843 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 90 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The Romans build a small fort for the garrison in the suburbs of modern Regensburg (approximate date).
 * Pliny the Younger's appointment as urban quaestor ends.
 * Emperor Domitian and Nerva are Roman Consuls.
 * Cologne becomes the capital of Germania Inferior.
 * A humiliating peace is bought by Domitian, from King Decebalus of Dacia.
 * An epidemic afflicts Rome.

Asia

 * Continuing his conquest of the Tarim Basin, Chinese General Ban Chao defeats the Kushan, led by Kanishka.

Art

 * The Young Flavian Woman is made. It is now kept at Musei Capitolini, Rome (approximate date).

Literature

 * Roman epic poet Gaius Valerius Flaccus dies, having written works that include the Argonautica, describing the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from the mythical land of Colchis.

Religion

 * The Gospel of John is drafted (possible date).

Births

 * Ishmael ben Elishha, Jewish rabbi (approximate date)
 * Quintus Tuneius Rufus, Roman politician (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Gaius Valerius Flaccus, Roman poet (approximate date)
 * Pedanius Dioscorides, Greek physician (approximate date)
 * Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis I, Roman client king

title: AD 90


text:
AD 91

AD 91 (XCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Glabrio and Traianus (or, less frequently, year 844 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 91 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Manius Acilius Glabrio and Marcus Ulpius Traianus become Roman Consuls.
 * Pliny the Younger is named a tribunus plebis.

Asia

 * The Chinese government reestablishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions.
 * Chinese government official Ha-li Jako Sin starts his trek to the capital.

Art and Science

 * Rome is described by Statius in his poems.

Deaths

 * Gaius Vipstanus Apronianus, Roman politician, governor
 * Julia Flavia, daughter of Titus, lover of his brother Domitian (b. AD 64)
 * Publius Valerius Patruinus, Roman politician, governor

title: AD 91


text:
AD 92

AD 92 (XCII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Saturninus (or, less frequently, year 845 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 92 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Domitian becomes a Roman Consul.
 * In spring, several tribes (probably Marcomanni, Quadi, Jazyges) cross the Danube and attack Pannonia, probably destroying Legio XXI Rapax. These tribes are defeated from May to December 92, and chased back over the river. The Romans do not pursue the retreating tribes.
 * The Roman army moves into Mesopotamia (modern Syria).
 * The Flavian Palace is completed on the Palatine.

Births

 * Pope Anicetus

Deaths

 * April 9 – Yuan An, Chinese administrator, scholar and statesman
 * Antipas of Pergamum, Roman bishop, martyr
 * Ban Gu, Chinese historian, poet and writer (b. AD 32)
 * Dou Xian, Chinese general and statesman of the Eastern Han dynasty
 * Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes, prince of Commagene (b. AD 38)

title: AD 92


text:
AD 93

AD 93 (XCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pompeius and Priscinus (or, less frequently, year 846 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 93 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Domitian persecutes the Christians.
 * Pliny the Younger is named a praetor.

Asia

 * The Xianbei incorporates 100,000 Xiongnu, and establishes the Xianbei State in Mongolia (approximate date).

Literature

 * Josephus completes his Jewish Antiquities (or in AD 94).

Deaths

 * August 23 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman general and governor (b. AD 40)
 * Arulenus Rusticus, Roman politician and Stoic philosopher (executed)
 * Herennius Senecio, Roman Stoic philosopher and writer (executed)
 * Lucius Antistius Rusticus, Roman politician and governor

title: AD 93


text:
AD 94

AD 94 (XCIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Calpurnius and Magius (or, less frequently, year 847 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 94 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Domitian rebuilds and rededicates the Curia Julia (meeting place of the Roman Senate), which had burned down in AD 64.
 * Domitian banishes all Stoic philosophers from Rome.

Asia

 * The Chinese General Ban Chao completes his conquest of the Tarim Basin by taking Yānqi, which is located on the strategic Silk Road.

Literature

 * The Roman poet Publius Papinius Statius retires to Naples from Rome (approximate date).

Births

 * An of Han, Chinese emperor (d. 125)

Deaths

 * Guo Gong [ zh], Eastern Han Dynasty official

title: AD 94


text:
AD 95

AD 95 (XCV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 95th Year of the Anno Domini (AD) designation, the 95th year of the 1st millennium, the 95th year of the end of the 1st century, and the 5th year of the 10th decade. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Clemens (or, less frequently, year 848 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 95 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Domitian and Titus Flavius Clemens become Roman Consuls.
 * Domitian executes senators out of paranoiac fears that they are plotting to kill him.
 * The Roman consul Manius Acilius Glabrio is ordered by Domitian to descend into the arena of the Colosseum to fight a lion. After he kills the animal, Domitian banishes and puts him to death.

Epidemic

 * In Rome a severe form of malaria appears in the farm districts and will continue for the next 500 years, taking out of cultivation the fertile land of the Campagna, whose market gardens supply the city with fresh products. The fever drives small groups of farmers into the crowded city, bringing the malaria with them, and lowers Rome's live-birth rate while rates elsewhere in the empire are rising.

Religion

 * The Book of Revelation is written (approximate date).
 * Possible date for the writing of the First Epistle of Peter.

Births

 * Appian of Alexandria, Greek historian and writer (d. 165)

Deaths

 * Avilius of Alexandria, patriarch of Alexandria
 * Epaphroditus, Roman freedman of Nero (executed)
 * Flavius Scorpus, Roman charioteer (b. c. AD 68)
 * Manius Acilius Glabrio, Roman politician (executed)

title: AD 95


text:
AD 97

AD 97 (XCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Rufus (or, less frequently, year 850 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 97 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * October 28 – Emperor Nerva recalls his general Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, age 44, from the German frontier and is forced by the Praetorian Guard to adopt him as his successor.
 * Tacitus advances to consulship.
 * The Roman colony of Cuicul is started in Numidia.
 * Gloucester, England is founded as Colonia Glevum Nervensis by the Romans.
 * Nerva recognizes the Sanhedrin of Jamnia as an official governmental body of the Jews, and the patriarch or nasi is designated as the representative of the Jewish people in Rome.
 * Sextus Julius Frontinus is appointed superintendent of the aqueducts (curator aquarum) in Rome. At least 10 aqueducts supply the city with 250 e6USgal of water per day. The public baths use half the supply.

China

 * Gan Ying, is sent as an emissary to Daquin (Rome), though he is turned back by the Parthians.

Religion

 * Evaristus succeeds Pope Clement I as the fifth pope (according to Catholic tradition; none of the popes until the mid second century is certain).

Deaths

 * Lucius Verginius Rufus, Roman politician and general (b. AD 15)
 * Timothy, Christian evangelist and saint (b. AD 17)
 * Titus Petronius Secundus, Roman prefect (b. AD 40)
 * Zhangde, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty

title: AD 97


text:
AD 98

AD 98 (XCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Traianus (or, less frequently, year 851 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 98 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * January 1 – Emperor Nerva suffers a stroke during a private audience.
 * January 27 – Nerva dies of a fever at his villa in the Gardens of Sallust and is succeeded by his adopted son Trajan. Trajan is the first Roman Emperor born in Italica, near Seville. A brilliant soldier and administrator, he enters Rome without ceremony and wins over the public. Continuing the policies of Augustus, Vespasian and Nerva, he restores the Senate to its full status in the government and begins a form of state welfare aimed at assuring that poor children are fed and taken care of. He has a specific vision of the Empire, which reaches its maximum extent under his rule, and keeps a close watch on finances. Taxes, without any increase, are sufficient during his reign to pay the considerable costs of the budget. The informers used by Domitian to support his tyranny are expelled from Rome. In order to maintain the Port of Alexandria, Trajan reopens the canal between the Nile and the Red Sea.
 * Trajan elevates Ladenburg to city status (civitas).

Arts and sciences

 * Tacitus finishes his Germania (approximate date).

Commerce

 * The silver content of the Roman denarius rises to 93 percent under emperor Trajan, up from 92 percent under Domitian.

Deaths

 * January 27 – Nerva, Roman emperor (b. AD 30)
 * Casperius Aelianus, Roman praetorian prefect (b. AD 14)

title: AD 98


text:
AD 99

AD 99 (XCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Palma and Senecio (or, less frequently, year 852 Ab urbe condita). The denomination AD 99 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Trajan returns to Rome
 * Emissaries of the Kushan Empire reach the Roman Empire.
 * Richimerus I fights a battle with a combined army of Romans and Gauls at Basana near Aachen.

 * 29 August - Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 581, recording the sale of a slave girl, is written.

Religion

 * 23 November - Pope Evaristus succeeds Pope Clement I as the fifth pope according to Roman Catholic tradition.

Births

 * Narcissus of Jerusalem, Christian bishop and saint (d. c. 216)

Deaths

 * Clement I, pope of the Catholic Church

title: AD 99


text:
AD 100

AD 100 (C) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was sometimes referred to as year 853 ab urbe condita, i.e., 853 years since the founding of Rome in 753 B.C. The denomination AD 100 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

This year saw Pacores, the last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, ascend to the throne. In the Americas, the Moche culture developed around this time, and Teotihuacan, a major city at the centre of modern-day Mexico, reached a population of around 60,000-80,000.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Trajan and Sextus Julius Frontinus become Roman Consuls.
 * Bricks become the primary building material in the Roman Empire.
 * Pliny the Younger advances to consulship, giving his panegyric on Trajan in the process.
 * The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers.
 * Titus Avidius Quietus' rule as governor of Roman Britain ends.
 * Timgad (Thamugas), a Roman colonial town in North Africa, is founded by Trajan.
 * Trajan creates a policy intended to restore the former economic supremacy of Italy.
 * The future emperor, Hadrian, marries Vibia Sabina.

Europe

 * Lions have become extinct in Greece by this year.

Asia

 * Pakores (last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom) takes the throne.
 * Paper is used by the general populace in China, starting around this year.
 * The Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut.

Americas

 * The Hopewell tradition begins in what is now Ohio c. this date.
 * Teotihuacan, a major city at the centre of modern-day Mexico, reaches a population of around 60,000-80,000.
 * The Moche civilization emerges, and starts building a society in present-day Peru.

Arts and sciences

 * In China, the wheelbarrow makes its first appearance.
 * Main hall, Markets of Trajan, Rome, is made (until AD 112).

Religion

 * Appearance of the first Christian dogma and formulas regarding morality.
 * The Gospel of John is widely believed to have been written around this date.
 * The compilation of the Kama sutra begins in India.
 * The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China.
 * The Fourth Buddhist Council is convened c. this year.

Births

 * Fa Zhen (or Gaoqing), Chinese scholar (d. 188)
 * Faustina the Elder, Roman empress
 * Justin Martyr, Christian apologist and saint (approximate date)
 * Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Roman grammarian, rhetorician and advocate (d. 170)
 * Ptolemy, Greek astrologer, astronomer, geographer and mathematician (d. 170)
 * Quintus Junius Rusticus, Roman teacher and politician (approximate date)
 * Quintus Tineius Sacerdos Clemens, Roman politician (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Agrippa II, Jewish king of Judea (b. AD 27)
 * Apollonius of Tyana, Greek philosopher (b. AD 15)
 * Josephus, Jewish historian and writer (b. AD 37)
 * John the Apostle of Jesus Christ (approximate date, b. AD 6)
 * Wang Chong, Chinese philosopher (b. AD 27)

title: AD 100


text:
543

Year

Europe

 * Spring – Siege of Naples (542–543): The Byzantine garrison (1,000 men) in Naples surrenders to the Ostrogoths, pressed by famine and demoralized by the failure of two relief efforts. The defenders are well treated by King Totila, and the garrison is allowed safe departure, but the city walls are partly razed.

Africa

 * The fortress city of Old Dongola (modern Sudan) along the River Nile becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Makuria. Several churches are built, including the "Old Church" (approximate date).

Persia

 * Summer – Khosrow I, Shahanshah of the Sasanian Empire, invades Syria again, and turns south towards Edessa to besiege the fortress city.
 * The Hephthalites threaten the Sasanian Empire from the East. They extend their domain in Central Asia (approximate date).
 * A Byzantine invasion of Persarmenia is defeated at the Battle of Anglon by a much smaller force from the Sasanian Empire.

Asia

 * King Pulakeshin I establishes the Chalukya dynasty in India. He extends his kingdom by conquering Vakataka and the west coast of Karnataka, giving him access to the valuable Arabian Sea trade routes.

Learning

 * Approximate date – The Yupian (玉篇) Chinese dictionary is edited by Gu Yewang.

Religion

 * The doctrine of apocatastasis is condemned by the Synod of Constantinople.
 * Barsanuphius, a famous hermit close to Gaza, retreats fully from the world after the death of Seridus, abbot of the nearby monastery, and fellow hermit John the Prophet with whom he wrote over 850 letters to people seeking his advice and guidance. Aelianos follows Seridus as abbot of the monastery.

Births

 * Brunhilda, queen of Austrasia (approximate date)
 * Columbanus, Irish missionary (d. 615)
 * Jing Di, emperor of the Liang dynasty (d. 558)
 * Wu Di, emperor of Northern Zhou (d. 578)

Deaths

 * Octa, king of Kent (approximate date) (b. 500)
 * Adolius, Byzantine officer
 * John the Prophet, Palestinian hermit and Desert Father
 * Seridus of Gaza, Palestinian abbot

title: 543


text:
420s

The 420s decade ran from January 1, 420, to December 31, 429.

title: 420s


text:
AD 101

Year 101 (CI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Traianus and Paetus (or, less frequently, year 854 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 101 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Trajan begins his fourth consulship.
 * Emperor Trajan starts an expedition against Dacia, exceeding the limits of the Roman Empire set by Augustus.
 * Third Battle of Tapae: Roman forces, led by Trajan, defeated the Dacian king Decebalus in Transylvania.

Literature

 * Epictetus writes and publishes The Discourses of Epictetus (approximate date).

Births

 * January 13 – Lucius Aelius Caesar, Roman politician (d. 138)
 * Felicitas of Rome, Christian female martyr (d. 165)
 * Herodes Atticus, Greek rhetoritician (d. 177)

Deaths

 * Clement I, bishop of Rome (epistle to the Corinthians) (or 102 according to Roman Catholic tradition)
 * Gan Ying, Chinese ambassador of the Han dynasty
 * Jia Kui, Chinese scholar and philosopher (b. AD 30)
 * Silius Italicus, Roman politician and author of the Punica (annals of Hannibal during the Second Punic War) (b. c. AD 28)

title: AD 101


text:
431

Year 431 (CDXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Antiochus (or, less frequently, year 1184 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 431 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Aetius campaign in the Alps: Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), fights the rebellion population in Rhaetia (Switzerland) and Noricum (Austria). He is attested in the city of Vindelicia (modern Augsburg), reestablishing Roman rule on the Danube frontier.
 * Aetius pushes the Salian Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a foederatus of the Western Roman Empire.

Africa

 * Hippo Regius becomes the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. After 14 months of hunger and disease, the Vandals ravage the city. Emperor Theodosius II sends an imperial fleet with an army under command of Aspar, and lands at Carthage.
 * Aspar is routed by the Vandals and Flavius Marcian, future Byzantine emperor, is captured during the fighting. He negotiates a peace with King Genseric and maintains imperial authority in Carthage.

Central America

 * March 10 – K'uk' B'alam I, the first known ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque what is now the state of Chiapas in southern Mexico, comes to power and reigns until his death four years later in 435.
 * Possible date of the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption of the Ilopango caldera in central El Salvador.

Arts and Sciences

 * Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus begins studying at the Academy in Athens.

Religion

 * June – First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected, the Nicene creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see.
 * October 1 – Maximianus is enthroned as Patriarch of Constantinople.
 * Pope Celestine I dispatches Palladius to serve as bishop to the Irish.

Births

 * Anastasius I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (approximate date)
 * Odoacer, first "barbarian" king of Italy (d. 493)

Deaths

 * June 22 – Paulinus of Nola, Christian bishop and poet (b. 354)
 * Qifu Mumo, prince of the Chinese Xianbei state Western Qin

title: 431


text:
331

Year 331 (CCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Bassus and Ablabius (or, less frequently, year 1084 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 331 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Constantine the Great vigorously promotes Christianity, confiscating the property and valuables of a number of pagan temples throughout the Roman Empire.
 * Constantine I dedicates the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.
 * Constantine I promulgates a law against divorce.

Asia

 * Gogugwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

Art and Science

 * Eusebius of Caesarea writes the Onomasticon.

Religion

 * Fifty Bibles of Constantine commissioned for use in Constantinople.
 * Gregory the Illuminator withdraws to a small sanctuary in the Daranali province (Armenia).

Births

 * Jovian, Roman consul and emperor (d. 364)
 * (or 332) Julian the Apostate, Roman emperor (d. 363)
 * Yao Chang, Chinese emperor of the Qiang state (d. 394)
 * Yao Xiang (or Jingguo), Chinese warlord (d. 357)

Deaths

 * Gregory the Illuminator, official head of the Armenian Apostolic Church
 * Micheon of Goguryeo, Korean ruler of Goguryeo

title: 331


text:
531

Year 531 (DXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year after the Consulship of Lampadius and Probus (or, less frequently, year 1284 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 531 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * April 19 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army (20,000 men), commanded by Belisarius, is defeated by the Persians at Raqqa (northern Syria). Emperor Justinian I negotiates an end to the hostilities, and Belisarius is hailed as a hero.
 * Some members of the Blue and Green chariot racing factions in Constantinople are imprisoned for murder, precipitating the Nika riots the next year.

Europe

 * The Franks under King Chlothar I march against the Thuringii with Chlothar's nephew Theudebert I. The Kingdom of Thuringia comes under Frankish domination.
 * Hermanafrid, last king of the Thuringii, is defeated by the Franks near the Unstrut River. During negotiations he is pushed from the town walls of Zülpich.
 * King Childebert I receives pleas from his sister Clotilde, wife of King Amalaric, claiming that she is abused by her husband. Childebert invades Septimania (Gaul).
 * Childebert I defeats the Visigoths and conquers the capital Narbonne. Amalaric flees south to Barcelona, where he is assassinated by his own men.
 * Clotilde returns with the Frankish army and dies on the journey home. She is buried in Paris alongside her father Clovis I.
 * Theudis, sword-bearer of former king Theodoric the Great, succeeds Amalaric as new ruler of the Visigoths.

Persia

 * King Kavadh I, age 82, dies after a 43-year reign. Khosrau I, his favourite son, is proclaimed successor over his elder brothers.

Asia

 * The reign of Chang Guang Wang, ruler of Northern Wei, ends. Gao Huan, Chinese general, begins a rebellion and declares another member of the imperial clan, An Ding Wang, emperor.
 * Ankan, age 66, succeeds his father Keitai as the 27th emperor of Japan.
 * Anwon becomes ruler of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo.

Unidentified

 * Major volcanic eruption.

Births

 * Li Delin, Chinese official and writer (d. 591)
 * Liu Jingyan, Chinese Empress (d. 615)
 * Waldrada, Lombard princess (d. 572)
 * Yan Zhitui, Chinese scholar and official (d. 591)

Deaths

 * May 30 – Xiao Tong, prince of the Liang Dynasty (b. 501)
 * Amalaric, king of the Visigoths (assassinated)
 * Clotilde, Visigoth queen and daughter of Clovis I
 * Drest IV, king of the Picts (approximate date)
 * Hermanafrid, king of the Thuringii (murdered)
 * Kavadh I, king of the Persian Empire (b. 449)
 * Keitai, emperor of Japan (b. 450)
 * Maine mac Cearbhall, king of Uí Maine (or 537)
 * Xiao Zhuang Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 507)

title: 531


text:
631

Year 631 (DCXXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 631 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Heraclius appoints Cyrus, patriarch of Alexandria, with power to act as viceroy (dioikesis) of Egypt. He begins a 10-year persecution against the non-Chalcedonian Coptic Christians.

Europe

 * Battle of Wogastisburg: The Slavs under King Samo defeat the Austrasian Franks, in a three-day battle near Trenčín (modern Slovakia). King Dagobert I is forced to retreat; the Franks with their allies are slaughtered. Samo invades Thuringia and undertakes looting raids.
 * King Suintila is overthrown after a 10-year reign by his son Sisenand, with the aid of Dagobert I. The Visigothic nobles offer him a 500-pound plate made of pure gold. Sisenand becomes new king of the Visigothic Kingdom and declares his father a tyrant for his many crimes.
 * The Saxons (Northern Germany) appeal to Dagobert I, against the yearly tribute (500 cows) which they still pay (approximate date).

Britain

 * King Edwin of Northumbria refortifies the city walls of York, probably including the building of the so-called Anglian Tower (approximate date).

Persia

 * Azarmidokht (daughter of king Khosrau II) succeeds her sister Borandukht, as monarch of the Persian Empire.
 * Azarmidokht is succeeded after a few months reign by Khosrau IV, who becomes new ruler (shah) of Persia.
 * Hormizd VI proclaims himself king in Nisibis (Turkey). He seizes the throne and will reign until 632.

Asia

 * Emperor Tai Zong sends envoys to the Xueyantuo, vassals of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, bearing gold and silk in order to obtain the release of enslaved Chinese prisoners, who were captured during the transition from the Sui to the Tang dynasty from the northern frontier. The embassy succeeds in freeing 80,000 men and women, who are safely returned to China.
 * Tai Zong establishes a new Daoist abbey, out of gratitude for Daoist priests who had apparently cured the crown prince of an illness.

Religion

 * Benjamin I, Coptic patriarch of Alexandria, escapes during the persecutions of his fellow Christians and hides in the monastery of St. Macarius (Upper Egypt).
 * Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, crosses the Indus River at Hund and travels to Kashmir ("Heaven on Earth") in northwestern India (approximate date).

Births

 * Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, son of Abu Bakr and brought up by Ali
 * Temmu, emperor of Japan (approximate date)
 * Yeh Fa-shan, Daoist wonder-worker (d. 720)

Deaths

 * Athanasius I Gammolo, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.
 * Borandukht, queen of the Persian Empire
 * Cinaed mac Luchtren, king of the Picts
 * Rayhana, slave and wife of Muhammad

title: 631


text:
426

Year 426 (CDXXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Valentinianus (or, less frequently, year 1179 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 426 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), ends the Gothic revolt of Theodoric I in southern Gaul.
 * Rex Flavius Gundericus of the Vandals accepts the request of the Alans in Hispania to become their ruler (approximate date).

Mesoamerica

 * K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' becomes the founder of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization at Copán (modern Honduras).

Religion

 * Augustine of Hippo publishes the De Civitate Dei, City of God.
 * Sisinnius becomes Archbishop of Constantinople.

Births

 * Liu Shao, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 453)

Deaths

 * Fu Liang, official of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 374)
 * Xie Hui, general of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 390)
 * Xu Xianzhi, official of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 364)
 * Zhang, empress dowager of the Liu Song Dynasty

title: 426


text:
429

Year 429 (CDXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Florentius and Dionysius (or, less frequently, year 1182 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 429 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. However, you can call it the 429th year of the Common Era and the Anno Domini designation, the 429th year of the first millennium, the 29th year of the 5th century, and the 10th and last year of the 420s decade.

Roman Empire

 * Spring – The Vandals, led by Genseric ("Caesar King"), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula, across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raids the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockades the grain and oil supply to Italy.
 * Genseric seizes lands from the Berbers and destroys church buildings all over Mauretania. He goes on a rampage forcing Bonifacius, Roman governor, to retreat to the fortified coastal town of Hippo Regius (modern Annaba).
 * Bonifacius, weakened by the civil war against empress Galla Placidia, sues for peace and is elevated to the rank of supreme commander (magister militum) of Africa.
 * Emperor Theodosius II starts to reform the Codex Theodosianus in Constantinople. He establishes a committee to codify all Roman laws. All funds raised by Jews to support schools have to be turned over to the state treasury.
 * The Temple of Goddess Athena on the Acropolis of Athens is sacked. Athenian Pagans are persecuted.

Religion
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Germanus-of-Auxerre
 * Pope Celestine I dispatches two bishops from Gaul, Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes to Britain combat the Pelagian heresy.
 * Hilary succeeds his kinsman Honoratus and becomes archbishop of Arles.
 * Domnus II, future patriarch of Antioch, is ordained as a deacon.

Births

 * Liu Jun, prince of the Liu Song Dynasty (d. 453)
 * Zu Chongzhi, Chinese mathematician (d. 500)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Honoratus, archbishop of Arles
 * Heremigarius, military leader of the Suebi

title: 429


text:
450s

The 450s decade ran from January 1, 450, to December 31, 459.

title: 450s


text:
453

Year 453 (CDLIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Opilio and Vincomalus (or, less frequently, year 1206 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 453 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantium

 * July – Empress Pulcheria dies of natural causes at Constantinople. She has commissioned many new churches in the city during her reign. Her death leaves Flavius Aspar (magister militum) as the dominant influence on her husband, Marcian.
 * Anthemius marries Marcia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian, and is elevated to the rank of comes. He is sent to the Danubian frontier to rebuild the border defences.

Europe

 * c. March – Attila the Hun is found dead in bed, after a wedding feast with the Goth princess Ildica. He dies of a nosebleed at his Hungarian stronghold, drowning in his own blood aged about 47.  The Huns celebrate a strava (lamentation) over his burial place with great feasting. Attila's son Ellac is appointed successor, but his brothers Dengizich and Ernakh divide the Hunnic Empire by establishing their own kingdoms north of the Black Sea (Ukraine), supported by vassal states.
 * Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths, Thorismund having been murdered after he violated the alliance with the Western Roman Empire.

Asia

 * March 16 – Emperor Wen of Song is assassinated by his sons Liu Shao and Liu Jun, Prince Shixing, so that Liu Shao could become emperor.
 * May 20 – Liu Shao is overthrown by another brother, Liu Jun who becomes Emperor Xiaowu of Song, and executed together with other members of his family on May 27.
 * Ankō obtains the throne of his father Ingyō after the traditional order of succession and becomes the 20th emperor of Japan. His eldest brother Prince Kinashi no Karu commits suicide after being accused of an incestuous relationship with his sister Karu no Ōiratsume (according to the Nihon Shoki).

Births

 * Brigit of Kildare, Irish patron saint (d. 524)
 * Vedast, Frankish bishop (approximate date)

Deaths

 * c. March – Attila, ruler of the Huns (b. 406)
 * March 16 – Emperor Wen of Song, assassinated (b. 407)
 * May 27 – executed:
 * Liu Jun, Prince Shixing of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 429)
 * Liu Shao, emperor of Liu Song (b. 426)
 * Pan, concubine of Wen Di
 * Empress Yin of Liu Song, forced suicide
 * July – Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress
 * Helian, empress of Northern Wei
 * Thorismund, king of the Visigoths, assassinated
 * Approximate traditional date:
 * Emperor Ingyō of Japan
 * Prince Kinashi no Karu of Japan

title: 453


text:
452

Year 452 (CDLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Herculanus and Sporacius (or, less frequently, year 1205 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 452 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * The Huns under Attila invade Northern Italy. Emperor Valentinian III flees from Ravenna to Rome, and sends Pope Leo I to persuade Attila to return to the Hungarian Plain. The cities of Aquileia, Padua and Verona are destroyed by the Huns. Milan is saved because Attila is offered a huge amount of gold. Flavius Aetius (magister militum) is unable to raise a new army against him.
 * Rome is threatened by Attila but not attacked, due to a last-minute effort by Leo I. Threatened by news of reinforcements from the Eastern Roman Empire and the plague breaking out among the Huns, Attila is persuaded to withdraw.
 * The city of Venice is founded by fugitives from Attila's army who flee to small islands in the Venetian Lagoon.
 * King Vortigern marries Hengist's daughter, Rowena, and becomes king of the Britons. The Anglo-Saxons increase their settlements in Britain (according to British legend).

China

 * Nan'an Yinwang succeeds his father Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, after he is assassinated by the eunuch Zong Ai. Later this year, Yinwang is murdered as well, and Ai is overthrown by a group of high officials. Wencheng Di, age 12, becomes the new emperor of Northern Wei.

Births

 * Gundobad, king of the Burgundians (approximate date)
 * John the Silent, bishop and Saint (died 558)
 * Qi Mingdi, emperor of Southern Qi (d. 498)
 * Wang Jian, official of Liu Song and Southern Qi (d. 489)
 * Yu Zhong, official and regent of Northern Wei (d. 518)

Deaths

 * March 11 – Tai Wu Di, emperor of Northern Wei (b. 408)
 * Drest I, king of the Picts (approximate date)
 * Nan'an Yinwang, emperor of Northern Wei
 * King Pithiya ...-452, sixth Dravidan King of Anuradhapura [Rajarata, Sri Lanka] 450-452
 * Yujiulü, consort and wife of Tuoba Huang
 * Zong Ai, eunuch and high official

title: 452


text:
451

Year 451 (CDLI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcianus and Adelfius (or, less frequently, year 1204 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 451 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Spring – Attila gathers his vassals—Bastarnae, Gepids, Heruls, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians and Thuringians (among others), and smashes through Germany, causing widespread panic and destruction. He arrives in Belgica with an army (50,000 men) and crosses the Rhine.
 * April 7 – Attila's forces invade Gaul and sack Metz. The major cities of Strasbourg, Worms, Mainz, Trier, Cologne, Reims, Tournai, Cambrai, Amiens and Beauvais are destroyed by the Huns.
 * Eudocia, daughter of Emperor Valentinian III, marries Huneric in Ravenna. The engagement serves to strengthen the alliance between the Western Roman Empire and the Vandal Kingdom.
 * June – Attila approaches Aurelianum (modern Orléans) and the city's inhabitants close the gates, forcing him to lay siege. After learning of the Hun invasion, Flavius Aetius (magister militum) moves quickly from Italy into Gaul, and joins forces with Visigoth king Theodoric I.
 * June 20 – Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (Châlons): Attila avoids a pitched battle near Orléans, and withdraws to the Catalaunian Plains (Champagne-Ardenne). The Roman coalition defeats the Huns, but Theodoric I is killed in the encounter. This is one of the last military victories of the Western Roman Empire, before the victories of Emperor Majorian against the Alemanni, Visigoths, Suebi and Burgundians, between 457 and 461.
 * Thorismund succeeds his father Theodoric I as king of the Visigoths. He is crowned in the capital at Toulouse, and extends the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania.

Persia

 * May 26 – Battle of Vartanantz: King Yazdegerd II defeats the Armenian army (66,000 men) under their rebel leader Vartan Mamikonian on the Avarayr Plain (Armenia). Despite the loss of Mamikonian, who is killed, the Armenians consider this battle to have been a moral and religious victory, since Yazdegerd, out of respect for their efforts, allows them to remain Christian. The anniversary is a national and religious holiday.
 * Yazdegerd II issues a decree to abolish the Shabbat, and orders the execution of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch.

Religion

 * October 8 – November 1 – Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council of the Church: The monophysitism of Eutyches is repudiated, and the Chalcedonian Definition set forth. As a result of this council, the Oriental Orthodox Churches eventually become a separate communion. More immediately, Jerusalem becomes a Patriarchate, and Dioscorus of Alexandria is deposed as Patriarch of Alexandria by the Council.

Births

 * Brigit of Kildare, Irish patron saint (approximate date)
 * Jacob of Serugh, Syrian poet and theologian (approximate date)

Deaths

 * July 29 – Tuoba Huang, prince of Northern Wei (b. 428)
 * Theodoric I, king of the Visigoths
 * Liu Yikang, prince of the Liu Song dynasty (b. 409)
 * Pei Songzhi, Chinese historian (b. 372)
 * Zeno the Prophet, Egyptian abbot and saint (approximate date)

title: 451


text:
804

Year 804 (DCCCIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * Battle of Krasos: Emperor Nikephoros I refuses to pay the tribute imposed by Caliph Harun al-Rashid of the Abbasid Caliphate. A Muslim-Arab expeditionary force invades Asia Minor. During a surprise attack, Nikephoros suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at Krasos in Phrygia. According to Arabian sources, the Byzantines lose 40,700 men and 4,000 pack animals, while Nikephoros himself is almost killed, but saved by the bravery of his officers.
 * Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid marries Abbasa, the daughter of Abbasid prince and official Sulayman.

Europe

 * Summer – Emperor Charlemagne finishes the conquest of Saxony. The Carolingian administration in the north is restored and the diocese of Bremen is re-established. Venice, torn by infighting, switches allegiance from Constantinople to King Pepin of Italy, son of Charlemagne.
 * Obelerio degli Antenori becomes the ninth doge of Venice, after his predecessor Giovanni Galbaio flees to Mantua, where he is killed.
 * The Gymnasium Carolinum in Osnabrück is founded by Charlemagne (the oldest school in Germany).

Asia

 * Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk, travels in a government-sponsored expedition to China, in order to learn more about the Mahavairocana Sutra. He brings back texts of Shingon (Esoteric Buddhism).
 * Priest Saichō, patriarch of Tendai Buddhism, visits China and reportedly brings back tea seeds (or 805).
 * The Inscription of Sukabumi from Eastern Java marks the beginning of the Javanese language.

Religion

 * Ludger, Frisian missionary, becomes the first bishop of Münster, and builds a monastery there.

Births

 * Bayazid Bastami, Persian Sufi (d. 874)
 * Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Japanese regent (d. 872)

Deaths

 * May 19 – Alcuin, bishop and advisor to Charlemagne
 * October 1 – Richbod, archbishop of Trier
 * Saint Abundantia, Christian saint
 * Giovanni Galbaio, doge of Venice (approximate date)
 * Ibrahim al-Mawsili, musician and singer (b. 742)
 * Lu Yu, Chinese author of The Classic of Tea (b. 733)
 * Ragnar Lothbrok Legendary Norse Viking hero and Scandinavian King.

title: 804


text:
1252

Year 1252 (MCCLII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * April 6 – Saint Peter of Verona is assassinated by Carino of Balsamo.
 * May 15 – Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition. Torture quickly gains widespread usage across Catholic Europe.
 * June 1 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king of Castile and León.
 * July – The settlement of Stockholm in Sweden is founded, by Birger Jarl.
 * December 25 – Christopher I of Denmark is crowned King of Denmark, in the Lund Cathedral.
 * The Polish land of Lebus is incorporated into the German state of Brandenburg, marking the start of Brandenburg's expansion into previously Polish areas (Neumark).
 * The Lithuanian city of Klaipėda (Memel) is founded by the Teutonic Knights.
 * The town and monastery of Orval Abbey in Belgium burn to the ground; rebuilding takes 100 years.
 * Thomas Aquinas travels to the University of Paris, to begin his studies there for a master's degree.
 * In astronomy, work begins on the recording of the Alfonsine tables.

Asia

 * The classic Japanese text Jikkunsho is completed.
 * The Chinese era Chunyou ends.
 * The Mongols take the westernmost province of the Song dynasty empire.

Births

 * March 25 – Conradin, Duke of Swabia (d. 1268)
 * Safi-ad-din Ardabili, Persian Sufi leader
 * Eleanor de Montfort, Princess of Wales, English-born consort (d. 1282)

Deaths

 * January 1 – Saint Zdislava Berka, Bohemian lay Dominican benefactress
 * January 23 – Isabella, Queen of Armenia
 * January – Bohemond V, Prince of Antioch
 * February 3 – Sviatoslav III of Vladimir, Prince of Novgorod (b. 1196)
 * April 1 – Kujō Michiie, Japanese regent
 * April 6 – Saint Peter of Verona
 * May 3 or May 4 – Günther von Wüllersleben, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
 * May 30 – King Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon
 * June 6 – Robert Passelewe, Bishop of Chichester
 * June 9 – Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 * June 29 – Abel, King of Denmark (b. 1218)
 * August 1 – Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Italian chronicler of the Mongol Empire
 * November 27 – Blanche of Castile, queen of Louis VIII of France and regent of France (b. 1188)
 * date unknown
 * John of Basingstoke, English scholar and ecclesiastic
 * Henry I, Count of Anhalt
 * Sorghaghtani Beki, Mongolian empress and regent
 * Catherine Sunesdotter, Swedish queen consort
 * Yesü Möngke, Khan of the Chagatai Khanate

title: 1252


text:
811

Year 811 (DCCCXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 811th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 811th year of the 1st millennium, the 11th year of the 9th century, and the 2nd year of the 810s decade.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Nikephoros I organises a new campaign against the Bulgarian Empire, gathering an expeditionary force (most of the Roman army) from all parts of the empire. He is accompanied by high-ranking officials and aristocrats, including his son Stauracius and brother-in-law Michael I Rangabe (both later emperors temporarily). Krum, ruler (khan) of Bulgaria, sends envoys to sue for peace. Nikephoros refuses to accept the terms and marches through the Balkan passes towards Pliska, the Bulgarian capital.
 * July 23 – Nikephoros I reaches Pliska, and destroys a Bulgarian army of 12,000 elite soldiers who guard the stronghold. Another hastily assembled relief force of 50,000 soldiers suffers a similar fate. The Byzantines capture the defenseless capital. Nikephoros plunders the city and captures Krum's treasury. He burns the countryside, slaughters sheep and pigs, as he pursues the retreating Bulgars southwest towards Serdica (modern-day Sofia).
 * July 26 – Battle of Vărbitsa Pass: Nikephoros I is trapped (probably in the Vărbitsa Pass) and defeated by the Bulgars, who use the tactics of ambush and surprise night attacks to immobilize the Byzantine forces. Nikephoros himself is killed; Krum has the emperor's head carried back in triumph on a pole, where it is cleaned out, lined with silver and made into a jeweled skull cup, which he allows his Slavic princes (archons) to drink from with him.
 * Stauracius is installed as emperor at Adrianople (the first time a Byzantine emperor is crowned outside Constantinople). Because of a sword wound near his neck (during the Battle of Pliska), Stauracius is paralyzed. The imperial court is split between the noble factions of his wife Theophano and his sister Prokopia.
 * October 2 – Michael I is declared emperor of the Byzantine Empire; Stauracius is forced by senior officials to retire to a monastery.

Europe

 * Treaty of Heiligen: King Hemming of Denmark concludes a peace treaty with Emperor Charlemagne in present-day Rendsburg. The southern boundary of Denmark is established at the Eider River.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * Fourth Fitna: Abbasid caliph al-Amin appoints Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan as governor of Khurasan, in northeast Persia, and sends an army of 40,000 men with him against his half-brother al-Ma'mun. Ibn Mahan's army is defeated by a smaller army under Tahir ibn Husayn, at Rayy. During the fighting Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan is killed.

Births

 * Abu Hatim al-Razi, Muslim hadith scholar (d. 890)
 * Basil I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 886)
 * Muhammad al-Jawad, ninth Twelver Shī'ah Imām (d. 835)
 * Ōe no Otondo, Japanese scholar (d. 877)

Deaths

 * June 17 – Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, Japanese shōgun (b. 758)
 * July 24 – Gao Ying, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 740)
 * July 26 – Nikephoros I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire
 * Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan, Muslim military leader
 * Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne
 * Li Fan, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 754)
 * Pei Ji, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
 * Pepin the Hunchback, son of Charlemagne

title: 811


text:
1284

Year 1284 (MCCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Aragonese Crusade: The first French armies under King Philip III (the Bold) and his 14-year-old son Charles of Valois enter Roussillon. They include 16,000 cavalry, 17,000 crossbowmen, and 100,000 infantry, along with 100 ships in south French ports. Though they have the support of James II, ruler of Majorca, the local populace rises against them. Elne is valiantly defended by Aragonese troops, but the French occupy the city, and burn the cathedral, while the population is massacred.
 * April 4 – King Alfonso X (the Wise) falls ill and dies after a 32-year reign at Seville. He is succeeded by his 25-year-old son Sancho IV (the Brave) who becomes ruler of Castile and León. Meanwhile, his nephew, Alfonso de la Cerda, challenges his right to the Castilian throne. Pope Martin IV excommunicates Sancho, he placed an interdict on his kingdom and refuses to acknowledge the marriage to his cousin, Queen María de Molina.
 * June 5 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 30 galleys) led by Admiral Roger of Lauria surrounds and defeats the Neapolitan ships in the Gulf of Naples. King Charles II (the Lame) is captured during the battle, disorganized, the remnants of the Neapolitan fleet (between 15 and 18 galleys) flees back to Naples.
 * August 5–6 – Battle of Meloria: A Genoese fleet (some 90 galleys) led by Admiral Oberto D'Oria defeats the Pisan ships in the Ligurian Sea. This marks the decline of the maritime power of Pisa in the Mediterranean.
 * King Rudolf I imposes a trade embargo on Norway, due to the latter pillaging a German ship. The embargo cuts off vital supplies of grain, flour, vegetables and beer, causing a general famine in Norway.
 * The events giving rise to the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin take place in Lower Saxony.

England

 * March 3 – Statute of Rhuddlan: King Edward I (Longshanks) brings Wales under direct rule after the Welsh Wars (1277–1283). He appoints sheriffs and bailiffs for the northern territories while the southern areas are left under the control of the Marcher Lords. English law is introduced in criminal cases, though the Welsh are allowed to maintain their customary laws in some cases of property disputes.
 * Edward I (Longshanks) arranges a Round Table event and tournament at Nefyn in Wales. He promises the Welsh that he will provide them with a Prince of Wales.

Africa

 * Hafsid forces under Abu Hafs Umar I (half-brother of Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I) reconquer Tunis and reinstall the Hafsid Dynasty as the dominating power in Ifriqiya. This ends the Bedouin rebellion (see 1283) started last year.
 * King Peter III (the Great) takes advantage of the weakness of the Hafsid Dynasty and raids the island of Djerba. Aragonese forces massacre the population and occupy the island.

Art and Culture

 * Construction of Beauvais Cathedral is interrupted by a partial collapse of the choir; the event unnerves French masons working in the Gothic style.
 * Jean de Meun, French poet and writer, translates Vegetius' 4th century military treatise De Re Militari from Latin into French.

Cities and Towns

 * May 18 – Jönköping in Sweden is granted town privileges by King Magnus III.

Education

 * Peterhouse, oldest collegiate foundation of the University of Cambridge in England, is established by Bishop Hugh de Balsham.

Health

 * The Al-Mansuri bimaristan (hospital) is completed in Cairo.

Markets

 * The Republic of Venice begins coining the ducat, a gold coin that is to become the standard of European coinage, for the following 600 years.

Births

 * April 25 – Edward II (Caernarfon), king of England (d. 1327)
 * April 26 – Alice de Toeni, English noblewoman (d. 1325)
 * Delphine of Glandèves, French noblewoman (d. 1358)
 * Edward (the Liberal), Savoyan nobleman (d. 1329)
 * John I, Dutch nobleman (House of Holland) (d. 1299)
 * Piers Gaveston, English nobleman and knight (d. 1312)
 * Thomas de Brus, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1307)
 * Wernher von Homberg, Swiss knight and poet (d. 1320)
 * Yu Qin, Chinese official, geographer and writer (d. 1333)

Deaths

 * January 18 – Qonqurtai, Mongol nobleman and viceroy
 * January 28 – Alexander, Scottish prince and heir (b. 1264)
 * February 12 – Humphrey of Montfort, Outremer nobleman
 * March 24 – Hugh III (the Great), king of Cyprus (b. 1235)
 * April 4 – Alfonso X (the Wise), king of Castile (b. 1221)
 * April 6 – Peter I, French nobleman and prince (b. 1251)
 * April 9 – Adelaide of Holland, Dutch noblewoman (b. 1230)
 * April 15 – Jordan of Osnabrück, German political writer
 * April 20 – Hōjō Tokimune, Japanese nobleman (b. 1251)
 * July 30 – Sturla Þórðarson, Icelandic chieftain (b. 1214)
 * August 9 – James of Castile, son of Alfonso X (b. 1268)
 * August 10 – Tekuder, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate (b. 1246)
 * August 19 – Alphonso, English nobleman and heir (b. 1273)
 * August 30 – Ichijō Sanetsune, Japanese nobleman (b. 1223)
 * October 16 – Shams al-Din Juvayni, Persian ruler and vizier
 * November 9 – Siger of Brabant, Dutch philosopher (b. 1240)
 * Al-Mansur II Muhammad, Ayyubid ruler of Hama (b. 1214)
 * Ibn Kammuna, Arab Jewish philosopher and writer (b. 1215)
 * Irene Komnene Palaiologina, Byzantine princess (b. 1218)
 * Isa ibn Muhanna, Mamluk ruler, commander and prince
 * John de Derlington, English archbishop and theologian
 * Kaykhusraw III, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum

title: 1284