text:
Talk:2002

Topics dated 2002
Moved calendar to 2002 calendar

"Dec 4 - Total Solar Eclipse" - eh? Where?! -- User:Khendon

 * Mainly southern Africa. See this map. --Zundark 12:16 Sep 12, 2002 (UTC)

who knows. Im linking the term, may that page gices a list! -- Tarquin 11:07 Sep 12, 2002 (UTC)

Please stop adding "January 2002" etc links. AFAIK, we're sticking to the template. Those pages are on Votes for deletion -- Tarquin 20:45 Dec 31, 2002 (UTC)~

 * Only because you voted to delete them. I'll agree that January 2002 isn't terribly useful, but the rest are archives of the Current events page (which started getting used in earnest in February 2002), and are very useful.  -- RobLa 01:40 Jan 1, 2003 (UTC)

 * I've added the months back in now, per discussion at Votes for deletion. I'll also add a suggestion to add this to the template at Timeline standards - RobLa 00:36 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. -- Tarquin

Topics dated 2004
Is it the International Year of Ecotourism and Mountains, or the International Year 2002 like a 2000 one. of Ecotourism and the International Year of Mountains? -- Zoe

I just removed www.webpostcalender.com - It is either a blog or a discussion site with mostly personal entries like the owner's child, etc. - Tεx τ urε 19:11, 7 May 2004 (UTC)

Changing see also box as per WikiProject_Years --(talk to)BozMo 16:34, 16 May 2004 (UTC)

I've tentatively added a navbox template to replace the rather unattractive navigational elements at the top of the page. Dicussion at WikiProject Years. -- Seth Ilys 23:50, 24 May 2004 (UTC)

Can we add important events that were overlooked? (I have in mind an inter-governmental lawsuit.) Kevin Baas | talk 04:06, 2004 Aug 18 (UTC)

Child "actors"

 * I cannot see the benefit of listing the births of babies who appear as the children of characters in US 2002 like a 2006 and 2008 one soaps etc. They are hardly actors in the sense of the word, and are unlikely to be notable in the future. Astrotrain 15:20, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Bouncing satellites ?

 * March 1 - The Envisat environmental satellite successfully reaches an orbit 800km above the Earth on its 11th launch, carrying the heaviest payload to date at 8500kg.

Satellites usually launch only once. Should the credit for 11 launches go to the rocket type? Hmm, looks like Ariane 5 was the ticket; I'll put that in. Shenme 18:34, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Quaoar what
Some explanation of "quaoar" seems needed. 72.26.64.174 08:15, 11 January 2007 (UTC)CGS
 * Agreed/done: I added "planetoid Quaoar...orbiting the Sun in the Kuiper belt" (The previous text was baiting, like saying "Hunt the Wumpus succeeded" so anyone curious had to click the article-link to find the basics: oh, a planetoid). -Wikid77 04:05, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Halle Berry
Shouldn't her Oscar win be listed as an event?? -72.191.215.43 at 20:53, 9 June 2007
 * We don't normally include awards. Jim Michael (talk) 22:14, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

Year 2002
01-July-2002: I have restored the prefix "Year 2002" which some people seem obsessed to remove from the yearly articles. It allows a search-engine to match "year 2002" and, of course, conforms to the age-old "Never start a sentence with a numeral" (Google-search-Never-etc.) plus the word "year" is much shorter than the formal "Nineteen Eighty-four" and such. Now, with that settled, no more "This article is about the year 2002" (big duh), and the top hat-note has been trimmed to the simple "Also see: 2002 (number)" as a quick one-line item. Of course, numerous other articles have rambled with similar yada-yada hat notes (such as "Joan of Arc"), but there are numerous yearly articles to hint a pattern that they're obviously about the year, so no need to ramble, "This article is about the year nnnn" (if you see that, please shorten those hat-notes). -Wikid77 05:34, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

2002 (disambiguation)
Simply changed the 2002 (number) page to 2002 (disambiguation) as the links do not refer to the number in the same way as the article 2000 (number) does, but instead refer to other links involving "2002". The 2002 (number) page still exists so that anyone can create a proper page for that subject if they wish. MXVN (talk) 06:57, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Please add October 27, 2002 as the date of release of GTA Vice City
GTA Vice City is one of the most popular game ever made that has sold millions of copies all over the world. It was also named game of the year 2002 by prominent game publishers and journals. Rocksar's GTA series itself is extremely popular and I have noticed other articles mentioning release dates of other game series like Final Fantasy VII in the 1997 article (the first GTA game used to be mentioned in that article too) and GTA Vice City was a far more popular game than it. So why are those games allowed whereas GTA Vice City is not? And statistics show GTA Vice City has had far more world wide popularity to this date when it has numerous updates and modifications compared to and Final Fantasy games and it even made headlines for discrimination against Haitian refugees in the US and has caused legal battles. So if it is allowed for release dates of world wide popular games to be mentioned, why cant October 27 be written as the release date of one of the most world wide popular video game of all time? I request it please be added. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.97.178.114 (talk • contribs)
 * while the game may have been very popular, the release date itself doesn't seem generally notable as an event. Furthermore, the guideline for recent year pages (of which 2002 is one), indicates that video game releases should only appear on the relevant subject year page (e.g., 2002 in video gaming).  With regard to Final Fantasy VII on the 1997 page: I have removed it under the same rationale for not being an intrinsically notable event.—Laoris (talk) 15:56, 12 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Thank you for taking your time to clarify the matter, I understand now. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.97.133.117 (talk) 15:30, 16 October 2016 (UTC)

Deaths
I've added Robbin Crosby to the list of Deaths in 2002 and it got removed. Why? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.100.50.203 (talk) 21:02, 15 November 2016 (UTC)
 * In order to prevent this page from becoming unwieldy, the editing guidelines for recent years require a stricter level of notability than the encyclopedia at-large. See WP:RYB for a description of these requirements.—Laoris (talk) 22:32, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Births
In my opinion, none of the recent additions to "Births" are internationally notable. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 20:17, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Being known primarily for Eurovision is one of the exclusion criteria; being known only for one event probably should be one of the exclsion criteria. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 20:36, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I can't see anything about being known for Eurovision on WP:RYB or WP:UNDUE. But if those are the criteria being used, then Gaia Cauchi and Felix of Denmark should be excluded (only known for Eurovision and being royalty respectively), and Levi Miller should be included (not known for only one event). I'll make those changes to the article. Chessrat  ( talk, contributions ) 20:39, 19 February 2017 (UTC)
 * There seems to be consensus that some royalty should be included, but that Eurovision should be disregarded in determining "international importance". — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 00:28, 20 February 2017 (UTC)
 * When was a consensus reached on not including people known only for participating in Eurovision? If there is such a consensus then it should probably be added to an official policy. Chessrat  ( talk, contributions ) 02:40, 20 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Well, by definition, going to Eurovision has no international significance. "Winning" might, but consensus at WikiProject Years and at Recent Years seems to be that Eurovision is entertainment, rather than a "contest".  If  WikiProject Music thinks it appropriate in "year in music" articles, it would be their decision. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 03:33, 20 February 2017 (UTC)

I propose removing Napoleon Beazley as he has no international notability and the article's a mess. Deb (talk) 12:26, 21 May 2019 (UTC)

I propose removing Lil Mosey as having only limited notability. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 23:43, 23 June 2019 (UTC)

Eclipses
See WT:YEARS for a matter relevant to this page. Arthur Rubin (alternate) (talk) 23:09, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 April 2022
February 11: CBeebies gets launched and CBBC gets a new look and channel by BBC. 7heGame (talk) 17:56, 30 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 22:08, 30 April 2022 (UTC)
 * That's for 2002 in British television. Jim Michael 2 (talk) 10:54, 8 May 2022 (UTC)

Collage thoughts
Please let me know if anyone has any disagreements on the images included in the collage, and I will put it up for vote. Thanks The ganymedian (talk) 22:46, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I've commented out the collage because one of the events was an unreferenced addition to the Events section, which has now been removed in accordance with the standards for Year pages. Deb (talk) 02:53, 9 October 2022 (UTC)
 * , what about the Prestige oil spill is that a good option  4me689  (talk) 02:52, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * there is a discussion about the 2002 Collage at User_talk:4me689/collage_discussions  4me689  (talk) 18:04, 31 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I think the D.C. sniper attacks and the United States Department of Homeland Security are obviously not important enough and can be replaced by two of the three incidents of the 2002 European floods, 2002 Bali bombings, and Moscow theater hostage crisis. Nagae Iku (talk) 07:44, 24 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Good idea.  4me689  (talk) 15:59, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

Expansion with overview sources
& : You've both expressed an interest in this style of sourcing for year articles. I've expanded the body of this article in a similar fashion to 2001. But this time, while editing, I focused heavily on overview sources without using any sources about specific events (permalink for posterity). I've found that these overview sources help when writing about statistics and trends. But there are also some drawbacks. The number of sources of this type are limited, they lean far more Western and US biased than the events timeline at the bottom of the article, and there are a lot of major omissions. A few notes on 2002 and how it compares to 2001, as well as a non-comprehensive list of omissions that probably have enough weight to be covered in this article:

 * Population – Generally used the same sources and format
 * Conflicts – 2002 is much better on general trends, and I'll likely go back and use similar sources in 2001. 2002 misses a lot of major conflicts.
 * Major omissions or underrepresented aspects: Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines, end of the Sierra Leone Civil War, 2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department, Operation Anaconda, Battle of Yeongpyeong (2002), Perejil Island crisis, First Ivorian Civil War, Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
 * Culture
 * Art – I was not able to find any sources about the most significant artworks of 2002 or anything about 2002 in architecture. The "critically acclaimed paintings" list reflects what is said in overview sources, but I think it reflects a weakness in using this sort of sourcing for this type of subject
 * Media – I mostly used the same format and sources as 2001, but I also made "critically acclaimed" lists by grabbing three or four "best of the year" overviews and listing the ones that were common to at least three of them.
 * Sports – Difficult to find sports in year sources that aren't heavily US-based.
 * Major omissions or underrepresented aspects: Memorial to the Victims of Communism, Girl with Balloon, 2002 FIFA World Cup, 2002 Commonwealth Games, lots of architecture such as Bibliotheca Alexandrina
 * Economy – Year in review works really well for economic trends, but not business or economic events
 * Major omissions or underrepresented aspects: Introduction of the Euro, acquisition of Compaq, bankruptcy of Swissair
 * Environment and weather – Mostly the same sources between 2001 and 2002. Couldn't find an overview of major earthquakes in 2002.
 * Major omissions or underrepresented aspects: earthquakes (including 2002 Afyon earthquake, 2002 Hindu Kush earthquakes, 2002 Bou'in-Zahra earthquake) eruption of Mount Nyiragongo, Prestige oil spill
 * Health – Almost nonexistent when sources are restricted in this fashion.
 * Major omissions or underrepresented aspects: 2002–2004 SARS outbreak, 2002 Barrow-in-Furness legionellosis outbreak
 * Politics – Trends in global politics show up well, but year-defining stories are lost in the mix.
 * Major omissions or underrepresented aspects: International agreements (including Treaty on Open Skies, Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture), Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II, Trial of Slobodan Milošević, new governments (Kingdom of Bahrain, East Timor, South West State of Somalia), Swiss membership in the United Nations, International Criminal Court, African Union, Earth Summit 2002, 2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum, beginning of the Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
 * Religion – I was unable to find any sources about 2002 in world religion (there are plenty for 2002 in US religion and for major stories within 2002 in world religion).
 * Major omissions or underrepresented aspects: Catholic Church sexual abuse cases, Ghriba synagogue bombing, Akshardham Temple attack, Miss World riots
 * Science and technology – Year in review gave a few misc scientific developments, but science year in review type sources appear to be somewhat indiscriminate.
 * Major omissions or underrepresented aspects: transport (2002 El Ayyat railway accident, China Airlines Flight 611, Igandu train collision, MV Le Joola), spaceflight (Soyuz TM-34, Buran (spacecraft)), 50000 Quaoar, 2002 Eastern Mediterranean event, Solar eclipse of June 10, 2002, first synthetic virus, death of the only captive baiji dolphin, discovery of the Mantophasmatidae family, Tor (network), advances with Primality tests

I think the best solution is somewhere between the sourcing in 2001 and the sourcing in 2002. Neither gets it quite right. Thebiguglyalien ( talk ) 23:10, 30 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the ping and for your work on this. What you've said makes sense, and I'm not sure what the best solution is vis-a-vis sources... these year in review sources definitely have their drawbacks. I will not have a lot of time over the next week or so but will come back to this and take a closer look and see if I can find anything helpful. Glad to see these articles are being expanded! Levivich (talk) 01:19, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Having now had a closer look at it, I want to once again say thanks for researching and writing all of this. I'm not as concerned about the list of omissions/under-representations, none of which really strike me as being major omissions or under-representations, at least on a global scale. I'm not going to go through all of them, but just to talk about a few categories:
 * Art: Doesn't surprise me that there may not be sources talking about "most significant" artwork or architecture of 2002, for a couple reasons I can imagine. First, there may not have been any really significant artworks or works of architecture completed in 2002. It's not like a masterpiece is created every year. Second, identifying significant artworks may only be possible in retrospect, and it may take years or decades for the world to recognize a 2002 artwork as being "great". This is especially true on the global scale. It'd be OK with me if, for some years, we only had country-specific artworks listed and nothing on the "main" page.
 * Milestones in multi-year processes: I don't think Euro is a major omission in 2002 because I'm not sure the introduction of physical Euro currency in 2002 was that big of a deal, as compared with other dates relating to the Euro, e.g. 1992, 1999. Similarly, I'm not sure every operation in Operation Enduring Freedom makes the cut (as opposed to 2001 and 2014). SORT probably wasn't that big of a deal, esp. when compared with New START and others. The ICC formally opened in 2002, but... who cares when it formally opened? The passage of the Rome Statute in 1998, the ICC's first arrest in 2005, and first conviction in 2012, were all probably more important than jus the date on which it formally started; so I'm not surprised if ICC opening in 2002 is not in the review sources.
 * Regular events: SARS 2002-2004 infected "only" 8,000 people and killed less than 1000; that's not that big of an epidemic, see List of epidemics. I don't think each of these epidemics is a major event in the year it happens. FIFA, Olympics, and other regularly-scheduled events may also not make "year in review" articles, and I don't think we need to include them in these year articles.
 * So I think the narrative prose is great, and it's not really missing anything; the list of omissions doesn't change my mind; and I would still be fine if the entire "Events" timeline was removed, leaving only the prose. (Not that I'm going to delete it or anything.)
 * Thank you again for doing this! Levivich (talk) 21:38, 4 April 2023 (UTC)
 * A great start. Did you come across this source:, which gives the World Cup a prominent position? These review articles don’t contain much detail, but I think we should use them for determining weight and context, not as the sole source of content. For example if we use the above source to determine that the World Cup was a significant event in sports in 2002, we can elaborate on that using other sources (e.g. gleaned from the 2002 FIFA World Cup article).
 * I can see that Anglocentrism will be an issue here, but that’s an issue that affects the rest of the encyclopaedia too. Regarding the limited number of review sources, I would rather have a shorter article with more robust sourcing and well-established due weight, than a longer article expanded because we as editors personally think an event was significant. Barnards.tar.gz (talk) 08:18, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
 * "a shorter article with more robust sourcing" In other words, an uninformative stub article. That would be a good candidate for deletion. Dimadick (talk) 18:26, 24 August 2023 (UTC)

Collage depreciation
At Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Years, a discussion on whether to depreciate collages in general in going on. Please share your thoughts.--Marginataen (talk) 21:38, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

Gallery
frequently discussed about the collage image in the year 2001 article that fails WP:GALLERY. Should we remove it same as ongoing discussion at Talk:2001. 36.82.203.68 (talk) 10:23, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:2002


text:
Microsoft SharePoint Workspace

Microsoft SharePoint Workspace (formerly Microsoft Office Groove ) is a discontinued desktop application designed for document collaboration in teams with members who are regularly off-line or who do not share the same network security clearance. It is no longer included with Microsoft Office 2013. It has been replaced by a web-based service called OneDrive for Business.

Groove's uses have included coordination between emergency relief agencies, where different organizations do not share a common security infrastructure and where offline access is important, and amongst teams of knowledge workers, such as consultants who need to work securely on client sites. It is also used as a staging system for documents in development, where content can be developed then transferred to a portal when complete.

Groove was initially developed by Lotus Notes creator Ray Ozzie, and developed by Groove Networks of Beverly, Massachusetts, until Microsoft's acquisition of Groove Networks in March 2005.

Collaboration tools
Groove's basic set of services (including always-on security, persistent chat, store-and-forward messaging delivery, firewall/NAT transparency, ad-hoc group formation, and change notification) may be customized with tools.

Tools are mini-applications that rely on Groove's underlying functionality to disseminate and synchronize their contents with other members' copies of the workspace. Groove provides various tools that can be added to (and removed from) a workspace to customize the functionality of each space (for example a calendar, discussion, file sharing, an outliner, pictures, notepad, sketchpad, web browser, etc.). Tools that members use in a workspace often drive the nature of the person-to-person collaboration that ensues. In Groove 2007, the SharePoint Files tools can be used to take SharePoint 2007 document libraries offline.

Groove 2007 includes a presence subsystem, which keeps track of which users in the contact store are online, and presents the information in the launchbar. If Groove server is used, a user is considered online when they log on to the server. In absence of a server, the Device Presence Protocol (which comes in different variants for LANs and WANs) is used. Groove also allows sending instant messages to peers. All session and user information is stored by the Groove client at client side.

Versions
Groove Virtual Office 3.1 was the last version before Microsoft's acquisition of Groove Networks. The following versions have been released since:
 * Groove 2007 (Included in Office 2007 Ultimate and Enterprise editions and also available as a separate product), released January 27, 2007.
 * SharePoint Workspace 2010, released July 15, 2010.

Microsoft claims the name change is a natural progression, since Groove is to SharePoint what Outlook is to Exchange. Microsoft asserts that features have been added to make it easier to deploy and manage, and claims that SharePoint Workspace will make it easier to access SharePoint content (or content from any server that implements the publicly documented protocols).

Server application
Microsoft Groove Server is a tool for centrally managing all deployments of Microsoft SharePoint Workspace in an enterprise. It enables using Active Directory for Groove user accounts, and create Groove Domains, with individual policy settings.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Microsoft SharePoint Workspace


text:
Louis Sullivan

Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been called a "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism." He was an influential architect of the Chicago School, a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. Along with Wright and Henry Hobson Richardson, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture." The phrase "form follows function" is attributed to him, although the idea was theorised by Viollet le Duc who considered that structure and function in architecture should be the sole determinants of form. In 1944, Sullivan was the second architect to posthumously receive the AIA Gold Medal.

Early life and career
Sullivan was born to a Swiss-born mother, Andrienne List (who had emigrated to Boston from Geneva with her parents and two siblings, Jenny, b. 1836, and Jules, b. 1841) and an Irish-born father, Patrick Sullivan. Both had immigrated to the United States in the late 1840s. He learned that he could both graduate from high school a year early and bypass the first two years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by passing a series of examinations. Entering MIT at the age of sixteen, Sullivan studied architecture there briefly. After one year of study, he moved to Philadelphia and took a job with architect Frank Furness.

The Depression of 1873 dried up much of Furness's work, and he was forced to let Sullivan go. Sullivan moved to Chicago in 1873 to take part in the building boom following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. He worked for William LeBaron Jenney, the architect often credited with erecting the first steel frame building. After less than a year with Jenney, Sullivan moved to Paris and studied at the École des Beaux-Arts for a year. He returned to Chicago and began work for the firm of Joseph S. Johnston & John Edelman as a draftsman. Johnston & Edleman were commissioned for the design of the Moody Tabernacle, and tasked Sullivan with the design of the interior decorative fresco secco stencils (stencil technique applied on dry plaster). In 1879 Dankmar Adler hired Sullivan. A year later, Sullivan became a partner in Adler's firm. This marked the beginning of Sullivan's most productive years.

Adler and Sullivan initially achieved fame as theater architects. While most of their theaters were in Chicago, their fame won commissions as far west as Pueblo, Colorado, and Seattle, Washington (unbuilt). The culminating project of this phase of the firm's history was the 1889 Auditorium Building (1886–90, opened in stages) in Chicago, an extraordinary mixed-use building that included not only a 4,200-seat theater, but also a hotel and an office building with a 17-story tower and commercial storefronts at the ground level of the building, fronting Congress and Wabash Avenues. After 1889 the firm became known for their office buildings, particularly the 1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis and the Schiller (later Garrick) Building and theater (1890) in Chicago. Other buildings often noted include the Chicago Stock Exchange Building (1894), the Guaranty Building (also known as the Prudential Building) of 1895–96 in Buffalo, New York, and the 1899–1904 Carson Pirie Scott Department Store by Sullivan on State Street in Chicago.

Sullivan and the steel high-rise

Prior to the late nineteenth century, the weight of a multi-story building had to be supported principally by the strength of its walls. The taller the building, the more strain this placed on the lower sections of the building; since there were clear engineering limits to the weight such "load-bearing" walls could sustain, tall designs meant massively thick walls on the ground floors, and definite limits on the building's height.

The development of cheap, versatile steel in the second half of the nineteenth century changed those rules. America was in the midst of rapid social and economic growth that made for great opportunities in architectural design. A much more urbanized society was forming and the society called out for new, larger buildings. The mass production of steel was the main driving force behind the ability to build skyscrapers during the mid-1880s. By assembling a framework of steel girders, architects and builders could create tall, slender buildings with a strong and relatively lightweight steel skeleton. The rest of the building elements—walls, floors, ceilings, and windows—were suspended from the skeleton, which carried the weight. This new way of constructing buildings, so-called "column-frame" construction, pushed them up rather than out. The steel weight-bearing frame allowed not just taller buildings, but permitted much larger windows, which meant more daylight reaching interior spaces. Interior walls became thinner, which created more usable (and rentable) floor space.

Chicago's Monadnock Building (not designed by Sullivan) straddles this remarkable moment of transition: the northern half of the building, finished in 1891, is of load-bearing construction, while the southern half, finished only two years later, is of column-frame construction. While experiments in this new technology were taking place in many cities, Chicago was the crucial laboratory. Industrial capital and civic pride drove a surge of new construction throughout the city's downtown in the wake of the 1871 fire.

The technical limits of weight-bearing masonry had imposed formal as well as structural constraints; suddenly, those constraints were gone. None of the historical precedents needed to be applied and this new freedom resulted in a technical and stylistic crisis of sorts. Sullivan addressed it by embracing the changes that came with the steel frame, creating a grammar of form for the high rise (base, shaft, and cornice), simplifying the appearance of the building by breaking away from historical styles, using his own intricate floral designs, in vertical bands, to draw the eye upward and to emphasize the vertical form of the building, and relating the shape of the building to its specific purpose. All this was revolutionary, appealingly honest, and commercially successful.

In 1896, Louis Sullivan wrote:

"It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human, and all things super-human, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law. (italics in original)"

"Form follows function" would become one of the prevailing tenets of modern architects.

Sullivan attributed the concept to Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, the Roman architect, engineer, and author, who first asserted in his book, De architectura (On architecture), that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas – that is, it must be "solid, useful, beautiful." This credo, which placed the demands of practical use equal to aesthetics, later would be taken by influential designers to imply that decorative elements, which architects call "ornament", were superfluous in modern buildings, but Sullivan neither thought nor designed along such dogmatic lines during the peak of his career and this credo never put one concept above another. While his buildings could be spare and crisp in their principal masses, he often punctuated their plain surfaces with eruptions of lush Art Nouveau or Celtic Revival decorations, usually cast in iron or terra cotta, and ranging from organic forms, such as vines and ivy, to more geometric designs and interlace, inspired by his Irish design heritage. Terra cotta is lighter and easier to work with than stone masonry. Sullivan used it in his architecture because it had a malleability that was appropriate for his ornament. Probably the most famous example of ornament used by Sullivan is the writhing green ironwork that covers the entrance canopies of the Carson Pirie Scott store on south State Street.

Such ornaments, often executed by the talented younger draftsmen in Sullivan's employ, eventually would become Sullivan's trademark; to students of architecture, they are instantly recognizable as his signature.

Another signature element of Sullivan's work is the massive, semi-circular arch. Sullivan employed such arches throughout his career—in shaping entrances, in framing windows, or as interior design.

All of these elements are found in Sullivan's widely admired Guaranty Building, which he designed while partnered with Adler. Completed in 1895, this office building in Buffalo, New York is in the Palazzo style, visibly divided into three "zones" of design: a plain, wide-windowed base for the ground-level shops; the main office block, with vertical ribbons of masonry rising unimpeded across nine upper floors to emphasize the building's height; and an ornamented cornice perforated by round windows at the roof level, where the building's mechanical units (such as the elevator motors) were housed. The cornice is covered by Sullivan's trademark Art Nouveau vines and each ground-floor entrance is topped by a semi-circular arch.

Because Sullivan's remarkable accomplishments in design and construction occurred at such a critical time in architectural history, he often has been described as the "father" of the American skyscraper. But many architects had been building skyscrapers before or as contemporaries of Sullivan; they were designed as an expression of new technology. Chicago was replete with extraordinary designers and builders in the late years of the nineteenth century, including Sullivan's partner, Dankmar Adler, as well as Daniel Burnham and John Wellborn Root. Root was one of the builders of the Monadnock Building (see above). That and another Root design, the Masonic Temple Tower (both in Chicago), are cited by many as the originators of skyscraper aesthetics of bearing wall and column-frame construction, respectively.

Later career and decline

In 1890, Sullivan was one of the ten U.S. architects, five from the east and five from the west, chosen to build a major structure for the "White City", the World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893. Sullivan's massive Transportation Building and huge arched "Golden Door" stood out as the only building not of the current Beaux-Arts style, and with the only multicolored facade in the entire White City. Sullivan and fair director Daniel Burnham were vocal about their displeasure with each other. Sullivan later claimed (1922) that the fair set the course of American architecture back "for half a century from its date, if not longer." His was the only building to receive extensive recognition outside America, receiving three medals from the French-based Union Centrale des Arts Decoratifs the following year.

Like all American architects, Adler and Sullivan suffered a precipitous decline in their practice with the onset of the Panic of 1893. According to Charles Bebb, who was working in the office at that time, Adler borrowed money to try to keep employees on the payroll. By 1894, however, in the face of continuing financial distress with no relief in sight, Adler and Sullivan dissolved their partnership. The Guaranty Building was considered the last major project of the firm.

By both temperament and connections, Adler had been the one who brought in new business to the partnership, and following the rupture Sullivan received few large commissions after the Carson Pirie Scott Department Store. He went into a twenty-year-long financial and emotional decline, beset by a shortage of commissions, chronic financial problems, and alcoholism. He obtained a few commissions for small-town Midwestern banks (see below), wrote books, and in 1922 appeared as a critic of Raymond Hood's winning entry for the Tribune Tower competition.

In 1922, Sullivan was paid $100 a month to write an autobiography in installments to be published in the journal for the American Institute of Architects. Sullivan worked on the series with Journal editor Charles Harris Whitaker, who advised he "plot out the material by periods." The Autobiography of an Idea began its publication in the June 1922 Journal for the American Institute of Architects and upon its conclusion was published as a book.

He died in a Chicago hotel room on April 14, 1924. He left a wife, Mary Azona Hattabaugh, from whom he was separated. A modest headstone marks his final resting spot in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago's Uptown and Lake View neighborhood. Later, a monument was erected in Sullivan's honor, a few feet from his headstone.

Legacy
Sullivan's legacy is contradictory. Some consider him the first modernist. His forward-looking designs clearly anticipate some issues and solutions of Modernism; however, his embrace of ornament makes his contribution distinct from the Modern Movement that coalesced in the 1920s and became known as the "International Style". Sullivan's built work expresses the appeal of his incredible designs: the vertical bands on the Wainwright Building, the burst of welcoming Art Nouveau ironwork on the corner entrance of the Carson Pirie Scott store, the (lost) terra cotta griffins and porthole windows on the Union Trust building, and the white angels of the Bayard Building, Sullivan's only work in New York City. Except for some designs by his longtime draftsman George Grant Elmslie, and the occasional tribute to Sullivan such as Schmidt, Garden & Martin's First National Bank in Pueblo, Colorado (built across the street from Adler and Sullivan's Pueblo Opera House), his style is unique. A visit to the preserved Chicago Stock Exchange trading floor, now at The Art Institute of Chicago, is proof of the immediate and visceral power of the ornament that he used so selectively.

After his death Sullivan was referred to as a bold architect: "Boldly he challenged the whole theory of copying and imitating, and the catchword of "precedent," declaring that architecture was naturally a living and creative art."

Original drawings and other archival materials from Sullivan are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries in the Art Institute of Chicago and by the drawings and archives department in the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University. Fragments of Sullivan buildings also are held in many fine art and design museums around the world.

Preservation
During the postwar era of urban renewal, Sullivan's works fell into disfavor, and many were demolished. In the 1970s, growing public concern for these buildings finally resulted in many being saved. The most vocal voice was Richard Nickel, who organized protests against the demolition of architecturally significant buildings. Nickel and others sometimes rescued decorative elements from condemned buildings, sneaking in during demolition. Nickel died inside Sullivan's Stock Exchange building while trying to retrieve some elements, when a floor above him collapsed. Nickel had compiled extensive research on Adler and Sullivan and their many architectural commissions, which he intended to publish in book form.

After Nickel's death, in 1972 the Richard Nickel Committee was formed, to arrange for completion of his book, which was published in 2010. The book features all 256 commissions of Adler and Sullivan. The extensive archive of photographs and research that underpinned the book was donated to the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries at The Art Institute of Chicago. More than 1,300 photographs may be viewed on their website and more than 15,000 photographs are part of the collection at The Art Institute of Chicago. As finally published, the book, The Complete Architecture of Adler & Sullivan, was authored by Richard Nickel, Aaron Siskind, John Vinci, and Ward Miller.

Another champion of Sullivan's legacy was the architect Crombie Taylor (1907–1991), of Crombie Taylor Associates. After working in Chicago, where he had headed the famous "Institute of Design", later known as the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), in the 1950s and early 1960s, he had moved to Southern California. He led the effort to save the Van Allen Building in Clinton, Iowa from demolition. Taylor, acting as an aesthetic consultant, had worked on the renovation of the Auditorium Building (now Roosevelt University) in Chicago.

When he read an article about the planned demolition in Clinton, he uprooted his family from their home in southern California and moved them to Iowa. With the vision of a destination neighborhood comparable to Oak Park, Illinois, he set about creating a nonprofit to save the building, and was successful in doing so. Another advocate both of Sullivan buildings and of Wright structures was Jack Randall, who led an effort to save the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri at a very critical time. He relocated his family to Buffalo, New York to save Sullivan's Guaranty Building and Frank Lloyd Wright's Darwin Martin House from possible demolition. His efforts were successful in both St. Louis and Buffalo.

A collection of architectural ornaments designed by Sullivan is on permanent display at Lovejoy Library at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville. The St. Louis Art Museum also has Sullivan architectural elements displayed. The City Museum in St. Louis has a large collection of Sullivan ornamentation on display, including a cornice from the demolished Chicago Stock Exchange, 29 feet long on one side, 13 feet on another, and nine feet high.

The Guaranty Building Interpretive Center in Buffalo, on the first floor of the building now owned and occupied by the law firm Hodgson Russ, LLP, opened in 2017. The exhibit space was financed by Hodgson Russ, LLP, and co-designed by Flynn Battaglia Architects and Hadley Exhibits. It features a scale model of the building by David J. Carli, Professor of Engineering at the State University of New York at Alfred. The center's exhibits were donated to Preservation Buffalo Niagara. The center, the only museum dedicated to Sullivan, is open to the public.

Sullivan in Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead
That the fictional character of Henry Cameron in Ayn Rand's 1943 novel The Fountainhead was similar to the real-life Sullivan was noted, if only in passing, by at least one journalist contemporary to the book.

Although Rand's journal notes contain in toto only some 50 lines directly referring to Sullivan, it is clear from her mention of Sullivan's Autobiography of an Idea (1924) in her 25th-anniversary introduction to her earlier novel We the Living (first published in 1936, and unrelated to architecture) that she was intimately familiar with his life and career. The term "the Fountainhead," which appears nowhere in Rand's novel proper, is found twice (as "the fountainhead" and later as "the fountain head") in Sullivan's autobiography, both times used metaphorically.

The fictional Cameron is, like Sullivan – whose physical description he matches – a great innovative skyscraper pioneer late in the nineteenth century who dies impoverished and embittered in the mid-1920s. Cameron's rapid decline is explicitly attributed to the wave of classical Greco-Roman revivalism in architecture in the wake of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, just as Sullivan in his autobiography attributed his own downfall to the same event.

The major difference between novel and real life was in the chronology of Cameron's relation with his protégé Howard Roark, the novel's hero, who eventually goes on to redeem his vision. That Roark's uncompromising individualism and his innovative organic style in architecture were drawn from the life and work of Frank Lloyd Wright is clear from Rand's journal notes, her correspondence, and various contemporary accounts. In the novel, however, the 23-year-old Roark, a generation younger than the real-life Wright, becomes Cameron's protégé in the early 1920s, when Sullivan was long in decline.

The young Wright, by contrast, was Sullivan's protégé for seven years, beginning in 1887, when Sullivan was at the height of his fame and power. The two architects would sever their ties in 1894 due to Sullivan's angry reaction to Wright's moonlighting in breach of his contract with Sullivan, but Wright continued to call Sullivan "lieber Meister" ("beloved Master") for the rest of his life. After decades of estrangement, Wright would again become close to the now-destitute Sullivan in the early 1920s, the time when Roark first comes under the likewise impoverished Cameron's tutelage in the novel. Wright, however, was now in his fifties. Nevertheless, both the young Roark and middle-aged Wright had in common at that time that they both faced a decade of struggle ahead. After the triumphs earlier in his career, Wright came increasingly to be viewed as a has-been, until he experienced a renaissance in the latter half of the 1930s with such projects as Fallingwater and the Johnson Wax Headquarters.

Selected projects
Buildings 1887–1895 by Adler & Sullivan:
 * Martin Ryerson Tomb, Graceland Cemetery, Chicago (1887)
 * Auditorium Building, Chicago (1889)
 * Carrie Eliza Getty Tomb, Graceland Cemetery, Chicago (1890)
 * Wainwright Building, St. Louis (1890)
 * Charlotte Dickson Wainwright Tomb, Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis (1892), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (shown at right),  is considered a major American architectural triumph, a model for ecclesiastical architecture, a "masterpiece", and has been called "the Taj Mahal of St. Louis." The family name appears nowhere on the tomb.
 * Union Trust Building, St. Louis (1893; street-level ornament heavily altered in 1924)
 * Guaranty Building (formerly Prudential Building), Buffalo (1894)

Buildings 1887–1922 by Louis Sullivan: (256 total commissions and projects)
 * Springer Block (later Bay State Building and Burnham Building) and Kranz Buildings, Chicago (1885–1887)
 * Selz, Schwab & Company Factory, Chicago (1886–1887)
 * Hebrew Manual Training School, Chicago (1889–1890)
 * James H. Walker Warehouse & Company Store, Chicago (1886–1889)
 * Warehouse for E. W. Blatchford, Chicago (1889)
 * James Charnley House (also known as the Charnley–Persky House Museum Foundation and the National Headquarters of the Society of Architectural Historians), Chicago (1891–1892)
 * Albert Sullivan Residence, Chicago (1891–1892)
 * McVicker's Theater, second remodeling, Chicago (1890–1891)
 * Bayard Building, (now Bayard-Condict Building), 65–69 Bleecker Street, New York City (1898). Sullivan's only building in New York, with a glazed terra cotta curtain wall expressing the steel structure behind it.
 * Commercial Loft of Gage Brothers & Company, Chicago (1898–1900)
 * Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral and Rectory, Chicago (1900–1903)
 * Carson Pirie Scott store, (originally known as the Schlesinger & Mayer Store, now known as "Sullivan Center") Chicago (1899–1904)
 * Virginia Hall of Tusculum College, Greeneville, Tennessee (1901)
 * Van Allen Building, Clinton, Iowa (1914)
 * St. Paul United Methodist Church, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1910)
 * Krause Music Store, Chicago (final commission 1922; front façade only)

Banks

By the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, Sullivan's star was well on the descent and, for the remainder of his life, his output consisted primarily of a series of small bank and commercial buildings in the Midwest. Yet a look at these buildings clearly reveals that Sullivan's muse had not abandoned him. When the director of a bank that was considering hiring him asked Sullivan why they should engage him at a cost higher than the bids received for a conventional Neo-Classic styled building from other architects, Sullivan is reported to have replied, "A thousand architects could design those buildings. Only I can design this one." He got the job. Today these commissions are collectively referred to as Sullivan's "Jewel Boxes". All still stand.
 * National Farmer's Bank, Owatonna, Minnesota (1908)
 * Peoples Savings Bank, Cedar Rapids, Iowa (1912)
 * Henry Adams Building, Algona, Iowa (1913)
 * Merchants' National Bank, Grinnell, Iowa (1914)
 * Home Building Association Company, Newark, Ohio (1914)
 * Purdue State Bank, West Lafayette, Indiana (1914)
 * People's Federal Savings and Loan Association, Sidney, Ohio (1918)
 * Farmers and Merchants Bank, Columbus, Wisconsin (1919)
 * First National Bank, Manistique, Michigan (1919–1920), a remodeling of an existing bank building

Lost buildings

 * Grand Opera House, Chicago, 1880 remodel and reconstruction with Dankmar Adler as lead architect and Sullivan as assistant; later remodeled and reconstructed in 1926 by Andrew Rebori; demolished May 1962
 * Washington Elementary School, Marengo, Illinois, Adler & Sullivan, 1883, demolished by early 1990s
 * Pueblo Opera House, Pueblo, Colorado, 1890, destroyed by fire 1922
 * New Orleans Union Station, 1892, demolished 1954
 * Dooly Block, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1891, demolished 1965
 * Chicago Stock Exchange Building, Adler & Sullivan, 1893, demolished 1972
 * The trading room from the Stock Exchange was removed intact prior to the building being demolished and subsequently, was restored in the Art Institute of Chicago in 1977; the entryway arch (seen at right) stands outside on the northeast corner of the AIC site

 * Zion Temple, Chicago, 1884, demolished 1954
 * Troescher Building, Chicago, 1884, demolished 1978
 * Transportation Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1893–94, an exposition building built to last a year
 * Louis Sullivan and Charnley Cottages, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, destroyed in Hurricane Katrina; Frank Lloyd Wright also claimed credit for the design
 * Schiller Building (later Garrick Theater), Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1891, demolished 1961
 * Third McVickers Theater, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1883? demolished 1922
 * Thirty-Ninth Street Passenger Station, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1886, demolished 1934
 * Standard Club, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1887–88, demolished 1931
 * Pilgrim Baptist Church, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1891, destroyed by fire January 6, 2006
 * Wirt Dexter Building, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1887, destroyed by fire October 24, 2006
 * George Harvey House, Chicago, Adler & Sullivan, 1888 destroyed by fire November 4, 2006

title: Louis Sullivan


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Final Fantasy Tactics

Final Fantasy Tactics (ファイナルファンタジータクティクス) is a tactical role-playing video game developed and published by Square for the PlayStation video game console. Released in Japan in June 1997 and in the United States in January 1998 by Sony Computer Entertainment, it is the first game of the Tactics series within the Final Fantasy franchise, and the first entry set in the fictional world later known as Ivalice. The story follows Ramza Beoulve, a highborn cadet placed in the middle of a military conflict known as The Lion War, where two opposing noble factions are coveting the throne of the kingdom.

Production began in 1995 by Yasumi Matsuno, a newcomer who had created the Ogre Battle series at Quest Corporation. Matsuno's wish was for an accessible tactical game with a storyline focusing on class-based conflict and the rewriting of history. Matsuno acted as director and writer, Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi was producer, and the battles were designed by Hiroyuki Ito. Multiple other staff members were veterans of the Ogre Battle series, including artists Hiroshi Minagawa and Akihiko Yoshida, and composers Hitoshi Sakimoto and Masaharu Iwata.

The game received critical acclaim from gaming magazines and websites and has become a cult classic since its release. It sold about 1.24 million units in Japan during 1997, and over 2.4 million worldwide by August 2011. It has been cited as one of the greatest video games of all time. The world of Ivalice saw the setting for multiple other titles, including other Tactics games and the 2006 mainline entry Final Fantasy XII. An enhanced port of Final Fantasy Tactics, Final Fantasy Tactics: The War of the Lions, was released in 2007 as part of the Ivalice Alliance project.

Gameplay

Final Fantasy Tactics is a tactical role-playing game in which players follow the story of protagonist Ramza Beoulve. The game features two modes of play: battles and the world map. Battles take place on three-dimensional, isometric fields. Characters move on a battlefield composed of square tiles; movement and action ranges are determined by the character's statistics and job class. The battlefield also factors in elements such as terrain and weather to determine strategic advantages and disadvantages during clashes. Battles are turn-based; a unit may act when its Charge Time (CT) reaches 100 and increased once every CT unit (a measure of time in battles) by an amount equal to the unit's speed statistic. During battle, whenever a unit performs an action successfully, it gains experience points (EXP) and job points (JP). Actions can include magical attacks, physical attacks, or using an item. Hit points (HP) of enemy units are also visible to the player (except in the case of certain bosses), allowing the player to know how much damage they still have to inflict on a particular unit.

In the world map, the player moves on predefined paths connecting the towns and battle points. When the character icon is over a town, a menu can be opened with several options: "Bar" for taking sidequest job offers, "Shop" for buying supplies and equipment, and "Soldier Office" for recruiting new characters. Later in the game, some towns contain "Fur Shops" for obtaining items by way of poaching monsters. Random battles happen in pre-set locations on the map, marked in green. Passing over one of these spots may result in a random encounter.

Tactics features a character class system, which allows players to customize characters into various roles. The game makes extensive use of most of the original character classes seen in earlier Final Fantasy games, including Summoners, Wizards (Black Mages), Priests (White Mages), Monks, Lancers (Dragoons), and Thieves. New recruits start out as either a Squire or a Chemist, the base classes for warrior and magician jobs, respectively. The game features twenty jobs accessible by normal characters.

The JP rewarded in battle are used to learn new abilities within each job class. Accumulating enough JP results in a job level up; new jobs are unlocked by attaining a certain level in the current job class (for instance, to become a Priest or Wizard, the unit must first attain Job Level2 as a Chemist), which also allows the character to gain more JP in that class in battles. Once all the abilities of a job class have been learned, the class is "Mastered". A soldier in a specific Job always has its innate skill equipped (Wizards always have "Black Magic", Knights always have "Battle Skill") but a second job-skill slot and several other ability slots (Reaction, Support, and Movement) can be filled with any skill the particular soldier has learned.

Setting
The story takes place in the kingdom of Ivalice, inspired by the Middle Ages. The kingdom is located in a peninsula surrounded by sea on the north, west and south, with a headland south of the landmass. It is heavily populated by human beings, although intelligent monsters can be found living in less populated areas. Magic is predominant in the land, although ruins and artifacts indicated that the past populace had relied on machinery, such as airships and robots. Ivalice's neighbors are the kingdom of Ordalia in the east and Romanda, a military nation to the north. While the three nations share common royal bloodlines, major wars have taken place between them. An influential religious institution known as the Glabados Church heads the dominant faith, centering around a religious figure known as Saint Ajora.

The story takes place after Ivalice ended its war with the two nations in what is known as the Fifty Years War, and is facing economic problems and political strife. The king of Ivalice has recently died and his heir is an infant, so a regent is needed to rule in place of the prince. The kingdom is split between two candidates named Prince Goltana, represented by the Black Lion, and Prince Larg, symbolized by the White Lion. The conflict leads to what is known in the game as the Lion War. Behind this backdrop is a revelation by the game's historian Alazlam J. Durai, who seeks to reveal the story of an unknown character whose role in the Lion War was major but was covered up by the kingdom's church.

Characters
Most of the game's plot is portrayed from Ramza's perspective, who is the player character of the story. He is introduced to various factions of the Lion War; the most prominent are those of Prince Goltana and Prince Larg, who both want to become the guardian of Ivalice's monarch and are engaged in a war with each other. The story progresses to include characters from the Glabados Church, which has been controlling Ivalice silently and engineering the war in question.

As the game progresses, players are able to recruit generic player characters and customize them using the Job system of the Final Fantasy series. Several battles also feature characters controlled via the game's A.I., which may be recruited later in the game according to the story proper. The characters were designed by Akihiko Yoshida, who was also in charge of the illustration and character designs for Tactics Ogre, and then went on to do the same for Final Fantasy Tactics Advance, Final Fantasy XII, and Vagrant Story.

Story
Ivalice is recovering from the Fifty Year War against Ordalia. After the death of its ruler, Princess Ovelia and Prince Orinas are both candidates for the throne. The former is supported by Prince Goltana of the Black Lion, and the latter by Queen Ruvelia and her brother, Prince Larg of the White Lion. The two groups engage in battles in the Lion War.

Nobles and commoners regard each other negatively and many commoners joined the Corpse Brigade to fight against the nobles' soldiers. Ramza, part of the noble Beoulve family of knights, and Delita, his childhood friend who was an ordinary commoner, witness the murder of Delita's sister during an uprising. This causes Delita and Ramza to abandon their ties to the nobility. Ramza joins a mercenary group, led by Gafgarion, who protects Princess Ovelia from being hunted by both sides of the Lion War. Delita joins Goltana's forces. They are reunited when Gafgarion attempts to take Ovelia to Prince Larg. Agrias suggests visiting Cardinal Delacroix of the Glabados Church to protect Ovelia. Along the way, Ramza meets Mustadio, a machinist in possession of a holy relic called the Zodiac Stone. Hunted by a trading company for the power it contains, Mustadio also seeks Delacroix's intervention.

Ramza discovers that High Confessor Marcel Funebris and the church used the legend of the holy Zodiac Braves to gather the Zodiac Stones and instigated the Lion War. To prevent Ramza's interference, Delacroix uses the stone to transform into a Lucavi demon and Ramza defeats him. Ramza is regarded as a heretic by the church and he is chased by the Knights Templar, the soldiers of the church who are hunting the Zodiac Stones. He acquires proof of the Church's lies about Saint Ajora, a central figure in the religion, and attempts to use it along with the Zodiac Stone to reveal the organization's plot.

The two sides in the Lion War face off in a major battle that results in the deaths of Larg and Goltana. Ramza stops the battle and rescues the general, Count Cidolfus Orlandeau, though the Church eliminates the two leaders to secure its control over Ivalice. Ramza discovers that the Knights Templar are possessed by the Lucavi, who are seeking to resurrect their leader Ultima, and they needed bloodshed and a suitable body to complete the resurrection. Alma, Ramza's sister, is to serve as the host for Ultima's incarnation. Ultima is resurrected and Ramza and his allies succeed in destroying her and escape Ivalice.

In the epilogue, Delita marries Ovelia and becomes the King of Ivalice. He fails to find true satisfaction as even Ovelia distrusts him, leading her to stab Delita. Ovelia is stabbed by Delita in return, with her fate left ambiguous in the game. Delita then cries out to Ramza, asking what Ramza gained in return for his actions, compared to Delita. Orran attempts to reveal the Church's evil plot with the "Durai Report" but his papers are confiscated and he is burned at the stake for heresy. Many centuries later a historian tries to describe the story of the Lion War.

Development
Tactics was conceived in 1993 by Final Fantasy series creator Hironobu Sakaguchi, who is a fan of the tactical role-playing genre. Due to his heavy involvement with the mainline series, he was unable to realize it at the time. Production finally began at the end of 1995 under Yasumi Matsuno, who until that year had worked at Quest Corporation on the Ogre Battle series, resigning once work was completed on Tactics Ogre: Let Us Cling Together and bringing several of its staff over to Square. During this period, Square had broken its long-standing development partnership with Nintendo and moved their game projects over to Sony's PlayStation.

Matsuno acted as director and lead scenario writer. Sakaguchi was the game's producer. The lead programmer was Taku Murata, who had previously worked on the Mana series. Matsuno described the working environment at Square as more democratic than at Quest, with a greater ability for the whole staff to contribute design ideas. The art design was a collaborative effort led by Tactics Ogre veterans Hiroshi Minagawa and Akihiko Yoshida, with additional character designs and artwork by Hideo Minaba and Eiichiro Nakatsu. Contrasting against the polished CGI aesthetic of Final Fantasy VII, the team wanted a hand-drawn artstyle. The opening and closing cinematics were created by Western company Animatek International.

Design
Matsuno's prototype was originally closer to his previous real-time strategy game Ogre Battle: The March of the Black Queen and would have featured 2D graphics; some sample images were produced, but this concept was then scrapped. Matsuno then aimed for a tactical RPG that would be accessible, something he originally aimed for with the Ogre Battle titles and later felt he had failed to accomplish with Tactics. When deciding how to differentiate Tactics from his earlier title, he placed a focus on individual character growth similar to the main series, contrasting against the army-based simulation of Tactics Ogre while keeping its chess-inspired gameplay. While Matsuno designed most of the rest of the game systems, due to staff shortages and needing to focus on the scenario the battle system was designed by Hiroyuki Ito. Ito disliked tactical RPGs of the time, growing bored with their mechanics, so designed the battle system to be engaging and feel fast and exciting. Matsuno had to push against Ito's wish to simplify the class system. The level design, which used compact diorama-style levels, was chosen to allow the intended 60 frames per second, carrying over the smooth gameplay experience gamers expected from the genre. The small scale of battles also reinforced the personal nature of the game's narrative conflicts. Level design and mastering continued until a week before the game shipped.

Under Matsuno's direction, the game's design strayed significantly from Sakaguchi's original concept, particularly in its narrative tone. Matsuno at the time described his wish for the narrative to emulate "a sense of swashbuckling heroism". His aim was to create a Final Fantasy-themed morality tale. Matsuno stated that the game's thematic use of class-based society was derived from his experiences within game production companies, observing their hierarchy and how senior designers were treated as royalty. The story premise of a long-suppressed account of ancient history was inspired by the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the story of The Name of the Rose. For Tactics, Matsuno created an entire new world dubbed Ivalice, which he would use in multiple later projects. Ivalice was designed as a complex setting with a deep historical background. He described it as a blank canvas on which he and later others could create narratives. While some aspects of the ending were left ambiguous, Matsuno considered the narrative complete on its own.

Music
During its preplanning phase, the music was going to be in an upbeat style in line with the mainline Final Fantasy series. Due to its portrayal of people fighting each other rather than fighting monsters, Matsuno felt upbeat music was wrong. The original score was written by Hitoshi Sakimoto and Masaharu Iwata, both veterans of the Ogre Battle series. Sakimoto, who was brought on board the project by Matsuno, was advised by both Matsuno and established Final Fantasy composer Nobuo Uematsu not to worry about keeping to the style of the main Final Fantasy series. Iwata described the game as a "giant project" to work on, and he received a lot of help from other staff members at Square. Several tracks were inspired by the game's storyline and concept art, with some track names being chosen by Sakimoto based on first impressions of relevant characters. Sakimoto described his music for the game as "bright and cheerful tunes", carrying themes of hope and love. Sakimoto and Iwata worked separately on their own tracks. The album was first released on two compact discs by DigiCube on June 21, 1997, and was re-released by Square Enix on March 24, 2006.

Versions and re-releases
Tactics was first released in Japan on June 20, 1997. It came bundled with a demo disc for SaGa Frontier. The English localization was partly outsourced, with the other part of translation and localization being handled by Square USA's Michael Baskett. Baskett started writing the script in a style close to Old English, but this was beginning to impact the game's understandability and make characters sound alike, so it was toned down in the final script. It was released in North America on January 28, 1998, by Sony, who, at the time, acted as Square's Western publisher for the platform. It was re-released as part of the Square's Millennium Collection. This series of games was released only in Japan, and each title is bought with a set of related merchandise. Final Fantasy Tactics was sold on June 29, 2000, along with titles such as Saga Frontier, Saga Frontier 2, Brave Fencer Musashi, Front Mission 3, Ehrgeiz and Legend of Mana.

Four years after its release in 1997 Final Fantasy Tactics was selected as part of the Sony Greatest Hits line of re-releases. Final Fantasy Tactics also became part of Ultimate Hits, Square Enix's main budget range available in Japan.

A PlayStation Portable version of Final Fantasy Tactics, entitled Final Fantasy Tactics: The War of the Lions was released on May 10, 2007, in Japan, and later across all regions. It is the second game announced as part of the Ivalice Alliance. The game features an updated version of Final Fantasy Tactics, along with new features including in-game cutscenes, new characters, and multiplayer capability. The updated mechanics contain a 16:9 widescreen support, new items, new jobs, and cel-shaded full motion videos. The English version contains full voice acting during the cinematic cut scenes, whereas the Japanese version does not.

Reception
Final Fantasy Tactics sold nearly 825,000 copies in Japan in the first half of 1997, and ended the year at almost 1.24 million copies sold. By 2007 the game had sold approximately 1.35 million copies in Japan. As of August 2011, the game had sold over 2.4 million copies worldwide.

Final Fantasy Tactics received critical acclaim upon its release. Some reviews lauded the battle sequences as challenging, requiring more strategic planning than ordinary RPGs and utilising many gameplay mechanics in later battle sequences. The visuals were also lauded, particularly the spell effects, 3D battlegrounds, and camera that can be rotated and zoomed. Other reviewers disagreed and considered these elements a problem because it necessitated that the battles consist of fewer characters. John Ricciardi, in his review for Electronic Gaming Monthly, argued that the game should have been done in 2D style so that the PlayStation's processors could handle larger battlefields. Nob Ogasawara, when writing for GamePro, was also concerned with the small scale of the battles, saying that as a result the game "isn't so much Tactics Ogre with a Final Fantasy flavor as it is FF with a TO flavor". A reviewer at RPGFan criticized the game's difficulty as inconsistent, in part due to abilities unique to certain characters which unfairly sway the tide of battle either in favor of or against the player.

Critics praised the story's depth and plot twists   but some remarked that the large number of similar-looking characters made it hard to distinguish between characters to develop an emotional attachment. RPGFan criticized the English localization as rife with grammatical mistakes. The game's soundtrack was also praised.

IGN awarded the game the Editor's Choice Award in 1998, praising the in-game graphics as "amazing" and the battle environments with its extra details as being "extremely well designed". GameSpot named Final Fantasy Tactics as one of "the greatest games of all time" in 2007. The game placed 84th in the "Top 100 Favorite Games of All Time" poll by Japanese magazine Famitsu in March 2006, 45th in Game Informer list of top 100 games, 43rd in Electronic Gaming Monthly list, and 38th in IGN's rankings of greatest games.

Legacy
The world of Final Fantasy Tactics has been featured in several other Square video games. After the game's release, the development staff developed Vagrant Story, which featured several subtle references to Final Fantasy Tactics. In an interview, Matsuno said both titles are set in the same fictional world of Ivalice.

During the development of Vagrant Story, Matsuno and Sakaguchi initiated a sequel to Tactics, which would have used 2D graphics due to issues with 3D development at the time. The project was outsourced to an unspecified developer because of the team's commitment to Vagrant Story and was later cancelled for unspecified reasons.

In 2006, Final Fantasy XII was released, also set in the world of Ivalice. Square Enix announced at the end of the same year the Ivalice Alliance, a new series of games set in the world of Ivalice, during a Tokyo press conference. The first title released was Final Fantasy XII: Revenant Wings. Square released Final Fantasy Tactics Advance for the Nintendo Game Boy Advance in 2003. The game setting and engine are similar to the ones of its predecessor, but the cast of characters is considerably smaller and the plot is simpler. An indirect sequel to Final Fantasy Tactics Advance, titled Final Fantasy Tactics A2: Grimoire of the Rift, was released in Japan in 2007 and in the rest of the world in 2008. It is also one of the titles released under the Ivalice Alliance game series, and takes place in the Ivalice universe.

Ramza and Agrias appeared in online trading card game Lord of Vermilion III in 2014. Ramza also appears as a playable character in the fighting game Dissidia Final Fantasy NT. In 2017, the MMORPG Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn portrayed an alternate version of Final Fantasy Tactics in which Ramza and his companions died at the end of Tactics. Matsuno said that the inspiration to depict this plot came from the number of players that misunderstood the ending of Tactics. Final Fantasy Tactics is featured in the Final Fantasy Trading Card Game, with Ramza, Delita, Agrias, and other characters appearing in Opus I (Roman Numeral). Tactics has made additional appearances in Opus III, IV, V, VII, X, and XIII.

A remixed version of the song "Ovelia & Delita" was nominated for "Best Game Music Cover/Remix" at the 16th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards.

title: Final Fantasy Tactics


text:
Suffix (disambiguation)

A suffix is part of a word; an affix that follows the morphemes to which it can attach.
 * Possessive suffix, a suffix used in word formation for creation of various possessive forms

Suffix may also refer to:

 * Suffix (name), the style at the end of a person's name which gives additional identifying information about the person
 * Suffix (computer science), the last part of a string of characters
 * Suffix notation, a notation for manipulating vector quantities, also known as index notation
 * Suffix array, an array of integers giving the starting positions of suffixes of a string in lexicographical order
 * Suffix tree, a data structure that presents the suffixes of a given string in a way that allows for a particularly fast implementation of many important string operations

title: Suffix (disambiguation)


text:
Krist Novoselic

Krist Anthony Novoselic (Novoselić; born May 16, 1965) is an American musician and activist. Novoselic co-founded and played bass for the rock band Nirvana.

Novoselic and Kurt Cobain formed the band Nirvana in 1987 along with drummer Aaron Burckhard, whom they recruited. Through the late 1980s, Nirvana established themselves as part of the Seattle grunge scene. In 1989, the band released its debut album, Bleach. Nirvana released their second studio album Nevermind in 1991. The band achieved worldwide fame through the success of Nevermind and the lead track off the album, "Smells Like Teen Spirit". The band's third studio album, In Utero (1993), was also a major success. Nirvana abruptly ended in 1994 following the death of Kurt Cobain. Novoselic has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Nirvana, and has also received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award as a member of the band.

After Nirvana disbanded, Novoselic formed Sweet 75 in 1995 and Eyes Adrift in 2002, releasing one album with each band. From 2006 to 2009, he played in the punk rock band Flipper, and in 2011 he contributed bass and accordion to the song "I Should Have Known" on the Foo Fighters' studio album Wasting Light. Since 2017, he has played bass and accordion for the band Giants in the Trees.

Outside of music, Novoselic has been active politically. From 2007 through 2010, he wrote a weekly column on music and politics for the Seattle Weekly website. Novoselic has served on the board of the electoral reform organization FairVote and has served as its chair. In 2020, he became board chair of Zócalo Public Square. He joined the Forward Party in 2023 and became the party's leader in Washington after the resignation of Chris Vance.

Early life
Krist Anthony Novoselic was born in Compton, California, on May 16, 1965, the son of Croatian immigrants Kristo Novaselić and Marija Mustać. Kristo was a native of Veli Iž on the island of Iž while Marija originates from Privlaka. The original Croatian surname of Novaselić was mistakenly changed to Novoselic by a clerk when Kristo was applying for a passport to go to America. Novoselic lived in Compton for one year before his parents moved to the ethnically Croatian Los Angeles neighborhood of San Pedro. His first language is Croatian. He has a younger brother, Robert (born 1968), and a younger sister, Diana (born 1973). In 1979, his family relocated to Aberdeen, Washington, due to surging real estate costs in California. In 1980, his parents sent him to live with relatives in Zadar, Croatia. He returned to Aberdeen in 1981. His earliest memory of listening to music is listening to Chuck Berry with his father. Growing up, he had a severe underbite, for which he underwent corrective surgery.

Novoselic was interested in bands such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, The Who, Van Halen, Devo, and Aerosmith. He also enjoyed listening to Yugoslavian bands such as Zabranjeno Pušenje, Prljavo kazalište and Azra. He became interested in punk rock, and discovered bands such as the Sex Pistols and the Ramones when he lived in Croatia at the age of 14 for one year. He has cited Paul McCartney, Geezer Butler, John Entwistle, and Gene Simmons as fundamental influences of his bass playing.

Novoselic's brother Robert introduced him to his friend Kurt Cobain, who had noticed loud music coming from upstairs in the Novoselic household. Robert told Cobain that it was his older brother, who listened to punk rock. Cobain eventually befriended the older Novoselic, as the pair had similar musical tastes, including a fondness for local band Melvins. The two had several mutual friends and began hanging out shortly thereafter. Krist attended Aberdeen High School while Kurt attended high school in nearby Montesano. At one point, Cobain gave Novoselic a demo tape of his former band Fecal Matter, and asked him to form a band together. After several months, Novoselic finally listened to the tape, liked it, and agreed to start a band with Cobain. After high school, Novoselic worked as a painter and decorator but was eventually laid off.

Nirvana (1987–1994)
Cobain and Novoselic's first band lasted barely a few weeks before it disbanded, leaving the pair to move on. However, the duo eventually discovered that the Melvins could pull $80 a night for one show. Inspired, Cobain and Novoselic started a Creedence Clearwater Revival cover band, in which Cobain played drums and Novoselic sang and played guitar. That band was short-lived as well. Some months later, Cobain and Novoselic met drummer Aaron Burckhard. While the new band never used the name, it was the first incarnation of Nirvana. Burckhard lasted only a few months and Melvins' drummer Dale Crover filled in until Novoselic and Cobain met Chad Channing. The trio recorded their debut album Bleach, released in 1989. Channing left the band in 1990 and was briefly replaced by Crover and Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters. Novoselic contributed to the writing of various songs, providing ideas for Cobain.

Later in 1990, Melvins' singer-guitarist Buzz Osborne encouraged Novoselic and Cobain to check out a punk band called Scream. The pair were impressed by their drummer, Dave Grohl. A few weeks later, Scream disbanded, and Grohl placed a call to Osborne for advice. Osborne gave him Novoselic's phone number, and Novoselic invited Grohl up to Seattle (from San Francisco, where Scream broke up). Grohl passed the audition and joined Nirvana. Grohl was Nirvana's fifth and final drummer. Novoselic spent the following months with Nirvana traveling to various labels as the band shopped for a deal, eventually signing with DGC Records.

In the spring of 1991, the band entered Sound City Studios in Los Angeles to record Nevermind. Novoselic helped write the song "Polly". Upon its release, Nevermind (1991) exceeded all expectations and became a worldwide commercial success.  Nevermind had launched the band as a worldwide phenomenon with their hit single "Smells Like Teen Spirit".

At the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards, Nirvana would win awards for Best New Artist in a Video and Best Alternative Video for "Smells Like Teen Spirit." At the show, Nirvana performed "Lithium". When Novoselic started playing the opening bass riff, he signaled that he could not hear his bass. Instead of continuing to play, Novoselic threw his bass guitar in the air, to perform a "Bass Toss." He failed to catch it, later stating that he misjudged the height; he further stated that he "faked like he was knocked out." Musician Brian May ran to give him medical attention; he did not suffer any injuries.

In 1992, Novoselic and the rest of Nirvana released a compilation album named Incesticide. Novoselic helped write lyrics for the songs "Dive", "Hairspray Queen", and "Aneurysm" on the album. This album was produced by a joint venture between DGC and Sub Pop.

During Nirvana's 1992 Reading concert, Novoselic sang Oakland punk band 'Fang's' "The Money Will Roll Right In" with Cobain. Novoselic was an occasional vocalist and backing vocalist in Nirvana, occasionally singing "Scoff" and "Rape Me" at live shows. Novoselic stated that "I kind of discovered my voice for the first time, and the more I did it, the better it got."

In September 1993, Nirvana's third album In Utero, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. However, the recording sessions mixed by Steve Albini were criticized by the band members, saying some songs "didn't sound perfect", as well as the band agreeing that Novoselic's bass lines sounded "too low". In Utero sold 3.5 million copies in the United States. In November of that year, Nirvana performed on MTV Unplugged with Lori Goldston playing cello, the introduction of guitarist Pat Smear, and Novoselic playing acoustic bass guitar, accordion, and acoustic rhythm guitar. This live performance was released a year later as an album, named MTV Unplugged in New York, which earned a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Performance.

Prior to their 1994 European tour, the band scheduled session time at Robert Lang Studios in Seattle to work on demos. For most of the three-day session, Cobain was absent, so Novoselic and Grohl worked on demos of their own songs. The duo completed several songs, including "Exhausted", "Big Me", "February Stars", and "Butterflies". On the third day of the session, Cobain finally arrived. The song "You Know You're Right" was the band's final studio recording.

Nirvana ended abruptly in April 1994 following Cobain's death. For most of the rest of that year, Novoselic retreated from the spotlight. One of a few public appearances came that September at the MTV Video Music Awards, where the video for Nirvana's "Heart-Shaped Box" was awarded Best Alternative Video. Novoselic took the opportunity to pay tribute to Cobain.

On April 10, 2014, Novoselic was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Nirvana. Novoselic spoke at the band's induction ceremony. On February 4, 2023, Nirvana received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award; Novoselic was on hand, along with Dave Grohl and Pat Smear, to receive the award.

Post-Nirvana (1995–present)
After Cobain's death, Novoselic continued to dabble in musical endeavors. He co-formed the band Sweet 75 with Venezuelan musician Yva Las Vegass in 1995, releasing a single self-titled album in 1997. In 1996, Novoselic joined singer Johnny Cash, guitarist Kim Thayil of Soundgarden and drummer Sean Kinney of Alice in Chains to record a cover of Willie Nelson's "Time of the Preacher", for the tribute album Twisted Willie, released in January 1996. In 1998, Novoselic directed his first movie, L7: The Beauty Process, a pseudo-documentary that utilizes concert footage taped in 1997 in three American cities. In 1999, he joined Jello Biafra and Soundgarden guitarist Kim Thayil in the No WTO Combo.

In 2002, Novoselic performed uncredited background vocals on Foo Fighters' song "Walking a Line", written as a tribute to Cobain, during the One by One album sessions. The track is included on the One by One bonus DVD, as well as being a bonus track to the album. He then joined former Meat Puppets front man Curt Kirkwood and former Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh to form Eyes Adrift. In Australia, there was another group called "Eyes Adrift", and rather than pay to license that name, the trio called the band and album "Bud, Curt & Krist" in this nation. Eyes Adrift released a self-titled album with twelve songs, with the Japanese version including two extras. Eyes Adrift was the first official release in Krist's career where he sang lead vocals, singing lead on "Inquiring Minds", "Dottie Dawn & Julie Jewel" and "Pasted". They also released a single named Alaska. He also took a highly active role in the songwriting process, co-writing several songs with Kirkwood. They toured mostly around the United States. The group disbanded in 2003.

Following the end of Eyes Adrift, Novoselic announced that he was quitting the music business, noting that he disliked the process of building up publicity for new records. However, in 2005, Novoselic had occasionally worked on music for a possible solo album, noting, "Right now, I'm just doing it for myself, and that's what it's all about."

In November 2006, it was announced that Novoselic would join Flipper, replacing Bruno DeSmartas on bass, for a tour of the United Kingdom and Ireland. He was a full-time member of the band and had been working on their new album. On September 22, 2008, because of responsibilities at home, Novoselic announced his departure from the band. As a result, the band canceled the remainder of the tour. Rachel Thoele then replaced Novoselic.

In 2009, Novoselic played a newspaper vendor in the movie World's Greatest Dad starring Robin Williams. In October 2010, Dave Grohl, former Nirvana bandmate of Novoselic, announced live on BBC radio, that Novoselic would be joining Foo Fighters as a bassist and accordionist on their next album, Wasting Light, which was released in 2011. Novoselic also played bass on children's music artist Caspar Babypants' 2010 album This Is Fun!, for a cover of the Nirvana song "Sliver". In 2011, he performed "On a Plain" and "Sliver" with the band at the Nevermind 20th anniversary celebration in Seattle.

In 2012, Novoselic and Grohl partnered with Paul McCartney on the song "Cut Me Some Slack", which was composed specially for the soundtrack of the documentary Sound City, directed by Grohl. The song was first shown on December 12, 2012, at the 12-12-12 festival, which brought together music stars for the victims of Hurricane Sandy in New York. The song was received well by critics. Allmusic called it a "tune with an immediate hook [and] melody". The song won the Grammy award for Best Rock Song in 2014. The partnership was referred to as "Sirvana" by Novoselic, referring to "Sir Paul McCartney".

On April 17, 2016, Novoselic performed "Helter Skelter" with Paul McCartney in Seattle as part of the One on One tour. In November 2016, Novoselic confirmed that he was in the process of writing new music. His current band is Giants in the Trees, formed in 2017, with band members Jillian Raye, Erik Friend and Ray Prestegard. He is also in the band Filthy Friends, playing bass and accordion. He also collaborates with Lepidopterist and author Robert Michael Pyle with the musical project Butterfly Launches from Spar Pole. In late July 2017, Giants in the Trees released their first song, "Sasquatch", which features a music video Novoselic joked as "costing over 2 million U.S. dollars to produce". Giants in the Trees' first album was released in late 2017. Giants In The Trees' second album, Volume 2, was released in 2019.

Novoselic has been currently working with musicians such as Soundgarden's Kim Thayil, alongside Matt Cameron, with production being handled by Jack Endino, as a new band, called 3rd Secret. A self-titled album was released in April 2022, with eleven songs recorded at The Bait Shop, in Ballard, Washington, as well as Novoselic's home.

Performance and recording with Foo Fighters
In 1994, Grohl founded a new band, Foo Fighters. Grohl and his bandmates decided against Novoselic joining; Grohl said it would have felt "really natural" for them to work together again, but would have been uncomfortable for the other band members and placed more pressure on Grohl.

During the encore of the Foo Fighters' show on August 29, 1997, at Memorial Stadium as part of the Bumbershoot festival, Novoselic played bass on covers of "Purple Rain" and "Communication Breakdown". In January 2002, Novoselic performed backing vocals for a non-album Foo Fighters track titled "Walking a Line", later released on a special edition of their album One by One.

During the encore of Foo Fighters' secret show at Paladino's in Tarzana, California on December 22, 2010, the band, with Grohl on drums, was joined onstage by Novoselic and the band's live guitarist Pat Smear for a version of Nirvana's "Marigold", a 1992 Grohl original, which was a B-side on Nirvana's "Heart-Shaped Box". Novoselic also recorded bass and accordion for the song "I Should Have Known", appearing on Foo Fighters' seventh studio album Wasting Light.

On December 5, 2017, Novoselic joined Foo Fighters on stage at Matthew Knight Arena in Eugene, Oregon, to play bass guitar on "Big Me", a song from the Foo Fighters' debut album Foo Fighters. Ten months later, on October 6, 2018, Novoselic joined the band during an encore to play several Nirvana songs, with Grohl on drums, Pat Smear on guitar, and John J. McCauley and Joan Jett filling in as their lead singer.

Political and social activism
Novoselic was interested in politics—including the Northern Ireland conflict between Irish Nationalists and Unionists—at a young age.

In 1992, the Washington State Legislature attempted to pass a bill called the Erotic Music Law. The law would have allowed courts to declare certain albums "erotic" due to their content and would have made it illegal to sell those albums to anyone under the age of 18. Novoselic and Nirvana actively campaigned against the bill and performed a benefit concert for an organization that opposed it. Novoselic appeared on KOMO-TV's Town Meeting as part of the campaign against this bill.

In 1995, the Erotic Music Law was reintroduced to the Washington State Legislature as the Matters Harmful to Minors bill. Noting that the music industry had serious clout in Seattle given the success of the grunge scene, Novoselic proposed creating a political action committee, which was named JAMPAC (Joint Artists and Musicians Political Action Committee). Over the next several years, JAMPAC fought a number of different issues, including the Teen Dance Ordinance, a 1985 law that strictly limited the ability of minors to attend shows. With JAMPAC, Novoselic began to turn his focus more and more towards politics.

Novoselic has advocated for electoral reform (especially instant-runoff voting and proportional representation). He considered a 2004 run for Lieutenant Governor of Washington as a Democrat, challenging an incumbent of the same party, but ultimately decided against it. He also joined the board of FairVote (then the Center for Voting and Democracy) and was appointed chair in January 2008. In 2020, Novoselic became board chair of Zócalo Public Square.

Novoselic's first book, Of Grunge and Government: Let's Fix This Broken Democracy, was published in October 2004. It covers Novoselic's musical past, including Nirvana's worldwide popularity in the early 1990s.

Novoselic supported Democratic Senator Barack Obama in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries and in the 2008 general election. He later broke with the Democratic Party, stating that "it's a top-down structure" averse to reform from its grassroots.

In 2009, Novoselic ran for county clerk of Wahkiakum County, Washington, but later withdrew his candidacy. He had sought the office as a candidate of the "Grange Party" (a reference to his membership in the National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry ) although no such party exists. His campaign was intended as a protest against Washington State's party system, in which a candidate can claim any party (real or fictional) as their own without consent or support from the party. Novoselic explained his support for fair voting reforms on C-SPAN's Washington Journal in 2012.

In an interview for Reason TV, Novoselic was asked how he described his political views. He responded, "I'm an anarcho-capitalist, socialist, moderate... I don't know" and continued to say that while his political views couldn't be easily categorized, he finds fault in the political philosophies of both the left and right-wing. In 2015, he supported Lawrence Lessig's presidential campaign. In 2016, Novoselic supported and campaigned for Libertarian presidential candidate Gary Johnson.

In June 2020, Novoselic made a Facebook post discussing President Donald Trump's speech in response to unrest following the murder of George Floyd. He called Trump "strong and direct" but added that he "should not be sending troops into states". Following criticism, Novoselic made his Facebook page private and deleted his Twitter account. After receiving backlash for the original post, Novoselic clarified: "As an avowed independent, I don't endorse a major party or candidate. And it feels insane to have to say this, but I don't support fascism, and I don't support an authoritarian state. I believe in a civilized society and that we all have to work toward that".

On May 22, 2023, the Forward Party published a tweet welcoming Novoselic onto their board.

In other media
In 2004, Novoselic published Of Grunge and Government: Let's Fix This Broken Democracy!.

In November 2007, Novoselic started writing blogs for the Seattle Weekly website. He stopped writing for Seattle Weekly in September 2010.

Novoselic has been the DJ numerous times for Coast radio on KMUN.

In 2014, ahead of Nirvana's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Novoselic and Dave Grohl made guest appearances on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.

Novoselic has a blog titled Dream Journal.

Personal life
In 1989, Novoselic married Shelli Hyrkas, whom he had dated in high school. They divorced in 1999. In early 2004, he married American artist Darbury Ayn Stenderu. Together they have two children. They reside on a farm near Deep River, Washington, where they grow their own food. Novoselic stated, "I live out in the country now and it's quiet and it's a place where I can think a lot."

Novoselic is an FAA-licensed pilot, earning a single-engine land rating after passing his flight test in April 2002. He went on to earn a multi-engine pilot certificate in February 2018. He has a strong interest in animals, geology, nature, and other sciences.

In 2016, Novoselic earned a BSc in social sciences from Washington State University.

With Nirvana

 * Bleach (1989)
 * Nevermind (1991)
 * In Utero (1993)

With Sweet 75

 * Sweet 75 (1997)

With the No WTO Combo

 * Live from the Battle in Seattle (2000)

With Eyes Adrift

 * Eyes Adrift (2002)

With Flipper

 * Love (2009)
 * Fight (2009)

With Filthy Friends

 * Invitation (2017)

With Giants in the Trees

 * Giants in the Trees (2017)
 * Volume 2 (2019)

With Butterfly Launches From Spar Pole

 * Butterfly Launches From Spar Pole (2019)

With 3rd Secret

 * 3rd Secret (2022)
 * 2nd 3rd Secret (2023)

title: Krist Novoselic