text:
1725

January–March

 * January 15 – James Macrae, a former captain of a freighter for the British East India Company, is hired by the Company to administer the Madras Presidency (at the time, the "Presidency of Fort St. George"), and begins major reforms. At the time, the area administered is most of Southern India, including what is now the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, parts the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Telangana, Odisha and the union territory of Lakshadweep.
 * January 20 – James Figg hosts the first recorded international boxing match, fought between English livestock drover Bob Whitaker and Venetian gondolier Alberto di Carni in London.
 * January 25 – The Spanish corsair Amaro Pargo receives the title of Hidalgo (nobleman).
 * January – In Japan, the policy of the Gonin-gumi organizing groups of every five households in a town into units collectively responsible for the good behavior of everyone in the unit, goes into effect as the register of units is completed by the Tokugawa shogunate.
 * February 8 – (January 28 Old Style) Catherine I becomes Empress of Russia, on the death of her husband, Peter the Great.
 * February 20 – The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans takes place in New Hampshire colony.
 * March 25 – Bach's chorale cantata Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern, BWV 1, is first performed on the Feast of the Annunciation, coinciding with Palm Sunday.
 * March 30 – The second performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St John Passion, BWV 245 (including 5 movements from his Weimarer Passion), takes place at St. Thomas Church, Leipzig.

April–June

 * April 30 – Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and King Philip V of Spain sign the Treaty of Vienna.
 * May 12 – The Black Watch is raised as a military company, as part of the pacification of the Scottish Highlands under General George Wade.
 * May 21 – On the day of the grand wedding of her daughter Anna to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Empress Catherine I of Russia creates the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky
 * May 24 – Jonathan Wild, fraudulent Thief-Taker General, is hanged at Tyburn in London, for actually aiding criminals.
 * June 23 – The Malt tax riots begin in Scotland in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, after the price of beer and scotch whiskey increases. Earlier in the year, the British government extended the taxes in England  on malted grain to brewers and distilleries in Scotland.  The rioting then spreads throughout Scot counties.
 * June 24 – The Grand Lodge of Ireland in Dublin holds its first recorded meeting, making it the second most senior Grand Lodge in world Freemasonry, and the oldest in continuous existence.

July–September

 * July 8 – Mattheus de Haan becomes the new Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), governing until his death on June 1, 1729 in Batavia (now Jakarta).
 * July 15 – Sir Richard Everard becomes the 4th Governor of North Carolina.
 * August 15 – The civil marriage of King Louis XV of France and Princess Maria Leszczyńska of Poland is held at Strasbourg. The King is not present, and his cousin, the Duke of Orléans, serves as his proxy.
 * August 27 – At least 216 people die in the sinking of the Chameau, a ship of the French Navy, after the vessel is driven by a storm into rocks off of the coast of Nova Scotia. Reportedly, 180 bodies wash ashore near Louisbourg.  The ship's cargo, which included a fortune in gold and silver coins, is discovered 240 years later in 1965.
 * September 5 – The day after they meet for the first time, the wedding ceremony of King Louis and Marie takes place in Fontainebleau, making her the Queen Consort of France. Their marriage lasts for almost 43 years until her death in 1768.
 * September 16 – The Treaty of Hanover is signed between Great Britain, France and Prussia.

October–December

 * October 19 – Johan Paul Schagen in appointed by the Dutch East India Company to serve as the Governor of Ceylon after the death of Johannes Hertenberg.
 * October 23 – Russia dispatches 1,500 troops and 120 civilians to Russia's border with China, on a mission to survey the boundaries in order to make a treaty with the Chinese Empire. Serbian adventurer Sava Vladislavich leads a group of cartographers to prepare maps in advance of traveling on to Beijing.
 * November 5 – The fourth and final treaty of the 1725 Peace of Vienna is signed to create an alliance between Austria and Spain.
 * November 8 – The first newspaper in the Province of New York, the New-York Gazette, is introduced by William Bradford as a weekly publication.
 * November 22 – Chief Chicagou of the Mitchigamea tribe, and chiefs of five other tribes of the Illini Confederation, are received as guests of King Louis XV in Paris. Chicagou pledges the Illini's support of the French presence in North America.
 * November 26 – British astronomers James Bradley and Samuel Molyneux set up a telescope in Molyneux's private observatory to begin their observations of stellar parallax of the star Gamma Draconis. The observations, which start on December 3, lead to Bradley's pioneering discovery of the aberration of light.
 * December 12 – Johan Willem Ripperda of the Netherlands, the former Dutch Ambassador to Spain, arrives in Madrid and claims that King Philip V has appointed him as the new Prime Minister. The bluff is successful and he is granted authority by the King's advisers, but after four months, he is forced to resign.
 * December 15 – A treaty is signed by chiefs of four member tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy (the Abenaki, Pequawket, Mi'kmaq, Maliseet) and representatives of three British provinces in North America (Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire and Nova Scotia) and their allies, the Mohawk nation, bringing an end to Dummer's War, named for acting Massachusetts Bay Governor William Dummer.

Date unknown

 * The Terengganu Sultanate is established at Terengganu Darul Iman (now known as Terengganu Darul Iman, Malaysia).
 * A fire in Wapping, London, destroys 70 houses.
 * In Qing dynasty China, 66 copies of a 5,020 volume-long encyclopedia, the Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China are printed, necessitating the crafting of 250,000 movable type characters cast in bronze.
 * Freemasonry is established in France, as an English import.
 * The Four Seasons, a set of violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi, is published.
 * Gradus ad Parnassum, a seminal work on counterpoint, laying out rules of constructing music, is published by Johann Joseph Fux

Births

 * January 25 – Antoine Court de Gébelin, French pastor (d. 1784)
 * February 4 – Dru Drury, English entomologist (d. 1803)
 * February 5
 * James Otis, American lawyer, patriot (d. 1783)
 * Anna Maria Rückerschöld, Swedish author (d. 1805)
 * February 15 – Abraham Clark, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1794)
 * February 25 – Karl Wilhelm Ramler, German poet (d. 1798)
 * February 26 – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, French steam vehicle pioneer (d. 1804)
 * March 6 – Henry Benedict Stuart, Italian-born cardinal, Jacobite claimant to the British throne (d. 1807)
 * March 17 – Lachlan McIntosh, Scottish-born American military and political leader (d. 1806)
 * March 20 – Abdul Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1789)
 * March 24
 * Samuel Ashe, Governor of North Carolina (d. 1813)
 * Thomas Cushing, American Continental Congressman (d. 1788)
 * March 28 – Andrew Kippis, English non-conformist clergyman, biographer (d. 1795)
 * April 2 – Giacomo Casanova, Italian adventurer, writer (d. 1798)
 * April 6 – Pasquale Paoli, Corsican patriot, military leader (d. 1807)
 * April 23 – Gerard Majella, Italian Catholic lay brother and saint (d. 1755)
 * April 25 – Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, British admiral (d. 1786)
 * May 4 – Johan August Meijerfeldt the Younger, Swedish field marshal (d. 1800)
 * May 12 – Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, French soldier, writer (d. 1785)
 * May 25 – Samuel Ward, American politician (d. 1776)
 * June 29 – Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa, Italian ruler (d. 1790)
 * July 1 – Rhoda Delaval, English portrait painter (d. 1757)
 * July 4
 * Jean-Baptiste Luton Durival, French historian, diplomat and Encyclopédiste (d. 1810)
 * Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French soldier (d. 1807)
 * July 24 – John Newton, English cleric and hymnist (d. 1807)
 * August 21 – Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (d. 1805)
 * August 29 – Charles Townshend, English politician (d. 1767)
 * September 5 – Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician (d. 1799)
 * September 12 – Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer (d. 1792)
 * September 16
 * Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (d. 1815)
 * Anna Barbara Gignoux, German industrialist (d. 1796)
 * September 24 – Arthur Guinness, Irish brewer (d. 1803)
 * September 29 – Robert Clive, British general, statesman (d. 1774)
 * October 12 – Étienne Louis Geoffroy, French pharmacist, entomologist (d. 1810)
 * October 21 – Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy, Austrian field marshal (d. 1801)
 * December 11 – George Mason, American founding father (d. 1792)
 * December 18 – Johann Salomo Semler, German historian, Bible commentator (d. 1791)
 * December 23 – Ahmad Shah Bahadur, 14th Mughal Emperor (d. 1775)
 * date unknown – Magdalena Dávalos y Maldonado, Ecuadorian scholar, socialite (d. 1806)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Chikamatsu Monzaemon, Japanese dramatist (b. 1653)
 * January 26 – Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, Georgian prince (b. 1658)
 * January 29 – Nuno Álvares Pereira de Melo, 1st Duke of Cadaval, Portuguese nobleman and statesman (b. 1638)
 * February 7 – Johann Philipp Krieger, German Baroque composer (b. 1649)
 * February 8 – Emperor Peter I of Russia (b. 1672)
 * March 2 – José Benito de Churriguera, Spanish architect, sculptor (b. 1665)
 * March 10 – John Conyers, English politician (b. 1650)
 * March 30 – René de Froulay de Tessé, French Marshal and diplomat (b. 1648)
 * April 8 – John Wise, English clergyman (b. 1652)
 * April 12 – Giovanni Battista Foggini, Italian artist (b. 1652)
 * April 25 – Paul de Rapin, French historian (b. 1661)
 * May 22 – Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth, Irish politician (b. 1656)
 * May 24 – Jonathan Wild, English criminal (b. 1682)
 * May 31 – Erik Carlsson Sjöblad, Swedish governor, admiral, and baron (b. 1647)
 * June 29
 * Arai Hakuseki, Japanese poet, politician, and writer (b. 1657)
 * Juan Manuel Fernández Pacheco, 8th Duke of Escalona, Spanish aristocrat (b. 1650)
 * July 11 – Salomon Franck, German lawyer, scientist, poet (b. 1659)
 * July 17 – Thomas King, English and British soldier, MP for Queenborough, lieutenant-governor of Sheerness (b. before 1660?)
 * September 16 – Antoine V de Gramont, French military leader (b. 1672)
 * October 10
 * Francesco del Giudice, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1647)
 * Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil, Governor-General of New France (b. c. 1643)
 * October 11 – Hans Herr, Swiss-born Mennonite bishop (b. 1639)
 * October 16 – Ralph Thoresby, British historian (b. 1658)
 * October 24 – Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer (b. 1660)
 * November 20 – William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg (from 1683) (b. 1648)
 * December 7 – Florent Carton Dancourt, French dramatist, actor (b. 1661)
 * December 10 – Nicolaas Hartsoeker, Dutch mathematician and physicist (b. 1656)
 * date unknown
 * Giuseppe Mazzuoli, Italian sculptor (b. 1644)
 * José Mora, Spanish sculptor (b. 1638)
 * Nguyễn Phúc Chu, Vietnamese ruler (b. 1675)
 * Petar Blagojević, Serbian peasant, alleged vampire
 * Alicia D'Anvers, English poet (b. 1688)
 * probable
 * Leendert Hasenbosch, Dutch castaway on Ascension Island (b. c. 1695)
 * Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku, ruler of Hawaii (b. c. 1660)

title: 1725


text:
1724

January–March

 * January 15 – King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne in favour of his 16-year-old son Louis I.
 * January 18 – The Dutch East India Company cargo ship Fortuyn, on its maiden voyage, departs from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa after a layover of 16 days following its arrival from the Netherlands. With a crew of 225 commanded by Pieter Westrik, the ship departs for Batavia in the Dutch East Indies and is never seen again.
 * January 22 – Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, Spanish Captain general of the Río de la Plata, forces the Portuguese to abandon their fortified settlement at what will become the city of Montevideo in Uruguay.
 * January 28 – Saint Petersburg State University is established in Russia.
 * February 8 – Catherine I of Russia is officially named tsaritsa by her husband, Peter the Great.
 * February 20 – The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London.
 * March 7 – Pope Innocent XIII dies at the age of 68 after less than three years as the Roman Catholic pontiff.
 * March 20 – The 1724 papal conclave opens in Rome, 13 days after the death of Innocent XIII. Starting with 33 electors and eventually having 53, the conclave deliberates for more than two months before selecting a successor.

April–June

 * April 7 – (Good Friday) Bach leads the first performance of his St John Passion,""carefully designed with a great deal of musico-theological intent", on Good Friday.
 * April 10 – Bach leads the first performance of his cantata Erfreut euch, ihr Herzen, BWV 66, his first cantata composed for Easter in Leipzig.
 * April 23 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads the first performance of his cantata Du Hirte Israel, höre, BWV 104, illustrating the topic of the Good Shepherd in pastoral music.
 * April 28 – The first of the seven Drapier's Letters, satirical pamphlets seeking to arouse public opinion in Ireland against the imposition by the British of a privately minted copper coinage, is published by Jonathan Swift, Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin and author, writing under the pseudonym "M. B., Drapier", identifying himself as a drapier or seller of cloth.
 * May 13 – Cardinal Giulio Piazza, the Archbishop of Faenza, comes within four votes of being elected the new Pope
 * May 29 – Cardinal Vincenzo Orsini, the Archbishop of Benevento, accepts the papacy, two days after being unanimously selected by the cardinals at the papal conclave in Rome. He becomes the 245th pontiff as Pope Benedict XIII.
 * June 11 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads his cantata O Ewigkeit, du Donnerwort (O eternity, you word of thunder), BWV20, on the first Sunday after Trinity, beginning his second cycle, the chorale cantata cycle.
 * June 23 – The Treaty of Constantinople is signed, partitioning Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.
 * June 24 – On the Feast of St. John the Baptist, Bach leads the first performance of his Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam, BWV7, the third cantata of his chorale cantata cycle.

July–September

 * July 2 – On the Feast of the Visitation, Bach leads the first performance of his Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, BWV10, the fifth cantata of his chorale cantata cycle.
 * July 27 – "Peter the Wild Boy" is captured near Helpensen in Hanover.
 * July 31 – The Hyderabad State is created in India, as Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah rewards his associate Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan. Qamar-ud-din becomes the first Nizam of Hyderabad. The princely state exists for more than 220 years, coming to an end after India's independence from Britain.
 * August – Longman, the oldest surviving publishing house in England, is founded in London by Thomas Longman.
 * August 31 – Louis I of Spain dies of smallpox, aged 17, after a reign of seven months, and his father Philip V resumes the throne.
 * September 4 – José de Grimaldo, who had been Prime Minister for Spain's King Philip V until the latter's abdication in January, resumes office with the return of King Philip.
 * September 24 – The Paris Bourse, the stock exchange for France, is created by order of King Louis XV on the advice of Nicolas Ravot d'Ombreval, four years after a financial panic had shut down trading.  Stock markets had already been set up in Lyon, Bourdeaux and Toulouse.

October–December

 * October 2 – Muhammad bin Nasir is elected as the new Imam of Oman after the overthrow of his brother, Saif bin Sultan II
 * October 15 – The historic Teatro Nuovo opera house is inaugurated in Naples with the premiere of Antonio Orefice's comic opera Lo Simmele.
 * October 16 – Yeongjo becomes the new Emperor of Korea after the death of his older brother, Gyeongjong. He reigns for almost 52 years until his death on April 22, 1776.
 * October 31 – George Frideric Handel's opera Tamerlano is performed for the first time, premiering in London. The opera will be revived as late as 2009.
 * November 11 – Joseph Blake (alias "Blueskin"), English highwayman, is hanged in London.
 * November 16
 * Highwayman Jack Sheppard is hanged in London.
 * Willem Mons, lover of Catherine I of Russia, is executed, and his head preserved in alcohol.
 * November 19 – The Dutch East India Company frigate Slot ter Hooge strikes rocks and sinks off Porto Santo Island, Madeira, with the loss of 221 of the 254 people on board.
 * December 2 – The Metropolitan Mojsije Petrović, leader of the Serbian Orthodox Church within the Habsburg monarchy, issues a 57-point decree to purge the church of the Turkish influence.
 * December 7
 * In the aftermath of an attack against Jesuit Catholics led by the Lutheran Mayor of the Prussian City of Thorn (modern-day Toruń in Poland), the execution of the 10 Lutheran officials (including Mayor Johann Gottfried Rösner) is carried out publicly in the town square. Rösner and seven others are decapitated by an axe, while two others are hanged, drawn and quartered for blasphemy.
 * By order of the Nizam, Hyderabad is made the permanent capital of the Indian princely state of the same name. It becomes capital of the Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh
 * December 14 – The Viceroyalty of Zhili (modern-day Hebei province) is recreated in the Chinese Empire by the Emperor Yongzheng for the first time in 55 years, with Li Weijun as the first Viceory. Zhili exists as a viceroyalty until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.
 * December 24 – Francesco Valesio resumes writing his Diario di Roma, 13 years after he ceased his recording of daily life in Rome.

Date unknown

 * China expels foreign missionaries.
 * Blenheim Palace construction is completed in England. It is presented as a gift from the nation to the Duke of Marlborough, for his involvement in the Battle of Blenheim in 1704.
 * The Austrian Netherlands agree to the Pragmatic Sanction.
 * Shah Mahmud Hotaki of Afghanistan goes insane.
 * The Kaitokudō academy merchant school, part predecessor of Osaka University is founded in Japan.

Births

 * January 12 – Frances Brooke, English writer (d. 1789)
 * February 16 – Christopher Gadsden, American statesman (d. 1805)
 * February 28 – George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend, British field marshal (d. 1807)
 * February 29 – Eva Marie Veigel, Austrian-born English ballet dancer, known as La Violette (d. 1822)
 * March 1 – Manuel do Cenáculo, Portuguese prelate and antiquarian (d. 1814)
 * March 6 – Henry Laurens, political leader during the American Revolutionary War, father of John Laurens (d. 1792)
 * March 27 – Jane Colden, American botanist (d. 1766)
 * April 12 – Lyman Hall, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1790)
 * April 22 – Immanuel Kant, German philosopher (d. 1804)
 * May 7 – Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser, Alsatian-born Austrian general (d. 1797)
 * May 19 – Augustus Hervey, 3rd Earl of Bristol, British admiral, politician (d. 1779)
 * June 8 – John Smeaton, English civil engineer (d. 1792)
 * June 15 – Countess Palatine Maria Franziska of Sulzbach, German aristocrat (d. 1794)
 * July 2 – Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, German poet (d. 1803)
 * July 10 – Eva Ekeblad, Swedish scientist (d. 1786)
 * August 3 – Alvise Foscari, Venetian admiral (d. 1790)
 * August 23 – Abraham Yates, American Continental Congressman (d. 1796)
 * August 25 – George Stubbs, English painter (d. 1806)
 * August 27 – John Joachim Zubly, Swiss-born Continental Congressman (d. 1781)
 * September 3 – Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, British soldier and Governor of Quebec (d. 1808)
 * December 12 – Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, British admiral (d. 1816)
 * December 13 – Franz Aepinus, German scientist (d. 1802)
 * December 18 – Louise of Great Britain, queen of Frederick V of Denmark (d. 1751)
 * December 24 – Johann Conrad Ammann, Swiss physician, naturalist (d. 1811)
 * December 25 – John Michell, English scientist and geologist (d. 1793)
 * December 28 – Christoph Franz von Buseck, Prince-Bishop of Bamberg (d. 1805)
 * December 30 – Louis-Jean-François Lagrenée, French painter (d. 1805)
 * Date unknown
 * Marie Anne Victoire Pigeon, French mathematician (d. 1767)
 * James MacLaine, Irish highwayman (d. 1750)

Deaths

 * January 20 – William Lowndes, English politician (b. 1652)
 * February 19 – Pieter Schuyler, British colonial military leader, acting governor of New York (b. 1657)
 * March 4 – Princess Eleonore Juliane of Brandenburg-Ansbach, duchess by marriage of Württemberg-Winnental (b. 1663)
 * March 7 – Pope Innocent XIII (b. 1655)
 * March 10 – Urban Hjärne, Swedish chemist (b. 1641)
 * March 15 – Regent Marie Jeanne Baptiste of Savoy-Nemours (b. 1644)
 * March 19 – Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham, English politician (b. 1655)
 * March 31 – Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1654)
 * April 28 – Streynsham Master, English colonial administrator (b. 1640)
 * May 3 – John Leverett the Younger, American President of Harvard (b. 1662)
 * May 21 – Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer, English statesman (b. 1661)
 * June – Magdelaine Chapelain, French fortune teller and poisoner (b. 1651)
 * June 11 – Ludovico Sabbatini, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1650)
 * June 15 – Henry Sacheverell, English churchman and politician (b. 1674)
 * June 24 – Johann Theile, German composer and organist (b. 1646)
 * July 1 – Johann Homann, German cartographer (b. 1664)
 * July 2 – Thomas Maule, prominent Quaker in colonial Salem (b. 1645)
 * July 13 – Sir Richard Levinge, 1st Baronet, British politician (b. 1656)
 * July 31 – Claude de Ramezay, Canadian politician (b. 1659)
 * August 2 – Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of Marchmont, Scottish statesman (b. 1641)
 * August 6 – Samson Wertheimer, European rabbi (b. 1658)
 * August 21 – Noël Alexandre, French theologian and ecclesiastical historian (b. 1639)
 * August 24 – Andreas Kneller, German organist and composer (b. 1649)
 * August 31 – King Louis I of Spain (b. 1707)
 * October 2 – François-Timoléon de Choisy, French writer (b. 1644)
 * October 18 – Jean de Hautefeuille, French cleric, scientist (b. 1647)
 * October 29 – William Wollaston, English philosophical writer (b. 1659)
 * October 30 – Marie of Lorraine, French princess (b. 1674)
 * November 7 – John Kyrle, British philanthropist (b. 1637)
 * November 14 – John Murray, 1st Duke of Atholl (b. 1660)
 * November 16 – Jack Sheppard, British criminal (executed) (b. 1702)
 * November 18 – Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Portuguese naturalist (b. 1685)
 * November 24 – Ernst Ludwig I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (b. 1672)
 * November 28 – Robert Marsham, 1st Baron Romney, British politician (b. 1685)
 * December 27 – Thomas Guy, English philanthropist (b. 1644)

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title: 1724


text:
1722

January–March

 * January 27 – Daniel Defoe's novel Moll Flanders is published anonymously in London.
 * February 10 – The Battle of Cape Lopez begins off of the coast of West Africa (and present-day Gabon), as the Royal Navy brings an end to the piracy of Bartholomew Roberts, nicknamed "Black Bart".  Captained by Chaloner Ogle of the Royal Navy, HMS Swallow fires its cannons as Roberts sails his ship Royal Fortune toward the oncoming Swallow in order to gain time by forcing Swallow to turn around.  Standing on the deck, Roberts and two of his crew are killed by the second wave of cannon fire.  The remaining 272 pirate crew are captured.
 * February 16 – Peter the Great, Emperor of All Russia, announces that his heir to the throne will be his 4-year old grandson, Prince Pyotr Alekseivich.
 * February 21 – Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah, the Grand Mogul of north India's Mughal empire, names Nizam-ul-Mulk as his Grand Vizier. Three years later, the Nizam will rebel against the Grand Mogul and create his own independent nation as the Nizam of Hyderabad, reigning as Asaf Jah.
 * March 8 – Battle of Gulnabad in Persia: The Pashtun people of Afghanistan, led by Mahmud Hotak, decisively defeat forces of the Persian Safavid dynasty, precipitating its fall.

April–June

 * April 2 – The first Silence Dogood letter, written by Benjamin Franklin, is printed.
 * April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Dutch admiral Jacob Roggeveen lands on what is now Easter Island.
 * May 5 – Pennsylvania colony enacts a statute, requiring all persons importing any person previously convicted of sodomy, to pay £5 for each such incoming person.
 * May 9 – 1722 British general election (began March 19) closes with Prime Minister Robert Walpole's Whig Party increasing its majority in the House of Commons of Great Britain, capturing 48 additional seats from the Tory Party and having a 389 to 169 advantage.
 * June 15 – Pirate Edward Low and his men sail the stolen ship Rebecca into Port Roseway near modern Shelburne, Nova Scotia, where 13 fishing boats from Massachusetts are anchored. Over the next few days, the pirates board the boats and lay siege to them. On June 19, Low confiscates the schooner Mary from its owner, Joseph Dolliber, outfits it with cannons and renames it the Fancy.  Eight of the fishermen are taken hostage as the stolen vessel departs, including Philip Ashton.

July–September

 * July 25 – Father Rale's War (1722–1725) begins along the Maine and Massachusetts border.
 * July 26 (July 15 O.S.) – The Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) begins with Peter the Great's Persian campaign.
 * August 24 – Francis Atterbury, Anglican Bishop of Rochester and Dean of Westminster, is arrested in his deanery and confined in the Tower of London for treason, accused of leading the Jacobite "Atterbury Plot" in support of the pretender James Francis Edward Stuart with the aim of overthrowing the House of Hanover and King George I of Great Britain and restoring the House of Stuart by installing Prince James as "King James III".
 * September 6 – Wälättä Giyorgis, a 16-year-old who nursed Ethiopia's Emperor Bakaffa back to health after he fell ill, marries the Emperor and begins her rise to power as the Empress Mentewab. Upon Bakaffa's death in 1730, Mentewab becomes the regent for her son by Bakaffa, Iyasu II.
 * September 23 – La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans), recently established by France as the capital of the Louisiana Territory is hit by what is later called the "Great Hurricane of 1722", starting with 7 ft high waves, followed by winds in excess of 100 mph. By September 24, "Almost every public building in New Orleans, from the hospital to the cathedral" is "either unroofed or totally ruined."

October–December

 * October 23 – The six-month-long Siege of Isfahan ends, when the Safavid capital Isfahan capitulates to the Afghan rebels. Safavid Sultan Husayn abdicates, and acknowledges Mahmud Hotak as the new Shah of Persia.
 * November 15 (November 4 O.S.) – Russia's Emperor Peter the Great issues an order establishing the Caspian Flotilla during its war against Persia to gain complete control of the landlocked Caspian Sea.
 * November 20 – The Dutch East India Company cargo ship Schoonenberg runs aground in South Africa's Struis Bay and is looted by most of its 110 crew, beginning a legend and questions of whether the wreck was part of a conspiracy or simply an accident. Almost 300 years later, the event is reconstructed in detail by investigators.
 * December 20 – After the longest reign by a Chinese Emperor in history (61 years), the Kangxi Emperor dies, and is succeeded by his son Yinzhen as Yongzheng Emperor.

Date unknown

 * Edenton is incorporated as the county seat of Chowan County, North Carolina. The governor and assembly of North Carolina move to Edenton, making it the de facto capital of North Carolina until 1746, when the government is moved to New Bern.
 * Peter the Great of Russia creates the Table of Ranks.
 * A small group of Bohemian Brethren (the "Hidden Seed") from northern Moravia are allowed to settle in a new village, Herrnhut, on the Berthelsdorf estate of the pietist Count Nicolaus Zinzendorf in Upper Lusatia (Saxony), forming the Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine, seed of the Moravian Church's renewal.
 * The Chiesa del Purgatorio, Venafro, Italy, Catholic Church is built.
 * The first public theatre in Denmark, Lille Grønnegade Theatre, is founded in Copenhagen.
 * Modern music theory finds definition in Jean-Philippe Rameau's Traité de l'harmonie réduite à ses principes naturels (Treatise on Harmony), published in Paris.
 * The "Brown Bess" muzzle-loading smoothbore musket becomes the British Army's standard infantry firearm for land combat for more than a century.
 * Johann Sebastian Bach composes The Well-Tempered Clavier.

Births

 * January 1 – Sir George Baker, 1st Baronet, British physician (d. 1809)
 * January 3 – Fredrik Hasselqvist, Swedish traveller and naturalist (d. 1752)
 * January 12 – Nicolas Luckner, German in French service who rose to become a Marshal of France (d. 1794)
 * January 15 – Herman Scholliner, German historian (d. 1795)
 * January 18 – Antonio Rodríguez de Hita, Spanish composer (d. 1787)
 * January 26 – Alexander Carlyle, Scottish church leader (d. 1805)
 * January 29 – Duchess Luise of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Prussian princess (d. 1780)
 * February 3 – Duchess Louise Frederica of Württemberg, German noble (d. 1791)
 * February 4 – Antonio Greppi (1722–1799), Italian banker (d. 1799)
 * February 5 – Anders Rudolf du Rietz, Swedish general, count and politician (d. 1792)
 * February 7 – Azar Bigdeli, Iranian anthologist and poet (d. 1781)
 * February 14 – Georg Christian Füchsel, German physician, geologist (d. 1773)
 * February 19 – Charles-François Tiphaigne de la Roche, French author (d. 1774)
 * February 21 – Lord Robert Manners-Sutton, British politician (d. 1762)
 * February 22
 * Théophile de Bordeu, French physician (d. 1776)
 * John Redman (physician), American physician (d. 1808)
 * February 24 – John Burgoyne, British army officer (d. 1792)
 * March 3 – Pietro Maria Gazzaniga, Italian theologian (d. 1799)
 * March 6 – Johann Christian Brand, Austrian painter (d. 1795)
 * March 7 – Louis-Jacques Goussier, French artist (d. 1799)
 * March 15 – Gabriel Lenkiewicz, Belarusian Temporary Vicar General of the Society of Jesus (d. 1798)
 * March 17 – William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford (1722–1791), England (d. 1791)
 * March 18
 * Ulrika Eleonora von Düben, Swedish lady in waiting (d. 1758)
 * Heinrich XI, Prince Reuss of Greiz, German noble (d. 1800)
 * March 19 – Edmund Nelson (clergyman), English priest (d. 1802)
 * March 23
 * Marguerite-Thérèse Lemoine Despins, Canadian mother superior (d. 1792)
 * Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche, French astronomer (d. 1769)
 * April 8 – Jakob Friedrich Kleinknecht, German composer (d. 1794)
 * April 11 – Christopher Smart, English poet (d. 1771)
 * April 12 – Pietro Nardini, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1793)
 * April 19 – Duke Clement Francis of Bavaria, German nobleman (d. 1770)
 * April 22 (bapt.) – Joseph Warton, English poet and critic (d. 1800)
 * April 25 – Mark Robinson (Royal Navy officer), Royal Navy admiral (d. 1799)
 * April 26 – George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry, English noble and politician (d. 1809)
 * April 29 – Francesco Carafa di Trajetto, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1818)
 * May 2 – Gerhard Schøning, Norwegian historian (d. 1780)
 * May 4
 * David Leslie, 6th Earl of Leven, British noble (d. 1802)
 * Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield, Scottish advocate and judge (d. 1799)
 * May 9 – Morgan Edwards, British historian and minister (d. 1795)
 * May 11 – Petrus Camper, Dutch scientist (d. 1789)
 * May 23 – Claudius Franciscus Gagnières des Granges, French martyr (d. 1792)
 * May 25 – Anton Cebej, Slovenian artist (d. 1774)
 * May 26 – Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1778)
 * May 28 – Hugh Pigot (Royal Navy officer, born 1722), British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1792)
 * May 29 – James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster (d. 1773)
 * June 7 – George Paulet, 12th Marquess of Winchester, British politician (d. 1800)
 * June 19 – George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen (d. 1801)
 * June 25 – St George Gore-St George, Irish politician (d. 1746)
 * June 28 – Daniel Dulany the Younger, American politician (d. 1797)
 * June 30 – Jiří Antonín Benda, Bohemian composer (d. 1795)
 * July 1 – Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky, Russian general (d. 1782)
 * July 11 – Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt, German prince (d. 1782)
 * July 14 – Jean-Pierre du Teil, French general (d. 1794)
 * July 16 – Joseph Wilton, English sculptor (d. 1803)
 * July 21 – James Colebrooke, British baronet (d. 1761)
 * July 23
 * Antoine Petit, French physician (d. 1794)
 * Anne-Catherine de Ligniville, Madame Helvétius, French salon holder (d. 1800)
 * July 25 – Jakab Fellner, Hungarian architect (d. 1780)
 * August 1 – Anne Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne, French princess (d. 1739)
 * August 5 – William Fortescue, 1st Earl of Clermont, Irish politician (d. 1806)
 * August 9 – Prince Augustus William of Prussia (d. 1758)
 * August 11 – Richard Brocklesby, British doctor (d. 1797)
 * August 12 – Giuseppe Baldrighi, Italian painter (d. 1803)
 * August 14 – Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 7th Baronet (d. 1785)
 * August 22
 * Constantine Phipps, 1st Baron Mulgrave of Ireland (d. 1775)
 * Josef Georg Hörl, Austrian politician (d. 1806)
 * August 24 – John Gilbert Cooper, British poet and writer (d. 1769)
 * September 1 – Karl Gotthelf von Hund, German baron (d. 1776)
 * September 2 – Vigilius Eriksen, Danish artist (d. 1782)
 * September 5 – Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony (d. 1763)
 * September 6 – Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, German noble (d. 1775)
 * September 7 – Ernst Anton Nicolai, German chemist (d. 1802)
 * September 13 – John Home, Scottish minister, soldier, author (d. 1808)
 * September 16 – Gabriel Christie (British Army officer), British Army general (d. 1799)
 * September 21 – Gisela Agnes of Anhalt-Köthen, Princess of Anhalt-Köthen by birth and by marriage Princess of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1751)
 * September 27 – Samuel Adams, Boston politician, leader in the American Revolution (d. 1803)
 * October 2 – Leopold Widhalm, Austrian luthier (d. 1776)
 * October 3 – Johann Heinrich Tischbein, German artist (d. 1789)
 * October 5 – Richard Hotham, English property developer and politician (d. 1799)
 * October 10 – Humphry Marshall, American botanist (d. 1801)
 * October 20 – Joachim Edler von Popper, Austrian banker (d. 1795)
 * October 24 – Dominic Schram, German theologian (d. 1797)
 * October 31 – Princess Ulrike Friederike Wilhelmine of Hesse-Kassel, German princess (d. 1787)
 * November 4 – Raphael Cohen, German rabbi (d. 1803)
 * November 5 – William Byron, 5th Baron Byron, English dueller (d. 1798)
 * November 11 – Nicolas Antoine Boulanger, French philosopher (d. 1759)
 * November 18 – Ichijō Michika, Japanese court noble (d. 1769)
 * November 19
 * Leopold Auenbrugger, Austrian physician (d. 1809)
 * Benjamin Chew, Chief Justice of colonial Pennsylvania (d. 1810)
 * November 21 – Richard Bampfylde, British politician (d. 1776)
 * November 22 – Marc Antoine René de Voyer, French noble (d. 1787)
 * November 25 – Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz, Luxembourgian botanist (d. 1799)
 * November 30 – Théodore Gardelle, Swiss painter, enameller (d. 1761)
 * December 1
 * Jean-Pierre de Bougainville, French writer (d. 1763)
 * Anna Louisa Karsch, German poet (d. 1791)
 * Dunbar Douglas, 4th Earl of Selkirk, Scottish peer (d. 1799)
 * December 4 – Guillaume Piguel, French-born Apostolic Vicar of Cochin (d. 1771)
 * December 12 – Charles Wallop, British politician (d. 1771)
 * December 20 – Joseph O'Donnell Sr., Irish soldier (d. 1787)
 * December 24 – Sampson Sammons, American army officer (d. 1796)
 * December 28
 * John Pitcairn, British Marine officer who was stationed in Boston (d. 1775)
 * Eliza Lucas, American agronomist (d. 1793)
 * December 30 – Charles Yorke, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (d. 1770)
 * date unknown – Flora MacDonald, Scottish heroine (d. 1790)
 * probable – Hyder Ali, Indian general, Sultan of Mysore (d. 1782)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Antoine Coypel, French painter (b. 1661)
 * January 21 – Charles Paulet, 2nd Duke of Bolton, English supporter of William III of England (b. 1661)
 * January 23 – Henri de Boulainvilliers, French nobleman (b. 1658)
 * January 29 – Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld, Swedish military leader (b. 1651)
 * February 5 – Éléonore Desmier d'Olbreuse, Duchess of Braunschweig-Lüneburg (b. 1639)
 * February 10 – Bartholomew Roberts, Welsh pirate (b. 1682)
 * March 11 – John Toland, Irish philosopher (b. 1670)
 * March 31 – Eberhard von Danckelmann, Prime Minister of Brandenburg-Prussia (b. 1643)
 * April 13 – Charles Leslie, Irish Anglican theologian (b. 1650)
 * April 21 – Robert Beverley, Jr., historian of Colonial Virginia (b. 1673)
 * May 20 – Sébastien Vaillant, French botanist (b. 1669)
 * June 5 – Johann Kuhnau, German composer (b. 1660)
 * June 16
 * John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, English general (b. 1650)
 * Marc'Antonio Zondadari, Italian-born 65th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1658)
 * July 16 – Maria Angela Caterina d'Este, Italian princess (b. 1656)
 * August 20 – John Coney (silversmith), early American silversmith/goldsmith (b. 1655)
 * September 18 – André Dacier, French classical scholar (b. 1651)
 * September 20 – John Lauder, Lord Fountainhall, Scottish jurist (b. 1646)
 * October 8 – Gerard Callenburgh, Dutch admiral (b. 1642)
 * November 12 – Adriaen van der Werff, Dutch painter (b. 1659)
 * November 20 – Johann Adam Reincken, German organist (b. 1643)
 * December 5 – Marie Anne de La Trémoille, princesse des Ursins, politically active Spanish court official (b. 1642)
 * December 8 – Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, wife to Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (b. 1652)
 * December 20 – Kangxi Emperor of China (b. 1654)
 * December 23 – Pierre Varignon, French mathematician (b. 1654)

title: 1722


text:
1721

January–March

 * January 6 – The Committee of Inquiry on the collapse of the South Sea Company in Great Britain publishes its findings.
 * February 5 – James Stanhope, chief minister of Great Britain, dies a day after collapsing while vigorously defending his government's conduct over the "South Sea Bubble" in Parliament.
 * March 24 – Johann Sebastian Bach's Brandenburg concertos are completed, and dedicated to Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt.

April–June

 * April 4 – Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (although this is more a term of disparagement at this time).
 * April 21 – The deadliest outbreak of smallpox in the history of Boston begins when the British ship HMS Sea Horse arrives in Boston Harbor with a crew of sailors who had survived a smallpox epidemic. One of the Seahorse crew who had cleared quarantine develops symptoms the next day and infects other people in a lodging house.  Over the next 10 months, 5,759 cases of smallpox are recorded in Boston and 844 people die of the disease.
 * April 26 – Pirates John Taylor and Olivier Levasseur capture the 700-ton Portuguese galleon Nossa Senhora do Cabo at Réunion. The total value of treasure on board (from Goa) is estimated as between £100,000 and £875,000, one of the largest pirate hauls ever.
 * May 8 – Pope Innocent XIII succeeds Pope Clement XI, as the 244th pope.
 * June 26 – Dr. Zabdiel Boylston of the Harvard University School of Medicine begins the first public inoculation campaign in order to slow the smallpox epidemic in Boston, giving a vaccine to his own son, and then to his slave and the slave's infant son.

July –September

 * July 31 – The Spanish expedition led by Coahuila Governor José de Azlor y Virto de Vera, sent to recapture Texas from the French, encounters Neches River the smaller French force of Louis Juchereau de St. Denis, who had led the French expansion westward from the Louisiana territory. Realizing that his forces are badly outnumbered, St. Denis abandons hope of colonizing the east Texas territory and Azlor retakes the area.
 * August 18 – The Sack of Shamakhi occurs, in the Persian Safavid Empire.
 * September 10 (August 23 Old Style) – The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War.

October –December

 * October 22 – The Kelantan Sultanate is established at Kelantan Darul Naim (modern-day Kelantan Darul Naim, Malaysia).
 * November 2 (October 22 Old Style) – The Romanov and architect of the Great Northern War Peter I, is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias. This replaces the 174-year-long Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire, which will collapse almost 200 years later in 1917).
 * December 22 – Philip V of Spain signs a Royal Decree in Lerma, transforming the Seminary of Saint Rose of Lima in Caracas into the Universidad Real y Pontificia de Caracas.

Date unknown

 * José de Azlor y Virto de Vera, Marquis of San Miguel de Aguayo and governor of Spanish Texas, establishes the fort of Presidio La Bahía at its original location, on the ruins of the failed French Fort Saint Louis.
 * Regular mail service between London and New England is established.
 * A suggestion box is developed under the eighth shōgun of Japan, Yoshimune Tokugawa.

Births

 * January 10 – Johann Philipp Baratier, German scholar (d. 1740)
 * January 11 – Anna Magdalena Godiche, Danish book printer and publisher (d. 1781)
 * January 17 – Countess Palatine Elisabeth Auguste of Sulzbach, politically active Electress of Bavaria (d. 1794)
 * February 3 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, Prussian general (d. 1773)
 * February 8 – Catharina Elisabet Grubb, Finnish industrialist (d. 1788)
 * February 21 – John McKinly, American physician, President of Delaware (d. 1796)
 * March 8 – Elizabeth Pierrepont, Duchess of Kingston-upon-Hull, English noble (d. 1788)
 * March 9 – Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken (d. 1774)
 * March 19 – Tobias Smollett, Scottish physician and author (d. 1771)
 * April 11 – David Zeisberger, Moravian missionary (d. 1808)
 * April 14 – John Hanson, President of the Continental Congress of America (d. 1783)
 * April 15 – Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, English military leader (d. 1765)
 * April 19 – Roger Sherman, signer of the United States Declaration of Independence (d. 1793)
 * June 19 – Johann de Kalb, Bavarian-French military officer who served as a major general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (d. 1780)
 * July 9 – Johann Nikolaus Götz, German poet (d. 1781)
 * July 14 – John Douglas, Scottish Anglican bishop and man of letters (d. 1807)
 * August 4 – Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st Marquess of Stafford, English politician (d. 1803)
 * August 31 – George Hervey, 2nd Earl of Bristol, British statesman (d. 1775)
 * September 10 – Peyton Randolph, 1st and 3rd President of the Continental Congress (d. 1775)
 * September 14 – Eliphalet Dyer, American statesman and judge (d. 1807)
 * October 19 – Joseph de Guignes, French orientalist (d. 1800)
 * November 9 – Mark Akenside, English poet and physician (d. 1770)
 * November 22 – Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres, Swiss-born cartographer and Canadian statesman (d. 1824)
 * December 6
 * James Elphinston, Scottish philologist (d. 1809)
 * Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, French statesman (d. 1794)
 * December 27 – François Hemsterhuis, Dutch philosopher (d. 1790)
 * December 29 – Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV of France (d. 1764)
 * Date unknown – Im Yunjidang, Korean scholar, writer and neo-Confucian philosopher (d. 1793)

Deaths

 * January 25 – Robert Challe, French colonialist (b. 1659)
 * January 26 – Pierre Daniel Huet, French churchman and scholar (b. 1630)
 * February 5 – Abraham Hill, British merchant (b. 1633)
 * February 5 –James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope, English chief minister (b. 1673)
 * February 16 – James Craggs the Younger, English politician (b. 1686)
 * February 24 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet (b. 1648)
 * March 16 – James Craggs the Elder, English politician (b. 1657)
 * March 19 – Pope Clement XI (b. 1649)
 * March 29 – Charles Vane, English pirate, executed (b. 1680)
 * April 14 – Michel Chamillart, French statesman (b. 1652)
 * April 27 – Eva von Buttlar, German mystic sectarian (b. 1670)
 * April 28 – Mary Read, English-born pirate (b. c. 1695)
 * May 7 – Zinat-un-Nissa, princess of the Mughal Empire (b. 1643)
 * May 8 – Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721), French politician (b. 1652)
 * May 10 – Christian William I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1666–1720) (b. 1647)
 * June 3 – Joaquín Canaves, Spanish Catholic bishop (b. 1640)
 * June 18 – Philip, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal, son of William VI (b. 1655)
 * July 8 – Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University (b. 1649)
 * July 18 – Jean-Antoine Watteau, French painter (b. 1684)
 * July 19 – Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 3rd Baronet, British bishop (b. 1650)
 * July 26 – Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon, French noble (b. 1636)
 * August 3 – Grinling Gibbons, Dutch-born woodcarver (b. 1648)
 * August 13 – Jacques Lelong, French bibliographer (b. 1665)
 * September 3 – Sir William Glynne, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1663)
 * September 6 – Georg Wolfgang Wedel, German physician, surgeon, botanist, chemist and philosopher (b. 1645)
 * September 8
 * Michael Brokoff, Czech sculptor (b. 1686)
 * Henri Arnaud, French Waldensian pastor, leader (b. 1641)
 * September 9 – David Martin, French theologian (b. 1639)
 * September 11 – Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (b. 1665)
 * September 17 – Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, French princess (b. 1645)
 * September 18 – Matthew Prior, British poet and diplomat (b. 1664)
 * September 20 – Thomas Doggett, Irish actor (b. c. 1670)
 * September 24 – Pacificus of San Severino, Italian saint (b. 1653)
 * October 4 – Abraham Alewijn, Dutch playwright (b. 1664)
 * October 11
 * Edward Colston, English merchant, philanthropist (b. 1636)
 * Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1656)
 * October 23 – Samuel Frisching, Bernese soldier and politician (b. 1638)
 * October 24 – Anthony Morris (I), American politician (b. 1654)
 * December 13 – Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor (original "Robinson Crusoe") (b. 1676)
 * December 17 – Richard Lumley, 1st Earl of Scarbrough, English statesman (b. 1650)
 * December 25 – António Luís de Sousa, 2nd Marquis of Minas, Portuguese general, governor-general of Brazil (b. 1644)
 * date unknown – Sultan Abdullah Khan Abdali, Persian Governor, Shah of Herat (b. 1670)

title: 1721


text:
166

Year 166 (CLXVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pudens and Pollio (or, less frequently, year 919 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 166 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Dacia is invaded by barbarians.
 * Conflict erupts on the Danube frontier between Rome and the Germanic tribe of the Marcomanni.
 * Emperor Marcus Aurelius appoints his sons Commodus and Marcus Annius Verus as co-rulers (Caesar), while he and Lucius Verus travel to Germany.
 * End of the war with Parthia: The Parthians leave Armenia and eastern Mesopotamia, which both become Roman protectorates.
 * A plague (possibly small pox) comes from the East and spreads throughout the Roman Empire, lasting for roughly twenty years.
 * The Lombards invade Pannonia (modern Hungary). They are quickly dispatched by the Roman Army.

Asia

 * King Chogo of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje, in the Korean peninsula.
 * Scholars who have denounced eunuchs are arrested, killed or banished from the capital and official life in Han dynasty China. This is the first of the Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions, which end in 184.
 * A Roman envoy arrives by sea in Rinan commandery, in southern China (central Vietnam). He travels to the Chinese capital Luoyang, and is greeted by Emperor Huan of the Han dynasty.

Religion

 * Pope Soter succeeds Pope Anicetus as the twelfth pope of Rome.
 * Alypius succeeds Laurence as Patriarch of Constantinople.

Births

 * Taishi Ci (or Ziyi), Chinese general (d. 206)

Deaths

 * Celadion, patriarch of Alexandria
 * Gaeru of Baekje, Korean ruler
 * Laurence, bishop of Byzantium
 * Ma Rong, Chinese poet and politician (b. AD 79)

title: 166


text:
189

Year 189 (CLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Silanus (or, less frequently, year 942 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 189 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Plague (possibly smallpox) kills as many as 2,000 people per day in Rome. Farmers are unable to harvest their crops, and food shortages bring riots in the city.

China

 * Liu Bian succeeds Emperor Ling, as Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty.
 * Dong Zhuo has Liu Bian deposed, and installs Emperor Xian as emperor.
 * Two thousand eunuchs in the palace are slaughtered in a violent purge in Luoyang, the capital of Han.

Arts and sciences

 * Galen publishes his "Treatise on the various temperaments" (aka On the Elements According to Hippocrates).

Religion

 * Pope Victor I succeeds Pope Eleuterus as the fourteenth pope, the first from Africa.
 * Demetrius of Alexandria becomes Patriarch of Alexandria.
 * Pantaenus, who was sent by the bishop of Alexandria to India to preach Christianity, meets with little success.

Births

 * March 7 – Publius Septimius Geta, Roman emperor (d. 211)
 * Ling Tong, Chinese general of the Eastern Wu state (d. 217)
 * Zhang Chunhua, Chinese noblewoman and aristocrat (d. 247)

Deaths

 * May 13 – Ling of Han (or Liu Hong), Chinese emperor (b. 156)
 * May 24 – Eleutherius, bishop of Rome (or Catholic Church)
 * September 22 – He Jin, Chinese Grand Marshal and regent
 * Ding Yuan (or Jian Yang), Chinese official and warlord
 * Jian Shuo, Chinese eunuch leader (Ten Attendants)
 * Lingsi (or He), Chinese empress of the Han dynasty
 * Xiaoren, Chinese empress dowager of the Han dynasty

title: 189


text:
199

Year 199 (CXCIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was sometimes known as year 952 Ab urbe condita. The denomination 199 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Mesopotamia is partitioned into two Roman provinces divided by the Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Osroene.
 * Emperor Septimius Severus lays siege to the city-state Hatra in Central-Mesopotamia, but fails to capture the city despite breaching the walls.
 * Two new legions, I Parthica and III Parthica, are formed as a permanent garrison.

China

 * Battle of Yijing: Chinese warlord Yuan Shao defeats Gongsun Zan.

Korea

 * Geodeung succeeds Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya (traditional date).

Religion

 * Pope Zephyrinus succeeds Pope Victor I, as the 15th pope.

Deaths

 * February 7
 * Gao Shun, Chinese general and advisor
 * Lü Bu, Chinese general and warlord
 * Chen Ji, Chinese official, scholar and politician
 * Gongsun Zan, Chinese general and warlord
 * Qin Yilu (or Qin Yi), Chinese general
 * Suro of Geumgwan Gaya, Korean ruler
 * Tian Kai, Chinese official and general
 * Yuan Shu, Chinese general and warlord

title: 199


text:
217

Year 217 (CCXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Praesens and Extricatus (or, less frequently, year 970 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 217 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * April 8 – Caracalla is assassinated by his soldiers near Edessa. Marcus Opellius Macrinus, head of the Praetorian Guard, declares himself Roman emperor.
 * Summer – Battle of Nisibis: A Roman army, under the command of Macrinus, is defeated in a three days' battle by the Parthians at Nisibis, in the province of Mesopotamia.
 * King Artabanus V signs a peace treaty with Rome after he receives 200 million sesterces, for the rebuilding of towns destroyed during the war in Parthia.
 * Macrinus, of Mauritania, becomes the first equestrian Roman emperor.
 * Empress Julia, wife of Septimius Severus and mother of Caracalla and Geta, commits suicide.
 * The Colosseum is badly damaged by fire (lightning) which destroys the wooden upper levels of the amphitheater.

China

 * Battle of Ruxu: Warlord Cao Cao once again clashes with his rival Sun Quan in Yang Province.

Religion

 * December 20 – The papacy of Zephyrinus ends. Callixtus I is elected as the sixteenth pope, but is opposed by the theologian Hippolytus who accuses him of laxity and of being a Modalist, one who denies any distinction between the three persons of the Trinity.
 * Hippolytus begins his "pontificate" as antipope and sets up a breakaway church for Christian followers.

Sports

 * According to a tradition noted by 19th-century historian Stephen Glover, the earliest recorded game of association football (soccer) took place in Derby, England as a celebration on Shrove Tuesday, the day before commencement of the Lent season on Ash Wednesday, and 47 days before Easter Sunday

Births

 * Fu Xuan, Chinese historian and poet (d. 278)
 * Hua He, Chinese official and historian (d. 278)
 * Jia Chong, Chinese politician and general (d. 282)
 * Wang Yuanji, Chinese empress dowager (d. 268)

Deaths

 * April 8 – Caracalla, Roman emperor (b. 188)
 * December 20 – Zephyrinus, pope of Rome
 * Chen Lin, Chinese official and politician
 * Dong Xi (or Yuanshi), Chinese general
 * Julia Domna, Roman empress (b. 160)
 * Lucius Valerius Datus, Roman prefect
 * Ling Tong (or Gongji), Chinese general (b. 189)
 * Lu Su, Chinese general and politician (b. 172)
 * Sima Lang, Chinese official and politician (b. 171)
 * Wang Can, Chinese politician and poet (b. 177)
 * Xu Gan, Chinese philosopher and poet (b. 171)

title: 217


text:
230

Year 230 (CCXXX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Agricola and Clementinus (or, less frequently, year 983 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 230 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Alexander Severus decides that Thessaly should be a separate province from Macedonia. He increases taxes, in order to maintain the war against the Sassanids, and strengthen the defenses of the Roman Empire.

Persian Empire

 * King Ardashir I of the Persian Empire invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia, and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the border outposts of Syria and Cappadocia.
 * Alexander Severus assembles the Roman army, and establishes his headquarters at Antioch. He attempts a diplomatic solution, but the Persians decline and choose war.

Korea

 * Jobun becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.

Religion

 * July 21 – Pope Pontian succeeds Pope Urban I, as the 18th pope of Rome.
 * Patriarch Castinus succeeds Ciriacus I as patriarch Constantinople.
 * Seventy bishops hold the council of the Christian Church of Africa.

Births

 * Gaius Vibius Volusianus, Roman emperor (d. 253)
 * Marcus Aurelius Carus, Roman emperor (d. 283)

Deaths

 * May 23 – Urban I, bishop of Rome (b. 175)
 * July 9 – Bian, Chinese empress dowager (b. 159)
 * Go Uru, Korean prime minister
 * Liang Xi, Chinese official and politician
 * Marius Maximus, Roman consul and biographer
 * Naehae of Silla, Korean ruler
 * Wu Zhi, Chinese official and general (b. 177)
 * Zhang Wen, Chinese official and politician (b. 193)
 * Zhang Yi, Chinese official and politician (b. 167)
 * Zhong Yao, Chinese official and calligrapher (b. 151)

title: 230


text:
236

Year 236 (CCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Verus and Africanus (or, less frequently, year 989 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 236 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Maximinus Thrax and Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus become Roman consuls.
 * The Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus.
 * Maximinus campaigns against Dacians and Sarmatians from his supply depot at Sirmium.

Religion

 * January 10 – Pope Fabian succeeds Pope Anterus as the twentieth pope.
 * Fabian separates Rome into seven deaconships.
 * Fabian sends seven missionaries to Gaul to evangelize in the large cities.

Births

 * Wu of Jin (Sima Yan), Chinese emperor (d. 290)
 * Zhang Ti, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 280)
 * Zhou Chu, Chinese general and politician (d. 297)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Anterus, bishop of Rome
 * July 4 – Dong Zhao, Chinese official and politician (b. 156)
 * Zhang Zhao, Chinese general and politician (b. 156)

title: 236


text:
235

Year 235 (CCXXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Quintianus (or, less frequently, year 988 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 235 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * March 22 – Emperor Severus Alexander and his mother Iulia Mamaea are murdered by their own soldiers. The soldiers proclaim Maximinus Thrax as emperor. The Severan dynasty ends, marking the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century.

Religion

 * September 28 – Pope Pontian resigns, the first to abdicate, because he and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians.
 * November 21 – Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope of Rome.

Births

 * Sun Xiu, Chinese emperor of the Eastern Wu state (d. 264)

Deaths

 * March 22 – Severus Alexander, Roman emperor (b. 208)
 * Cao Gun, Chinese imperial prince
 * Cassius Dio, Roman historian
 * Chen Zhen (or Xiaoqi), Chinese official and politician
 * Gaius Petronius Magnus, Roman consul and usurper
 * Guo Nüwang, Chinese emperres
 * Hippolytus, Christian theologian and writer (b. 170)
 * Julia Avita Mamaea, mother of Severus Alexander (b. 180)
 * Tiberius Julius Cotys III (or Kotys), Roman client king
 * Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis IV, Roman client king
 * Titius Quartinus, Roman governor and usurper
 * Xin Pi (or Zuozhi), Chinese official and politician
 * Yang Yi (or Weigong), Chinese official and adviser

title: 235


text:
251

Year 251 (CCLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, in the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Traianus and Etruscus (or, less frequently, year 1004 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 251 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * July 1 – Battle of Abritus: The Goths defeat Emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus, on swampy ground in the Dobruja (Moesia).
 * May – The first Synod of Carthage, a pre-ecumenical council, is held under the presidency of Saint Cyprian.
 * In Rome, Hostilian, son of Decius, succeeds his father, while Trebonianus Gallus is proclaimed Emperor by the troops. Gallus accepts him as co-emperor, but an outbreak of plague strikes the city, and kills Hostilian.
 * The prosperity of Roman Britain declines during this period, as the Germanic tribes of the Franks and Saxons, whose homelands are in Friesland and the Low Countries, make raids around the southeast coast.
 * Gallus makes peace with the Goths; he permits them to keep their plunder, and offers them a bribe not to return.
 * A 15-year plague begins in the Roman Empire.

Persia

 * Sassanid King Shapur I orders an invasion of Syria, with the intent of finally capturing the city of Antioch during the campaign of 251–254.

China

 * Wang Ling's rebellion against the Wei regent Sima Yi is quelled.
 * Sima Yi passes away in Luoyang.
 * Sima Shi, Sima Yi's eldest son, inherits his father's authority.

Religion

 * March – Pope Cornelius succeeds Pope Fabian as the 21st pope.

Births

 * January 12 – Anthony the Great, Christian monk and saint (d. 356)

Deaths

 * February 5 – Cao Lin, Chinese prince of the Cao Wei state
 * June – August
 * Decius, Roman emperor (killed after the battle of Abritus)
 * Herennius Etruscus, Roman emperor and son of Decius
 * June 15 – Wang Ling, Chinese general and politician
 * August 22 – Zhen, Chinese empress of the Cao Wei state
 * September 7 – Sima Yi, Chinese general and regent (b. 179)
 * Agatha of Sicily, Christian martyr and saint (approximate date)
 * Cao Biao, Chinese prince of the Cao Wei state (b. 195)
 * Deng Zhi, Chinese general, politician and diplomat
 * Hostilian, Roman emperor (of plague in Rome)
 * Lü Yi, Chinese official, governor and politician

title: 251


text:
253

Year 253 (CCLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Volusianus and Claudius (or, less frequently, year 1006 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 253 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The legions who have campaigned against the Goths on the Danube elect Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus as new emperor. He advances on Rome along the Flaminian Way, to meet his opponent emperor Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus. For the most part, generals in the border regions are proclaimed emperor by their armies to halt the invasion of Germanic tribes.
 * Aemilianus is proclaimed "enemy of the State" by the Roman Senate. Trebonianus Gallus is defeated at Interamna Nahars (Umbria); he flees with Volusianus to the north, but at Foligno they are killed by their own troops.
 * Aemilianus rules the Roman Empire for three months; he promises to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of Pontifex Maximus.
 * Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium and Publius Valerianus, age 60, is recognised as the new emperor by the Rhine legions. He gives his son Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus the title Augustus. Valerianus I dispatches him to the Danube where the Goths have violated the treaty signed with Rome and invaded Moesia.
 * Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two; Gallienus taking control of the West and his father ruling the East, where he faces the Persian threat.
 * Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats a Roman field army at Barbalissos in Syria 2).
 * Valerian reforms Legio III Augusta to fight the "five peoples", a dangerous coalition of Berber tribes in Africa.

Religion

 * Pope Cornelius is sent into exile.
 * June 25 – Pope Lucius I succeeds Pope Cornelius as the 22nd pope.
 * Lucius is arrested almost immediately following his election and also exiled.

Deaths

 * Aemilianus, Roman emperor
 * Pope Cornelius
 * Saint Babylas, Patriarch of Antioch
 * Fei Yi, Chinese statesman, general and regent of the Shu Han state
 * Sun He, Chinese prince of the Eastern Wu state (b. 224)
 * Trebonianus Gallus, Roman emperor
 * Volusianus, Roman emperor
 * Zhuge Ke, Chinese general and regent of the Eastern Wu state (b. 203)
 * Origen, a Christian scholar from Alexandria (b. c. 184)

title: 253


text:
254

Year 254 (CCLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Valerianus and Gallienus (or, less frequently, year 1007 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 254 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus and Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus become Roman Consuls.
 * The Roman Empire is threatened by several peoples on their borders: the Germanic confederations, such as the Franks on the Middle Rhine, the Alemanni on the upper Rhine and Danube, and the Marcomanni facing the provinces at Noricum and Raetia. On land the confederation of Goths threaten the lower Danube provinces, and on the sea they threaten the shores of Thracia, Bithynia et Pontus, and Cappadocia. In the eastern provinces, the Sassanid Persians had the previous year defeated a Roman field army at Barballisos, and afterwards plundered the defenseless provinces. This period of time is called today the Crisis of the Third Century.

Religion

 * May 12 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I.

Deaths

 * March 5 – Lucius I, bishop of Rome
 * Li Feng (or Anguo), Chinese official and politician
 * Tiberius Julius Pharsanzes, Roman client king
 * Xiahou Xuan (or Taichu), Chinese general and politician (b. 209)
 * Zhang Ni (or Boqi), Chinese general, official and politician

title: 254


text:
257

Year 257 (CCLVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Valerianus and Gallienus (or, less frequently, year 1010 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 257 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Gallienus enters into a joint consulship with his father Valerianus I, having brought some order to the Danube area.
 * Future emperor Aurelian defeats the Goths and brings many prisoners back to Rome.
 * In Bavaria the Limes Germanicus (Upper Raetian Limes) along the river Iller is abandoned by the Romans.
 * Valerian, under guardianship of Ingenuus, is established at Sirmium (Pannonia) to represent the Roman government in the troubled Illyrian provinces.
 * Emperor Valerian recovers Antioch, Syria from King Shapur I of Persia.
 * The Goths build a fleet on the Black Sea.
 * The Goths separate into the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths.

Religion

 * August 30 – Pope Sixtus II succeeds Pope Stephen I as the 24th pope.
 * Valerian's persecution of Christians begins: his edict orders bishops and priests to sacrifice according to the pagan rituals, and prohibits Christians, under penalty of death, from meeting at the tombs of their deceased.

Births

 * Gregory the Illuminator, Armenian religious leader (approximate date)
 * Jia Nanfeng (or Shi), Chinese empress (d. 300)

Deaths

 * August 2 – Stephen I, bishop of Rome
 * September 26 – Zhu Yi (or Jiwen), Chinese general
 * Wen Qin (or Zhongruo), Chinese general and politician
 * Zhang Changpu, Chinese concubine (b. 199)

title: 257


text:
160

Year 160 (CLX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known in Rome as the Year of the Consulship of Atilius and Vibius (or, less frequently, year 913 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 160 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The Antonine Wall in Britain is retaken by Roman legions.

Art and Science

 * In Rome, the manufacturing of soap containing grease, lime and ashes begins.
 * Appian writes Ρωμαικα, known in English as the Roman History, in which he includes the history of each nation conquered up until the moment of its conquest.

Religion

 * The first Buddhist monks arrive in China.

Births

 * Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor, daughter of Marcus Aurelius (d. 212)
 * Felician of Foligno, Roman bishop and martyr (d. 250)
 * Julia Domna, Roman empress consort (d. 217)
 * Marius Maximus, Roman biographer (d. 230)
 * Quintus Tineius Sacerdos, Roman politician
 * Sextus Empiricus, Greek philosopher (d. 210)

Deaths

 * Marcion of Sinope, founder of Marcionism (approximate date)
 * Suetonius, Roman historian and writer (approximate date)

title: 160


text:
161

Year 161 (CLXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Aurelius (or, less frequently, year 914 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 161 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * March 7 – Emperor Antoninus Pius dies, and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius, who shares imperial power with Lucius Verus, although Marcus retains the title Pontifex Maximus.
 * Marcus Aurelius, a Spaniard like Trajan and Hadrian, is a stoical disciple of Epictetus, and an energetic man of action. He pursues the policy of his predecessor and maintains good relations with the Senate. As a legislator, he endeavors to create new principles of morality and humanity, particularly favoring women and slaves.
 * Aurelius reduces the weight of a goldpiece, the aureus, from 7.81 grams to 7.12 grams.
 * Autumn – The Parthians invade Armenia, and install their own candidate on the throne. A legion (perhaps Legio IX Hispana) is destroyed at Elegeia.

Art and Science

 * Gaius' Institutiones are published.

Commerce

 * The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 68 percent under Emperor Marcus Aurelius, down from 75 percent under Antoninus Pius.

Births

 * August 31 – Commodus, Roman emperor (d. 192)
 * Liu Bei, founder of the Shu Han (Three Kingdoms) (d. 223)
 * Lü Dai, general of the Eastern Wu state (Three Kingdoms) (d. 256)

Deaths

 * March 7 – Antoninus Pius, Roman emperor (b. AD 86)
 * Athenais, Roman noblewoman (b. AD 143)

title: 161


text:
162

Year 162 (CLXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rusticus and Plautius (or, less frequently, year 915 Ab urbe condita).

The denomination 162 AD for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Lucius Verus begins a war with the Parthians, due to the invasion of Syria and Armenia by King Vologases IV of Parthia.

Art and Science

 * Arrian, Greek historian and writer, publishes Indica, a work on India and its people.

Births

 * Marcus Annius Verus Caesar, one of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius's thirteen children (d. 169)

Deaths

 * Marcus Annius Libo, the second child and first son to Roman consul Marcus Annius Verus and Rupilia Faustina

title: 162


text:
163

Year 163 (CLXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Laelianus and Pastor (or, less frequently, year 916 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 163 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Marcus Statius Priscus re-conquers Armenia; the capital city of Artaxata is ruined.

Births

 * Cui Yan (or Jigui), Chinese official and politician (d. 216)
 * Sun Shao (or Changxu), Chinese chancellor (d. 225)
 * Tiberius Claudius Severus Proculus, Roman politician
 * Xun Yu, Chinese politician and adviser (d. 212)

Deaths

 * Kong Zhou, father of Kong Rong (b. 103)
 * Marcus Annius Libo, Roman politician

title: 163


text:
164

Year 164 (CLXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Macrinus and Celsus (or, less frequently, year 917 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 164 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Marcus Aurelius gives his daughter Lucilla in marriage to his co-emperor Lucius Verus.
 * Avidius Cassius, one of Lucius Verus' generals, crosses the Euphrates and invades Parthia.
 * Ctesiphon is captured by the Romans, but returns to the Parthians after the end of the war.
 * The Antonine Wall in Scotland is abandoned by the Romans.
 * Seleucia on the Tigris is destroyed.

Births

 * Bruttia Crispina, Roman empress (d. 191)
 * Ge Xuan (or Xiaoxian), Chinese Taoist (d. 244)
 * Yu Fan, Chinese scholar and official (d. 233)

title: 164


text:
167

Year 167 (CLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Quadratus (or, less frequently, year 920 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 167 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus and Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus become Roman Consuls.
 * The Marcomanni tribe wages war against the Romans at Aquileia. They destroy aqueducts and irrigation conduits. Marcus Aurelius repels the invaders, ending the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) that has kept the Roman Empire free of conflict since the days of Emperor Augustus.
 * The Vandals (Astingi and Lacringi) and the Sarmatian Iazyges invade Dacia. To counter them, Legio V Macedonica, returning from the Parthian War, moves its headquarters from Troesmis in Moesia Inferior to Potaissa in Dacia Porolissensis.
 * The Germans devastate the Balkans and ransack the sanctuary of Eleusis, near Athens.

Asia

 * Change of era name from Yanxi to Yongkang of the Chinese Han dynasty.
 * King Chogo of Baekje wages war against Silla in the Korean peninsula.

Births

 * Zhang Yi (or Junsi), Chinese official (d. 230)

Deaths

 * Abercius, bishop of Hieropolis (approximate date)
 * Anicetus, pope of Rome (approximate date)
 * Wang Fu, Chinese philosopher (b. AD 82)

title: 167


text:
168

Year 168 (CLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Apronianus and Paullus (or, less frequently, year 921 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 168 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his adopted brother Lucius Verus leave Rome, and establish their headquarters at Aquileia.
 * The Roman army crosses the Alps into Pannonia, and subdues the Marcomanni at Carnuntum, north of the Danube.

Asia

 * Emperor Ling of Han succeeds Emperor Huan of Han as the emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty; the first year of the Jianning era.

Births

 * Cao Ren, Chinese general (d. 223)
 * Gu Yong, Chinese chancellor (d. 243)
 * Li Tong, Chinese general (d. 209)

Deaths

 * Anicetus, pope of Rome (approximate date)
 * Chen Fan, Chinese official and politician
 * Daniel of Padua, Italian bishop and saint
 * Dou Wu, Chinese politician and regent
 * Huan of Han, Chinese emperor (b. 132)
 * Titus Flavius Boethus, Roman politician
 * Titus Furius Victorinus, Roman prefect

title: 168


text:
169

Year 169 (CLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Senecio and Apollinaris (or, less frequently, year 922 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 169 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Marcomannic Wars: Germanic tribes invade the frontiers of the Roman Empire, specifically the provinces of Raetia and Moesia.
 * Northern African Moors invade what is now Spain.
 * Marcus Aurelius becomes sole Roman Emperor upon the death of Lucius Verus.
 * Marcus Aurelius forces his daughter Lucilla into marriage with Claudius Pompeianus.
 * Galen moves back to Rome for good.

China

 * Confucian scholars who had denounced the court eunuchs are arrested, killed or banished from the capital of Luoyang and official life during the second episode of the Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions, which does not formally end until 184 with the onslaught of the Yellow Turban Rebellion.

Religion

 * Pertinax succeeds Alypius as bishop of Byzantium.
 * Theophilus of Antioch becomes patriarch of Antioch.

Arts and sciences

 * Lucian demonstrates the absurdity of fatalism.

Births

 * Jingū, Japanese empress and regent (d. 269)
 * Zhang Liao, Chinese general (d. 222)

Deaths

 * January 23 – Lucius Verus, Roman emperor (b. 130)
 * September 10 – Marcus Annius Verus, Roman co-ruler
 * Alypius, bishop of Byzantium (approximate date)
 * Li Ying, Chinese scholar and politician

title: 169


text:
170

Year 170 (CLXX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Clarus and Cornelius (or, less frequently, year 923 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 170 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The Suebian tribes of the Marcomanni cross the Danube and invade Northern Italy. The Roman army (20,000 men) is destroyed near Carnuntum in Pannonia.
 * The Marcomanni plunder Opitergium (modern Oderzo) and besiege Aquileia. This is the first time hostile forces have entered Italy since 101 BC.
 * Emperor Marcus Aurelius writes in Sirmium (Pannonia) his first of 12 books of the Meditations in Koine Greek.
 * The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reach Eleusina, near Athens, and destroy the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries.
 * Marcus Aurelius orders humane treatment for Christians and slaves throughout the Roman Empire.
 * An Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is erected in Rome.
 * The Porta Nigra is built in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier). (approximate date)

Births

 * Guo Jia, Chinese politician and adviser (d. 207)
 * Herodian, Roman historian and writer (d. 240)
 * Julia Domna, Roman empress consort (d. 217)
 * Philostratus, Greek sophist (approximate date)
 * Vibia Aurelia Sabina, Marcus Aurelius' last surviving child (d. 217)

Deaths

 * Alexander of Abonoteichus, Greek mystic (b. AD 105)
 * An Shigao, Chinese Buddhist missionary (b. AD 148)
 * Apuleius, Numidian philosopher and writer (b. AD 124)
 * Demonax, Greek philosopher and writer (b. c. AD 70)
 * Junius Rusticus, Roman teacher and politician (b. AD 100)
 * Marcus Cornelius Fronto, Roman grammarian (b. AD 100)
 * Ptolemy, Greek mathematician and astronomer (b. AD 100)

title: 170


text:
831

Year 831 (DCCCXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Arab War: Emperor Theophilos invades the Abbasid dominions, and reaches the Euphrates River in north-eastern Syria. He captures and sacks the city of Tarsus, but is defeated in Cappadocia.
 * Summer – Muslim Arabs under Caliph Al-Ma'mun launch an invasion into Anatolia (modern Turkey), and capture a number of Byzantine forts. Heraclea Cybistra and Tyana fall to the Arabs.
 * Fall – Muslim Arabs reinvade Sicily, and lay siege to Palermo. Symeon, Byzantine commander of the imperial bodyguard (spatharios), surrenders the city in exchange for a safe departure.

Europe

 * Emperor Louis the Pious is reinstated as sole ruler of the Frankish Empire. He promises his sons Pepin I and Louis the German a greater share of the inheritance. His eldest son Lothair I is pardoned, but disgraced and banished to Italy.
 * February – Empress Judith stands trial to "undergo the judgment of the Franks" for an assembly arranged by Louis the Pious and exonerated.
 * Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his youngest son Malamir, because his older brother Enravota favours Christianity.
 * Nominoe, duke of Brittany, is designated missus imperatoris (imperial emissary) by Louis the Pious, at Ingelheim (modern Germany).

China

 * An Uyghur Turk sues the son of a Chinese general, who had failed to repay a debt of 11 million government-issued copper coins. Emperor Wenzong hears the news, and is so upset that he not only banishes the general, but attempts to ban all trade between Chinese and foreigners except for goods and livestock. This ban is unsuccessful, and trade with foreigners resumes, especially in maritime affairs overseas.

Religion

 * Summer – Ansgar, Frankish missionary, founds the first church at Birka (modern Sweden).
 * Ansgar is consecrated; he travels to Rome to receive the pallium from Pope Gregory IV.

Births

 * Wang Chucun, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 895)

Deaths

 * July 10 – Zubaidah bint Ja`far, Abbasid princess, wife of caliph Harun al-Rashid, mother of al-Amin.
 * December 26 – Euthymius of Sardis, Byzantine monk and bishop
 * Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire
 * Sadyrnfyw, Welsh bishop (approximate date)
 * Yuan Zhen, politician of the Tang Dynasty (b. 779)

title: 831


text:
969

Year 969 (CMLXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 969th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 969th year of the 1st millennium, the 69th year of the 10th century, and the 10th and last year of the 960s decade.

Byzantine Empire

 * October 28 – Siege of Antioch: Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes (during a night attack) seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Hamdanids is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter Phokas arrive. The Byzantine army then moves deeper into Syrian territory — besieging and taking the city of Aleppo.
 * December 11 – Emperor Nikephoros II is murdered in the royal palace of Boukoleon at Constantinople after a 6-year reign. Former friends have acted on the instructions of his wife Theophano. Nikephoros is succeeded by his nephew John I Tzimiskes, who becomes co-emperor and regent. He sends Theophano into exile to the island of Prinkipo (Prince Islands).

Europe

 * Peter I, emperor (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire, suffers a stroke and abdicates the throne in favour of his eldest son Boris II. He arrives (after being an honorary hostage at Constantinople) in Preslav and is proclaimed as the new ruler. Boris regains lost territory from the Kievan Rus' and recaptures Pereyaslavets, an important trade city at the mouth of the Danube.
 * Summer – Grand Prince Sviatoslav I invades Bulgaria at the head of a Kievan army, which includes Pecheneg and Hungarian auxiliary forces. He defeats the Bulgarians in a major battle and retakes Pereyaslavets. Boris II capitulates and impales 300 Bulgarian boyars for disloyalty. Sviatoslav assigns garrisons to the conquered fortresses in Northern Bulgaria.
 * Pandulf Ironhead, duke of Benevento and Capua, leads the siege of Bovino. He is captured by the Byzantines and taken in chains to Bari, and jailed in Constantinople. Neapolitan forces under Marinus II, duke of Naples, invade Benevento-Capua, capture the city of Avellino and then lay siege to Capua.
 * Otto I 'the Great', Holy Roman Emperor, assembles a large expeditionary force at Pavia, joined by Spoletan troops. He counter-attacks, relieves the siege of Capua and devastates the area around Naples. Otto enters Benevento, where he is received as 'liberator' by Landulf IV and in the cities of Apulia (Southern Italy).

Africa

 * February 6–July 9 – Fatimid conquest of Egypt: Caliph Al-Mu'izz's army under General Jawhar invades Egypt. Jawhar occupies the lands around the Nile from the Ikhshidids after a siege at Giza and the capitulation of Fustat.

Asia

 * September 27 – Emperor Reizei abdicates the throne of Japan (due to a mental illness) after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his 10-year-old brother En'yū, who becomes the 64th emperor.

Geography

 * Ibn Hawqal concludes his travels.

Religion

 * Summer – Pope John XIII convenes a synod at Rome. He raises the bishopric of Benevento to Archbishopric of Benevento. The city is made a metropolitan see over 10 bishoprics in Byzantine Capitanata (Southern Italy).

Births

 * Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadani, Persian poet and writer (d. 1007)
 * Hilal al-Sabi', Buyid bureaucrat and historian (d. 1056)
 * Judith of Hungary, princess and queen of Poland (d. 988)
 * Liu, empress and regent of the Song dynasty (d. 1033)
 * Nathar Shah, Tamil mystic and preacher (d. 1039)
 * William V 'the Great', duke of Aquitaine (d. 1030)

Deaths

 * March 12 – Mu Zong, emperor of the Liao dynasty (b. 931)
 * June 26 – George El Mozahem, Egyptian martyr (b. 940)
 * July 11 – Olga of Kiev, princess and regent of Russia (b. c. 890)
 * September 25 – Burchard, bishop of Meissen (approximate date)
 * December 1 – Fujiwara no Morotada, Japanese statesman (b. 920)
 * December 11 – Nikephoros II, emperor of the Byzantine Empire
 * Dou Zhengu, Chinese official and chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 892)
 * Landulf III, prince of Benevento and Capua (or 968)
 * Michael Krešimir II, king of Croatia (House of Trpimir)
 * Nasir al-Dawla, deposed Hamdanid emir of Mosul

title: 969


text:
461

Year 461 (CDLXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severinus and Dagalaiphus (or, less frequently, year 1214 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 461 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * August 2 – Majorian is arrested near Tortona (Northern Italy), and deposed by Ricimer (magister militum) as puppet emperor.
 * August 7 – Majorian, having been beaten and tortured for five days, is beheaded near the Iria River (Lombardy).
 * Olybrius becomes the second candidate for the western throne. He is the husband of Placidia, who is being held in Vandal captivity.
 * November 19 – Libius Severus, Roman senator from Lucania, is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
 * Vandal War (461-468): King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage.

Europe

 * The Visigoths under king Theodoric II recapture Septimania (Southern Gaul) after the assassination of Majorian, and invade Hispania again.
 * Aegidius becomes ruler over the Domain of Soissons (Gaul). He has friendly relations with the Romano-British (in Brittany).

Anatolia

 * 461 Apahunik' earthquake. It affected the province of Apahunik', located to the north of Lake Van, in Anatolia.

Religion

 * November 10 – Pope Leo I dies at Rome, age 61 (approximate), after a 21-year reign in which he has resisted Manichaeism and defended the Church against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Hilarius as the 46th pope.
 * Mamertus is elected bishop of Vienne (Gaul).

Births

 * Hilderic, king of the Vandals (approximate date)
 * Romulus Augustulus, emperor of the Western Roman Empire

Deaths

 * August 7 – Majorian, emperor of the Western Roman Empire
 * November 10 – Pope Leo I
 * Palladius, first bishop of Ireland (approximate date)

title: 461


text:
891

Year 891 (DCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * February 21 – Guy III, duke of Spoleto, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Stephen V. His son Lambert is proclaimed king of Italy, at the capital of Pavia in Lombardy.
 * Summer – Orso, Lombard prince of Benevento, is deposed after the capture of Benevento by the Byzantines. Benevento becomes the capital of the thema of Longobardia.
 * Battle of Leuven: Viking raiders on the Dyle River (near Leuven), in modern-day Belgium, suffer a crushing defeat by Frankish forces under King Arnulf of Carinthia.

Emirate of Córdoba

 * Muslim forces led by Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, defeat the rebel leader Umar ibn Hafsun at Poley, in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).

Arabian Empire (Caliphate)

 * June 2 – Al-Muwaffaq, an Abbasid prince and Commander-in-chief, dies at the capital of Baghdad. His son Al-Mu'tadid is recognized as regent, and second heir of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Japan

 * February 25 – Fujiwara no Mototsune, a Japanese statesman, dies. In his lifetime, he had forced the resignation of Emperor Yōzei and become head of the Fujiwara clan.

Religion

 * September 14 – Pope Stephen V dies after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by Formosus, former cardinal bishop of Portus, as the 111th pope of the Catholic Church.

Births

 * Abd al-Rahman III, Umayyad caliph (or 889)
 * Ali ibn Buya, founder of the Buyid Dynasty (or 892)
 * Gao Conghui, prince and ruler of Jingnan (d. 948)
 * Lin Ding, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 944)
 * Yuan Dezhao, Chinese chancellor (d. 968)

Deaths

 * February 25 – Fujiwara no Mototsune, Japanese regent (b. 836)
 * June 2 – Al-Muwaffaq, Abbasid prince and regent (b. 842)
 * June 25 – Sunderolt, archbishop of Mainz
 * September 14 – Stephen V, pope of the Catholic Church
 * October 23 – Yazaman al-Khadim, Abbasid emir
 * Bernard, illegitimate son of Charles the Fat (or 892)
 * Chen Yan, Chinese warlord and governor
 * Enchin, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 814)
 * Gu Yanlang, Chinese warlord and governor
 * Isma'il ibn Bulbul, Abbasid official and vizier
 * Mutimir of Serbia, ruler of Principality of Serbia
 * Wang Hui, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty

title: 891


text:
822

Year 822 (DCCCXXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine general and usurper Thomas the Slav continues his revolt against Emperor Michael II. He unsuccessfully besieges Constantinople, while his fleet is destroyed by Michael's fleet, using Greek fire.
 * Battle of Kedouktos (near Heraclea): Khan Omurtag of Bulgaria sends a relief army, and defeats the Byzantine rebels.

Europe

 * Emperor Louis I performs public penance for causing his nephew Bernard's death 4 years earlier, at his palace of Attigny (Ardennes), before Pope Paschal I, and the Frankish nobles (this to restore harmony and re-establish his authority).
 * The earliest known mention of the Serbs, in Einhard's Royal Frankish Annals.

Britain

 * King Ceolwulf I of Mercia invades Powys (Wales), but is beaten back by King Cyngen. However, Ceolwulf does destroy the fortress of Deganwy, and later takes the kingdom under his control (approximate date).

Al-Andalus

 * Al-Hakam I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, dies after a 26-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Abd al-Rahman II, who begins a military campaign against King Alfonso II of Asturias in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).

Asia

 * Kim Hŏn-ch'ang launches a short-lived rebellion in Silla, which gains control over much of the southern and western Korean Peninsula.

Central America

 * February 6 – Ukit Took becomes the last ruler (ajaw) of the Mayan city-state Copán (modern Guatemala). After his death in 830, the kingdom is wiped out, most likely from an epidemic.

Religion

 * Rabanus Maurus, a Frankish Benedictine monk, becomes abbot of Fulda, after the death of Eigil.

Births

 * Al-Mutawakkil, Muslim caliph (d. 861)
 * Ibn Abi Asim, Muslim Sunni scholar (or 821)
 * Minamoto no Tōru, Japanese poet (d. 895)
 * Xuefeng Yicun, Chinese Chan master (d. 908)

Deaths

 * June 26 – Saichō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 767)
 * Al-Hakam I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (b. 771)
 * Al-Waqidi, Muslim historian and biographer
 * Denebeorht, bishop of Worcester
 * Eigil of Fulda, Bavarian abbot
 * Gregory Pterotos, Byzantine general (strategos)
 * Kim Hŏn-ch'ang, Silla aristocrat and rebel leader
 * Li Yijian, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 756)
 * Tahir ibn Husayn, founder of the Tahirid Dynasty
 * Tian Bu, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 785)
 * Winiges, duke of Spoleto (Italy)

title: 822


text:
823

Year 823 (DCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Michael II defeats the rebel forces under Thomas the Slav in Thrace. He and his supporters are forced to seek refuge in Arkadiopolis (modern Turkey). After five months of blockade, Thomas surrenders and is delivered to Michael, seated on a donkey and bound in chains. He pleads for clemency and prostrates before Michael, but is executed.

Europe

 * April 5 – Lothair I, eldest son of Emperor Louis I, is crowned co-emperor again by Pope Paschal I at Rome (initiating the papal practice of handing the imperial sword over, as a symbol of temporal power in the Holy Roman Empire).

Britain

 * King Ceolwulf I of Mercia is deposed by Beornwulf, who takes the throne of Mercia. During his rule he rebuilds the Abbey of St. Peter, and presides over two synods at Clofesho.

Japan

 * May 30 – Emperor Saga abdicates the throne, after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Junna, as the 53rd emperor of Japan.

Births

 * June 13 – Charles the Bald, king of the Franks (d. 877)
 * Ermentrude of Orléans, queen of the Franks (d. 869)
 * Muhammad I, Muslim emir of Córdoba (d. 886)
 * Pepin II (the Younger), king of Aquitaine

Deaths

 * Adelochus, archbishop of Strasbourg (b. 786)
 * Boniface I, margrave of Tuscany
 * Ceolwulf I, king of Mercia (approximate date)
 * Gondulphus, bishop of Metz
 * Han Hong, general of the Tang Dynasty b. 765)
 * Ljudevit, duke of the Slavs in Lower Pannonia
 * Thekla, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
 * Thomas the Slav, Byzantine general and usurper
 * Timothy I, Syrian patriarch
 * Wulfheard, bishop of Hereford (approximate date)

title: 823


text:
825

Year 825 (DCCCXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

India

 * A group of Persio-Assyrian adherents of the Church of the East, under the leadership of two Persian bishops Prod (or Proth, also known as Aphroth) and Sappor (also known as Sabrisho), reach Kerala, India and reside in Quilon.

Europe

 * Emperor Louis the Pious begins a military campaign against the Wends and Sorbs. Duke Tunglo surrenders his son as hostage, and submits to Frankish rule (approximate date).
 * Grímur Kamban becomes the first man to set foot in the Faroe Islands, and settles down in Funningur, on the northwest coast of Eysturoy (beginning the Norwegian Viking era on the islands).
 * Murcia is founded by the emir of Cordoba Abd ar-Rahman II.

Britain

 * Battle of Ellandun: King Egbert of Wessex defeats Beornwulf of Mercia near Swindon. The battle marks the end of the Mercian domination of southern England. The kingdoms of Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex submit to Wessex, and East Anglia acknowledges Egbert as overlord (bretwalda).
 * King Hywel ap Rhodri of Gwynedd dies after an 11-year reign. The kingdom is seized by his grand-nephew, Merfyn Frych of Man.
 * Battle of Gafulford: The men of Cornish Dumnonia clash with the West Saxons at modern-day Camelford (approximate date).

Religion

 * Borobudur, a Mahayana Buddhist Temple, is completed in Central Java (modern Indonesia).

Births

 * Ariwara no Narihira, Japanese waka poet (d. 880)
 * Charles, Frankish bishop and archchancellor (or 830)
 * Fujiwara no Yasunori, Japanese nobleman (d. 895)
 * Landulf II, bishop and count of Capua (approximate date)
 * Louis II, king of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor (d. 875)
 * Muhammad ibn Abdallah, Muslim governor (or 824)
 * Ono no Komachi, Japanese poet (approximate date)
 * Tsunesada, Japanese prince (d. 884)

Deaths

 * Abu Ubaidah, Muslim scholar (b. 728)
 * Hywel ap Rhodri, king of Gwynedd (Wales)
 * Ida of Herzfeld, Frankish noblewoman (approximate date)
 * Liu Wu, general of the Tang Dynasty
 * Máel Bressail mac Ailillo, king of Ulaid (Ireland)
 * Song Ruozhao, Chinese scholar, lady-in-waiting and poet (b. 770)
 * Rampon, count of Barcelona
 * Welf, father of Judith of Bavaria
 * Wihomarc, Breton chieftain

title: 825