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San Juan Islands

The San Juan Islands is an archipelago in the Pacific Northwest of the United States between the U.S. state of Washington and Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The San Juan Islands are part of Washington state, and form the core of San Juan County.

In the archipelago, four islands are accessible to vehicular and foot traffic via the Washington State Ferries system.

History
The Gulf of Georgia Culture Area encompasses the San Juan and Gulf Islands, which share many archaeological similarities. These islands were home to various Coast Salish peoples, including the Nooksack and Northern Straits groups (consisting of the Lummi, Klallam, Saanich, Samish, and Songhees dialects). European exploration in the area introduced smallpox in the 1770s.

The Spanish explorer Francisco de Eliza named the San Juan Islands Isla y Archipiélago de San Juan in 1791 while sailing under the authority of Juan Vicente de Güemes Padilla Horcasitas y Aguayo, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo, the Viceroy of Mexico. Eliza named several places for the Viceroy, including Orcas Island (short for "Horcasitas") and Guemes Island. San Juan Island's first European discoverer was Gonzalo López de Haro, one of Eliza's officers, for whom Haro Strait is named. The Spanish had previously encountered the islands during Manuel Quimper's exploring voyage on the Princesa Real in 1790, but they were not recognized as islands until Eliza's expedition. José María Narváez, one of Eliza's pilots, also helped explore the San Juans in 1791 and became the first European to explore the Strait of Georgia.

The Vancouver Expedition, led by George Vancouver, explored the area in 1792 while a Spanish expedition led by Dionisio Alcalá Galiano and Cayetano Valdés y Flores was also exploring. The British and Spanish ships met and cooperated in exploring the north. Vancouver encountered other Spanish ships and traded information, so he was aware of the names given by the Spanish expedition and kept them, although he renamed some features, such as the Strait of Georgia.

The United States Exploring Expedition, led by Charles Wilkes, explored the region in 1841. Wilkes named many coastal features after American heroes of the War of 1812 or members of his crew, possibly unaware of the already existing Spanish names and charts.

Henry Kellett led a project in 1847 to reorganize the official charts of the region for the British Admiralty. The project only applied to British territory, which at the time included the San Juan Islands but not Puget Sound. Kellett removed most of the names given by Wilkes and kept British and Spanish names, sometimes moving Spanish names to replace those given by Wilkes. As a result, Wilkes' names are common in Puget Sound and Spanish names are rare, while the opposite is true for the San Juan and Gulf Islands. Wilkes had named the San Juan Islands the Navy Archipelago and individual islands after U.S. naval officers, such as Rodgers Island for San Juan Island, "Chauncey" for Lopez Island, and Hull Island for Orcas Island. Some of Wilkes' names, such as Shaw, Decatur, Jones, Blakely, and Sinclair, named after American naval officers, survived Kellett's editing.

Border dispute

In 1843, the Hudson's Bay Company established Fort Victoria on Vancouver Island. The 1846 Oregon Treaty established the 49th parallel as the border between Canada and the US, with Vancouver Island remaining British. The treaty did not specify which channel the border should follow between the Strait of Georgia and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, leading to a boundary dispute. In 1852, the Territory of Oregon created Island County, including the San Juan Islands. In 1853, Island County became part of the Washington Territory, which created Whatcom County out of parts of Island County in 1854. The San Juan Islands were finally split off into present-day San Juan County in 1873.

In 1855, Washington Territory levied a property tax on properties of the Hudson's Bay Company on San Juan Island, which the HBC refused to pay. This led to a dispute with the Colony of Vancouver Island over the ownership of the San Juan Islands, with the US claiming Haro Strait as the border and Britain claiming Rosario Strait. The resulting Pig War and San Juan Dispute were a diplomatic stalemate until the boundary issue was placed in the hands of Emperor Wilhelm I of Germany for arbitration in 1871. The border through Haro Strait was established in 1872.

Post-border dispute
The surrounding bodies of water, including Puget Sound and the Straits of Georgia and Juan de Fuca, were recognized collectively as the Salish Sea, by the United States in 2009 and by Canada in 2010.

On the 7th of June 2024, a T-34 plane driven by former astronaut and air force pilot, Bill Anders, crashed on the San Juan Islands. Anders did not survive the crash.

Ecology
The islands were heavily logged in the nineteenth century, but now have an extensive second-growth coast Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), red alder (Alnus rubra) and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) forest. There are small stands of old-growth Douglas fir and western redcedar (Thuja plicata), mostly within long standing privately held property. In the highlands one also finds grand fir (Abies grandis), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and other subalpine trees.

The San Juan Islands host the greatest concentration of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the contiguous United States. Great blue herons (Ardea herodias), black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachman), and numerous shorebirds are found along the shore and in winter, the islands are home to trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator), Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and other waterfowl. Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), northern harriers (Circus cyaneus), barred owls (Strix varia) and other birds of prey are found. In addition diving birds such as rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata), pigeon guillemots (Cepphus columba) and endangered marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) frequent the surrounding seas. Western bluebirds (Sialia mexicana), which were eliminated from the islands 50 years ago because of competition for nesting sites by non-native European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), were recently restored to San Juan Island thanks to the efforts of volunteers and conservation organizations.

The islands are famous for their resident pods of orcas (Orcinus orca). There are three resident pods that eat salmon, but also some transient orcas that come to take harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Other marine mammals include river otters (Lontra canadensis), Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli) and other cetaceans.

Columbia black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) are the largest mammals on the San Juan Islands, which are unusual in their historic absence of large carnivores, except for wolves (Canis lupus) which were extirpated in the 1860s. Dr. Caleb B. R. Kennerly, surgeon and naturalist, collected a wolf specimen on Lopez Island, which is now in the National Museum of Natural History, probably during the Northwest Boundary Survey from 1857 to 1861. Also, there is a specimen of elk in the Slater Museum of Natural History at the University of Puget Sound that was collected on Orcas Island, and old-timers report finding elk antlers on both Lopez and Orcas Islands.

Before 1850, most of the freshwater on the islands was held in beaver (Castor canadensis) ponds, although the aquatic mammal was extirpated by Hudson's Bay Company fur stations at Fort Langley and San Juan Island. Remnants of beaver dams number in the hundreds across the archipelago. Gnawed stumps and beaver sign are now seen on Orcas and other islands, and recolonization by this keystone species is likely to lead to increased abundance and diversity of birds, amphibians, reptiles and plants. In spring 2011 a pair of beaver appeared at Killebrew Lake on Orcas Island, but were killed to avoid flooding a phone company switch box buried under Dolphin Bay Road. These beaver likely swam from the mainland and could have recolonized the islands.

Northern sea otter (Enhydra lutis kenyoni) remains are documented on Sucia Island in the San Juan Islands archipelago. In 1790, Spanish explorer Manuel Quimper traded copper sheets for sea otter pelts at Discovery Bay, for live sea otters captured north of the bay in the "interior" of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Although historical records of sea otter in the San Juan Islands are sparse, there is a sea otter specimen collected in 1897 in the "Strait of Fuca" in the National Museum of Natural History. When the sea otter finally received federal protection in 1911, Washington's sea otter had been hunted to extinction, and although a small remnant population still existed in British Columbia, it soon died out. Fifty-nine sea otters were re-introduced to the Washington coast from Amchitka Island, Alaska, in the summers of 1969 and 1970, and these have expanded by 8% per year, mainly along the outer west and northwest coast of the Olympic Peninsula. Professional marine mammal biologists verified a single sea otter observed near Cattle Point, San Juan Island, in October 1996. Although the historical numbers of sea otter in the San Juan Islands is not known, the habitat for them may have once been ideal.

In the 1890s non-native European rabbits, an exotic invasive species, began to infest the islands as the result of the release of domestic rabbits on Smith Island. Rabbits from the San Juan Islands were used later for several introductions of European rabbits into other, usually Midwestern, states. The rabbits are pursued by Eurasian red fox (Vulpes vulpes), another non-native species introduced intermittently through the twentieth century.

On the islands is the San Juan Islands National Monument with 75 sections.

Geography
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the San Juan Islands as the archipelago north of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, west of Rosario Strait, east of Haro Strait, and south of Boundary Pass. To the north lie the open waters of the Strait of Georgia. All these waters are within the Salish Sea. The USGS definition of the San Juan archipelago coincides with San Juan County. Islands not in San Juan County are not part of the San Juan Islands, according to the USGS. NOAA notes that, while geopolitically divided, the San Juan Islands and Canadian Gulf Islands geologically form part of a larger Gulf Archipelago.

At mean high tide, the San Juan Islands comprise over 400 islands and rocks, 128 of which are named, and over 478 mi of shoreline.

The majority of the San Juan Islands are quite hilly, with some flat areas and valleys in between, often quite fertile. The tallest peak is Mount Constitution, on Orcas Island, at an elevation of 2407 ft. The coastlines are a mix of sandy and rocky beaches, shallow inlets and deep harbors, placid coves and reef-studded bays. Gnarled, ochre-colored madrona trees (Arbutus) grace much of the shorelines, while evergreen fir and pine forests cover large inland areas.

The San Juan Islands get substantially less rainfall than Seattle, about 65 mi to the south, due to their location in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountains to the southwest. Summertime high temperatures are around 70 F, while average wintertime lows are in the high 30s and low 40s Fahrenheit (around 5 degrees Celsius). Snow is infrequent in winter, except for the higher elevations, but the islands are subject to high winds at times; those from the northeast sometimes bring brief periods of freezing.

Present
In the present, the San Juan Islands are an important tourist destination, with sea kayaking and orca whale-watching (by boat or air tours) being two of the primary attractions. San Juan Island's Lime Kiln Point State Park is a prime whale-watching site, with knowledgeable interpreters often on site.

Politically, the San Juan Islands comprise by definition, San Juan County, Washington.

Media based in and/or concerning the islands includes the Journal of the San Juan Islands and the Islands' Sounder.

Generally speaking, the resident population of San Juan County is well educated. In the period 2016 to 2020, 51.7 percent of the resident population aged 25 and up have earned a bachelor’s degree or attained a higher level of formal education. Statewide, 36.7 percent of the adult population have a bachelor’s degree or higher.

Transportation
There are no bridges to the San Juan Islands; therefore, all travel from the mainland is either by water or by air.

Water

Four ferry systems serve some of the San Juan Islands.
 * Washington State Ferries serves Lopez Island, Shaw Island, Orcas Island, and San Juan Island from terminals in Anacortes, Washington, and Sidney, British Columbia.
 * Puget Sound Express provides passenger-only service from Port Townsend, on the northeast corner of the Olympic Peninsula, to Friday Harbor on San Juan Island.
 * M/V San Juan Clipper of Clipper Navigation, Inc. provides high-speed water-jet–powered catamaran ferry service between San Juan Island and Seattle, Washington.

Passenger-only ferries serve more islands. Passenger-only ferry service is usually seasonal and offered by private business.
 * San Juan Cruises offers charter service to Eliza Island, Sinclair Island, Blakely Island, Orcas Island, Lopez Island and daily seasonal service to San Juan Island from the Bellingham Cruise Terminal in Bellingham, Washington.
 * North Shore Charters provides high-speed water taxi service to all of the main San Juan Islands.

Air
Air service to the San Juan Islands is provided by the following:
 * Kenmore Air (to and from Roche Harbor, Orcas Island, Seattle/Boeing Field, Seattle/Lake Union)
 * San Juan Airlines (to and from Anacortes, Bellingham, Eastsound (Orcas Island), Lopez Island, Blakely, Decatur). They merged with Northwest Sky Ferry, an inter-island carrier serving Bellingham, Anacortes, Friday and Roche Harbors (San Juan Island), Eastsound (Orcas Island) and Lopez, Waldron, Shaw, Stuart, Blakely, Center, Crane, Decatur and Eliza Islands, as well as Seattle.
 * Friday Harbor Seaplanes (to and from Renton Municipal Airport/Lake Washington, Friday Harbor and Roche Harbor)

Shipping
The San Juan Islands are surrounded by major shipping channels. Haro Strait, along with Boundary Pass, is the westernmost and most heavily used channel connecting the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Strait of Georgia. It is the main route connecting the Port of Vancouver and other ports around the Strait of Georgia with the Pacific Ocean. Haro Strait joins Boundary Pass at Turn Point on Stuart Island, where a major navigation beacon, Turn Point Light, is located. Strong, dangerous rip tides occur near Turn Point, as well as near the northern end of Boundary Pass, between Patos Island Light on Patos Island and East Point on Saturna Island.

Rosario Strait is also a major shipping channel. More than 500 oil tankers pass through the strait each year, to and from the Cherry Point Refinery and refineries near Anacortes. The strait is in constant use by vessels bound for Cherry Point, Bellingham, Anacortes, and the San Juan Islands. Vessels bound for British Columbia or Alaska also frequently use it in preference to the passages farther west, when greater advantage can be taken of the tidal currents.

List of islands
This list includes only those islands that are part of San Juan County as defined by the USGS, bounded by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Haro Strait, Rosario Strait, Boundary Pass, and the Strait of Georgia. 2016 populations estimates for inhabited islands are in parentheses, though some have major seasonal changes. Islands protected as state parks are marked with an asterisk. Additional small rocks are listed at San Juan Islands National Monument.

 * Aleck Rocks
 * Alegria Island (aka Little Double Island)
 * Armitage Island
 * Bare Island
 * Barnes Island
 * Barren Island
 * Battleship Island
 * Bell Island
 * Big Rock
 * Bird Rock
 * Bird Rocks
 * Black Rock
 * Blakely Island (42)
 * Blind Island (Lopez)
 * Blind Island *
 * Boulder Island
 * Brown Island (21)
 * Buck Island
 * Cactus Islands
 * Canoe Island
 * Castle Island
 * Cayou Island (aka Rum Island)
 * Cemetery Island
 * Center Island (20)
 * Charles Island
 * Clark Island *
 * Cliff Island
 * Cluster Islands
 * Colville Island
 * Coon Island
 * Crab Island
 * Crane Island (10)
 * Deadman Island
 * Decatur Island (89)
 * Dinner Island
 * Doe Island *
 * Double Island
 * Ewing Island
 * Fawn Island
 * Flattop Island
 * Flower Island
 * Fortress Island
 * Freeman Island
 * Frost Island
 * Geese Islets
 * Giffin Rocks
 * Goose Island
 * Gossip Island
 * Gull Rock
 * Guss Island
 * Hall Island
 * Harnden Island
 * Henry Island (27)
 * Iceberg Island
 * Iowa Rock
 * James Island *
 * Johns Island (5)
 * Jones Island *
 * Justice Island
 * Little Patos Island
 * Little Sister Island
 * Little Sucia Island
 * Lone Tree Island
 * Long Island
 * Lopez Island (2,466)
 * Low Island
 * Matia Island *
 * McConnell Island
 * Mummy Rocks
 * Nob Island
 * North Finger Island
 * North Peapod Island
 * O'Neal Island
 * Oak Island
 * Obstruction Island (14)
 * Orcas Island (5,395)
 * Patos Island *
 * Peapod Rocks
 * Pearl Island (11)
 * Picnic Island (aka Sheep Island)
 * Pointer Island
 * Pole Island
 * Posey Island *
 * Puffin Island
 * Ram Island
 * Reads Bay Island
 * Reef Island
 * Reef Point Island
 * Richardson Rock
 * Rim Island
 * Ripple Island
 * Saddlebag Island *
 * San Juan Island (7,810)
 * Satellite Island
 * Secar Rock
 * Sentinel Island
 * Shag Rock
 * Shaw Island (241)
 * Skipjack Island
 * Skull Island (Lopez)
 * Skull Island
 * Small Island
 * South Finger Island
 * South Peapod Island
 * Spieden Island
 * Stuart Island (11) *
 * Sucia Island (4) *
 * Swirl Island
 * The Sisters
 * Tift Rocks
 * Trump Island
 * Turn Island *
 * Twin Rocks
 * Vendovi Island
 * Victim Island
 * Waldron Island (109)
 * Wasp Islands
 * Whale Rocks
 * White Rocks
 * Willow Island
 * Yellow Island

title: San Juan Islands


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SCUMM

Script Creation Utility for Maniac Mansion (SCUMM) is a video game engine developed at Lucasfilm Games, later renamed LucasArts, to ease development on their graphic adventure game Maniac Mansion (1987). It was subsequently used as the engine for later LucasArts adventure games and Humongous Entertainment games.

It falls somewhere between a game engine and a programming language, allowing designers to create locations, items and dialogue sequences without writing code in the language in which the game source code ends up. This also allowed the game's script and data files to be cross-platform, i.e., re-used across various platforms. SCUMM is also a host for embedded game engines such as the Interactive MUsic Streaming Engine (iMUSE), the INteractive Streaming ANimation Engine (INSANE), CYST (in-game animation engine), FLEM (places and names object inside a room), and MMUCAS. SCUMM has been released on these platforms: 3DO, Amiga, Apple II, Atari ST, CDTV, Commodore 64, FM Towns & Marty, Macintosh, Nintendo Entertainment System, MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Sega CD (Mega-CD), and TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine. Several SCUMM games have been officially and unofficially ported to other systems through use of the open-source ScummVM software.

History
The original version was coded by Ron Gilbert (with some initial help by Chip Morningstar a.k.a. UnXman) in 1987, with later versions enhanced by Aric Wilmunder (a.k.a., the SCUMM Lord) and Brad P. Taylor. This is a token language that provided groundbreaking coding techniques. Tokens like P.R.I.N.E. were the first to be utilized.

The nature of SCUMM emerged from the background of most of the early programmers at LucasArts, including Wilmunder, who had been programmers for minicomputers and Unix workstations. At the time, personal computers (PC) did not have large enough abilities or speed to edit and compile programs, so often the LucasArts coders would write code as cleanly as possible on a Sun workstation to remove all errors so that, while compiling on a PC would be slow, it would be less error-prone. This concept informed the idea of a scripting language that would be cross-platform.

SCUMM was developed to be a tool that converted human-readable commands into byte-sized tokens that then would be read by an executable interpreter program that presented the game to the player. For example, the SCUMM command  would be tokenized to a 4-byte command. They did not want to have specific details about a game hard-coded into the script, so the tokenizer would be able to recognize actors by their name from the script instead of by internal numbers. The only exception was to display a character's dialog in a different text color for Maniac Mansion in which they had to include the number, but this was subsequently revised by the time Zak McKracken was released. The scripts included the ability to multitask, such as having background actors enact behavior while waiting for foreground actions to complete. The combined tools enabled for rapid prototyping of a game. Scripters could work with preliminary character and background art drawn by the artists to hone their scripts while providing feedback to the artists.

The SCUMM program was responsible for tokenizing the scripts and gathering all other assets (such as art and sound) as a package. The reusable interpreter was called SPUTM, the SCUMM Presentation Utility (TM) which was renamed on shipment of the game to the name of the game's executable. SPUTM would interpret the scripts, load assets from disc, and handle the other user interactions with the game. SPUTM was not actually trademarked, but according to Wilmunder, they wanted "to name it after another bodily fluid". SCUMM was subsequently reused in many later LucasArts adventure games being both updated and rewritten several times. According to Wilmunder, the version of SCUMM for Maniac Mansion had about 80% of the commands that would end up being used in the later versions of the engine, with most key commands requiring no modification. Other tools and engines were developed alongside SCUMM to aid in development, and named for other body fluids. SPIT was used to manage text fonts on different parts of the screen. FLEM was used to define a specific room, track objects within it, and specify clipping planes for character animation. MMUCAS was used with FLEM to compile a room and its objects into one file that would enable the scripters to make rapid changes without having to recompile the room's description. BYLE and subsequently CYST were used for character animations and scaling, the latter used for the more complex art in LucasArts' later games.

Following his departure from LucasArts and co-founding of Humongous Entertainment in 1992, Gilbert struck a deal with LucasArts which would grant Humongous a license to use the SCUMM engine in the development of their games, on the condition that he continue to develop improvements to the engine for use by both companies. For the game Full Throttle, the team worked to integrate SCUMM with the INSANE animation engine that had formerly been developed for Star Wars: Rebel Assault. Though Wilmunder had gotten the two systems to work for shipment of Full Throttle, the interaction between the two was not always stable, and spent time before The Curse of Monkey Island to have SCUMM work atop the INSANE engine, replacing some of the SCUMM engine parts to use that were native to INSANE.

Internally, much of the workings of SCUMM were undocumented, as Wilmunder believed that it was relatively simple to learn, but he changed this approach before The Secret of Monkey Island. To train new hires on the engine, Gilbert put them through SCUMM University, a week-long period where they were taught how to use the SCUMM engine. These new hires, called scummlets, then were given the opportunity to explore and expand on example work to help identify where they would best fit into the development team.

LucasArts finally abandoned the SCUMM engine in 1998 when they switched to GrimE, using the free software scripting language Lua, for the games Grim Fandango and Escape from Monkey Island. Humongous Entertainment continued to use the engine for all its PC games, including the Backyard Sports series, until the release of Backyard Soccer 2004 in 2003. Subsequent games would be developed on the Python-based YAGA engine, including Putt-Putt: Pep's Birthday Surprise and Pajama Sam: Life Is Rough When You Lose Your Stuff!, the only Humongous adventure games to not be developed using the SCUMM engine.

In March 2016, Wilmunder revealed that he would share design documents for many of LucasArts' adventure games and the source code for the SCUMM engine, which he plans to provide in digital format via GitHub.

Design
Most SCUMM games feature a verb–object design paradigm. The player-controlled character has an inventory, and the game world is littered with objects with which the player can interact, using a variety of verbs. A large set of these were often featured at the bottom of the screen in the early games, but by Full Throttle (1995) and The Curse of Monkey Island (1997) these had been reduced to a "verb coin" appearing at the mouse cursor with the option to use character's eyes (to look), hands (to use, pick up, push, pull, etc.), or mouth (to talk, consume, inhale). Humongous Entertainment's games simplified this interface, with a transparent mouse cursor graphic that would become filled in when the player could interact with an object, or transform to an arrow to indicate a clickpoint that will take the player to a new screen.

Puzzles generally involve using the right verb action with the appropriate object—"use biscuit cutter with rubber tree", for example. "Talk to" commonly produces dialogue sequences, in which the player selects from a list of predefined questions or comments, and the character they are talking to replies with a predefined response. The notable exception to this general paradigm is Loom (1990), which does not use the standard verb–object interface, but replaces most actions with a selection of spells played on an instrument.

Compiler
ScummC is a set of tools (including a script and a costume compiler, a walkboxes editor, charset, graphics, audio and MIDI tools), able to compile its own JavaScript-like language into SCUMM v6 bytecode, runnable as is in ScummVM. It allows anyone with the needed skills to create new and original SCUMM games, with features on par with Day of the Tentacle and Sam & Max Hit the Road.

A similar project named ScummGEN aims to achieve the same thing, with user-friendly tools.

Scummbler is a compiler for SCUMM bytecode, for versions 3 to 5 of the SCUMM engine. It uses scripts decompiled from the original game files, retrieved using a combination of an unpacking tool like ScummPacker (also by the author of Scummbler), and the descumm tool from ScummVM. These scripts can be re-inserted into the original game files, making it useful for modifying existing games, such as for translation. Also available are an image encoder-decoder, and a tool to assist in mapping speech files to text.

Interpreters
ScummVM is a free and open source software project to make a portable, Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) library-based SCUMM-engine client which allows many of the SCUMM-engine games to be played on systems where the original versions will not work or have trouble operating, including modern Windows and Macintosh systems, Linux (including portable handhelds—Android, GP2X, GP2X Wiz, Maemo, etc.), BeOS-Haiku, AmigaOS (3.x, 4.0, and its clones MorphOS and AROS), Palm OS, Windows Mobile (Pocket PC), Dreamcast, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, Wii, Symbian (SeriesXX and UIQ), iOS (iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch), webOS and QNX-Playbook platforms.

scvm is a SCUMM interpreter developed by the ScummC author. As of April 2008, it is in a prototype state, and is meant to become a script debugger for ScummC development. hiscumm is an attempt to port scvm and some bits of ScummVM to the Haxe platform, to produce an interpreter with an Adobe Flash backend.

References and in-jokes
In-joke references were a common feature of LucasArts adventure games. Developers used the name of their engine for comic effect in several games.

Razor and the Scummettes, a punk band mentioned in Maniac Mansion, and the SCUMM bar in the Monkey Island series are both named after the scripting language. In Escape from Monkey Island, victim of a hostile takeover, the SCUMM bar becomes the Lua bar, a reference to the programming language which replaced the engine used for the prior games. SCUMM is also listed in the ingredients of grog in The Secret of Monkey Island.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SCUMM


text:
Bruce Schneier

Bruce Schneier (born January 15, 1963) is an American cryptographer, computer security professional, privacy specialist, and writer. Schneier is an Adjunct Lecturer in Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School and a Fellow at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society as of November, 2013. He is a board member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Access Now, and The Tor Project; and an advisory board member of Electronic Privacy Information Center and VerifiedVoting.org. He is the author of several books on general security topics, computer security and cryptography and is a squid enthusiast.

In 2015, Schneier received the EPIC Lifetime Achievement Award from Electronic Privacy Information Center.

Early life and education
Bruce Schneier is the son of Martin Schneier, a Brooklyn Supreme Court judge. He grew up in the Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, attending P.S. 139 and Hunter College High School. He is Jewish.

After receiving a physics bachelor's degree from the University of Rochester in 1984, he went to American University in Washington, D.C., and got his master's degree in computer science in 1988. He was awarded an honorary Ph.D from the University of Westminster in London, England, in November 2011. The award was made by the Department of Electronics and Computer Science in recognition of Schneier's 'hard work and contribution to industry and public life'.

Schneier was a founder and chief technology officer of Counterpane Internet Security (now BT Managed Security Solutions). He worked for IBM once they acquired Resilient Systems where Schneier was CTO until he left at the end of June 2019.

Writings on computer security and general security
In 1991, Schneier was laid off from his job and started writing for computer magazines. Later he decided to write a book on applied cryptography "since no such book existed". He took his articles, wrote a proposal to John Wiley and they bought the proposal.

In 1994, Schneier published Applied Cryptography, which details the design, use, and implementation of cryptographic algorithms.

"This book allowed me to write more, to start consulting, to start my companies, and really launched me as an expert in this field, and it really was because no one else has written this book. I wanted to read it so I had to write it. And it happened in a really lucky time when everything started to explode on the Internet."

In 2010 he published Cryptography Engineering, which is focused more on how to use cryptography in real systems and less on its internal design. He has also written books on security for a broader audience. In 2000, Schneier published Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World; in 2003, Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World; in 2012, Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust that Society Needs to Thrive; and in 2015, Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World.

Schneier writes a freely available monthly Internet newsletter on computer and other security issues, Crypto-Gram, as well as a security weblog, Schneier on Security. The blog focuses on the latest threats, and his own thoughts. The weblog started out as a way to publish essays before they appeared in Crypto-Gram, making it possible for others to comment on them while the stories were still current, but over time the newsletter became a monthly email version of the blog, re-edited and re-organized. Schneier is frequently quoted in the press on computer and other security issues, pointing out flaws in security and cryptographic implementations ranging from biometrics to airline security after the September 11 attacks.

Blockchain
Schneier warns about misplaced trust in blockchain and the lack of use cases, calling blockchain a solution in search of a problem.

He goes on to say that cryptocurrencies are useless and are only used by speculators looking for quick riches.

Cryptography
To Schneier, peer review and expert analysis are important for the security of cryptographic systems. Mathematical cryptography is usually not the weakest link in a security chain; effective security requires that cryptography be combined with other things.

The term Schneier's law was coined by Cory Doctorow in a 2004 speech. The law is phrased as:

"Any person can invent a security system so clever that she or he can't think of how to break it."

He attributes this to Bruce Schneier, who wrote in 1998: "Anyone, from the most clueless amateur to the best cryptographer, can create an algorithm that he himself can't break. It's not even hard. What is hard is creating an algorithm that no one else can break, even after years of analysis."

Similar sentiments had been expressed by others before. In The Codebreakers, David Kahn states: "Few false ideas have more firmly gripped the minds of so many intelligent men than the one that, if they just tried, they could invent a cipher that no one could break", and in "A Few Words On Secret Writing", in July 1841, Edgar Allan Poe had stated: "Few persons can be made to believe that it is not quite an easy thing to invent a method of secret writing which shall baffle investigation. Yet it may be roundly asserted that human ingenuity cannot concoct a cipher which human ingenuity cannot resolve."

Schneier also coined the term "kid sister cryptography", writing in the Preface to Applied Cryptography that:

"There are two kinds of cryptography in this world: cryptography that will stop your kid sister from reading your files, and cryptography that will stop major governments from reading your files. This book is about the latter."

Digital rights management
Schneier is critical of digital rights management (DRM) and has said that it allows a vendor to increase lock-in. Proper implementation of control-based security for the user via trusted computing is very difficult, and security is not the same thing as control.

Schneier insists that "owning your data is a different way of thinking about data."

Full disclosure
Schneier is a proponent of full disclosure, i.e. making security issues public.

"If researchers don't go public, things don’t get fixed. Companies don't see it as a security problem; they see it as a PR problem."

Homeland security
Schneier has said that homeland security money should be spent on intelligence, investigation, and emergency response. Defending against the broad threat of terrorism is generally better than focusing on specific potential terrorist plots. According to Schneier, analysis of intelligence data is difficult but is one of the better ways to deal with global terrorism. Human intelligence has advantages over automated and computerized analysis, and increasing the amount of intelligence data that is gathered does not help to improve the analysis process. Agencies that were designed around fighting the Cold War may have a culture that inhibits the sharing of information; the practice of sharing information is more important and less of a security threat in itself when dealing with more decentralized and poorly funded adversaries such as al Qaeda.

Regarding PETN—the explosive that has become terrorists' weapon of choice—Schneier has written that only swabs and dogs can detect it. He also believes that changes to airport security since 11 September 2001 have done more harm than good and he defeated Kip Hawley, former head of the Transportation Security Administration, in an Economist online debate by 87% to 13% regarding the issue. He is widely credited with coining the term "security theater" to describe some such changes.

As a Fellow of Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, Schneier is exploring the intersection of security, technology, and people, with an emphasis on power.

Movie plot threat
"Movie-plot threat" is a term Schneier coined that refers to very specific and dramatic terrorist attack scenarios, reminiscent of the behavior of terrorists in movies, rather than what terrorists actually do in the real world. Security measures created to protect against movie plot threats do not provide a higher level of real security, because such preparation only pays off if terrorists choose that one particular avenue of attack, which may not even be feasible. Real-world terrorists would also be likely to notice the highly specific security measures, and simply attack in some other way. The specificity of movie plot threats gives them power in the public imagination, however, so even extremely unrealistic security theater countermeasures may receive strong support from the public and legislators. Among many other examples of movie plot threats, Schneier described banning baby carriers from subways, for fear that they may contain explosives. Starting in April 2006, Schneier has had an annual contest to create the most fantastic movie-plot threat. In 2015, during the 8th and the last one, he mentioned that the contest may have run its course.

System design
Schneier has criticized security approaches that try to prevent any malicious incursion, instead arguing that designing systems to fail well is more important. The designer of a system should not underestimate the capabilities of an attacker, as technology may make it possible in the future to do things that are not possible at the present. Under Kerckhoffs's Principle, the need for one or more parts of a cryptographic system to remain secret increases the fragility of the system; whether details about a system should be obscured depends upon the availability of persons who can make use of the information for beneficial uses versus the potential for attackers to misuse the information.

"Secrecy and security aren't the same, even though it may seem that way. Only bad security relies on secrecy; good security works even if all the details of it are public."

Cryptographic algorithms
Schneier has been involved in the creation of many cryptographic algorithms.

Hash functions:
 * Skein

Stream ciphers:
 * Solitaire
 * Phelix
 * Helix

Pseudo-random number generators:
 * Fortuna
 * Yarrow algorithm

Block ciphers:
 * Blowfish
 * Twofish
 * Threefish
 * MacGuffin

Publications

 * Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography, John Wiley & Sons, 1994. ISBN 0-471-59756-2
 * Schneier, Bruce. Protect Your Macintosh, Peachpit Press, 1994. ISBN 1-56609-101-2
 * Schneier, Bruce. E-Mail Security, John Wiley & Sons, 1995. ISBN 0-471-05318-X
 * Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0-471-11709-9
 * Schneier, Bruce; Kelsey, John; Whiting, Doug; Wagner, David; Hall, Chris; Ferguson, Niels. The Twofish Encryption Algorithm, John Wiley & Sons, 1996. ISBN 0-471-35381-7
 * Schneier, Bruce; Banisar, David. The Electronic Privacy Papers, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. ISBN 0-471-12297-1
 * Schneier, Bruce. Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World, John Wiley & Sons, 2000. ISBN 0-471-25311-1
 * Schneier, Bruce. Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly About Security in an Uncertain World, Copernicus Books, 2003. ISBN 0-387-02620-7
 * Ferguson, Niels; Schneier, Bruce. Practical Cryptography, John Wiley & Sons, 2003. ISBN 0-471-22357-3
 * Schneier, Bruce. Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World, John Wiley & Sons, 2004. ISBN 978-0-471-45380-2
 * Schneier, Bruce. Schneier on Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2008. ISBN 978-0-470-39535-6
 * Ferguson, Niels; Schneier, Bruce; Kohno, Tadayoshi. Cryptography Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, 2010. ISBN 978-0-470-47424-2
 * Schneier, Bruce. Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust that Society Needs to Thrive, John Wiley & Sons, 2012. ISBN 978-1-118-14330-8
 * Schneier, Bruce. Carry On: Sound Advice from Schneier on Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2013. ISBN 978-1118790816
 * Schneier, Bruce. Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World, W. W. Norton & Company, 2015. ISBN 978-0-393-24481-6
 * Schneier, Bruce. Click Here to Kill Everybody: Security and Survival in a Hyper-connected World, W. W. Norton & Company, 2018. ISBN 978-0-393-60888-5
 * Schneier, Bruce. We Have Root: Even More Advice from Schneier on Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2019. ISBN 978-1119643012
 * Schneier, Bruce. A Hacker’s Mind: How the Powerful Bend Society’s Rules, and How to Bend them Back, W. W. Norton & Company, 2023. ISBN 978-0-393-86666-7

Activism
Schneier is a board member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.

title: Bruce Schneier


text:
Mario Kart: Super Circuit

Mario Kart: Super Circuit is a 2001 kart racing game for the Game Boy Advance (GBA). It is the third Mario Kart game and retains its predecessors' gameplay: as a Mario franchise character, the player races opponents around tracks based on locales from the Super Mario platform games. Tracks contain obstacles and power-ups that respectively hamper and aid the player's progress. Super Circuit includes various single-player and multiplayer game modes, including a Grand Prix racing mode and a last man standing battle mode.

Super Circuit was developed by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo. It was the first handheld Mario Kart game and the only game in the series developed by Intelligent Systems. Its graphical style changed drastically from early demos, with the final release resembling Super Mario Kart (1992) visually. Nintendo revealed Super Circuit alongside the GBA in 2000 and released it in mid-2001, months after the console's launch.

Super Circuit received acclaim, with praise for its modes, presentation, gameplay, and difficulty, though responses to the multiplayer were mixed. Retrospectively, critics have ranked it as one of the best GBA games, but one of the lesser Mario Kart games due to its lack of technical innovation compared to its predecessors. It was nominated for several awards and won one. Super Circuit sold 5.91 million copies, which despite being the lowest-selling main Mario Kart game, made it the fourth bestselling GBA game. It was rereleased digitally for the Nintendo 3DS in 2011, the Wii U in 2014, and the Nintendo Switch in 2023.

Gameplay

Mario Kart: Super Circuit is a kart racing game featuring characters and elements from the Mario franchise. The player controls one of eight Mario characters and races opponents in karts around tracks themed around locales from the Super Mario platform games. Boxes labeled with question marks populate each of the 40 tracks; they give the player a random item based on elements from Super Mario games to help progress. Items can either be power-ups, such as a speed boost, or offensive, such as one that freezes an opponent's kart in place. Tracks are littered with obstacles that slow the player down, and coins that increase their speed once collected. Each playable character is sorted into one of three weight classes that determine how they play, with heavier characters having higher top speeds but slower acceleration. Princess Peach, Toad, and Yoshi are lightweights; Luigi and Mario are middleweights; and Bowser, Donkey Kong, and Wario are heavyweights. There are three difficulty levels themed after engine classes—50cc, 100cc, or 150cc—, with the harder difficulties' more powerful engine classes providing increased maximum speed and control difficulty.

Super Circuit features three single-player modes: Grand Prix (GP), Time Trial, and Quick Run. The main racing mode, GP, sees the player race against seven computer opponents around four consecutive circuits, with the objective of placing first in each race. Each set of tracks is part of a "cup", of which there are 10. Whoever achieves the best overall placements across all four races wins. The player is graded at the end of the GP based on a formula which takes into account several factors of player performance, including how many coins the player collected and the weight class of the character they completed the GP with. Achieving a high grade on any of the game's five original cups unlocks a single-player cup from Super Mario Kart (1992). Time Trial allows the player to race on their own to complete a track in the fastest time possible. The player can compete against another player's fastest time shared via the Game Boy Advance's (GBA) Game Link Cable, a peripheral cable that connects GBA systems. The Japanese release of Super Circuit was compatible with the Mobile Adapter GB peripheral, discontinued in 2002, which allowed the player to upload and download track times using a mobile phone's internet connection. Quick Run allows the player to race with customizable aspects, such as lap count and toggling item boxes and coins.

Multiplayer modes allow up to four players to compete via the Game Link Cable. It is possible to play multiplayer even if only one player owns the game cartridge, though only one character and four tracks are selectable with this setup. Three modes are playable in multiplayer: GP, Versus (VS), and Battle. GP remains unchanged from its single-player version, though only two players can race at once. VS allows up to four players to race around a single track without computer opponents. Battle mode differs from other modes as it sees up to four players compete in an arena rather than a circuit. Players begin with three balloons above their character and must pop the balloons of other players by attacking them with items. Players are knocked out if they lose all their balloons, and the winner is whoever remains the last man standing.

Development and release

Originally titled Mario Kart Advance in English, Super Circuit was announced by Nintendo prior to its annual Space World exhibition in 2000 and was unveiled alongside the GBA console itself. Gameplay screenshots published in an issue of CoroCoro featured a different super deformed art style, depicting characters with large heads. Items from early versions were also absent in the final release. Super Circuit was the only Mario Kart game developed by Intelligent Systems. It uses a similar graphical style to Super Mario Kart on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, particularly with its use of parallax scrolling and Mode 7-style scaling.

Nintendo released Mario Kart: Super Circuit in Japan on July 21, 2001, in North America on August 27, and in Europe on September 14. It released not long after the GBA itself, which launched in March in Japan and June elsewhere. It was the third entry in the Mario Kart series, after Super Mario Kart and Mario Kart 64 (1996), and the first released on a handheld console. Nintendo intended to release Super Circuit in mainland China through iQue, which localized Nintendo games for the region. A Chinese translation was created, but its release was canceled due to significant piracy of iQue's first batch of localized GBA games. The game was rereleased for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U's digital Virtual Console. On the 3DS, it was released free on December 16, 2011 for members of the Ambassador Program, eligible for entry to anyone who accessed the 3DS's eShop service before the console received a price cut. It was made available for purchase on the Wii U in 2014 in North America and 2015 in Europe and Japan. Super Circuit was also rereleased on the Nintendo Switch as part of Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack, an expanded tier of the Nintendo Switch Online subscription service, on February 8, 2023.

Reception
Mario Kart: Super Circuit received "universal acclaim", according to the review aggregator Metacritic. The game was successful commercially, selling 5.91 million copies worldwide—the fourth-bestselling GBA game and the system's bestselling non-Pokémon game. In the United Kingdom, Super Circuit sold 350,000 units by 2005 and was the bestselling GBA game in the region, and by 2006 had sold 2.1 million units in the United States. The game was added to Nintendo's "Player's Choice" lineup in 2006.

The single-player modes received praise. Reviewers said the game had significant replay value due to the grading system and large number of tracks. IGN praised the "ghost mode" that allows players to race their friend's saved best time, which they said contributed to replay value. The multiplayer offerings were lauded;   Nintendo World Report commended their speed, and GamesRadar declared Super Circuit the best multiplayer game on a handheld console at the time. The battle mode in particular drew praise,  although IGN criticized the inability to play against computer opponents in it. The ability for multiplayer modes to be played over multiple consoles with only one game cartridge was met with a more mixed reception. While GameSpot stated that the feature added further value, Nintendo World Report noted performance problems, which they said were enough to hinder gameplay.

Critics enjoyed Super Circuit gameplay. GamePro described its controls as precise, though they found it difficult to input a power slide move. Nintendo Life, in contrast, stated that controls could have been more precise. GamesRadar said the vehicle handling was superior to competitors like Crash Team Racing (1999) and Diddy Kong Racing (1997), with movement that felt "effortlessly perfect". Reviewers noted the difficulty;  IGN described its single player offerings as "extremely challenging" due to the intelligence of computer opponents and the process of unlocking tracks. GameSpy and Nintendo Life agreed that the precision of the controls adds to the challenge, though they became less of a struggle through experience.

Super Circuit presentation received praise, with critics admiring the visuals. Some reviewers noted its graphical similarity to Super Mario Kart, though they considered it an improvement. Nintendo Life and Nintendo World Report commended the track designs for their thematic variety and attention towards minute details. The original GBA model did not contain a backlit screen, a problem which GameSpot wrote the bright color palette helped rectify. The sound design was well received: IGN described the music as "extremely upbeat", and Nintendo World Report said its stereo audio contained a high degree of precision.

GamePro said Intelligent Systems had combined all the positive aspects of previous Mario Kart games "seamlessly" to create Super Circuit. GamesRadar and IGN said the game had few flaws, the latter naming it an exemplar for the GBA's hardware capabilities. Super Circuit received "Favourite Video Game" at the 2002 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. It was nominated for the Handheld Game of the Year award at both the 5th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards and the 2002 Golden Joystick Awards, and best "Mobile" game at the 2001 BAFTA Awards show.

Legacy
Despite its positive reception, Super Circuit ranks low on retrospective critics' lists of the best Mario Kart games, and Nintendo World Report said it was the Mario Kart game with the "fewest innovations". Critics blamed this on the hardware limitations of the GBA; GamesRadar said that the scarcity of the Link Cable made Super Circuit multiplayer experience less memorable than other Mario Kart games. Kotaku described Super Circuit as "lost", unable to live up to the technically pioneering releases of Super Mario Kart and 64 because of the GBA's hardware. Nonetheless, critics rank Super Circuit among the best GBA games.

Super Circuit was the first Mario Kart game to include tracks introduced in previous games, a tradition that would carry with every entry in the series starting with Mario Kart DS (2005). In 2017, Paste ranked Super Circuit Cheese Land as the tenth best track in the Mario Kart series; he cited it as an example of Super Circuit having "some of the wackiest, out-there tracks", surmising that "the course designers hadn't yet been stultified by the series' massive success to come during the DS and Wii eras".

title: Mario Kart: Super Circuit


text:
Talk:Hungarian language

new nationalist Textbooks
Looks like the conservative gov't has sent out 'trial' textbooks to Hungarian teachers with a new origin theory given some weight - that the language was ancestored by the Huns instead of a Finno-Ugric/Uralic background. I see nothing but trouble from this for the Talk Page .... -HammerFilmFan

Of course. However, Hungarian truly belongs to the Uralic family. The Hunnic language was most likely NOT Uralic. It is much more likely to have been either Yeniseian or Turkic. Nationalist authors have been unable to come up with any reliable research that would prove the "Hunnic" theory. 2A02:AB04:2AB:700:F5AF:BD32:6287:7FA (talk) 10:08, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

"Epistolae Pavli Lingva Hvngarica Donatae" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistolae_Pavli_Lingva_Hvngarica_Donatae&redirect=no Epistolae Pavli Lingva Hvngarica Donatae] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 1234qwer1234qwer4 18:54, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

Umlaut
A discussion has been opened at Talk:Umlaut (diacritic) that editors of this article may be able to resolve. I notice that the statement challenged is also stated in this article and is also uncited. 𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 10:57, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

Section "Word order"
In the "Word order" section of a language article, I expect to be shown how a sentence works, and not necessarily how a name works. For example, in a normal English sentence the subject is first, then the verb, and then the object (this order is often abbreviated SVO).

It would be helpful to see the proper way to make an ordinary sentence in Hungarian, and it would also be nice to see details like "if the sentence is a question" etc. TooManyFingers (talk) 17:17, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi TooManyFingers, I think the word order is free, just speak higher tone and move forward which word is in the focus.
 * "megyek az állomásra" "I go to station" neutral
 * "ÉN megyek az állomásra" "I go to the station" emphasizing that I (not you)
 * "Az ÁLLOMÁSRA megyek" "I go to the station" emphasizing the station, important to where I go OrionNimrod (talk) 17:28, 24 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I hope something like this can be included at the very beginning of the "Word order" section, because it is much more important for understanding how the Hungarian language works, even though the proper form for a person's name is a common problem for English speakers. TooManyFingers (talk) 17:39, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

Reason for deleting intermediate subgroups
Because this led to an edit war on the page about the Finnish language, I thought that I'd leave my justification on the talk page for removing the intermediate subgroups between Uralic and Hungarian.

WP:TRUTH means that it doesn't matter whether subgroups like Finno-Ugric actually exist; it must be verifiable that there is a scholarly consensus that they exist.

It's possible to cherry-pick sources that say that these subgroups exist, particularly older sources, but equally there are other sources that deny the existence of any intermediate subgroups between Uralic and Hungarian. So what is needed is an expert overview of the different proposals that explains the scholarly consensus.

The book "The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages" qualifies as such a reference, and here is what it has to say:

"It is generally accepted that the Uralic language family comprises [Saamic, Finnic, Mordvin, Mari, Permic, Samoyed] and the Ugric group, which is sometimes also derived from an intermediate proto-language. However, there is no consensus on further groupings or subdivisions within Uralic." (emphasis mine)

On Ugric specifically:

"Many linguists would now derive these shared linguistic features from Sprachbund-like mutual areal influences rather than a common proto-language (see chapters 1.2 and 2.7; Salminen 2002)." Stockhausenfan (talk) 22:46, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

 * This might be worth taking to WP:LING, but I do not believe we actually follow a standard of only-consensus for what to give as infobox classification; fairly widely supported + ongoingly debated subgroups are often included too with a "?", e.g. Tibeto-Kanauri; ditto unclear top-level families such as Niger-Congo above Atlantic-Congo. For the purposes of Hungarian this would yes probably mean including Ugric. (Separate Finno-Ugric though has yes not been really defended in decades now.) -- Trɔpʏliʊm • blah 11:00, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The key lies in MOS:INFOBOXPURPOSE: The purpose of an infobox is to summarize, but not supplant, the key facts that appear in an article. Do we say in this article that Finno-Ugric and Ugric have been entirely abandonded/rejected by general academic consensus? As of now, this article writes about Ugric: "it is no longer clear that it is a valid group"; and about binary split into Samoyed and Finno-Ugric: "that is now frequently questioned". It is a key fact about Hungarian that it is described as nested in the two intermediate subgroups Ugric and Finno-Ugric in many good sources, including fairly recent ones. All of us are aware about the recent trend to favor the null hypothesis for the internal classification of Uralic leading to a rake model (again in many good sources), but does that mean that Ugric and Finno-Ugric shouldn't get a mention in the infobox?
 * On a sidenote, lede- and infobox-heavy editing alone is not a healthy thing when our articles totally misalign about the evaluation of the Ugric branch. In Ugric languages, there is zero mention of recent doubts, while Ob-Ugric languages makes a much better job. –Austronesier (talk) 12:28, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hungarian language


text:
Columbia Business School

Columbia Business School (CBS) is the business school of Columbia University, a private research university in New York City. Established in 1916, Columbia Business School is one of six Ivy League business schools and is one of the oldest business schools in the world.

History

The school was founded in 1916 with 11 full-time faculty members and an inaugural class of 61 students, including 8 women. Banking executive Emerson McMillin provided initial funding in 1916, while A. Barton Hepburn, then president of Chase National Bank, provided funding for the school's endowment in 1919. The school expanded rapidly, enrolling 420 students by 1920, and in 1924 added a PhD program to the existing BS and MS degree programs.

In 1945, Columbia Business School authorized the awarding of the MBA degree. Shortly thereafter, in the 1950s, the school adopted the Hermes emblem as its symbol, reflecting the entrepreneurial nature of the Greek god Hermes and his association with business, commerce, and communication.

In 1952, CBS admitted its last class of undergraduates. The school currently offers executive education programs that culminate in a Certificate in Business Excellence (CIBE) and full alumni status, and several degree programs for the MBA and PhD degrees. In addition to the full-time MBA, the school offers four Executive MBA programs: the NY-EMBA Friday/Saturday program, the EMBA-Global program (launched in 2001 in conjunction with the London Business School), the EMBA-Americas program launched in 2012, and the EMBA-Global Asia program (launched in 2009 in conjunction with the London Business School and the University of Hong Kong Business School). Students in jointly run programs earn an MBA degree from each of the cooperating institutions.

In 2004, economist R. Glenn Hubbard became Columbia Business School's eleventh dean. He was succeeded in 2019 by Costis Maglaras.

Campus
From 1961, Columbia Business School was primarily located housed in Uris Hall, at the center of Columbia's Morningside Heights campus.

In October 2010, Columbia Business School announced that alumnus Henry Kravis, the billionaire co-founder of private-equity firm KKR, pledged $100 million to fund an expansion of Columbia Business School, the largest gift in its history. The donation went toward construction of the business school's new site on Columbia's Manhattanville campus. In December 2012, Ronald Perelman also donated $100 million to the construction of the second business school building. In September 2021, David Geffen pledged $75 million to support the new campus' construction. The buildings are designed by Diller Scofidio + Renfro, and are named Henry R. Kravis Hall and David Geffen Hall, respectively. Columbia Business School officially moved to Manhattanville in January 2022.

The cost of the new campus, which stands at $600 million, makes it the most expensive business school ever built.

MBA program
The Columbia MBA Program is one of the most competitive in the world with an admission rate of 13.6% for the Class of 2021. Students in the class that entered in 2009 come from 61 countries and speak more than 50 languages.

The revised core curriculum, launched in the fall of 2008, represents about 40% of the degree requirement. It consists of 2 full courses and 12 half-term courses including Corporate Finance, Financial Accounting, Managerial Statistics, Managerial Economics, Leadership, Operations Management, and Marketing Strategy. While the first year of the program is usually devoted to completing the requirements of the core curriculum, the second year provides students with the opportunity to choose from the more than 130 elective courses available at the school and supplement them with more than 4,000 graduate-level classes from the university's other graduate and professional schools. Among the most popular electives at Columbia Business School are the Economics of Strategic Behavior, Financial Statement Analysis and Earnings Quality, Launching New Ventures, Modern Political Economy, and the Seminar in Value Investing.

Columbia Business School has a firm grade non-disclosure policy, which states that students may refrain from disclosing specific class grades, GPAs, or transcripts until they accept full-time, post graduation positions.

Students enter Columbia's MBA program in two tracks. The traditional fall term is approximately 550 students, while the January term "J-Term" is approximately 200 students. Students entering in the fall are divided into eight clusters of approximately 65 students that take all first year core classes together. J-Term students are broken into three clusters. The J-Term is aimed at students who want an accelerated 18-month program who usually plan to return to their previous job, are company sponsored, and will not pursue a summer internship because they take classes during the summer.

The average starting base salary and bonus for Columbia MBAs in 2020 was $171,436, a sum that places it as the 6th highest among business schools. According to Forbes magazine, 90% of billionaires with MBAs who derived their fortunes from finance obtained their master's degree from one of three schools: Harvard Business School, Columbia Business School, or The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.

Academic divisions
The school's faculty are divided into six academic units:

 * Accounting
 * Decision, Risk, and Operations
 * Finance
 * Management
 * Economics
 * Marketing

MBA rankings
Recent national rankings of Columbia's MBA program include 7th by Forbes, 5th by Bloomberg Businessweek, and 6th by U.S. News & World Report. In global rankings, Columbia was ranked No. 4 by The Economist in 2022 and No. 1 by the Financial Times in 2023.

Dual-degree programs
Columbia Business School students can combine an MBA with one of ten other professional degrees. In general, a dual degree requires one less year than it would take to complete the two degrees separately. Candidates must apply separately to Columbia Business School and the other degree program.

Dual degrees offered with the following schools include:

 * School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation
 * College of Dental Medicine
 * School of Engineering and Applied Science
 * School of International and Public Affairs
 * School of Journalism
 * School of Law
 * School of Nursing
 * College of Physicians and Surgeons
 * School of Public Health
 * School of Social Work

Student life
The Columbia Business School Follies is a student club that works throughout each semester to put together a production in which students write, choreograph, and perform comedy skits. It achieved notoriety in 2006  for "Every Breath Bernanke Takes", its video parody of the Police song "Every Breath You Take". It purports to be from Glenn Hubbard, Dean of the Business School, in response to Hubbard's being a runner-up to the Fed Chairmanship assumed by Ben Bernanke.

Executive MBA programs
Columbia offers various executive MBA programs.

The Executive MBA (EMBA) Friday/Saturday Program is a 20-month graduate program designed for individuals that are looking to enhance their education without interrupting their careers. The EMBA program is taught on campus at Columbia University by full-time faculty. The first year of classes consists of the same core curriculum as the Full-Time MBA program. Executive education is the focus of the second year. This Friday/Saturday program is targeted at individuals with approximately 10 years of work experience.

The Executive MBA (EMBA) Saturday Program is a 24-month graduate degree program designed for individuals that are looking to enhance their education, but cannot take any time away from work. This program is the same as the Friday/Saturday program, with the exception that classes only meet on Saturdays over a longer period of time.

In addition to the New York-based EMBA Program, Columbia offers three partner programs to meet the differing needs and geographical distribution of prospective students. Because students in the partner EMBA programs must satisfy the separate requirements of each school, they earn an MBA degree from each participating university. Likewise, they become alumni of each university and business school and may avail themselves of all programs and privileges afforded to alumni.

 * The EMBA-Global Americas & Europe program is a 20-month program administered in partnership with the London Business School. The program enrolls approximately 70 students from around the world per year. Courses are taught by the full-time faculty of both schools. During the first year, the core curriculum classes alternate monthly between the campuses of Columbia University and the London Business School. The core curriculum is similar to that offered in the regular EMBA programs offered separately by each school, but with a more transnational-business emphasis. Second year classes may be selected from the portfolio of EMBA classes offered at either or both partner schools.
 * The EMBA-Global Asia, run jointly with the London Business School and the University of Hong Kong. This 20-month program follows a curriculum similar to the EMBA-Global program. Classes are held in Hong Kong, London, New York, and Shanghai.

EMBA rankings

 * No. 2 worldwide, No. 2 US program, BusinessWeek, 2011 Executive MBA Rankings
 * No. 2 worldwide, Financial Times, 2010 Executive MBA Rankings, Global-EMBA program
 * No. 3 US Program, No. 13 worldwide. Financial Times, 2010 Executive MBA Rankings, Berkeley-Columbia program
 * No. 4 US Program, No. 15 worldwide. Financial Times, 2010 Executive MBA Rankings, NY-EMBA program
 * No. 5 U.S. News & World Report 2010 Rankings
 * No. 4 BusinessWeek Executive MBA Rankings, NY-EMBA program
 * No. 9 Wall Street Journal Executive MBA Rankings, 2010, NY-EMBA program

MS Programs
Columbia Business School offers three separate Master of Science degrees in Accounting and Fundamental Analysis, Financial Economics and Marketing. Admission to the programs is extremely competitive: in 2021, there were 837 applicants to the Financial Economics program and only 20 students were accepted.

Doctoral program
The degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is offered by the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and is administered by the Business School. Admission is highly competitive with 894 applicants in 2010 for positions in an entering class of 18 students (2%). In 2021, the Finance division received over 500 applications and admitted 3 students (Acceptance rate of 0.6%) A PhD in Management or Business is a common precursor to an academic career in business schools.

Executive education
Columbia Business School Executive Education offers custom non-degree programs for organizations and open-enrollment non-degree programs for individuals in topics including management, finance, leadership, marketing, social enterprise, and strategy. The school also offers executive certification programs, including the Advanced Management Program, the Certificate in Business Excellence and the Senior Leaders Program for Nonprofit Professionals.

CIBE
The Certificate in Business Excellence (CIBE) is awarded to students who complete a total of 18 program days of executive education within a four-year period. Any executive education program at Columbia Business School can be applied toward the completion of the certificate.

Research centers, programs, and institutes
Research centers, special programs, institutes, and cross-disciplinary areas at Columbia Business School include:

 * Arthur J. Samberg Institute for Teaching Excellence
 * The Behavioral Lab
 * The Center for Decision Sciences
 * Center for Excellence in Accounting and Security Analysis
 * Center on Global Brand Leadership
 * Center on Japanese Economy and Business
 * Columbia Institute for Tele-Information
 * Columbia University Center for International Business Education Research
 * Competitive Strategy
 * Decision Making and Negotiations
 * Eugene Lang Center for Entrepreneurship
 * Healthcare and Pharmaceutical Management Program
 * The Heilbrunn Center for Graham & Dodd Investing
 * Jerome A. Chazen Institute of International Business
 * The Media Program
 * The Paul Milstein Center for Real Estate
 * Private Equity Program
 * Program for Financial Studies
 * Program on Social Intelligence
 * Richard Paul Richman Center for Business, Law, and Public Policy
 * The Sanford C. Bernstein & Co. Center for Leadership and Ethics
 * The Social Enterprise Program
 * W. Edwards Deming Center for Quality, Productivity and Competitiveness

Faculty
Columbia Business School employs 136 full-time faculty members, including Joseph Stiglitz, the 2001 Nobel laureate in economics who also teaches at the university's School of International and Public Affairs; and Bernd Schmitt, the Robert D. Calkins Professor of International Business. The current Dean is the former Presidential Council of Economic Advisers Chairman Glenn Hubbard. Hedge fund gurus Joel Greenblatt and Ken Shubin Stein are currently adjunct professors. Bruce Greenwald teaches Value Investing and Economics of Strategic Behavior electives. Adam Dell, brother of Dell Inc. CEO Michael Dell, is a venture capitalist who teaches Business Innovation and Technology. Jonathan Knee teaches Media, Mergers, and Acquisitions and is the author of a book titled "The Accidental Investment Banker". Frederic Mishkin, member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, returned to teach at CBS starting fall 2008. Rita Gunther McGrath is a well known member of the strategy faculty and the author of four books on the subject, most recently The End of Competitive Advantage: How to Keep Your Strategy Moving as Fast As Your Business (2013, Harvard Business Review Publishing) Steve Blank created the Lean Launchpad class that he teaches a scientific method for teaching entrepreneurship that combines experiential learning with the three building blocks of a successful Lean Startup.

Alumni
Columbia Business School has over 44,000 living alumni. Some of the more notable alumni include the following:

 * Akinlabi Olasunkanmi, MBA, Nigerian Senator and Minister of Youth Development
 * Alan Patricof, MBA 1957, founder of Apax Partners
 * Alexander Haig, MBA 1955, United States Secretary of State
 * Alfred P. Thorne, PhD 1959, British Guiana-born development economist
 * Anna Rawson, MBA 2015, Australian professional golfer and model
 * Antony Ressler, MBA 1985, co-founder of private equity firm Apollo Global Management and Ares Management
 * António Pedro dos Santos Simões, MBA, CEO of HSBC UK
 * Arthur Burns, PhD 1934, chairman of the Federal Reserve
 * Arthur J. Samberg, MBA 1967, chairman and CEO of Pequot Capital
 * Artie Minson, MBA 1997, former CEO of WeWork
 * Azita Raji, MBA 1991, former United States ambassador to Sweden
 * Benjamin M. Rosen, MBA 1961, former chairman and CEO of Compaq
 * Benjamin Wey, MSLD 2013, Chinese-born American financier
 * Beth Ford, MBA 1995, CEO of Land O'Lakes
 * Beverly Leon, MBA 2020, former midfielder for Sunderland A.F.C. Ladies
 * Bill Keenan, MBA 2016, former professional hockey player and author
 * Blair Effron, MBA 1986, founder of Centerview Partners
 * Robert Kasten Jr., MBA 1966, U.S. Senator from Wisconsin
 * Bob Tufts, MBA 1986, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Charles E. Exley Jr., MBA 1954, former chairman and CEO of NCR Corporation
 * Charles R. Perrin, MBA 1969, chairman of Warnaco; former CEO of Duracell and of Avon Products
 * Cherie Nursalim, MBA 1990, Indonesian businesswoman, vice chairman of Giti Group
 * Christopher O'Neill, MBA 2005, British-American businessman and husband of Princess Madeleine of Sweden
 * Claude Arpels, MBA 1998, French-American director of Van Cleef & Arpels
 * Cyrus Massoumi, MBA 2003, founder of Zocdoc
 * César Alierta, MBA 1970, Spanish CEO of Telefónica
 * Daniele Bodini, MBA 1972, Italian-American real estate businessman, Ambassador of San Marino to the United Nations
 * David Berger, MBA/Law 1969, American-Israeli Olympic weightlifter, taken hostage and killed by the Palestinian group Black September in the Munich massacre at the 1972 Olympics
 * David C. Schmittlein, PhD 1980, Dean of MIT (Sloan)
 * David LeFevre Dodd, MS 1921, PhD 1930, father of value investing
 * David Philbrick Conner, MBA 1976, CEO of Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation
 * David S. Rose, MBA 1983, entrepreneur, founder of New York Angels
 * David Sainsbury, MBA 1971, British former chairman of Sainsbury's
 * David E. Simon, MBA 1985, chairman and CEO of Simon Property Group
 * Diana Taylor, MBA 1980, 42nd Superintendent of the New York State Banking Department; domestic partner of former mayor Michael Bloomberg
 * Donna Rosato, MBA 2000, journalist, reporter for Money Magazine
 * Donald S. Siegel, PhD 1988, professor at Arizona State University
 * Douglas Hsu, MBA 1968, billionaire chairman of Far Eastern Group
 * Édouard Carmignac, MBA 1972, French investment banker and fund manager
 * Eduardo Verano De la Rosa, MBA 1978, Colombian Governor of Atlántico
 * Emilio Lozoya, MBA 1972, Secretary of Energy of Mexico; father of Pemex CEO Emilio Lozoya Austin
 * Eric Fromm (born 1958), tennis player
 * Ernest Higa, MBA 1976, Japanese-American entrepreneur
 * Erskine Bowles, MBA 1969, former White House Chief of Staff; President of the University of North Carolina system
 * Ethan Brown, MBA 2008, founder of Beyond Meat
 * Eudora Welty, MBA 1932, author, winner of 1973 Pulitzer Prize; recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom
 * Eugene Lang, MS 1940, chairman of the Eugene M. Lang Foundation
 * Federico Marchetti, MBA 1999, Italian founder of online retailer YOOX Group
 * Frank Lautenberg, BS 1949, U.S. Senator from New Jersey
 * Fred Hochberg, MBA 1975, chairman and President of the Export–Import Bank of the United States
 * Fritz Klein, MBA 1955, Austrian-born American psychiatrist and sex researcher
 * Gabriele Galateri di Genola, MBA 1972, chairman of Assicurazioni Generali, former chairman of Telecom Italia and CEO of Fiat
 * Gail J. McGovern, EMBA 1987, CEO of the American Red Cross
 * Gen Fukunaga, MBA 1989, Japanese-born American founder and CEO of Funimation Entertainment
 * Gerri Willis, MBA, journalist for Fox Business Network
 * Hanzade Doğan Boyner, MBA 1999, Turkish vice-chairwoman of Doğan Holding and daughter of billionaire Aydın Doğan
 * Harvey Schwartz, MBA 1996, CEO of The Carlyle Group, former president and COO of Goldman Sachs
 * Henry Kravis, MBA 1969, founder of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co.
 * Henry Swieca, MBA 1982, co-founder of Highbridge Capital Management, founder of Talpion
 * Howard L. Clark Jr., MBA 1968, chairman and CEO of Shearson Lehman Brothers
 * Ian Plenderleith, MBA 1971, former Deputy Governor, South African Reserve Bank
 * Ira Trivedi, MBA 2008, Indian novelist, yoga teacher, and entrepreneur
 * Irvine Laidlaw, Baron Laidlaw, MBA 1965, Scottish businessman and member of the House of Lords
 * Irving Kahn, MBA, formerly oldest living active investment professional
 * J.T. Battenberg, CEO of Delphi Automotive Systems
 * Jay W. Jordan II, MBA, founder of the Jordan Company
 * James P. Gorman, MBA 1987, Australian-American chairman and CEO of Morgan Stanley
 * James W. Keyes, MBA 1980, CEO of Fresh & Easy and former chairman and CEO of Blockbuster Inc., 7-Eleven
 * James Satloff, MBA 1986, former CEO of C.E. Unterberg, Towbin, founder of Liberty Skis
 * Jamie Kern, MBA 2004, co-founder and CEO of It Cosmetics
 * Jean-Marc Perraud, MBA 1972, French former CFO of Schlumberger
 * Jean-Paul Elkann, BS 1943, French Director of Dior, son-in-law of Fiat Chairman Gianni Agnelli
 * Jeff Campbell, MBA 1967, former chairman and CEO of Burger King
 * Jeffrey Loria, MBA 1968, owner of the Florida Marlins
 * Jerome Chazen, MBA 1950, co-founder of Liz Claiborne
 * Jerome J. Workman Jr., CSEP 2004, CIED 2004, CIBE 2006, author, inventor, and editor of scientific reference works on spectroscopy
 * Jerry Speyer, MBA 1964, CEO of Tishman Speyer Properties
 * Jill Furman, MBA 1997, co-producer of musical Hamilton
 * Joan Hornig, MBA 1983, jewelry designer
 * Joern Meissner, PhD 2005, German professor at Kühne Logistics University
 * John T. Dillon, MBA 1971, chairman and CEO of International Paper
 * John H. Shen-Sampas, MBA 2013, literary executor for the estate of Jack Kerouac
 * Jon Stein, MBA 2009, founder and CEO of Betterment
 * Jon Steinberg, MBA 2003, President of BuzzFeed
 * Jordan Roth, MBA 2010, president and majority owner of Jujamcyn Theaters
 * Joseph M. Tucci, MBA 1984, President and CEO of EMC Corporation
 * Joseph Vittoria, MBA 1959, former chairman and CEO of Avis
 * Joshua Mitts, PhD 2018, Columbia Law School professor known for research into activist short-selling
 * Joyce M. Roche, MBA 1972, former CEO of Girls, Inc. and director of AT&T
 * Julian Geiger, MBA, former chairman and CEO of Aeropostal
 * Kate Wang, MBA 2013, Chinese billionaire businesswoman
 * Keiko Sofia Fujimori, MBA 2008, Peruvian politician
 * Keith Sherin, EMBA 1991, chairman and CEO of GE Capital
 * Kenneth Ouriel, MBA 2009, former CEO of Shaikh Khalifa Medical City in Abu Dhabi; vascular surgeon
 * Kevin Burke, MBA, chairman and CEO of Consolidated Edison
 * Koos Bekker, MBA 1984, chairman of Naspers
 * Leon G. Cooperman, MBA 1967, founder, chairman, and CEO of Omega Advisors
 * Leonard Lauder, MBA 1955, chairman emeritus of the Estée Lauder Companies; son of Estée Lauder
 * Lewis A. Sanders, MBA 1995, former chairman and CEO of AllianceBernstein
 * Lewis Frankfort, MBA 1969, chairman and CEO of Coach
 * Li Lu, MBA 1996, Chinese-American investment banker, fund manager, and investor; one of the student leaders of the 1989 Tiananmen Square student protests
 * Lionel Pincus, MBA 1956, founder and chairman of Warburg Pincus
 * Lorne Abony, MBA 2003, Canadian owner of the Austin Aces; former CEO of Mood Media
 * Louis Bacon, MBA 1981, chairman of Moore Capital Management
 * Louis Rossetto, MBA 1973, founder and editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine
 * Lynn Yamada Davis, MBA, American celebrity chef and TikToker
 * Lynn Tilton, MBA 1987, businesswoman; collateralized loan obligation creator
 * Mark T. Cox IV, MBA 1971, former US alternate executive director to the World Bank
 * Mario Gabelli, MBA 1967, chairman and CEO of GAMCO Investors
 * Mark Gallogly, MBA 1986, founder of Centerbridge Partners
 * Mark Mays, MBA 1989, President and CEO of Clear Channel Communications
 * Mark Reckless, MBA 1999, UK Independence Party politician; member of parliament for Rochester and Strood
 * Martin Kihn, MBA 2001, writer and digital marketer
 * Martín Varsavsky, MBA 1985, Argentine/Spanish serial entrepreneur, founder of Jazztel and Fon
 * Matt Pincus, MBA 2002, founder and CEO of Songs Music Publishing, son of Lionel Pincus
 * Mauricio García Araujo, MBA, president of the Central Bank of Venezuela
 * Max C. Chapman, MBA, former president and CEO of Kidder, Peabody & Co.
 * Mehmet Omer Koç, MBA 1989, Turkish chairman of Koç Holding
 * Meir Amit, MBA, Israeli Chief Director and the head of global operations for Mossad
 * Mel Immergut, MBA, former chairman of international law firm Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy
 * Meyer Feldberg, MBA 1965, president of the Illinois Institute of Technology and dean of Columbia Business School
 * Michael A. Peel, MBA 1983, former VP of Human Resources at Yale University
 * Michael Bellavia, MBA 1999, CEO of Animax Entertainment
 * Michael Goodkin, MBA 1968, Quantitative finance entrepreneur, founder of Numerix
 * Michael Gould, MBA 1968, chairman and CEO of Bloomingdale's
 * Michael E. Hansen, MBA 1989, CEO of Cengage
 * Mike Fries, MBA, CEO, vice-chairman of Liberty Global
 * Mike Jeffries, MBA 1968, CEO of Abercrombie and Fitch
 * Mitch Albom, MBA 1983, author, journalist, screenwriter, Tuesdays with Morrie, The Five People You Meet in Heaven
 * N. Robert Hammer, MBA, chairman and CEO of CommVault Systems
 * Nancy McKinstry, MB 1984, CEO and chairman of the executive board of Wolters Kluwer
 * Noor Pahlavi, MBA 2020, model, socialite and princess to the former throne of Iran
 * Patrick Stokes, MBA 1966, former chairman and CEO of Anheuser-Busch
 * Paul B. Kazarian, MBA 1981, founder, chairman, and CEO of Japonica Partners
 * Paul Calello, MBA 1987, chairman and CEO of Credit Suisse's investment banking division
 * Paul Montrone, PhD 1996, chairman and CEO of Fisher Scientific
 * Penny Chenery, MBA, sportswoman who bred and raced Secretariat, 1973 winner of the Triple Crown
 * Percy Uris, BS 1920, real estate developer and namesake of Uris Hall, the business school building of Columbia
 * Peter A. Cohen, MBA 1969, chairman and CEO of Shearson Lehman Brothers
 * Peter Woo, MBA 1972, chairman of Wheelock & Co and The Wharf Holdings Limited
 * Philip Geier, MBA 1958, former chairman and CEO of Interpublic Group of Companies
 * Philip J. K. James, MBA 2005, founding CEO of Lot18 and Snooth
 * Philippe Jabre, MBA 1982, CEO of Jabre Capital Partners
 * Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este, MBA 2014, member of the Belgian royal family
 * Rachel Jacobs, MBA 2002, CEO of ApprenNet killed in the 2015 Philadelphia train derailment
 * Robert Agostinelli, MBA 1981, Italian-American founder of Rhône Group
 * Robert Amen, MBA 1973, chairman and CEO of International Flavors and Fragrances
 * Robert Bakish, MBA 1989, President and CEO of Viacom
 * Robert Daniel, MBA, U.S. Congressman from Virginia
 * Robert F. Smith, MBA 1994, founder of Vista Equity Partners, wealthiest African-American
 * Robert J. Stevens, MBA 1987, chairman and CEO of Lockheed Martin
 * Robert K. Watson, MBA 2006, founder of LEED
 * Robert R. Bennett, MBA 1982, CEO of Liberty Media Corporation
 * Robert Reffkin, MBA 2003, founder and CEO of Compass, Inc.
 * Rocco B. Commisso, MBA 1975, chairman and CEO of Mediacom
 * Rochelle Lazarus, MBA 1970, chairman and CEO of Ogilvy & Mather
 * Rohit Aggarwala, MBA 2000, Commissioner of the New York City Department of Environmental Protection
 * Ronald Grant, MBA 1993, former president and COO of AOL LLC
 * Roy Den Hollander, MBA 1997, lawyer and murder suspect
 * Russell Carson, MBA 1967, founder of Welsh, Carson, Anderson & Stowe
 * Sallie Krawcheck, MBA 1992, CEO and co-founder, Ellevest, former chairman and CEO Sanford Bernstein and CEO Citigroup Global Wealth Management
 * Sanford Greenberg, MBA 1966, chairman of Johns Hopkins University's Wilmer Eye Institute
 * Seungpil Yu, MBA 1971, PhD 1979, chairman and CEO of Yuyu Pharma (South Korea)
 * Shin Dong-bin (Akio Shigemitsu), MBA 1980, Korean-Japanese billionaire chairman of Lotte Group
 * Shirley Wang, MBA 1993, CEO of Plastpro, Inc., daughter-in-law of Wang Yung-ching
 * Sidney Taurel, MBA 1971, chairman and CEO of Eli Lilly and Company
 * Soren Thompson, MBA 2016, world champion and Olympic épée fencer
 * Stephanie Korey, MBA, founder and CEO of Away (luggage)
 * Thomas Sandell, MBA 1989, Swedish billionaire hedge fund manager
 * Timothy Kopra, MBA 2013, NASA astronaut
 * Todd Combs, MBA 2002, hedge fund manager, potential successor of Warren Buffett as CIO of Berkshire Hathaway
 * Tos Chirathivat, MBA 1988, CEO of Central Group
 * Tracey Chang, MBA 2011, China Central Television anchor; Miss New York USA in 2009
 * Tshilidzi Marwala, AMP 2017, Vice-Chancellor and Principal of the University of Johannesburg
 * Umayya Toukan, PhD 1987, Governor of the Central Bank of Jordan
 * Valerie Mars, MBA, billionaire heiress, daughter of Forrest Mars Jr.
 * Vikram Pandit, MBA 1980, PhD 1986, Indian-American CEO of Citigroup
 * Vincent Sardi Jr., BS 1937, owner of Sardi's Restaurant
 * Walter E. Hussman Jr., MBA 1970, CEO of WEHCO Media and publisher of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette
 * Warren Buffett, MS 1951, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway
 * Washington SyCip, MBA 1943, founder of the Asian Institute of Management and Sycip Gorres Velayo & Co.
 * Wolfgang Bernhard, MBA 1988, Member of the Board of Management of Daimler AG
 * Xavier R. Rolet, MBA 1984, French former CEO of the London Stock Exchange
 * Yuzaburo Mogi, MBA 1961, Japanese chairman and CEO of Kikkoman

title: Columbia Business School