text:
User talk:-- April

Hey April ! As the List "Famous Women in History is likely to be deleted and it seemed like a lot of work I have given it a temporal home at my wiki if you still want it to be online. You can reach me via the Message-function there. Cheers and the very best, --Gego 09:11, 24 September 2006 (UTC)

-

Have you been away for a while? I have been surprised to see very few recent contributions from you. Given you interest in social darwinism (among other things) I thought you would have had a contribution to Early infanticidal childrearing or Incest taboo, or at least a comment on the talk pages... slrubenstein

 * Yeah, work has picked up a lot, and my time's much more limited. But I'll look at those articles... interesting titles... -- April

- Important note for all sysops: There is a bug in the administrative move feature that truncates the moved history and changes the edit times. Please do not use this feature until this bug is fixed. More information can be found in the talk of Brion VIBBER and maveric149. Thank you. --maveric149

Welcome back! The move feature works again so you can use it. --mav

 * Thanks, Mav. :) Appreciate that. -- April

Hi April. No, you're not at all obsessive for editing pages like The Duck family to specify that such things are fictional. I do it too! -- Tarquin

 * Heh. Whew. Glad to hear that... I have a mind for trivia, I guess. :) -- April

Hi April, I see you're sporadically moving the Factbook pages to the new format. That's certainly appreciated, but would you please move the /People pages to "Demography of ", rather than "Demographics", as has been agreed upon in WikiProject Countries? Thanks. -Scipius

 * Whoops, sorry, must have mixed those two up in my mind. I'll fix 'em. Thanks for the heads-up! -- April

Hi April, just wanted to say I appreciate you taking all that time and effort with Brian D Jones ... --Bth
 * Likewise your original catch of his insertions is appreciated! -- April

Thanks again for the NPOV help on Famous African-Americans. I see you are worried about "old" material. I hope you saw 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Ortolan88

April, The first pass at Lokasenna is up if you'd like to have a look. user:sjc
 * Willdo. -- April

re: SR/talk page -- outstanding work! Slrubenstein

 * Ah, Ned Wright did the work, really, I just stole his example. :) Thank you for explaining matters more clearly to BDJones! -- April

Since you're pro astronomer just to throw a few words. Here's another great astronomy lover. Check my efforts in astronomy and such at my users page and you're very wellcome to correct or extend them. I am pround on Hipparchus article, (but there's still a lot to do). Best regards. -- XJamRastafire 19:17 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT)

Thanks for your help with the countries pages. I went through changing all but 7 pages that said "demography" to say "demographics," then went through and changed all the old "X/People" and "People of X" links to go directly to "Demographics of X"--after that I'd had quite enough for awhile. Much appreciated. --KQ 22:43 Aug 20, 2002 (PDT)

 * Hey, it's nice, mindless work. :) You really did the bulk of it with your demography -> demographics work; I stand in awe of your patience. I've gone through and changed all links to "People of X" to "Demographics of X", then deleted the "People of X" pages. Going to do the same with "Demography of X." That'll leave us with "X/People", hopefully properly redirected, and "Demographics of X".  The former should serve for any old links to those pages, the latter for the new "permanent" pages.  And, I hope, it'll reduce the confusion, clutter, and double-redirects. -- April

 * I guess some always slip through the cracks ... you're still changing some of the X/People, and I thought I got them all. Deleting all the "demography of x" pages shouldn't be a problem; google hasn't crawled the site since July 6.  Maybe I'll do that now; it would be great to clean up some of the clutter.  Next I'll consolidate some of the very small subpages onto one main page, for instance with most of the entries on small unpopulated islands.

 * Cooperation, though, I love it. Wikipedia makes me feel good about people.  :-)  --KQ

Hi, I just recreated Czech republic/History you deleted because it was an unlinked redirect. Redirects are there to keep external links and bookmarks to an article working. E.g. google still has the above page indexed. Therefor an unlinked redirect should not be deleted, else you break wikipedias reachability from the outside world. -- JeLuF

 * Yes, Jeluf, I agree that redirects are not only useful in themselves but also important from the point of view of stability of accessibility. The sysops have a difficult balancing act to do in this respect, but I feel that they should definitely err in favour of caution. April, do you think you could raise this as an issue with your co-sysops, please? user:sjc

 * The reason I deleted Czech republic/History is because the article redirect Czech Republic/History also existed. That meant that, with the new naming scheme,Czech republic/History redirected to Czech Republic/History which redirected to History of the Czech Republic, and that double link means that the first redirect wasn't going anywhere.  Since  History of the Czech Republic has existed for some time, if I recall correctly, that indexed link has been broken for awhile now. Thus, I deleted it because I presumed that anything that pointed to the link wasn't getting any useful information anyway.

 * The advisability of deleting certain old links in the history section was pre-discussed in Talk:WikiProject Countries. In general, we've been leaving the "X/Subsection" links be, and editing them where necessary to point to the new page.  The C.R. case is unique because the small-r version was a poor title construction in the first place, and the correct title had been around a decent amount of time.

 * If you notice any other deleted links that do have google pointers to them, let me know and I'll re-create them as proper redirects. -- April

I saw the 9-11 sculpture today in Penn Station. I didn't quite burst into tears. Thank you for your attention to the victim pages. --Ed Poor

It's no problem about the country conflict--I guess I should go to Z and start backwards when we're both working. :-) --KQ

and yet your head always seems like a nice place to be! ;)

Thanks for the support, April! JHK

I really appreciate your feedback and encouragement. I suspect our views are fairly close. Ideally, I do not even believe there should be countries. But the world we live in, they are important -- so I think Jews and Palestinains should have states (if they want them). Of course they should be democratic with a committment to civil rights, but then I realize that Americans are not quite in the strong position to preach about this stuff as we would like to be. And some sort of federation/confederation/consociation would be even better. I am not sure if the European Union is the best model, but sure, something like that. I just hope that the number of Jews and Palestinians who have to die before this happens is A LOT lower than the number of Germans, French, Brits, Italians, Austrians, Serbians, Russians ... well, you get the idea ... who had to die over the past two hundred years as Europeans tried to get their act together.... Slrubenstein

 * Thanks again for the kind words -- and of course, you may copy what I wrote and put it anywhere you like. I guess I should have put it in the Meta myself, but I have had about two hours of sleep in the past 48 and really have to go...  Thanks again, SR

I see I've missed some of the country subpages. Sorry about that. Also I've stopped converting them for now, as I was waiting to hear how to proceed on e.g. Seychelles and Yugoslavia. Thanks for taking it up, though; I know I haven't been of much use lately (school's demanding a lot more of me this semester). Best, and thanks again, --KQ
 * It's my pleasure. PediaRoulette is always a good game, though I think Pac-Man and Hearts have a slight edge on it.  ;-)  --KQ

Look at talk:Mass transfer. --AstroNomer 19:03 Sep 9, 2002 (UTC)

April, Saw your deletion of February 30 as a non-date, which is probably reasonable. But just so you know  there was a February 30, 1712 in Sweden. Sweden had decided to switch from the Julian to Gregorian calendar gradually by dropping every leap year from 1700 to 1740 (for a total of 11 'lost' leap days. Unfortunately, they forgot<!> to do this in 1704 and 1708.  They decided the way out was to go BACK to the Julian calendar, and they did so by inserting an extra day in February 1712, which was also a leap year, and so did indeed have 30 days, numbered 1-30.  In 1753, they finally made the big change to Gregorian in one fell swoop by dropping 11 days. Someone else 21:27 Sep 11, 2002 (UTC)

 * My goodness! That's probably worth an article in itself... would it be under February 30, 1712, do you think? Or just place it on the various calendar reform pages? :) -- April

Hello April, not to be difficult, because we reached a decision already about excising U.S.-centrisms from most of the country pages, but look what I've just done at Foreign relations of Afghanistan. I've added info from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5380.htm in re: Afghanistan's relations to Iraq, Russia, Pakistan, etc., but not the parts with the U.S. Do you think this is reasonable? Should we add info where the relationships are contentious and not add it when it's not? If that's the case, should we go ahead and add the info about U.S. relationships with Afghanistan?

I wanted your opinion before I went much further. Also I have a headache from my eye exam earlier today, so it's time to take off these sunglasses, turn off the monitor, and go to bed. :-) --KQ 04:20 Sep 12, 2002 (UTC)

Thanks for blocking the recent vandal. My block was, I guess, extraneous. --Ed Poor

 * Heh - thank Mav, he got to it before either of us. Thanks, Mav!  ;) -- April

Hi April, Since I created the article Astronomy and astrophysics more than a year ago, the first paragraph has not changed much. I believe it to be true, and according to the current state of affairs, but I don't know if most astronomers would agree. What do you think of it? Can you ask around other astronomers?

AN 20:55 Sep 12, 2002 (UTC)

Hello April, I like your suggestions in re: foreign relations of countries, and that's how I'll start adding info when I do start adding it again. Best, --KQ 23:36 Sep 12, 2002 (UTC)

Take a look at the paragraph labeled "defense and military issues" under http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5371.htm -- do you think we should add it to Military of Belarus? It's exceptionally U.S.-centric. Maybe add just parts of it? --KQ

Correct spelling is Le Bébête Show Wrong spelling should be deleted as soon as possible. Ericd 19:46 Sep 19, 2002 (UTC)

Good catch on Seal (musician). I've seen Memento; I should know never to trust my memory. :-) --KQ 16:16 Sep 21, 2002 (UTC)

Some old talk that was at Talk:-- April:

(from -- April)

(from talk:Plasma physics) hi April, if you are going to stay around you could maybe change your name a bit so people can make comments to you, or welcome you. Welcome anyway!! AstroNomer * Thanks! What changes would you suggest - is there another April running around here? :) Perhaps I could link a personal page to      the way I usually sign it: -- April

Welcome April! You're our third self-confessed Massachusettsian (?) :)  --DanKeshet

Yes, welcome, April! --LMS

Hello from Poland to you. Welcome in Wikipedia ! Kpjas

Thanks, folks! (Actually, I'm a native Marylander, but it's all East Coast US anyhow.) Much appreciate the welcomes. And I apologize for thinking the "I have a Dream" speech was in public domain. DOH! -- April

I recommend merging tectonic plates into plate tectonics. --TheCunctator

You seem to be using a browser or other software that destroys the paragraph breaks in existing articles. Please diagnose this problem before making any more edits on long articles! --LDC

Noticed, thanks. Switched to a different browser and am going through edited articles to revert where necessary. Thanks for those you've already reverted. -- April

I was under the impression that the belts were of variable and fluctuating strengths? Lir 01:15 Nov 13, 2002 (UTC)

 * The Van Allen Belts do vary in a number of ways. However, the two belts are distinct in both their spatial distributions and variations over time. -- April 20:49 Nov 13, 2002 (UTC)

- Hi April, welcome back. I hadn't seen you in a while. I saw that you are having some problems with Lir. I had my own after I reverted her butchering of the astronomy and astrophysics page. I'm not very happy with the current version, but it is not sooo bad either, and I don't have the energy to fight over it. Guess I'm just waiting for her to be banned or simply go away... Have fun! --AN 00:02 Nov 15, 2002 (UTC)

Hi, and welcome back. :-) Your 'email this user' link doesn't work.  --KQ, whose 'email this user' link *should* work.  *cough cough*

You're back! Better, now, I hope. I was worried. Koyaanis Qatsi 18:49 Jan 22, 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks! Between work and the flu, haven't had much time of late, but good to see y'all again. I'll see if I can fix my email link on this thing. And I take the hint. ;) -- April

 * Thanks, KQ! Sorry about that. This winter is kicking my asphalt all over the room.  I'll probably be sporadic for a coupla more weeks, though I'll try to help quality-control, since I hear we've been slashdotted again. :)   It's wonderful that we can have "personal touches" like this as well as the main line of encyclopedial business. -- April

Hi! Are you around (March 31)? please look at Racial characteristics. I just did some basic NPOVing but I believe the article is beyond hope -- please look at the original version too. I think it is just someone's atempt to do an end-run around the race article. Slrubenstein

 * Wasn't around then, but I am two weeks later. I'll have a look over at it and see what I can do. -- April

I give you high praise on Waltzing to War!!! terrific!! Kingturtle 03:54 Apr 18, 2003 (UTC)

 * Someone actually downloaded it? I'm thoroughly delighted! Thank you! ;) -- April

Hi there, you have been listed as "inactive" on Administrators. Please remove the notice when it is out of date. Cheers, Cyan 01:37, 9 Oct 2003 (UTC)

boston greetings
Hello! I'm trying to get some Boston-area (WPans) together this spring; drop me a line on my talk page if you're still in the area. +sj+ 09:48, 2004 Feb 29 (UTC)

mass transfer
What do you think of this rewording?

"In astronomy, mass transfer is the process by which matter gravitationally bound to a body, usually a star, goes beyond the bodies Roche lobe and becomes gravitationally bound to a second body, usually a compact object (white dwarf, neutron star or black hole), and is eventually accreted onto the second body. It is a common phenomenon in binary systems, and may play an important role in some types of supernovae, and pulsars."

Brandon.irwin 22:05, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Ok, I've asked three people not familiar with astronomy, they said the first was easier to understand (?)...so...nevermind! :p

Math and english
I'm wanting to work on math and english projects... I'm sure there are already projects for that, But I felt like leaving my mark here. http://escargot.icehouse.net/mediawiki/index.php/Learning_English http://escargot.icehouse.net/mediawiki/index.php/Learning_Math ... and I plan to look at your project more

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 1000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the "{{DualLicenseWithCC-BySA-Dual}}" template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:
 * {{DualLicenseWithCC-BySA-Dual}}

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:
 * {{DualLicenseWithCC-BySA-Dual}}

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace "{{DualLicenseWithCC-BySA-Dual}}" with "{{MultiLicensePD}}". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. – Ram-Man (comment) (talk)  15:07, Dec 9, 2004 (UTC)

ACCIDENTAL vandalism
I destroyed by mistake the English version of page ATC code A02 (overwrite to translate into french; I tought I was in the French section. Please restore the previous English version I am very sorry Eras-mus 23:39, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Newbie with a question
Hey I was wondering how you would go about making a new entry, just let me know as soon as you can thanks. Stitchy 22:35, 25 Apr 2005 (UTC)

User categorisation
Please see Category:Wikipedians in Massachusetts for info on the continuing project of user categorisation --Vidkun 20:58, 2 November 2005 (UTC)

Blocking of anonymous user
Just FYI, I placed a block on the anonymous user 210.100.226.249 who added all the Modolvan stuff you see below to several talk pages including mine. I'm not sure what the guy's problem is but I did a snap block to stop him from vandalizing more pages. Unfortunately under wikipedia rules I can only block for 15 minutes, so the vandal might return. I didn't revert his edits to your page as I feel the page owner should do that (in case you might actually want to keep it). Cheers 23skidoo 15:08, 14 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks. I removed the junk (much later; I haven't been here in a long time). -- April 14:50, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia:Missing Wikipedians -- Zondor 09:25, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Dear April
Dear April,

Your site, aprilfollies.com is down, just thought I would tell you. Best regards, Эрон Кинней  08:01, 16 November 2005 (UTC).

Welcome!
 Welcome!

Hi, and welcome to the Countries WikiProject! As you may have guessed, we're a group of editors working to improve Wikipedia's coverage of counties.

There are a variety of interesting things to do within the project; you're free to participate however much—or little—you like:

 * Starting some new articles? See some model pages such as Cambodia!
 * Want to know how good our articles are? The assessment department is working on rating the quality of every country article in Wikipedia.

If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask another fellow member, and we'll be happy to help you. Again, welcome! We look forward to seeing you around! Shy1520 11:15, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Your list IS worthwhile despite what some deletionists may say
The list (List_of_famous_women_in_history) you created is/was up for deletion. I want you to know there is a place for it: http://wikitistics.com. No one will be able to nominate it for deletion because it fits one simple rule: it's a statistic, list, or figure. Some people think these websites should encompass the same scope of a paper book- we don't. Apologies if this note is directed at the wrong person. Good luck with your endeavors! Joe 16:58, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Survey Invitation
Hi there, I am a research student from the National University of Singapore and I wish to invite you to do an online survey about Wikipedia. To compensate you for your time, I am offering a reward of USD$10, either to you or as a donation to the Wikimedia Foundation. For more information, please go to the research home page. Thank you. --WikiInquirer 21:33, 3 March 2007 (UTC)talk to me

Copyright violation in Wikipedia:Deletion policy
Hello, this is a message from an automated bot. A tag has been placed on Wikipedia:Deletion policy, by another Wikipedia user, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. The tag claims that it should be speedily deleted because Wikipedia:Deletion policy is unquestionably copyright infringement, and no assertion of permission has been made. To contest the tagging and request that administrators wait before possibly deleting Wikipedia:Deletion policy, please affix the template to the page, and put a note on its talk page. If the article has already been deleted, see the advice and instructions at WP:WMD. Please note, this bot is only informing you of the nomination for speedy deletion, it did not nominate Wikipedia:Deletion policy itself. Feel free to leave a message on the bot operator's talk page if you have any questions about this or any problems with this bot. --Android Mouse Bot 2 10:33, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Help
User:Brian0324 and Anietor continue to rollback a new paragraph I added in the article Christianity in China, and by contrast they rollback their POV. I've tagged them in their talk page, but please help me! --Xi Zhu (talk) 19:45, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Sigh...there are actually at least 3 editors trying to get Xi Zhu to discuss his edits, but he just inserts them, usually as POV unsourced material. He then keeps vandalizing our user talk pages.  He's going to get blocked if he keeps doing that, and all we want to do is engage him in a discussion.  If you can get him to calm down and discuss, that would be appreciated!  Thanks.  --Anietor (talk) 20:05, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

Your old user talk page
I've been looking through some very old history for cut and paste moves to fix, as I have an obsession with that, as you'll see on my user page. I found your old user talk page at Talk:-- April and have moved it to User talk:-- April/Old. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 14:38, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

 * And I've fixed some links on this page so that they point to the user namespace. I'm about to do this for your old talk page. Graham 87 04:07, 14 March 2009 (UTC)

RFC: socionics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Socionics —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tcaudilllg (talk • contribs) 15:16, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

The Count of Monte Cristo
I'm always curious about article "firsts," and with The Count of Monte Cristo, I really liked how you put so much effort into that very first version, which I thought was pretty darned cool. A solid first article for a solid book. Thought I'd drop a line. – Kerαunoςcopia  04:44, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

RfD nomination of North Korea/History
I have nominated for discussion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; please participate in the discussion by adding your comments at the discussion page. Thank you. — The Man in Question (in question)  05:56, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Suspension of admin privileges due to inactivity
Following a community discussion in June 2011, consensus was reached to provisionally suspend the administrative privileges of users who have been inactive for one year, meaning administrators who have made neither any edits nor any logged actions in over one year. As a result of this discussion, your administrative privileges have been removed pending your return. If you wish to have these privileges reinstated, please post to the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and the userright will be restored per the re-sysopping process (i.e., as long as the attending bureaucrats are reasonably satisfied that your account has not been compromised and that your inactivity did not have the effect of evading scrutiny of any actions which might have led to sanctions). This removal of access is procedural only, and not intended to reflect negatively upon you in any way. We wish you the best in future endeavors, and thank you for your past administrative efforts. RL0919 (talk) 19:51, 8 July 2011 (UTC)

Notice of change
Hello. You are receiving this message because of a recent change to the administrator policy that alters what you were told at the time of your desysopping. The effect of the change is that you will not longer be able to request restoration of the tools because of your prior inactivity. You have until December 30, 2012 to request restoration or else the policy will prevent you from doing so in the future; you would need to seek a new WP:RFA. Until December 30, you can file a request at WP:BN for review by the crats. Thank you.  MBisanz  talk 04:22, 3 December 2012 (UTC)

(delivered by mabdul 22:40, 3 December 2012 (UTC))

Your user page
Hello, I found your user page while doing some wikiarchaeology. . I have restored all of its earliest surviving revisions from old copies of the Wikipedia database, so they are available to everyone now. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 10:49, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

Queen Victoria/version 2 listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Queen Victoria/version 2. Since you had some involvement with the Queen Victoria/version 2 redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. The Theosophist (talk) 13:22, 28 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

I miss you!
It has been 10 years! Dont you even visit wikipedia as a reader nowadays?

I miss the good old days... —usernamekiran (talk ) 00:23, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

Re: Draft:List of famous women in history
Hello -- April I have added projects Feminism, to your article. You may wish to join them, check their to-do, and meet new people with interest in these topics. ( To reply click "edit" next to this section, and add your reply at the end. ) Cheers, --Gryllida (talk) 09:52, 7 December 2018 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 16:37, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

"Most common Wikipedia faux pas" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Most common Wikipedia faux pas. Since you had some involvement with the Most common Wikipedia faux pas redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. –xeno<sup style="color:#000">talk 12:53, 28 September 2019 (UTC)

MfD nomination of Draft:List of historical women
Draft:List of historical women, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Draft:List of historical women and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes ( ~ ). You are free to edit the content of Draft:List of historical women during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. [[User:Eggishorn|<span style="background-color:
 * 1) FF7400; color:
 * 2) FFFFFF;">Eggishorn ]] (talk) (contrib) 16:10, 6 November 2020 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Philosophy of science
Philosophy of science has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Onegreatjoke (talk) 23:16, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

Good article reassessment for Parsifal
Parsifal has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 03:55, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:-- April


text:
List of parasitic organisms

This is an incomplete list of organisms that are true parasites upon other organisms.

Endoparasites
(endo = within; parasites that live inside their hosts)

Plants

 * Rafflesia
 * Cuscuta
 * Mistletoe

Parasitic worms
These can be categorized into three groups; cestodes, nematodes and trematodes. Examples include:
 * Acanthocephala
 * Ascariasis (roundworms)
 * Cestoda (tapeworms) including: Taenia saginata (human beef tapeworm), Taenia solium (human pork tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm) and Echinococcosis (hydatid tapeworm)
 * Clonorchis sinensis (the Chinese liver fluke)
 * Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm)
 * Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
 * Filariasis
 * Hookworm
 * Loa loa
 * Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
 * Schistosomiasis
 * Strongyloides stercoralis
 * Tapeworm
 * Toxocara canis (dog roundworm)
 * Trichinella
 * Whipworm

Protozoans

 * Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli - can cause Amoebiasis
 * Acanthamoeba
 * Balamuthia mandrillaris
 * Giardia
 * Cyclospora cayetanensis
 * Cryptosporidium
 * Toxoplasma gondii
 * Leishmania - L. tropica, L. donovani, and L. mexicana are known to cause Leishmaniasis.
 * Plasmodium - causes the fatal disease, Malaria. P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. malariae are pathogenic to humans.
 * Babesia

Fungi

 * Gymnosporangium and other rusts
 * Pyrenophora teres
 * Cordyceps

Arthropods

 * Pentastomida

Ectoparasites
(ecto = outside; parasites that live on but not within their hosts, for example, attached to their skin)

Arthropoda

 * Acari
 * Varroa destructor
 * Cymothoa exigua
 * Bed bugs
 * Culicidae (mosquitoes)
 * Calyptra (moth) (vampire moths)
 * Hippoboscoidea
 * Tsetse fly
 * Lipoptena
 * Melophagus ovinus, (sheep keds) and relatives
 * Oestridae (bot flies)
 * Human botfly
 * Cuterebra fontinella (mouse botfly)
 * Phlebotominae (sand flies)
 * Phthiraptera (Lice)
 * Body louse
 * Crab louse
 * Head louse
 * Siphonaptera (fleas)
 * Tabanidae (horse flies)
 * Tantulocarida
 * Triatominae
 * Pea crab
 * Sacculina

Annelids

 * Hirudinea (some leeches)

Monogeneans
Monogeneans are flatworms, generally ectoparasites on fish.
 * Calydiscoides euzeti
 * Lethacotyle vera
 * Protocotyle euzetmaillardi
 * Pseudorhabdosynochus spp.

Mollusks

 * Cancellaria cooperii
 * Glochidium
 * Pyramidellidae
 * †Platyceratidae

Chordates

 * Cookiecutter shark
 * Candiru (vampire fish of Brazil, a facultative parasite)
 * Lampreys
 * Male Deep sea anglers
 * False cleanerfish
 * Hood mockingbird
 * Oxpeckers (cleaning symbiosis)
 * Snubnosed eel
 * Vampire bat
 * Vampire finch
 * Cuckoo (brood parasite)
 * Cowbird (brood parasite)

Plants

 * Mistletoe
 * Monotropa uniflora
 * Certain orchids
 * Nuytsia
 * Orobanche (broomrape)
 * Santalum album
 * Certain plants with albinism

Fungi

 * Corn smut
 * Certain mushrooms
 * Asterotremella albida

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of parasitic organisms


text:
Alfred Kinsey

Alfred Charles Kinsey (June 23, 1894 – August 25, 1956) was an American sexologist, biologist, and professor of entomology and zoology who, in 1947, founded the Institute for Sex Research at Indiana University, now known as the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction. He is best known for writing Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), also known as the Kinsey Reports, as well as for the Kinsey scale. Kinsey's research on human sexuality, foundational to the field of sexology, provoked controversy in the 1940s and 1950s, and has continued to provoke controversy decades after his death. His work has influenced social and cultural values in the United States as well as internationally.

Early life and education
Alfred Kinsey was born on June 23, 1894, in Hoboken, New Jersey, the son of Sarah Ann ( Charles) and Alfred Seguine Kinsey. He was the eldest of three children. His mother received little formal education; his father was a professor at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Kinsey's parents were devout Christians. His father was known as one of the most devout members of the local Methodist church. Most of Kinsey's social interactions were with other members of the church, often as a silent observer, while his parents discussed religion. Kinsey's father imposed strict rules on the household, including mandating Sunday as a day of prayer and little else.

Kinsey's parents were poor for most of his childhood, often unable to afford proper medical care. This may have led to a young Kinsey receiving inadequate treatment for a variety of diseases including rickets, rheumatic fever, and typhoid fever. His health records indicate that Kinsey received suboptimal exposure to sunlight (often the cause of rickets, before milk and other foods were fortified with vitamin D) and lived in unsanitary conditions for at least part of his childhood. Rickets led to a curvature of the spine, which resulted in a slight stoop that prevented Kinsey from being drafted in 1917 for World War I.

At age 10, Kinsey moved with his family to South Orange, New Jersey. Also at a young age, he showed great interest in nature and camping. He worked and camped with the local YMCA throughout his early years, and enjoyed these activities to such an extent that he intended to work for the YMCA after completing his education. Kinsey's senior undergraduate thesis for psychology, a dissertation on the group dynamics of young boys, echoed this interest. He joined the Boy Scouts when a troop was formed in his community. His parents strongly supported this (and joined as well) because the Boy Scouts was an organization that was based on the principles of Christianity. Kinsey worked his way up through the Scouting ranks to earn Eagle Scout in 1913, making him one of the earliest Eagle Scouts. Despite earlier disease having weakened his heart, Kinsey followed an intense sequence of difficult hikes and camping expeditions throughout his early life.

In high school, Kinsey was a quiet but hard-working student. While attending Columbia High School, he devoted his energy to academic work and playing the piano. At one time, Kinsey had hoped to become a concert pianist, but decided to concentrate on his scientific pursuits instead. Kinsey's ability to spend immense amounts of time deeply focused on study was a trait that would serve him well in college and during his professional career. He seems not to have formed strong social relationships during high school, but earned respect for his academic ability. While there, Kinsey became interested in biology, botany and zoology. Kinsey was later to claim that his high school biology teacher, Natalie Roeth, was the most important influence on his decision to become a scientist.

Kinsey approached his father with plans to study botany at college. His father demanded that he study engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology instead. At Stevens, he primarily took courses related to English and engineering, but was unable to satisfy his interest in biology. Kinsey was not successful there, and decided engineering was not a field at which he could excel. At the end of two years at Stevens, Kinsey gathered the courage to confront his father about his interest in biology and his intent to continue studying at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, where he majored in biology.

Initial research on entomology
In the fall of 1914, Kinsey entered Bowdoin College, where he studied entomology under Manton Copeland, and was admitted to the Zeta Psi fraternity, in whose house he lived for much of his time at college. In 1916 Kinsey was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa society and graduated magna cum laude, with degrees in biology and psychology. Alfred Seguine Kinsey did not attend his son's graduation ceremony at Bowdoin, possibly as another sign of disapproval of his son's choice of career and studies.

Kinsey continued his graduate studies at Harvard University's Bussey Institute, which had one of the most highly regarded biology programs in the United States. It was there that Kinsey studied applied biology under William Morton Wheeler, a scientist who made outstanding contributions to entomology. Under Wheeler, Kinsey worked almost completely autonomously, which suited both men quite well.

Kinsey wrote his doctoral thesis on gall wasps, zealously collecting samples of the species. He traveled widely and took 26 detailed measurements of hundreds of thousands of gall wasps; his methodology was itself an important contribution to entomology as a science. In 1919, Kinsey was awarded a ScD degree by Harvard University, and he accepted an academic post in biology at Indiana University. In 1920 he published several papers under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, introducing the gall wasp to the scientific community and describing its phylogeny. Of the more than 18 million insects in the museum's collection, some 5 million are gall wasps collected by Kinsey.

Kinsey wrote a widely used high-school textbook, An Introduction to Biology, which was published in October 1926. The book endorsed evolution and unified, at the introductory level, the previously separate fields of zoology and botany. "An Introduction to Biology was unlike any other textbook on the market ... Kinsey's textbook was noteworthy for the strong position it took on evolution ... In his textbook Kinsey laid out the basic facts of evolution in a manner-of-fact matter, as though he were discussing the life cycle of the fruit fly. ... The chapter called 'Further Evidence of Change' was especially blunt ... Kinsey defined evolution as 'the scientific word for change', and while he acknowledged that there are some people who 'think they don't believe in evolution', he tried to show his students the folly of such reasoning. To find proof of evolution, students had only to look at things they used daily ... Kinsey ridiculed the man who denounced evolution but owned a new breed of dog or smoked a cigar made from a recently improved variety of tobacco, saying, 'When he says he doesn't believe in evolution, I wonder what he means.'" Kinsey co-authored Edible Wild Plants of Eastern North America, published in 1943, with Merritt Lyndon Fernald. The original draft of the book was written in 1919–1920, while Kinsey was still a doctoral student at the Bussey Institute, and Fernald was working at the Arnold Arboretum.

The Kinsey Reports
Kinsey is widely regarded as the first major figure in American sexology; his research helped pave the way for a deeper exploration into sexuality among sexologists and the general public, as well as liberating female sexuality. For example, Kinsey's work disputed the notions that women generally are not sexual and that female orgasms experienced vaginally are superior to clitoral orgasms. He initially became interested in different forms of sexual practices in 1933, after discussing the topic extensively with a colleague, Robert Kroc. Kinsey had been studying the variations in mating practices among gall wasps. During this time, he developed a scale measuring sexual orientation, now known as the Kinsey scale, which ranges from 0 to 6, where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 is exclusively homosexual; a rating of X for "no socio-sexual contacts or reactions" was later added.

In 1935, Kinsey delivered a lecture to a faculty discussion group at Indiana University, his first public discussion of the topic, wherein he attacked the "widespread ignorance of sexual structure and physiology" and promoted his view that "delayed marriage" (that is, delayed sexual experience) was psychologically harmful. Kinsey obtained research funding from the Rockefeller Foundation, which enabled him to further study human sexual behavior. He published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male in 1948, followed in 1953 by Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, both of which reached the top of the bestseller lists and turned Kinsey into a celebrity. These publications later became known as the Kinsey Reports. Articles about him appeared in magazines such as Time, Life, Look, and McCall's. The Kinsey Reports, which led to a storm of controversy, are regarded by many as a precursor to the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s.

Controversial aspects
Kinsey's research went beyond theory and interview to include observation of and participation in sexual activity, sometimes involving co-workers. Kinsey justified this sexual experimentation as being necessary to gain the confidence of his research subjects. He encouraged his staff to do likewise, and to engage in a wide range of sexual activity, to the extent that they felt comfortable; he argued that this would help his interviewers understand the participants' responses. Kinsey filmed sexual acts which included co-workers in the attic of his home as part of his research; Biographer Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy explains that this was done to ensure the films' secrecy, which would have caused a scandal had it become public knowledge. James H. Jones, author of Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life, and British psychiatrist Anthony Malcolm Daniels aka Theodore Dalrymple, among others, have speculated that Kinsey was driven by his own sexual needs.

Some of the data published in the two Kinsey Reports books is controversial in the scientific and psychiatric communities, owing to Kinsey's decision to interview volunteers who may not have been representative of the general population. University of Chicago sociology professor Edward Laumann also argued that Kinsey's work was focused on the biology of sex and lacked psychological and clinical information and analysis.

Kinsey collected sexual material from around the world, which brought him to the attention of the U.S. Customs Service when they seized some pornographic films in 1956; he died before this matter was resolved legally. Kinsey wrote about pre-adolescent orgasms using data in tables 30 to 34 of the male volume, which report observations of orgasms in over 300 children aged from two months up to fifteen years. This information was said to have come from adults' childhood memories, or from parent or teacher observation. Kinsey said he also interviewed nine men who had sexual experiences with children and who told him about the children's responses and reactions. Little attention was paid to this part of Kinsey's research at the time, but where Kinsey had gained this information began to be questioned nearly 40 years later. It was later revealed that Kinsey used data from a single pedophile and presented it as being from various sources. Kinsey had seen the need for participant confidentiality and anonymity as necessary to gain "honest answers on such taboo subjects". Years later, the Kinsey Institute said that the data on children in tables 31–34 came from one man's journal (started in 1917) and that the events concerned predated the Kinsey Reports.

These allegations have been revived by a political fight inside the Indiana State Senate, but the opposition complained that "These are warmed over Internet memes that keep coming back." IndyStar remarked "They cited long-held but largely debunked allegations about the work of Alfred Kinsey...".

Jones wrote that Kinsey's sexual activity influenced his work, that he over-represented prisoners and prostitutes, classified some single people as "married", and that he included a disproportionate number of homosexual men, which may have distorted his studies. While he has been criticized for omitting African-Americans from his research, his report on the human male includes numerous references to African-American participants. Historian Vern Bullough writes that the data was later reinterpreted, excluding prisoners and data derived from an exclusively gay sample, and the results indicate that it does not appear to have skewed the data. Kinsey may have over-represented homosexuals, but Bullough considers that this may have been because homosexual behavior was stigmatized and needed to be better understood. Paul Gebhard, who was Kinsey's colleague from 1946 to 1956 and who also succeeded Kinsey as Director of the Kinsey Institute following his death, attempted to justify Kinsey's work in the 1970s by removing some of the suspect data where Kinsey allegedly showed a bias towards homosexuality. After Gebhard recalculated the findings in Kinsey's work, he found only slight differences between the original and updated figures.

Bailey et al., in their 2016 review of the sexual orientation literature, stated that Kinsey's survey likely overestimated the frequencies of nonheterosexual attractions and expressions, because his statistics show a higher percentage of the American population as homosexual or bisexual than more modern studies do. However, as Kinsey biographer Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy points out, Kinsey's interview style was quite different from the methodologies of modern studies, so it would make sense that he got somewhat different answers. Kinsey focused on in-depth interviews with subjects carried out by himself or highly trained members of his team, and emphasized creating rapport with the interviewee and making them feel comfortable and secure. Modern interviewers tend to be less thoroughly trained and emphasize scientific detachment, which may make respondents less likely to share sensitive personal details.

Personal life

Kinsey was raised as a Methodist, and for a time converted to a much less fundamentalist Congregationalism. During his studies at Harvard he apparently became agnostic or atheist, replacing religious fervor with fervor for science. He married Clara McMillen in 1921. Their marriage ceremony, like his college graduation, was avoided by Alfred Sr. The couple had four children. Their first son, Donald, born in 1922, died from the acute complications of juvenile diabetes in 1927, just before his fifth birthday. Their first daughter, Anne, was born in 1924, followed by Joan in 1925, and then by their second son Bruce in 1928.

Kinsey was bisexual, and one biographer believes that as a young man he would punish himself for having homoerotic feelings. He and his wife agreed that both could have sex with other people as well as with each other. Kinsey had sex with other men, including his student Clyde Martin. Kinsey designed his own house, which was built in the Vinegar Hill neighborhood of Bloomington, Indiana, at 1320 First Street. There he practiced his deep interest in gardening.

Kinsey died on August 25, 1956, at the age of 62. The cause of his death was reported to be a heart ailment and pneumonia. The New York Times ran the following editorial on August 27, 1956:

"The untimely death of Dr. Alfred C. Kinsey takes from the American scene an important and valuable, as well as controversial, figure. Whatever may have been the reaction to his findings—and to the unscrupulous use of some of them—the fact remains that he was first, last, and always a scientist. In the long run, it is probable that the values of his contribution to contemporary thought will lie much less in what he found out than in the method he used and his way of applying it. Any sort of scientific approach to the problems of sex is difficult because the field is so deeply overlaid with such things as moral precept, taboo, individual and group training, and long-established behavior patterns. Some of these may be good in themselves, but they are no help to the scientific and empirical method of getting at the truth. Dr. Kinsey cut through this overlay with detachment and precision. His work was conscientious and comprehensive. Naturally, it will receive a serious setback with his death. Let us earnestly hope that the scientific spirit that inspired it will not be similarly impaired."

Kinsey was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Bloomington, Indiana.

Legacy
The popularity of Sexual Behavior in the Human Male prompted widespread media interest in 1948. Time magazine declared, "Not since Gone With the Wind had booksellers seen anything like it." The first pop culture references to Kinsey appeared not long after the book's publication; "Martha Raye [sold] a half-million copies of 'Ooh, Dr. Kinsey!'" Cole Porter's song "Too Darn Hot", from the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical Kiss Me, Kate, devoted its bridge to "the Kinsey report / Every average man you know / Much prefers to play his favorite sport". In 1949 Mae West, reminiscing on the days when the word "sex" was rarely uttered, said of Kinsey, "That guy merely makes it easy for me. Now I don't have to draw 'em any blueprints ... We are both in the same business ... Except I saw it first."

The publication of Sexual Behavior in the Human Female prompted even more intensive news coverage. Kinsey appeared on the cover of the August 24, 1953, issue of Time. The national news magazine featured two articles on the scientist, one focusing on his research, career and new book, the other on his background, personality, and lifestyle. In the magazine's cover portrait, "Flowers, birds, and a bee surround Kinsey; the mirror-of-Venus female symbol decorates his bow tie." The lead article concluded: Kinsey ... has done for sex what Columbus did for geography,' declared a pair of enthusiasts ... forgetting that Columbus did not know where he was when he got there. ... Kinsey's work contains much that is valuable, but it must not be mistaken for the last word." A character called "Dr. Kinsey" appeared on the September 15, 1953, television episode of The Jack Benny Program as a bow-tied man interviewing a young woman on board a cruise ship that has left Hawaii. When "Dr. Kinsey" identifies himself to Jack Benny, Benny steps away in embarrassment. The "Dr. Kinsey" character was also written into another sketch in the same episode, commenting on a fantasy Benny is having about Marilyn Monroe (a guest on the episode).

The early 2000s saw a renewed interest in Kinsey. In 2003 Theatre of NOTE produced the Steve Morgan Haskell play titled Fucking Wasps which followed Kinsey's life from childhood until death. Matt Sesow's paintings adorned the theater along with David Bickford playing piano live. Written and directed by Steve Morgan Haskell, Fucking Wasps received many accolades, including a Playwriting of the Year nomination from Backstage West. Premiering in 2003, the musical Dr. Sex focuses on the relationship between Kinsey, his wife, and their shared lover Wally Matthews (based on Clyde Martin). The play had a score by Larry Bortniker, a book by Bortniker and Sally Deering, and won seven Jeff Awards. It was produced off-Broadway in 2005. The 2004 biographical film Kinsey, written and directed by Bill Condon, stars Liam Neeson as the scientist and Laura Linney as his wife. In 2004 T. Coraghessan Boyle's novel about Kinsey, The Inner Circle, was published. The following year, PBS produced the documentary Kinsey in cooperation with the Kinsey Institute, which allowed access to many of its files. Mr. Sex, a BBC radio play by Steve Coombes concerning Kinsey and his work, won the 2005 Imison Award.

In 2012, Kinsey was inducted into the Legacy Walk in Chicago, an outdoor public display which celebrates LGBT history and people.

In June 2019, Kinsey was one of the inaugural fifty American "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes" inducted on the National LGBTQ Wall of Honor within the Stonewall National Monument (SNM) in New York City's Stonewall Inn. The SNM is the first U.S. national monument dedicated to LGBTQ rights and history, and the wall's unveiling was timed to take place during the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall riots.

Significant publications

 * The Kinsey Reports:
 * Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948, reprinted 1998)
 * Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953, reprinted 1998)
 * The Kinsey Reports:
 * Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948, reprinted 1998)
 * Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953, reprinted 1998)
 * The Kinsey Reports:
 * Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948, reprinted 1998)
 * Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953, reprinted 1998)
 * Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948, reprinted 1998)
 * Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953, reprinted 1998)

title: Alfred Kinsey


text:
Pope Leo II

Pope Leo II (c. 611 – 28 June 683) was the Bishop of Rome from 17 August 682 to his death. One of the popes of the Byzantine Papacy, he is described by a contemporary biographer as both just and learned. He is commemorated as a saint in the Roman Martyrology on 28 June (3 July in pre-1970 calendars).

Early career
Leo was a Sicilian by birth, the son of a man named Paul. He may have ended up being among the many Sicilian clergymen in Rome due to the attacks of the Caliphate on Sicily in the mid-7th century. Leo was known as an eloquent preacher who was interested in music, and noted for his charity to the poor.

Papacy
Pope Agatho died on 10 January 681, and although Leo was elected within days, he was not consecrated until 17 August 682. The reason may have been due to Agatho's negotiations with Emperor Constantine IV regarding imperial control of papal elections. Constantine IV had already promised Agatho to abolish or reduce the tax that the Popes had been paying to the imperial treasury at the time of their consecration, an imperial policy that had been in force for about a century.

Leo's short-lived pontificate did not allow him to accomplish much. Notably, he confirmed the acts of the Sixth Ecumenical Council (680–681) against Monothelitism. After Leo had notified the emperor that the decrees of the council had been confirmed, he made them known to the people of the West. In letters written to the Visigothic king, bishops, and nobles, he explained what the council had effected, and he called upon the bishops to subscribe to its decrees. During this council, Pope Honorius I was anathematized for tolerating Monothelism. Leo took great pains to make it clear that in condemning Honorius, he did so not because Honorius taught heresy, but because he was not active enough in opposing it. In accordance with the papal mandate, a synod was held at Toledo (684) in which the Third Council of Constantinople was accepted.

Leo put an end to the attempts of Archbishops of Ravenna to break from the control of the Bishop of Rome, but also abolished the tax it had been customary for them to pay when they received the pallium. In apparent response to Lombard raids, Leo transferred the relics of some martyrs from the catacombs to churches inside the city walls. He dedicated two churches, St. Paul's and Sts. Sebastian and George. Leo also reformed Gregorian Chant and composed several sacred hymns for the Divine Office.

Death
Leo died on 28 June 683, and was succeeded by Benedict II. He was originally buried in his own monument; however, some years after his death, his remains were put into a tomb that contained the first four of his papal namesakes.

title: Pope Leo II


text:
Pope Leo IV

Pope Leo IV (790 – 17 July 855) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 10 April 847 to his death. He is remembered for repairing Roman churches that had been damaged during the Arab raid against Rome, and for building the Leonine Wall around Vatican Hill to protect the city. Pope Leo organized a league of Italian cities who fought and won the sea Battle of Ostia against the Saracens.

Early career
A Roman by birth, Leo received his early education at Rome in the monastery of St. Martin, near St. Peter's. He attracted the notice of Pope Gregory IV, who made him a subdeacon; and was created cardinal-priest of Santi Quattro Coronati by Pope Sergius II.

Pontificate
In April 847, Leo was unanimously chosen to succeed Sergius II. As the attack of the Saracens on Rome in 846 caused the people to fear for the safety of the city, he was consecrated on 10 April, 847 without waiting for the consent of the emperor.

Saracen defenses
He immediately began to repair the damage done to various churches of the city during the Arab raid against Rome. He restored and embellished the damaged Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls and St. Peter's Basilica. The latter's altar again received its gold covering (after being stolen), which weighed 206 lb. and was studded with precious gems. Following the restoration of St. Peter's, Leo appealed to the Christian kingdoms to confront the Arab raiders.

Leo also took precautions against further raids. He put the walls of the city into a thorough state of repair, entirely rebuilding fifteen of the great towers. He was the first to enclose the Vatican hill by a wall. Leo ordered a new line of walls encompassing the suburb on the right bank of the Tiber to be built, including St. Peter's Basilica, which had been undefended until this time. The district enclosed by the walls is still known as the Leonine City, and corresponds to the later rione of Borgo. To do this, he received money from the emperor, and help from all the cities and agricultural colonies (domus cultae) of the Duchy of Rome. The work took him four years to accomplish, and the newly fortified portion was called the Leonine City, after him.

Battle of Ostia
In 849, when a Saracen fleet from Sardinia approached Portus, Leo IV summoned the maritime republics – Naples, Gaeta and Amalfi – to form a league. The command of the unified fleet was given to Cesarius, son of Duke Sergius I of Naples. Aided by a fierce storm, the league destroyed the Saracen fleet off Ostia. The Battle of Ostia was one of the most famous in history of the Papacy of the Middle Ages and is celebrated in a famous fresco by Raphael and his pupils in his rooms of the Vatican Palace in the Vatican City.

Raphael's The Fire in the Borgo celebrates the incident in which, according to legend, Leo stopped a fire in the pilgrims' district by making the sign of the cross.

Leo IV held three synods, the one in 850 distinguished by the presence of Emperor Louis II, but the other two of little importance. In 853, he travelled to Ravenna to settle a dispute with the archbishop. As the archbishop was on good terms with Emperor Lothair I, the pope had little success. The history of the papal struggle with Hincmar of Reims, which began during Leo's pontificate, belongs properly to that of Nicholas I.

Before his death in 855 the Pope welcomed Aethelwulf King of Wessex and his sons, including the seven year old Alfred the Great, who at 5 had already met him in 853, as pilgrims to Rome.

Death and burial
Leo IV died on 17 July 855 and was succeeded by Benedict III, although a legend says he was succeeded by Pope Joan for two years. Nowadays, the story of Pope Joan is regarded by scholars as fictional.

Leo IV was originally buried in his own monument in St. Peter's Basilica. Some years after his death, his remains were put into a tomb that contained the first four popes named Leo. In the 18th century, the relics of Leo the Great were separated from his namesakes and given their own chapel.

Iconography
Leo IV had the figure of a rooster placed on the Old St. Peter's Basilica or old Constantinian basilica which has served as a religious icon and reminder of Peter's denial of Christ since that time, with some churches still having the cockerel on the steeple today. It is reputed that Pope Gregory I had previously said that the cock (rooster) "was the most suitable emblem of Christianity", being "the emblem of St Peter". After Leo IV, Pope Nicholas I, who had been made a deacon by Leo IV, decreed that the figure of the cock (rooster) should be placed on every church.

title: Pope Leo IV


text:
Pope Leo V

Pope Leo V was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from July 903 to his death in February 904. He was pope immediately before the period known as the Saeculum obscurum, when popes wielded little temporal authority.

Leo V was born at a place called Priapi, near Ardea. Although he was a priest when he was elected pope following the death of Pope Benedict IV (900–903), he was not a cardinal priest of Rome.

During his brief pontificate, Leo granted the canons of Bologna a special bull (epistola tuitionis) where he exempted them from the payment of taxes. However, after a reign of a little over two months, Leo was captured by Christopher, the cardinal-priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso, and thrown into prison. Christopher then had himself elected pope (903–904); until the 19th century he was often considered to have been a legitimate pope. Mann on the other hand argued in 1910 that Christopher was likely an antipope. If Leo never acquiesced to his deposition, then he can be considered legitimate pope until his death in 904.

Leo died shortly after being deposed. He was either murdered on the orders of Christopher, who was in turn executed by Sergius III (904–911) in 904, or, possibly, both were ordered to be killed at the beginning of Sergius’ pontificate, either on the orders of Sergius himself, or by the direction of Sergius' patron, Theophylact I of Tusculum. According to Horace K. Mann, it is more likely that Leo died a natural death in prison or in a monastery.

title: Pope Leo V


text:
Pope Leo VI

Pope Leo VI (880 – 12 February 929) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States for just over seven months, from June 928 to his death. His pontificate occurred during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum.

Family and early career
Leo VI was born into a Roman family, and his father was Christophorus, who had been primicerius under Pope John VIII around the year 876. Tradition has it that he was a member of the Sanguini family. Before his pontificate, Leo served as the cardinal-priest of Santa Susanna.

Pontificate
Leo was elected pope around June 928, during a period of anarchy. He was chosen by the senatrix Marozia, who had gained control of Rome via the domination of her husband Guy, Margrave of Tuscany, and who had ordered the imprisonment and death of Leo’s predecessor, John X.

During his brief pontificate, Leo confirmed the decisions of the Synod of Spalato. He completed his predecessor’s investigations into the ecclesiastical situation in Dalmatia, and proceeded to give the pallium to Archbishop John of Salona, and ordered all the bishops of Dalmatia to obey him. He also ordered the bishop of Nona and others to limit themselves to the extent of their dioceses. Leo then banned castrati from marrying. He also issued an appeal for help against the Arab raiders who were threatening Rome, stating that: "”Whoever died faithful in this struggle will not see himself refused entry into the heavenly kingdom.”"

The chronicler Flodoard said of him: "”Through the virtue of Peter, Leo the sixth was taken and received, he was preserved for seven months and five days, and like his predecessors, he joined the company of the prophets.”"

Leo died in February 929, and was succeeded by Stephen VII. He was buried at St. Peter’s Basilica.

title: Pope Leo VI


text:
Pope Leo VII

Pope Leo VII (died 13 July 939) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from 3 January 936 to his death.

Election
Leo VII's election to the papacy in 936, after the death of Pope John XI, was secured by Alberic II of Spoleto, the ruler of Rome at the time. Alberic wanted to choose the pope so that the papacy would continue to yield to his authority. Leo was the priest of the church of San Sisto Vecchio in Rome, thought to be a Benedictine monk. He had little ambition towards the papacy, but consented under pressure.

Pontificate
As pope, Leo VII reigned for only three years. Most of his bulls were grants of privilege to monasteries, especially including the Abbey of Cluny. Leo called for Odo of Cluny to mediate between Alberic and King Hugh of Italy. Odo was successful in negotiating a truce after arranging a marriage between Hugh's daughter Alda and Alberic. Leo VII also appointed Archbishop Frederick of Mainz as a reformer in Germany. Leo allowed Frederick to drive out Jews that refused to be baptized, but he did not endorse the forced baptism of Jews.

Leo VII died on 13 July 939, and was interred at St. Peter's Basilica. He was succeeded by Stephen VIII.

title: Pope Leo VII


text:
William Tyndale

William Tyndale (sometimes spelled Tynsdale, Tindall, Tindill, Tyndall; c. 1494 – October 1536) was an English biblical scholar and linguist who became a leading figure in the Protestant Reformation in the years leading up to his execution. He is well known as a translator of most of the Bible into English, and was influenced by the works of prominent Protestant Reformers such as Martin Luther.

Tyndale's translation was the first English Bible to draw directly from Hebrew and Greek texts to some extent, the first English translation to take advantage of the printing press, the first of the new English Bibles of the Reformation, and the first English translation to use Jehovah ("Iehouah") as God's name as preferred by English Protestant Reformers. It was taken to be a direct challenge to the hegemony of the Catholic Church and of those laws of England maintaining the church's position. The work of Tyndale continued to play a key role in spreading Reformation ideas across the English-speaking world.

A copy of Tyndale's The Obedience of a Christian Man (1528), which some view as arguing for Caesaropapism (the idea that the monarch rather than the Pope should control a country's church), came into the hands of King Henry VIII, providing a rationalisation for breaking the Church in England away from the Catholic Church in 1534. In 1530, Tyndale wrote The Practice of Prelates, opposing Henry's plan to seek the annulment of his marriage on the grounds that it contravened scripture. Fleeing England, Tyndale sought refuge in the Flemish territory of the Catholic Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1535 Tyndale was arrested, and jailed in the castle of Vilvoorde (Filford) outside Brussels for over a year. In 1536 he was convicted of heresy and executed by strangulation, after which his body was burnt at the stake.

Tyndale's translations of Biblical books were re-used by subsequent English editions (often without his sectarian prefaces or annotations), including the Great Bible and the Bishops' Bible, authorized by the Church of England. In 1611, after seven years of work, the 47 scholars who produced the King James Version of the Bible drew extensively from Tyndale's original work and other translations that descended from his. One estimate suggests that the New Testament in the King James Version is 83% Tyndale's words and the first half of the Old Testament 76%. In 2002, Tyndale was placed 26th in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.

Background
Tyndale lived and worked during the era of Renaissance humanism and the revival of Biblical scholarship, which were both aided by both the Gutenberg Revolution and the ensuing democratisation of knowledge; for example, the publication of Johann Reuchlin's Hebrew grammar in 1506. Notably, Erasmus compiled, edited, and published the Koine Greek scriptures of the New Testament in 1516. Luther's translation of the Christian Bible into German appeared between 1517 and 1522.

Partial Old English translations had been made from the 7th century onwards, and by the 14th Century contemporary vernacular translations were available in most other major European languages. However the religious foment and violent rebellion of the Lollards resulted in heresy being treated as sedition under English law, which bore the death penalty. Lollardy was associated by authorities with the possession and public readings of Wycliffite Bibles in the newly emerged Middle English; manuscripts with Wycliffite material should be destroyed; the possession of Wycliffite material could be used as information in investigations and inquisitions though not used as a proof of heresy.

By the early 16th century, the Wycliffite translations were becoming less and less comprehensible as the English language changed from Middle English to Early Modern English. Classical and Koine Greek texts became widely available to the European scholarly community for the first time in centuries, as it welcomed Greek-speaking scholars, philosophers, intellectuals, and the manuscripts they carried to Catholic Europe as refugees following the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Life
The Tyndale family also went by the name Hychyns (Hitchins), and it was as William Hychyns that Tyndale was enrolled at Magdalen Hall, Oxford. Tyndale's brother Edward was receiver to the lands of Lord Berkeley, as attested to in a letter by Bishop Stokesley of London. William Tyndale's niece Margaret Tyndale was married to Protestant martyr Rowland Taylor, burnt during the Marian Persecutions.

Tyndale may have been born around 1494 in Melksham Court, Stinchcombe, a village near Dursley, Gloucestershire. A conjecture is that Tyndale's family had moved to Gloucestershire at some point in the 15th century, probably as a result of the Wars of the Roses. The family may have originated from Northumberland via East Anglia. Tyndale is recorded in two Victorian genealogies which claim he was the brother of Sir William Tyndale of Deane, Northumberland, and Hockwold, Norfolk, who was knighted at the marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales to Catherine of Aragon. If this is true then Tyndale's family was thus descended from Baron Adam de Tyndale, a tenant-in-chief of Henry I.

At Oxford
Tyndale began a Bachelor of Arts degree at Magdalen Hall (later Hertford College) of Oxford University in 1506 and received his B.A. in 1512, the same year becoming a subdeacon. He was made Master of Arts in July 1515 and was held to be a man of virtuous disposition, leading an unblemished life. The M.A. allowed him to start studying theology, but the official course did not include the systematic study of scripture. As Tyndale later complained:

"They have ordained that no man shall look on the Scripture until he is modeled in heathen learning eight or nine years and armed with false principles, with which he is clean shut out of the understanding of the Scripture."

He was a gifted linguist and became fluent over the years in French, Greek, Hebrew, German, Italian, Latin, and Spanish, in addition to English. Between 1517 and 1521, he went to the University of Cambridge. Erasmus had been the leading teacher of Greek there from August 1511 to January 1512, but not during Tyndale's time at the university.

Tyndale became chaplain at the home of Sir John Walsh at Little Sodbury in Gloucestershire and tutor to his children around 1521. His opinions proved controversial to fellow clergymen, and the next year he was summoned before John Bell, the Chancellor of the Diocese of Worcester, although no formal charges were laid at the time. After the meeting with Bell and other church leaders, Tyndale, according to John Foxe, had an argument with a "learned but blasphemous clergyman", who allegedly asserted: "We had better be without God's laws than the Pope's", to which Tyndale responded: "I defy the Pope and all his laws; and if God spares my life, ere many years, I will cause the boy that driveth the plow to know more of the Scriptures than thou dost!"

Tyndale left for London in 1523 to seek sponsorship and permission to translate the Bible into English. He asked to join the household of London Bishop Cuthbert Tunstall, a well-known classicist who had worked with Erasmus, his friend, on the second edition of his Latin/Greek New Testament. The bishop, however, declined to extend his patronage, telling Tyndale that his household was already full with scholars. Tyndale preached and studied "at his book" in London for some time, relying on the help of cloth merchant Humphrey Monmouth. During this time, he lectured widely, including at St Dunstan-in-the-West at Fleet Street in London.

In Europe

Tyndale left England for continental Europe, perhaps at Hamburg, in the spring of 1524, possibly traveling on to Wittenberg. There is an entry in the matriculation registers of the University of Wittenberg of the name "Guillelmus Daltici ex Anglia", and this has been taken to be a Latinisation of "William Tyndale from England". He began translating the New Testament at this time, possibly in Wittenberg, completing it in 1525 with assistance from Observant Friar William Roy.

In 1525 the publication of the work by Peter Quentell in Cologne was interrupted by the impact of anti-Lutheranism. A full edition of the New Testament was produced in 1526 by printer Peter Schöffer the Younger in Worms, a free imperial city then in the process of adopting Lutheranism. More copies were soon printed in Antwerp. It was smuggled from continental Europe into England and Scotland by putting pages in between other legal books. The translation was condemned in October 1526 by Bishop Tunstall, who issued warnings to booksellers, bought all the available copies, and had them burned in public. Marius notes that the "spectacle of the scriptures being put to the torch... provoked controversy even amongst the faithful." Cardinal Wolsey condemned Tyndale as a heretic, first stated in open court in January 1529.

From an entry in George Spalatin's diary for 11 August 1526, Tyndale remained at Worms for about a year. It is not clear exactly when he moved to Antwerp. Here he stayed at the house of Thomas Poyntz. The colophon to Tyndale's translation of Genesis and the title pages of several pamphlets from this time purported to have been printed by Hans Lufft at Marburg, but this is a false address. Lufft, the printer of Luther's books, never had a printing press at Marburg.

Henry asked Emperor Charles V to have the writer apprehended and returned to England under the terms of the Treaty of Cambrai; however, the emperor responded that formal evidence was required before extradition. In 1531 he asked Stephen Vaughan to persuade Tyndale to retract his heretical opinions and return to England. Vaughan tried to persuade Tyndale, and forwarded copies of his books, but this did not satisfy the king.

Tyndale developed his case in An Answer unto Sir Thomas More's Dialogue.

Opposition to Henry VIII's annulment
In 1530, from exile, he wrote The Practice of Prelates, opposing Henry VIII's desire to secure the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in favour of Anne Boleyn, on the grounds that it was unscriptural and that it was a plot by Cardinal Wolsey to get Henry entangled in the papal courts of Pope Clement VII.

Historian Bruce Boehrer writes that for Tyndale the issue related to the perspicacity of literal scripture: "I suspect he (Tyndale) undercut the arguments of both Church and King because he found both to be based upon an objectionable premise: that the word of God should be subject to the final arbitrament of a single man."

Betrayal and death
Eventually, Tyndale was betrayed by Henry Phillips to ducal authorities representing the Holy Roman Empire. He was seized in Antwerp in 1535, and held in the castle of Vilvoorde (Filford) near Brussels.

Following the insurrections of the Albigensians, the Lollards, the Hussites, the German Peasants' War, the Münster Anabaptist rebellion, etc., heresy was connected by states with sedition and possible regicide; it carried, at worst, the terrible death penalty of burning at the stake. The Church could usually protect someone accused of heresy from being charged by the state, if that person satisfied the appointed theologian Inquisitor, in a formal process, that they did not (now) hold heretical views.

In Tyndale's case, he was held in prison for a year and a half: his Roman Catholic inquisitor, Jacobus Latomus, gave him the opportunity to write a book stating his views; Latomus wrote a book in response to convince him of his errors; Tyndale wrote two in reply; Latomus wrote two further books in response to Tyndale. Latomus' three books were subsequently published as one volume: in these it can be seen that the discussion on heresy revolves around the contents of three other books Tyndale had written on topics like justification by faith, free will, the denial of the soul, and so on. Latomus makes no mention of Bible translation; indeed, it seems that in prison, Tyndale was allowed to continue making translations from the Hebrew. Thomas Cromwell was involved in some intercession or plans such as extradition.

When Tyndale could not be convinced to abjure, he was handed over to the Brabantine secular arm and tried on charges of Lutheran heresy in 1536. The charges did not mention Bible translation, which was not illegal in the Netherlands.

He was found guilty by his own admission and condemned to be executed. Tyndale "was strangled to death while tied at the stake, and then his dead body was burned". His final words, spoken "at the stake with a fervent zeal, and a loud voice", were reported later as "Lord! Open the King of England's eyes." The traditional date of commemoration is 6 October, but records of Tyndale's imprisonment suggest that the actual date of his execution was some weeks earlier. Foxe gives 6 October as the date of commemoration (left-hand date column), but gives no date of death (right-hand date column). Biographer David Daniell states his date of death only as "one of the first days of October 1536".

Sequelae
Within four years of Tyndale's death, a sequence of four English translations of the Bible were published in England at the king's behest, revising Tyndale's versions of the New Testament and Pentateuch with various objectionable features removed: Miles Coverdale's, Thomas Matthew's, Richard Taverner's, and the Great Bible.

Theological views
Tyndale was conjectured by Donald Smeeton to have come out of the Lollard tradition, which Smeeton argued was strong in Gloucestershire, but later scholars have cast doubt on these claims. Tyndale denounced the practice of prayer to saints. He also rejected the view that the scriptures could be interpreted only by approved clergy. While his views were influenced by Luther, Tyndale also deliberately distanced himself from the German reformer on several key theological points, adopting a more symbolical interpretation of the Lord's Supper in opposition to Luther's doctrine of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist.

"Tyndale was very much interested in what has become known as covenant theology ('Seek therefore in the scripture, as thou readest it, chiefly and above all, the covenants made between God and us'), and took what has come to be thought of as a Calvinist stance on many issues, including the atonement ('Christ's blood only putteth away all the sin that ever was, is, or shall be, from them that are elect').

His Reformation sacramentology will surprise some modern evangelicals, ('the sacraments which Christ ordained preach God's word unto us, and therefore justify, and minister the Spirit to them that believe')."

Printed works
Although best known for his translation of the Bible, Tyndale was also an active writer and translator. As well as his focus on how religion should be lived, he had a focus on political issues.

Impact on English Bibles
The translators of the Revised Standard Version in the 1940s noted that Tyndale's translation, including the 1537 Matthew Bible, inspired the translations that followed: The Great Bible of 1539; the Geneva Bible of 1560; the Bishops' Bible of 1568; the Douay-Rheims Bible of 1582–1609; and the King James Version of 1611, of which the RSV translators noted: "It [the KJV] kept felicitous phrases and apt expressions, from whatever source, which had stood the test of public usage. It owed most, especially in the New Testament, to Tyndale".

George Steiner in his book on translation After Babel refers to "the influence of the genius of Tyndale, the greatest of English Bible translators."

Memorials

A memorial to Tyndale stands in Vilvoorde, Flanders, where he was executed. It was erected in 1913 by Friends of the Trinitarian Bible Society of London and the Belgian Bible Society. There is also a small William Tyndale Museum in the town, attached to the Protestant church. A bronze statue by Sir Joseph Boehm commemorating the life and work of Tyndale was erected in Victoria Embankment Gardens on the Thames Embankment, London, in 1884. It shows his right hand on an open Bible, which is itself resting on an early printing press. A life-sized bronze statue of a seated William Tyndale at work on his translation by Lawrence Holofcener (2000) was placed in the Millennium Square, Bristol, United Kingdom.

The Tyndale Monument was built in 1866 on a hill above his supposed birthplace, North Nibley, Gloucestershire. A stained-glass window commemorating Tyndale was made in 1911 for the British and Foreign Bible Society by James Powell and Sons. In 1994, after the Society had moved their offices from London to Swindon, the window was reinstalled in the chapel of Hertford College in Oxford. Tyndale was at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, which became Hertford College in 1874. The window depicts a full-length portrait of Tyndale, a cameo of a printing shop in action, some words of Tyndale, the opening words of Genesis in Hebrew, the opening words of John's Gospel in Greek, and the names of other pioneering Bible translators. The portrait is based on the oil painting that hangs in the college's dining hall. A stained glass window by Arnold Robinson in Tyndale Baptist Church, Bristol, also commemorates the life of Tyndale.

Several colleges, schools and study centres have been named in his honour, including Tyndale House (Cambridge), Tyndale University (Toronto), the Tyndale-Carey Graduate School affiliated to the Bible College of New Zealand, William Tyndale College (Farmington Hills, Michigan), and Tyndale Theological Seminary (Shreveport, Louisiana, and Fort Worth, Texas), the independent Tyndale Theological Seminary in Badhoevedorp, near Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Tyndale Christian School in South Australia and Tyndale Park Christian School in New Zealand. An American Christian publishing house, also called Tyndale House, was named after Tyndale. There is an Anglican communion setting in memoriam William Tyndale, The Tyndale Service, by David Mitchell.

Liturgical commemoration
By tradition Tyndale's death is commemorated on 6 October. There are commemorations on this date in the church calendars of members of the Anglican Communion, initially as one of the "days of optional devotion" in the American Book of Common Prayer (1979), and a "black-letter day" in the Church of England's Alternative Service Book. The Common Worship that came into use in the Church of England in 2000 provides a collect proper to 6 October (Lesser Festival), beginning with the words:

"Lord, give your people grace to hear and keep your word that, after the example of your servant William Tyndale, we may not only profess your gospel but also be ready to suffer and die for it, to the honor of your name;"

Tyndale is honored in the Calendar of saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as a translator and martyr the same day.

Personality and Character
In his own words, Tyndale was "evil-favoured in this world, and without grace in the sight of men, speechless and rude, dull and slow-witted".

Tyndale wrote it had been his duty to translate the New Testament and reveals a confrontational style, saying, "In burning the New Testament they did none other thing than I looked for; no more shall they do, if they burn me also, if it be God's will it shall be so. Nevertheless, in translating the New Testament I did my duty..."

His contemporary theological opponent Thomas More, who never met Tyndale personally, charitably described Tyndale as "a man of sober and honest living who was well educated, well liked, and a good preacher."

Tyndale fought with another reformer George Joye who wrote in 1535: "Let every man be ware how he medle with Tin[dale]," finding him disdainful, conceited, hypocritical and unwilling to have his Bible translations corrected.

John Foxe, writing in around 1562, considered Tyndale "simple and inexpert" in "the wily subtleties of this world."

The view of Tyndale given by a recent biography has been summarized as a "difficult, aggressive, unworldly and monomaniacal man."

Another modern biographer alludes to Tyndale's reputation as a "trouble-maker". The famous ploughboy story attributed to him takes place as a heated argument at a dinner party.

Works about Tyndale
The first biographical film about Tyndale, titled William Tindale, was released in 1937. Arnold Wathen Robinson depicted Tyndale's life in stained glass windows for the Tyndale Baptist Church ca. 1955. The 1975 novel The Hawk that Dare Not Hunt by Day by Scott O'Dell fictionalizes Tyndale and the smuggling of his Bible into England. The film God's Outlaw: The Story of William Tyndale, was released in 1986. The 1998 film Stephen's Test of Faith includes a long scene with Tyndale, how he translated the Bible, and how he was put to death.

A cartoon film about his life, titled Torchlighters: The William Tyndale Story, was released ca. 2005. The documentary film, William Tyndale: Man with a Mission, was released ca. 2005. The movie included an interview with David Daniell. In 2007, the 2-hour Channel 4 documentary, The Bible Revolution, presented by Rod Liddle, details the roles of historically significant English Reformers John Wycliffe, William Tyndale, and Thomas Cranmer. The "Battle for the Bible" (2007) episode of the PBS Secrets of the Dead series, narrated by Liev Schreiber, features Tyndale's story and legacy and includes historical context. This film is an abbreviated and revised version of the PBS/Channel 4 version.

He has also appeared as a character in two plays dealing with the King James Bible, Howard Brenton's Anne Boleyn (2010) and David Edgar's Written on the Heart (2011).

In 2011, BYUtv produced a documentary miniseries, Fires of Faith, on the creation of the King James Bible, which focused heavily on Tyndale's life. In 2013, BBC Two aired a 60-minute documentary The Most Dangerous Man in Tudor England, written and presented by Melvyn Bragg.

Another known documentary is the film William Tyndale: His Life, His Legacy.

Tyndale's pronunciation
Tyndale was writing at the beginning of the Early Modern English period. His pronunciation must have differed in its phonology from that of Shakespeare at the end of the period. In 2013 linguist David Crystal made a transcription and a sound recording of Tyndale's translation of the whole of the Gospel of Matthew in what he believes to be the pronunciation of the day, using the term "original pronunciation". The recording has been published by The British Library on two compact discs with an introductory essay by Crystal.

title: William Tyndale