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Innsbruck

Innsbruck (Innschbruck ) is the capital of Tyrol and the fifth-largest city in Austria. On the River Inn, at its junction with the Wipp Valley, which provides access to the Brenner Pass 30 km to the south, it had a population of 132,493 in 2018.

In the broad valley between high mountains, the so-called North Chain in the Karwendel Alps (Hafelekarspitze, 2334 m) to the north and Patscherkofel (2246 m) and Serles (2718 m) to the south, Innsbruck is an internationally renowned winter sports centre; it hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics. It also hosted the first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012. The name means "bridge over the Inn".

Antiquity
The earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the early Stone Age. Surviving pre-Roman place names show that the area has been populated continuously. In the 4th century the Romans established the army station Veldidena (the name survives in today's urban district Wilten) at Oenipons (Innsbruck), to protect the economically important commercial road from Verona-Brenner-Augsburg in their province of Raetia.

The first mention of Innsbruck dates back to the name Oeni Pontum or Oeni Pons which is Latin for bridge (pons) over the Inn (Oenus), which was an important crossing point over the Inn river. The Counts of Andechs acquired the town in 1180. In 1248 the town passed into the hands of the Counts of Tyrol. The city's arms show a bird's-eye view of the Inn bridge, a design used since 1267. The route over the Brenner Pass was then a major transport and communications link between the north and the south of Europe, and the easiest route across the Alps. It was part of the Via Imperii, a medieval imperial road under special protection of the king. The revenues generated by serving as a transit station on this route enabled the city to flourish.

Early history
Innsbruck became the capital of all Tyrol in 1429 and in the 15th century the city became a centre of European politics and culture as Emperor Maximilian I also resided in Innsbruck in the 1490s. The city benefited from the emperor's presence as can be seen for example in the Hofkirche. Here a funeral monument for Maximilian was planned and erected partly by his successors. The ensemble with a cenotaph and the bronze statues of real and mythical ancestors of the Habsburg emperor are one of the main artistic monuments of Innsbruck. A regular postal service between Innsbruck and Mechelen was established in 1490 by the Thurn-und-Taxis-Post.

In 1564 Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria received the rulership over Tyrol and other Further Austrian possessions administered from Innsbruck up to the 18th century. He had Schloss Ambras built and arranged there his unique Renaissance collections nowadays mainly part of Vienna's Kunsthistorisches Museum. Up to 1665 a stirps of the Habsburg dynasty ruled in Innsbruck with an independent court. In the 1620s the first opera house north of the Alps was erected in Innsbruck (Dogana).

The university was founded in 1669. Also as a compensation for the court as Emperor Leopold I again reigned from Vienna and the Tyrolean stirps of the Habsburg dynasty had ended in 1665.

During the Napoleonic Wars Tyrol was ceded to Bavaria, ally of France. Andreas Hofer led a Tyrolean peasant army to victory in the Battles of Bergisel against the combined Bavarian and French forces, and then made Innsbruck the centre of his administration. The combined army later overran the Tyrolean militia army and until 1814 Innsbruck was part of Bavaria. After the Vienna Congress Austrian rule was restored. Until 1918, the town (one of the 4 autonomous towns in Tyrol) was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), head of the district of the same name, one of the 21 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Tyrol province.

The Tyrolean hero Andreas Hofer was executed in Mantua; his remains were returned to Innsbruck in 1823 and interred in the Franciscan church.

During World War I, the only recorded action taking place in Innsbruck was near the end of the war. On 20 February 1918, Allied planes flying out of Italy raided Innsbruck, causing casualties among the Austrian troops there. No damage to the town is recorded. In November 1918 Innsbruck and all Tyrol were occupied by the 20 to 22 thousand soldiers of the III Corps of the First Italian Army.

In 1929, the first official Austrian Chess Championship was held in Innsbruck.

Annexation and World War II
In 1938 Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany in the Anschluss. During World War II, Innsbruck was the location of two subcamps of the Dachau concentration camp, including a special camp for prominent people from 16 countries and their families, who were held as hostages, including former Prime Minister of France Léon Blum, former regent of Hungary Miklós Horthy, former Chancellor of Austria Kurt Schuschnigg, Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi II and a nephew of Winston Churchill. Between 1943 and April 1945, Innsbruck experienced twenty-two air raids and suffered heavy damage.

Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino
In 1996, the European Union approved further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province of Tyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino by recognizing the creation of the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino.

Climate
Innsbruck has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) using 0 C isotherm or oceanic climate (Cfb) using the original -3 C isotherm since it has larger annual temperature differences than most of Central Europe due to its location in the centre of the Continent and its position around mountainous terrains. Winters are often very cold (colder than those of most major European cities) and snowy, although the foehn wind sometimes brings pronounced thaws.

Spring is brief; days start to get warm, often over 15 °C, but nights remain cool or even freezing.

Summer is highly variable and unpredictable. Days can be cool 17 °C and rainy, or sunny and extremely hot, sometimes hitting 34 °C. In summer, as expected for an alpine-influenced climate, the diurnal temperature variation is often very high as nights usually remain cool, being 12 °C on average, but sometimes dipping as low as 6 °C.

The average annual temperature is 9 °C.

Boroughs and statistical divisions
Innsbruck is divided into nine boroughs (cadastral settlements) that were formed from previously independent municipalities or villages. These nine boroughs are further divided into twenty wards (cadastral districts). All wards are within one borough, except for the ward of Hungerburg (Upper Innsbruck), which is divided between two. For statistical purposes, Innsbruck is further divided into forty-two statistical units (Statistischer Bezirk) and 178 numbered blocks (Zählsprengel).

The following are the nine boroughs with the population as of 31 October 2011:
 * Innsbruck (inner city) (18.524), consisting of Oldtown (Altstadt), Dreiheiligen-Schlachthof, and Saggen
 * Wilten (15.772), consisting of Mentlberg, Sieglanger, and Wilten West
 * Pradl (30.890), consisting of Pradler-Saggen, Reichenau, and Tivoli
 * Hötting (31.246), consisting of Höttinger Au, Hötting West, Sadrach, Allerheiligen, Kranebitten, and part of Hungerburg
 * Mühlau (4.750), consisting of part of Hungerburg
 * Amras (5.403), consisting of Roßau
 * Arzl (10.293), consisting of Neuarzl and Olympisches Dorf
 * Vill (535)
 * Igls (2.204)

Mountains

 * Nordkette
 * Patscherkofel

Buildings and monuments

 * Old Inn Bridge (Alte Innbrücke)
 * Ambras Castle
 * Andreas Hofer's tomb
 * St. Anne's Column (Annasäule)
 * Bergisel Ski Jump
 * Büchsenhausen Castle
 * Canisianum
 * Casino
 * City Hall (Stadtsaal)
 * Golden Roof (Goldenes Dachl)
 * Helbling House (Helblinghaus)
 * Imperial Palace (Hofburg)
 * Hungerburgbahn
 * Leopold Fountain (Leopoldsbrunnen)
 * Maria-Theresien-Straße
 * Maximilian's Cenotaph and the Black Men (Schwarzen Männer)
 * Old Federal State Parliament (Altes Landhaus)
 * Old Town (Altstadt)
 * Silver Chapel (Silberne Kapelle)
 * City Tower (Stadtturm)
 * Triumphal Arch (Triumphpforte)
 * Tyrolean State Theatre

Museums

 * Alpine Club Museum
 * Ambras Castle
 * Armoury
 * City Archives
 * Grassmayr Bell Foundry and Museum
 * Innsbruck Stubaital station
 * Kaiserjäger Museum
 * Tyrol Panorama Museum (Das Tirol Panorama)
 * Tyrolean Folk Art Museum (Tiroler Volkunstmuseum)
 * Tyrolean State Museum (Tiroler Landesmuseum or Ferdinandeum)
 * Tyrolean Museum Railways (Tiroler Museumsbahnen)

Churches

 * Court Church (Hofkirche)
 * Innsbruck Cathedral (Dom zu St. Jakob)
 * Old Ursuline Church
 * Jesuit Church
 * Church of Our Lady
 * Church of Our Lady of Perpectual Succour
 * Servite Church
 * Hospital Church
 * Ursuline Church
 * Wilten Abbey (Stift Wilten)
 * Wilten Basilica (Wiltener Basilika)
 * Holy Trinity Church
 * St. John's Church
 * St. Theresa's Church (Hungerburg)
 * Pradler Parish Church
 * St. Paul's State Memorial Church in the Reichenau
 * Evangelical Church of Christ
 * Evangelical Church of the Resurrection
 * Old Höttingen Parish Church
 * Höttingen Parish Church
 * Parish Church of St. Nicholas
 * Parish Church of Neu-Arzl
 * Parish Church of St. Norbert
 * Parish Church of Maria am Gestade
 * Parish Church of the Good Shepherd
 * Parish Church of St. George
 * Parish Church of St. Paul
 * Parish Church of St. Pirminius
 * Church of the Guardian Angel

Parks and gardens

 * Alpine Zoo (Alpenzoo)
 * Baggersee Innsbruck
 * Innsbruck University Botanic Garden
 * Hofgarten (Court Garden)
 * Rapoldi-Weiher Park
 * Ambras Castle Park (Schlosspark Ambras)

Government and politics
The results of the 2018 local elections were:
 * Austrian Green Party 24.16% (left)
 * Freedom Party of Austria 18.56% (right)
 * Für Innsbruck 16.15% (conservative)
 * Austrian People's Party 12.17% (conservative)
 * Social Democratic Party of Austria 10.32% (left)
 * NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum 4.73% (center)
 * Bürgerforum Tirol – Liste Fritz (FRITZ) 3.23%
 * Gerechtes Innsbruck (Gerecht) 3.10%
 * Tiroler Seniorenbund – Für Alt und Jung (TSB) 2.72%
 * Alternative Liste Innsbruck (ALI) 2.38%

Cultural events
Innsbruck is a very popular tourist destination, organizing the following events every year:
 * Innsbrucker Tanzsommer
 * Bergsilvester (New Year's Eve)
 * Innsbrucker Festwochen der Alten Musik (Innsbruck Festival of Early Music)
 * Los Gurkos Short Film Festival
 * Christkindlmarkt (Christmas fair)

In 1971, author Douglas Adams was inspired to write the internationally successful The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series while lying intoxicated in a field in Innsbruck. From 2003 onwards each year Towel Day is celebrated worldwide on 25 May.

Sports
Due to its location between high mountains, Innsbruck serves as an ideal place for skiing in winter, ski-jumping and mountaineering in summer. There are several ski resorts around Innsbruck, with the Nordkette served by a cable car and additional chair lifts further up. Other ski resorts nearby include Axamer Lizum, Muttereralm, Patscherkofel, Igls, Seefeld, Tulfes and Stubai Valley. The glaciated terrain in the latter makes skiing possible even in summer months.

The Winter Olympic Games were held in Innsbruck twice, first in 1964, then again in 1976, when Colorado voters rejected a bond referendum in 1972 to finance the Denver games, originally awarded in 1970. The 1976 Winter Olympics were the last games held in the German-speaking Alps (Austria, Germany, or Switzerland).

Along with St. Moritz, Switzerland and Lake Placid, New York in the United States, it is one of three places which have twice hosted the Winter Games. It also hosted the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics.

Innsbruck hosted the 1st Winter Youth Olympic Games in 2012.

Other notable events held in Innsbruck include the Air & Style Snowboard Contest from 1994 to 1999 and 2008 and the Ice Hockey World Championship in 2005. Together with the city of Seefeld, Innsbruck organized the Winter Universiade in 2005. Innsbruck's Bergiselschanze is one of the hills of the famous Four Hills Tournament.

Innsbruck is home to the football club FC Wacker Innsbruck, which plays in the Austrian Football Second League as of the 2019–20 season. Former teams include the FC Swarovski Tirol and FC Tirol Innsbruck. FC Wacker Innsbruck's stadium, Tivoli Neu, is one of eight stadiums which hosted Euro 2008 which took place in Switzerland and Austria in June 2008.

The city also hosted an American Football final, Eurobowl XXII between the Swarco Raiders Tirol and the Raiffeisen Vikings Vienna.

The city hosted opening round games in the 2011 IFAF World Championship, the official international American Football championship.

In 2018 Innsbruck hosted the IFSC Climbing World Championships 2018 from 6 to 16 September and the 2018 UCI Road World Championships from 22 to 30 September.

Language
Innsbruck is part of the Austro-Bavarian region of dialects and, more specifically, Southern Bavarian (Südbairisch). Irina Windhaber, professor for linguistics at the Universität Innsbruck, has observed a trend among young people to choose more often Standard German language structures and pronunciation.

Economy and infrastructure
Innsbruck is a substantial tourist centre, with more than a million overnight stays.

In Innsbruck, there are 86,186 employees and about 12,038 employers. 7,598 people are self-employed. Nearly 35,000 people commute every day into Innsbruck from the surrounding communities in the area. The unemployment rate for the year 2012 was 4.2%.

The national statistics office, Statistik Austria, does not produce economic data for the City of Innsbruck alone, but on aggregate level with the Innsbruck-Land District summarized as NUTS 3-region Innsbruck. In 2013, GDP per capita in the NUTS 3-region Innsbruck was €41,400 which is around 60% above the EU average.

The headquarters of Tiroler Wasserkraft (Tiwag, energy production), Bank für Tirol und Vorarlberg (financial services), Tiroler Versicherung (insurance) and MED-EL (medical devices) are located in Innsbruck. The headquarters of Swarovski (glass), Felder Group (mechanical engineering) and Swarco (traffic technology) are located within 20 km from the city.

Residential property is very expensive by national standards. The average price per square metre in Innsbruck is €4,430 (2015), which is the second highest per square metre price among Austrian cities surpassed only by Salzburg (€4,823), but followed by Vienna (€3,980).

Transport
Innsbruck is located along the A12/A13 highway corridor (Inn Valley Autobahn and Brenner Autobahn respectively), providing freeway access to Verona, Italy and Munich, Germany. The A12 and A13 converge near Innsbruck, at which point the A13 terminates.

Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof, the most important railway station of Innsbruck and Tyrol, is one of the busiest railway stations in Austria. It is served by the Lower Inn Valley line to Germany and eastern Austria, the Arlberg line to the west and the Brenner line, which connects northern Italy with southern Germany via the Brenner Pass. Since December 2007 suburban services have been operated as the Innsbruck S-Bahn.

Innsbruck Airport is located in the suburb of Kranebitten, which is located in the west of the city. It provides services to airports including Frankfurt, London, Amsterdam and Vienna. It also handles regional flights around the Alps, as well as seasonal flights to other destinations. During the winter, activity increases significantly, due to the high number of skiers travelling to the region. The airport is approximately 4 km from the centre of Innsbruck.

Local public transport is provided by Innsbrucker Verkehrsbetriebe (IVB), a public authority operating a network of bus and tram routes. The metre-gauge tram network consists of four city lines, 1, 2, 3 and 5, and two lines serving the surrounding area: line 6, the Innsbrucker Mittelgebirgsbahn to Igls, and line STB, the Stubaitalbahn running through the Stubai Valley to Fulpmes. The network is planned to be enlarged during the coming years to reach the neighboring village Rum in the east and Völs in the west. Numerous bus lines serve the inner city and connect it with surrounding areas. Until 2007 the bus network included two trolleybus routes, but these were abandoned in preparation for planned expansion of the tram network.

In December 2007, the Hungerburgbahn, a funicular service to the district of Hungerburg, was reopened after a two-year closure for extensive rebuilding, with partial realignment and a new extension across the Inn River and into central Innsbruck. The line was also equipped with new vehicles. Because of the unique design of the stations, drafted by the famous architect Zaha Hadid, the funicular evolves immediately to a new emblem of the city. The line was rebuilt by the Italian company Leitner, and can now carry up to 1,200 persons per hour. It is operated by a private company, the 'Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen'.

Education
Innsbruck is a university city, with several locally based colleges and universities.

Innsbruck is home to the oldest grammar school (Gymnasium) of Western Austria, the "Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck". The school was founded in 1562 by the Jesuit order and was the precursor of the university, founded in 1669.

Innsbruck hosts several universities. The most well-known are the University of Innsbruck (Leopold-Franzens-Universität), the Innsbruck Medical University, and the university of applied sciences MCI Management Center Innsbruck.

Organizations

 * The international headquarters of SOS Children's Villages, one of the world's largest charities, is located in Innsbruck.
 * The internationally active NGO Austrian Service Abroad was founded in Innsbruck in 1992 by Andreas Maislinger and Andreas Hörtnagl. Its central office is located at Hutterweg, Innsbruck.
 * Innsbruck has two universities, the Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck and the Innsbruck Medical University. The Innsbruck Medical University has one of Europe's premier ski injury clinics.
 * The international headquarters of MED-EL, one of the largest producers of cochlear implants, is located in Innsbruck.
 * The Aouda.X space suit simulator is being developed by the OeWF in Innsbruck. Also, the Mission Support Centre for many of the OeWF Mars analogue missions is situated in the city. This MSC used time delayed communication with Camp Weyprecht in the desert near Erfoud, Morocco for the MARS2013 expedition during February 2013.

Monarchy and aristocracy

 * Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1415–1493), Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death, the first emperor of the House of Habsburg.
 * Margaret of Austria, Electress of Saxony (c. 1416–1486), member of the House of Habsburg, was Electress of Saxony 1431–1464 by her marriage with the Wettin elector Frederick II. She was a sister of Emperor Frederick III.
 * Sigismund, Archduke of Austria (1427–1496), Habsburg archduke of Austria and ruler of Tyrol from 1446 to 1490
 * Elisabeth of Brandenburg (1510–1558), princess of the House of Hohenzollern and a Margravine of Brandenburg
 * Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1517–1586), Comte de La Baume Saint Amour, Burgundian statesman, followed his father as a leading minister of the Spanish Habsburgs.
 * Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland (1533–1572), one of the fifteen children of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary
 * Anna of Tyrol (1585–1618), by birth Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolese branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Holy Roman Empress
 * Archduchess Isabella Clara of Austria (1629–1685), by birth Archduchess of Austria as a member of the Tyrolese branch of the House of Habsburg
 * Sigismund Francis, Archduke of Austria (1630–1665), ruler of Further Austria including Tyrol
 * Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Tyrol (1632–1649), by birth Archduchess of Austria and member of the Tyrolese branch of the House of Habsburg and by marriage the second spouse of her first cousin, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III
 * Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria (1653–1676), by birth Archduchess of Austria and by marriage Holy Roman Empress and the second wife of Leopold I
 * Leopold, Duke of Lorraine (1679–1729), surnamed the Good, was Duke of Lorraine and Bar from 1690
 * Ignaz Anton von Indermauer (1759–1796), nobleman who was murdered in a peasant revolt
 * Henry Taaffe, 12th Viscount Taaffe (1872–1928), landowner, held hereditary titles from Austria & Ireland until 1919 when he lost both; son of Eduard Taaffe, 11th Viscount Taaffe.
 * Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1931–2010), prince of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry

Public service

 * Eusebio Kino (1645–1711), Jesuit missionary and explorer of Northwest Mexico and Southwest US, student and later teacher at Akademisches Gymnasium Innsbruck.
 * Josef Speckbacher (1767–1820) a leading figure in the rebellion of the Tyrol against Napoleon
 * Joseph Hormayr, Baron zu Hortenburg (1781/2–1848) statesman and historian.
 * Hermann von Gilm (1812–1864) lawyer and poet
 * Vinzenz Maria Gredler (1823 in Telfs – 1912) a Dominican friar, classicist, philosopher theologian and naturalist
 * Ignatius Klotz (1843–1911), American farmer and politician in Wisconsin
 * Oswald Redlich (1858–1944) historian and archivist of auxiliary sciences of history
 * Heinrich Schenkl (1859–1919) classical philologist, son of Karl Schenkl
 * Diana Budisavljević (1891–1978), humanitarian who led a major relief effort in Yugoslavia during World War II
 * Blessed Jakob Gapp (1897–1943) Roman Catholic priest and a Marianists.
 * Karl Gruber (1909–1995) an Austrian politician and diplomat
 * Reinhold Stecher (1921–2013) Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of the Diocese of Innsbruck, 1980 to 1997.
 * Professor Dr. Christian Schwarz-Schilling (born 1930) a German politician, entrepreneur, philanthropist and media and telecommunications innovator.
 * Marcello Spatafora (born 1941), Italian diplomat, former Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations
 * Heidemarie Cammerlander (born 1942), member of the Municipal Council and Landtag of Vienna
 * Gerhard Pfanzelter (born 1943) prominent Austrian diplomat.
 * Andreas Maislinger (born 1955) Austrian historian and founder of the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service
 * Christoph Hofinger (born 1967) researcher and political consultant
 * Gabriel Kuhn (born 1972), political writer and translator based in Sweden
 * René Benko (born 1977), real estate investor and founder of Signa Holding

War figures

 * Raoul Stojsavljevic (1887–1930) World War I flying ace
 * Otto Hofmann (1896–1982), SS-Obergruppenführer director of Nazi Germany's "Race and Settlement Main Office", sentenced to 25 years for war crimes in 1948, pardoned 1954
 * Robert Bernardis (1908–1944) resistance fighter, part of the attempt to kill Adolf Hitler in the 20 July Plot in 1944.
 * Anton Malloth (1912–2002) a supervisor in the Theresienstadt concentration camp.
 * Constanze Manziarly (1920–1945) cook/dietitian to Adolf Hitler until her final days in 1945

Arts

 * Jacob Regnart (1540s–1599) Flemish Renaissance composer of sacred and secular music
 * William Young (died 1662) English viol player and composer of the Baroque era, who worked at the court of Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria in Innsbruck
 * Johann Paul Schor (1615–1674), artist, known in Rome as "Giovanni Paolo Tedesco"
 * Michael Ignaz Mildorfer (1690–1747), painter, painted primarily religious themed works
 * Josef Ignaz Mildorfer (1719–1775), painter of frescoes
 * Franz Edmund Weirotter (1733–1771), painter, draughtsman and etcher of landscapes and maritime scenes
 * Georg Mader (1824–1881) an Austrian painter.
 * Edgar Meyer (1853–1925), painter, built himself a castle and engaged in politics
 * Karl Schönherr (1867–1943) Austrian writer of Austrian Heimat themes.
 * Mimi Gstöttner-Auer (1886–1977) Austrian stage and film actress
 * Clemens Holzmeister (1886–1983), architect and stage designer
 * Erwin Faber (1891–1989), actor in Munich, in the late-1970s he performed at the Residenz Theatre
 * Igo Sym (1896–1941), Austrian-born Polish actor and collaborator with Nazi Germany
 * Carl-Heinz Schroth (1902–1989), actor and film director, appeared in 60 films
 * Heinrich C. Berann (1915–1999) father of the modern panorama map, born into a family of painters and sculptors
 * Peter Demant (1918–2006) a Russian writer and public figure.
 * Judith Holzmeister (1920–2008) actress, married to the actor Curd Jürgens 1947–1955
 * Otmar Suitner (1922–2010) conductor who spent most of his professional career in East Germany, Principal Conductor of the Staatskapelle Dresden from 1960 to 1964
 * Dietmar Schönherr (1926–2014) an Austrian film actor
 * Ilse von Alpenheim (born 1927) pianist
 * William Berger (born 1928–1993) was an Austrian American actor
 * Erich Urbanner (born 1936) Austrian composer and teacher.
 * Peter Noever (born 1941) designer and curator–at–large of art and architecture
 * Christian Berger (born 1945) Austrian cinematographer
 * Radu Malfatti (born 1946), trombone player and composer
 * Helga Anders (1948–1986) Austrian television actress
 * Reed Gratz (born 1950), Jazz pianist/composer, Professor at University of Innsbruck
 * Gabriele Sima (1955–2016), opera singer
 * Norbert Pümpel (born 1956) a visual artist.
 * Gabriele Fontana (born 1958) an Austrian operatic soprano.
 * Thomas Larcher (born 1963) an Austrian composer and pianist.
 * Armin Wolf (born 1966), journalist and television anchor
 * Eva Lind (born 1966), operatic soprano
 * Aleksandar Marković (born 1975) Serbian, principal conductor of Tyrolean Opera House
 * Alice Tumler (born 1978), television presenter
 * Georg Neuhauser (born 1982), singer in Serenity (band)
 * Manu Delago (born 1984), Hang player, percussionist and composer based in London
 * Amira El Sayed (born 1991) an Egyptian-Austrian actress and author
 * Nathan Trent (born 1992) singer for Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017
 * Victoria Swarovski (born 1994), singer, TV Presenter Let's Dance Germany, Billionaire Heiress of the Swarovski empire

Science

 * Adam Tanner (1572–1632) Jesuit professor of maths and philosophy, eponym of the Moon crater Tannerus
 * Ferdinand Johann Adam von Pernau, Count of Rosenau (1660–1731) Austrian ornithologist
 * Johann Nepomuk von Laicharting (1754–1797), entomologist and Professor of Natural Science
 * Wilibald Swibert Joseph Gottlieb von Besser (1784–1842), Austrian-born botanist, worked in Western Ukraine
 * Philipp Sarlay (1826–1908) principal of telegraph office, technological and scientific pioneer
 * Leopold Pfaundler (1839–1920), physicist and chemist, wrote the kinetic theory of gases
 * Georg Luger (1849–1923) an Austrian designer of the famous Luger pistol
 * Erwin Payr (1871–1946), surgeon, eponym of Splenic-flexure syndrome or "Payr's disease"
 * Meinhard von Pfaundler (1872–1947), pediatrician, interest in the diathetic aspects of disease
 * Arnold Durig (1872–1961) Austrian physiologist, investigated organisms at high altitude
 * Otto E. Neugebauer (1899–1990) Austrian-American mathematician and historian of science
 * Bruno de Finetti (1906–1985), Italian probabilist, statistician and actuary, noted for the conception of probability
 * Meinhard Michael Moser (1924–2002) mycologist of the taxonomy, chemistry and toxicity of the gilled mushrooms
 * Klaus Riedle (born 1941) German power engineering scientist, helped develop more efficient gas turbines for power generation
 * Prof. Herbert Lochs (1946–2015) prominent German/Austrian medical doctor and scientist
 * Peter Zoller (born 1952) theoretical physicist and Professor at the University of Innsbruck
 * Wolfgang Scheffler (born 1956), inventor/promoter of large, flexible, parabolic reflecting dishes that concentrate sunlight for cooking and in the world's first solar-powered crematorium
 * Christian Spielmann (born 1963), physicist and a professor at the University of Jena
 * Veronika Sexl (born 1966), pharmacologist and toxicologist with interests in cancer research. Since March 1, 2023 she is rector of the University of Innsbruck.

Sport

 * Hady Pfeiffer (1906–2002), Austrian/German alpine skier, competed 1936 Winter Olympics
 * Roderich Menzel (1907–1987), amateur tennis player and, after his active career, an author
 * Lotte Scheimpflug (1908–1997), Austrian/Italian luger, competed 1920s to the 1950s
 * Gustav Lantschner (1910–2011), alpine skier & actor, competed 1936 Winter Olympics
 * Erich Eliskases (1913–1997), chess grandmaster in the 1950s, represented Austria, Germany and Argentina
 * Hermann Buhl (1924–1957) mountaineer, considered one of the best climbers of all time
 * Egon Schöpf (born 1925) alpine skier, competed in the 1948 and 1952 Winter Olympics
 * Dagmar Rom (born 1928) a former alpine ski racer, won two gold medals at the 1950 World Championships
 * Walter Steinegger (born 1928) former ski jumper who competed in the 1952 Winter Olympics
 * Fritz Dinkhauser (born 1940) hammer thrower and bobsleigher at the 1968 Winter Olympics
 * Gert Elsässer (born 1949), skeleton racer who competed in the early 1980s
 * Franz Marx (born 1963), sport wrestler, qualified for the Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona
 * Markus Prock (born 1964), luger who competed between 1983 and 2002
 * Barbara Schett (born 1976) Austrian tennis player and sportscaster
 * Fritz Dopfer (born 1987) World Cup alpine ski racer, specializing in the giant slalom and slalom
 * David Lama (1990–2019) Rock climber and mountaineer.
 * René Binder (born 1992), racing driver
 * Nicol Ruprecht (born 1992), rhythmic gymnast
 * Gregor Schlierenzauer (born 1994), Ski jumper, all-time leader in the number of World Cup victories
 * Susanna Kurzthaler (born 1995), biathlete
 * Vanessa Herzog (born 1995), speed skater
 * Simon Bucher (born 2000), austrian 2020 Olympic swimmer

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇩🇪 Freiburg im Breisgau in Baden-Württemberg, Germany (since 1963)
 * 🇫🇷 Grenoble in Isère, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France (since 1963)
 * 🇧🇦 Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1980)
 * Aalborg in Denmark (since 1982)
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Austrian Service Abroad
The Austrian Service Abroad is a NGO, which provides positions for an alternative Austrian national service at 85 organizations in 35 countries worldwide in the sectors Holocaust Memorial Service, Social Service and Peace Service. It was founded by Andreas Maislinger and Andreas Hörtnagl in 1998 and is based in Innsbruck.

title: Innsbruck


text:
Salzburg (federal state)

Salzburg (, ;Soizbuag, also known as Salzburgerland; Salisburghese) is an Austrian federal state. In German it is called a Bundesland, a German-to-English dictionary translates that to federal state and the European Commission calls it a province. In German, its official name is Land Salzburg, to distinguish it from its eponymous capital Salzburg. For centuries, it was an independent Prince-Bishopric of the Holy Roman Empire. It borders Germany & Italy.

Location
Salzburg State covers an area of 7,156 km2. It stretches along its main river — the Salzach – which rises in the Central Eastern Alps in the south to the Alpine foothills in the north. It is located in the north-west of Austria, close to the border with the German state of Bavaria; to the northeast lies the federal state Upper Austria; to the east the federal state Styria; to the south the federal states Carinthia and Tyrol. With 561,714 inhabitants, it is one of the country's smaller federal states in terms of population.

Running through the south are the main ranges of the Alpine divide (incl. the Hohe Tauern mountains) with numerous three-thousanders. The Dachstein massif and the Berchtesgaden Alps ranges of the Northern Limestone Alps border Salzburg State to the east and north.

Regions
The federal state is traditionally subdivided in five major regions (Gaue), congruent with its political districts (Bezirke, see administrative divisions).
 * In the northern part:
 * Flachgau (Salzburg city and environs), the flat (flach) Salzburg Basin around the confluence of Salzach and Saalach, stretching from the slopes of the Salzkammergut Mountains in the east to the Untersberg massif and the Chiemgau Alps in the west.
 * Tennengau (district capital Hallein), named after the Tennen Mountains, including the broad Salzach Valley south of Salzburg and the surrounding ranges of the Limestone Alps.
 * The southern, mountainous (colloquially Innergebirg) part is divided into:
 * Pinzgau (Zell am See) in the southwest,
 * Pongau (St. Johann im Pongau) on Salzach and Enns, and
 * Lungau (Tamsweg) in the southeast, separated by the Niedere Tauern range.

Major cities and towns
Salzburg municipalities with town privileges:

 * AUT Salzburg (Stadt) COA.svg Salzburg city (pop. 148,521)
 * Hallein (Austria) Coat of Arms CoA.svg Hallein (20,022)
 * AUT Saalfelden COA.svg Saalfelden (16,046)
 * Wappen at st johann.png St. Johann im Pongau (10,740)
 * AT Bischofshofen COA.svg Bischofshofen (10,352)
 * AUT Zell am See COA.svg Zell am See (9,683)
 * Wappen at seekirchen.png Seekirchen (9,945)
 * Wappen at neumarkt am wallersee.png Neumarkt am Wallersee (5,846)
 * Wappen at oberndorf bei salzburg.png Oberndorf bei Salzburg (5,600)
 * Wappen at mittersill.png Mittersill (5,443)
 * AUT Radstadt COA.jpg Radstadt (4,864)

Wals-Siezenheim, a common municipality with about 12,000 inhabitants, is known as 'Austria's largest village'.

History
Salt has played an important role in the region's development; Salzburg means "salt city".

Salzburg as an independent state
Independence from Bavaria was secured in the late 14th century. The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an independent prince-bishopric and State of the Holy Roman Empire until German Mediatisation in 1803.

Electorate of Salzburg
The territory was secularized and, as the Electorate of Salzburg, given as compensation to Ferdinand III, former Grand Duke of Tuscany, the brother of Emperor Francis II.

The end of independence
Following the Austrian defeat at Austerlitz in 1805, Salzburg was annexed by Austria as compensation for the loss of Tyrol to the Kingdom of Bavaria, and Ferdinand was transferred to the Grand Duchy of Würzburg.

Bavarian Salzburg
After Austria's defeat in 1809, the federal state was handed over to Bavaria in 1810.

The country divided between Bavaria and Austria
In 1816, following the defeat of Napoleon and the provision of adequate compensation to Bavaria at the Congress of Vienna, it was returned to Austria with the exception of the north-western Rupertiwinkel which remained Bavarian. The Salzburger Land was administered as the department of Salzach from Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. In 1849 the Duchy of Salzburg was established as a crown land of the Austrian Empire and, after 1866, Austria-Hungary.

World War I
Salzburg participated in World War I, as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 49,000 Salzburgers were called to arms, of whom 6,000 were killed.

Post-World War I Austrian republics
In 1918 after World War I, the Duchy of Salzburg was dissolved and replaced with the State of Salzburg, as a component part initially of German Austria and subsequently of the First Republic of Austria, the separate state which was mandated by the Allied powers.

Salzburg in Germany
As a result of Germany's annexation of Austria in 1938, Austria, including Salzburg State, was incorporated into Nazi Germany.

American control
After the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the Allies occupied the territory of Austria, being recognized as an independent territory under their rule. Salzburg State was occupied by the United States.

Salzburg as an Austrian federal state
In 1955, Austria was again declared an independent state and Salzburg was once again one of the reconstituted federal states of the Second Republic of Austria.

Demographics
The historical population is given in the following chart:

Politics
Salzburg adopted its current provincial constitution in 1999. The provincial government (Landesregierung) is headed by a governor (Landeshauptmann), who is elected by a majority in the provincial parliament Landtag. Provincial elections are held every five years.

After World War II, most provincial governments were led by the conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). ÖVP politician Josef Klaus (1910-2001), later chancellor of Austria, served as governor of Salzburg from 1949 till 1961. In 2004 Gabi Burgstaller became the first Social Democratic (and first female) governor of Salzburg. The last results, in April 2023 (Compared to 2018) were: The current governor of Salzburg, Wilfried Haslauer (ÖVP), entered into coalition discussions with the FPÖ, after his proposition of a ÖVP-FPÖ-SPÖ coalition was rejected by the Social Democrats. Haslauer said "I regret that we could not implement the Alliance for Salzburg". After successful coalition negotiations, the ÖVP and the FPÖ entered into a governing coalition with Haslauer as the Governor and Marlene Svazek as the First Deputy Governor. Salzburg State has joined Lower Austria and Upper Austria as the third black-blue coalition provincial government. The ÖVP has four seats in the government, while the FPÖ has three. The current president (speaker) of the Salzburg federal state parliament is Brigitta Pallauf.

Government
Government ministers and their portfolios from the 2023 provincial election.

Governor Wilfried Haslauer (ÖVP)

 * State Direction
 * Finance and Asset Management
 * Security
 * Disaster Prevention
 * Museums
 * Research and Science
 * European Affairs.

1st Deputy Marlene Svazek (FPÖ)

 * Nature and Environment Protection
 * Business
 * Early and Primary Education
 * Hunting and Fishing
 * Youth
 * Families
 * Intergration
 * Generations

2nd Deputy Stefan Schnöll (ÖVP)

 * Economy and Tourism
 * Communities
 * Employment and Labour Market
 * Infrastructure and Traffic
 * Culture

Members of the provincial government

 * Josef Schwaiger (ÖVP): Agriculture, Personnel Management, Water, National Parks, Energy, Asylum Seekers
 * Daniela Gutschi (ÖVP): Education, Health, Women and Diversity
 * Christian Pewny (FPÖ): Social Services, Food, Consumer Protection, Regional Development, Apprenticeships
 * Martin Zauner (FPÖ): Spatial Planning, Living, Sport, Basic Traffic

Districts
Salzburg State comprises six districts, known as Bezirke or vernacularly Gaue:

 * Hallein District (Tennengau region)
 * St. Johann im Pongau District (Pongau region)
 * Salzburg-Umgebung District (Salzburg environs) (Flachgau region)
 * Tamsweg District (Lungau region)
 * Zell am See District (Pinzgau region)

Salzburg city is its own administrative district.

Municipalities
The federal state is divided into 119 municipalities, including Salzburg City. 11 of them have city status (Städte), 25 are market towns (Marktgemeinden) and the other 83 are simple municipalities (Gemeinden). Below is a list of all the municipalities divided by district:

 * Hallein District (Tennengau) (13 municipalities): Abtenau, Adnet, Annaberg-Lungötz, Bad Vigaun, Golling an der Salzach, Hallein, Krispl, Kuchl, Oberalm, Puch bei Hallein, Rußbach am Paß Gschütt, St. Koloman, Scheffau am Tennengebirge.
 * Salzburg-Umgebung District (Flachgau) (37 municipalities): Anif, Anthering, Bergheim, Berndorf bei Salzburg, Bürmoos, Dorfbeuern, Ebenau, Elixhausen, Elsbethen, Eugendorf, Faistenau, Fuschl am See, Großgmain, Göming, Grödig, Hallwang, Henndorf am Wallersee, Hintersee, Hof bei Salzburg, Koppl, Köstendorf, Lamprechtshausen, Mattsee, Neumarkt am Wallersee, Nußdorf am Haunsberg, Oberndorf bei Salzburg, Obertrum, Plainfeld, St. Georgen bei Salzburg, St. Gilgen, Schleedorf, Seeham, Seekirchen am Wallersee, Straßwalchen, Strobl, Thalgau, Wals-Siezenheim.
 * St. Johann im Pongau District (Pongau) (25 municipalities): Altenmarkt im Pongau, Bad Gastein, Bad Hofgastein, Bischofshofen, Dorfgastein, Eben im Pongau, Filzmoos, Flachau, Forstau, Goldegg, Grossarl, Hüttau, Hüttschlag, Kleinarl, Mühlbach am Hochkönig, Pfarrwerfen, Radstadt, St. Johann im Pongau, St. Martin am Tennengebirge, St. Veit im Pongau, Schwarzach im Pongau, Untertauern, Wagrain, Werfen, Werfenweng.
 * Tamsweg District (Lungau) (15 municipalities): Göriach, Lessach, Mariapfarr, Mauterndorf, Muhr, Ramingstein, St. Andrä im Lungau, St. Margarethen im Lungau, St. Michael im Lungau, Tamsweg, Thomatal, Tweng, Unternberg, Weißpriach, Zederhaus.
 * Zell am See District (Pinzgau) (28 municipalities): Bramberg am Wildkogel, Bruck an der Großglocknerstraße, Dienten am Hochkönig, Fusch an der Großglocknerstraße, Hollersbach im Pinzgau, Kaprun, Krimml, Lend, Leogang, Lofer, Maishofen, Maria Alm, Mittersill, Neukirchen am Großvenediger, Niedernsill, Piesendorf, Rauris, Saalbach-Hinterglemm, Saalfelden, St. Martin bei Lofer, Stuhlfelden, Taxenbach, Unken, Uttendorf, Viehhofen, Wald im Pinzgau, Weißbach bei Lofer, Zell am See.

Economy
The federal state's gross domestic product (GDP) was 29 billion € in 2018, accounting for 7.5% of the Austria's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 46,500 € or 154% of the EU27 average in the same year. Salzburg is the federal state with the highest GDP per capita in Austria before Vienna.

Architecture
The Salzburg Cathedral was the first Baroque building in the German-speaking artistic world. Two other important buildings initiated by the Salzburg archbishops were Hohenwerfen Castle and Hohensalzburg Fortress. The first Archbishop of Salzburg was Arno of Salzburg (785–821), in whose honor the world-famous hiking circuit — the Arnoweg — is named.

The predominant stylistic elements of Salzburg's architecture have their origins in the Baroque and the Rococo periods.

Salzburg City's historic centre was named by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Language
Austrian German is the local written language, and it can be heard especially in the cities. Austro-Bavarian is also spoken, especially in the rural areas and the common language of Salzburgerland.

Visitors' attractions

 * Eisriesenwelt: the largest ice cave in the world
 * Großglockner Hochalpenstraße: a panoramic road, called Grossglockner High Alpine Road
 * Salzkammergut: a lake district situated in Salzburg State, Upper Austria and Styria
 * Liechtensteinklamm: Salzburg is home to one of the longest and deepest gorges of the Alps, the Liechtensteinklamm. It is located near Sankt Johann im Pongau or St.Johann/Pg., a small town in the centre of the federal state.
 * Nonnberg Abbey: a Benedictine monastery that was immortalized in the movie The Sound of Music

Sports

 * Salzburgring, a permanent racing circuit, north east of the city of Salzburg
 * Ski Amadé
 * Kitzsteinhorn, skiing the year round on a glacier
 * Icespeedway in St. Johann im Pongau
 * Aperschnalzen, an old tradition of competitive whipcracking

Ski resorts
Altenmarkt im Pongau, Flachau, Wagrain, St. Johann, Zell am See (Saalbach-Hinterglemm), Obertauern, Bad Gastein, Rauris, Lofer, Hochkönig, Krispl

Assorted statistics

 * Tourist Regions: 21
 * Resort Towns: 115
 * Guest Beds: 192,000
 * Lakes: 185
 * Biggest lake: Wolfgangsee
 * Longest river: Salzach
 * Highest mountain: Großvenediger — elevation 3666 m
 * Hiking paths: 7200 km
 * Hill farms: 1,800 — 550 of them serving refreshments
 * National parks: 1
 * Marked cycle paths: 2000 km
 * Mountainbike trails (including cross-border routes): 3000 km
 * Golf courses: 13
 * Ski slopes: 1700 km
 * Cross-country ski trails: 2220 km
 * Night slopes: 14
 * Winter hiking paths: 2500 km

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Salzburg (federal state)


text:
Talk:Linz

old comments on naming
Why not title this article Linz, Austria and have Linz be a redirect? --maveric149 — Preceding undated comment added 23:55, 9 June 2002 (UTC)

 * Why, are there any other "Linzs" around? jheijmans — Preceding undated comment added 23:59, 9 June 2002 (UTC)

No, not that I know of. The problem is that around here there is an informal method for automatically disambiguating pages that lists the city then the country. Seeing this as the normal way of naming articles, another user might automatically make a link for Linz, Austria when wanting to link to the city Linz. Usually only very well known cities, such as Paris or Rome are listed w/o their country name. Again, there is not a set naming convention on this issue and is something that needs to be further worked out. However, at the very least whoever makes an article with just the city name should also make a redirect to catch any links to "city, country". --maveric149 — Preceding undated comment added 00:08, 10 June 2002 (UTC)

 * After submitting, I thought you'd come up with this. I just checked the list of cities (City listing), and almost none of the cities there is named like that, usually only for disambiguation. One of the reasons nobody does this is because the "city, country" thing is mostly American (I think). Nobody in Europe will ever say "Linz, Austria". Also, in most contexts of encyclopedia articles, this will be a weird way to link. Another thing bothering me about this format is that the US towns are listed "city, state". But maybe we should open a real discussion on this at an appropriate place?
 * Anyway, making extra links doesn't sound like a bad idea, so I'll try to keep that in mind. jheijmans — Preceding undated comment added 00:16, 10 June 2002 (UTC)
 * I'm inclined to believe that using the same name twice is an anglo nostalgia for places left behind so it will be pretty rare outside of the colonized world to find the same name used twice Except in the colonies, which you could easily argue is fairly large, most of S and N America for example. There are a few teenie tiny places in Austria and Germany that use the same names but you'd be hard pressed to find them on a good map...my .02$--dgd — Preceding unsigned comment added by DennisDaniels (talk • contribs) 14:53, 22 October 2002 (UTC)
 * I can think of half a dozen towns in the Netherlands that have the same names as towns 20 miles or so across the border in Germany. But we have already had this debate several times, see Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (city names) (four pages of it) for starters. Oy! --rmhermen — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rmhermen (talk • contribs) 15:01, 22 October 2002 (UTC)
 * ohhhmygod. can of worms there...well, until there's another linz I'm going to leave it the way it is.--dgd — Preceding unsigned comment added by DennisDaniels (talk • contribs) 15:10, 22 October 2002 (UTC)

Well Linz at least for the german speaking part of the world is referred following:
 * Linz without anything is the Linz in Austria
 * Linz, Germany is the one in Germany which is rather a village. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.41.244.42 (talk) 08:59, 12 July 2004 (UTC)

A couple of years ago it was still common to refer to Linz (Austria) as Linz an der Donau and to Linz (Germany) as Linz am Rhein. No inhabitant of either of the two settlements would even consider Linz, Austria or Linz, Germany. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pepitschek (talk • contribs) 18:08, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

Confusion of two places
Dreifaltigkeitssäule and Pestsäule aren't the same thing, although even in Linz they are confused. The Pestsäule on the Auerspergplatz (near the Kreuzschwestern school) is much older, but also much smaller. There, infact, exist other Pestsäulen, namely in the southern suburbs of Linz. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.58.16.235 (talk) 21:57, 20 December 2003 (UTC)

Too much emphasis on Hitler
There was too much emphasis on Hitler in the original article. Not that you can deny the links to Hitler which existed in the city. The city had a past before the second world war, although it was rather dorment for huge periods of time. So I felt free to add several other important milestones the city had in the past, and some additional locations in the present. There aren´t too many of those anyway, given the provincial character of it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.41.244.42 (talk) 08:57, 12 July 2004 (UTC)

Plague?
Just curious: If the plague was important enough for them to build the column, why isn't mentioned in the history? Plagues tend to warp history in different directions. John (Jwy) 22:01, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

The column wasn't built only because of the plague. Its name should correctly be translated into Trinity Column. It was built to commemorate the deliverance from the dangers of war (1704), fire (1712) and the plague (1713). The plague actually spared the city. I don't think the inscription says anything about the victims or that the column was built to remember them like it is said in the article. --cay — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.66.41.33 (talk) 00:35, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

Third-oldest Soccer Club
I have no idea if Lask is, but I don´t think that POV comments (which I have twice deleted) are of much help, or use.

--andreasegde 20:41, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

LASK is definitely the oldest Soccer Club of Upper Austria. --Ricky59 16:11, 28 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Then where is your in-line reference? --andreasegde 17:30, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

Vienna is the oldest soccer club in Austria. At least Sturm Graz is older, too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.47.48.129 (talk) 10:52, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

Cam stem!?
"Kepler is the namesake of the local public university, the only one in Austria that embraces the cam stem."

Am I missing something here? I can't find a reference to that phrase "cam stem" on Wikipedia or Google. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.57.83.162 (talk) 20:00, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Doesn't seem important anyway, even if it does mean something. I've removed the reference.Dmhaglund 12:59, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

History
I edited the history section somewhat. My knowledge of Linz extends basically to the part pertaining to Hitler, so that is what I changed. The whole section needs references, though. I know of a couple for the Nazi period so may add them if I can get around to it. Dmhaglund 13:02, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Culture
"The Posthof" is not mentioned, as well as various other institutions. --andreasegde 17:38, 31 October 2007 (UTC)

I tried to mention some important cultural institutions here in Linz, but apparently HU12 is not the same opinion about Kapu, Stadtwerkstadt and Posthof. --ThomasDerflinger 09:33, 19 Feburary 2008 (UTC)

 * Put them in. HU12 is not a law unto himself. I live in Linz, and they should be there.--212.241.67.98 (talk) 15:09, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

I have put in the Stadtwerkstadt and the Posthof, with references. To delete them would be a very bad idea.--Dieterbrodnik (talk) 20:37, 6 April 2008 (UTC)

Frederic Austerlitz
I have removed the claim in the article that Frederic "Fritz" Austerlitz was born in Linz for now. The references to Billman and Satchell make no mention of this and appear to have been copied directly from the article on Fred Astaire, along with the Bain reference. Indeed Billman, on p.1, states that Frederic "was born into a family of brewers in Vienna, Austria". Although I am aware of some unpublished research which claims Linz as his birthplace, such research will have to be published and pass peer review before it can be incorporated into Wikipedia, as per WP:V. D7240 (talk) 14:31, 12 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Linz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080509141457/http://www.germanhollywood.com/astaire.html to http://www.germanhollywood.com/astaire.html#pop4
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20050913165111/http://www.ooejo.eduhi.at:80/Freiberufliches/Das%20musikalische%20Nashorn/Das%20musikalische%20Nashorn.htm to http://www.ooejo.eduhi.at/Freiberufliches/Das%20musikalische%20Nashorn/Das%20musikalische%20Nashorn.htm

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External links modified
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I have just modified 15 external links on Linz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060723191641/https://www.linz.at/aktuell/presse/images/990601.jpg to http://www.linz.at/aktuell/presse/images/990601.jpg
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Religion subsection?
User:Joobo added an empty "religion" subsection to the population section, and immediately templated it as empty. My main point of discussion here would be: Do we actually need a religion section in this article (and if so why). I would argue that in the context of Linz the role of religion is small enough to be omitted altogether and would argue to keep the past consensus (by acceptance of status quo) of not having a religion section. However if there are convincing arguments by a number of editors that a religion section should be included I am happy to discuss. (PS We should keep in mind that with about 70,000 kB, the article currently already substantially surpasses the suggested maximum of 60,000 kB in WP:Length. PPS I would argue that if consensus goes towards adding a religion section we first develop it before including a section header for an empty section.) Arnoutf (talk) 18:39, 17 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Since no response has been given and the template explicitly suggests to remove empty sections before adding the template I will revert back to the last stable version in a few days; unless consensus to keep the current one becomes apparent here before then. Arnoutf (talk) 17:16, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * As Linz is one of the bigger cities of Austria such a subsection with at least some information is needed.--Joobo (talk) 18:34, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Then write it. Arnoutf (talk) 19:04, 21 June 2017 (UTC)
 * You claim you are writing a section, but nothing is there. So no information is there now. Do your homework and add text, or accept deletion of the section (you can always add it after you created content).
 * What is the harm in not having an empty section.
 * While we may disagree whether the information is needed, I am sure NON-information is definitely not needed - and the presence of a template (of which the template documentation explicitly suggests to remove empty sections rather than using the template) is unnecessarily defacing the article. So please provide an argument why the addition of an empty section benefits the article for the reader. Arnoutf (talk) 19:06, 15 July 2017 (UTC)
 * Logically an empty section is not providing any information. What is achieved by this section and this template is pointing out to the fact that some information is needed for this article regarding the topic. I propose in case me or someone else will not include any content into the section of concern until the end of the third quarter (Sept) this year, I have no objections for taking this template out.--Joobo (talk) 19:57, 15 July 2017 (UTC)
 * A) There is no consensus any info is needed. You added both the section AND the template. Simply provide content and we can discuss
 * B) We are now four weeks after you first added the section, and you have already had time to create even a short content section. My counterproposal is simple, let's not add an empty section but only add sections with content, or if we add empty sections let's only do this with supermajority support to include those. Arnoutf (talk) 20:52, 15 July 2017 (UTC)
 * I am most likely including some content in the future. Albeit I do not see a major issue with having this template in this article (as it will not stay there forever anyway) you can take it out if you insist on its exclusion.--Joobo (talk) 18:03, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 4 external links on Linz. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100128014704/http://www.dioezese-linz.at/redaktion/index.php?page_new=2500 to http://www.dioezese-linz.at/redaktion/index.php?page_new=2500
 * Added tag to http://www.mamilade.at/ooe/urfahr-umgebung/ausflugstipps/winter/skigebiet-kirchschlag-noerdlich-von-linzl
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20040511215658/https://www.khs-linz.ac.at/ to http://www.khs-linz.ac.at/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050525064023/http://www.linz09.info/ec/ to http://www.linz09.info/ec
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101119031525/https://www.linzforum.at/ to http://www.linzforum.at/

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title: Talk:Linz


text:
Praha (disambiguation)

Praha is Czech for the city of Prague.

Praha may also refer to:

 * Praha, Slovakia, a village and municipality
 * Praha, Texas, US, an unincorporated community
 * Praha (Brdy), a mountain in the Brdy range, Czech Republic
 * Praha (train), a Warsaw-Prague express train since 1993
 * 2367 Praha, a main-belt asteroid
 * Praha Spring, another name for Prague Spring

title: Praha (disambiguation)


text:
Wien (disambiguation)

Wien is the German language name for Vienna, the capital and federal state of Austria.

Wien may also refer to:

Surname

 * Lawrence Wien (1905–1988), American lawyer and real estate investor
 * Max Wien (1866–1938), German physicist, inventor of the Wien bridge
 * Noel Wien (1899–1977), American aviator
 * Phillip Wien (1913–1981), British judge
 * Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928), German physicist, formulator of Wien's Law

Places in the United States

 * Wien, Missouri, a community in the United States
 * Wien, Wisconsin, a town
 * Wien (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

Other uses

 * Theater an der Wien, a theater in Vienna located at the former river Wien
 * Wien (river), in Vienna, Austria
 * Wien Air Alaska, American airline 1927–1985
 * Wien International Scholarship, a scholarship instituted by Brandeis University
 * Wien bridge oscillator, a type of electronic oscillator
 * Wien's displacement law, law of physics

title: Wien (disambiguation)