text:
1266

Year 1266 (MCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * January 2 – Siege of Murcia: King James I of Aragon (the Conqueror) marches with his army from Orihuela and lays siege at Murcia on the Segura River. Skirmishes break out between the defenders and the Aragonese forces. The Muslim garrison, realizing that they are outnumbered and cut off from reinforcements, asks for terms. James offers to ask King Alfonso X of Castile (the Wise) to restore the Murcians' legal rights (see 1244) from before the rebellion: self-government under Castilian suzerainty, freedom of worship, and preservation of lands and properties. They agree to this offer but request Alfonso's explicit agreement rather than just James' promise to ask him. James refuses to get Alfonso's agreement before the city surrenders. Finally, the Moors yield Murcia to James on January 31. Seeing his standard on the walls, James enters the city on February 3, accepting its surrender.
 * February 26 – Battle of Benevento: Guelph forces (some 12,000 men), led by Charles of Anjou, brother of King Louis IX (the Saint), defeat a combined German and Sicilian army under King Manfred of Sicily, during a long-running power struggle in Italy. Manfred takes up a strong position near Benevento. As the French infantry advances, he unleashes his Saracen archers and light cavalry, which scatters the French. But the Saracens leave themselves exposed to the French heavy cavalry, and are overwhelmed. Manfred orders his heavy cavalry (some 1,200 German mercenary knights) into the attack, but they are defeated by the Guelph forces, and take heavy losses. Manfred is killed, and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as ruler of Sicily and Naples. Meanwhile, Michael II, despot of Epirus, invades Albania, and recovers the lands that Manfred has taken from him.
 * June – The Mudéjar Revolt ends. The rebels make their formal submission to Alfonso X (the Wise). They recognize the error that the Moors of Murcia have committed against their overlord Alfonso. Representatives of the aljama, or municipal council, renew their allegiance and humbly beg for pardon, mercy and favour. With this, the Mudéjar uprising in the Kingdom of Murcia is formally ended.
 * June 23 – Battle of Trapani: The Venetian fleet (24 galleys) led by Admiral Jacopo Dondulo moves to Marsala and attacks the larger Genoese fleet anchored at Trapani, capturing all its ships. Some 1,200 Genoese drown and many are killed. Dondulo is acclaimed a hero on his return to Venice in July. He is elected as Captain General of the Sea, Venice's highest naval command position.
 * July 2 – Treaty of Perth: King Alexander III agrees to a peace settlement with King Magnus VI (the Law-mender) in which the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Man are ceded to Scotland in exchange for 4,000 marks. In return, Alexander confirms Norwegian sovereignty over the islands of Shetland and Orkney.

England

 * May 15 – Battle of Chesterfield: English forces led by Henry of Almain, son of Richard of Cornwall, defeat the rebels under Robert de Ferrers at Chesterfield. Robert is taken as a prisoner to London, and at the Parliament of England disinherits. In July, he is forced to surrender land and Liverpool Castle to Edmund, second son of King Henry III.
 * October – The Second Barons' War winds down, as supporters of the rebel leader Simon de Montfort make an offer of peace to Henry III, in the Dictum of Kenilworth; after slight modifications to the peace settlement.
 * December 13 – Siege of Kenilworth: English forces under Henry III capture Kenilworth Castle after a 6-month siege. During the siege Archbishop William Freney tries to negotiate with the garrison but is refused entry.

Levant

 * July 23 – Siege of Safed: Mamluk forces capture the castle of Safed, defended by a garrison of 1,700 men (including some 500 Knights Templar), after a 6-week siege. Sultan Baibars promises safe conduct but when the Christians and Templars are on their way towards Acre, they are seized and beheaded.
 * August 24 – Battle of Mari: Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Baibars defeat the Armenian army in Cilicia, in retaliation for the support of the Mongol invasion in Syria. He expands his domain, capturing the city of Byblos (modern Lebanon) and the important castle of Toron from the Crusader States.
 * October 28 – A Crusader advance guard is ambushed by the Egyptian garrison of Safed, while local Arabs attack the Crusader camp. The 13-year-old Hugh II, ruler of Cyprus, is advised to retire and withdraw with heavy losses. Meanwhile, Baibars campaigns in Galilee and leads a lightning raid to Tripoli.

Asia

 * Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, father and uncle of Marco Polo, reach the Mongol capital Khanbaliq (modern-day Beijing), setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition 5 years later. Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message, requesting that Clement IV dispatch western scholars to teach in the Mongol Empire; however, this request is largely ignored.

America

 * In the modern-day United States, a period of drought begins in the Four Corners Region (this period is up until the year 1299), putting an end to the ancient Puebloans Civilization.

Economics

 * In France, the gold écu (or crown) and silver grosh coins are minted for the first time during the reign of Louis IX (the Saint).

Religion

 * Ode de Pougy, French Abbess of Notre Dame aux Nonnains, sends a gang to attempt to destroy the nearly completed Church of St. Urbain de Troyes.

Births

 * Duns Scotus, Scottish priest and philosopher (d. 1308)
 * Gi Ja-oh (or Ki Ja-oh), Korean nobleman (d. 1328)
 * Gilbert Segrave, English nobleman and bishop (d. 1316)
 * Herman VII (the Rouser), German nobleman (d. 1291)
 * Hethum II (or Het'um), king of Cilician Armenia (d. 1307)
 * Jadwiga of Kalisz, queen consort of Poland (d. 1339)
 * John of Brittany, English nobleman and knight (d. 1334)
 * Margaret of Villehardouin, princess of Achaea (d. 1315)
 * Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara, Indian ruler of Venad (d. 1317)
 * Rigdzin Kumaradza, Tibetan Dzogchen master (d. 1343)

Deaths

 * January 2 – Simon de Walton, English cleric and bishop
 * January 11 – Swietopelk II (the Great), Polish nobleman
 * February 12 – Walter de Cantilupe, English bishop (b. 1195)
 * February 26
 * Manfred, illegitimate son of Frederick II (b. 1232)
 * Richard of Lauria, Italian nobleman and condottiere
 * April 14 – Roger of Torre Maggiore, Italian archbishop
 * May 7 – Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Ghurid preacher (b. 1179)
 * May 27 – Elisabeth of Brunswick, German queen (b. 1230)
 * June 12 – Henry II, German nobleman and prince (b. 1215)
 * July 24 – Albrecht II of Meissen, German canon and bishop
 * August 4 – Odo of Burgundy (or Eudes), French nobleman
 * August 8 – Sayyed ibn Tawus, Abbasid theologian (b. 1193)
 * September 20 – Jan Prandota, bishop of Kraków (b. 1200)
 * October 21 – Birger Jarl, Swedish nobleman and knight (b. 1210)
 * October 28 – Arsenije Sremac, Serbian disciple and archbishop
 * October 29 – Margaret of Austria, queen of Germany (b. 1204)
 * November 19 – Nasir al-Din Mahmud, Mamluk ruler of Delhi
 * December 3 – Henry III (the White), duke of Silesia-Wrocław
 * Aldonza Alfonso de León, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso IX
 * Andronikos II (Megas Komnenos), emperor of Trebizond
 * Ariq Böke (or Bukha), Mongol ruler (khagan) and regent
 * Berke Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (b. 1208)
 * Chen Rong, Chinese painter, poet and politician (b. 1200)
 * Hugh Bigod, English nobleman and chief justiciar (b. 1211)
 * Hugh III of Chalon, French nobleman and knight (b. 1220)
 * John of Ibelin, Outremer nobleman and knight (b. 1215)
 * Luca Savelli, Italian senator and politician (b. 1190)
 * Máel Coluim II (or Malcolm II), Scottish nobleman
 * Margaret de Quincy, English noblewoman and heiress
 * Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi, Syrian scholar and astronomer
 * Philippe Chinard, French nobleman and admiral (b. 1205)
 * Richer of Senones, French monk and chronicler (b. 1190)

title: 1266


text:
1267

Year 1267 (MCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

War and politics

 * February 16 – King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, determining the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of León, and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.
 * May 27 – Treaty of Viterbo: Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gifts the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily, in the hope that Charles can help him restore the Latin Empire.
 * The Second Barons' War in England ends, as the rebels and King Henry III of England agree to peace terms, as laid out in the Dictum of Kenilworth.
 * Treaty of Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales.
 * The city of Ostrava is founded.

Culture

 * Roger Bacon completes his work Opus Majus and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes Opus Minus, a summary of Opus Majus, later in the same year. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the Opus Tertium, written in 1267, that "forty years have passed since I first learned the alphabet". The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220.
 * The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear Pileum cornutum, a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.
 * In England, the Statute of Marlborough is passed, the oldest English law still (partially) in force.

Asia and Africa

 * The "Grand Capital" is constructed in Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) by Kublai Khan, having moved the capital of the Mongol Empire there three years prior.
 * Malik ul Salih establishes Samudra Pasai, the first Muslim state in Indonesia.
 * Spain attempts an invasion of Morocco, but the Muslim empire Marinid Sultanate successfully defend against the invasion, and drive out Spanish forces.

Births

 * February 3 (or February 3, 1266) – Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel (d. 1302)
 * August 10 – King James II of Aragon (d. 1327)

 * Giotto di Bondone, Italian artist who marked the shift from medieval art to Proto-Renaissance art. (d. 1337)
 * Roger de Flor, Sicilian military adventurer, leader of the mercenary group Catalan Company

Deaths

 * February 21 – Baldwin of Ibelin, Seneschal of Cyprus
 * March 3 or 4 – Lars, Archbishop of Uppsala
 * March 17 – Peter of Montereau, French architect (b. c. 1200)
 * September 23 – Beatrice of Provence, countess regnant of Provence (b. 1234)
 * November 19 – Pedro Gallego, Franciscan scholar and translator
 * November 26 – Sylvester Gozzolini, Italian founder of the Sylvestrines (b. 1177)
 * November/December – Hugh II of Cyprus, king of Cyprus and regent of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. (b. 1253)
 * date unknown – John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel, Breton-English nobleman and Marcher Lord (b. 1223)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1267


text:
1268

Year 1268 (MCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

War and politics

 * February 18 – Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov.
 * April 4 – A five-year Byzantine–Venetian peace treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. It is ratified by the Doge of Venice Reniero Zeno on June 30.
 * August 23 – Battle of Tagliacozzo: The army of Charles of Anjou defeats the Ghibellines supporters of Conradin of Hohenstaufen, marking the fall of the Hohenstaufen Family from the Imperial and Sicilian thrones, and leading to the new chapter of Angevin domination in Southern Italy.
 * October 29 – Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church.
 * King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.
 * The County of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the Margrave of Brandenburg.
 * New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice, in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular Lorenzo Tiepolo from becoming elected.
 * Pope Clement IV dies; the following papal election fails to choose a new pope for almost three years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.

Culture

 * Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit, at the Duomo di Siena.
 * The carnival in Venice is first recorded.
 * In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.
 * The town of Guta is founded (currently Kolárovo, Slovakia).

Asia

 * May 18 – Battle of Antioch: The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars; his destruction of the city of Antioch is so great, as to permanently negate the city's importance.
 * The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.
 * Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of tribute; the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth, lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274.
 * An earthquake in Cilicia occurs in 1268 northeast of the city of Adana. Over 60,000 people perished in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia in southern Asia Minor.
 * The Tibetan monk Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya School completes the 'Phags-pa script, which was sponsored by Kublai Khan as a new writing system in his empire.

Births

 * April/June – Philip IV of France (d. 1314)
 * Saint Clare of Montefalco (d. 1308)
 * Emperor Duanzong of China (d. 1278)
 * Mahaut, Countess of Artois (d. 1327)
 * Vedanta Desika, Indian Hindu poet and philosopher

Deaths

 * May 15 – Peter II, Count of Savoy (b. 1203)
 * July 7 – Reniero Zeno, Doge of Venice
 * August 11 – Agnes of Faucigny, Dame ruler of Faucigny, countess consort of Savoy
 * October 29
 * Conradin, Duke of Swabia (executed) (b. 1252)
 * Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (executed) (b. 1249)
 * November 29 – Pope Clement IV
 * December 9 – Vaišvilkas, Prince of Black Ruthenia
 * date unknown
 * Barral of Baux, Grand Justiciar of Sicily
 * Henry de Bracton, English jurist

title: 1268


text:
1269

Year 1269 (MCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * June 16 – Battle of Colle Val d'Elsa: Guelph forces (2,200 men) led by King Charles I defeat the Ghibellines at Tuscany. After the battle, the Guelphs drive out their adversaries at Colle di Val d'Elsa, destroying their houses, and confiscating their possessions.
 * June 19 – King Louis IX (the Saint) orders all Jews found in public, without an identifying yellow badge, to be fined ten livres of silver. He also confiscates goods from the Jewish population to fund the Eighth Crusade.
 * September – An Aragonese contingent under King James I (the Conqueror) sails from Barcelona to the Holy Land but is caught in a storm and badly damaged. One squadron reaches Acre, but later returns to Aragon.
 * King Ottokar II inherits Carinthia and part of Carniola, making him the most powerful German prince within the Holy Roman Empire; the empire lacking an emperor during the ongoing “Great Interregnum”.

England

 * Prince Edward (the Lord Edward) obtains the right to levy a twentieth of the value of the Church's wealth to finance the Ninth Crusade. That sum turns out to be insufficient, and Edward has to borrow to reach his target.
 * John Comyn begins the construction of Blair Castle, in Scotland.

Africa

 * September 8 – Berber forces of the Marinid Sultanate under Abu Yusuf Yaqub complete the conquest of Morocco and capture Marrakesh after a long siege, effectively ending the Almohad Caliphate. The last Almohad ruler, Idris al-Wathiq (or Abu Dabbus), is assassinated by a slave. The Marinids become the new masters of the Western Maghreb, Abu Yusuf Yaqub takes up the title of "Prince of the Muslims".

Religion

 * March – Ode de Pougy, French Abbess of Notre Dame aux Nonnains, and several associates who assist her are excommunicated.
 * Opizzo Fieschi, Latin patriarch of Antioch, is exiled. Being displaced because of the East–West Schism of 1054 (approximate date).

Science

 * Pierre de Maricourt, French mathematician and writer, performs a series of experiments with magnetic poles and proposes that a machine can be run forever in perpetual motion using the properties of magnets.

Births

 * June 18 – Eleanor of England, English princess (d. 1298)
 * July 10 – Duan Zong (or Zhao Shi), Chinese emperor (d. 1278)
 * Alexander of San Elpidio, Italian friar and bishop (d. 1326)
 * Frederick Tuta, German nobleman and regent (d. 1291)
 * Huang Gongwang (or Lu Jian), Chinese painter (d. 1354)
 * Louis III, German nobleman, knight and regent (d. 1296)
 * Nichizō, Japanese Buddhist monk and disciple (d. 1342)
 * Philip of Artois, French nobleman and knight (d. 1298)

Deaths

 * July 7 – Saionji Saneuji, Japanese poet and writer (b. 1194)
 * October 1 – Giordano Pironti, Italian aristocrat and cardinal
 * October 27 – Ulrich III, German nobleman and knight (b. 1220)
 * Abu al-Hasan al-Shushtari, Moorish poet and writer (b. 1212)
 * Albin of Brechin (or Albinus), Scottish prelate and bishop
 * Constance of Aaragon, Spanish princess (infanta) (b. 1239)
 * Ebulo de Montibus, Savoyan nobleman and knight (b. 1230)
 * Geoffrey of Sergines, French nobleman and knight (b. 1205)
 * Gregorio di Montelongo, Italian bishop of Tripoli (b. 1200)
 * Guigues VII, French ruler (dauphin) of Viennois (b. 1225)
 * Idris al-Wathiq (or Abu Dabbus), Almohad ruler (caliph)
 * John Lestrange, English landowner and knight (b. 1194)
 * Liu Kezhuang, Chinese poet and literary critic (b. 1187)
 * Oberto Pallavicino, Italian nobleman (signore) (b. 1197)
 * Vasilko Romanovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1203)
 * William III de Beauchamp, English nobleman (b. 1215)

title: 1269


text:
1278

Year 1278 (MCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea, dies. By the terms of the Treaty of Viterbo, his lands passed under the direct control of Charles I, king of Sicily. Charles appoints a bailiff to rule the Latin principality. In response, Charles swears fealty to the new pope, Nicholas III, on May 24. He promises not to attack or invade the Byzantine Empire because Nicholas has hopes to unify the Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church.
 * August 5 – Siege of Algeciras: Castilian forces (some 30,000 men) led by King Alfonso X (the Wise) besiege Algeciras (at this time under control of the Marinids). A fleet of 24 ships and some 80 galleys is placed in the Bay of Gibraltar to prevent the supply of the city from nearby Gibraltar. The fleet is made up of most of the members of the Order of Saint Mary of Spain, a military-religious order which is concentrated in naval warfare.
 * August 26 – Battle on the Marchfeld: German-Hungarian forces (some 9,000 men) led by King Rudolf I in alliance with King Ladislaus IV (the Cuman), defeat and kill Ottokar II, ruler of Bohemia. The battle ends the power struggle between Rudolf and Ottokar over the fate of Central Europe. Rudolf's House of Habsburg will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories, until the end of World War I in 1918.
 * September 29 – Aragonese forces led by King Peter III take the Muslim stronghold of Montesa, putting an end to two years of Mudéjar rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm and go into exile.

England

 * November 17 – King Edward I (Longshanks) raises the penalty for coin clipping from banishment to execution. All Jews are subjected to arrest and search of their homes on suspicion of coin clipping. Some 680 Jews are imprisoned in the Tower of London, with more than 300 subsequently executed. At this time, the Jewish population is believed to have been some 3,000.

Levant

 * January – Charles I is crowned King of Jerusalem, and is recognized by the kingdom's barons at Acre. He surrenders the vicariate of Tuscany to Nicholas III. His bailiff, Roger of San Severino, appoints various Frenchmen from Charles' court as his chief officers. Bohemond VII, count of Tripoli (and nominal Prince of Antioch), acknowledges Roger as lawful bailiff.

Asia

 * May 8 – The 7-year-old Emperor Duan Zong (or Zhao Shi) dies of illness. He is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing who becomes the last ruler of the Song dynasty. Meanwhile, Mongol forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan ("Great Khan") draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court.
 * November 8 – Trần Thánh Tông, second emperor of Vietnam's Trần dynasty, takes up the post of Retired Emperor, but continues for 11 years to co-rule with his son Trần Khâm.

Art and Culture

 * The earliest known written copy of the Avesta, a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.

Markets

 * Giles of Lessines writes his De usuris. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious, as "future things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instant". The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in Roman Catholic Europe.

Religion

 * September 8 – Pere d'Urtx, Catalan bishop of Urgell, becomes the first Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra, when he signs the paréage, establishing joint-sovereignty over the territory with Roger-Bernard III, count of Foix.

Births

 * March 11 – Mary of Woodstock, English princess (d. 1332)
 * May 9 – Kokan Shiren, Japanese Zen patriarch (d. 1347)
 * September 8 – Theobald II, English nobleman (d. 1316)
 * November 10 – Philip I (or II), Neapolitan prince (d. 1331)
 * Christopher Seton, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1306)
 * Constantine I (or III), co-ruler of Cilician Armenia (d. 1310)
 * Ferdinand of Majorca, Aragonese prince (infante) (d. 1316)
 * Hōjō Sadaaki, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1333)
 * Jean van Hocsem, Belgian monk and historian (d. 1348)
 * John de Graham, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1337)
 * Philip I of Piedmont, Latin prince of Achaea (d. 1334)
 * Rita of Armenia, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1333)
 * Safi al-Din al-Hilli, Persian poet and writer (d. 1349)
 * Thomas of Lancaster, English nobleman (d. 1322)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Ladislaus II Kán, Hungarian nobleman and knight
 * January 22 – Roger de Skerning, English monk and bishop
 * March 16 – William IV, German nobleman and knight (b. 1210)
 * May 1 – William II of Villehardouin, prince of Achaea (b. 1211)
 * May 8 – Duan Zong (or Zhao Shi), Chinese emperor (b. 1270)
 * June 30 – Pierre de la Broce, French nobleman and councilor
 * August 16 – Napoleone della Torre (or Napo), Italian nobleman
 * August 26 – Ottokar II, Bohemian nobleman and king (b. 1233)
 * November 13 – Barnim I, German nobleman (House of Griffin)
 * Andrew, Hungarian nobleman and prince (House of Árpád)
 * Bertrand de Saint-Martin, French cardinal and archbishop
 * Bolesław II (the Horned), Polish nobleman (House of Piast)
 * Geoffrey Chauderon, Latin nobleman and Grand Constable
 * Lancelot de Saint-Maard, French nobleman and marshal
 * Lanxi Daolong, Chinese monk and calligrapher (b. 1213)
 * Lý Chiêu Hoàng, Vietnamese empress consort (b. 1218)
 * Martin of Opava (or Poland), Polish bishop and chronicler
 * Robert de Chauncy, English cleric, bishop and high sheriff
 * Sambor II of Tczew, German nobleman, prince and knight
 * Stephen II Báncsa, Hungarian prelate and bishop (b. 1240)
 * Tudur ap Ednyfed Fychan, Welsh nobleman and politician
 * Ubertino Pallavicini, Italian nobleman (House of Pallavicini)

title: 1278


text:
1279

Year 1279 A.D (MCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * July 17 – Battle of Devina: Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos sends a Byzantine expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) to Bulgaria, to impose his ally (and son-in-law) Ivan Asen III on the throne. Tsar Ivaylo, former rebel leader (see Uprising of Ivaylo), attacks the Byzantines in the Kotel Pass, completely routing them. Many of them perish in the battle – while the rest are captured and later killed by orders from Ivaylo. Later, Michael sends another army of some 5,000 men, but this is also defeated by Ivaylo before reaching the Balkan Mountains. Without support, Ivan Asen has to flee to Constantinople and the turmoil in Bulgaria continues.

Europe

 * March 5 – Battle of Aizkraukle: Lithuanian forces led by Grand Duke Traidenis defeat an army of Teutonic Knights of the Livonian Order at Aizkraukle. During the battle, the order suffers a great defeat, some 70 knights are killed, including Grand Master Ernst von Ratzeburg (or Rassburg). The Semigallians, allies of the Livonian Order, revolt but later submit to Traidenis for protection.
 * July 20 – Siege of Algeciras: Castilian forces led by King Alfonso X ("the Wise") abandon the siege (begun in 1278), after their fleet (some 400 ships) is destroyed by the Marinids led by Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr. All prisoners are decapitated except the officers who are taken hostage. For the second time, the entire Castilian fleet is lost and Alfonso is forced to sign a new truce.
 * November – Alfonso X ("the Wise") grants the cities of Medina-Sidonia and Alcalá de los Gazules to the Order of Saint Mary of Spain. He also donates the town of Morón de la Frontera to the Order of Alcántara.

England

 * November – The first of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed during the reign of King Edward I ("Longshanks"), which prevents land from passing into the possession of the Church.
 * The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls, a census seen as a follow-up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is begun; it lasts until 1280.
 * The Royal Mint is moved into the Tower of London. Mints outside London are reduced, with only a few local and episcopal mints continuing to operate.

Levant

 * Spring – Mamluk forces led by the 19-year-old Sultan Al-Said Barakah and Qalawun ("the Thousander") invade Cilician Armenia; a revolt in Egypt while they are away force Barakah to abdicate. In August, Qalawun takes over the government in Cairo and proclaims himself sultan. He sends Solamish, youngest son of former Sultan Baibars, into exile. Meanwhile, Sunqur al-Ashqar, Mamluk viceroy of Damascus, refuses to accept Qalawun's authority and begins a rebellion in Syria.

Africa

 * Abu Ishaq, uncle of the Hafsid caliph Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, sides with the Almohad rebels of Béjaïa, and takes Tunis.

Asia

 * March 19 – Battle of Yamen: Kublai Khan's Mongol Yuan fleet attacks the Chinese Song fleet (some 1,000 ships) under Admiral Zhang Shijie at Yamen. The Mongols send fireships, but this is not effective as the Song fleet is coated with fire-resistant mud. Zhang Hongfan, commander of the Mongol forces, orders the Song fleet to be cut off from its base, depriving it of its supplies. He splits the Yuan fleet into four squadrons and again attacks the Song. The ill and weakened Song soldiers are no match for the Mongols in close combat, and the chaotic environment makes battle command impossible. The chained Song ships can neither support or maneuver. Song Chancellor Lu Xiufu and Emperor Zhao Bing drown themselves rather than be taken captive. This marks the end of the Song dynasty after three centuries, Kublai Khan becomes sole emperor of China. The Mongol Empire reaches its largest extent, although it has already partially fragmented.
 * April 17 – Thawun Gyi settles at Taungoo (modern-day Myanmar), and becomes the first ruler of the Toungoo dynasty (until 1317).
 * October 12 – The Dai-Gohonzon, supreme object of veneration of Nichiren Shōshū Buddhism, is said to be inscribed by Nichiren.
 * A Mongol Yuan embassy, sent by Kublai Khan to Japan, is killed by orders from Hōjō Tokimune, leading to a second invasion.
 * Ram Khamhaeng becomes the third king of the Phra Ruang dynasty, ruling the Sukhothai Kingdom (modern-day Thailand).
 * The Chola dynasty of South India falls, due to attacks by the Hoysala Empire and Pandya kingdom.

Cities and Towns

 * The town of Haapsalu in Estonia is founded and later becomes the centre of the Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek.

Medicine

 * Abu Bakr al-Razi's (or Rhazes') medical writings are translated into Latin by Faraj ben Salim, some 350 years after al-Razi's death.

Births

 * March 3 – Ismail I, Nasrid ruler of Granada (d. 1325)
 * April 5 – Al-Nuwayri, Egyptian encyclopedist (d. 1333)
 * Abu Asida Muhammad II, Hafsid ruler of Tunis (d. 1309)
 * Anthony Bek, English chancellor and bishop (d. 1343)
 * Hōjō Hirotoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1315)
 * John I, German nobleman (House of Hohenzollern) (d. 1300)
 * Louis I, Duke of Bourbon ("the Lame"), French nobleman and knight (d. 1341)
 * Muktabai (or Mukta), Indian religious leader (d. 1297)
 * Nigel de Brus, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1306)
 * Otto I, Polish nobleman (House of Griffin) (d. 1344)
 * Zahida Abbasiyah, Abbasid poet and writer (d. 1328

Deaths

 * February 16 – Afonso III ("the Boulonnais"), king of Portugal (b. 1210)
 * March 5 – Ernst von Ratzeburg, German knight and Grand Master
 * March 16 – Joan of Dammartin, Spanish queen consort (b. 1220)
 * March 19
 * Lu Xiufu (or Junshi), Chinese Grand Chancellor (b. 1236)
 * Zhao Bing, Chinese emperor (House of Zhao) (b. 1272)
 * March 24 – Rinchen Gyaltsen, Tibetan imperial preceptor (b. 1238)
 * April 2 – Abel Abelsøn, Danish nobleman and landowner (b. 1252)
 * May 7 – Alberto da Bergamo, Italian Dominican friar (b. 1214)
 * May 28 – William Wishart (or Wischard), Scottish bishop (b. 1225)
 * July 15 – William Langton (or Rotherfield), English archdeacon
 * July 22 – Philip of Spanheim, German archbishop and patriarch
 * August 15 – Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ("the Great"), German nobleman (b. 1236)
 * September 3 – Étienne Tempier, French bishop and chancellor
 * September 11 – Robert Kilwardby, English archbishop (b. 1215)
 * September 18 – Ulrich II, Count of Württemberg, German nobleman and ruler (b. 1254)
 * December 7 – Bolesław V the Chaste, Polish nobleman (b. 1226)
 * December 18 – Richard of Gravesend, English priest and bishop
 * Ajall Shams al-Din Omar, Persian governor and ruler (b. 1211)
 * David de Lindsay, Scottish nobleman and Lord Chamberlain
 * Gilla in Choimded Ó Cerbailláin (or Germanus), Irish bishop
 * Li Ye (or Li Zhi), Chinese mathematician and writer (b. 1192)
 * Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby, English nobleman and landowner (b. 1239)
 * Walter Giffard, English Lord Chancellor and archbishop (b. 1225)

title: 1279


text:
In the Bedroom

In the Bedroom is a 2001 American drama film directed by Todd Field from a screenplay written by Field and Robert Festinger, based on the 1979 short story "Killings" by Andre Dubus. It stars Sissy Spacek, Tom Wilkinson, Nick Stahl, Marisa Tomei, and William Mapother. The film centers on the inner dynamics of a family in transition. Matt Fowler (Wilkinson) is a doctor practicing in Maine and is married to Ruth Fowler (Spacek), a music teacher. Their son Frank (Stahl) is involved in a love affair with an older single mother, Natalie Strout (Tomei). As the beauty of Maine's brief and fleeting summer comes to an end, these characters find themselves in the midst of an unimaginable tragedy.

The title refers to the rear compartment of a lobster trap known as the "bedroom" and how it can hold only two lobsters before the lobsters begin to turn on each other. In the Bedroom premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. It was theatrically released in limited theatres on November 23, 2001, and grossed $44.8 million against a $1.7 million budget. The film was praised for Field's direction, its screenplay and the performances (particularly those of Spacek, Wilkinson, Stahl and Tomei).

In the Bedroom received 5 nominations at the 74th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actress (for Spacek), Best Actor (for Wilkinson) and Best Supporting Actress (for Tomei). The film also earned Spacek and Wilkinson nominations for Best Actress and Best Actor respectively at the 55th British Academy Film Awards and the 8th Screen Actors Guild Awards. Spacek's performance in the film earned her the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama and the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress. Moreover, the film was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of the year while Spacek's performance was named the best female performance of the year.

Plot
In the Mid-Coast town of Camden, Maine, Matt and Ruth Fowler enjoy a happy marriage and a good relationship with their son Frank, a recent college graduate who has come home for the summer. Frank has fallen in love with a divorced older woman with children, Natalie Strout; Ruth is concerned about the relationship, while Matt thinks it is only a fling. The family struggles to communicate their feelings to one another, especially regarding Frank's relationship and schooling.

Frank is about to begin graduate school for architecture but is considering staying in town to continue working as a fisherman and to be near Natalie and her kids. Natalie's ex-husband, Richard Strout, tries to find a way into his ex-wife and children's lives, going to increasingly violent lengths to get his intentions across to Natalie, including assaulting Frank.

Frank rushes to Natalie's home one evening after receiving a frightened phone call from one of her children. He arrives to find the living room trashed and Natalie in distress. She tells him Richard just left, but he returns almost immediately. Natalie takes the boys upstairs, and Frank insists through the locked front door that Richard leave. He feigns doing so, only to break in through the back door with a handgun; in the ensuing scuffle, Frank is shot and killed.

Though equally devastated, Matt and Ruth grieve in different ways, with Matt putting on a brave face and quickly returning to work, while Ruth becomes reclusive and quiet. The couple retreat with friends Willis and Katie Grinnel to a secluded cottage for a weekend, but Ruth is distant and Matt begins to drink heavily.

At Richard's bail hearing, Natalie is pressed by his lawyer if she saw the shooting as she testified when police arrived on the scene, to which she tearfully shakes her head, as she only heard what happened. The tension between Matt and Ruth increases when their lawyer informs them that because of the recounting of Natalie's original testimony, Richard was allowed out on bail, and his defense will argue that Frank's death was an accident, meaning Richard will most likely instead be charged with accidental manslaughter and will likely only serve five to ten years in prison. The couple begin to see Richard around town.

Matt approaches Natalie at work to check in on her and the two have a well intentioned but strained conversation. Matt attempts to go lobster fishing as a way to connect with Frank, but struggles with it and is pinched by a lobster, bandaging his bleeding finger. Natalie approaches Ruth at work and attempts to apologize, but Ruth slaps her before dismissively returning to her papers. Natalie leaves in tears. Later that day, Ruth accidentally runs into Richard at the grocery store.

When she returns home, an argument erupts between the couple in which each emotionally savages the other; Matt lambastes Ruth for being an overbearing presence in Frank's youth, while Ruth chastises Matt for showing little grief for their deceased son. After a young girl selling candy for a fundraiser interrupts the two, Matt apologizes to Ruth, who apologizes in turn and, breaking down, tells Matt about seeing Natalie and Richard. The two embrace and find common ground in their grief. Matt and Willis spend the evening drinking and lamenting the injustice, and Willis asks if the couple have considered moving or doing anything about Richard.

Matt abducts Richard at gunpoint, saying he's arranged for Richard to jump bail and leave the state, so as to spare them the pain of seeing him in Camden. He forces Richard to "pack clothes for warm weather" and plants a train schedule in his apartment. He then makes Richard drive them to the Grinnel cabin, where Willis is waiting with another vehicle. He begins to load Richard's belongings, but Matt hesitates - and then shoots Richard, killing him. Willis admonishes Matt for not following the plan. Matt responds that he couldn't wait. The two bury Richard's body deep in the woods but are stuck unexpectedly at a bridge crossing on their return home. Willis laments that this cost them nearly an hour - meaning they arrive back in town just after sunrise instead of in darkness.

Matt returns home to find Ruth awake. She asks, "Did you do it?" Matt appears troubled and unresponsive. He climbs into bed and turns away from her. She asks if he's okay, and Matt haltingly describes a photo he saw in Richard's apartment of him with Natalie in a loving pose but cannot explain why it affected him. Finally, Ruth gets up to make coffee. She calls from the kitchen, "Matt, do you want coffee?" but he doesn't answer. Matt unbandages his finger and finds the wound still there.

Cast

 * Sissy Spacek as Ruth Fowler
 * Tom Wilkinson as Matt Fowler
 * Nick Stahl as Frank Fowler
 * Marisa Tomei as Natalie Strout
 * William Mapother as Richard Strout
 * Celia Weston as Katie Grinnel
 * Karen Allen as Marla Keyes
 * Deborah Derecktor as Janelle
 * William Wise as Willis Grinnel
 * Justin Ashforth as Tim Bryson
 * Camden Munson as Jason Strout
 * Frank T. Wells as Henry
 * Kevin Chapman as Tim's Friend

Production
Principal photography began on 22 June 2000 and completed on 6 July 2000.

Sundance

In the Bedroom made its debut at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival. In a 2022 The New Yorker profile, Field recalled that when the film was acquired by Miramax Films, he was devastated, concerned his film would be heavily re-edited by Harvey Weinstein. Field called Tom Cruise, a personal friend (and cousin of William Mapother), who advised him not to give Weinstein any pushback, allow him to extensively re-edit, wait until the film tested poorly, then remind Weinstein of how well the film was initially received at Sundance. Field followed Cruise's advice and it worked.

Critic Dennis Lim wrote in Village Voice:

"Todd Field's debut feature, In the Bedroom, alighted on the snowy peaks of Sundance last January as if from another universe. Here was a small miracle of patience and composure, so starkly removed from everything the festival had come to represent that it seemed almost to herald the overdue coming-of-age of American independent film."

In the Bedroom was the first film that premiered at the Sundance Film Festival to receive an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture. It also received nominations for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, and Best Adapted screenplay, more nominations than any film to premiere at Sundance until Precious in 2009.

Box office
In the Bedroom was the second highest-grossing film that premiered at the Sundance Film Festival from 2000 to 2009, after Napoleon Dynamite. The film grossed a worldwide total of $44.8 million. It went on to become, at the time, the highest-grossing non-IMAX film in history never to reach the top 10 in a given week, and also one of the most successful films in history, with an expense-to-profit ratio of 1:25.

Critical reception

Upon its release, the film received critical acclaim for its direction, script, and performances, notably from Wilkinson and Spacek. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 93% based on 139 reviews, with an average score of 7.90/10. The site's consensus states "Expertly crafted and performed, In the Bedroom is a quietly wrenching portrayal of grief." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 86 out of 100 based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."

David Edelstein of Slate Magazine in his review of the film wrote that "it is the best movie of the last several years" and described it "the most evocative, the most mysterious, the most inconsolably devastating" film. He further mentioned that the effect of the film "isn't over when you leave the theater" and that it's "always going to be there". He also called In the Bedroom a "masterpiece".

Neil Norman of The Evening Standard stated "It is apparent that Field has not only studied the masters of cinematic understatement, such as Ozu and Bergman, but that he fully understands their processes... Field's achievement is such a perfectly consummated marriage of intent and execution that he need never make another movie. I would not be alone, I think, in hoping he will make many more."

William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer compared Field's direction to Kubrick's, saying that it "manages to feel both highly controlled and effortlessly spontaneous at the same time; and his lifting of the facade of this picturesque, Norman Rockwell setting is carried out with surgical precision". He further mentioned that "like Kubrick, Field doesn't make any moral judgments about his characters, and his film remains stubbornly enigmatic. It can be read as a high-class revenge thriller, an ode to the futility of vengeance or almost anything in between."

Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote, "In the Bedroom leaves us with the happy knowledge that with Field the American film scene, continually deplored as scraggly, can boast another admirable directing talent.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times stated in his review that it is "one of the best-directed films of the year" and that "every performance has a perfect tone". He listed In the Bedroom as his third best film of the year 2001.

Rolling Stone's Peter Travers called the film "an uncommonly good movie" that "will hit you hard." He also mentioned that "Oscar would be a fool" if it ignores Spacek and Wilkinson's "career-crowning performances".

Among the negative reviews of the film include Paul Tatara of CNN mentioning that the film "flounders" despite the good performances. Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post said "it opens brilliantly" but goes on to "self-negating absurdity."

Retrospective lists
A. O. Scott included the film in his New York Times essay "The most important films of the past decade—and why they mattered."

In the Bedroom was also chosen by the New York Times Film Critics for their "Best 1,000 Films of All Time" list.

The March 2023 issue of New York magazine listed In the Bedroom alongside Citizen Kane, Sunset Boulevard, Dr. Strangelove, Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, The Conversation, Nashville, Taxi Driver, The Elephant Man, Pulp Fiction, There Will Be Blood, Roma, and Tár, also directed by Field, as "The Best Movies That Lost Best Picture at the Oscars". ''

The March 2024 issue of IndieWire listed In the Bedroom and Tár, also directed by Field, as two of the "Best Picture Nominees that Deserved to win the Oscar."

Home media
The film was released on DVD in 2002 in a bare-bones edition containing no extras or director's commentary. When Field was asked by the New York Times why this was the case, he said, "Once a film is made available to the public, the right of interpretation belongs to the viewer. Unless it's something historical—like Citizen Kane or Raging Bull—it seems really silly to have that kind of thing."

Film archives
A 35mm safety print is housed in the permanent collection of the UCLA Film & Television Archive.

Popular culture
During season four (episode eight, "Mergers and Acquisitions") of The Sopranos, Tony shows Carmela the new media center he has installed in the pool house, and she replies that she will pick up In the Bedroom for them to watch.

title: In the Bedroom


text:
1280

1280 (MCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar. It was the 1280th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 280th year of the 2nd millennium, the 80th year of the 13th century, and the first year of the 1280s decade.

Events

 * June 23 – Reconquista – Battle of Moclín: Troops of the Emirate of Granada defeat those of the Kingdom of Castile, and Kingdom of León.
 * September 27 – King Magnus III of Sweden founds a Swedish nobility, by enacting a law accepting a contribution of a cavalry-member in lieu of ordinary tax payments.
 * Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is begun.
 * The final expansion of Lincoln Cathedral in England is completed.
 * Tsar Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria flees from Tarnovo, ending the Asen Dynasty in Bulgaria.
 * Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, but Al Mansur Qalawun defeats the rebels, and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.
 * The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow-up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is completed; it began in 1279.
 * Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy, becoming the capital of the House of Savoy.
 * Approximate date
 * The Ancestors of the Māori people from eastern Polynesia become the first human settlers of New Zealand.
 * The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins.

Births

 * Birger, King of Sweden, Swedish monarch (d. 1321)
 * Wu Zhen, Chinese painter (d. 1354)
 * Approximate date
 * Anna of Kashin, Russian saint (d. 1368)
 * Musa I of Mali, West African emperor (d. c.1337)

Deaths

 * February 10 – Margaret II, Countess of Flanders (b. 1202)
 * May 9 – Magnus VI of Norway
 * August 22 – Pope Nicholas III (b. 1218)
 * November 15 – Albertus Magnus, German theologian
 * January 1 – Ertuğrul father of Osman I

title: 1280


text:
1281

Year 1281 (MCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Siege of Berat: A Byzantine relief force under Michael Tarchaneiotes arrives at the strategically important citadel of Berat. Tarchaneiotes avoids a confrontation with the Angevines and relies on ambushes and raids instead. He manages to capture the Angevin commander, Hugh of Sully, a few of Sully's guards escape and reach their camp – where they report his capture. Panic spreads among the Angevin troops at this news and they begin to flee towards Avlon. The Byzantines take advantage of their disordered flight and attacks, joined by the troops in the besieged citadel. Tarchaneiotes takes an enormous booty, a small remnant of the Angevin army manages to cross the Vjosa River and reach the safety of Kanina.
 * October 18 – Emperor Michael VIII (Palaiologos) is excommunicated by Pope Martin IV without any warning or provocation. Martin authorizes Charles I, king of Sicily, to make a Crusade against Michael, who has re-established his rule in Constantinople. Charles prepares an expedition in Sicily and assembles a fleet of 100 ships, and 300 more in Naples, Provence, and the Greek territories, which carry some 8,000 cavalrymen.

Europe

 * June – Castilian forces led King Alfonso X (the Wise) and accompanied by his sons, the Infantes Sancho, Peter and John, invade the lowlands of Granada. Sultan Muhammad II sends a Moorish army, supported by many archers and cavalry, to repel them. Alfonso defeats the Moors in a battle near Granada's walls on June 25, but after the failure of the negotiations that follow, he leaves Granada.
 * July 3 – Treaty of Orvieto: Charles I, Giovanni Dandolo, doge of Venice, and Philip I, Latin emperor, make an agreement to recover the Latin Empire. The treaty is signed in the Papal Palace, which Martin IV has moved to Orvieto after Viterbo is placed under an interdict for imprisoning two cardinals.

Middle East

 * September – Two Mongol armies (some 50,000 men) advance into Syria. One, is commanded by Abaqa Khan – who attacks the Mamluk fortresses along the Euphrates frontier. The second one, led by his brother Möngke Temür makes contact with Leo III, king of Cilician Armenia, and then marches down through Aintab and Aleppo into the Orontes valley. Where he is joined by knights of the Hospitaller Order and some French mercenaries. Meanwhile, Sultan Qalawun assembles his Mamluk forces at Damascus.
 * October 29 – Battle of Homs: In a pitched battle, Mamluk forces (some 30,000 men) led by Qalawun destroy the Mongol center, Möngke Temür is wounded and flees. He orders a retreat, followed by a disorganized army. The Armenian-Georgian auxiliaries under Leo III fight their way back northwards. The Mongol army recrosses the Euphrates without losses, the river remains the frontier between the Mongols and the Mamluk Sultanate.
 * Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes bey of the Söğüt tribe in central Anatolia after the death of his father, Ertuğrul Ghazi. Osman's accession to power is not peaceful, as he has to fight his relatives before he gets hold of the clan's leadership. One of Osman's major rivals is his uncle Dündar Bey, who rebels against him.

Asia

 * August 15 – Battle of Kōan (or Second Battle of Hakata Bay): A second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon – famously called a kamikaze, or divine wind – destroys much of the combined Mongol and Chinese fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships. Later, Kublai Khan begins to gather forces to prepare for a third invasion attempt, but is distracted by events in Southeast and Central Asia.
 * Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred Taoist texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the Daozang (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.
 * The Mon Kingdom of Hariphunchai falls, as its capital Lamphun (in modern-day Thailand) is captured by King Mangrai's Lannathai Kingdom.

Markets

 * Guy of Dampierre, count of Flanders, licenses the first Lombard merchants to open a changing business in his realm.

Religion

 * February 22 – Frenchman Simon de Brion succeeds Nicholas III, as Martin IV, and becomes the 189th pope of the Catholic Church.

Births

 * August 4 – Külüg Khan (or Wuzong), Mongol emperor (d. 1311)
 * December 25 – Alice de Lacy, English noblewoman (d. 1348)
 * Agnes of Austria, queen of Hungary (House of Árpád) (d. 1364)
 * Castruccio Castracani, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1328)
 * Hamdallah Mustawfi, Persian official and historian (d. 1340)
 * Henry of Lancaster, English nobleman and knight (d. 1345)
 * Joan Butler (or FitzGerald), countess of Carrick (d. 1320)
 * John Harington, English nobleman and politician (d. 1347)
 * John Stonor, English lawyer and Chief Justice (d. 1354)
 * Orhan Ghazi, Turkish ruler of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1362)
 * Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha, Ottoman statesmen (d. 1380)
 * Richard Grey, English nobleman and diplomat (d. 1335)
 * Rudolf I, king of Bohemia (House of Habsburg) (d. 1307)
 * Sancia of Majorca, queen and regent of Naples (d. 1345)
 * Yuri III Danilovich, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1325)
 * Zhu Shizhen, founder of the Ming Dynasty (d. 1344)

Deaths

 * February 16 – Gertrude of Hohenberg, queen of Germany (b. 1225)
 * March 20 – Chabi, Mongol empress and wife of Kublai Khan (b. 1225)
 * March 30 – Conrad of Mure, Swiss monk, scholar and writer (b. 1210)
 * April 4 – Maurice de Berkeley, English nobleman and knight (b. 1218)
 * September 10 – John II, margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal (b. 1237)
 * September 20 – Reinhard I, German nobleman and knight (b. 1225)
 * October 8 – Constance of Greater Poland, Polish princess (b. 1245)
 * December 24 – Henry V (the Great), count of Luxembourg (b. 1216)
 * Alfonso Fernández el Niño, Spanish nobleman and prince (b. 1243)
 * Anna of Hungary, Byzantine empress (House of Árpád) (b. 1260)
 * Bruno von Schauenburg, German bishop, advisor and diplomat
 * Ertuğrul Ghazi, Turkish ruler of the Sultanate of Rum (b. 1198)
 * Sheikh Yusof Sarvestani, Persian astronomer and calligrapher
 * Xu Heng, Chinese scholar, official and philosopher (b. 1209)

title: 1281


text:
1283

Year 1283 (MCCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * June 1 – Treaty of Rheinfelden: The 11-year-old Rudolf II is forced to relinquish his claim on the Duchies of Austria and Styria to his elder brother, Albert I. According to the terms of the agreement, concluded at the Imperial City of Rheinfelden (modern Switzerland), Rudolf receives some territories in Further Austria in return.
 * June 29 – Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq sets out for a punitive expedition and marches from Córdoba to Jaén and Úbeda, and then northwards through difficult terrain. On the third day after crossing al-burt, the Marinid forces attack Montiel (a fortress belonging to the Order of Santiago) and Almedina.
 * July 8 – Battle of Malta: An Aragonese fleet (some 20 galleys) under Admiral Roger of Lauria attacks and defeats the Angevin ships in the Grand Harbour, sent to help put down a rebellion on Malta. Lauria lands his troops at the harbour and after two days raises his banner on the fortified city of Mdina ("Old City").
 * The first regulated Catalan Courts are reunited by King Peter III, for the whole Principality of Catalonia. It became one of the first medieval parliaments that bans the royal power to create legislation unilaterally.
 * King Philip III of France ("the Bold") outlaws Jews from residence in the small villages and rural localities of France, causing a mass migration.
 * An earthquake destroys two thirds of the cave city of Vardzia, Georgia.

British Isles

 * January 2 – Most of Dublin, including St. Patrick's Cathedral, is burned in a fire.
 * January 18 – King Edward I of England ("Longshanks") captures Dolwyddelan Castle in North Wales from the Welsh.
 * April 25 – The last independent Welsh stronghold, Castell y Bere, is surrendered by Cynfrig ap Madog to the English.
 * June 28 – A parliament of England summoned by Edward I to assemble at Shrewsbury Abbey to decide the fate of the Welsh prince Dafydd ap Gruffydd (captured on June 22) is the first to include commoners.
 * October 3 – The last ruler of an independent Wales, Dafydd ap Gruffydd (David), Prince of Wales, is executed in Shrewsbury, the first prominent person in history to be hanged, drawn and quartered, as capital punishment for the newly created crime of high treason (against Edward I of England).
 * Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd: Construction of Caernarfon Castle, Conwy Castle and Harlech Castle in Wales by Edward I of England begins as a system of defenses against possible future Welsh uprisings.

Levant

 * June – Qalawun ("the Victorious"), Mamluk ruler of Egypt, signs a peace treaty for 10 years with the Crusader States at Caesarea. It guarantees the Crusaders the possession of the territory from the Ladder of Tyre, north of Acre, to Mount Carmel and Atlit. But Tyre and Beirut are excluded. The right of free pilgrimage to Nazareth is permitted for the Christians.

Africa

 * Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate, is overthrown by the Bedouin rebellion, led by Abd al-Aziz I.

Asia

 * February 13–14 – Battle of Thị Nại Bay: A Mongol-led Yuan expeditionary force (some 5,000 men) lands on the beach, near Champa's capital Vijaya in Vietnam. Despite being outnumbered, the Yuan invaders break the Cham defensive line and force King Indravarman V to retreat to the Western Highlands, where he wages a successful guerrilla campaign against the occupying Yuan forces.
 * Mongol invasion of Burma: Mongol forces besiege the fortress at Ngasaunggyan on September 23. The Burmese garrison withstands the siege for two months, but finally falls to the invaders on December 3. The defeat breaks the morale of the Burmese defenses. Kaungsin, the next fortress in line, falls just six days later.
 * Mongol forces invade the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia). King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.
 * Ram Khamhaeng, ruler of the Sukhothai Kingdom, creates the Thai alphabet during his reign (approximate date).

The arts, culture and literature

 * The Libro de los juegos, an early European treatise on board games (including chess, dice, and a version of backgammon), is commissioned by King Alfonso X of Castile ("the Wise") (approximate date).
 * Ramon Llull, Spanish theologian, writes Blanquerna, the first major work of literature written in Catalan, and perhaps the first European novel.

Markets

 * The German city of Goslar starts making efforts to redeem its already issued annuities, a sure indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the 13th century crisis.

Births

 * April 9 – Margaret, Maid of Norway, queen-designate of Scotland (d. 1290)
 * Anthony de Lucy (or Luci), English nobleman and knight (d. 1343)
 * Fujiwara no Kinshi, Japanese empress consort and nun (d. 1352)
 * Galvano Fiamma, Italian Dominican friar and chronicler (d. 1344)
 * Isabella of Castile, queen consort of Aragon, daughter of Sancho IV ("the Brave") (d. 1328)
 * John of Charolais (or Clermont), French nobleman (d. 1322)
 * Matteo Villani, Italian historian, chronicler and writer (d. 1363)
 * Shuho Myocho, Japanese teacher and Zen Master (d. 1338)
 * Siemowit II of Masovia, Polish nobleman and prince (d. 1345)
 * Yoshida Kenkō, Japanese Buddhist monk and writer (d. 1350)

Deaths

 * January 9 – Wen Tianxiang, Chinese poet and politician (b. 1236)
 * February/March – Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan, Zayyanid ruler of Tlemcen (b. 1206)
 * March 23 – Joseph I of Constantinople (Galesiotes), Byzantine abbot and patriarch
 * April 9 – Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway, the Maid of Scotland, queen consort of Norway (b. 1261)
 * April 23 – John Bradfield, English bishop and precentor
 * June 7 – Robert of Holy Island, English Benedictine monk and bishop
 * August 12 – Blanche of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany, Breton noblewoman (b. 1226)
 * September 26 – Princess Kuniko (or Hoshi), Japanese empress (b. 1209)
 * October 3 – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, Welsh prince (b. 1238)
 * October 10 – Peter of Castile, Lord of Ledesma, Spanish prince (infante) (b. 1260)
 * October 15 – John I of Werle, German nobleman (House of Mecklenburg)
 * November 27 – John of Montfort, Lord of Tyre, Outremer nobleman and knight
 * November 30 – John of Vercelli, Italian Master General (b. 1205)
 * December 8 – Richard of Ware, English abbot and theologian
 * December 15 – Philip I (or Courtenay), Latin Emperor of Constantinople (b. 1243)
 * December 25 – Manuel of Castile, Spanish nobleman (b. 1234)
 * Abutsu-ni, Japanese noblewoman, nun, poet and writer (b. 1222)
 * Ata-Malik Juvayni, Persian ruler, historian and writer (b. 1226)
 * Hermann III, German nobleman (House of Ascania) (b. 1230)
 * Siraj al-Din Urmavi, Ayyubid scholar and philosopher (b. 1198)
 * Xie Daoqing, Chinese empress consort and regent (b. 1210)
 * Yolanda of Vianden, Luxembourgian nun and prioress (b. 1231)
 * Zakariya al-Qazwini, Persian astronomer and writer (b. 1203)

title: 1283


text:
1285

Year 1285 (MCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Aragonese Crusade: French forces led by King Philip III (the Bold) entrench before Girona, in an attempt to besiege the city. Despite strong resistance, the city is eventually taken on September 7. Philip's son, the 15-year-old Charles of Valois, is crowned as king of Aragon (under the vassalage of the Holy See) but without an actual crown. Shortly after, the French camp is racked by an epidemic of dysentery and Philip is forced to retreat.
 * April – Marinid forces under Sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq cross the straits from Alcácer Seguir to Tarifa. From there they advance to Jerez de la Frontera, where they besiege the city. Marinids detachments are dispatched to devastate a broad area from Medina-Sidonia to Carmona, Vejer de la Frontera, Écija and Seville, cutting down trees, orchards, and vineyards, destroying villages, and killing or capturing many inhabitants.
 * May – King Sancho IV (the Brave) assembles his army at Seville and sends the Castilian fleet (some 100 ships) led by Admiral Benedetto I Zaccaria to blockade the mouth of the Guadalquivir River. Meanwhile, a Marinid detachment of 1,000 cavalry moves against Seville, routing the Castilians send out to oppose them. Turning eastward against Carmona and Alcalá de Guadaíra, the Marinids burn the suburbs, harvest and ruin orchards.
 * May 22 – Marinid forces under Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq prolong their siege at Jerez de la Frontera. He sends his son Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr with 5,000 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, some 13,000 infantry and 2,000 archers to raid Seville and its environs on June 1. During June and early July, the Marinids assault daily Jerez while raiding parties pillage the countryside at Carmona, Niebla, Écija, Seville and Sanlúcar de Barrameda.
 * August – Castilian forces led by Sancho IV (the Brave) march against the Marinids at Jerez de la Frontera. Meanwhile, Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq with his army of 18,000 cavalry and faced with dwindling supplies, decides to lift the siege after five months, on August 2. He withdraws his army to the safety of Algeciras and opens negotiations with Sancho while the Castilian fleet arrives at El Puerto de Santa Maria (or "The port of Saint Mary").
 * September 4 – Battle of Les Formigues: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 40 galleys) under Admiral Roger of Lauria defeats French and Genoese ships near the Formigues Islands. According to Johan Esteve de Bezers, a French troubadour, all prisoners but one have their eyes gouged out, and that one is left with one eye to guide the others. After the battle, Roger captures about 15 to 20 French galleys, and others are sunk or burnt.
 * October 1 – Battle of the Col de Panissars: Aragonese forces under King Peter III (the Great) ambush and defeat a French expeditionary army while it was retreating over the Pyrenees. The French troops are massacred by the Aragonese vanguard at the Panissar Pass, but spared the royal family. Philip III (the Bold) arrives with his fatigued remnants in Perpignan, where he dies of dysentery on October 5.
 * November 2 – Peter III (the Great) dies after a 9-year reign at Vilafranca del Penedès. He is succeeded by his 20-year-old son Alfonso III (the Liberal), who becomes king of Aragon. Peter's other son James II (the Just), is crowned ruler of Sicily. His third son, the 13-year-old Frederick, becomes co-ruler and regent of Sicily.
 * Winter – The Mongol Golden Horde led by Nogai Khan and Talabuga attacks Hungary for the second time. They successfully subdue Slovakia and sack territory north of the Carpathian Mountains.

England

 * The Second Statute of Westminster is accepted in parliament, reforming various laws; it includes the clause de donis conditionalibus, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law.
 * The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King Edward I (Longshanks), defines the jurisdictions of church and state, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.

Levant

 * April 17 – Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) appear with specially built war engines before the Crusader fortress of Margat and begin a siege. For a month, the Mamluks can make no progress and the assaults on the stronghold are repelled. Qalawun then invites a delegation of Knights Hospitaller to come and see the damage his engineers have done to the 'impregnable' fortifications. They understood they have no real choice and are forced to surrender on May 25. The Hospitallers are allowed to retire with all their possessions, on horseback and fully armed. The rest of the garrison is promised a safe-conduct to Tortosa – while Qalawun establishes a Mamluk garrison which he uses as a basis for further campaigns against the Crusader States.

Asia

 * June 24 – Battle of Chương Dương: Joint forces of Champa and Đại Việt defeat the Mongol-led Yuan fleet on the Red River. Most of the Yuan warships are burned during the battle, and the Mongol army retreats to China in late June. The Vietnamese royal court returns to the capital in Thang Long following a six-month conflict.

Art and Culture

 * The English romantic poem The Lay of Havelok the Dane is written (approximate date).

Markets

 * The first record is made of an emission of life annuities, by the city of Lübeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in Germany, and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western Europe (see 1228).
 * The County of Champagne is integrated into the kingdom of France; the region loses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants, and the Fairs of Troyes quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.

Religion

 * January 6 – Archbishop Jakub Świnka organizes a synod in Łęczyca. During the meeting, he orders all priests who are subject to his bishopric to deliver their sermons in Polish rather than German. This further unifies the Catholic Church in Poland and fosters a national identity.
 * March 25 – Pope Martin IV dies after a 4-year pontificate in Perugia. He is succeeded by Honorius IV, who becomes the 190th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * Council of Blachernae: The Eastern Orthodox Church repudiates the Union with the Catholic Church, declared in the Second Council of Lyon.
 * The Mor Bar Sauma Monastery, one of the most important monasteries of the Syriac Orthodox Church, is destroyed. Though a monastic community remains, the patriarchal seat is moved to Sis.

Births

 * March 9 – Go-Nijō (or Nijō II), Japanese emperor (d. 1308)
 * March 23 – Al-Mustakfi I, Mamluk ruler (caliph) of Egypt (d. 1340)
 * March 24 – Al-Nasr Muhammad, Mamluk ruler of Egypt (d. 1341)
 * April 9 – Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Mongol emperor (d. 1320)
 * May 1 – Edmund Fitzalan, English nobleman and knight (d. 1326)
 * December 6 – Ferdinand IV, king of Castile and León (d. 1312)
 * Alexander de Bruce, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1307)
 * Euphemia of Pomerania, queen consort of Denmark (d. 1330)
 * Francesco I Ventimiglia, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1338)
 * Gerardus Odonis, French cardinal and theologian (d. 1349)
 * John of Jandun, French philosopher and theologian (d. 1328)
 * Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzán, Spanish nobleman (d. 1351)
 * Margaret of Artois, French noblewoman and regent (d. 1311)
 * Patrick V de Dunbar, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1369)
 * Richeza Magnusdotter, Swedish princess and abbess (d. 1348)
 * William of Ockham, English monk and theologian ( d. 1347)
 * Ziauddin Barani, Indian historian and philosopher (d. 1358)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Charles I, king of Sicily (House of Anjou) (b. 1227)
 * February 8 – Theodoric of Landsberg, German nobleman (b. 1242)
 * March 28 – Martin IV, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
 * May 13 – Robert de Ros, English nobleman and knight (b. 1235)
 * May 20 – John I, king of Cyprus (House of Lusignan) (b. 1268)
 * June 3 – William I van Brederode, Dutch nobleman and knight
 * June 19 – Yekuno Amlak, Ethiopian ruler (House of Solomon)
 * July 3 – Margaret of Flanders, French noblewoman (b. 1251)
 * July 7 – Tile Kolup, German impostor claiming to be Frederick II
 * July 28 – Keran of Lampron, queen of Cilician Armenia (b. 1260)
 * July 30 – John I, German nobleman (House of Ascania) (b. 1249)
 * August 16 – Philip I, French nobleman (House of Savoy) (b. 1207)
 * August 18 – William Reade, English bishop and theologian (b. 1183)
 * August 22 – Philip Benizi, Italian monk and religious leader (b. 1233)
 * August 27 – William de Wickwane, English cleric and archbishop
 * September 9 – Kunigunda of Halych, queen of Bohemia (b. 1245)
 * September 26 – Theobald Butler, Norman chief governor (b. 1242)
 * October 5 – Philip III, king of France (House of Capet) (b. 1245)
 * November 2 – Peter III (the Great), king of Aragon (b. 1239)
 * November 21 – Fulke Lovell, English archdeacon and bishop
 * December 21 – Ordoño Álvarez, archbishop of Braga (b. 1198)
 * Abu al-Baqa al-Rundi, Andalusian poet and literary critic (b. 1204)
 * Christian III, German nobleman and knight (House of Oldenburg)
 * Hermann of Buxhoeveden, German cleric and bishop (b. 1230)
 * Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad, Syrian scholar and historian (b. 1217)
 * João de Lobeira, Portuguese troubadour and writer (b. 1233)
 * Nicolas Lorgne, French nobleman, knight and Grand Master
 * Otto III (or IV), German nobleman (House of Ascania) (b. 1244)
 * Paolo Malatesta (the Beautiful), Italian nobleman and knight
 * Paul of Segni, Italian nobleman, friar, bishop and papal legate
 * Philippe de Carteret, Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1205)
 * Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi, Egyptian scholar and jurist (b. 1228)

title: 1285


text:
1287

Year 1287 (MCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * January 17 – Aragonese forces led by King Alfonso III (the Liberal) conquer the island of Menorca. He signs the "Treaty of San Agayz" with Sultan Abû 'Umar ibn Sa'îd on January 21. Alfonso accepts a policy of free trade for merchants and their property. He also concludes an alliance against the Marinids with Abu Said Uthman I, ruler of the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen (modern Algeria). He proposes to supply him with five to ten galleys (with food and other goods) in exchange for 500 elite Zayyanid horsemen.
 * Alfonso III (the Liberal) is forced to make concessions to the nobility after an aristocratic uprising (called the Union of Aragon). In particular, he grants his barons a "Bill of Rights", known as the Privilegium Generale. This leaves a heritage of disunity and further dissent among the nobility, who increasingly see little reason to respect the throne, and brings the Crown of Aragon to the point of anarchy. Alfonso, who is not pleased with the anti-royalist movement, is forced to accept the Magna Carta (Great Charter).
 * June – Rabban Bar Sauma, Chinese Nestorian monk and diplomat, travels from Constantinople to Italy. There he arrives in Naples and witnesses a sea battle in the harbour between the Aragonese and the Angevin fleets. Bar Sauma goes to Rome, but arrives too late to meet Pope Honorius IV, who recently died. He instead is engaged in negotiations with the cardinals, who are in a conclave to elect a successor, and visits the St. Peter's Basilica. Bar Sauma goes to Genoa, where he receives a warm welcome.
 * June 23 – Battle of the Counts: An Aragonese-Sicilian fleet (some 50 galleys) under Admiral Roger of Lauria defeat a larger Angevin fleet of 70 galleys near Naples. After a feigned retreat, Roger attacks the Angevin galleys from all sides. During the battle, which last much of the day, the Angevin fleet is scattered, leaving about 40 galleys to be captured, along with 5,000 prisoners. After the victory, without any authorization from King James II, Roger makes a truce with the Neapolitans (who are allies of the Angevins).
 * September – Rabban Bar Sauma arrives in Paris, and is received in an audience by King Philip IV (the Fair). He spends one month at the royal court, during his stay, Philip himself escorts him around the Sainte-Chapelle (or Holy Chapel) to see the collection of Passion relics by late King Louis IX (the Saint). Philip gives Bar Sauma many presents and sends one of his noblemen, Gobert de Helleville, to return with him to Mongol lands. In response, he attempts to form a military alliance with France and England.
 * December 14 – A huge storm and associated storm tide in the North Sea and English Channel, known as St. Lucia's flood in the Netherlands, kills thousands and reshapes the coastline of the Netherlands and England. In the Netherlands, a fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake collapses, causing the fifth-largest flood in recorded history – which creates the Zuider Zee inlet, and kills over 50,000 people. It also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an important port city.
 * Winter – Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongol forces (some 30,000 men) under Talabuga Khan and Nogai Khan, attack Poland for the third time. The cities of Lublin, Sandomierz and Sieradz are devastated by the invaders. Nogai Khan besieges Kraków and launches an unsuccessful assault on the fortified city, suffering heavy casualties in the process.

England

 * February – South England flood: A large storm hits the south coast, this has a powerful effect on the Cinque Ports, two of which are hit (Hastings and New Romney). The storm destroys Old Winchelsea on Romney Marsh and nearby Broomhill. The course of the Rother River is diverted away from New Romney, which is almost destroyed, ending its role as a port; the Rother runs instead to the sea at Rye – whose prospects as a port are enhanced. A cliff collapses at Hastings, ending its role as a trade harbor and demolishing a part of Hastings Castle. New Winchelsea is established on higher ground.
 * June 8 – Welsh forces led by Rhys ap Maredudd revolt in Wales against King Edward I (Longshanks). Although Maredudd has assisted the English in the past, he accuses Edward of treating him unfairly over taxes. The rebels burn several towns, including Swansea and Carmarthen. They capture most of Ystrad Tywi, heartland of Deheubarth (the revolt will not be suppressed until 1288).
 * Summer – Edward I (Longshanks) replies to the Welsh rebellion by raising an army at Gloucester commanded by Edmund of Almain. The English forces besiege Dryslwyn Castle, which lasts for three weeks before the castle falls after the curtain walls are undermined. Rhys ap Maredudd manages to escape and goes into hiding before the stronghold is finally captured in late September.
 * December – Parts of Norfolk are flooded, the port of Dunwich in Suffolk is further devastated, and in The Fens through the storm and the violence of the sea, the monastery of Spalding and many churches are overthrown and destroyed: "The whole country in the parts of Holland was, for the most part, turned into a standing pool so that an intolerable multitude of men, women and children were overwhelmed with the water, especially in the town of Boston, a great part thereof was destroyed."

Middle East

 * Spring – Arghun Khan, Mongol ruler of the Ilkhanate, sends an embassy under Rabban Bar Sauma with the mission of contracting a military alliance against the Mamluk Sultanate and take the city of Jerusalem. He travels with a large retinue (bearing gifts and letters) and 30 riding animals from Tabriz through Armenia to Trebizond. Bar Sauma arrives in Constantinople and receives an audience with Emperor Andronikos II (Palaiologos).
 * March – Mamluk forces under Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) capture Latakia, last remnant of the Principality of Antioch. The city port falls easily into his hands, but the defenders retire to the citadel at the mouth of the harbour. Finally, Qalawun forces the Crusader garrison to surrender on April 20.
 * October 19 – Bohemond VII, ruler of Tripoli, dies childless. He is succeeded by his sister Lucia, who is married to Charles I of Naples' former Grand Admiral, Narjot de Toucy. But the nobles, not pleased with this decision, offer the county to Bohemond's mother, Dowager-Princess Sibylla of Armenia.
 * Winter – Two unidentified 'merchants' travel from Alexandria to Cairo to warn Qalawun of the economic dangers posed by Genoese domination in the eastern Mediterranean, which leaves the Mamluk trade at their mercy. Qalawun accepts the invitation to intervene, and breaks the truce with Tripoli.

Africa

 * An Aragonese fleet raids the Tunisian Kerkennah Islands in the Gulf of Gabès.

Asia

 * January 30 – Wareru creates the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (modern Myanmar) following the collapse of the Pagan Kingdom. He is crowned king on April 5 and declares himself independent of Pagan.
 * May 14 – Nayan, Mongol prince of the Borjigin clan, revolts against the rule of Kublai Khan. Kublai leads a punitive expedition against Nayan in Manchuria and defeats his forces on July 16.
 * December – Battle of Pagan: Mongol-led Yuan forces (some 7,000 cavalry) led by Temür Khan defeat King Thihathu of the Pagan Kingdom. The kingdom disintegrates and anarchy ensues.
 * Kings Mangrai of the Lanna Kingdom (modern Thailand) and Ram Khamhaeng of the Sukhothai Kingdom agree to a peace treaty. They establish a "strong pact of friendship".

Art and Culture

 * The Altar of St. James in Pistoia Cathedral, Italy – a masterwork of the silversmithing trade containing nearly a ton of silver – is begun; it will not be completed for nearly 200 years.

Economy

 * The Italian city of Siena exacts a forced loan from its taxpayers for the first time, a common feature of medieval public finance.

Religion

 * March 16 – Synod of Würzburg: A church council is held by Cardinal Giovanni Boccamazza and King Rudolf I at Würzburg. During the assembly, Giovanni announces the taxation of the clergy to finance the expedition of Rudolf (known as the Italienzug) to Rome and the imperial coronation.
 * April 3 – Pope Honorius IV dies after a 2-year pontificate at Rome. During his reign, he tries to restore Sicily to papal vassalage, but Honorius clashes with King Peter III (the Great), who supports Sicilian independence.
 * Construction of Uppsala Cathedral in Sweden begins (it lasts until 1435).

Births

 * January 24 – Richard Aungerville, English bishop (d. 1345)
 * April 25 – Roger Mortimer, English de facto ruler (d. 1330)
 * June 15 – Alice de Warenne, English noblewoman (d. 1338)
 * September 29 – John Hastings, English nobleman (d. 1325)
 * November 1 – Nasr of Granada, Al-Andaluse ruler (d. 1322)
 * Frederick I, Piedmontese nobleman and knight (d. 1336)
 * Gaston I, Occitan nobleman, prince and knight (d. 1315)
 * Guy de Penthièvre, Breton nobleman and knight (d.1331)
 * Ibn Nubata, Egyptian scholar, poet and writer (d. 1366)
 * Konoe Tsunehira, Japanese court official (kugyō) (d. 1318)
 * Margaret de Clare, Norman-Irish noblewoman (d. 1333)
 * Margaret of Castello, Italian nun and teacher (d. 1320)
 * Oliver Ingham, English landowner and knight (d. 1344)
 * Robert III, French nobleman (House of Capet) (d. 1342)
 * Tang Di, Chinese landscape painter and poet (d. 1355)
 * Ulrich V, German nobleman, marshal and knight (d. 1354)
 * Wang Mian (or Yuanzhang), Chinese painter (d. 1359)
 * Zhang Zhu, Chinese historian, poet and writer (d. 1368)

Deaths

 * April 3 – Honorius IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1210)
 * July 1
 * Ananda Pyissi, Burmese chief minister and general
 * Narathihapate (or Sithu IV), Burmese ruler (b. 1238)
 * July 27 – Hugh of Evesham, English cardinal and physician
 * August 13 – Hōjō Shigetoki, Japanese nobleman (b. 1241)
 * August 29 – Thomas de Clare, Norman nobleman (b. 1245)
 * August 31 – Konrad von Würzburg, German poet and writer
 * September 8 – Giordano Orsini, Italian deacon and cardinal
 * October 19 – Bohemond VII, Outremer nobleman (b. 1261)
 * October 21 – Stephen Bersted, English cleric and bishop
 * Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi, Andalusian Sufi leader (b. 1219)
 * Aju (or Achu), Mongol general and chancellor (b. 1227)
 * Bernhard I, German prince (House of Ascania) (b. 1218)
 * Goffredo da Alatri, Italian nobleman, canon and cardinal
 * Ingeborg Eriksdotter, queen consort of Norway (b. 1244)
 * Llywelyn ap Dafydd, Welsh nobleman and prince (b. 1267)
 * Prijezda I, Bosnian nobleman (ban) and knight (b. 1211)
 * William I de la Roche, Latin nobleman and vicar-general
 * William de Ferrers, English nobleman and knight (b. 1240)
 * Ziemomysł of Kuyavia, Polish prince and knight (b. 1245)

title: 1287


text:
1288

Year 1288 (MCCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * A civil war breaks out on Gotland between the burghers of Visby and the rural farmers of Gotland, while the exact reason for this war is unknown, the most likely reason is the construction of a large wall around visby and the introduction of a toll which the farmers were forced to pay.
 * June 5 – Battle of Worringen: Brabantian forces under Duke John I (the Victorious) defeat the coalition army of Cologne, Luxemburg, and Nassau at Worringen. The battle is fought during the War of the Limburg Succession, in a struggle to conquer the Duchy of Limburg. John liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Electorate of Cologne, which has previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.
 * Summer – Sultan Muhammad II drives the rebellious Banu Ashqilula from one stronghold to the next, where they are finally expelled from Granadan territory in Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Meanwhile, Muhammad manages through diplomatic intrigue, to turn the Castilian aristocracy against King Sancho IV (the Brave). In response, King Alfonso III (the Liberal) proclaims the 18-year-old Alfonso de la Cerda as ruler of Castile and León.
 * August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against the 26-year-old King Ladislaus IV (the Cuman), who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects in Hungary, and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of Western Europe. Meanwhile, the Hungarian government loses more power because the clergy and most of the nobles rule the kingdom independently.
 * October 28 – Treaty of Canfranc: King Edward I (Longshanks) signs an agreement with Alfonso III (the Liberal) at Canfranc, about the release of Charles II (the Lame), who has been captured by Admiral Roger of Lauria in the Battle of the Gulf of Naples (see 1284).

England & Scotland

 * January 20 – Newcastle Emlyn Castle in West Wales is recaptured by the English forces after a ten-day siege, bringing Rhys ap Maredudd's revolt to an end. Rhys is exiled to Ireland.
 * The Parliament of Scotland creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years; men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.

Levant

 * Spring – Genoa orders Admiral Benedetto Zaccaria to send five galleys to support Genoese suzerainty of Tripoli. Princess Lucia, sister of the late Count Bohemond VII, arrives in Acre, where the Knights Hospitaller escort her to the frontier with Tripoli. The commune refuses to accept her as new ruler and places the city under Genoese protection. After negotiations, Lucia offers to confirm Genoa's existing commercial privileges in Tripoli.

Asia

 * April 9 – Battle of Bạch Đằng: Đại Việt (Vietnamese) general Trần Hưng Đạo sinks the fleet of an invading Mongol-led Yuan expeditionary army (some 94,000 men). He orders the placing of steel-tipped bamboo stakes (to create an ambush) in the Bach Dang River near Ha Long Bay. This ends the intentions of Kublai Khan to conquer Vietnam and Champa.
 * April – The Japanese era Kōan ends and the Shōō era begins during the reign of the 22-year-old Emperor Fushimi (until 1293).

Art and Culture

 * The oldest surviving bell, in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, is built.
 * Work is begun on the construction of Mob Quad in Merton College, Oxford.

Markets

 * June 16 – Petrus, bishop of Västerås, buys 1/8 of the Stora Kopparberg copper mine in Falun, Sweden. During the reign of King Magnus III, nobles and foreign merchants from Lübeck take interests in the mining area.
 * The Flemish city of Ghent seeks rights to start redeeming its already issued annuities. It is a clear indication of financial difficulty, and maybe an early sign of the crisis of the 13th Century.

Religion

 * February 22 – Nicholas IV is elected as the successor of the late Honorius IV (see 1287) during a conclave in Rome and becomes the 191st pope of the Catholic Church.
 * March–April – Rabban Bar Sauma, Chinese Nestorian monk and diplomat, arrives at Rome and is received by Nicholas IV, who gives him communion on Palm Sunday.

Technology

 * The oldest-known bronze handgun in the world is dated to this year, a Chinese gun found in Acheng District, that was once used to suppress the rebellion of the Mongol prince Nayan.

Births

 * January 20 – Robert Lisle, English nobleman (d. 1344)
 * April 5 – Go-Fushimi, emperor (tenno) of Japan (d. 1336)
 * November 1 – Ivan I, Grand Duke of Moscow (d. 1341)
 * November 26 – Go-Daigo, emperor of Japan (d. 1339)
 * Adolph II de la Marck, French prince-bishop (d. 1344)
 * Blanche of Burgundy, French noblewoman (d. 1348)
 * Charles I, king of Hungary (House of Anjou) (d. 1342)
 * Gersonides, French Jewish mathematician (d. 1344)
 * Guillaume I, French nobleman and knight (d. 1335)
 * John of Beaumont, Dutch nobleman and knight (d. 1356)
 * Mahmoud Shabestari, Persian poet and writer (d. 1340)
 * Nicholas II, German nobleman and chamberlain (d. 1365)
 * Nicolas Béhuchet, French nobleman and admiral (d. 1340)
 * Nijō Michihira, Japanese nobleman and advisor (d. 1335)
 * Pedro Afonso, Portuguese nobleman and knight (d. 1350)
 * Philip of Majorca, Aragonese prince and regent (d. 1343)
 * Pierre Desprès, French cardinal and diplomat (d. 1361)

Deaths

 * February 15 – Henry III (the Illustrious), German nobleman
 * April 24 – Gertrude of Austria, Austrian noblewoman (b. 1226)
 * June 5
 * Henry VI, count of Luxembourg (the Condemned)
 * Waleran I, French nobleman (House of Luxembourg)
 * June 8 – Lope Díaz III, Spanish nobleman and knight (b. 1245)
 * June 26 – Siegfried IV, German nobleman and prince-bishop
 * July 3 – Stephen de Fulbourn, English archbishop and politician
 * August 2 – Alix of Brittany (or Blois), Breton noblewoman (b. 1243)
 * September 7 – Agnes of Dampierre, French noblewoman (b. 1237)
 * September 29 – Matilda of Brabant, French noblewoman (b. 1224)
 * September 30 – Leszek II (the Black), Polish nobleman (b. 1241)
 * November 11 – Beatrice of Brabant, countess of Flanders (b. 1225)
 * November 19 – Rudolf I, German nobleman and regent (b. 1230)
 * December 17 – Ibn al-Nafis, Syrian scholar and polymath (b. 1213)
 * Guillaume III, French nobleman, chamberlain and knight (b. 1217)
 * Matilda of Holstein (or Mechthild), queen consort of Denmark
 * Shang Ting, Chinese calligrapher, poet and writer (b. 1209)
 * Tikkana Somayaji, Indian Prime-Minister and poet (b. 1205)
 * Wang Qinghui, Chinese concubine, poet and writer (b. 1264)

title: 1288


text:
1289

Year 1289 (MCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * June 11 – Battle of Campaldino: Pro-papal Guelph forces of Florence and their allies, Lucca, Pistoia, Prato and Siena under Viscount Aimery IV defeat the Ghibelline army (some 10,000 men) in Tuscany. Florence becomes the dominant power in Central Italy; powerful merchant guilds take on a more political role in the communal government against their rivals of Genoa, Pisa and Venice.
 * July 7 – Battle of Copenhagen: A Norwegian expeditionary force under King Eric II, supported by Danish outlaws, sets sail to Copenhagen and attacks the city. But they are repelled and forced to withdraw to Zealand.

Britain

 * Summer – King Edward I (Longshanks) proposes a marriage between his infant son, Edward of Caernarfon, and the 6-year-old Margaret (Maid of Norway).
 * Construction of Conwy Castle in Wales, ordered by Edward I (Longshanks), is completed.

Levant

 * February 9 – Sultan Qalawun (the Victorious) marches the Mamluk army out of Cairo, leaving his son Al-Ashraf Khalil commanding Cairo's Citadel, supported by Viceroy Baydara al-Mansuri. The army moves via Salihiya, across Sinai and through Jordan to Damascus. He orders the regional governors of Syria to mobilize in Damascus, where many infantry volunteers have assembled.
 * March – The 19-year-old King Henry II sends his younger brother Almalric, with a company of knights and 4 galleys to Tripoli (modern Lebanon). Meanwhile, many non-combatant citizens flee to Cyprus. The Mamluk army arrives before Tripoli and begins the attack with siege engines, while building buches (wooden defensive structures) outside the city on March 25.
 * April 26 – Siege of Tripoli: Mamluk forces under Qalawun (the Victorious) capture Tripoli after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the County of Tripoli. Qalawun orders the city to be razed to the ground, a widespread massacre kills every man found by the Mamluks, while the women and children are taken as slaves.
 * July–August – Admiral Benedetto Zaccaria, having escaped from Tripoli, starts a naval campaign against Mamluk shipping and raids Tinnis in Egypt. In response, Qalawun closes Alexandria to Genoese merchants.

Education

 * Pope Nicholas IV formally constitutes the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university.

Markets

 * In Siena, twenty-three partners, including five members of the Bonsignori family, re-create the Gran Tavola, formerly the most successful European bank, which had ceased its operations after the death of its creator and manager, Orlando Bonsignori, in 1273.

Births

 * May 24 – Afonso Sanches, Portuguese nobleman and knight (d. 1329)
 * October 4 – Louis X (the Quarrelsome), king of France (d. 1316)
 * October 6 – Wenceslaus III, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1306)
 * Alfonso de la Cerda, Spanish nobleman and archdeacon (d. 1327)
 * Alice Comyn, Scottish noblewoman (House of Brienne) (d. 1349)
 * Donnchadh IV, Scottish nobleman, magnate and knight (d. 1353)
 * Eleanor of Anjou, queen consort of Sicily (House of Anjou) (d. 1341)
 * Frederick the Fair (or the Handsome), king of Germany (d. 1330)
 * Joan of Artois, French noblewoman and ruler (suo jure) (d. 1350)
 * Ton'a (or Tonna), Japanese Buddhist poet and writer (d. 1372)
 * William de Shareshull, English lawyer and chief justice (d. 1370)

Deaths

 * January 16 – Buqa (or Bugha), Mongol nobleman and chancellor
 * February 26 – Przemko of Ścinawa, Polish nobleman and knight
 * March 10 – Maud de Lacy (or Matilda), English noblewoman (b. 1223)
 * March 12 – Demetrius II (the Devoted), king of Georgia (b. 1259)
 * March 19 – John of Parma, Italian priest and theologian (b. 1209)
 * April 19 – Conrad of Ascoli, Italian monk and missionary (b. 1234)
 * May 24 – Frederick V, German nobleman (House of Hohenzollern)
 * May 27 – John III, German nobleman and co-ruler of Mecklenburg
 * June 11 – Bonconte I da Montefeltro, Italian nobleman (b. 1250)
 * August 24 – Patrick III, Scottish nobleman and regent (b. 1213)
 * Alexander Comyn, Scoto-Norman nobleman, magnate and knight
 * Bentivenga da Bentivengi, Italian monk, cleric and cardinal-bishop
 * Catherine Birgersdotter, Swedish noblewoman (House of Bjelbo)
 * David Mac Cerbaill (or MacCarwell), Irish monk and archbishop
 * Diego López IV, Spanish nobleman and knight (House of Haro)
 * Eudes de Montreuil, French master builder, sculptor and engineer
 * Fakhr al-Din Iraqi (or Araqi), Persian poet, philosopher and writer
 * Gruffydd Fychan I, English nobleman and prince of Powys Fadog
 * Guy III, French nobleman, knight and regent (House of Châtillon)
 * Il-yeon, Korean Buddhist monk, historian and calligrapher (b. 1206)
 * Ippen (or Zuien), Japanese Buddhist monk and preacher (b. 1234)
 * Petrus de Dacia, Swedish monk, hagiographer and writer (b. 1235)
 * Ugolino della Gherardesca, Italian nobleman, politician and admiral

title: 1289