text:
Amherst

Amherst may refer to:

People

 * Amherst (surname), including a list of people with the name
 * Earl Amherst of Arracan in the East Indies, a title in the British Peerage; formerly Baron Amherst
 * Baron Amherst of Hackney of the City of London, a title in the British Peerage

Australia

 * Amherst, Victoria

Burma

 * Kyaikkami, Myanmar, formerly known as Amherst

Canada

 * Amherst Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Middle Amherst Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Upper Amherst Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Amherst, Nova Scotia
 * Amherst Head, Nova Scotia
 * Amherst Internment Camp, Nova Scotia (1915–1919)
 * Amherst Point, Nova Scotia
 * Amherst Shore, Nova Scotia
 * East Amherst, Nova Scotia
 * West Amherst, Nova Scotia
 * Amherst Island, Ontario
 * Amherst Pointe, Ontario
 * Amherstburg, Ontario
 * Amherstview, Ontario
 * Amherst, Quebec
 * Saint-Rémi-d'Amherst, Quebec
 * Amherst Island (Nunavut)

United States

 * Amherst, Colorado
 * Amherst, Maine
 * Amherst, Massachusetts
 * Amherst Center, Massachusetts
 * Amherst Township, Fillmore County, Minnesota
 * Amherst, Nebraska
 * Amherst, New Hampshire, a New England town
 * Amherst (CDP), New Hampshire, the main village in the town
 * Amherst, New York, the largest suburb of the city of Buffalo
 * Amherst, Ohio
 * Amherst Township, Lorain County, Ohio
 * Amherst, South Dakota
 * Amherst, Texas
 * Amherst, Virginia
 * Amherst County, Virginia
 * Amherst (town), Wisconsin
 * Amherst, Wisconsin, a village in the town

Education

 * Amherst Regional Public Schools, in Amherst, Massachusetts, US
 * Amherst Central High School, in Snyder, Amherst, New York State, US
 * Amherst College, in Amherst, Massachusetts, US
 * University of Massachusetts Amherst, in Amherst, Massachusetts, US

Cars

 * Amherst (automobile), manufactured briefly in Canada

Stations

 * Amherst Street station, a subway station in Buffalo, New York
 * Amherst station (Massachusetts), a former station in Amherst, Massachusetts, US
 * Amherst station (Nova Scotia), a station in Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada

Other uses

 * Fort Amherst (disambiguation), military facilities in England and Canada
 * Amherst Mountain, a summit in Colorado
 * Baron Amherst (disambiguation)
 * Amherst Street (disambiguation)
 * Amherst Township (disambiguation)

title: Amherst


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Lawrenceville

Lawrenceville is the name of several places:
 * United States:
 * Lawrenceville, Alabama
 * Lawrenceville, former name of Alleene, Arkansas
 * Lawrenceville, Georgia
 * Lawrenceville, Illinois
 * Lawrenceville, Indiana
 * Lawrenceville, New Jersey
 * The Lawrenceville School
 * Lawrenceville, Greene County, New York, a hamlet within Catskill
 * Lawrenceville, St. Lawrence County, New York, a hamlet within Lawrence
 * Lawrenceville, Ohio
 * Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania
 * Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania
 * Lawrenceville, Virginia
 * Lawrenceville, West Virginia
 * Canada:
 * Lawrenceville, Quebec

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lawrenceville


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Lexington

Lexington or The Lexington may refer to:

England

 * Laxton, Nottinghamshire, formerly Lexington

Canada

 * Lexington, a district in Waterloo, Ontario

United States

 * Lexington, Kentucky, the largest city with this name
 * Lexington, Massachusetts, a town the oldest municipality with this name in the United States
 * Lexington, Alabama, a town
 * Lexington, California, now a ghost town
 * Lexington, Georgia, a city
 * Lexington, Illinois, a city
 * Lexington, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Lexington, Carroll County, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 * Lexington, Kansas, now a ghost town
 * Lexington, Maine, a township
 * Lexington Township, Michigan
 * Lexington, Michigan, a village within the township
 * Lexington, Minnesota, a city
 * Lexington, Mississippi, a city
 * Lexington, Missouri, a city
 * Lexington, Nebraska, a city
 * Lexington, New York, a town
 * Lexington, North Carolina, a city
 * Lexington, Ohio, a village
 * Lexington, Oklahoma, a city
 * Lexington, Oregon, a city
 * Lexington, South Carolina, a town
 * Lexington County, South Carolina
 * Lexington, Tennessee, a city
 * Lexington, Texas, a town
 * Lexington, Virginia, a city
 * Lexington (plantation), Virginia, an archaeological site
 * Lexington, Washington, a census-designated place
 * Lexington Avenue (Manhattan), a street in New York City

Ships

 * Lexington-class aircraft carrier, the first operational aircraft carrier class in the United States Navy
 * Steamship Lexington, which burned and sank off the coast of Long Island in 1840
 * USS Lexington, the name of various United States Navy ships

Other uses

 * Battles of Lexington and Concord, the first battles of the American Revolutionary War
 * Lexington (automobile), an early automobile
 * Lexington (cigarette), a Luxembourgish brand
 * Lexington (horse), a 19th-century champion racehorse
 * Lexington Partners, a private equity firm
 * Lexington Queen, a dance club in Tokyo
 * Lexington Steele, pornographic actor
 * Lexington Tower, a summit in Washington state
 * The Lexington (Des Moines, Iowa), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Polk County, Iowa
 * The Lexington (Liverpool), a residential tower in Liverpool, United Kingdom
 * The Lexington, Islington, pub and music venue in Islington, London
 * Lexington, the codename of a 2013 Intel Atom processor
 * Lexington Stakes (Keeneland), a thoroughbred horse race held at Keeneland Race Course, Lexington, Kentucky
 * Lexington Stakes (NYRA), a discontinued thoroughbred horse race last held at Belmont Park, New York in 2007

title: Lexington


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Mount Vernon (disambiguation)

Mount Vernon is the Virginia estate of George Washington, the first President of the United States.

Mount Vernon or Mont Vernon may also refer to:

Australia

 * Mount Vernon, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
 * Mount Vernon Station (Western Australia), a pastoral lease

Canada

 * Mount Vernon, a neighbourhood in Brant, Ontario
 * Mount Vernon, a neighbourhood in Malahide, Ontario
 * Mount Vernon, an unincorporated community in Lot 62, Prince Edward Island

United Kingdom

 * Mount Vernon, Belfast
 * Mount Vernon, Glasgow, a residential area in the east end of the city

United States

 * Mount Vernon, Alabama, a town in Mobile County
 * Mount Vernon, Arkansas, a town in Faulkner County
 * Mount Vernon, Georgia, a city in Montgomery County
 * Mount Vernon, Whitfield County, Georgia
 * Mount Vernon, Illinois, a city in Jefferson County
 * Mount Vernon, Indiana, the county seat of Posey County
 * Mount Vernon, Wabash County, Indiana
 * Mount Vernon, Iowa, a city in Linn County
 * Mount Vernon, Kentucky, a home rule-class city and county seat of Rockcastle County
 * Mount Washington, Kentucky, a city originally known as Mount Vernon
 * Mount Vernon, Maine, a town in Kennebec County
 * Mount Vernon, Baltimore, Maryland, a neighborhood
 * Mount Vernon, Maryland, a CDP in Somerset County
 * Mount Vernon, Missouri, the county seat of Lawrence County
 * Mont Vernon, New Hampshire (note slight spelling difference), a town in Hillsborough County
 * Mount Vernon, Erie County, New York, a hamlet
 * Mount Vernon, New York, a city in Westchester County
 * Mount Vernon, Ohio, the county seat of Knox County
 * Mount Vernon, Columbus, Ohio, a neighborhood
 * Mount Vernon, Oregon, a city in Grant County
 * Mount Vernon, South Dakota, a city in Davison County
 * Mount Vernon, Texas, the county seat of Franklin County
 * Mount Vernon, Virginia, a CDP in Fairfax County
 * Mount Vernon, Washington, the county seat of Skagit County
 * Mount Vernon Square, in Washington D.C.
 * Mount Vernon, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Putnam County
 * Mount Vernon, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in Dane County
 * Mount Vernon Township (disambiguation)

Geographic features

 * Mount Vernon, Singapore, a small hill in central Singapore
 * Mount Vernon, an Anglicised name of the highest point in the Verno mountains, Greece

Transportation stations

 * Mt. Vernon station (Light RailLink), Baltimore, Maryland
 * Mount Vernon East station, Mount Vernon, New York along the New Haven Line
 * Mount Vernon North railway station, Glasgow, Scotland
 * Mount Vernon railway station, Glasgow, Scotland
 * Mount Vernon Square station, a stop on the Yellow and Green lines of the Washington Metro
 * Mount Vernon West station, Mount Vernon, New York along the Harlem Line
 * Skagit Station, in Mount Vernon, Washington.

Institutions

 * Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, London, United Kingdom
 * Mount Vernon Hospital, Barnsley, United Kingdom
 * Mount Vernon Nazarene University, a Christian liberal arts college in Mount Vernon, Ohio.
 * Mount Vernon, a campus of George Washington University in Washington, D.C.

Ships

 * USS Mount Vernon (1859), a steamer
 * USS Mount Vernon (AP-22), an ocean liner purchased by the U.S. Navy for use as a troop transport in 1941
 * USS Mount Vernon (ID-4508), an ocean liner commandeered and commissioned by the U.S. Navy for use as a troop transport in 1917
 * USS Mount Vernon (LSD-39), a dock landing ship commissioned in 1972
 * USS Mount Washington (1846) or USS Mount Vernon, a side wheel gunboat

Other uses

 * Mount Vernon Hotel Museum, New York City, New York, U.S.
 * Mount Vernon (Woodleaf, North Carolina), U.S., a historic plantation house, farm complex, and national historic district
 * Mount Vernon, a dedication to the English Vice-Admiral Edward Vernon
 * Order of Mount Vernon, University of Washington society
 * Mount Vernon Conference, 1785

title: Mount Vernon (disambiguation)


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Pasadena (disambiguation)

Pasadena is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States.

Pasadena may also refer to:

Australia

 * Pasadena, South Australia, a suburb of Adelaide in the City of Mitcham

Canada

 * Pasadena, Newfoundland and Labrador, an incorporated town

United States

 * East Pasadena, California, a census-designated place in Los Angeles County
 * South Pasadena, California, a city in Los Angeles County
 * Pasadena, Florida, a neighborhood of St. Petersburg, a city in Pinellas County
 * South Pasadena, Florida, a city in Pinellas County
 * Pasadena, Lexington, a neighborhood in Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky
 * Pasadena, Maryland, a census-designated place in Anne Arundel County
 * Pasadena Hills, Missouri, a city in St. Louis County
 * Pasadena Park, Missouri, a village in St. Louis County
 * Pasadena, Texas, a city in Harris County

Entertainment

 * Pasadena (album), released in 2007 by rock band Ozma
 * "Pasadena" (song), a 1972 single by Australian singer John Paul Young
 * Pasadena (TV series), a 2001 American primetime soap opera
 * "Pasadena", or "Home in Pasadena", a 1923 song by Harry Warren
 * "Pasadena", a 1981 single by Maywood (duo)
 * "Pasadena", a 2020 episode of Young Sheldon
 * "Pasadena", a 2021 single by Tinashe featuring Buddy
 * Pasadena O'Possum, a character in the Crash Bandicoot video-game series

Other

 * USS Pasadena, a list of US Navy ships with the name
 * Pasadena ("Perfect All-Singing All-Dancing Editorial and Notation Application"), an application for editing the Oxford English Dictionary

title: Pasadena (disambiguation)


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Warren

Warren most commonly refers to:

 * Warren (burrow), a network dug by rabbits
 * Warren (name), a given name and a surname, including lists of persons so named

Warren may also refer to:

Canada

 * Warren, Manitoba
 * Warren, Ontario

Australia

 * Warren (biogeographic region)
 * Warren, New South Wales, a town
 * Warren Shire, a local government area in NSW which includes the town
 * Warren National Park, Western Australia

United Kingdom

 * Warren, Pembrokeshire
 * Warren, Cheshire
 * The Warren, Bracknell Forest, a suburb of Bracknell in Berkshire
 * The Warren (Yeading), stadium in Hayes, Hillingdon, Greater London
 * The Warren Hayes, Bromley, a former mansion now sports club used by the Metropolitan Police
 * The Warren, Kent, part of the East Cliff and Warren Country Park
 * The Warren, Woolwich, Britain's principal repository and manufactory of arms and ammunition, renamed the Royal Arsenal in 1805

United States

 * Warren, Arizona
 * Warren, Arkansas
 * Warren, Connecticut
 * Warren, Idaho
 * Warren, Illinois
 * Warren, Indiana
 * Warren, Kentucky
 * Warren, Maine
 * Warren, Massachusetts
 * Warren (CDP), Massachusetts
 * Warren, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit and the largest US city named Warren
 * Warren, Minnesota
 * Warren, Missouri
 * Warren, Montana
 * Warren, New Hampshire
 * Warren Township, New Jersey
 * Warren, New York
 * Warren (hamlet), New York
 * Warren, Ohio
 * Warren, Oregon
 * Warren, Pennsylvania
 * Warren, Rhode Island
 * Warren City, Texas
 * Warren, Fannin County, Texas
 * Warren, Tyler County, Texas
 * Warren, Utah
 * Warren, Vermont
 * Warren's Gore, Vermont
 * Warren, Virginia
 * Warren, St. Croix County, Wisconsin
 * Warren, Waushara County, Wisconsin
 * Warrens, Wisconsin
 * Warren County (disambiguation)
 * Warren Run, a stream in Ohio
 * Warren Township (disambiguation)

Elsewhere

 * Warrens, Barbados

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Warren (Malazan Book of the Fallen), a kind of magic in the Malazan Book of the Fallen series of fantasy novels by Steven Erikson
 * Warren (TV series), a British television sitcom
 * "Warren" (Space Ghost Coast to Coast), a television episode

Fictional characters

 * Warren Enright, a character in sitcom Small Wonder (TV series)
 * Warren Jensen, a character in the 1998 movie There's Something About Mary
 * Warren (Porridge), a character named "Bunny" Warren played by Sam Kelly in the TV sitcom
 * Warren (Suikoden), a video game character
 * Miles Warren / Jackal, a Marvel Comics supervillain
 * Gwen Warren / Spider-Girl, a Marvel Comics superhero and member of the X-Men

Other uses

 * Free warren, a Medieval English hunting licence allowing the holder to kill certain species of game
 * General Motors Technical Center located in Warren, Michigan, and therefore within the automotive industry often referred to only as "Warren"
 * USS Warren, several ships of the Continental Navy and United States Navy
 * Warren Abstract Machine, a Prolog (software) engine

title: Warren


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Microclimate

A microclimate (or micro-climate) is a local set of atmospheric conditions that differ from those in the surrounding areas, often slightly but sometimes substantially. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or smaller (for example a garden bed, underneath a rock, or a cave) or as large as many square kilometers. Because climate is statistical, which implies spatial and temporal variation of the mean values of the describing parameters, microclimates are identified as statistically distinct conditions which occur and/or persist within a region. Microclimates can be found in most places but are most pronounced in topographically dynamic zones such as mountainous areas, islands, and coastal areas.

Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, or in heavy urban areas where brick, concrete, and asphalt absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and re-radiate that heat to the ambient air: the resulting urban heat island (UHI) is a kind of microclimate that is additionally driven by relative paucity of vegetation.

Background

The terminology "micro-climate" first appeared in the 1950s in publications such as Climates in Miniature: A Study of Micro-Climate Environment (Thomas Bedford Franklin, 1955).

Examples of microclimates
The area in a developed industrial park may vary greatly from a wooded park nearby, as natural flora in parks absorb light and heat in leaves that a building roof or parking lot just radiates back into the air. Advocates of solar energy argue that widespread use of solar collection can mitigate overheating of urban environments by absorbing sunlight and putting it to work instead of heating the foreign surface objects.

A microclimate can offer an opportunity as a small growing region for crops that cannot thrive in the broader area; this concept is often used in permaculture practiced in northern temperate climates. Microclimates can be used to the advantage of gardeners who carefully choose and position their plants. Cities often raise the average temperature by zoning, and a sheltered position can reduce the severity of winter. Roof gardening, however, exposes plants to more extreme temperatures in both summer and winter.

In an urban area, tall buildings create their own microclimate, both by overshadowing large areas and by channeling strong winds to ground level. Wind effects around tall buildings are assessed as part of a microclimate study.

Microclimates can also refer to purpose-made environments, such as those in a room or other enclosure. Microclimates are commonly created and carefully maintained in museum display and storage environments. This can be done using passive methods, such as silica gel, or with active microclimate control devices.

Usually, if the inland areas have a humid continental climate, the coastal areas stay much milder during winter months, in contrast to the hotter summers. This is the case in places such as British Columbia, where Vancouver has an oceanic wet winter with rare frosts, but inland areas that average several degrees warmer in summer have cold and snowy winters.

Sources and influences on microclimate
Two main parameters to define a microclimate within a certain area are temperature and humidity. A source of a drop in temperature and/or humidity can be attributed to different sources or influences. Often a microclimate is shaped by a conglomerate of different influences and is a subject of microscale meteorology.

Cold air pool
Examples of the cold air pool (CAP) effect are Gstettneralm Sinkhole in Austria (lowest recorded temperature -53 C) and Peter Sinks in the US. The main criterion on the wind speed $$v$$ in order to create a warm air flow penetration into a CAP is the following:

\mathrm{Fr} = \frac{v}{Nh} \geq \mathrm{Fr}_c, $$

where $$\mathrm{Fr}$$ is the Froude number, $$N$$ — the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, $$h$$ — depth of the valley, and $$\mathrm{Fr}_c$$ — Froude number at the threshold wind speed.

Craters
The presence of permafrost close to the surface in a crater creates a unique microclimate environment.

Caves
Caves are important geologic formations that can house unique and delicate geologic/biological environments. The vast majority of caves found are made of calcium carbonates such as limestone. In these dissolution environments, many species of flora and fauna find home. The mixture of water content within the cave atmosphere, air pressure, geochemistry of the cave rock as well as the waste product from these species can combine to make unique microclimates within cave systems. The speleogenetic effect is an observed and studied process of air circulation within cave environments brought on by convection. In phreatic conditions the cave surfaces are exposed to the enclosed air (as opposed to submerged and interacting with water from the water table in vadose conditions). This air circulates water particles that condense on cave walls and formations such as speleothems. This condensing water has been found to contribute to cave wall erosion and the formation of morphological features. Some examples of this can be found in the limestone walls of Grotta Giusti; a thermal cave near Monsummano, Lucca, Italy. Any process that leads to an increase or decrease in chemical/physical processes will subsequently impact the environment within that system. Air density within caves, which directly relates to the convection processes, is determined by the air temperature, humidity, and pressure. In enclosed cave environments, the introduction of bacteria, algae, plants, animals, or human interference can change any one of these factors therefore altering the microenvironment within the cave. There are over 750 caves worldwide that are available for people to visit. The constant human traffic through these cave environments can have a negative effect on the microclimates as well as on the geological and archeological findings. Factors that play into the deterioration of these environments include nearby deforestation, agriculture operations, water exploitation, mining, and tourist operations.

The speleogenetic effect of normal caves tends to show a slow circulation of air. In unique conditions where acids are present, the effects of erosion and changes to the microenvironment can be drastically enhanced. One example is the effect of the presence of hydrosulfuric acid(H2S). When the oxidized hydrosulfuric acid chemically alters to sulfuric acid(H2SO4), this acid starts to react with the calcium carbonate rock at much higher rates. The water involved in this reaction tends to have a high pH of 3 which renders the water almost unlivable for many bacteria and algae. An example of this can be found in the Grotta Grande del Vento cave in Ancona, Italy.

Plant microclimate
As pointed out by Rudolf Geiger in his book not only climate influences the living plant but the opposite effect of the interaction of plants on their environment can also take place, and is known as plant climate. This effect has important consequences for forests in the midst of a continent; indeed, if forests were not creating their own clouds and water cycle with their efficient evapotranspiration activity, there would be no forest far away from coasts, as statistically, without any other influence, rainfall occurrence would decrease from the coast towards inland. Planting trees to fight drought has also been proposed in the context of afforestation.

Dams
Artificial reservoirs as well as natural ones create microclimates and often influence the macroscopic climate as well.

Slopes
Another contributing factor of microclimate is the slope or aspect of an area. South-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere and north-facing slopes in the Southern Hemisphere are exposed to more direct sunlight than opposite slopes and are therefore warmer for longer periods of time, giving the slope a warmer microclimate than the areas around the slope. The lowest area of a glen may sometimes frost sooner or harder than a nearby spot uphill, because cold air sinks, a drying breeze may not reach the lowest bottom, and humidity lingers and precipitates, then freezes.

Soil types
The type of soil found in an area can also affect microclimates. For example, soils heavy in clay can act like pavement, moderating the near ground temperature. On the other hand, if soil has many air pockets, then the heat could be trapped underneath the topsoil, resulting in the increased possibility of frost at ground level.

Americas

 * Northern California above the Bay Area is also well known for microclimates with significant differences of temperatures. The coastline typically has daytime temperatures of 17 and 19 C during summer months along that coastline, but inland towns not far from the ocean such as Lakeport, can be as hot as 34 C in an average summer day, in spite of being just around 40 mi inland. Even as far north as the Klamath River valley around the 41st parallel north between Willow Creek and Eureka averages such temperatures, which is extremely hot for such northerly areas. At this parallel, the temperature at the coast is so cool that Willow Creek beats Eureka's all-time record temperature on average 79 times per year. This is in spite of the areas being less than 50 mi from each other.
 * San Francisco is a city with various microclimates. Due to the city's varied topography and influence from the prevailing summer marine layer, weather conditions can vary by as much as 9 °F (5 °C) from block to block and a full 30 °F (17 °C) between the coastal fog belt and the heat island of downtown. The Noe Valley district for example, is typically warmer and sunnier than adjacent areas because the surrounding hills block some of the cool fog from the Pacific.
 * The region as a whole, known as the San Francisco Bay Area can have a wide range of extremes in temperature. In the basins and valleys adjoining the coast, climate is subject to wide variations within short distances as a result of the influence of topography on the circulation of marine air. The San Francisco Bay Area offers many varieties of climate within a few miles. In the Bay Area, for example, the average maximum temperature in July is about 64 F at Half Moon Bay on the coast, 87 F at Walnut Creek only 25 mi inland, and 95 F at Tracy, just 50 mi inland.
 * The Los Angeles and San Diego areas are also subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate. The temperatures can vary as much as 36 F-change) between inland areas and the coast, with a temperature gradient of over one degree per mile (1.6 km) from the coast inland. Hills and mountains can also block coastal air masses. The San Fernando Valley is usually much warmer in summer than most of Los Angeles, because the Santa Monica Mountains usually block the cool ocean breezes and fog. Southern California has also a weather phenomenon called "June Gloom" or "May Grey", which sometimes gives overcast or foggy skies in the morning at the coast, but usually gives sunny skies by noon, during late spring and early summer.
 * The Big Island of Hawaii is also an area known for microclimates, as Kailua-Kona and Hilo, Hawaii, experience rainfall of 18 in and 127 in per year, respectively, despite being just 60 mi from each other.
 * Calgary, Alberta, is also known for its microclimates. Especially notable are the differences between the downtown and river valley/flood plain regions and the areas to the west and north. This is largely due to an elevation difference within the city's boundaries of over 1000 ft, but can also be somewhat attributed to the effects of the seasonal Chinooks.
 * Halifax, Nova Scotia, also has numerous microclimates. Coastal temperatures and weather conditions can differ considerably from areas located just 5 – inland. This is true in all seasons. Varying elevations are common throughout the city, and it is even possible to experience several microclimates while traveling on a single highway due to these changing elevations.
 * Vancouver and its metro area also has many microclimates. North Vancouver and other regions situated on the mountain slopes get over 2000 mm of precipitation a year on average, while other regions to the south get around 1000 mm, although they are less than 40 km away. Temperatures in the Fraser Valley inland may be up to 10 °C (18 °F) warmer than the coast, while in winter they are several degrees colder.
 * Chesapeake Bay is also known for its subtropical microclimate. It is most notable for its mild climatic effects on the area east and west of the lowlands of Maryland and Delmarva. Having over 64000 sqmi of water; (most of which is a mix of fresh and salt water) creates higher levels of humidity and heat in the spring and summer months. An example of this effect is the survival of subtropical palm trees and plants such as water hyacinths in the area.
 * Chile Chico and Los Antiguos on the southern shores of General Carrera Lake have favourable conditions for agriculture despite being in inner Patagonia.
 * New York City and its surrounding metro area feature an extensive urban heat island, and influence from the Atlantic Ocean. These factors cause it to be the northernmost major city in the US that Köppen describes as humid subtropical, with the city being in the 7a/7b/8a USDA zones, compared to nearby cities south of it, which feature lower zones.

Europe

 * The Ticino region in Switzerland has a microclimate in which palm trees and banana trees can grow.
 * Gran Canaria is called "Miniature Continent" for its rich variety of microclimates.
 * Tenerife is known for its wide variety of microclimates.
 * Istanbul exhibits a multitude of distinct microclimates because of its hilly topography and maritime influences. Within the city, average summer mean temperatures range from 20-24 C depending on proximity to the Black Sea, with more significant differences on certain days. Rainfall also varies widely owing to the rain shadow of the hills in Istanbul, from around 600 mm on the southern fringe at Florya to 1200 mm on the northern fringe at Bahçeköy. Furthermore, while the city itself lies in USDA hardiness zones 9a to 9b, its inland suburbs lie in zone 8b with isolated pockets of zone 8a, restricting the cultivation of cold-hardy subtropical plants to the coasts.
 * Leeds, located in Yorkshire, England, is known to have a number of microclimates because of the number of valleys surrounding the city centre.
 * The central west coast of Portugal, similarly to California, has huge differences in summer temperatures from the surrounding inland regions. In less than 60 km, average daily summer temperatures can vary through as much as 10 degrees Celsius/18 degrees Fahrenheit, from 21 C in Peniche or São Pedro de Moel to around 31 C in Santarém or Tomar. This phenomenon is caused by local upwelling created by the northern Nortada winds.
 * The coastal areas in the Andalusia region of Spain has a microclimate. Further north along the coast, Cádiz has a summer average of 27 C with warm nights, whereas nearby Jerez de la Frontera has summer highs of 33 C with inland areas further north such as Seville being even hotter.
 * Sorana, a commune in Italy's Pescia Valley with a microclimate considered ideal for growing the Sorana bean.
 * The Nizza (Nice) district of Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany is a small area on the north bank of the River Main where wind shelter and sunlight reflected off the river produces a Mediterranean climate and supports one of the largest gardens of southern European plants north of the Alps.

Asia and Oceania

 * Amman, Jordan, has extreme examples of microclimate, and almost every neighbourhood exhibits its own weather. It is known among locals that some boroughs such as the northern and western suburbs are among the coldest in the city, and can be experiencing frost or snow whilst other warmer districts such as the city centre can be at much warmer temperatures at the same time.
 * Sydney, Australia, has a microclimate occurring prominently in the warmer months. Inland, in Sydney's western suburbs, the climate is drier and significantly hotter with temperatures generally around 3 - 7 C-change above Sydney CBD and Eastern Suburbs (the coast), as sea breezes do not penetrate further inland. In summer, the coast averages at 25.9 C, while inland varies between 28 and 30 C, depending on the suburb. In extreme occasions, the Coast would have a temperature of 24 C, while a suburb 20 km) inland bakes in 36 C heat. However, winter lows in the West are around 3 - 5 C-change cooler than the coastal suburbs, and may provide mild to moderate frost. Within the city and surrounds, rainfall varies, from around 682.5 mm in the far-west to 1213.8 mm at Observatory Hill (the east or the coast).

title: Microclimate


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Edmund Blunden

Edmund Charles Blunden (1 November 1896 – 20 January 1974) was an English poet, author, and critic. Like his friend Siegfried Sassoon, he wrote of his experiences in World War I in both verse and prose. For most of his career, Blunden was also a reviewer for English publications and an academic in Tokyo and later Hong Kong. He ended his career as Professor of Poetry at the University of Oxford. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature six times.

Early years
Born in London, Blunden was the eldest of the nine children of Charles Edmund Blunden (1871–1951) and his wife, Georgina Margaret née Tyler, who were joint-headteachers of Yalding school. Blunden was educated at Christ's Hospital and The Queen's College, Oxford.

World War I
In September 1915, over a year after the outbreak of World War I, Blunden was commissioned as a temporary second lieutenant into the British Army's Royal Sussex Regiment. He was posted to the 11th (Service) Battalion (1st South Down), Royal Sussex Regiment, a Kitchener's Army unit that formed part of the 116th Brigade of the 39th Division in May 1916, two months after the battalion's arrival in France. He served with the battalion on the Western Front to the end of the war, taking part in the actions at Ypres and the Somme, followed in 1917 by the Battle of Passchendaele. In January 1917, and by now a temporary lieutenant (having been promoted to that rank in September 1916), he was awarded the Military Cross (MC), the citation for which reads:

"For conspicuous gallantry in action. He displayed great courage and determination when in charge of a carrying party under heavy fire. He has previously done fine work."

Blunden survived nearly two years in the front line without physical injury (despite being gassed in October 1917 ), but for the rest of his life, he bore mental scars from his experiences. With characteristic self-deprecation, he attributed his survival to his diminutive size, which made "an inconspicuous target". His own account of his experiences was published in 1928, as Undertones of War.

University
Blunden left the army in 1919 and took up the scholarship at Oxford that he had won while he was still at school. On the same English literature course was Robert Graves, and the two were close friends during their time at Oxford together, but Blunden found university life unsatisfactory and left in 1920 to take up a literary career, at first acting as assistant to Middleton Murry on the Athenaeum.

Writer
An early supporter was Siegfried Sassoon, who became a lifelong friend. In 1920, Blunden published a collection of poems, The Waggoner, and with Alan Porter, he edited the poems of John Clare (mostly from Clare's manuscript).

Blunden's next book of poems, The Shepherd, published in 1922, won the Hawthornden Prize, but his poetry, though well reviewed, did not provide enough to live on. In 1924, he accepted the post of Professor of English at the University of Tokyo. In December 1925, he dedicated a poem « UP!UP! » to the rugby men of the University and this became the anthem of the Tokyo University RFC. He returned to England in 1927, and was literary editor of the Nation for a year. In 1927, he published a short book, On the Poems of Henry Vaughan, Characteristics and Intimations, with his principal Latin poems carefully translated into English verse (London: H. Cobden-Sanderson, 1927), expanding and revising an essay that he had published, in November 1926, in the London Mercury. In 1931, he returned to Oxford as a Fellow of Merton College, where he was highly regarded as a tutor. During his years in Oxford, Blunden published extensively: several collections of poetry including Choice or Chance (1934) and Shells by a Stream (1944), prose works on Charles Lamb; Edward Gibbon; Leigh Hunt; Percy Bysshe Shelley (Shelley: A Life Story); John Taylor; and Thomas Hardy; and a book about a game he loved, Cricket Country (1944). He returned to full-time writing in 1944, becoming assistant editor of The Times Literary Supplement. In 1947, he returned to Japan as a member of the British liaison mission in Tokyo. In 1953 after three years back in England, he accepted the post of Professor of English Literature at the University of Hong Kong.

Later life
Blunden retired in 1964 and settled in Suffolk. In 1966, he was nominated for the Oxford Professorship of Poetry in succession to Graves; with some misgivings, he agreed to stand and was elected by a large majority over the other candidate, Robert Lowell. However, he now found the strain of public lecturing too much for him, and after two years, he resigned.

He died of a heart attack at his home at Long Melford, Suffolk, in 1974, and is buried in the churchyard of Holy Trinity Church, Long Melford.

Personal life
Blunden was married three times. While still in the army, he met and married Mary Daines in 1918. They had three children, the first of whom died in infancy. They divorced in 1931, and in 1933, Blunden married Sylva Norman, a young novelist and critic. That marriage, which was childless, was dissolved in 1945. The same year, he married Claire Margaret Poynting (1918–2000), one of his former pupils. Together, they had four daughters, who included Margaret, Lucy, and Frances. While in Japan in the summer of 1925, he met Aki Hayashi, and he began a relationship. When Blunden returned to England in 1927, Aki accompanied him and would become his secretary. The relationship later changed from a romantic one to a platonic friendship, and they remained in contact for the rest of her life.

Blunden's love of cricket, celebrated in his book Cricket Country, is described by the biographer Philip Ziegler as fanatical. Blunden and his friend Rupert Hart-Davis regularly opened the batting for a publisher's eleven in the 1930s (Blunden insisted on batting without gloves). An affectionate obituary tribute in The Guardian commented, "He loved cricket… and played it ardently and very badly", and in a review of Cricket Country, George Orwell described him as "the true cricketer":

"The test of a true cricketer is that he shall prefer village cricket to 'good' cricket [.... Blunden's] friendliest memories are of the informal village game, where everyone plays in braces, where the blacksmith is liable to be called away in mid-innings on an urgent job, and sometimes, about the time when the light begins to fail, a ball driven for four kills a rabbit on the boundary."

In a 2009 appreciation of the book and its author, Bangalore writer Suresh Menon wrote:

"Any cricket book that talks easily of Henry James and Siegfried Sassoon and Ranji and Grace and Richard Burton (the writer, not the actor) and Coleridge is bound to have a special charm of its own. As Blunden says, 'The game which made me write at all, is not terminated at the boundary, but is reflected beyond, is echoed and varied out there among the gardens and the barns, the dells and the thickets, and belongs to some wider field.'" "Perhaps that is what all books on cricket are trying to say."

Blunden had a robust sense of humour. In Hong Kong, he relished linguistic misunderstandings such as those of the restaurant that offered "fried prawn's balls" and the schoolboy who wrote, "In Hong Kong there is a queer at every bus-stop".

His fellow poets' regard for Blunden was illustrated by the contributions to a dinner in his honour for which poems were specially written by Cecil Day-Lewis and William Plomer; T. S. Eliot and Walter de la Mare were guests; and Sassoon provided the Burgundy.

Honours
Blunden's public honours included the CBE, 1951; the Queen's gold medal for Poetry, 1956; the Royal Society of Literature's Benson Medal; the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd Class (Japan), 1963; and honorary Membership of the Japan Academy.

On 11 November 1985, Blunden was among 16 Great War poets commemorated on a slate stone unveiled in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey. The inscription on the stone was taken from Wilfred Owen's "Preface" to his poems and reads: "My subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity."

Works
Blunden's output was prolific. To those who thought that he published too much, he quoted Walter de la Mare's observation that time was the poet's best editor.

Poetry

 * Poems 1913 and 1914 (1914);

 * Poems Translated from the French (1914);

 * Three Poems (1916);

 * The Barn (1916);

 * The Silver Bird of Herndyke Mill; Stane Street; The Gods of the World Beneath (1916);

 * The Harbingers (1916);

 * Pastorals (1916);

 * The Waggoner and Other Poems (1920);

 * The Shepherd, and Other Poems of Peace and War (1922);

 * Old Homes (1922);

 * To Nature: New Poems (1923);

 * Dead Letters (1923);

 * Masks of Time: A New Collection of Poems Principally Meditative (1925);

 * Japanese Garland (1928);

 * Retreat (1928);

 * Winter Nights: A Reminiscence (1928);

 * Near and Far: New Poems (1929);

 * A Summer's Fancy (1930);

 * To Themis: Poems on Famous Trials (1931);

 * In Summer (1931);

 * Constantia and Francis: An Autumn Evening (1931);

 * Halfway House: A Miscellany of New Poems (1932);

 * Choice or Chance: New Poems (1934);

 * Verses: To H.R.H. The Duke of Windsor (1936);

 * An Elegy and Other Poems (1937);

 * On Several Occasions (1938);

 * Poems, 1930–1940 (1940);

 * Shells by a Stream (1944);

 * After the Bombing, and Other Short Poems (1949);

 * Eastward: A Selection of Verses Original and Translated (1950);

 * Records of Friendship (1950);

 * Poems of Many Years (1957);

 * A Hong Kong House (1959);

 * Poems on Japan (1967).

Biographical books on romantic figures:

 * Leigh Hunt's 'Examiner' Examined (1928);

 * Leigh Hunt. A Biography (1930);

 * Charles Lamb and his Contemporaries (1933);

 * Edward Gibbon and his Age (1935);

 * Keats's Publisher. A Memoir (1936);

 * Thomas Hardy (1941);

 * Shelley. A Life Story (1946) with strong evidence on pp. 278 and 290 that Shelley was murdered.

Memoir:
 * Undertones of War (1928).

Artists Rifles, an audiobook CD published in 2004, includes a reading of Concert Party, Busseboom by Blunden himself, recorded in 1964 by the British Council. Other World War I poets heard on the CD include Siegfried Sassoon, Edgell Rickword, Graves, David Jones, and Lawrence Binyon. Blunden can also be heard on Memorial Tablet, an audiobook of readings by Sassoon issued in 2003.

title: Edmund Blunden


text:
Richard Aldington

Richard Aldington (born Edward Godfree Aldington; 8 July 1892 – 27 July 1962) was an English writer and poet. He was an early associate of the Imagist movement. His 50-year writing career covered poetry, novels, criticism and biography. He edited The Egoist, a literary journal, and wrote for The Times Literary Supplement, Vogue, The Criterion, and Poetry. His biography, Wellington (1946), won him the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

Aldington was married to the poet Hilda Doolittle, known by her initials H.D., from 1911 to 1938. His contacts included writers T. S. Eliot, D. H. Lawrence, Ezra Pound, W. B. Yeats, Lawrence Durrell, C. P. Snow, and others. He championed H.D. as the major poetic voice of the Imagist movement and helped her work gain international notice.

Early life and education
Edward Godfree (known from an early age as "Richard") Aldington was born in Portsmouth, the eldest of four children of Albert Edward Aldington (1864–1921) and Jessie May (1872–1954), née Godfree. His father failed to establish himself as a solicitor, going into business as a bookseller and stationer on Portsmouth High Street, later a solicitor's clerk and amateur author; his mother was a novelist (as "Mrs A. E. Aldington") and keeper of the Mermaid Inn at Rye. Both his parents wrote and published books, and their home held a large library of European and classical literature. As well as reading, Aldington's interests at this time, all of which continued in later life, included butterfly-collecting, hiking, and learning languages – he went on to master French, Italian, Latin, and ancient Greek. He was educated at Mr. Sweetman's Seminary for Young Gentlemen, St Margaret's Bay, near Dover. His father died of heart problems at age 56.

Aldington attended Dover College, followed by the University of London. He was unable to complete his degree because of the financial circumstances of his family caused by his father's failed speculations and ensuing debt. Supported by a small allowance from his parents, he worked as a sports journalist, started publishing poetry in British journals, and gravitated towards literary circles that included poets William Butler Yeats and Walter de la Mare.

In 1911, Aldington met society hostess Brigit Patmore, with whom he had a passing affair. At the time he was described as "tall and broad-shouldered, with a fine forehead, thick longish hair of the indefinite colour blond hair turns to in adolescence, very bright blue eyes, too small a nose, and a determined mouth." Through her he met American poets Ezra Pound and H.D., who had previously been engaged to each other. Doolittle and Aldington grew closer and in 1913 travelled together extensively through Italy and France, just before the war. On their return to London in the summer they moved into separate flats in Churchwalk, Kensington, in West London. Doolittle lived at No. 6, Aldington at No. 8, and Pound at No. 10. In the presence of Pound and the Doolittle family, over from America for the summer, the couple married. They moved to 5 Holland Place Chambers into a flat of their own, although Pound soon moved in across the hall.

The poets were caught up in the literary ferment before the war, where new politics and ideas were passionately discussed and created in Soho tearooms and society salons. The couple bonded over their visions of new forms of poetry, feminism, and philosophy, emerging from the wake of staid Victorian mores. The couple were fed by a sense of peership and mutualism between them, rejecting hierarchies, beginning to view Pound as an intruder and interloper rather than a literary igniter.

The couple met influential American poet Amy Lowell and she introduced them to writer D. H. Lawrence in 1914, who would become a close friend and mentor to both.

Career
Aldington's poetry was associated with the Imagist group, championing minimalist free verse with stark images, seeking to banish Victorian moralism. The group was key in the emerging Modernist movement. Ezra Pound coined the term imagistes for H.D. and Aldington (1912). Aldington's poetry forms almost one third of the Imagists' inaugural anthology Des Imagistes (1914). The movement was heavily inspired by Japanese and classical European art. Aldington shared T. E. Hulme's conviction that experimentation with traditional Japanese verse forms could provide a way forward for avant-garde literature in English.

Pound sent three of Aldington's poems to Harriet Monroe's magazine Poetry and they appeared in November 1912. She notes "Mr Richard Aldington is a young English poet, one of the "Imagistes", a group of ardent Hellenists who are pursuing interesting experiments in vers libre." She considered the poem "Choricos" to be his finest work, "one of the most beautiful death songs in the language", "a poem of studied and affected gravity".

H.D. became pregnant in August 1914, and in 1915 Aldington and H.D. relocated from their home in Holland Park near Ezra Pound to Hampstead close to D. H. Lawrence and Frieda. They felt calmer out of the bustle of the city, with more space and green. The pregnancy ended in a stillborn daughter, which traumatised the couple and put a great strain on the relationship; H.D. was 28 and Aldington 22. The outbreak of war in 1914 deeply disturbed Aldington, though no draft was in place at this time. H.D. felt more distant from the melee, not having a close affinity to the European landscape, geographical or political. This rift also put pressure on the marriage. Unhappy, Aldington dreamed of escape to America and began to have affairs. He began a relationship with Florence Fallas, who had also lost a child.

Between 1914 and 1916 Aldington was literary editor and a columnist at The Egoist. He was assistant editor with Leonard Compton-Rickett under Dora Marsden. Aldington knew Wyndham Lewis well and reviewed his work in The Egoist. He was also an associate of Ford Madox Ford's, helping him with a propaganda volume for a government commission in 1914 and taking dictation for The Good Soldier.

World War I and aftermath
Aldington joined up in June 1916 and was sent for training at Wareham in Dorset. H.D. moved to be closer to her husband. He then was sent to a camp near Manchester. They found the duality of their lives harsh, and the gruelling, regimented nature of the training felt hard for the sensitive professional poet. He felt fundamentally different from the other men, more given to intellectual pursuits than unending physical labour that left him little time to write. Their sporadic meetings were emotionally wrenching and the couple could make no plans for their future together. He encouraged H.D. to return to America where she could make a safer and more stable home. They both watched news come in of heavy troop losses in France at the Somme and on other battlefields. She could not have information given on her husband's future postings overseas, all held to be secret. Rationing and the forced draft began as the war turned against the British.

When Aldington was sent to the front in December 1916, the couple's relationship became epistolary. He wrote that he had managed to complete 12 poems and three essays since joining up and wanted to work on producing a new book, in order to keep his mind on literature, despite his work of digging graves. He found the soldier's life degrading, living with lice, cold, mud and little sanitation. His encounters with gas on the front would affect him for the rest of his life. He was given leave in July 1917 and the couple enjoyed a reunion during this brief reprieve. He felt distant from old Imagist friends like Pound who had not undergone the torturous life of the soldiers on the front and could not imagine the living conditions.

In November 1917, Aldington joined up in the 11th Leicestershires and was later commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Sussex Regiment. He finished the war as a signals officer and temporary captain, being demobilised in February 1919. He likely never fully recovered from the trauma of World War I, writing of his field experiences in the collections Images of War and Images of Desire (1919), which were suffused with a new melancholy. By the end of World War I, he was feeling disconsolate about his own talent as a poet. Exile and Other Poems (1923) also dealt with the process of trauma. A collection of war stories Roads to Glory, appeared in 1930. After this point he became known as a critic and biographer.

Towards the end of the war, H.D. lived with composer Cecil Gray, a friend of D. H. Lawrence's. They had a daughter together in March 1919, the pregnancy much complicated by H.D.'s catching pneumonia towards the end. Neither Gray nor Aldington wanted to accept paternity. By the time of Aldington's return H.D. was involved with the female writer Bryher. H.D. and Aldington formally separated and had relationships with other people, but they didn't divorce until 1938. They remained friends for the rest of their lives. He destroyed all the couple's pre-1918 correspondence.

Aldington helped T. S. Eliot by persuading Harriet Shaw Weaver to appoint Eliot as Aldington's successor at The Egoist magazine. In 1919, he introduced Eliot to the editor Bruce Richmond of The Times Literary Supplement. Aldington was on the editorial board of Chaman Lall's London literary quarterly Coterie (published 1919–1921), accompanied by Conrad Aiken, Eliot, Lewis and Aldous Huxley. Eliot had a job in the international department of Lloyds Bank and well-meaning friends wanted him full-time writing poetry. Ezra Pound, plotting a scheme to "get Eliot out of the bank", was supported by Lady Ottoline Morrell, Leonard Woolf and Harry Norton Aldington began publishing in journals such as the Imagist The Chapbook. In reply to Eliot's The Waste Land, Aldington wrote A Fool i' the Forest (1924).

Aldington suffered a breakdown in 1925. His interest in poetry waned, and he developed an animosity towards Eliot's celebrity. Aldington grew closer to Eliot but gradually became a supporter of Vivienne Eliot in the troubled marriage. Aldington satirised her husband as "Jeremy Cibber" in Stepping Heavenward (1931). He had a relationship with writer Valentine Dobrée and a lengthy and passionate affair with Arabella Yorke, a lover since Mecklenburgh Square days, coming to an end when he went abroad.

Aldington helped Irene Rathbone publish her semi-autobiographical novel We That Were Young in 1932. They had an affair that ended in 1937. Rathbone dedicated her 1936 novel They Call it Peace to him, and she wrote a long poem, Was There a Summer?: A Narrative Poem, in 1943 about their relationship.

Exile
Aldington went into self-imposed exile in 1928. He lived in Paris for years, living with Brigit Patmore and fascinated by Nancy Cunard, whom he met in 1928. Following his divorce in 1938 he married Netta, née McCullough, previously Brigit's daughter-in-law.

Death of a Hero (1929), which Aldington called a "jazz novel," was his semi-autobiographical response to the war. He started writing it almost immediately after the armistice was declared. The novel condemned Victorian materialism as a cause of the tragedy and waste of the war. Rejectionist, an "Expressionist scream", it was commended by Lawrence Durrell as "the best war novel of the epoch". It was developed mostly while Aldington was living on the island of Port-Cros in Provence, building on the manuscript from a decade before. Opening with a letter to the playwright Halcott Glover, the book takes a satirical, cynical, and critical stance on Victorian and Edwardian cant. Published in September 1929, by Christmas it had sold more than 10,000 copies in England alone, part of a wave of war remembrances from writers such as Remarque, Sassoon, and Hemingway. The book was quickly translated into German and other European languages. In Russia the book was taken to be a wholesale attack on bourgeois politics, "the inevitable result of the life which had preceded it", as Aldington wrote. "The next one will be much worse". It was praised by Gorky as revolutionary, and the book, along with Aldington's later fiction, received huge Russian distribution. Aldington was, however, fiercely non-partisan in his politics, despite his passion for iconoclasm and feminism.

The character of George Winterbourne is loosely based on Aldington as an artist (Winterbourne a painter rather than writer), having a mistress before and through the war, and the novel portrays locations strongly resembling those he had travelled to. One of these locations, fictionally named "The Chateau de Fressin," strongly resembled a castle he wrote about in a letter to H.D.

Death of a Hero, like many other novels published around this time about the war, suffered greatly from censorship. Instead of changing or cutting parts of his novel, he replaced objectionable words with asterisks. Although they looked awkward on the page, Aldington, among others, wanted to call attention to censoring by publishers.

In 1930 Aldington published a translation of The Decameron and then the romance All Men are Enemies (1933). In 1942, having relocated to the United States with his new wife Netta, he began to write biographies, starting with Wellington: The Duke: Being an Account of the Life & Achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1943). It was followed by works on D. H. Lawrence: Portrait of a Genius, But ... (1950), Robert Louis Stevenson: Portrait of a Rebel (1957), and T. E. Lawrence: Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry (1955). Under financial pressure, he also worked as a Hollywood screenwriter.

Aldington's excoriating biography of T. E. Lawrence caused a scandal on its publication in 1955. In the spirit of iconoclasm, he was the first to bring public notice to Lawrence's illegitimacy and asserted that he was a homosexual, a liar, a charlatan, an "impudent mythomaniac", a "self-important egotist", a poor writer and even a bad motorcyclist. The biography dramatically coloured popular opinion of Lawrence. Foreign and War Office files concerning Lawrence's career were released during the 1960s and further biographies continued to analyse the 'British hero'. Robert Graves, a friend of Lawrence, wrote that "instead of a carefully considered portrait of Lawrence, I find the self-portrait of a bitter, bedridden, leering, asthmatic, elderly hangman-of-letters." Robert Irwin, in the London Review of Books, speculated that Aldington's spite was driven by jealousy and a sense of exclusion by the British establishment. Lawrence had attended Oxford and his father was a baronet; Aldington had suffered in the bloodbath of Europe during the First World War while Lawrence had gained a heroic reputation in the Middle Eastern theatre and became, an international celebrity and homosexual icon. Irwin observes that he "was industrious and his portrait of Lawrence was fuelled by careful research". Christopher Sykes, in his 1969 introduction to the Collins edition (reprinted in Pelican Biographies in 1971), stated that "for the first time, the awkward questions were faced squarely"; Sykes's final assessment of Aldington's book is that it "cleared the ground of rubbish, efficiently and thoroughly".

Aldington lived in Sury-en-Vaux, Cher, France, from 1958. His last significant book was a biography of the Provençal poet and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Frédéric Mistral (1956).

Death
Aldington died in Sury on 27 July 1962, shortly after being honoured in Moscow on the occasion of his 70th birthday and the translation of some of his novels to Russian. He was honored in the Soviet Union, "even if some of the fêting was probably because he had, in his writings, sometimes suggested that the England he loved could, in certain of its aspects, be less than an earthly paradise."

Aldington is buried in the local cemetery in Sury. He was survived by a daughter, Catherine, the child of his second marriage, who died in 2010.

Legacy
On 11 November 1985 Aldington was among 16 Great War poets commemorated in stone at Westminster Abbey's Poet's Corner. The inscription on the stone was taken from Wilfred Owen's "Preface" to his poems and reads: "My subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity."

Style and bitterness
Alec Waugh described Aldington as having been embittered by the war, but took it that he worked off his spleen in novels like The Colonel's Daughter (1931) rather than letting it poison his life. Douglas Bush describes his work as "a career of disillusioned bitterness." His novels contained thinly veiled portraits of some of his friends, including Eliot, Lawrence and Pound; the friendship not always surviving. Lyndall Gordon characterises the sketch of Eliot in Aldington's memoirs Life for Life's Sake (1941) as "snide." As a young man, he was cutting about Yeats, but they remained on good terms.

Aldington's obituary in The Times of London in 1962 described him as "[a]n angry young man of the generation before they became fashionable ... who remained something of an angry old man to the end".

Works

 * Images (1910–1915) (The Poetry Bookshop, London, 1915) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar ISBN 978-1-113-27518-9) 2009
 * Images Old and New (Four Seas Co., Boston, 1916) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar ISBN 978-1-113-39283-1) 2009
 * The Poems of Anyte of Tegea (1916) translator
 * The Little Demon, by Feodor Sologub, authorised translation by John Cournos and Richard Aldington (London: Martin Secker, 1916).
 * Images of Desire (Elkin Mathews, 1919) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar) ISBN 978-1-115-45071-3) 2009
 * Images of War, A Book of Poems (Beaumont Press, London, 1919) & (historical reproduction by Bibliobazaar) ISBN 978-1-171-58428-5) 2009
 * War and Love: Poems 1915–1918 (1919)
 * Greek Songs in the Manner of Anacreon (1919) translator
 * Hymen (Egoist Press, 1921) with H.D.
 * Medallions in Clay (1921)
 * The Good-Humoured Ladies: A Comedy by Carlo Goldoni (1922) translator, with Arthur Symons
 * Exile and Other Poems (1923)
 * Literary Studies and Reviews (1924) essays
 * Sturly, by Pierre Custot (1924) translator
 * The Mystery of the Nativity: Translated from the Liegeois of the XVth Century (Medici Society, 1924) translator
 * A Fool i' the Forest: A Phantasmagoria (1924) poem
 * A Book of 'Characters' from Theophrastus, Joseph Hall, Sir Thomas Overbury, Nicolas Breton, John Earle, Thomas Fuller, and Other English Authors; Jean de La Bruyère, Vauvenargues, and Other French Authors, compiled and translated by Richard Aldington, with an introduction and notes (1924)
 * Voltaire (1925)
 * French Studies and Reviews (1926)
 * The Love of Myrrhine and Konallis: and other prose poems (1926)
 * Cyrano De Bergerac, Voyages to the Moon and the Sun (1927) translator
 * D. H. Lawrence: An Indiscretion (1927) (34-page pamphlet)
 * Letters of Madame de Sévigné to Her Daughter and Her Friends, selected, with an introductory essay, by Richard Aldington (1927) translator
 * Letters of Voltaire and Frederick the Great (1927) translator
 * Candide and Other Romances by Voltaire (1928) translator with Norman Tealby
 * Collected Poems (1928)
 * Fifty Romance Lyric Poems (1928) translator
 * Hark the Herald (Hours Press, 1928)
 * Remy de Gourmont: Selections From All His Works Chosen and Translated by Richard Aldington (1928)
 * Remy de Gourmont: A Modern Man of Letters (1928)
 * The Treason of the Intellectuals (La Trahison des Clercs), by Julien Benda (1928) translator
 * Death of a Hero: A Novel (1929)
 * The Eaten Heart (Hours Press, 1929) poems
 * A Dream in the Luxembourg: A Poem (1930)
 * Euripides' Alcestis (1930) translator
 * At All Costs (William Heinemann, Ltd., 1930) 45-page story
 * D. H. Lawrence (1930) (43-page pamphlet; its contents are identical to D. H. Lawrence: An Indiscretion (1927), except for the dropping of the subtitle and the addition of a one-paragraph note following the title page.)
 * Last Straws (Hours Press, 1930)
 * Medallions from Anyte of Tegea, Meleager of Gadara, the Anacreontea, Latin Poets of the Renaissance (1930) translator
 * The Memoirs of Marmontel (1930) editor, with Brigit Patmore
 * Roads to Glory (1930) stories
 * The Decameron of Giovanni Bocaccio; translated by Richard Aldington; illustrations by Jean de Bosschère (1930)
 * Two Stories (Elkin Mathews, 1930): "Deserter" and "The Lads of the Village"
 * Letters to the Amazon, by Remy de Gourmont (1931) translator
 * Balls and Another Book for Suppression (1931) (13 pages)
 * The Colonel's Daughter: A Novel (1931)
 * Stepping Heavenward: A Record (1931) satire aimed at T. S. Eliot
 * Aurelia by Gérard de Nerval (1932) translator
 * Soft Answers (1932) five short novels
 * All Men Are Enemies: A Romance (1933)
 * Last Poems of D. H. Lawrence (1933) edited with Giuseppe Orioli
 * Poems of Richard Aldington (1934)
 * Women Must Work: A Novel (1934)
 * Artifex: Sketches and Ideas (1935) essays
 * D. H. Lawrence: A complete list of his works, together with a critical appreciation by Richard Aldington (1935) (22-page pamphlet)
 * The Spirit of Place (1935), editor, D. H. Lawrence prose anthology
 * Life Quest (1935) poem
 * Life of a Lady: A Play in Three Acts (1936) with Derek Patmore
 * The Crystal World (1937)
 * Very Heaven (1937)
 * Seven Against Reeves: A Comedy-Farce (1938) novel
 * Rejected Guest (1939) novel
 * W. Somerset Maugham: An Appreciation (1939)
 * Life for Life's Sake: A Book of Reminiscences (1941)
 * Poetry of the English-Speaking World (1941) anthology, editor
 * The Duke: Being an account of the life & achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1943). Later edition: Wellington: Being an account of the life & achievements of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (1946).
 * A Wreath for San Gemignano (1945) with illustrations by Netta Aldington and sonnets of Folgóre da San Gimignano titled The Garland of Months and translated by Richard Aldington
 * Great French Romances (1946) novels by Madame de La Fayette, Choderlos De Laclos, Abbé Prévost, Honoré de Balzac
 * Oscar Wilde: Selected Works, with Twelve Unpublished Letters (1946) editor
 * "Introduction" to The Portable Oscar Wilde (1946) Selected and edited by Richard Aldington
 * The Romance of Casanova: A Novel (1946)
 * Complete Poems (1948)
 * Four English Portraits, 1801–1851 (1948) (The four are the Prince Regent, the young Disraeli, Charles "Squire" Waterton, and the young Dickens.)
 * Selected Works of Walter Pater (1948)
 * Jane Austen (1948)
 * The Decameron of Giovanni Bocaccio; translated by Richard Aldington; illustrated by Rockwell Kent (two volumes) (1949)
 * The Strange Life of Charles Waterton, 1782–1865 (1949)
 * A Bibliography of the Works of Richard Aldington from 1915 to 1948 (1950) with Alister Kershaw
 * Selected Letters of D. H. Lawrence (1950) editor
 * The Indispensable Oscar Wilde (1950) editor
 * Portrait of a Genius, But ... (The Life of D. H. Lawrence, 1885–1930) (1950)
 * D. H. Lawrence: An Appreciation (1950) (32-page pamphlet, which borrows from the 1927, 1930, and 1935 pamphlets on Lawrence listed above)
 * The Religion of Beauty: Selections from the Aesthetes (1950) anthology, editor
 * Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot: A Lecture (Peacocks Press, 1954) (22 pages)
 * Lawrence L'imposteur: T. E. Lawrence, the Legend and the Man (1954) Paris edition; also published as Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry (1955)
 * Pinorman: Personal Recollections of Norman Douglas, Pino Orioli and Charles Prentice (1954)
 * A. E. Housman and W. B. Yeats: Two Lectures (Hurst Press, 1955)
 * Introduction to Mistral (1956) (biography of French poet Frédéric Mistral)
 * Frauds (1957)
 * Portrait of a Rebel: The Life and Work of Robert Louis Stevenson (1957)
 * The Viking Book of Poetry of the English-Speaking World, Volume II (1958) editor
 * "The Composite Biography as Biography," in Moore, Harry T., ed., A D. H. Lawrence Miscellany, Southern Illinois University Press (1959) and William Heinemann Ltd (1961), pp. 143–152. "[This] essay serves as the Introduction of Vol. 3 of Edward Nehls's D. H. Lawrence: A Composite Biography, copyright, 1959, by the University of Wisconsin Press...," p. 143 n.
 * Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology (1960) translator with Delano Ames
 * Switzerland (1960)
 * Famous Cities of the World: Rome (1960)
 * A Tourist's Rome (1961)
 * Richard Aldington: Selected Critical Writing, 1928–1960 (1970) edited by Alister Kershaw. Contains chapters on ten writers: Remy de Gourmont, Aldous Huxley, Wyndham Lewis, Somerset Maugham, Oscar Wilde, Walter Pater, Jane Austen, Roy Campbell, Lawrence Durrell, and D. H. Lawrence.
 * A Passionate Prodigality: Letters to Alan Bird from Richard Aldington, 1949–1962 (1975) edited by Miriam J. Benkovitz
 * Literary Lifelines: The Richard Aldington and Lawrence Durrell Correspondence (1981)
 * In Winter: A Poem (Typographeum Press, 1987)
 * Austria/L'Autriche/Österreich: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington. London: Anglo-Italian Publication, [1950–1960?]
 * France/La France/Frankreich: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington. London: Anglo-Italian Publications, [1950–1965?]
 * Italy/L'Italie/Italien: A Book of Photographs, with an introduction by Richard Aldington. London: Anglo-Italian Publications, [1958?]

title: Richard Aldington


text:
Rod

Rod, Ród, Rőd, Rød, Röd, ROD, or R.O.D. may refer to:

Devices

 * Birch rod, made out of twigs from birch or other trees for corporal punishment
 * Ceremonial rod, used to indicate a position of authority
 * Connecting rod, main, coupling, or side rod, in a reciprocating engine
 * Control rod, used to control the rate of fission in a nuclear reactor
 * Divining rod, two rods believed by some to find water in a practice known as dowsing
 * Fishing rod, a tool used to catch fish, like a long pole with a hook on the end
 * Lightning rod, a conductor on top of a building to protect the building in the event of lightning by taking the charge harmlessly to earth
 * Measuring rod, a kind of ruler
 * Switch (corporal punishment), a piece of wood used as a staff or for corporal punishment, or a bundle of such switches
 * Truss rod, a steel part inside a guitar neck used for its tension adjustment

Arts and entertainment

 * Read or Die, a Japanese anime and manga
 * Read or Die (OVA), an original video animation based on the manga
 * Read or Dream, a manga set in the Read or Die universe
 * R.O.D the TV, a 26-episode anime series
 * Röd, a 2009 album by Swedish band Kent
 * The Rods, American heavy metal band
 * Rod Norman, a character in the soap opera EastEnders
 * Rod (Avenue Q), a character in the stage musical Avenue Q
 * Rod Flanders, a character in the TV series The Simpsons
 * "R.O.D.", a 2013 song by Korean rapper G-Dragon featured on his second studio album Coup d'Etat

People

 * Rod (given name)
 * Rod (surname)
 * Rød (surname)

Places

 * Ród, a village in Tilişca Commune, Sibiu County, Romania
 * Rød (disambiguation), several populated places in Norway
 * Rőd, Aiton, from the Hungarian name for Rediu, a village in Aiton Commune, Cluj County, Romania
 * Rod, California, a former settlement in Kern County
 * Rod (river), a tributary of the Apold in Sibiu County, Romania

Science and technology

 * Cuisenaire rods, to teach children arithmetics
 * Rod-shaped bacterium, a shape of bacteria such as E. coli
 * Rod (optical phenomenon), a photographic artifact claimed by some to be alien life
 * Rod (unit), an Imperial unit of length, also known as the pole or perch
 * Rod cell, a cell found in the retina that is sensitive to light/dark (black/white)
 * Real-time outbreak and disease surveillance (RODS)
 * rod, ISO 639-3 code for the Rogo language of Nigeria
 * Rate of descent (RoD), a measurement in aviation.

Other uses

 * Railway Operating Division, a division of the British Army's Royal Engineers
 * Raywood railway station, Australia
 * Record of Decision, a formal decision document issued by the United States government
 * Rod (god), a Slavic creator god
 * Rods (tarot suit)
 * Roughly Obsess and Destroy, a professional wrestling stable
 * A dowel
 * A firearm

title: Rod