text:
1578

1578 (MDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 13 – The Siege of Gvozdansko ends in the Kingdom of Croatia as Ottoman Empire troops led by Ferhad Pasha Sokolović capture the fortress at Gvozdansko.
 * January 31 – Battle of Gembloux: Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch; Farnese begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands.
 * February 6 – Pope Gregory XIII issues the papal bull Illius fulti praesidio and creates the Diocese of Manila, the first Roman Catholic diocese in the Philippines, with Domingo de Salazar as the first Bishop of Manila. The diocese will be raised to the status of archdiocese on August 14, 1595.
 * February 8 – The city council of Amsterdam in the Netherlands ratifies a treaty placing the city under the authority of Willem, Prince of Orange, and joining the States of Holland.
 * February 12 – Mohammad Khodabanda, older brother of the late Shah Ismail II, begins his reign as the new Shah of Persia (now Iran) after entering the Persian capital at Qazvin, after removing his sister Pari Khan Khanum, who had exercised regal authority after Ismail's death. His first act as ruler is to have Pari Khan Khanum strangled to death.
 * February 13 – Two days after the Battle of Gembloux, Spanish troops capture the city of Leuven, forcing Willem, Prince of Orange, to flee Brussels and relocate to Antwerp.Geoffrey Parker, The Dutch Revolt (Cornell University Press, 1977) p.186
 * March 11 – Nicolò da Ponte is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Venice after 44 ballots, following the March 3 death of Sebastiano Venier.
 * March 20
 * James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton, the last of the regents for King James VI of Scotland, resigns after having served as regent since November 24, 1572.
 * The Belgian city of Bruges, controlled by Spain, falls to Dutch rebels.

April–June

 * April 23 – (17th day of 3rd month, Tensho 6) The Siege of Otate begins in Japan after the death of Uesugi Kenshin, the warlord of the Echigo Province.
 * April 27 – The Duel of the Mignons claims the lives of two favorites of Henry III of France, and two favourites of Henry I, Duke of Guise.
 * May 26 – The Alteratie takes place in Amsterdam, expelling the 24 Catholic members of the 40-man city government, and forming a new council is formed with 30 Calvinist Protestants and 10 Catholics.
 * May 31 – Martin Frobisher sails from Harwich in England with 15 ships to North America, where he will arrive at Frobisher Bay in July on his third expedition.
 * June 11 – Humphrey Gilbert is granted letters patent from the English crown to establish a colony in North America.
 * June 20 – The Frobisher expedition reaches Greenland.
 * June 30 – After having come into conflict on May 17 with his fellow officer, Thomas Doughty, during their circumnavigation of the world, Francis Drake puts Doughty on trial while the flagship Pelican is docked at what is now Argentina. A jury of sailors convicts Doughty of treason and attempted mutiny. Doughty is beheaded on July 2.

July–September

 * July 2 – The Frobisher expedition reaches Canada and enters what is now Frobisher Bay. One of the ships, the Dennis, is wrecked on an iceberg.
 * July 31
 * At the Battle of Rijmenam, fought near Antwerp in what is now Belgium, a combined Dutch and English force under the command of the Count of Boussu and England's John Norreys defeats Spanish troops commanded by Don Juan de Austria.
 * According to some accounts, Englishman Martin Frobisher holds the first Thanksgiving celebration by Europeans in Canada, on Newfoundland, after he and his fleet encounter two ships that they feared had been lost. However, the celebration involves no feast and is limited to a sermon by the expedition's minister and Frobisher's men giving praise.
 * August 4 – King Sebastian of Portugal is killed in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in North Africa while fighting Moors kill. Sebastian's elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, is named as the heir to the throne, initiating a succession crisis in Portugal.
 * August 20–September 6 – After renaming this flagship, Pelican to the Golden Hind, Francis Drake and his fleet begin their passage through the Strait of Magellan.
 * August 31 – The Forbisher expedition departs North America for its journey back to England.
 * September 6 – After 16 days travel, the fleet of Francis Drake completes its traverse of the Strait of Magellan between the tip of South America and Tierra del Fuego. Upon entering the Pacific Ocean, the fleet encounters violent storms. The supply ship Marigold, with over 100 men under the command of John Thomas, is lost with all hands off of Cape Horn. The rest of the fleet continues its voyage around the world.

October–December

 * October 1 – Alessandro Farnese succeeds his uncle, Don John, as Governor of the Spanish Netherlands.
 * October 21 – Battle of Wenden: The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk.
 * November 19 – Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Ralegh set out from Plymouth in England, leading an expedition to establish a colony in North America. They will be forced to turn back six months later.
 * December 9 – After more than five years of combat in southern France, the Protestant Huguenot citadel of Ménerbes negotiates a surrender to its French Catholic attackers.

Date unknown

 * Battle of the Spoiling Dyke at Trumpan on the Scottish Isle of Skye: the Clan MacLeod are victorious over the MacDonalds of Uist in a feud.
 * The Ottoman Empire conquers Abkhazia.
 * Sarsa Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia, defeats and kills Bahr negus Yeshaq along with his Ottoman allies, finally ending his rebellion.
 * Sonam Gyrso receives from Prince Atlan Khan the title of Talaï, and becomes the third Dalai Lama of Tibet.
 * The last outbreak of sweating sickness occurs in England.
 * The Portuguese assist Lord Ōmura Sumitada, the first Christian Japanese daimyo, in repulsing an assault on Nagasaki by the Ryūzōji clan.
 * Fur trade begins in Newfoundland in North America.

Births

 * January 7 – Agnes of Solms-Laubach, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1602)
 * January 10 – Christopher Clitherow, Lord Mayor of London and Member of Parliament (d. 1641)
 * January 28 – Cornelius Haga, Dutch diplomat (d. 1654)
 * March 18 – Adam Elsheimer, German artist working in Rome, who died at only thirty-two (d. 1610)
 * April 1 – William Harvey, English physician (d. 1657)
 * April 14 – King Philip III of Spain (d. 1621)
 * April 17 – Maximilian van der Sandt, Dutch theologian (d. 1656)
 * May 11 – Christian Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1601–1642) (d. 1642)
 * June 5 – Claude, Duke of Chevreuse (d. 1657)
 * June 13 – Thomas Finch, 2nd Earl of Winchilsea, Member of Parliament (d. 1639)
 * July 9 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1637)
 * July 21 – Philipp Hainhofer, German merchant, banker, diplomat and art collector (d. 1647)
 * July 27 – Frances Howard, Duchess of Richmond, British duchess (d. 1639)
 * July 31 – Countess Catharina Belgica of Nassau, regent of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1648)
 * August 5 – Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, first duke of Chaulnes (d. 1621)
 * August 10 – Matteo Rosselli, Italian painter (d. 1650)
 * August 17
 * Francesco Albani, Italian painter (d. 1660)
 * Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, first prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (d. 1638)
 * August 24 – John Taylor, English poet who dubbed himself The Water Poet (d. 1653)
 * September 11 – Vincenzo Maculani, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1667)
 * September 17 – John Prideaux, English academic administrator and Anglican bishop (d. 1650)
 * October 4 – Giovanni Francesco Guidi di Bagno, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1641)
 * October 12 – Baldassare Aloisi, Italian painter (d. 1638)
 * October 19 – Christine of Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Coburg (d. 1658)
 * November 4 – Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg, Duke of Jülich and Berg (1614–1635) (d. 1653)
 * November 6 – Maximilian of Liechtenstein, Austrian nobleman and Imperial General (d. 1645)
 * December 2 – Agostino Agazzari, Italian composer and music theorist (d. 1640)
 * December 7 – Okaji no Kata, Japanese concubine of Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1642)
 * December 20 – Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French noble (d. 1621)
 * December 28 – Henry Bulstrode, English Member of Parliament (d. 1643)
 * December 30 – Ulrik of Denmark, Danish prince-bishop (d. 1624)
 * approx. date – Fede Galizia, Italian painter
 * date unknown
 * Giambattista Andreini, Italian actor and playwright (d. 1650)
 * Yamada Arinaga, Japanese retainer of the Shimazu clan (d. 1668)
 * Benedetto Castelli, Italian scientist (d. 1643)
 * Thomas Coventry, 1st Baron Coventry, English lawyer (d. 1640)
 * Iwasa Matabei, Japanese painter (d. 1650)
 * Samuel Jordan, American colonial legislator (d. 1623)
 * Grzegorz IV Radziwiłł, Polish magnate (d. 1613)
 * François Ravaillac, killer of Henry IV of France (d. 1610)
 * Ambrose Rookwood, English Gunpowder Plot conspirator (d. 1606)
 * Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland (d. 1632)
 * Horio Tadauji, Japanese daimyō (d. 1604)
 * Everard Digby, English conspirator (d. 1606)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Giulio Clovio, Dalmatian painter (b. 1498)
 * January 6 – Queen Inseong, Korean royal consort (b. 1514)
 * January 25 – Mihrimah Sultan, Sultan Suleiman's daughter (b. 1522)
 * February 5 or 1579 – Giovanni Battista Moroni, Italian painter (b. 1510)
 * February 12 – Catherine of Austria, Queen of Portugal (b. 1507)
 * March 3
 * Sebastiano Venier, Doge of Venice (b. 1496)
 * Michael Kantakouzenos Şeytanoğlu, Ottoman Greek magnate (b. 1510)
 * March 7 – Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox (b. 1515)
 * March 29
 * Arthur Champernowne, English admiral (b. 1524)
 * Louis I, Cardinal of Guise, French cardinal (b. 1527)
 * April 2 – Marie Elisabeth of France, French princess (b. 1572)
 * April 11 – Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Austrian Archduchess (b. 1547)
 * April 14 – James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1535)
 * April 15 – Wolrad II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (b. 1509)
 * April 19 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1530)
 * May 4 – Martin Eisengrein, German theologian (b. 1535)
 * June 16 – Ioan Potcoavă, Russian Cossack ataman
 * July 2 – Thomas Doughty, English explorer (executed)
 * July 5 – Cristoforo Madruzzo, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1512)
 * July 27 – Jane Lumley, English translator (b. 1537)
 * August 4
 * King Sebastian of Portugal (b. 1554)
 * Thomas Stukley, English adventurer (b. 1525)
 * Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi, King of Morocco
 * Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi, King of Morocco
 * August 8 – Amago Katsuhisa, Japanese nobleman (b. 1553)
 * August 11 – Pedro Nunes, Portuguese mathematician (b. 1502)
 * August 16 – Andrew Corbet, English landowner and politician (b. 1522)
 * August 20 – Yamanaka Yukimori, Japanese samurai (b. 1545)
 * September – Pierre Lescot, French architect (b. 1510)
 * September 3 – Giulio della Rovere, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1533)
 * September 22 – Archduke Wenceslaus of Austria (b. 1561)
 * October 1 – Don John of Austria, military leader (b. 1547)
 * October 12 – Cornelius Gemma, Dutch astronomer and astrologer (b. 1535)
 * October 18 – Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias, Spanish prince (b. 1571)
 * December 3 – Gonzalo II Fernández de Córdoba, Governor of the Duchy of Milan (b. 1520)
 * December – Nicholas Heath, Archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1501)
 * date unknown – Sabina, Duchess of Bavaria (b. 1528)

title: 1578


text:
1577

Year 1577 (MDLXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 9 – The second Union of Brussels is formed, first without the Protestant counties of Holland and Zeeland (which is accepted by King Philip II of Spain), later with the Protestants, which means open rebellion of the whole of the Netherlands.
 * February 12 – The "Perpetual Edict", providing for the removal of Spanish troops from what is now the Netherlands, is signed in the city of Marche-en-Famenne in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) by the Spanish Governor-General, Don Juan de Austria and representatives of the Dutch rebellion. The Perpetual Edict will last only five months before Don Juan begins new attacks on the rebels
 * February 23 – The new Shah of Iran, Ismail II, has most of the advisers of his late father executed, including Prince Ibrahim Mirza.
 * March 17 – The Cathay Company is formed, to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold.

April–June

 * April 17 – In the Battle of Lubieszów, General Jan Zborowski leads the army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the catastrophic defeat of most of Jan Winkelbruch's 12,000 rebels and mercenaries from the Commonwealth's richest city, Danzig, killing 4,420 of the men and capturing another 5,000 as prisoners. Only 88 of Zborowski's 2,500 troops are killed. The Danzig Rebellion ends at the end of the year.
 * May 27 – English explorer Martin Frobisher departs from Blackwall in his flagship, HMS Ayde, along with the ships Gabriel and Michael, to begin the English expedition to North America.
 * May 28 – The Bergen Book, better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings, is published. The earlier version, known as the Torgau Book (1576), had been condensed into an Epitome; both documents are part of the 1580 Book of Concord.
 * June 11 – Sebastiano Venier becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Venice, succeeding Alvise Mocenigo, who died on June 4.
 * June 12 – The French city of Issoire surrenders and 3,000 of its Protestant Huguenots are massacred by the troops of the French Catholic General Francis, Duke of Anjou, on orders by King Henry III of France. The massacre is carried out 20 months after the October 15, 1575 killing of Catholic residents by Matthieu Merle. Most of Issoire's buildings are torn down, and the royal troops leave an inscription on a pillar, Ici fut Issoire ("Here stood Issoire.")
 * June 13 – Mirza Salman Jaberi is appointed as the new Grand Vizier of Persia by Shah Ismail II, replacing Mirza Shokrollah Isfahani.
 * June 29 – Mehmed II Giray becomes the new Khan of Crimea for the Ottoman Empire, after the death of his father, Devlet I Giray, from a plague.

July–September

 * July 9 – Ludvig Munk is appointed Governor-General of Norway.
 * August 1 – Göran Boije becomes the new Duke of Estonia, ruling what is, at the time, a dominion of the Swedish Empire.
 * August 23 – Martin Frobisher ends his expedition to Canada and he and his crew begin the journey back to England on the ships Ayde, Gabriel and Michael.
 * September 8 – (11th waning of Tawthalin 939 ME) Min Phalaung, King of Arakan in what is now northern Myanmar and southern Bangladesh on the Bay of Bengal, enters his new palace in dedication ceremonies at the capital at Mrauk U.
 * September 17 – The Treaty of Bergerac is signed between Henry III of France and the Huguenots.
 * September 23 – The first Inuit people to see Europe— Kalicho, Arnaq, and Arnaq's son, Nutaaq— are brought as captives of Martin Frobisher when HMS Gabriel arrived in England at Bristol. All three were captured on Baffin Island, and none of the three survive to the end of the year.

October–December

 * October 19 – In Italy, Giovanni Battista Gentile Pignolo is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa for a two-year term, replacing Prospero Centurione Fattinanti.
 * October 28 – In Flanders (now part of Belgium), two Protestant members of the city council of Ghent, Jan van Hembyze and François van Ryhove, proclaim the Calvinist Republic of Ghent. The stadtholder of Flanders, Philippe III de Croÿ, Duke of Aarschot is arrested, along with the Roman Catholic bishops Martin Rythovius of Ypres and Remi Drieux of Bruges. The Calvinist Republic will exist for seven years until the Spanish conquest of Ghent in 1584.
 * November 6 – The first recorded observation from Earth of the Great Comet of 1577 takes place by Aztec astronomers in Mexico, followed by reports from Italy on November 7 and Japan on November 8. Astronomer Tycho Brahe will track the comet from November 13 until January 26 before it departs the Solar System.
 * November 13 – In the Battle of Tedorigawa, Uesugi Kenshin's forces decisively defeat the forces of Oda Nobunaga, in what will be Kenshin's last victory before his death the following year.
 * November 19 – With defeat coming close in the siege of Shigisan, Matsunaga Hisahide commits suicide.
 * December 13 – Francis Drake leaves Plymouth, England, aboard the Pelican, with four other ships and 164 men, on an expedition against the Spanish, along the Pacific coast of the Americas, which will become his circumnavigation.

Date unknown

 * Supposed massacre of the MacDonald inhabitants of the Scottish island of Eigg, by the Clan MacLeod.
 * Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge over the Drina in Višegrad is completed in the Ottoman Empire.
 * The church in San Pedro de Atacama is built, in the Atacama Desert in Chile.
 * Casiodoro de Reina publishes his "Declaracion, o confesion de fe", the first and only Spanish confession of faith in the post Reformation period.

Births

 * January 9 – Anthony Irby, English politician (d. 1610)
 * January 12 – Francesco Stelluti, Italian mathematician (d. 1652)
 * January 13 – Hugh Audley, English moneylender/lawyer/philosopher (d. 1662)
 * February 5 – Johann Baptist Grossschedel, German noble, alchemist and esoteric author (d. 1630)
 * February 6 – Beatrice Cenci, Italian noblewoman who conspired to kill her father (d. 1599)
 * February 7 – Francis Walsingham, English Jesuit (d. 1647)
 * February 8 – Robert Burton, English scholar at Oxford University (d. 1640)
 * February 15 – Jean Riolan the Younger, French anatomist (d. 1657)
 * February 17 – Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (d. 1656)
 * February 18 – Roger North, English politician (d. 1651)
 * February 22 – Pieter Huyssens, Flemish architect (d. 1637)
 * March 1 – Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland (d. 1635)
 * March 2 – George Sandys, English traveller (d. 1644)
 * March 5 – Franciscus Dousa, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1630)
 * March 20 – Alessandro Tiarini, Italian Baroque painter of the Bolognese School (d. 1668)
 * March 24 – Francis, Duke of Pomerania-Stettin, Bishop of Cammin (d. 1620)
 * April 12 – King Christian IV of Denmark and Norway (d. 1648)
 * April 26 – Countess Elisabeth of Nassau, French noble (d. 1642)
 * May 20 – Philip de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1582)
 * May 31 – Nur Jahan, empress consort of the Mughal Empire (d. 1645)
 * June 12 – Paul Guldin, Swiss Jesuit mathematician (d. 1643)
 * June 28 – Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (d. 1640)
 * July 9 – Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, English governor of Virginia (d. 1618)
 * July 21
 * Anne de Montafié, Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, French countess (d. 1644)
 * Adam Willaerts, Dutch painter (d. 1664)
 * August 11 (bapt.) – Barnaby Potter, English Bishop of Carlisle (d. 1642)
 * September 1 – Scipione Borghese, Italian Catholic cardinal and art collector (d. 1633)
 * September 8 – Otto Heurnius, Dutch physician and philosopher (d. 1652)
 * September 24 – Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1596 to 1626 (d. 1626)
 * October 3 – Tobie Matthew, English Member of Parliament, later Catholic priest (d. 1655)
 * October 6 – Ferdinand of Bavaria (d. 1650)
 * October 11 – Jørgen Lunge, Danish politician (d. 1619)
 * October 17
 * Cristofano Allori, Italian portrait painter (d. 1621)
 * Dmitry Pozharsky, Russian prince (d. 1642)
 * November 2 – John Bridgeman, British bishop (d. 1652)
 * November 4 – François Leclerc du Tremblay (d. 1638)
 * November 10 – Jacob Cats, Dutch poet, jurist and politician (d. 1660)
 * November 24 – Louis Philip, Count Palatine of Guttenberg, Palatinate-Veldenz (d. 1601)
 * November 25 – Piet Pieterszoon Hein, Dutch admiral and privateer for the Dutch Republic (d. 1629)
 * December 8 – Mario Minniti, Italian artist active in Sicily after 1606 (d. 1640)
 * December 20 – Antonio Brunelli, Italian composer and theorist (d. 1630)
 * December 25 – Petrus Kirstenius, German physician and orientalist (d. 1640)
 * December 27 – William Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Effingham, English politician and Baron (d. 1615)
 * date unknown
 * Christoph Besold, German jurist (d. 1638)
 * Giacomo Cavedone, Italian painter (d. 1660)
 * Robert Cushman, English Plymouth Colony settler (d. 1625)
 * Kobayakawa Hideaki, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1602)
 * William Noy, English lawyer and politician (d. 1634)
 * Samuel Purchas, English travel writer (d. 1626)
 * Meletius Smotrytsky, Ruthenian religious activist and author, who developed Church Slavonic grammar (d. 1633)
 * Gerhard Johann Vossius, German classical scholar and theologian (d. 1649)

Deaths

 * January 23 – Nicolas, Duke of Mercœur, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1524)
 * February – Adam von Bodenstein, Swiss alchemist and physician (b. 1528)
 * February 26 – King Eric XIV of Sweden (b. 1533)
 * March 23 – Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (b. 1529)
 * April 13 – Konrad Hubert, German theologian and hymnwriter (b. 1507)
 * May – Richard Aertsz, Dutch painter (b. 1482)
 * May 5 – Viglius, Dutch statesman (b. 1507)
 * May 31 – García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and admiral (b. 1514)
 * June 4 – Alvise I Mocenigo, Doge of Venice (b. 1507)
 * June 7 – Daniel, Count of Waldeck (b. 1530)
 * June 12 – Orazio Samacchini, Italian painter (b. 1532)
 * July 23 – Scipione Rebiba, Italian cardinal (b. 1504)
 * July 26 – Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc, Marshal of France (b. 1502)
 * August 12 – Thomas Smith, English scholar and diplomat (b. 1513)
 * September 7 – Infanta Maria of Guimarães (b. 1538)
 * September 27 – Diego de Covarrubias y Leyva, Spanish jurist and archbishop of Cuenca (b. 1512)
 * October 3 – Henry IX, Count of Waldeck (b. 1531)
 * October 7 – George Gascoigne, English poet (b. c. 1525)
 * October 10 – Maria of Portugal, Duchess of Viseu (b. 1521)
 * November 19 – Matsunaga Hisahide, Japanese warlord (b. 1508)
 * November 29 – Cuthbert Mayne, English saint (b. 1543)
 * December 4 – Achilles Gasser, German physician and astrologer (b. 1505)
 * December 18 – Anna of Saxony, princess consort of Orange (b. 1544)

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title: 1577


text:
1576

Year 1576 (MDLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 20 – Martín Enríquez de Almanza, Viceroy of New Spain, founds the settlement of León, in what is later the state of Guanajuato in Mexico.
 * January 25 – Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais founds the settlement of São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda on the southwestern coast of Africa, now Luanda, capital of Angola.
 * February 5 – King Henry of Navarre, captive in France since 1572 and alive only because he converted to Catholicism, escapes to Tours and formally reverts to the Protestant faith.Dupuy, Trevor N.; Johnson, Curt; Bongard, David L. (1995).
 * February 8 – Peter Wentworth, a Puritan M.P. of the Parliament of England, is arrested in the middle of giving an address criticizing "rumours and messages" given to suppress freedom of speech. When he says that "the devil was the first author of them, from whom proceedeth nothing but wickedness", he is interrupted and taken to the Tower of London for imprisonment.
 * March 11 – The city of Fez, part of the Saadi Sultanate in what is now Morocco is captured by Ottoman forces led by Abd al-Malik, in an attempt to overthrow the Sultan Muhammed al-Mutawakkil and to make the Sultanate a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.

April–June

 * April 14 – Ishiyama Hongan-ji War: In Japan, the Third Battle of Ishiyama begins as Oda Nobunaga sends 10,000 soldiers against the Ashikaga shogunate to capture the Honganji Temple.
 * April 25 – Documents for the Union of Delft are signed by Dutch leader Willem van Oranj to create a federation of Holland and Zeeland.
 * May 1 – Stephen Báthory, the Hungarian Prince of Transylvania, is crowned king of Poland.
 * May 6 – The Edict of Beaulieu, negotiated by Monsieur Francois, Duke of Anjou and brother of King Henry III of France, ends the Fifth War of Religion. By the terms of the "Peace of Monsieur" that led to agreement on the Edict, freedom of worship is granted again to the  Protestant Hugueonots.
 * May 14 – Tahmasp I, the Shah of Safavid Iran for almost 52 years, is accidentally poisoned after being treated by the palace physician, Abu Naser Gilani. Tahmasp's death is followed by a deadly struggle for control of Iran.
 * May 15 – Tahmap's son Haydar Mirza Safavi declares himself the new Safavid Shah of Iran, the day after the death of his father. Later in the day, Haydar is assassinated by members of the palace guard who are loyal to Haydar's brother, Ismail Mirza. Haydar attempts to disguise himself as a woman in the royal harem, but is discovered and beheaded.
 * May 27 – An attempt by the Dutch Republic to end the Siege of Zierikzee and free the city from Spain fails after Spanish forces are tipped off about a surprise attack. Dutch Admiral Lodewijk van Boisot is killed in the battle.
 * June 13 – Dutch forces withdraw from their attempt to free Zierikzee, and the city is left to defend itself. The defenders then begin negotiations with the Spanish attackers, commanded by General Cristóbal de Mondragón.
 * June 18 – In the Battle of Haldighati in India, Mughal Imperial forces, led by Man Singh I of Amer, decisively defeat the Mewar Kingdom led by Maharana Pratap.

July–September

 * July 4 – Alonso de Solís, who was appointed by Spain as Governor of the colony of La Florida, is killed in the colonial capital at San Augustin, now the U.S. city of St. Augustine, Florida.
 * July 11 – English navigator Martin Frobisher sights Greenland.
 * July 12 – The Mughal Empire annexes Bengal after defeating the Bengal Sultanate at the Battle of Rajmahal.
 * July 25 – Rebellious Spanish troops plunder the Flemish city of Aalst and then use it as their base of operations to attack other cities.
 * July 29 – The Siege of Zierikzee in the Netherlands ends with the surrender of the defenders to the Spanish Army.
 * August 11 – English navigator Martin Frobisher, on his search for the Northwest Passage through North America, enters the bay now named after him in Canada.
 * August 23 – On the island of Kyūshū in Japan, near what is now Takaharu, Miyazaki prefecture, Takahara Castle of the Itō clan is captured by 30,000 men led by the warlord Shimazu Yoshihisa, after a siege of four days.
 * September 1 – Ismail Mirza, who has proclaimed himself the Shah of Safavid Iran, marches into the capital at Qazvin and ascends the throne as Shah Ismail II.
 * September 2 – Simeon Bekbulatovich, who has served since the previous October as the Grand Prince of All Russia after the Tsar Ivan IV ("Ivan the Terrible") had taken leave of absence from the throne, steps down as Ivan returns to Moscow. Ivan rewards Bekbulatovich with the title of Grand Prince of Tver.
 * September 4 – In Brussels, rebels led by Jacques de Glymes of Brabant arrest the members of the Council of State that administers the city.
 * September 8 – The States General of the Netherlands is convened by the leaders of the States of Brabant and the County of Hainaut in order to respond to mutineering Spanish troops.
 * September 10 – After a siege that has lasted a year and two days, the Spanish Army abandons its siege of the Dutch city of Woerden.
 * September 16 – The States of Flanders convene a meeting near Ghent, where the Roman Catholic clergy, led by Martinus Rythovius, insist on measures to protect the practice of the Catholic faith in the predominantly Protestant Low Countries.

October–December

 * October 12 – Maximilian II, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and most of Central Europe since 1564, dies suddenly in Regensburg while preparing for an Imperial invasion of Poland. Maximilian's 24-year-old son Rudolf, King of the Romans as well as the King of Hungary and of Bohemia, proceeds to Vienna to assume the Imperial Throne.
 * October 20 – Spanish rebels plunder the city of Maastricht in Flanders and kill many of the civilian residents in what is later called the "Spaanse Furie" or Fury of Spain.
 * October 26 – In Germany, Ludwig of Simmern becomes the new Elector Palatine of the Rhine 10 days after the death of his father, Frederick III, taking office at the Palatinate capital at Heidelberg as Ludwig VI.
 * November 1 – Rudolf II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.
 * November 4 – Eighty Years' War – Sack of Antwerp: In the Low Countries, mutinous Spanish soldiers sack Antwerp; after three days the city is nearly destroyed.
 * November 8 – Pacification of Ghent: The States General of the Netherlands meet and unite to oppose pillaging Spanish mutineers.
 * November 9 – Shah Ismail II of Iran begins the execution of all persons whom he believes are a threat to his rule, starting with his half-brothers Suleiman Mirza, Governor of Shiraz, and Mustafa Mirza. Over the next seven months, Ismail arranges the execution of six other half-brothers, Mustafa, Junayd, Mahmud, Qoli, Ahmad, and Murza.
 * December 6 – Representatives of France's three estates convene at the Estates General of 1576 in Blois at the invitation of King Henri III. Of the 383 delegates, the 187 of the Third Estate (commoners) narrowly vote in favor of outlawing Protestantism and expelling Protestant pastors from the kingdom, while the 110 of the First Estate (clergy) and 86 of the Second Estate (the nobility) strongly oppose ending hostility in the name of religious tolerance.
 * December 19 – Representatives of the nobility of the Second Estate vote in favor of outlawing Protestantism in France.
 * December 22 – Representatives of the clergy of the First Estate join the Second vote in favor of outlawing Protestantism. By January, the Edict of Beaulieu fails and the Sixth War of Religion begins later in 1577.
 * December – James Burbage opens the first permanent public playhouse in Britain, The Theatre.

Date unknown

 * The 1576 Cocoliztli epidemic causes millions of deaths in the territory of New Spain, in modern-day Mexico.
 * An early example of autobiography is written in English, by Thomas Whythorne.
 * The Loci Communes of Peter Martyr Vermigli (d. 1562), edited by Robert le Maçon, are published in London.
 * The following schools are founded in England:
 * Dartford Grammar School, by William d'Aeth, Edward Gwyn and William Vaughn.
 * Sutton Valence School, by William Lambe.
 * Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski founds Ostroh Academy, the first university-level school in Eastern Europe.

Births

 * January 4 – Archduchess Catherine Renata of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1599)
 * January 5 – Anne Turner, English murderer (d. 1615)
 * January 12 – Petrus Scriverius, Dutch writer and scholar on the history of Holland and Belgium (d. 1660)
 * February 2 – Alix Le Clerc, French Canoness Regular and foundress (d. 1622)
 * February 10 – Festus Hommius, Dutch theologian (d. 1642)
 * February 29 – Antonio Neri, Italian chemist (d. 1614)
 * March 14 – Eric of Lorraine, Bishop of Verdun (d. 1623)
 * March 31 – Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau, countess consort and a regent of the Palatinate (d. 1644)
 * May 17 – Joam Mattheus Adami, Italian Jesuit missionary (d. 1633)
 * May 24 – Elizabeth Carey, Lady Berkeley, English courtier (d. 1635)
 * May 27 – Caspar Schoppe, German controversialist and scholar (d. 1649)
 * June 6 – Giovanni Diodati, Swiss-born Italian Calvinist theologian and translator (d. 1649)
 * June 16 – Giovanni Battista Viola, Italian painter (d. 1622)
 * July 3 – Duchess Anna of Prussia, Electress consort of Brandenburg and Duchess consort of Prussia (d. 1625)
 * September 22 – Philipp of Bavaria, German Catholic cardinal (d. 1598)
 * October – Thomas Weelkes, English composer and organist (d. 1626)
 * October 6 – Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland, eldest surviving son of John Manners (d. 1612)
 * October 7 – John Marston, English writer (d. 1634)
 * October 12 – Thomas Dudley, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony (d. 1653)
 * October 28 – Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, Prince of Anhalt (1586–1603), then Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1603–1621) (d. 1621)
 * October 30 – Enrico Caterino Davila, Italian historian and diplomat (d. 1631)
 * November 6 – Charles Günther, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1605–1630) (d. 1630)
 * November 17 – Roque Gonzales, Paraguayan missionary (d. 1628)
 * November 18 – Philipp Ludwig II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (1580–1612) (d. 1612)
 * November 27 – Shimazu Tadatsune, Japanese ruler of Satsuma (d. 1638)
 * December 20 – Saint John Sarkander, Moravian priest (d. 1620)
 * date unknown
 * William Ames, English Protestant philosopher (d. 1633)
 * John Carver, first governor of Plymouth Colony (d. 1621)
 * Giulio Cesare la Galla, professor of philosophy at the Collegio Romano in Italy (d. 1624)
 * Santino Solari, Swiss architect and sculptor (d. 1646)
 * probable – Jesper Mattson Cruus af Edeby, Swedish soldier and politician (d. 1622)

Deaths

 * January 19 – Hans Sachs, German Meistersinger (b. 1494)
 * January 27 – Mizuno Nobumoto, Japanese shōgun
 * February 10 – Wilhelm/Guilielmus Xylander, German classical scholar (b. 1532)
 * February 12 – John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg (b. 1525)
 * March 5 – Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga, Spanish governor of the Netherlands (b. 1528)
 * March 18 – Johann Stössel, German theologian (b. 1524)
 * May 14 – Tahmasp I, Shah of Persia (b. 1514)
 * May 30 – Harada Naomasa, Japanese samurai
 * June 30 – Franciscus Sonnius, Dutch counter-Reformation theologian (b. 1506)
 * July 2 – Josias Simler, Swiss scholar (b. 1530)
 * July 11 – Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo, Italian noble (d. 1553)
 * July 16 – Isabella de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1542)
 * August 15 or August 22 – Bálint Bakfark, Hungarian composer and lutenist (b. 1507)
 * August 27 – Titian, Italian painter (b. c. 1489)
 * September 21 – Gerolamo Cardano, Italian mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler (b. 1502)
 * September 22 – Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex (b. 1541)
 * October 12 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1527)
 * October 14 – Konrad Heresbach, German Calvinist (b. 1496)
 * October 26 – Frederick III, Elector Palatine, ruler from the house of Wittelsbach (b. 1515)
 * November 4 – John Paulet, 2nd Marquess of Winchester (b. c. 1510)
 * November 9 – Chamaraja Wodeyar IV, King of Mysore (b. 1507)
 * date unknown
 * Paula Vicente, Portuguese artist, musician and writer (b. 1519)
 * probable
 * Anthony More, Dutch portrait painter (b. 1512)
 * Nicola Vicentino, Italian music theorist and composer (b. 1511)

title: 1576


text:
1575

Year 1575 (MDLXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 21 – Queen Elizabeth I of England grants a monopoly on producing printed sheet music, to Thomas Tallis and William Byrd.
 * February 8 – William I of Orange founds Leiden University.
 * February 11 – Portuguese explorer Paulo Dias de Novais arrives in southeastern Africa to colonize what is now Angola.
 * February 13 – The formal coronation of Henry III as King of France takes place at the Reims Cathedral. Henry inherited the throne on May 30, 1574, upon the death of his older brother, Charles IX. He marries Louise de Lorraine-Vaudémont.
 * March 3 – Battle of Tukaroi: The Mughal Empire decisively defeats the Karrani dynasty of Bengal. The battle took place near the village of Tukaroi in present-day Balasore District of Odisha.

April–June

 * April 2 – English privateer Gilbert Horseley and his crew sail into the Bay of Honduras in Central America and conduct three days of raids of Spanish settlements and ships.
 * April 6 – Antoine I de Gramont, Lord Sovereign of the Principality of Bidache in the French Pyrennees Mountains, promulgates a legal code for his people.
 * April 18 – Bayinnaung, King of Burma, returns to his capital at Pegu from Vientiane after installing Voravongsa I as the Burmese-appointed monarch of the Kingdom of Lan Xang (now Laos).
 * May 12 – KIng Henry III of France, who had been selected in 1573 by the nobles of Poland and Lithuania to be King of Poland as Henryk Walezy, is stripped of his Polish and Lithuanian titles after failing to return to Kraków by the deadline imposed by the Polish nobility.
 * May 24 – In an attempt to reform the Eastern Orthodox Church, Lutheran missionaries meet with Jeremias II Tranos, the Ecumenical Patriarch, at his residence in Constantinople, and present him with a Greek translation of the Augsburg Confession. Jeremias sends the missionaries, Jakob Andreae and Martin Crusius, three rebuttals to define the objections he has to the Lutheran document, declaring the reasons why the Eastern Orthodoxy has no desire for reformation.
 * June 24 – William I of Orange marries Charlotte of Bourbon.
 * June 28 – Battle of Nagashino: Oda Nobunaga defeats Takeda Katsuyori in Japan's first modern battle.

July–September

 * July 7 – Raid of the Redeswire: Sir John Carmichael defeats Sir John Forster, in the last battle between England and Scotland.
 * July 26 – Edmund Grindal succeeds Matthew Parker as Archbishop of Canterbury.
 * August 5 – Henry Sidney is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
 * September 22
 * Paulo Dias de Novais becomes the first Portuguese Governor of Angola.
 * Ottoman forces led by Ferhad Pasha Sokolović defeat the Austrian Army, led by Herbard VIII von Auersperg, in the Battle of Budačka. Auersperg is decapitated and Ferhad Pasha leaves Croatia with the head as a trophy.
 * September 1 –As a result of the Eighty Years' War, the government of the Kingdom of Spain is in bankruptcy and stops paying its troops, beginning in March.
 * September 25 – At St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague, Rudolf of Habsburg, son of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II, is crowned King of Bohemia by the Archbishop Antonín Brus of Mohelnice.
 * September 26 – Future Spanish author and playwright Miguel de Cervantes, then 28, is taken hostage by the Ottoman Albanian pirate Arnaut Mami after an attack on the Spanish galley Sol off of the Catalan coast. Cervantes spends the next five years as a slave in Algeria before his family pays a ransom to free him.

October–December

 * October 10 – Battle of Dormans: Catholic forces under Henry I, Duke of Guise defeat the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others.
 * October 22 – The city of Villa de la Asunción (today Aguascalientes) is founded in New Spain, by permission from Philip II of Spain.
 * November 8 – The Sejm of Poland meets in Warsaw to elect a new King of Poland after King Henryk has failed to return from France, and considers 11 candidates.
 * November 9 – Ferhad Pasha Sokolović returns to Constantinople in triumph with the head of General Auersperg as a trophy after his September 22 victory at Budecka.
 * November 22 – Portuguese navigator Manuel de Mesquita Perestrelo departs from Mozambique on a mission for to map the coastline, completing the task on March 13.
 * December 12 – Under pressure from Papal nuncio Vincenzo Lauro when a majority of the Sejm has still not agreed on a candidate, the Primate of Poland, Jakub Uchański, declares Maximilian II new King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
 * December 16 – An earthquake hits Valdivia.

Date unknown

 * Russians occupy Pernau in western Estonia, and the fortress of Weissenstein.
 * The seat of the Audiencia Real in Chile moves from Concepción to Santiago.
 * Abraham Ortelius becomes a geographer to Philip II of Spain.
 * The bubonic plague decimates Venice.
 * Captains of vessels flying the Spanish flag are legally required to maintain a logbook.
 * Venceslaus Agrippa Lituanus is the Great Scribe of Lithuania.

Births

 * January – Elizabeth Cecil, 16th Baroness de Ros (d. 1591)
 * January 22 – Louis III, Cardinal of Guise (d. 1621)
 * c. February 3 – Bernard of Wąbrzeźno, Polish Catholic priest and Benedictine monk (d. 1603)
 * February 4 – Pierre de Bérulle, French cardinal and statesman (d. 1629)
 * February 15 – Louis Gunther of Nassau, Count of Nassau-Katzenelnbogen (d. 1604)
 * February 16 – Richard Carpenter, English priest and theologian (d. 1625)
 * February 21 – Marten Pepijn, Flemish painter (d. 1643)
 * February 27
 * John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1590–1616) (d. 1616)
 * Anna of Holstein-Gottorp, countess consort of East Frisia (d. 1610)
 * April 18 – Frederick Magnus, Count of Erbach-Fürstenau (1606–1618) (d. 1618)
 * April 21 – Francesco Molin, Doge of Venice (d. 1655)
 * April 26 – Marie de' Medici, queen of Henry IV of France (d. 1642)
 * May 20 – Robert Heath, English judge and politician (d. 1649)
 * May 30 – Diego Salcedo, Spanish bishop (d. 1644)
 * June 15 – Lelio Biscia, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1638)
 * June 24 – William Petre, 2nd Baron Petre, English peer and MP (d. 1637)
 * June 26 – Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (d. 1612)
 * July 2 – Elizabeth de Vere, Countess of Derby (d. 1627)
 * July 11 – Thomas Berkeley, English politician (d. 1611)
 * July 14 – Augustus, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau, German prince (d. 1653)
 * July 28 – Fernando de Valdés y Llanos, Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1639)
 * July 31 – Simon Steward, English politician (d. 1632)
 * August 14 – Robert Hayman, English-born poet (d. 1629)
 * August 15 – Diego, Prince of Asturias, Portuguese prince (d. 1582)
 * August 18 – Countess Palatine Anna Maria of Neuburg, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1643)
 * August 24 – William Burton, British antiquarian (d. 1645)
 * November 4 – Guido Reni, Italian painter (d. 1642)
 * November 26 – John Augustus, Count Palatine of Lützelstein, German count (d. 1611)
 * December 4 – The Nun of Monza, Italian nun (d. 1650)
 * December 18 – Michelagnolo Galilei, Italian lutenist and composer (d. 1631)
 * date unknown
 * Jakob Böhme, German mystic (d. 1624)
 * David Calderwood, Scottish divine and historian (d. 1650)
 * Concino Concini, 3rd Prime Minister of France (d. 1617)
 * Anna Kostka, Polish noblewoman (d. 1635)
 * Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex, successful London merchant (d. 1645)
 * William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle (d. 1622)
 * Arbella Stuart, Duchess of Somerset (d. 1615)
 * Cyril Tourneur, English dramatist (d. 1626)
 * Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell (d. 1608)
 * probable
 * Vittoria Aleotti, Italian composer (d. c. 1620)
 * Giambattista Basile, Italian poet (d. 1632)
 * Edmund Bolton, English historian and poet (d. 1633)
 * Clemente Tabone, Maltese landowner and militia member (d. 1665)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Sidonie of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg (b. 1518)
 * January 14 – Barbara Uthmann, German businessperson (b. 1514)
 * January 22 – James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault (b. 1516)
 * January 29 – Hernando de Aragón, Spanish Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1498)
 * February 9 – Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, heir apparent of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (b. 1555)
 * February 20 – Maria of Jever, last ruler of the Lordship of Jever (b. 1500)
 * February 21 – Claude of Valois, Duchess consort of Lorraine and French princess (b. 1547)
 * March 11 – Matthias Flacius, Croatian Protestant reformer (b. 1520)
 * March 15 – Annibale Padovano, Italian composer and organist (b. 1527)
 * March 17 – Georg Cracow, German lawyer and politician (b. 1525)
 * March 24 – Yosef Karo, Spanish-born Jewish rabbi. Author of the book "Shulchan Aruch" (b. 1488)
 * May 17 – Matthew Parker, English Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1504)
 * May 28 – Sophia Jagiellon, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1522)
 * June 3 – Francisco de Ibarra, Spanish explorer and colonial governor in Mexico (b. c. 1539)
 * June 7 – Sir George Heron, English politician
 * June 28 – Yonekura Shigetsugu, Japanese samurai
 * June 29
 * Baba Nobuharu, Japanese samurai
 * Hara Masatane, Japanese samurai (b. 1531)
 * Naito Masatoyo, Japanese samurai (b. 1522)
 * Sanada Nobutsuna, Japanese samurai (b. 1537)
 * Takeda Nobuzane, Japanese daimyō
 * Yamagata Masakage, Japanese samurai (b. 1524)
 * July 14 – Richard Taverner, English Bible translator (b. 1505)
 * July 29 – Jon Simonssøn, Norwegian humanist (b. 1512)
 * August 2 – Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (b. 1537)
 * September 17 – Heinrich Bullinger, Swiss religious reformer (b. 1504)
 * September 24 – Anna of Oldenburg, Regent of East Frisia (b. 1501)
 * October 17 – Gaspar Cervantes de Gaeta, Spanish Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1511)
 * October 20 – Kaspar Eberhard, German theologian (b. 1523)
 * October 24 – Peder Oxe, Danish finance minister (b. 1520)
 * November 2 – Sabina of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German princess (b. 1529)
 * December 1 – Diego Andrada de Payva, Portuguese theologian (b. 1528)
 * December 23 – Akiyama Nobutomo, Japanese retainer (b. 1531)
 * December 31 – Pierino Belli, Italian soldier and jurist (b. 1502)
 * date unknown
 * Constantio Varoli, Italian anatomist (b. 1543)
 * Isabel de Josa, Catalan writer (b. 1508)

In fiction

 * The conclusion of the events of the film Kagemusha by Akira Kurosawa takes place in this year.

title: 1575


text:
1570

1570 (MDLXX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 8 – Ivan the Terrible begins the Massacre of Novgorod.
 * January 23 – The assassination of Scottish regent James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, by James Hamilton, the first known shooting of a national leader, throws Scotland into civil war. Having loaded a carbine rifle and carried it into the Linlithgow home of his uncle, the Archbishop of St Andrews, Hamilton stands at an upstairs window overlooking the street where Moray will ride by on horseback as part of cavalcade. Once Moray comes into range, Hamilton fires and fatally wounds the regent for King James VI.
 * February 8 – An estimated 8.3 magnitude earthquake occurs in Concepción, Chile.
 * February 5 – Venus occults Jupiter; this will next happen in 1818.
 * March 28 – The ambassador of the Ottoman Sultan Selim II goes before the governing Council of the Venetian Republic and requests that Venice surrender the island of Cyprus. The Council rejects the demand and prepares to go to war with the Ottoman Empire.

April–June

 * April 7 – In Scotland, Colin Campbell of Glenorchy receives permission from the Regent, the Earl of Morton, to execute the chief of Clan Gregor, his son-in-law Gregor Roy MacGregor, and carries out MacGregor's beheading at Balloch in front of the Earl of Atholl.
 * April 27 – Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England, and all persons who show allegiance to her, with the bull Regnans in Excelsis.
 * May 20 – Abraham Ortelius publishes the first modern atlas, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, in Antwerp.
 * May 24 – Battle of Manila: The Spanish, led by Martín de Goiti, defeat the forces of Raja Sulayman.
 * June 10 – The Kingdom of Livonia is established.

July–September

 * July 3 – The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus begins as more than 350 Ottoman ships and over 60,000 troops land near Larnaca and then march toward the Cypriot capital, Nicosia.
 * July 14 – Pope Pius V issues Quo primum, promulgating the 1570 edition of the Roman Missal.
 * July 22
 * Thomson Snell & Passmore is founded, the oldest law firm in operation.
 * The siege of Nicosia by the Ottoman Empire begins in Cyprus and lasts for seven weeks.
 * July 30 &ndash (28th day of 6th month of Genki 1 Battle of Anegawa: The allied forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu defeat the combined forces of the Azai and Asakura clans.
 * August 8 – The Peace of Saint-Germain ends the Third War of Religion in France. Again, the Huguenots are promised religious freedom and political autonomy.
 * August 16 – The Treaty of Speyer is signed between John Sigismund Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania and Maximilian II, King of Hungary.
 * September 9 – Nicosia falls to the Turks under the command of General Lala Mustafa Pasha. After the Ottomans breach the walls, the Venetian defenders are massacred and the women and boys are sold into slavery.
 * September 10 – A party of ten Spanish Jesuit missionaries land on the Virginia Peninsula of North America to establish the Ajacán Mission, which will be massacred in February 1571.
 * September 25 (26th day of 8th month of Genki 1 – The 10-year-long Ishiyama Hongan-ji War begins in Japan as Oda Nobunaga stages simultaneous attacks on two fortresses (Ishiyama Hongan-ji and Nagashima) of the Ikkō-ikki faction near Osaka.

October–December

 * October 3 – Princess Anna of Austria arrives in Spain to become the Queen Consort of Spain as the bride of her uncle King Philip of Spain, whom she had married by proxy on May 4. Having traveled through the Netherlands, she asks King Philip to spare the life of the rebel Floris of Montmorency, but the King arranges the strangulation of Floris on October 14.
 * November 17 – A major earthquake strikes the Italian city of Ferrara at 3:00 in the morning local time, destroying 40 percent of the buildings in the city, but causing only 171 deaths. After the initial shocks, a sequence of aftershocks continue for four years, with over 2,000 in the period from November 1570 to February 1571.
 * December 13 – The Treaty of Stettin ends the Northern Seven Years' War.

Date unknown

 * Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo (in the service of Miguel López de Legazpi) begins the conquest of the Kingdom of Maynila.
 * Construction of the original Catedral Nuestra Señora de La Asunción, the oldest church in Venezuela, begins.
 * The Whitechapel Bell Foundry is known to be in existence in London. By 2017, when it closes its premises in Whitechapel, it will be the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain.
 * Andrea Palladio publishes I quattro libri dell'architettura in Venice.
 * Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins.
 * The Andean population of the Viceroyalty of Peru reaches 1.3 million.

Births

 * January 1 – Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Spouse of Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d. 1649)
 * January 19 – Wolfgang Hirschbach, German legal scholar (d. 1620)
 * March 25 – Henry Lennard, 12th Baron Dacre, English baron and politician (d. 1616)
 * April 13 – Guy Fawkes, English conspirator (d. 1606)
 * May 8 – Tamás Esterházy, Hungarian writer (d. 1616)
 * May 22 – Johann II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, German duke (d. 1605)
 * June 7 – Sultan Murad Mirza, Mughal prince (d. 1599)
 * June 13 – Paul Peuerl, German organist (d. 1625)
 * August 10 – Philip, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (1587–1590) (d. 1590)
 * August 19 – Salamone Rossi, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1630)
 * August 21 – Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, co-ruler of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (1603–1606) (d. 1606)
 * August 22 – Franz von Dietrichstein, German Catholic bishop (d. 1636)
 * August 31 – Gustav of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (d. 1597)
 * October 3 – George Coke, British bishop (d. 1646)
 * October 4 – Péter Pázmány, Hungarian cardinal and statesman (d. 1637)
 * October 7 – Volkert Overlander, Dutch mayor (d. 1630)
 * November 1 – Phineas Pett, English shipwright and member of the Pett Dynasty (d. 1647)
 * November 15 – Francesco Curradi, Italian painter (d. 1661)
 * November 20 – Giovanni Battista Agucchi, Italian churchman, papal diplomat, and writer on art theory (d. 1632)
 * November 26 – Christian, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Ærø (1622–1633) (d. 1633)
 * November 28 – James Whitelocke, English judge (d. 1632)
 * December 7 – Richard Cecil, English politician (d. 1633)
 * December 29 – Wilhelm Lamormaini, Luxembourgian theologian (d. 1648)
 * date unknown
 * Diego Aduarte, Prior of Manila (d. 1637)
 * Robert Aytoun, Scottish poet (d. 1638)
 * Ebba Bielke, Swedish baroness and conspirator (d. 1618)
 * John Cooper, English composer and lutenist (d. 1626)
 * Simon Grahame, Scottish-born adventurer (d. 1614)
 * Nakagawa Hidenari, Japanese daimyō (d. 1612)
 * Hans Lippershey, Dutch lensmaker (d. 1619)
 * Asprilio Pacelli, Italian Baroque composer (d. 1623)
 * Girolamo Rainaldi, Italian architect (d. 1655)
 * Claudia Sessa, Italian composer (d. 1617/19)
 * Katharina Henot, German General Postmaster and alleged witch (d. 1627)
 * Urszula Meyerin, politically influential Polish courtier (d. 1635)
 * Christina Rauscher, German official and critic of witchcraft persecutions (d. 1618)
 * John Dackombe, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (d. 1618)

Deaths

 * January 8 – Philibert de l'Orme, French architect (b. 1510)
 * February – Henry Balnaves, Scottish politician and religious reformer (b. 1512)
 * January 23 – James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, regent of Scotland (assassinated) (b. c.1531)
 * February 13 – Eleonora Gonzaga, Duchess of Urbino, politically active Italian duchess (b. 1493)
 * February 20 – Johannes Scheubel, German mathematician (b. 1494)
 * March 1 – Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1540)
 * March 16 – Ippolita Gonzaga, Italian nun (b. 1503)
 * April 13 – Daniele Barbaro, Italian architect (b. 1514)
 * July 3 – Aonio Paleario, Italian humanist and reformer (executed) (b. c. 1500)
 * July 25 – Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi, Russian diplomat
 * August 4 – Marie Catherine Gondi, French court official (b. c. 1500)
 * September 11 – Johannes Brenz, German theologian and Protestant Reformer (b. 1499)
 * October 1 – Frans Floris, Flemish painter (b. 1520)
 * October 18 – Manuel da Nóbrega, Portuguese Jesuit missionary in Brazil (b. 1517)
 * October 20
 * João de Barros, Portuguese historian (b. 1496)
 * Francesco Laparelli, Italian architect (b. 1521)
 * November – Jacques Grévin, French dramatist (b. 1539)
 * November 21 – Ruxandra Lăpușneanu, Moldavian regent (b. 1538)
 * November 27 – Jacopo Sansovino, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1486)
 * December 15 – Frederick III of Legnica, Duke of Legnica (b. 1520)
 * date unknown
 * François Bonivard, Swiss patriot and historian (b. 1496)
 * Francesco Primaticcio, Italian painter, architect, and sculptor (b. 1504)
 * Tomás de Santa María, Spanish music theorist
 * Agostino Gallo, Italian agronomist (b. 1499)

title: 1570


text:
1569

Year 1569 (MDLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 11 — The first recorded lottery in England begins and continues, nonstop, at the west door of St Paul's Cathedral for almost five months. Each share costs ten shillings, and proceeds are used to repair harbours, and for other public works.
 * February 26 — Pope Pius V issues a papal bull expelling all Jews from Italian and French territories.
 * March 13 – Battle of Jarnac: Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under the Prince of Condé, who is captured and murdered. A substantial proportion of the Huguenot army manages to escape, under Gaspard de Coligny.

April–June

 * April 15 – Burmese–Siamese War: In what is now Thailand, Mahinthrathirat reclaims the throne of the Ayutthaya Kingdom upon the death of King Maha Chakkraphat.
 * May 6 – England's St. Paul Cathedral lottery ends with the selection of a winner.
 * May 8 – King Bayinnaung of Burma puts down the revolt by Setthathirath of Lan Xang (now Laos), and ending Lan Xang's attempt to rescue Thailand's Ayutthaya Kingdom from conquest.
 * May 31 – Kasim Pasha of the Ottoman Empire begins the Ottoman attempt to conquer Astrakhan with tens of thousands of troops and a plan to build a canal between the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea to send Ottoman ships on the conquest. The attempt to build a canal proves to be unfeasible.
 * June 10 – German Protestant troops reinforce Coligny, near Limoges.

July–September

 * July 1 – The Union of Lublin unites the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, following votes in the Assemblies of three Lithuanian provinces (Volhynia, Ukraine and Podlasie) in favour of the incorporation.
 * July 24 – Huguenot forces under Gaspard II de Coligny and 15-year-old Prince Henry of Navarre begin the siege of Poitiers, a Roman Catholic stronghold. The siege fails and the Huguenots depart on September 7.
 * August 2 – Burma invades Siam and captures Ayutthaya. Siam becomes a vassal of Burma.
 * August 24 – Battle of Orthez: Huguenot forces under Gabriel, comte de Montgomery defeat Royalist forces under General Terride, in French Navarre. Catholics surrender under the condition that their lives will be spared. Huguenots agree, but then massacre the Catholics anyway.
 * September 7 – A Royalist army under the Duc d'Anjou and Marshal Tavannes forces Coligny to abandon the siege of Poitiers.
 * September 17 – Pope Pius V issues the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices setting specific elements for the devotion of the Rosary.
 * September 26 – Kasim Pasha ends his attempt to conquer Astrakhan after realizing that his troops have only one month's supply of food left.
 * September 28 – The first complete printed Bible in a Spanish translation (La Biblia), made by Casiodoro de Reina, is published in Basel.
 * September 29 – Maha Thammarachathirat is installed by the Burmese Army as the vassal king of Ayutthaya.

October–December

 * October 3 – Battle of Moncontour: The Royalist forces of Gaspard de Saulx Tavannes and the Duc d'Anjou defeat Gaspard II de Coligny's Huguenots, killing 8,000 and taking 3,000 prisoner.
 * November 9 – The Rising of the North begins in England as the Earl of Westmorland and the Earl of Northumberland, both Catholic nobles, set off from Brancepeth Castle in County Durham with 700 men, in hopes of overthrowing Queen Elizabeth I of England, and placing the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, on the English throne.
 * November 11 — Danish General Daniel Rantzau arrives at the Swedish held Varberg castle at Halland and orders his artillery to shell the castle with cannon fire. The Swedish defenders fire back with their own artillery and Rantzau's head is taken off by a cannonball on the first day.
 * November 14 — The siege of Varberg Castle by Denmark ends after three days of shelling the Swedish defenders.
 * November 26 — Francisco Álvarez de Toledo becomes the new Spanish Viceroy of Peru, succeeding Lope García de Castro as the governor-general of all Spanish territory in South America.
 * December 2 — The Catholic army of the Duc d'Anjou inflicts another defeat on the Huguenots of Coligny, successfully besieging Saint-Jean-d'Angély.
 * December 6 — The Kanbara castle, held by the Hōjō clan in what is now the Shizuoka Prefecture of Japan falls after a siege by Takeda Katsuyori of the Takeda clan. Hōjō Ujinobu, who had 1,000 men defending, commits suicide after the defeat.
 * December 13 — An English counterattack against the Northern rebels begins as Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, marches from York with 10,000 men against the rebels' 6,000. The rebels disperse and flee northward back to Scotland, ending the Rising of the North.

Dates unknown

 * The Mercator projection is first used in Gerardus Mercator's world map, Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendata.
 * A conspiracy with the intent to depose John III of Sweden and reinstate the imprisoned Eric XIV of Sweden on the Swedish throne is exposed in Sweden.
 * The trade compact of 1536 is renewed, exempting French merchants from Ottoman law, and allowing them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.
 * Akbar founds Fatehpur Sikri, to honor the Muslim holy man Shaikh Salim Chisti, who has foretold the birth of Akbar's son and heir, Jahangir.

Births

 * January 20 – Heribert Rosweyde, Jesuit hagiographer (d. 1629)
 * January 22 – Lucio Massari, Italian painter (d. 1633)
 * February 13 – Johann Reinhard I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1625)
 * March 28 – Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma (d. 1622)
 * March 29 – John Suckling, English politician (d. 1627)
 * April 10 – Countess Emilia of Nassau, German countess (d. 1629)
 * April 15 – Joan Shakespeare, William Shakespeare's sister (d. 1646)
 * April 16 – John Davies, English poet and lawyer (d. 1626)
 * May 20 – Juan de la Cerda, 6th Duke of Medinaceli, Spanish noble (d. 1607)
 * June 1 – Sophia of Holstein-Gottorp, Regent of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1603–1608) (d. 1634)
 * June 30 – Hedwig of Hesse-Kassel, countess consort of Schaumburg (d. 1644)
 * July 3 – Thomas Richardson, English politician and judge (d. 1635)
 * July 19 – Conrad Vorstius, Dutch theologian (d. 1622)
 * July 30 – Karl I, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1627)
 * August 31 – Jahangir, Mughal emperor (d. 1627)
 * September – Arthur Lake, English bishop, a translator of the King James Bible (d. 1626)
 * September 5 – Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim, officer and amateur poet (d. 1645)
 * September 9 – Joachim Andreas von Schlick, Czech leader (d. 1621)
 * September 23 – Tachibana Ginchiyo, female samurai leader of the Tachibana clan in Japan (d. 1602)
 * September 24 – Ernst of Schaumburg, Count of Holstein-Pinneberg and Schaumburg (1601–1622) (d. 1622)
 * September 27 – John Percy, English priest (d. 1641)
 * October 13 – Claude de Bullion, French Minister of Finance (d. 1640)
 * October 14 – Giambattista Marino, Italian poet (d. 1625)
 * November 5 – Nils Turesson Bielke, Swedish politician (d. 1639)
 * November 11 – Martin Ruland the Younger, German alchemist (d. 1611)
 * November 16 – Paul Sartorius, German composer (d. 1609)
 * November 18 – Antonio Marcello Barberini, Italian cardinal and the younger brother of Maffeo Barberini (d. 1646)
 * November 24 – Francis Ashley, English politician (d. 1635)
 * December 15 – Muzio Oddi, Italian mathematician (d. 1639)
 * December 18 – Jakob Hassler, German composer (d. 1622)
 * December 22 – Étienne Martellange, French architect (d. 1641)
 * December 31 – Anna de' Medici, Tuscan princess (d. 1584)
 * date unknown
 * Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish dramatist (d. 1631)
 * William Monson, British admiral (d. 1643)
 * Frans Pourbus the Younger, Flemish painter (d. 1622)
 * Yodo-dono, Japanese concubine of Toyotomi Hideyoshi (d. 1615)

Deaths

 * January 15 – Catherine Carey lady-in-waiting to Elizabeth I of England (b. 1524)
 * January 20 – Myles Coverdale, English Bible translator (b. c. 1488)
 * March 13 – Louis, Prince of Condé, French Protestant general (b. 1530)
 * March 17 – Karl Christoph, Duke of Münsterberg (b. 1545)
 * April 15 –Maha Chakkraphat, Siamese King of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (b. 1509)
 * May 10 – John of Ávila, Spanish mystic and saint (b. 1500)
 * May 16 – Dirk Willems, Dutch Anabaptist martyr
 * May 17 – Georg, Count Palatine of Simmern-Sponheim (b. 1518)
 * May 26 – Vidus Vidius, Italian surgeon and anatomist (b. 1509)
 * May 27 – François de Coligny d'Andelot, French general (b. 1521)
 * June 11 – Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (b. 1526)
 * September 5
 * Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London (b. c. 1500)
 * Bernardo Tasso, Italian courtier and poet (b. 1493)
 * September 9 – Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter
 * September 11 – Vincenza Armani, Italian actress (b. 1530)
 * October 3 – Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1536)
 * October 9 – Vladimir of Staritsa, Russian prince (b. 1533)
 * October 28 – Ludovica Torelli, Count of Guastalla (b. 1500)
 * November 24 – Celio Secondo Curione, Italian humanist (b. 1503)
 * November 29 – António Ferreira, Portuguese poet (b. 1528)
 * December 10 – Paul Eber, German Lutheran theologian (b. 1511)
 * December 15 – Ludowika Margaretha of Zweibrücken-Bitsch, spouse of Count Philip V of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1540)
 * December 23 – Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow (b. 1507)
 * date unknown
 * Janet Beaton, Scottish noble (b. 1519)
 * Elin Andersdotter, Swedish lady-in-waiting and political conspirator
 * Gracia Mendes Nasi, Ottoman businessperson and philanthropist (b. 1510)
 * Mahinthrathirat, Ayutthaya king (b. 1539)

title: 1569


text:
1567

Year 1567 (MDLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 20 – Battle of Rio de Janeiro: Portuguese forces under the command of Estácio de Sá definitively drive the French out of Rio de Janeiro.
 * January 23 – After 45 years' reign, the Jiajing Emperor, Zhu Houcong, dies in the Forbidden City of China.
 * January – A Spanish force under the command of Captain Juan Pardo establishes Fort San Juan, in the Native American settlement of Joara. The fort is the first European settlement in present-day North Carolina.
 * February 4 – Prince Zhu Zaiji, son of the Jiajing Emperor, becomes the ascends the throne of Ming Dynasty China as the Longqing Emperor.
 * February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered at the Provost's House in Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh.
 * March 13 – Battle of Oosterweel: A Spanish mercenary army surprises and kills a band of rebels near Antwerp in the Habsburg Netherlands, beginning the Eighty Years' War.

April–June

 * April 9 – In India, the Battle of Thanesar is fought in what is now the Indian state of Haryana. The Mughal Emperor Akbar, with 300 men, wins a victory over more than 7,000 warriors of the Sanyasi Hindu sect. Akbar's army has two cannons, 400 rifles and 75 elephants.
 * April 10 – Henrique I Nerika a Mpudi becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo in what is now the western part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the northern portion of Angola. Henrique succeeds his nephew, Bernardo I of Kongo
 * April 12 – The Earl of Bothwell is acquitted on charges of murder in the February 10 killing of Lord Darnley, the husband of Mary Queen of Scots. Upon acquittal he makes plans to become Mary's new husband.
 * April 20 – The Ainslie Tavern Bond is signed by a group of Scottish clerics and nobles recommends Bothwell as an appropriate husband for Queen Mary and approves his acquittal after trial for the murder of her previous husband.
 * April 24 – Bothwell takes Mary prisoner at his castle at Dunbar after preventing her from traveling from her palace to Edinburgh, then rapes her.
 * May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries the Earl of Bothwell, under duress.
 * May 24 – Sture Murders: The mentally unstable King Erik XIV of Sweden and his guards murder five incarcerated nobles at Uppsala Castle.
 * June 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated by Scottish nobles at the Battle of Carberry Hill and imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.

July–September

 * July 24 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate, and replaced by her one-year-old son James VI.
 * July 25 – The city of Santiago de León de Caracas is founded by Diego de Losada.
 * July 29 – James VI is crowned at Stirling.
 * August 22 – The Duke of Alba is sent to the Netherlands with a strong Spanish force, to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Lamoral, Count of Egmont imprisoned.
 * September 9 – At a dinner, the Duke of Alba arrests Lamoral, Count of Egmont and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn for treason.
 * September 27 – After the 2-week Siege of Inabayama Castle, the Oda clan capture Gifu Castle from the Saitō clan in Japan.
 * September 29 – The Second War of Religion begins in France, when Louis, Prince of Condé and Gaspard de Coligny fail in an attempt to capture King Charles IX and his mother at Meaux. The Huguenots do capture several cities (including Orléans), and march on Paris.

October–December

 * October 7 – Bible translations into Welsh: The New Testament is first published in Welsh, in William Salesbury's translation from the Greek.
 * November 10 – Battle of Saint-Denis: Anne de Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists, falls on Condé's 3,500 Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off. Montmorency is mortally wounded.
 * November 21 (10th day of 11th month, Eiroku 10) – In Japan, the Tōdai-ji Great Buddha Hall in the Nara Prefecture is destroyed after a six-month siege by Matsunaga Hisahide against Miyoshi Nagaitsu and the Miyoshi clan. Reconstruction of the temple does not take place until 140 years later in 1709.
 * December 4 – Antão de Noronha, Viceroy of Portuguese India (now the Indian state of Goa) issues decrees prohibiting the public performance of Hindu rituals for marriages, cremations, and sacred thread wearing. Other rules require all natives 15 or older to attend Christian religious services, upon penalty of punishment.
 * December 12 – The Scottish Parliament votes to approve the Act Anent the demission of the Crown in favour of our Sovereign Lord, and his Majesty's Coronation 1567, an act regarding the abdication of Mary Queen of Scots in favor of her son James VI and the coronation of James, and confirms James as the legal ruler. Mary's half brother, James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, is appointed as the regent to rule on behalf of the 18-month-old King of Scotland. In that Moray is absent from Scotland at the time, the Parliament appoints a committee of seven deputy regents to rule on behalf of Moray's power to rule on behalf of King James.

Date unknown

 * King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway founds Fredrikstad in Norway.
 * Construction of Villa Capra "La Rotonda" in Vicenza, designed by Andrea Palladio, begins. It will be one of the most influential designs in the history of architecture.
 * Rugby School, one of the oldest public schools in England, is founded.
 * Although sparse maritime trade existed since its founding, the Ming dynasty government of China officially revokes the haijin maritime trade ban, reinstating foreign trade with all countries except Japan.

Births

 * January 1 – Fabio Colonna, Italian scientist (d. 1640)
 * January 4 – François d'Aguilon, Belgian Jesuit mathematician (d. 1617)
 * January 25 – Archduchess Margaret of Austria (d. 1633)
 * January 27 – Anna Maria of Hesse-Kassel, Countess Consort of Nassau-Saarbrücke (d. 1626)
 * February 3 – Anna Maria of Brandenburg, Duchess Consort of Pomerania (d. 1618)
 * February 12 – Thomas Campion, English poet and composer (d. 1620)
 * February 23 – Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Countess of Holstein-Schauenburg and Duchess Consort of Brunswick-Harburg (d. 1618)
 * February 24 – Jindřich Matyáš Thurn, Swedish general (d. 1640)
 * March 13 (bapt.) – Jacob van Heemskerk, Dutch admiral and explorer (d. 1607)
 * March 17 – Akizuki Tanenaga, Japanese samurai and soldier (d. 1614)
 * April 10 – John Louis I, Count of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, Germany noble (d. 1596)
 * April 26 – Nicolas Formé, French composer (d. 1638)
 * May 2 – Sebald de Weert, Dutch captain, vice-admiral of the Dutch East India Company (d. 1603)
 * May 9 – John George I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1603–1618) (d. 1618)
 * May 13 – Don Giovanni de' Medici, Italian military commander and diplomat (d. 1621)
 * May 15 – Claudio Monteverdi, Italian composer (d. 1643)
 * June 25 – Jacob Ulfeldt, Danish politician (d. 1630)
 * August 14 – Luigi Caponaro, Italian healer (d. 1622)
 * August 15 – Philip III, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (1588–1620) (d. 1620)
 * August 21 – Francis de Sales, Savoyard Bishop of Geneva and saint (d. 1622)
 * September – Edward Sutton, 5th Baron Dudley, English landowner (d. 1643)
 * September 2 – György Thurzó, Palatine of Hungary (d. 1616)
 * September 5 – Date Masamune, Japanese daimyō (d. 1636)
 * September 24 – Martin Fréminet, French painter (d. 1619)
 * October 10 – Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain (d. 1597)
 * November
 * Thomas Nashe, English poet (d. 1600)
 * Minye Kyawswa II of Ava, last crown prince of the Toungoo Empire (Burma) (d. 1599)
 * November 1 – Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, 1st Count of Gondomar, Spanish diplomat (d. 1626)
 * November 7 – Margherita Farnese, Benedictine nun (d. 1643)
 * November 14 – Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (d. 1625)
 * November 16 – Anna of Saxony, German noblewoman (d. 1613)
 * November 21 – Anne de Xainctonge, French religious (d. 1621)
 * December 15 – Christoph Demantius, German composer (d. 1643)
 * December 18
 * Cornelius a Lapide, Jesuit exegete (d. 1637)
 * Tachibana Muneshige, Japanese samurai and soldier (d. 1643)
 * date unknown
 * Isabel Barreto, Spanish admiral (d. 1612)
 * Pierre Biard, French settler and Jesuit missionary (d. 1622)
 * Adriaen Block, Dutch fur trader and navigator (d. 1624)
 * Jacques Clément, French assassin of Henry III of France (d. 1589)
 * Arima Harunobu, Japanese Christian daimyō (d. 1612)
 * John Parkinson, English herbalist and botanist (d. 1650)
 * Willem Schouten, Dutch navigator (d. 1625)
 * Torii Tadamasa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1628)
 * Sanada Yukimura, Japanese samurai and soldier (d. 1615)
 * Ban Naoyuki, Japanese samurai and soldier (d. 1615)

Deaths

 * January 12 – Eva von Trott, German noble and courtier (b. 1505)
 * January 17 – Sampiero Corso, Corsican mercenary leader (b. 1498)
 * January 23 – Jiajing Emperor of China (b. 1507)
 * January 26 – Nicholas Wotton, English diplomat (c. b. 1497)
 * February 10 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots (b. 1545)
 * February 20 – Estácio de Sá, Portuguese officer, founder of Rio de Janeiro (b. 1520)
 * March 31 – Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (b. 1504)
 * April 1 – Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (b. 1537)
 * April 2 – Ernest III, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (b. 1518)
 * April 18 – Wilhelm von Grumbach, German adventurer (b. 1503)
 * April 19 – Michael Stifel, German mathematician (b. 1487)
 * May 2 – Marin Držić, Croatian writer (b. 1508)
 * June 2 – Shane O'Neill, Irish chieftain (b. 1530)
 * June 12 – Richard Rich, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1490)
 * June 19 – Anna of Brandenburg, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (b. 1507)
 * August 3 – Myeongjong of Joseon, ruler of Korea (b. 1534)
 * August 18 – Enea Vico, Italian engraver (b. 1523)
 * October 1 – Pietro Carnesecchi, Italian humanist (b. 1508)
 * October 31 – Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, Princess of Brandenburg-Kulmbach and by marriage Electress Palatine (b. 1519)
 * November 12 – Anne de Montmorency, Constable of France (b. 1493)
 * November 13 – Pedro de la Gasca, viceroy of Peru (b. 1485)
 * November 19 – Takeda Yoshinobu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1538)
 * date unknown
 * Thomas Beccon, English Protestant reformer (b. 1511)
 * Péter Erdődy, ban of Croatia (b. 1504)
 * Shahghali, khan of Qasim (b. 1505)
 * Lawrence Sheriff, English gentleman and grocer to Elizabeth I (b. 1510)
 * Akagawa Motoyasu, Japanese samurai

title: 1567


text:
1645

January–March

 * January 3 – The Long Parliament adopts the Directory for Public Worship in England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, replacing the Book of Common Prayer (1559). Holy Days (other than Sundays) are not to be observed.
 * January 10 – Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud is executed for treason on Tower Hill, London.
 * January 14 – English Civil War: Thomas Fairfax is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Parliamentarians.
 * January 29 – English Civil War: Armistice talks open at Uxbridge.
 * February 2 – Battle of Inverlochy: The Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.
 * February 15 – English Civil War: The New Model Army is officially founded.
 * February 28 – English Civil War: The Uxbridge armistice talks fail.
 * March 4 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert leaves Oxford for Bristol.
 * March 5 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Jankau: The armies of Sweden decisively defeat the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, in one of the bloodiest battles of the war, in southern Bohemia, some 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Prague.
 * March 31 – Fearing the spread of the Black Death (plague), Edinburgh Town Council prohibits all gatherings except weddings and funerals.

April–June

 * April 3 – The House of Lords passes the Self-denying Ordinance, requiring members of the Parliament of England to resign commissions in the armed services.
 * April 10 – Because of the plague, the Edinburgh town council orders that the college graduation ceremony should be moved forward, so that students can leave the city (on November 19, teaching resumes in Linlithgow).
 * April 23 (St George's Day) – English Civil War: One hundred and fifty Irish soldiers bound for service with King Charles I of England are captured at sea by Parliamentarians and killed at Pembroke in Wales.
 * May 2 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Herbsthausen (or Mergentheim): The Bavarian army, led by Franz von Mercy, catches French forces led by Marshal Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne unawares, and heavily defeats them.
 * May 9 – Battle of Auldearn: Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.
 * June 1 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert's army sacks Leicester.
 * June 10 – English Civil War: Oliver Cromwell is confirmed as the Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry.
 * June 14 – English Civil War – Battle of Naseby: 12,000 Royalist forces are beaten by 15,000 Parliamentarian soldiers.
 * June 28 – English Civil War: The Royalists lose Carlisle.

July–September

 * July 2 – English Civil War – Battle of Alford – Alford, Aberdeenshire.
 * July 10 – English Civil War – Battle of Langport: Cromwell wins in Somerset.
 * July 21 – Qing Dynasty regent Dorgon issues an edict ordering all Han Chinese men to shave their forehead, and braid the rest of their hair into a queue, identical to those of the Manchus.
 * July 23 – Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia comes to the throne.
 * July 30 – English Civil War: Scottish Covenanters under Lord Leven begin the Siege of Hereford, a Royalist stronghold.
 * August 23 (August 13 Old Style) – The Treaty of Brömsebro is signed between Sweden and Denmark–Norway, ending the Torstenson War and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and Ösel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee.
 * September 1 – English Civil War: Scottish Covenanters abandon the Siege of Hereford and retreat northwards
 * September 10 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol.
 * September 13 – Battle of Philiphaugh: The Covenanters defeat Montrose at Selkirk.
 * September 24 – English Civil War – Battle of Rowton Heath: Parliamentarians defeat the Royalist cavalry.

October–December

 * October 8–14 – English Civil War: The Third siege of Basing House by Oliver Cromwell results in its destruction.
 * October 8 – Jeanne Mance founds the Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal, the first hospital in North America.
 * October 11 – English Civil War: Re-fortification of Bourne Castle in Lincolnshire against a threatened Royalist attack begins.
 * November 20 – The Colegio de Santo Tomas is elevated by Pope Innocent X into the University of Santo Tomas, in his brief In Supreminenti. It has the oldest extant University Charter in the Philippines, as well as the whole of Asia.
 * December 18 – English Civil War: The Royalist stronghold of Hereford is seized in a swift attack by Parliamentary forces under John Birch.

Date unknown

 * Bamana forces from Ségou invade the Mali heartland, destroying the Mali Empire after its 400 years as a unified state.
 * The Stolberg-Wernigerode branch of the family of the counts of Stolberg and Wernigerode is founded in Germany.
 * The Solar cycle enters the 70-year Maunder Minimum, during which sunspots will be rare.
 * Wallpaper begins to replace tapestries, as a wall decoration.
 * The Roxbury Latin School is founded.

January–March

 * January 9 – Sir William Villiers, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1712)
 * January 22 – Isaac Addington, longtime functionary of various colonial governments of Massachusetts (d. 1719)
 * January 28 – Gottfried Vopelius, German academic (d. 1715)
 * February 9 – Johann Aegidius Bach, German organist, father of Johann Bernhard Bach (d. 1716)
 * February 16 – John Sharp, English Archbishop of York (d. 1714)
 * February 13 – Vere Fane, 4th Earl of Westmorland, England (d. 1693)
 * February 22
 * Johann Ambrosius Bach, German musician (d. 1695)
 * Johann Christoph Bach, German composer (d. 1693)
 * February 24 – Francis I Rákóczi, Hungarian prince of Transylvania (d. 1676)
 * March 17 – Peter Du Cane, the elder, British noble Huguenot refugee (d. 1714)
 * March 20 – Arthur Brownlow, Anglo-Irish politician (d. 1711)
 * March 25 – Marco Battaglini, Italian Catholic bishop (d. 1717)

April–June

 * April 3 – François Vachon de Belmont, French Catholic bishop (d. 1732)
 * April 11 – Juan del Valle y Caviedes, Spanish-born Peruvian poet (d. 1697)
 * April 17 – James Olmsted, Connecticut politician (d. 1731)
 * April 22 – Christine of Baden-Durlach, German noblewoman (d. 1705)
 * May 3 – Thomas Maule, prominent Quaker in colonial Salem (d. 1724)
 * May 4 – Thomas Alvey, English physician (d. 1704)
 * May 14 – François de Callières, French writer and diplomat (d. 1717)
 * May 15 – George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys, British judge (d. 1689)
 * June 13 – Giacomo Cantelmo, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1702)
 * June 14 – Haquin Spegel, Swedish bishop (d. 1714)
 * June 15 – Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin, English politician (d. 1712)

July–September

 * July 11 – Michael Wening, German engraver (d. 1718)
 * July 27 – Frederik Johan van Baer, Dutch army commander (d. 1713)
 * July 28 – Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1721)
 * August – Charles Louis Simonneau, French engraver (d. 1728)
 * August 3 – August Kühnel, German composer and violist (d. 1700)
 * August 5 – Charles Schomberg, 2nd Duke of Schomberg, English general (d. 1693)
 * August 6 – Joseph Herrick, principal law enforcement officer in Salem, Massachusetts (d. 1710)
 * August 10 – Eusebio Kino, Italian Catholic missionary (d. 1711)
 * August 14 – Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, Mexican academic (d. 1700)
 * August 16 – Jean de La Bruyère, French writer (d. 1696)
 * August 25 – Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam, Dutch general (d. 1714)
 * August 30 – Giuseppe Avanzi, Italian painter (d. 1718)
 * September 4
 * Johannes Jakob Buxtorf, Swiss Hebraist (d. 1705)
 * John North, 5th of fourteen children of Sir Dudley North (d. 1683)
 * September 10 – Romeyn de Hooghe, Dutch Golden Age painter, engraver, and sculptor (d. 1708)
 * September 21 – Louis Jolliet, French Canadian explorer known for his discoveries in North America (d. 1700)
 * September 22 – Chikka Devaraja, Ruler of Mysore (d. 1704)
 * September 25 – Naitō Kiyokazu, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Takatō Domain (d. 1714)
 * September 28 – Sir Edward Hales, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1695)

October–December

 * October 1 – John Alford, English politician (d. 1691)
 * October 7 – Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis, French admiral and privateer (d. 1707)
 * October 10 – Jakob Gronovius, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1716)
 * October 21 – Christine Charlotte of Württemberg, Regent of East Frisia (d. 1699)
 * October 26 – Aert de Gelder, Dutch painter (d. 1727)
 * October 28 – John Philip II, Wild- and Rhinegrave of Salm-Dhaun, German noble (d. 1693)
 * November 1 – Thomas Pereira, Portuguese Jesuit mathematician (d. 1708)
 * November 6 – Johann Gottfried von Guttenberg, Prince-Bishop of Würzburg (d. 1698)
 * November 11 – Govert van der Leeuw, Dutch painter (d. 1688)
 * November 12 – Georg Wolfgang Wedel, German physician, surgeon, botanist, chemist, philosopher (d. 1721)
 * November 17 – Nicolas Lemery, French chemist (d. 1715)
 * November 30 – Andreas Werckmeister, German organist, music theorist, and composer (d. 1706)
 * December 3 – Michał Stefan Radziejowski, Polish Catholic cardinal (d. 1705)
 * December 6 – Maria de Dominici, Maltese artist (d. 1703)
 * December 14 – Jacob de Wilde, Dutch civil servant, art collector (d. 1721)
 * December 24 – Hans Carl von Carlowitz, German forester (d. 1714)
 * December 27 – Giovanni Antonio Viscardi, Swiss architect (d. 1713)

Date unknown

 * Giovanni Antonio Fumiani, Venetian painter of the Baroque period (d. 1710)

Probable

 * Captain William Kidd, Scottish pirate (d. 1701)

Deaths

 * January 2 – Agnes of Limburg-Styrum, Abbess of Elten, Vreden, Borghorst and Freckenhorst (b. 1563)
 * January 10 – William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1573)
 * January 11 – Henry Gage, Royalist officer in the English Civil War (b. 1597)
 * January 17 – Pál Esterházy, Hungarian noble (b. 1587)
 * January 24 – Giovanni Branca, Italian architect and engineer (b. 1571)
 * January 30 – Mary Ward, English Roman Catholic Religious Sister and Venerable (b. 1585)
 * January 31 – Hans Ulrik Gyldenløve, illegitimate son of King Christian IV of Denmark and his mistress (b. 1615)
 * February 9 – Mutio Vitelleschi, Italian Jesuit Superior General (b. 1563)
 * February 10 – Dorothea Sophia, Abbess of Quedlinburg Abbey (b. 1587)
 * February 14 – François de La Rochefoucauld, French Catholic cardinal (b. 1558)
 * February 16 – Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Spanish general (b. 1585)
 * February 24 – Philip VII, Count of Waldeck-Wildungen (1638–1645) (b. 1613)
 * March 4 – Matthias Hoe von Hoenegg, German theologian (b. 1580)
 * March 24 – Sir Thomas Aston, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1600)
 * April 6 – William Burton, British antiquarian (b. 1575)
 * April 16 – Tobias Hume, English composer (b. 1559)
 * April 17 – Daniel Featley, English theologian and controversialist (b. 1582)
 * April 29 – Maximilian of Liechtenstein, Austrian nobleman and Imperial General (b. 1578)
 * May 20 – Shi Kefa, Chinese Ming Dynasty official (b. 1601)
 * May 21 – Crown Prince Sohyeon, Korean crown prince (b. 1612)
 * May 26 – Mariana de Jesús de Paredes, Ecuadorian Roman Catholic hermit and saint (b. 1618)
 * May 29 – Adam Christian Agricola, German Evangelical preacher (b. 1593)
 * June 13 – Miyamoto Musashi, Japanese swordsman (b. c. 1584)
 * July 7 – Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim, officer and amateur poet (b. 1569)
 * July 13 – Marie de Gournay, French writer (b. 1565)
 * July 17 – Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, Scottish politician (b. c. 1590)
 * July 22 – Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, Spanish statesman (b. 1587)
 * July 23 – Tsar Michael I of Russia (b. 1596)
 * August 6 – Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex, English merchant (b. 1575)
 * August 18 – Eudoxia Streshneva, Tsaritsa of Russia (b. 1608)
 * August 28 – Hugo Grotius, Dutch philosopher and writer (b. 1583)
 * August 31 – Francesco Bracciolini, Italian poet (b. 1566)
 * September 8 – Francisco de Quevedo, Spanish writer (b. 1580)
 * September 11 – Nikolaus, Count Esterházy, Hungarian noble (b. 1583)
 * September 14 – Sir Richard Grosvenor, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1585)
 * September 16 – John Macias, Spanish Dominican friar and saint (b. 1585)
 * October 2 – Francesco Cennini de' Salamandri, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1566)
 * November 21 – William Helyar, English chaplain (b. 1559)
 * December 7 – Philip Dietrich, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1640–1645) (b. 1614)
 * December 12 – Giovanni Bernardino Azzolini or Mazzolini or Asoleni, Italian painter (b. c. 1572)
 * December 17 – Nur Jahan, empress consort of the Mughal Empire (b. 1577)
 * December 28 – Gaspar de Borja y Velasco, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1580)
 * date unknown
 * Françoise-Marie Jacquelin, Acadian heroine (b. 1621)
 * William Lithgow, Scottish traveller (b. c. 1585)
 * Sultan Agung, third Sultan of Mataram (b. 1593)

title: 1645