text:
1824

January–March

 * January 8 – After much controversy, Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of the Royal Society in London, with only one vote against him.
 * January 22 – First Anglo-Ashanti War: Battle of Nsamankow – forces of the Ashanti Empire crush British forces in the Gold Coast (modern-day Ghana), killing the British governor Sir Charles MacCarthy.
 * January 24 – The first issue of the radical quarterly founded by Jeremy Bentham, The Westminster Review, is published in London.
 * February 10 – Simón Bolívar is proclaimed dictator of Peru.
 * February 20 — William Buckland formally announces the name Megalosaurus, the first scientifically validly named non-avian dinosaur species.
 * February 21 – The Chumash Revolt of 1824 begins against the Spanish presence in California.
 * March 4 – Founding of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in the British Isles.
 * March 5 – The First Anglo-Burmese War begins.
 * March 7 – The Florida State Capitol moves from St. Augustine to Tallahassee.
 * March 9 – Netherlands Trading Society (Netherlandsche Handel-Maatschappij), predecessor of Dutch bank ABN AMRO, is founded.
 * March 11 – The United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
 * March 17 – The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 is signed.
 * March 19 – American explorer Benjamin Morrell departs Antarctica after a voyage later plagued by claims of fraud.
 * March 29 – In Cairo, 4,000 people are killed in a fire, including people killed by the explosion of gunpowder housed at the palace of Egypt's Ottoman Governor Mehmet Ali.

April–June

 * April 7 – The Mechanics' Institution is established in Manchester, England at the Bridgewater Arms hotel, as part of a national movement for the education of working men. The institute is the precursor to three Universities in the city: the University of Manchester, UMIST and the Metropolitan University of Manchester (MMU).
 * April 9 – The first permanent settlers arrive to construct the new city of Tallahassee, Florida, selected to be the capital of the Florida Territory newly acquired from the Kingdom of Spain; the area has been selected because it is roughly equidistant from the territory's main cities, Pensacola and St. Augustine.
 * April 19 – Lord Byron (George Gordon Byron), the British poet, dies at the age of 36 in the Greek city of Missolonghi, where he had taken ill while making plans to liberate the Greeks from Ottoman rule, "not in combat, but of a fever caught in the unhealthy conditions at Missolonghi... exacerbated, it is generally agreed, by the over-zealous actions of his doctors, who bled him excessively."
 * May 7 – Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 (the "Choral") premieres at the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna. The deaf composer has to be turned around on the stage to witness the enthusiastic audience reaction.
 * May 24 – First Anglo-Burmese War: The British take Rangoon, Burma.
 * June 16 – The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is established in Great Britain.

July–September

 * July 2 – The Confederation of the Equator begins in Pernambuco, Brazil: Wealthy landowners against the government of Emperor Pedro I initiate a secessionist movement for the independence of Pernambuco.
 * July 8 – Queen Kamāmalu of Hawaii dies of measles, while accompanying her husband during a visit to the United Kingdom.
 * July 10 – Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette and a beloved hero of the American Revolution, departs from the port of Le Havre in France on the ship Cadmus for a triumphant return to the United States; he arrives in New York on August 15.
 * July 13 – King Kamehameha II of Hawaii dies of measles, during a visit to the United Kingdom, before he can meet with King George IV. Because of the slow communications of the era, news of the King's death does not reach Hawaii until the following March; his funeral would then take place on May 11, 1825, and subsequently he is succeeded by his brother Kamehameha III.
 * July 19 – Don Agustín de Iturbide, who had formerly been President of Mexico and then proclaimed himself Emperor Agustin the First, until being overthrown on March 19, 1823, is executed by a firing squad in the city of Padilla, five days after returning from exile in England.
 * July 25 – The Montparnasse Cemetery opens in Paris, France.
 * August 6 – Peruvian War of Independence: Battle of Junín – Pro-independence forces defeat the Spanish in the highlands of the Junín region.
 * August 7 – First Anglo-Ashanti War ends when forces of the Ashanti Empire flee the field.
 * August 15 – Visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to the United States begins at Staten Island; he departs on September 7, 1825.
 * September 13 – With his crew and 29 convicts aboard the Amity, John Oxley arrives at and founds the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement at what becomes Redcliffe City, Queensland, in Australia, after leaving Sydney.
 * September 16 – Charles X succeeds his brother Louis XVIII as King of France.

October–December

 * October 4 – The First Constitution of Mexico is enacted, declaring the country to be a federal republic.
 * October 10 – The Edinburgh Town Council founds the Edinburgh Municipal Fire Brigade, the first fire brigade in Britain, under the leadership of James Braidwood.
 * October 21 – Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement.
 * November 5 – Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, the first technological university in the English-speaking world, is founded in Troy, New York.
 * November 19 – In the worst flood to date in Saint Petersburg, water rises 421 cm above normal, and 200 lose their lives.
 * November 30 – The first sod is turned in Ontario for the first of four Welland Canals (the canal opens for a trial run five years later to the day).
 * December 3 – 1824 United States presidential election: None of the four candidates for U.S. president gain a majority of the electoral votes, so the election is thrown into the U.S. House of Representatives.
 * December 9 – Peruvian War of Independence: Battle of Ayacucho – Colombian and Peruvian forces led by Antonio José de Sucre defeat the Spanish.
 * December 24 – The first American fraternity, Chi Phi (ΧΦ), is founded at Princeton University.
 * December 28 – The Bathurst War comes to an end, with the defeat of the Wiradjuri.

Date unknown

 * Egyptian and Albanian troops of the Ottoman Empire overturn the Greek revolt on Crete.
 * The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement, temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War.
 * The name Australia, recommended by Matthew Flinders in 1804, is adopted by the British Admiralty as the official name of the country once known as New Holland.
 * The Panoramagram is invented as the first stereoscopic viewer.
 * The Colorado potato beetle is first described, by Thomas Say.

January–June

 * January 7 – Julia Kavanagh, Irish novelist (d. 1877)
 * January 8 – Wilkie Collins, English novelist (d. 1889)
 * January 15 – Marie Duplessis, French courtesan (d. 1847)
 * January 21 – Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson, American Confederate general (d. 1863)
 * January 26 – Emil Czyrniański, Polish chemist (d. 1888)
 * February 7 – Sir William Huggins, British astronomer (d. 1910)
 * February 8 – Barnard Elliott Bee, Jr., American Confederate general (d. 1861)
 * February 12 – Dayananda Saraswati, Hindu religious leader, Vedic scholar who founded the reform movement Arya Samaj (d. 1883)
 * February 14 – Winfield Scott Hancock, American Civil War Union general, Democratic presidential candidate (d. 1886)
 * February 27 – Prince Kuni Asahiko of Japan (d. 1891)
 * March 2 – Bedřich Smetana, Czech composer (d. 1884)
 * March 9 – Amasa Leland Stanford, American tycoon, industrialist and politician, 8th Governor of California (d. 1893)
 * March 12 – Gustav Kirchhoff, German physicist (d. 1887)
 * March 19 – William Allingham, Irish author (d. 1889)
 * March 22 – Charles Pfizer, German-American chemist, co-founder of Pfizer (d. 1906)
 * March 25 – Clinton L. Merriam, American politician (d. 1900)
 * March 26 – Julie-Victoire Daubié, French journalist (d. 1874)
 * March 27 – Johann Wilhelm Hittorf, German physicist (d. 1914)
 * April 6 – George Waterhouse, 7th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1906)
 * April 7 – Edward Jones, trespasser who continually broke into Buckingham Palace (d. 1895)
 * April 13 – William Alexander, Anglican bishop, Primate of All Ireland (d. 1911)
 * May 3 – Pio Siotto, Italian artist, cameo engraver (d. ?)
 * May 6 – Tokugawa Iesada, 13th shōgun of Tokugawa shogunate of Japan (d. 1858)
 * May 9 – Jacob ben Moses Bachrach, noted Polish-born apologist of Rabbinic Judaism (d. 1896)
 * May 23 – Ambrose Burnside, American Civil War general, inventor, politician from Rhode Island (d. 1881)
 * June 7 – Bernhard von Gudden, German neuroanatomist, psychiatrist (d. 1886)
 * June 8 – Arthur von Mohrenheim, Russian diplomat (d. 1906)
 * June 20 – George Edmund Street, British architect (d. 1881)
 * June 26 – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Irish-born physicist, engineer (d. 1907)
 * June 27 – Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney, American writer, reformer, philanthropist (d. 1904)
 * June 28 – Paul Broca, French physician, anthropologist (d. 1880)

July–December

 * July 1 – Casto Méndez Núñez, Spanish admiral (d. 1869)
 * July 12 – Eugène Boudin, French painter (d. 1898)
 * July 19 – Horace W. Carpentier, American politician, 1st governor of Oakland, California (d. 1918)
 * July 21 – Stanley Matthews, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1889)
 * July 27 – Alexandre Dumas, fils, French writer (d. 1895)
 * August 3 – William Burnham Woods, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1887)
 * August 7 – Gideon T. Stewart, American temperance movement leader (d. 1907)
 * August 13 – John J. Robison, American politician in Michigan (d. 1897)
 * August 26 – Marie Simon, German nurse (d. 1877)
 * September 4
 * Anton Bruckner, Austrian composer (d. 1896)
 * Phoebe Cary, American poet, sister to Alice Cary (1820–1871) (d. 1871)
 * September 27 – Benjamin Apthorp Gould, American astronomer (d. 1896)
 * October 2 – Henry C. Lord, American railroad executive (d. 1884)
 * October 5 – Henry Chadwick, English-born American baseball writer, historian (d. 1908)
 * October 18 – Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano, Spanish author (d. 1905)
 * October 26 – Edward Cooper, 83rd Mayor of New York City (d. 1905)
 * October 27 – Edward Maitland, British writer (d. 1897)
 * November 24 – Frederick Miller, German-born American brewer, businessman (d. 1888)
 * December 10 – George MacDonald, Scottish writer (d. 1905)
 * December 11 – Jonathan Letterman, American surgeon, "Father of Battlefield Medicine" (d. 1872)
 * December 14 – Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, French painter (d. 1898)
 * December 18 – Sir John Hall, 12th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1907)
 * December 27 – Charlotta Norberg, Swedish ballerina (d. 1892)

January–June

 * January 21 – Jean-Baptiste Drouet, French revolutionary (b. 1765)
 * January 26 – Théodore Géricault, French painter (b. 1791)
 * January 29 – Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern, wife of Charles Edward Stuart (b. 1752)
 * February 9 – Anne Catherine Emmerich, German Augustinian Canoness, mystic, Marian visionary, ecstatic and stigmatist (b. 1774)
 * February 21 – Eugène de Beauharnais, son of Joséphine de Beauharnais (b. 1781)
 * April 3 – Sally Seymour, American pastry chef and restaurateur
 * April 19 – George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, English poet (b. 1788)
 * May 15 – Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen, German statesman (b. 1763)
 * May 26 – Capel Lofft, English writer (b. 1751)
 * May 29 – Jean-Baptiste Willermoz, French Freemason (b. 1730)
 * June 16 – Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, Third Consul of France (b. 1739)
 * June 18 – Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1769)
 * June 21 – Étienne Aignan, French writer (b. 1773)

July–December

 * July 14 – Kamehameha II, King of Hawaii (b. 1797)
 * July 19 – Agustín de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico (b. 1783)
 * July 20 – Maine de Biran, French philosopher (b. 1766)
 * July 21 – Buddha Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II), King of Siam (Thailand) (b. 1767)
 * August 12 – Charles Nerinckx, Belgian-born founder of the Sisters of Loretto (b. 1761)
 * August 24 – Valentine Quin, 1st Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl, Irish politician (b. 1752)
 * September 16 – King Louis XVIII of France (b. 1755)
 * October 13 – Sir James Lamb, 1st Baronet of England (b. 1752)
 * October 30 – Charles Maturin, Irish writer (b. 1773)
 * December 5 – Anne Louise Boyvin d'Hardancourt Brillon de Jouy, French confidant of Benjamin Franklin (b. 1744)
 * December 21 – James Parkinson, English surgeon, apothecary, geologist, palaeontologist and political activist (b. 1755)
 * December 23 – Pushmataha, chief of the Choctaw Nation (b. c. 1764)

Dates unknown

 * Ali-Qoli Khan Qajar, half-brother of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran (b. c. 1756)

title: 1824


text:
1820

January–March

 * January 1 – Nominal beginning of the Trienio Liberal in Spain: A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7).
 * January 8 – General Maritime Treaty ("General Treaty for the Cessation of Plunder and Piracy by Land and Sea, Dated February 5, 1820") signed between the sheikhs of Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm al-Quwain and Ras Al Khaimah (later constituents of the Trucial States) in the Arabian Peninsula and the United Kingdom.
 * January 27 (NS) – An Imperial Russian Navy expedition, led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen in Vostok with Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev, sights the Antarctic ice sheet.
 * January 29 – George IV of the United Kingdom ascends the throne, on the death at Windsor Castle of his father George III (after 59 years on the throne), ending the 9-year period known as the British Regency. There will be a gap of 21 years before the title Prince of Wales is next used.
 * January 30 – British Royal Navy captain Edward Bransfield, an Irishman, in the Williams is the first person to positively identify Antarctica as a land mass.
 * February 6
 * Capture of Valdivia: Lord Cochrane occupies Valdivia in the name of the Republic of Chile.
 * 86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown, Sierra Leone.
 * February 14 – Minh Mạng starts to rule in Vietnam.
 * February 20 – A revolt begins in Santa María Chiquimula, Totonicapán Department of Guatemala.
 * February 23 – Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder the Cabinet of the United Kingdom is exposed in England.
 * March 3 – A fire in Guangzhou (Canton) burns 15,000 houses and kills an undetermined number of people.
 * March 3 and 6 – Slavery in the United States: The Missouri Compromise becomes law, allowing admission of Missouri and Maine, slave and free states respectively, as U.S. states.
 * March 9 – King Ferdinand VII of Spain accepts the new constitution, beginning the Trienio Liberal.
 * March 10 – The Astronomical Society of London is founded.
 * March 15 – Maine is admitted as the 23rd U.S. state.
 * March 26 – Likely date when Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, receives his First Vision in Palmyra, New York (possibly March 26).
 * March 28 – A Coup d'état against Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia fails. Fulgencio Yegros and Pedro Juan Caballero are some of the people behind it.

April–June

 * April – Hans Christian Ørsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
 * April 1 – A proclamation, signed "By order of the Committee of Organisation for forming a Provisional Government", begins the "Radical War" in Scotland.
 * April 8 – The statue of the Venus de Milo (Aphrodite of Milos, c. 150 BC-125 BC) is discovered on the Greek island of Milos, by a peasant named Yorgos Kentrotas.
 * April 12 – Alexander Ypsilantis is declared leader of Filiki Eteria, a secret organization to overthrow Ottoman rule over Greece.
 * April 15 – King William I of Württemberg marries his cousin, Pauline Therese, in Stuttgart.
 * May 1
 * The last judicial decapitation in the United Kingdom is meted out to the principals in the Cato Street conspirators after their public hanging for treason in London (legally, a mitigation of the last sentence in Britain of hanging, drawing and quartering).
 * Robert Owen's Report to the County of Lanark, of a plan for relieving public distress and removing discontent (published 1821) is delivered in Scotland; he is beginning to devise the labour voucher.
 * May 11 – HMS Beagle (the ship that will later take young Charles Darwin on his scientific voyage) is launched at Woolwich Dockyard.
 * May 20 – 14-year-old John Stuart Mill sets out on his formative trip to the south of France, staying with Samuel Bentham.
 * June 5 – Caroline of Brunswick, the estranged wife of King George IV of the United Kingdom, returns to England after six years abroad in Italy, where she has been carrying on an affair; since ascending the throne in January, the King has sought to receive his government's approval for a divorce.
 * June 10 – Sir Thomas Munro is appointed as the British colonial Governor of the Madras Presidency, which encompasses most of southern India.
 * June 12
 * Élie Decazes, leader of the opposition in France's Chamber of Deputies, successfully introduces the "Law of the Double Vote", a proposal to add to the 258 existing legislators by creating 172 seats that would be "selected by special electoral colleges" made up of the wealthiest 25% of voters in each of France's departments.
 * Delegates in St. Louis, Missouri Territory approve a proposed state constitution, proclaiming that they "do mutually agree to form and establish a free and independent republic, by the name of "The State of Missouri".
 * June 29 – The cause of action that will lead to the U.S. Supreme Court case known simply as The Antelope arises, when a U.S. Treasury cutter captures a ship of the same name, which is transporting 281 Africans who had been captured as slaves, in violation of the 1808 U.S. law prohibiting the slave trade.

July–September

 * July 13 – A revolt under Guglielmo Pepe forces Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies to sign a constitution modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812.
 * July 20 – Saint Cronan's Boys' National School opens in Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland under the title Bray Male School. It is the oldest school in Bray, and its notable pupils will include President of Ireland Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.
 * July 26 – Union Chain Bridge, a wrought iron suspension bridge designed by Captain Samuel Brown, opens across the River Tweed, between England and Scotland. Its span of 449 ft (137 m) is the world's longest for a vehicular bridge at this time.
 * July 31 – A fire breaks out in the wine depot at the Bercy section of Paris. It is reported later that "In the absence of water to supply the engines, an attempt was made to extinguish the flames with wine— of which a lake of 50 ft. square and more than a foot deep was formed; but the fire continued to rage, as well it might, being supplied by alcohol, and great destruction of property resulted.
 * August 1 — Completion and opening of the Regent's Canal through to the London Docks.
 * August 24 – A Constitutionalist insurrection breaks out at Oporto, Portugal.
 * September 2 – The Daoguang Emperor succeeds to the throne of Qing dynasty China.
 * September 5 – José Gervasio Artigas flees to Paraguay.
 * September 15 – Revolution breaks out in Lisbon against John VI of Portugal.

October–December

 * October 9 – Guayaquil declares independence from Spain.
 * October 25–November 20 – The Congress of Troppau (Opava) is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.
 * November 17 – American seal hunter Captain Nathaniel Palmer becomes the third person to see Antarctica. (The Palmer Peninsula is later named after him.)
 * November 20 – After the sinking of the American whaleship Essex of Nantucket, by a sperm whale in the southern Pacific Ocean, the survivors are left afloat in three small whaleboats. They eventually resort, by common consent, to cannibalism to allow some to survive.
 * December 3 – 1820 United States presidential election: James Monroe is re-elected, virtually unopposed.

Date unknown

 * The Argentine Confederation (Argentina) formally claims the Falkland Islands, which are without permanent population at this time.
 * Mount Rainier erupts over modern-day Seattle.
 * 18,957 black slaves leave Luanda, Angola.
 * Construction work is completed on the Citadelle Laferrière in Haiti, the largest fortification in the Americas, built on the orders of Henri Christophe to defend the country against potential French reoccupation.
 * Anchor coinage is first struck in silver in London denominated in fractions of the Mauritian dollar for use in British colonies.
 * The 6th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is published in Scotland

January–June

 * January 10 – Louisa Lane Drew, actress, prominent theater manager, grandmother of the Barrymores (d. 1897)
 * January 17 – Anne Brontë, English author (d. 1849)
 * January 20 – Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois, French chemist and mineralogist (d. 1886)
 * January 30 – Concepción Arenal, Spanish feminist writer, activist (d. 1893)
 * February 8 – William Tecumseh Sherman, American Civil War general (d. 1891)
 * February 13 – James Geiss, English businessman (d. 1878)
 * February 15
 * Susan B. Anthony, American suffragist (d. 1906)
 * Arvid Posse, 2nd Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1901)
 * February 17 – Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian violinist and composer (d. 1881)
 * February 28 – John Tenniel, English illustrator (d. 1914)
 * March 2 – Eduard Douwes Dekker, Dutch writer (d. 1887)
 * March 3 – Henry D. Cogswell, American temperance movement pioneer who endowed a number of Cogswell fountains (d. 1900)
 * March 4 – Francesco Bentivegna, Italian revolutionary (d. 1856)
 * March 4 – Alexander Worthy Clerk, Jamaican Moravian teacher and missionary (d. 1906)
 * March 9 – Samuel Blatchford, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1893)
 * March 14 – Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (d. 1878)
 * March 17 – Martin Jenkins Crawford, American politician (d. 1883)
 * March 20 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Romania's first reigning Domnitor (d. 1873)
 * April 27 – Herbert Spencer, English philosopher (d. 1903)
 * April 26 – Alice Cary, American poet, sister to Phoebe Cary (1824-1871) (d. 1871)
 * May 5 – Elkanah Billings, Canadian paleontologist (d. 1876)
 * May 12 – Florence Nightingale, English nurse (d. 1910)
 * May 23 – Lorenzo Sawyer, 9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California (d. 1891)
 * May 25 – François Claude du Barail, French general and Minister of War (d. 1902)
 * May 27 – Mathilde Bonaparte, Italian princess (d. 1904)

July–December

 * July 5 – William John Macquorn Rankine, Scottish physicist, engineer (d. 1872)
 * July 22 – Oliver Mowat, Canadian lawyer, politician (d. 1903)
 * July 23 – Julia Gardiner Tyler, First Lady of the United States (d. 1889)
 * July 25 – Henry Doulton, English potter (d. 1897)
 * September 17
 * Émile Augier, French dramatist (d. 1889)
 * Earl van Dorn, American Confederate general (d. 1863)
 * September 20 – John F. Reynolds, American general (d. 1863)
 * September 27 – Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel, German classical scholar (d. 1878)
 * September 29 – Henri, Count of Chambord, claimant to the French throne (d. 1883)
 * October 5 – David Wilber, American politician (d. 1890)
 * October 6 – Jenny Lind, Swedish soprano (d. 1887)
 * October 16 – Gillis Bildt, 5th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1894)
 * October 20 – Benjamin F. Cheatham, American Confederate general (d. 1886)
 * November 23
 * Isaac Todhunter, English mathematician (d. 1884)
 * Ludwig von Hagn, German painter (d. 1898)
 * November 28 – Friedrich Engels, German social philosopher (d. 1895)
 * December 21 – William H. Osborn, American railroad executive (d. 1894)

Date unknown

 * Song Qing, Chinese general (d. 1902)

January–June

 * January 17 – Daniel Albert Wyttenbach, Swiss-born academic (b. 1746)
 * January 23 – Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, member of British Royal Family and father of Queen Victoria (b. 1767)
 * January 29 – King George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1738)
 * February 5 – William Drennan, Irish physician, poet and radical politician (b. 1754)
 * February 11 – Karl von Fischer, German architect (b. 1782)
 * February 14 – Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, French noble (stabbed) (b. 1778)
 * March 11 – Benjamin West, Anglo-American painter of historical scenes (b. 1738)
 * March 22 – Stephen Decatur, American sailor (b. 1779)
 * April 8 – Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, Scottish-born philanthropist (b. 1771)
 * April 20 – James Morris III, Continental Army officer from Connecticut (b. 1752)
 * May 30 – William Bradley, Britain's tallest ever man (b. 1787)
 * June 6 – Henry Grattan, Irish politician (b. 1746)
 * June 9 – Wilhelmina of Prussia, Princess of Orange (b. 1751)
 * June 19 – Sir Joseph Banks, English naturalist and botanist (b. 1743)
 * June 20 – Manuel Belgrano, Argentine politician, general in the Independence War (b. 1770)

July–December

 * July 10 – William Wyatt Bibb, first Governor of Alabama (b. 1781)
 * August 6 – Antonín Vranický, Bohemian violinist and composer (b. 1761)
 * August 9 – Anders Sparrman, Swedish naturalist (b. 1748)
 * August 12 – Manuel Lisa, Spanish-born American fur trader (b. 1772)
 * September 2 – Jiaqing Emperor, Chinese emperor (b. 1760)
 * September 3 – Benjamin Latrobe, Anglo-American architect (b. 1764)
 * September 4 – Timothy Brown, English banker, merchant and radical (b. 1743/1744)
 * September 16 – Nguyễn Du, Vietnamese poet (b. 1766)
 * September 18 – Mariana Joaquina Pereira Coutinho, Portuguese courtier, salonnière (b. 1748)
 * September 26 – Daniel Boone, American pioneer (b. 1734)
 * September 28 – Pedro Andrés del Alcázar, Spanish and later Chilean Army officer and war hero (b. 1752)
 * September 29 – Barthelemy Lafon, Creole architect and smuggler (b. 1769)
 * October 8 – Henri Christophe, Haitian revolutionary leader (suicide) (b. 1767)
 * October 11 – James Keir, Scottish geologist, chemist and industrialist (b. 1735)
 * October 15 – Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg, Austrian field marshal (b. 1771)
 * November 1 – Pierre Martin, French admiral (b. 1752)
 * November 8 – Lavinia Stoddard, American poet and school founder (b. 1787)
 * December 25 – Joseph Fouché, French statesman (b. 1759)
 * December 29 – Princess Pauline of Anhalt-Bernburg, German regent and social reformer (b. 1769)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1820


text:
1783

January–March

 * January 20 – At Versailles, Great Britain signs preliminary peace treaties with the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain.
 * January 23 – The Confederation Congress ratifies two October 8, 1782, treaties signed by the United States with the United Netherlands.
 * February 3 – American Revolutionary War: Great Britain acknowledges the independence of the United States of America. At this time, the Spanish government does not grant diplomatic recognition.
 * February 4 – American Revolutionary War: Great Britain formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States.
 * February 5 – 1783 Calabrian earthquakes: The first of a sequence of five earthquakes strikes Calabria, Italy (February 5–7, March 1 & 28), leaving 50,000 dead.
 * February 7 – The Great Siege of Gibraltar is abandoned.
 * February 26 – The United States Continental Army's Corps of Engineers is disbanded.
 * March 5 – The last celebration of Massacre Day is held in Boston, Massachusetts.
 * March 15 – Newburgh Conspiracy: A potential uprising in the Continental Army stationed at Newburgh, New York, is defused, when George Washington asks the officers to support the supremacy of the United States Congress.

April–June

 * April – General George Washington sends a letter to the 13 governors of the Confederation of the United States, regarding the needs of the nation.
 * April 3 – A Peace and Commercial Treaty is signed between the newly-formed United States and Sweden in Paris, among the first acts of state concluded between the U.S. and a foreign power.
 * April 8 – The Crimean Khanate, which has existed since 1441 and is a late remnant of the Mongol Golden Horde, is annexed by the Russian Empire of Catherine the Great.
 * April 9–28 – Second Anglo-Mysore War: Siege of Bednore – Tipu Sultan of Mysore with 100,000 troops besieges 1600 British East India Company troops who are obliged to surrender with honours of war.
 * April 15 – Preliminary articles of peace ending the American Revolutionary War are ratified by the Congress of the Confederation in the United States.
 * April 18 – Three-Fifths Compromise: The first instance of black slaves in the United States of America being counted as three fifths of persons (for the purpose of taxation), is included in a resolution of the Congress of the Confederation (this is later adopted in the 1787 Constitution).
 * May 13 – The Society of the Cincinnati, a fraternal organization for American veterans of the American Revolution, is formed in Newburgh, New York.
 * May 18 – The first United Empire Loyalists, fleeing the new United States, reach Parrtown in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.
 * May 26 – A Great Jubilee Day, celebrating the end of the American Revolution, is held in Trumbull, Connecticut.
 * June 4 or June 5 – The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their hot air balloon at Annonay, France.
 * June 8 – The volcano Laki in Iceland begins an 8-month eruption, starting the chain of natural disasters known as the Móðuharðindin, killing tens of thousands throughout Europe, including up to 33% of Iceland's population, and causing widespread famine. It has been described as one of "the greatest environmental catastrophes in European history".

July–September

 * July 16 – Grants of land in Canada to American Loyalists are announced.
 * July 24 – The Treaty of Georgievsk is signed between Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, making Georgia a protectorate of Russia.
 * August 4 – Mount Asama, the most active volcano in Japan, begins a climactic eruption, killing roughly 1,400 people directly and exacerbating a famine, resulting in another 20,000 deaths (Tenmei eruption).
 * August 10 – The British East India Company packet ship Antelope (1781) is wrecked off Ulong Island in the Palau (Pelew) group, resulting in the first sustained European contact with those islands.
 * August 18 – The 1783 Great Meteor passes on a 1,000-mile track across the North Sea, Great Britain and France, prompting scientific discussion.
 * August 27 – Jacques Charles and Les Frères Robert launch the world's first hydrogen-filled balloon, Le Globe, in Paris.
 * September 3 – Peace of Paris: A treaty between the United States and Great Britain is signed in Paris, formally ending the American Revolutionary War, in which Britain recognizes the independence of the United States; and treaties are signed between Britain, France, and Spain at Versailles, ending hostilities with the Franco-Spanish Alliance.
 * September 9 – Dickinson College is chartered in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

October–December

 * October 3 – The first Waterford Crystal glassmaking business begins production in Waterford, Ireland.
 * October 17 – Mozart's Great Mass is first performed, in Salzburg, Austria.
 * November 2 – In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, United States General George Washington gives his Farewell Address to the Army.
 * November 3 – The American Continental Army is disbanded as the first act of business by the Confederation Congress, after Thomas Mifflin is elected the new President to succeed Elias Boudinot.
 * November 21 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight (flight time: 25 minutes, Maximum height: 900 m).
 * November 24 – In Spain, the Cedula of Population is signed, stating that anyone who will swear fealty to Spain and is of the Roman Catholic faith is welcome to populate Trinidad and Tobago.
 * November 25 – American Revolutionary War: The last British troops leave New York City and George Washington triumphantly returns, three months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
 * November 27 – English rector John Michell concludes that some stars might have enough gravity force to prevent light escaping from them, so he calls them "dark stars".
 * November 29 – 1783 New Jersey earthquake: An earthquake of 5.3 magnitude strikes New Jersey.
 * December 1 – Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert make the first manned flight in a hydrogen-filled gas balloon in Paris.
 * December 4 – At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, U.S. General George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.
 * December 23 – General George Washington resigns his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army to the Congress of the Confederation in the Maryland State House in Annapolis, Maryland, and retires to his home at Mount Vernon. Washington's resignation, described by historian Thomas Fleming as "the most important moment in American history," affirms the United States' commitment to the principle of civilian control of the military, and prompts King George III to call Washington "the greatest character of the age."
 * December 31 – Louis-Sébastien Lenormand makes the first ever recorded public demonstration of a parachute descent, by jumping from the tower of the Montpellier Observatory in France, using his rigid-framed model, which he intends as a form of fire escape.

Date unknown

 * Loyalists from New York settle Great Abaco in the Bahamas.
 * The city of Sevastopol is founded on the Crimean Peninsula of the Russian Empire, by Rear Admiral Thomas MacKenzie.
 * Princess Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova is elected an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the first female foreign member and its second female member, after Eva Ekeblad.
 * The Evan Williams (bourbon) distillery is founded in Bardstown, Kentucky.
 * Ahmed ibn Muhammad ibn Khalifa, the Emir of Zubarah conquers and rules Bahrain. Shaikh Ahmed restores Arab independence and sovereignty over Bahrain and makes the islands his summer residence.

Births

 * January 20 – Friedrich Dotzauer, German cellist, composer (d. 1860)
 * January 23 – Stendhal, French writer (d. 1842)
 * February 8 – Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont, French general, governor-general of French Algeria (d. 1837)
 * February 16 – Stephen Cassin, United States Navy officer (d. 1857)
 * March 8 – Hannah Van Buren, née Hoes, American wife of Martin Van Buren (d. 1819)
 * April 3 – Washington Irving, American author (d. 1859)
 * April 21 – Reginald Heber, English priest (d. 1821)
 * May 1 – Vicente Rocafuerte, Ecuadorian politician, 2nd President of Ecuador (d. 1847)
 * May 3 – José de la Riva Agüero, Peruvian soldier and politician, 1st President of Peru and 2nd President of North Peru (d. 1858)
 * May 25 – Philip P. Barbour, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1841)
 * May 27 – John Crawfurd, Scottish physician, colonial administrator, diplomat and author. Last British Resident of Singapore (d. 1868)
 * May 29 – Benedetto Pistrucci, Italian engraver and medalist (d. 1855)
 * June 19 – Friedrich Sertürner, German pharmacist who discovered morphine in 1804 (d. 1841)
 * June 21 – Theodosia Burr, First Lady of South Carolina during War of 1812, daughter of Aaron Burr (d. 1813)
 * July 24 – Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan patriot, revolutionary leader and statesman (d. 1830)
 * July 28 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Bismarck, German army officer and writer (d. 1860)
 * August 7 – Princess Amelia of the United Kingdom, member of the British Royal Family (d. 1810)
 * August 26 – Federigo Zuccari, astronomer, director of the Astronomical Observatory of Naples (d. 1817)
 * September 17
 * Samuel Prout, English painter (d. 1852)
 * Nadezhda Durova, first female Russian army officer (d. 1866)
 * October 31 – Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner, German chemist (d. 1857)
 * Date unknown:
 * The Two-Headed Boy of Bengal, sufferer from the rare condition Craniopagus parasiticus (d. 1787)
 * Mary Anne Whitby, English scientist (d. 1850)

Deaths

 * January 2 – Johann Jakob Bodmer, Swiss author (b. 1698)
 * January 7 – William Tans'ur, English hymnist (b. 1706)
 * January 15 – William Alexander, Lord Stirling, American major-general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1726)
 * January 18 – Jeanne Quinault, French actress, playwright (b. 1699)
 * February 6 – Capability Brown, English landscape gardener (b. 1716)
 * February 10 – James Nares, English composer of mostly sacred vocal works (b. 1715)
 * March 2 – Francisco Salzillo, Spanish sculptor (b. 1707)
 * March 19 – Frederick Cornwallis, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1713)
 * March 23 – Charles Carroll, American lawyer, delegate to the Continental Congress (b. 1723)
 * March 26 – Anna Rosina de Gasc, German portrait painter (b. 1713)
 * March 30 – William Hunter, Scottish anatomist (b. 1718)
 * March 31 – Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian statesman (b. 1718)
 * April 7 – Ignaz Holzbauer, German composer (b. 1711)
 * April 16
 * Benedict Joseph Labre, French Catholic saint (b. 1745)
 * Christian Mayer, Czech astronomer (b. 1719)
 * May 11 – Juliane Reichardt, German-born Bohemian pianist, singer and composer (b. 1752)
 * May 23 – James Otis, American lawyer, patriot (b. 1725)
 * June 2 – Charles Spalding, Scottish inventor and underwater diver, killed in diving bell accident (b. 1738)
 * September 14 – James Grenville, British Member of Parliament (b. 1715)
 * September 18
 * Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician, physicist (b. 1707)
 * Benjamin Kennicott, English churchman, Hebrew scholar (b. 1718)
 * September 28 – Marguerite Gourdan, French procurer (b. c. 1730)
 * October 2 – Joseph Leeson, 1st Earl of Milltown, Irish politician (b. 1701)
 * October 29 – Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician (b. 1717)
 * November 1 – Carl Linnaeus the Younger, Swedish naturalist (b. 1741)
 * November 3 – Charles Collé, French dramatist (b. 1709)
 * November 15 – John Hanson, American President of the Continental Congress (b. 1721)
 * November 23 – Yoriyuki Arima, Japanese mathematician (b. 1714)
 * December 13 – Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin, Swedish astronomer (b. 1717)
 * December 15 – Ahmad bin Said al-Busaidi, first ruler of Oman of the Al Said dynasty (b. 1710)
 * December 16
 * Johann Adolph Hasse, German composer (b. 1699)
 * William James, British naval commander (b. 1720)
 * Date unknown:
 * Thomas Calcraft, English politician and Lieutenant-Colonel (b. 1738)
 * Adolf Friedrich von Reinhard, jurist and publicist (b. 1726)

title: 1783


text:
2004

2004 was designated as an International Year of Rice by the United Nations, and the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and Its Abolition (by UNESCO).

Media
2004 was a year marked by many popular and highly grossing film releases such as Shrek 2, Spider Man 2, The Incredibles, The Passion of the Christ and Howl's Moving Castle. 2004 was also the year where Toho Studios would release Godzilla's 50th anniversary movie, Godzilla: Final Wars, the last Japanese Godzilla movie until Shin Godzilla in 2016.

The gaming industry would see the release of many FPS and sequel games in 2004, with some of the most famous being Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Halo 2, Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door, and Half Life 2. These titles are considered some of the greatest video games of all time. The Nintendo DS also released this year, which grew to become the best-selling handheld console of all time.

January

 * January 3 – Flash Airlines Flight 604 crashes into the Red Sea off the coast of Egypt, killing all 148 aboard, making it one of the deadliest aviation accidents in Egyptian history at the time.
 * January 4 – NASA's MER-A (Spirit) spacecraft lands on the surface of Mars.
 * January 6 – Construction on the tallest human-made structure to date, the Burj Khalifa begins in Dubai UAE.
 * January 8 – The RMS Queen Mary 2, at the time the largest ocean liner ever built, is christened by its namesake's granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II.
 * January 25 – NASA's MER-B (Opportunity) spacecraft lands on the surface of Mars.
 * January 26 – The MyDoom virus is first identified.

February

 * February 4 – Mark Zuckerberg launches “TheFacebook”, later renamed to Facebook, a social networking website for Harvard University students.
 * February 26 – Macedonian president Boris Trajkovski is killed in a plane crash near Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
 * February 29 – Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide is overthrown in a coup d'état.

March

 * March 2 – A series of bombings occur in Karbala, Iraq, killing over 140 Shia Muslims commemorating the Day of Ashura.
 * March 7 – The 2004 Greek legislative election is held to elect all 300 members of the Hellenic Parliament and the New Democracy party, led by Kostas Karamanlis, won 165 out of 300 seats, ending over 11 years of rule by the PASOK party.
 * March 11 – Al-Qaeda bombings on Cercanías trains in Madrid, Spain, kill at least 192 people.
 * March 14 – The PSOE wins the election in Spain; José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero is elected Prime Minister of Spain, replacing José María Aznar.
 * March 28 – Hurricane Catarina, the first ever recorded South Atlantic hurricane, makes landfall in Santa Catarina, Brazil.
 * March 29 – Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia are admitted to NATO, the largest expansion of the organization.

April

 * April 4 – The First Battle of Fallujah starts.
 * April 8 – The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and two rebel groups, in order to put a pause on the War in Darfur.
 * April 17 – Israeli helicopters fire missiles at a convoy of vehicles in the Gaza Strip, killing Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi.
 * April 24 – Referendums on the Annan Plan for Cyprus, which proposes to reunite the island, take place in both the Greek-controlled and the Turkish-controlled parts. Although the Turkish Cypriots vote in favour, the Greek Cypriots reject the proposal.

May

 * May 1
 * The European Union expands by 10 new member states: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
 * The First Battle of Fallujah ends.

 * May 9 – A stadium bombing in Grozny, Chechnya, Russia kills ten people, including regional governor Akhmad Kadyrov.
 * May 10 – 2004 Philippine presidential election: Incumbent president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo won a full six-year term as Philippine President
 * May 12–15 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2004 takes place in Istanbul, Turkey, and is won by Ukrainian entrant Ruslana with the song "Wild Dances".

June

 * June 1 – A United Nations peacekeeping mission in Haiti begins, the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH).
 * June 4 – Marvin Heemeyer takes his modified and armoured Komatsu D355A bulldozer (killdozer) on a rampage through the town of Granby, Colorado, causing approximately 7 million dollars worth of damage.
 * June 8 – 2004 transit of Venus.
 * June 12–July 4 – Portugal hosts the UEFA Euro 2004 football tournament, which is won by Greece.
 * June 21 – In Mojave, California, United States, SpaceShipOne becomes the first privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight.
 * June 28 – The U.S.-led coalition occupying Iraq, the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), transfers sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government.
 * June 30 – Preliminary hearings begin in Iraq in the trial of president Saddam Hussein, for war crimes and crimes against humanity.

July

 * July 1 – The unpiloted Cassini–Huygens spacecraft arrives at Saturn.
 * July 11 – The Russian Federation stops recognizing Soviet Union passports as legal identification.

August

 * August 1 – A fire in the "Ycua Bolaños-Botánico" supermarket in Asunción, Paraguay kills around 400 people.
 * August 3 – NASA's unpiloted MESSENGER spacecraft is launched, with its primary mission being the study of Mercury.
 * August 12 – Lee Hsien Loong is sworn in as the third Prime Minister of Singapore.
 * August 13–29 – The 2004 Summer Olympics are held in Athens, Greece.
 * August 22 – Armed robbers steal Edvard Munch's The Scream, Madonna, and other paintings from the Munch Museum in Oslo, Norway.
 * August 24 – After departing Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow, Volga-AviaExpress Flight 1303, a Tupolev Tu-134, explodes over Russia's Tula Oblast and crashes, killing all 43 people on board; minutes later, Siberia Airlines Flight 1047, a Tupolev Tu-154 departing the same airport, explodes over Rostov Oblast and crashes, killing all 46 on board. The Government of Russia declares the explosions to have been caused by female Chechen suicide bombers.

September

 * September 1 – Beslan school siege: Chechen rebels take 1,128 people, mostly children, hostage at a school in Beslan, Russia. The crisis ends when Russian security forces storm the building, resulting in more than 330 people being killed.
 * September 9 – A car bomb of the Jemaah Islamiyah explodes at the Australian embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia, killing 9 people.
 * September 22 – West Sulawesi is established as the 33th province of Indonesia.

October

 * October 8 – Suicide bombers detonate two bombs at the Red Sea resort of Taba, Egypt, killing 34 people and injuring 171, mostly Israeli tourists.
 * October 9 – 2004 Australian federal election: John Howard's Liberal/National Coalition government is re-elected with an increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Mark Latham.
 * October 17 – Parque Central Complex fire: A fire that lasted over 15 hours destroyed almost one third of the East Tower of the Parque Central Urban Complex in Caracas, Venezuela.
 * October 19 – A team of explorers reach the bottom of Krubera Cave, the world's deepest cave, with a depth of 2,080 meters (6,824 feet).
 * October 20 – Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is sworn in as the 6th President of Indonesia, becoming the first directly elected president in Indonesia.
 * October 27 – The Boston Red Sox win the World Series for the sixth time after completing a sweep of the St. Louis Cardinals. It was their first championship since 1918.
 * October 29 – European heads of state sign in Rome the Treaty and Final Act, establishing the first European Constitution.

November

 * November 2 – 2004 United States presidential election: George W. Bush is re-elected President of the United States, defeating his Democratic challenger John Kerry.
 * November 7 – The Second Battle of Fallujah starts.
 * November 13 – The European Space Agency probe SMART-1 arrives at the Moon, becoming the first European satellite to fly to the Moon and orbit it.
 * November 16 – NASA's hypersonic Scramjet breaks a record by reaching a velocity of about 7,000 mph (Mach 9.6) in an unpiloted experimental flight.
 * November 21 – Nintendo releases the Nintendo DS in North America.
 * November 22 – The Orange Revolution begins, following a disputed presidential election in Ukraine where Viktor Yanukovych won against Viktor Yushchenko amid accusations of electoral fraud. A revote results in Yushchenko being declared the winner.
 * November 26 – The last known Po'ouli dies in captivity at the Maui Bird Conservation Center in Maui, Hawaii.
 * November 30 – A McDonnell Douglas MD-82, operating as Lion Air Flight 538, overran the runway and crashed, killing 25 people.

December

 * December 14 – The world's tallest bridge, the Millau Viaduct over the Tarn in the Massif Central mountains, France, is officially opened.
 * December 21 – Iraqi insurgents attack a U.S. military base in the city of Mosul, killing 22 people.
 * December 23 – The Second Battle of Fallujah ends.
 * December 26 – The 9.1–9.3 Indian Ocean earthquake shakes northern Sumatra with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). One of the largest observed tsunamis follows, affecting coastal areas of Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Somalia, the Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, killing 227,000 people.
 * December 27 – Astrophysicists from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching near Munich measure the strongest burst from a magnetar. At 21:30:26 UT Earth is hit by a huge wave front of gamma and X-rays. It is the strongest flux of high-energetic gamma radiation measured so far.
 * December 30 – A fire in the República Cromañón nightclub in Buenos Aires, Argentina kills 194.
 * December 31 – Taipei 101, at the time the tallest skyscraper in the world, standing at a height of 1,670 ft, officially opens.

Date unknown

 * Metrocable (Medellín) Line K opens, the first modern urban transit cable car.

Nobel Prizes

 * Chemistry – Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose
 * Economics – Finn E. Kydland, Edward C. Prescott
 * Literature – Elfriede Jelinek
 * Peace – Wangarĩ Maathai
 * Physics – David J. Gross, Hugh David Politzer, Frank Wilczek
 * Physiology or Medicine – Linda B. Buck, Richard Axel

title: 2004


text:
Talk:2001 anthrax attack locations

This is so what subpages are for--it's useful information, but in no way can be considered a usefully independent encyclopedia entry. And it means we have to do all the back/cross linking manually. (Note, of course, that actions speak louder than words; if I really cared, I'd go around changing things.) --TheCunctator

In any case, what purpose does this page serve that the 2001 anthrax attack page doesn't? -D

This page (2001 anthrax attack) is more specifically a timeline of events rather than a list of places where anthrax has been found. There is redundancy, of course, but I think the separate pages might both be found useful. - Tim

title: Talk:2001 anthrax attack locations


text:
1537

Year 1537 (MDXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 1 – Princess Madeleine of Valois, the 16-year-old daughter of François I, King of France, is married to King James V of Scotland in a ceremony at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. Already in ill health at the time of the marriage, Madaleine lives only six more months before dying at the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh on July 7.
 * January 6 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence is assassinated by Lorenzino de' Medici, a distant cousin, who claims that he wants to reintroduce republican rule but has to flee to Venice. Instead Cosimo I of the junior branch of the Medici becomes the new duke.
 * January 16 – Bigod's Rebellion, an uprising by Roman Catholics, led by Francis Bigod against Henry VIII of England and Protestant Rebellion, begins with an unsuccessful attempt to seize Scarborough Castle in Yorkshire.
 * January 19 – Most of Bigod's forces are captured by the English Army at a dawn raid of their camp at Beverley, Yorkshire, but Bigod escapes to Mulgrave and then to what is then the County of Cumberland.
 * January – At the battle of Ollantaytambo, the Inca Emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui defeats the Spanish led by Hernando Pizarro and the Spaniards' Indian allies
 * February 10 – Francis Bigod, leader of Bigod's rebellion is captured at Cumberland by the English Army and imprisoned at Carlisle Castle. He is hanged at Tyburn on June 2.
 * March 8 – Chipatá, now in the Santander Department of the Republic of Colombia, is founded by the Spanish conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother Hernán Pérez de Quesada as the first settlement in what will become the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada, which will later be divided into the nations of Colombia and Venezuela.
 * March 12 – Recife is founded by the Portuguese, in Brazil.

April–June

 * April 1 – The Archbishop of Norway, Olav Engelbrektsson, flees from Trondheim to Lier, Belgium.
 * April 18 – Diego de Almagro successfully charges Manco Inca's siege of Cuzco, thereby saving his antagonists, the Pizarro brothers.
 * April 20 – Spanish conquest of the Muisca: Bacatá, the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation, is conquered by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, effectively ending the Confederation in the Colombian Eastern Andes.
 * May 17 –
 * The siege by Norwegian and Danish Protestants of Steinvikholm Castle in Norway, the former residence of the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway, ended after a month when the Catholic defenders surrendered to the Danish commander, Tord Roed.{
 * The Ottoman Empire invaded southern Italy, attacking the cities of Apulia, Otranto and Brindisi, in a campaign that would last until November 22.
 * June 2 – Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical Sublimis Deus, which declares the natives of the New World to be rational beings with souls, who must not be enslaved or robbed.
 * June 23 – The Siege of Hamar ends with the arrest of Bishop Mogens Lauritssøn, and the Catholic rebellion is definitively ended in Norway.

July–September

 * July 12– Rodrigo Orgóñez occupies and sacks the Inca center of Vitcos at the battle of Abancay, but Manco Inca Yupanqui escapes and establishes the independent Neo-Inca State elsewhere in Vilcabamba, Peru.
 * July 22 – Upon the death of his father, Bhim Singh, Ratan Singh becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Amber with a capital at Amber in what is now the Rajasthan state in India
 * July 23 – The third Ottoman–Venetian War begins as the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent leads an invasion of the Republic of Venice. The war will continue until October 2, 1540.
 * August 2 – The battle of Montemurlo, an attempt by residents of the former Republic of Florence to overthrow Cosimo I de' Medici, Duke of Florence and restore the republican government, ends in failure. The Medici family then takes revenge on the supporters of the Republic, including the Republic commander, General Piero Strozzi.
 * August 12 – The coronation of Christian III as King of Denmark and King of Norway takes place at Copenhagen.
 * August 15 – The city of Asunción, now the capital of the South American nation of Paraguay, is founded by Juan de Salazar de Espinosa.
 * August 25 – The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.
 * August 26–The siege of the island of Corfu is started by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent. Suleiman abandons the siege in September after an outbreak of plague, and the Ottoman troops return home.
 * September 2 – King Christian III of Denmark and Norway appoints Gjeble Pederssøn as Norway's first Lutheran bishop for the Church of Norway.
 * September 12 – King Carlos I of Spain (who is also the Holy Roman Emperor) issues a royal decree providing for the first election in the New World, allowing he citizens of the Province of Rio de la Plata (now Paraguay) to elect a replacement for the late Captain-General Pedro de Mendoza. Domingo Martínez de Irala is elected the new Captain-General in 1538.

October–December

 * October 15 – Following the baptism of her son, the future Edward VI of England, Jane Seymour begins suffering from puerperal fever. The Queen consort dies nine days later.
 * November 1 – In what is now the Central American nation of Honduras, the Spanish conquistadore Alonso de Cáceres arrives at the Peñol de Cerquín, the mountaintop fortress of King Lempira of the Lencas, the indigenous leader of the resistance against European rule. Cáceres sends envoys to request Lempira to surrender. In response, Lempira has the Spanish messengers executed.
 * November 27 – Alfonso d'Avalos, the Marquis of Vasto in Italy, enters into a three-month truce with the French Duke of Montmorency to negotiate a peace for which areas would be under French control.
 * December 9 – Petar Keglević takes office as the new Ottoman Governor of Croatia and of Slavonia.
 * December 28 – The Ordonnance de Montpellier, establishing the first system in Europe for all writers to submit copies of their printed work to the government for review and maintenance in a library, is signed into law by King François I of France. The law provides that a book cannot be legally sold until a copy has been deposited in the royal library.

Date unknown

 * Spanish counquistadors in what are now Peru and Colombia become the first Europeans to discover the potato, one of the staple foods for the indigenous residents, while exploring the houses of who have fled from their homes. Pedro Cieza de León, part of the expedition to Colombia, mentions the potato in a book that he publishes 16 years later while Don Juan Castellanos refers to the edible plant as part of a military report on raiding an Inca village in Peru. The potato is introduced to Europe more than 30 years later, in 1570.

 * Kashmiri sultan Muhammad Shah dies and he is succeeded by Shams al-Din Shah II as sultan of Kashmiri Shah Mir Sultanate in 1537.
 * Kiritimati (Acea or "Christmas Island") is probably sighted by the Spanish mutineers from Hernando de Grijalva's expedition.
 * The Indian city of Bangalore is first mentioned in print..
 * The dissolution of the monasteries takes place in Norway, as religious organizations are dissolved by King Christian III; these include Bakke Abbey, Munkeby Abbey, Tautra Abbey, Nidarholm Abbey, Gimsøy Abbey and Utstein Abbey.
 * Publication is made of two complete Bible translations into English, both based on Tyndale's. Myles Coverdale's 1535 text is the first to be printed in England (by James Nicholson in Southwark, London) The Matthew Bible, edited by John Rogers under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" and printed in Antwerp.

Ongoing

 * Dissolution of the monasteries in England: Religious organizations dissolved by Henry VIII of England include: Bisham Priory, Castle Acre Priory, Chertsey Abbey, Furness Abbey, London Charterhouse and Valle Crucis Abbey.

Births

 * January 16 – Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (d. 1605)
 * January 21 – Antonio Maria Salviati, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602)
 * February 26 – Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1575)
 * March 4 or January 23 – Longqing Emperor, Emperor of China (d. 1572)
 * May 18 – Guido Luca Ferrero, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)
 * May 20 – Hieronymus Fabricius, Italian anatomist (d. 1619)
 * May 27 – Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg, son of Landgrave Philip I (d. 1604)
 * May 31 – Shah Ismail II of Persia (d. 1577)
 * June 3 – João Manuel, Prince of Portugal, Portuguese prince (d. 1554)
 * July 20 – Arnaud d'Ossat, French diplomat and writer (d. 1604)
 * July 29 – Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna, Spanish duke (d. 1590)
 * July 30 – Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg and administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1592)
 * August 9 – Francesco Barozzi, Italian mathematician (d. 1604)
 * August 15 – Shimazu Toshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1592)
 * October – Lady Jane Grey, claimant to the throne of England (d. 1554)
 * October 12 – King Edward VI of England (d. 1553)
 * November 21 – Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba, Spanish military leader (d. 1583)
 * December 5 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki, Japanese shōgun (d. 1597)
 * December 20 – King John III of Sweden (d. 1592)
 * December 24 – Willem IV van den Bergh, Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1586)
 * December 26 – Albert, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1593)
 * date unknown
 * Jane Lumley, English translator (d. 1578)
 * Shimizu Muneharu, Japanese military commander (d. 1582)
 * John Almond, English Cistercian monk (d. 1585)
 * Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski, Polish noble (d. 1567)
 * Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Japanese warlord (d. 1598)

Deaths

 * January 6
 * Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (b. 1510)
 * Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)
 * January 12 – Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (b. 1459)
 * February 2 – Johann Carion, German astrologer and chronicler (b. 1499)
 * February 3 – Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare, Anglo-Irish noble, rebel (executed) (b. 1513)
 * February 8
 * Otto von Pack, German conspirator (b. c. 1480)
 * Saint Gerolamo Emiliani, Italian humanitarian (b. 1481)
 * January 11 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony, German prince (b. 1498)
 * March 25 – Charles, Duke of Vendôme, French noble (b. 1489)
 * March 28 – Francesco of Saluzzo, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1498)
 * May 10 – Andrzej Krzycki, Polish archbishop (b. 1482)
 * May 24 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, German princess (b. 1485)
 * June 2
 * Francis Bigod, English noble, rebel (b. 1507)
 * Thomas Percy, English rebel (b 1504)
 * Adam Sedbar, English abbot and rebel (b. 1502)
 * June 23 – Pedro de Mendoza, Spanish conquistador (b. 1487)
 * June 29 – Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, English noble (b. 1502)
 * July 7 – Madeleine of Valois, queen of James V of Scotland (b. 1520)
 * July 12 – Robert Aske, English lawyer, rebel (executed) (b. 1500)
 * September 4 – Johann Dietenberger, German theologian (b. c. 1475)
 * September 7 – Nikolaus von Schönberg, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1472)
 * September 20 – Pavle Bakić, last Serb Despot and medieval Serb monarch
 * September 25 – William Framyngham, English author
 * October 24 – Jane Seymour, 3rd queen consort of Henry VIII of England (complications of childbirth) (b. c. 1508)
 * October 29 – Elizabeth Lucar, English calligrapher (b. 1510)
 * December 10 or December 11 – Andrey of Staritsa, son of Ivan III of Russia the Great (b. 1490)
 * date unknown – John Kite, Archbishop of Armagh and Bishop of Carlisle
 * probable – Thomas Murner, German satirist (b. 1475)

title: 1537


text:
1592

January–March

 * January 29 – Cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini of San Pancrazio is elected as the new Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church after Ludovico Madruzzo and Giulio Antonio Santori withdraw following 19 rounds of voting by the 54 cardinals present. Cardinal Santori had received 28 votes on the first ballot, eight short of the necessary two-thirds majority required, and fewer on the rounds that followed. Aldobrandini is crowned the next day as Pope Clement VIII, the 231st pope. Clement succeeds Pope Innocent IX, who died on December 30, 1591. He immediately recalls the Sixtine Vulgate.
 * February 7 – George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly, sets fire to Donibristle Castle in Scotland and murders James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray.
 * March 3 – Trinity College Dublin, Ireland's oldest university, is founded.
 * March 14 – Ultimate Pi Day: the largest correspondence between calendar dates and significant digits of pi since the introduction of the Julian calendar according to the American method of writing the number of the month prior to the day.

April–June

 * April 4 – The future Henry IV of France, King designate of Henry III of France, announces in a declaration, so-called "Expedient," his intention to take instruction in, and convert to, the Catholic religion.
 * April 13 – The Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) begin with the Siege of Busanjin.
 * April 20 – King Henry IV of France ends the siege of Rouen, the Spanish-held capital of Normandy, five months after its November 11 commencement, as the Spanish Navy arrives to relieve the city.
 * April 24 – Battle of Sangju: The Japanese are victorious over the Koreans fighting for the Kingdom of Joseon.
 * April 28 – Battle of Ch'ungju: Japan inflicts a decisive defeat on Korea.
 * May 7
 * The Malta plague epidemic begins when galleys from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany arrive on the island with 100 prisoners of war from Egypt, and 20 ill crewmembers; over the next 18 months, 3,000 people on Malta die of the bubonic plague.
 * Battle of Okpo: The Korean navy is victorious over Japan.
 * May 20 –August 19 – Battle of Flores (Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)), a series of naval engagements in the Azores in which the English are victorious, taking the great Portuguese carrack Madre de Deus on or about August 3.
 * May 29 – Battle of Sacheon: Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin destroys all 13 Japanese ships taking part, using his improved turtle ship for the first time in battle.
 * June 2 – Battle of Dangpo:The Korean navy is again victorious over Japan.
 * June 10 – The Siege of Bihać begins in the Kingdom of Croatia, by Telli Hasan Pasha (Hasan Predojević) of the Ottoman Empire. Bihać is captured on June 19 and is lost for Croatia forever.

July–September

 * July 20 – The Japanese capture the Korean capital Hanyang, causing Seonjo to request the assistance of Ming dynasty Chinese forces, who recapture the city a year later.
 * July 30 – Alonso de Sotomayor petitions the viceroy of Peru for more troops to help resist attacks by Indians and English pirates.
 * August – 1592–1593 London plague breaks out in England.
 * August 9 – English explorer John Davis, commander of the Desire, probably discovers the Falkland Islands.
 * August 14 – Battle of Hansan Island: The Korean navy defeats the Japanese.
 * September 1 – Battle of Busan: The Korean fleet makes a surprise attack on the Japanese but fails to break their supply lines to Busan.
 * September 7 – The captured Madre de Deus enters Dartmouth harbour in England and is then subjected to mass theft.

October–December

 * October 5 – Siege of Jinju: The Korean navy is victorious over the Japanese.
 * November 3 – The city of San Luis Potosí is founded.
 * November 4 – (2nd waxing of Natdaw, 954 ME) In a war between what are now the nations of Myanmar and Thailand, the Army of Burma, led by King Nanda Bayin Burma (Toungoo) begins its invasion of the Kingdom of Siam (Ayutthaya), defended by King Naresuan.
 * November 9 – The Sixto-Clementine Vulgate, an updated edition of the Latin language translation of the Bible, is promulgated by the Roman Catholic Church.
 * November 12 – The Collegium Melitense is founded in Malta by Bishop Garagallo.
 * November 17 – Sigismund III Vasa becomes the new King of Sweden upon the death of his father, King John III.
 * December 4 – Ryu Seong-ryong becomes the new Yeonguijeong (Chief State Councillor of the government of the Korean Empire, similar to Prime Minister) and serves until 1598.
 * December 21 – The city of London begins publishing the Bill of Mortality, the first regular data of deaths from an epidemic, as the government reports its weekly survey of the number of burials in the 113 parishes of London of deaths from bubonic plague. The death statistics continue to be published until December 18, 1595.

Date unknown

 * William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, chief adviser of Queen Elizabeth I of England, is taken seriously ill.
 * Negotiations begin for the annulment of the childless marriage of Henry IV of France and Marguerite of Valois.
 * The Confucian shrine of Munmyo in Korea is destroyed by fire.
 * The Population Census Edict is promulgated in Japan by Toyotomi Hidetsugu.
 * Henry Constable's Diana, one of the first sonnet sequences in English, is published in London.

January–June

 * January 5 – Shah Jahan, 5th Mughal Emperor of India from 1628 to 1658 (d. 1666)
 * January 22
 * Philippe Alegambe, Belgian Jesuit priest and bibliographer (d. 1652)
 * Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher and scientist (d. 1655)
 * February 5 – Vincenzo della Greca, Italian architect (d. 1661)
 * February 22 – Nicholas Ferrar, English trader (d. 1637)
 * February 23 – Balthazar Gerbier, Dutch painter (d. 1663)
 * March 20 – Giovanni da San Giovanni, Italian painter (d. 1636)
 * March 28 – Comenius, Czech teacher and writer (d. 1670)
 * April 4 – Abraham Elzevir, Dutch printer (d. 1652)
 * April 9 – Jiří Třanovský, Czech priest and musician (d. 1637)
 * April 11 – John Eliot, Member of Parliament, Statesman, Vice-Admiral of Devon (d. 1632)
 * April 15 – Francesco Maria Brancaccio, Catholic cardinal (d. 1675)
 * April 22 – Wilhelm Schickard, German inventor (d. 1635)
 * April 24
 * Marcos Ramírez de Prado y Ovando, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Mexico (d. 1667)
 * Sir John Trelawny, 1st Baronet, British baronet (d. 1664)
 * May 8 – Francis Quarles, English poet most famous for his Emblem book aptly entitled Emblems (d. 1644)
 * May 14 – Alice Barnham, wife of English scientific philosopher and statesman Francis Bacon (d. 1650)
 * June 7 – Balthasar Cordier, Belgian Jesuit exegete, editor (d. 1650)
 * June 9 – Jean de Brisacier, French Jesuit (d. 1668)
 * June 13
 * Sophia Hedwig of Brunswick-Lüneburg, German noblewoman (d. 1642)
 * Tobias Michael, German composer and cantor (d. 1657)

July–December

 * July 10 – Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (d. 1660)
 * July 20 – Johan Björnsson Printz, governor of New Sweden (d. 1663)
 * August 1 – François le Métel de Boisrobert, French poet (d. 1662)
 * August 7 – Arnauld de Oihenart, Basque historian and poet (d. 1668)
 * August 11 – Carlo de Tocco, Italian nobleman (d. 1674)
 * August 13 – William, Count of Nassau-Siegen, German count (d. 1642)
 * August 16 – Wybrand de Geest, Dutch painter (d. 1661)
 * August 28 – George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, English statesman (d. 1628)
 * August 29 – Sir Benjamin Ayloffe, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1662)
 * September 1 – Maria Angela Astorch, Spanish mystic and saint (d. 1665)
 * September 5 – Jacopo Vignali, Italian painter (d. 1664)
 * September 15 – Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, archbishop of Fermo (d. 1653)
 * September 18 – Jean Guyon, French colonist (d. 1663)
 * September 20 – Nicholas Stoughton, English politician (d. 1648)
 * September 21 – Nathaniel Foote, American colonist (d. 1644)
 * September 24 – Christopher Wandesford, English administrator and politician (d. 1640)
 * September 25 – Herman Krefting, Norwegian businessman (d. 1651)
 * October 7 – Henry Wenceslaus, Duke of Oels-Bernstadt, Duke of Bernstadt (1617 – 1639) (d. 1639)
 * October 13 – Christian Gueintz, German teacher and writer-grammarian (d. 1650)
 * October 22 – Gustav Horn, Count of Pori, Swedish/Finnish soldier and politician (d. 1657)
 * October 30 – Giulio Benso, Italian painter (d. 1668)
 * November 4
 * Gerard van Honthorst, Dutch painter (d. 1656)
 * Albrecht von Kalckstein, German noble (d. 1667)
 * November 5 – Charles Chauncy, English-born president of Harvard College (d. 1671)
 * November 13 – Antonio Grassi, Italian priest (d. 1671)
 * November 28 – Hong Taiji, Emperor of China (d. 1643)
 * December 5 – Thomas Bennet, successful civil lawyer (d. 1670)
 * December 6 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle (d. 1676)
 * December 9 – Krzysztof Arciszewski, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1656)
 * December 29 – Johannes Matthiae Gothus, Swedish academic (d. 1670)

Date unknown

 * Catalina de Erauso, Spanish-Mexican nun and soldier (d. 1650)
 * Richard Bellingham, American colonial magistrate (d. 1672)
 * John Hacket, English churchman (d. 1670)
 * Angélique Paulet, French salonnière, singer, musician and actress (d. 1651)
 * Ingen, Chinese Zen Buddhist poet, calligrapher (d. 1673)
 * John Jenkins, English composer (d. 1678)
 * John Oldham, early English settler in Massachusetts (d. 1636)
 * Walatta Petros, saint in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (d. 1642)
 * Sara Copia Sullam, Italian poet and writer (d. 1641)

Probable

 * Étienne Brûlé, French explorer in Canada (d. 1632)

Deaths

 * January 5 – William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, German nobleman (b. 1516)
 * January 22 – Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France (b. 1554)
 * January 27 – Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter (b. 1538)
 * February 2 – Ana de Mendoza, Princess of Eboli, Spanish noble (b. 1540)
 * February 29 – Alessandro Striggio, Italian composer (b. 1540)
 * March 4 – Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg and administrator of Ratzeburg (b. 1537)
 * March 5 – Michiel Coxie, Flemish painter (b. 1499)
 * March 22 – Johann VII, Duke of Mecklenburg, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1576–1592) (b. 1558)
 * April 8 – Dorothea Susanne of Simmern, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar (b. 1544)
 * April 13 – Bartolomeo Ammannati, Italian architect and sculptor (b. 1511)
 * April 18 – George John I, Count Palatine of Veldenz (b. 1543)
 * April 21 – Christoph, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch (b. 1552)
 * May 17 – Paschal Baylon, Spanish mystic and saint (b. 1540)
 * May 24 – Nikolaus Selnecker, German musician (b. 1530)
 * June 17 – Ernst Ludwig, Duke of Pomerania (b. 1545)
 * July 1 – Marc'Antonio Ingegneri, Italian composer (b. c. 1547)
 * July 4 – Francesco Bassano the Younger, Italian painter (b. 1559)
 * July 6 – John George of Ohlau, Duke of Oława and Wołów (1586–1592) (b. 1552)
 * July 18 – Sibylle of Saxony, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. 1515)
 * July 22 – Ludwig Rabus, German martyrologist (b. 1523)
 * July 26 – Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron, French soldier (b. 1524)
 * August 20 – William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1535)
 * August 25
 * William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (b. 1532)
 * Shimazu Toshihisa, Japanese samurai (b. 1537)
 * September 3 – Robert Greene, English writer (b. 1558)
 * September 13 – Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (b. 1533)
 * September 20 – Francisco Vallés, Spanish physician (b. 1524)
 * October 15 – Jean Vendeville, law professor, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1527)
 * October 19 – Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, English politician (b. 1528)
 * October 28 – Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, Flemish diplomat (b. 1522)
 * November 17 – King John III of Sweden (b. 1537)
 * November 27 – Nakagawa Hidemasa, Japanese military commander (b. 1568)
 * December 3 – Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma (b. 1545)
 *  Date unknown
 * Moderata Fonte, Italian poet, writer and philosopher (b. 1555)
 * Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Spanish explorer (b. 1532)
 * Katharina Gerlachin, German printer (b. 1520)
 * Girolamo Muziano, Italian painter (b. 1532)

title: 1592


text:
1057

Year 1057 (MLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * June 8 – General Isaac Komnenos proclaims himself emperor in Paphlagonia (modern Turkey), and starts a civil war against Emperor Michael VI. He advances with a Byzantine expeditionary force towards Constantinople. At the same time, Michael sends an army against the rebels – western regiments and eastern ones (those from the Anatolic Theme and Charsianon) – to stop him.
 * August 20 – Battle of Hades: Rebel forces under Isaac Komnenos defeat the Byzantines on the plains of Hades (near Nicaea). General Katakalon Kekaumenos routs the imperial right flank, and reaches the enemy's camp. He destroys the tents and supplies, which leaves the way open to Constantinople.
 * September 1 – A riot in favor of Isaac Komnenos breaks out in Constantinople. Patriarch Michael I convinces Michael VI to abdicate the throne, and Isaac is crowned as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.

Europe

 * August 15 – Battle of Lumphanan: King Macbeth (the Red King) is killed by Malcolm (Canmore). Macbeth is succeeded by his stepson Lulach, who is crowned (probably on September 8) as king of Scotland at Scone.
 * August – Battle of Varaville: Norman forces under William (the Bastard) defeat a Franco-Angevin army at the mouth of the Dives. King Henry I on campaign in Normandy is forced to retreat his army.
 * King Ferdinand I (the Great) takes the cities of Lamego and Viseu (modern Portugal), from Christian lords allied to the Muslim Taifa of Silves.

Africa

 * The Banu Hilal razes Kairouan (in modern Tunisia). The Zirid Dynasty has to re-settle to Mahdiya (approximate date).

Asia

 * King Anawrahta captures Thaton, the capital of the Thaton Kingdom, strengthening Theravada Buddhism in Burma.

Religion

 * July 28 – Pope Victor II dies after a 15-month pontificate at Arezzo. He is succeeded by Stephen IX as the 154th pope of the Catholic Church.

Births

 * Fujiwara no Kenshi, Japanese empress (d. 1084)
 * Fujiwara no Nakazane, Japanese nobleman (d. 1118)
 * Hugh (the Great), French nobleman (d. 1101)
 * Hugh I, French nobleman (House of Burgundy) (d. 1093)
 * Rhygyfarch, bishop of St. David's (d. 1099)

Deaths

 * March 1 – Ermesinde, countess and regent of Barcelona
 * April 19 – Edward the Exile, son of Edmund II (Ironside)
 * June 1 – Íñigo of Oña, Spanish Benedictine abbot
 * June 26 – Otto, margrave of the Nordmark
 * July 28 – Victor II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * August 15 – Macbeth, king of Scotland (b. before 1040)
 * August 28 – Abe no Yoritoki, Japanese samurai
 * August 31 – Michael VI, Byzantine emperor
 * September 28 – Otto III, duke of Swabia
 * November 7 – Lothair Udo I, German nobleman (b. 994)
 * Abul 'Ala Al-Ma'arri, Arabian philosopher (b. 973)
 * Ala al-Din Abu'l-Ghana'im Sa'd, Buyid vizier
 * Bruno II, margrave of Friesland (b. 1024)
 * Di Qing, Chinese general (b. 1008)
 * Heca (or Hecca), bishop of Selsey
 * Humphrey of Hauteville, Norman nobleman
 * Jōchō Busshi, Japanese sculptor
 * Leofric, English earl and peerage
 * Ostromir, Russian statesman (approximate date)
 * Otto I (or Odon), Italian nobleman (approximate date)
 * Pandulf VI (or Pandulf V), Italian nobleman
 * Ralph the Timid, Norman nobleman
 * Reginald I, French nobleman (b. 986)
 * William fitz Giroie, Norman nobleman

title: 1057


text:
1816

This year was known as the Year Without a Summer, because of low temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly the result of the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, causing severe global cooling, catastrophic in some locations.

January–March

 * December 25, 1815–January 6 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order, expelling the Jesuits from St. Petersburg and Moscow.
 * January 9 – Sir Humphry Davy's Davy lamp is first tested underground as a coal mining safety lamp, at Hebburn Colliery in northeast England; Ludwig van Beethoven wins the custody  battle for his nephew Karl.
 * January 17 – Fire nearly destroys the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.
 * February 10 – Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, dies and is succeeded by Friedrich Wilhelm, his son and founder of the House of Glücksburg.
 * February 20 – Gioachino Rossini's opera buffa The Barber of Seville premières at the Teatro Argentina in Rome.
 * March 1 – The Gorkha War between the United Kingdom and Nepal is ended after more than a year by the ratification of the Treaty of Sugauli, with Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to British Indian control.
 * March 16 – U.S. Secretary of State James Monroe is nominated by a caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress, to be its party's representative in the U.S. presidential election; Monroe receives 65 votes, and Secretary of War William H. Crawford receives 54 votes.
 * March 21 – The Institut de France is reorganized by King Louis XVIII of France into four royal academies: a revived Académie française; the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres; the Royal Academy of Sciences; and the Académie des Beaux-Arts.
 * March 22 – The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in 1814 by the Creek Nation; General Andrew Jackson refuses to honor the treaty, and uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the southeastern United States.

April–June

 * March 29–April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.
 * March 30–April 11 – In Philadelphia, the African Methodist Episcopal Church is established by Richard Allen and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination in the U.S. completely independent of White churches.
 * April – Banjul, capital of the Gambia, is founded as a trading post named Bathurst.
 * April 28 – The French Caisse des dépôts et consignations, a public investment body, is created by Louis XVIII.
 * May 2 – Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, daughter of the Prince Regent, at Carlton House in London.
 * May 8 – Divorce is abolished in France by the Chambre introuvable, after having been permitted following the French Revolution.
 * June 4 (N.S.) (May 23 O.S.) – The Governorate of Estonia of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from serfdom.
 * June 16 – The Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace is founded in London.
 * June 19 – Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Company, near Winnipeg, Canada.

July–September

 * July 2 – The French passenger ship Medusa runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.
 * July 9 – The United Provinces of South America (today Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil) declares independence from Spain.
 * August 12–24 – The Treaty of St. Louis, between the United States and the Council of Three Fires tribes, is signed in St. Louis.
 * August 14 – The United Kingdom formally annexes the Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the Cape Colony.
 * August 27 – Bombardment of Algiers: An anglo-Dutch fleet forces Omar Agha, Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves.
 * September 3 – Pope Pius VII sends a directive to Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mohilev, advising Siestrzeńcewicz not to continue the Russian Bible Society's plans to circulate the Scriptures written in the Russian language, commenting that "if the Sacred Scriptures were allowed in the vulgar tongue, more detriment than benefit would arise."
 * September 6 – King Louis XVIII dissolves the Chambre introuvable, the legislature that had been elected after the Second Bourbon Restoration re-established the old monarchy.

October–December

 * October 21 – Penang Free School is founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings, on the island of Penang (in modern-day Malaysia).
 * October 25–November 6 – 1816 United States presidential election: James Monroe defeats Rufus King.
 * November 10 – The British troop transport Harpooner, returning from Quebec to Britain, is wrecked at Cape Pine on Newfoundland (island) with the loss of 208 of the 385 people on board.
 * November 19 – The University of Warsaw is established.
 * December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.
 * December 12 – The thrones of Sicily and Naples are merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, under King Ferdinand I.
 * December 9–21 – The American Colonization Society is established, to support the emigration of free African Americans to Africa.

Date unknown

 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon resettled.
 * René Laennec invents the stethoscope.
 * Robert Stirling patents his Stirling engine, at this time known as "Stirling's air engine", in the United Kingdom.
 * E. Remington and Sons, the famous firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company, is founded in the United States.
 * Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie ("L'Anciente Mutuelle"), predecessor of Axa, the global insurance and financial services company, is founded in Rouen, France.

January–June

 * January 3 – Samuel C. Pomeroy, American politician, railroad executive (d. 1891)
 * January 30 – Nathaniel P. Banks, American politician, general (d. 1894)
 * March 14 – William Marsh Rice, American university founder (d. 1900)
 * March 21 – Most Rev. Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos, Roman Catholic archbishop and Mexican politician who served as regent during the Second Mexican Empire, 1863-1864 (d. 1891)
 * March 29 – Tsultrim Gyatso, 10th Dalai Lama of Tibet (d. 1837)
 * April 5 – Samuel Freeman Miller, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1890)
 * April 21 – Charlotte Brontë, English novelist, poet (d. 1855)
 * April 22 – Charles-Denis Bourbaki, French general (d. 1897)
 * April 25 – Eliza Daniel Stewart, American temperance movement leader (d. 1908)
 * May 9 – Princess Leonilla Bariatinskaya, Russian aristocrat (d. 1918)
 * May 15 – Jean-Joseph Farre, French general and statesman (d. 1887)
 * May 24 – Emanuel Leutze, German-American painter (d. 1868)
 * May 31 – Dimitrie Ghica, 10th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1897)
 * June 14 – Priscilla Cooper Tyler, de facto First Lady of the United States (d. 1889)
 * June 19 – William Henry Webb, American industrialist, philanthropist (d. 1899)
 * June 30 – Richard Lindon, English inventor of the rugby ball (d. 1887)

July–December

 * July 14 – Arthur de Gobineau, French diplomat, author (d. 1882)
 * July 21 – Paul Reuter, German entrepreneur (d. 1899)
 * July 23 – Charlotte Cushman, American actress (d. 1876)
 * July 31 – George Henry Thomas, American general (d. 1870)
 * August 4 – William Julian Albert, U.S. Congressman from Maryland (d. 1879)
 * August 12 – Ion Ghica, 3-time prime minister of Romania (d. 1897)
 * August 14 – Félix Douay, French general (d. 1879)
 * August 16 – Charles John Vaughan, English scholar (d. 1897)
 * August 21 – Jeanette Berglind, Swedish sign language pedagogue (d. 1903)
 * September 6 – Henri Jules Bataille, French general (d. 1882)
 * September 11 – Carl Zeiss, German maker of optical instruments (d. 1888)
 * October 11 – William B. Renshaw, United States Navy officer (d. 1863)
 * October 22 – Prince Yamashina Akira of Japan (d. 1891)
 * November 3 – Jubal Early, American Confederate general (d. 1894)
 * November 4 – Stephen Johnson Field, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1899)
 * November 17 – August Wilhelm Ambros, Austrian composer (d. 1876)
 * November 29 – Morrison Waite, American politician and Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1888)
 * December 10 – August Karl von Goeben, Prussian general (d. 1880)
 * December 13 – Werner von Siemens, German inventor, industrialist (d. 1892)
 * December 14 – Abraham Hochmuth, Hungarian rabbi (d. 1889)
 * December 29 – Carl Ludwig, German physician, physiologist (d. 1895)

date unknown

 * Wazir Akbar Khan, Afghan prince, general (d. 1845)

January–June

 * January 2 – Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, French chemist, politician (b. 1737)
 * January 5 – George Prévost, British general, colonial administrator (b. 1767)
 * January 27 – Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, British admiral (b. 1724)
 * February 6 – Maria Ludwika Rzewuska, Polish szlachcianka (b. 1744)
 * February 22 – Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher, historian (b. 1723)
 * March 3 – Johann August von Starck, German pastor (b. 1741)
 * March 19 – Philip Mazzei, Italian physician, friend of Thomas Jefferson (b. 1730)
 * March 20 – Queen Maria I of Portugal (b. 1734)
 * March 31 – Francis Asbury, American Methodist bishop (b. 1745)
 * May 4 – Samuel Dexter, American lawyer, politician, 4th United States Secretary of War, 3rd United States Secretary of the Treasury (b. 1761)
 * June 5 – Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer (b. 1751)
 * June 12 – Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France, duc de Castiglione (b. 1757)

July–December

 * July 5 – Dorothea Jordan, Irish-born actress, mistress of King William IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1761)
 * July 7 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish-born playwright and politician (b. 1751)
 * July 14 – Francisco de Miranda, Venezuelan revolutionary (b. 1750)
 * July 27 – Olof Tempelman, Swedish architect (b. 1745)
 * August 12 – John Smith, American politician (b. 1752)
 * August 29 – Johann Hieronymus Schröter, German astronomer (b. 1745)
 * September 20 – Harry Innes, United States federal judge (b. 1752)
 * September 22 – Sir Robert Gunning, 1st Baronet, British diplomat (b. 1731)
 * September 27 – Edward Charles Howard, English chemist, chemical engineer (b. 1774)
 * November 6 – Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1741)
 * November 8 – Gouverneur Morris, American statesman (b. 1752)
 * November 14 – Angélique Victoire, Comtesse de Chastellux, French comtesse (b. 1752)
 * December 15 – Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope, English statesman, scientist (b. 1753)
 * December 30 – Louis Henri Loison, French general (b. 1771)

Approximate date

 * Bénédict Chastanier, French surgeon (b. 1739)
 * Nafisa al-Bayda, Egyptian investor and diplomat

title: 1816


text:
245

Year 245 (CCXLV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Philippus and Titianus (or, less frequently, year 998 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 245 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Philip the Arab entrusts Trajan Decius with an important command on the Danube.
 * In Britain, many thousands of acres of modern-day Lincolnshire are inundated by a great flood.
 * The philosopher Plotinus goes to live in Rome.

Asia

 * Lady Triệu, a Vietnamese warrior, begins her 3-year resistance against the invading Chinese.

Births

 * Iamblichus, Syrian Neoplatonist philosopher (approximate date)
 * Diocletian, Roman emperor

Deaths

 * Ammonius Saccas, Alexandrian-Greek philosopher (approximate date)
 * Lu Xun (or Boyan), Chinese general and statesman (b. 183)
 * Wu (or Wu Xian), Chinese empress of the Shu Han state
 * Wu Can (or Kongxiu), Chinese official and politician
 * Zhao Yan (or Boran), Chinese official and general (b. 171)
 * Zhang Xiu (or Shusi), Chinese general and statesman (b. 205)

title: 245


text:
313

Year 313 (CCCXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantinus and Licinianus (or, less frequently, year 1066 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 313 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. This year is notable for ending of the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.

Roman Empire

 * At the end of 312 or in early 313, the retired Emperor Diocletian dies in his palace in Split, most likely from natural causes.
 * February: Emperors Constantine I and Licinius convene in Mediolanum (modern Milan). Licinius marries Constantine's half-sister Constantia, and they issue the Edict of Milan. This edict ends the Great Persecution against the Christians and is the first piece of legislation in western history to decree freedom of religion. It also returns property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13.
 * Emperor Maximinus Daza crosses the Bosphorus with an army of 70,000 men and lays siege to Heraclea in Thrace. He captures the city after eight days.
 * Battle of Tzirallum: Licinius defeats his rival Maximinus in Thrace, who then flees to Cilicia. After losing the Cilician Gates to Licinius' forces, Maximinus commits suicide.
 * Licinius conducts a purge of the wider Tetrarchic dynasty. He executes Galerius' son Candidianus, Valerius Severus' son Severianus (whom he accuses of conspiracy), and Maximinus' wife, son and daughter. Diocletian's wife Prisca and daughter Galeria Valeria go into hiding.

Asia

 * March 14 – Emperor Huai of Jin is executed by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state (Han-Zhao). At the imperial new year he and a number of former Jin officials are poisoned. Crown prince Min of Jin, age 13, succeeds, in Chang'an, his uncle Huai of Jin and becomes the new emperor of the Jin Dynasty.
 * Nintoku, the fourth son of Ōjin, becomes the 16th emperor of Japan. The historical profile of Nintoku is generally accepted as fact without attributing all of the things he allegedly accomplished.

Art and Science

 * Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (or Basilica Nova), in Rome, is finished.

Religion

 * February 3 – Edict of Milan: Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius meet at a conference in Mediolanum (modern Milan). They proclaim a policy of religious freedom for all, ending the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire and returning property confiscated from Christians. The edict is posted in Nicomedia on June 13.
 * October 2 – Lateran Synod: Donatism is declared a heresy.
 * Arius preaches of the human nature of Jesus.

Births

 * Cyril of Jerusalem, Christian bishop and theologian (d. 386)
 * Didymus the Blind, Alexandrian theologian (d. 398)
 * Shi Hong, Chinese emperor of the Jie state (d. 334)

Deaths

 * March 14 – Huai of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 284)
 * Achillas (the Great), pope and patriarch of Alexandria
 * Galerius Valerius Maximinus, Roman emperor (b. 270)
 * Candidianus (son of Galerius)
 * Severianus, son of Valerius Severus
 * Guangxian, Chinese empress of the Xiongnu state
 * Zhang Huiguang (or Wuxiao), Chinese empress

title: 313