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Dow Jones & Company

Dow Jones & Company, Inc. (also known simply as Dow Jones) is an American publishing firm owned by News Corp and led by CEO Almar Latour.

The company publishes The Wall Street Journal, Barron's, MarketWatch, Mansion Global, Financial News and Private Equity News. It published the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) from 1882 until 2010, when News Corp then sold 90% ownership of the Dow Jones stock market indices business to CME Group; News Corp sold CME its remaining 10% in 2013.

History
The company was founded in 1882 by three reporters: Charles Dow, Edward Jones, and Charles Bergstresser. Charles Dow was widely known for his ability to break down and convey what was often considered very convoluted financial information and news to the general public – this is one of the reasons why Dow Jones & Company is well known for their publications and transferring of important and sometimes difficult to understand financial information to people across the globe. Nevertheless, the three reporters were joined in control of the organization by Thomas F. Woodlock.

Dow Jones was acquired in 1902 by Clarence Barron, the leading financial journalist of the day, after the death of co-founder Charles Dow. Upon Barron's death in 1928, control of the company passed to his stepdaughters Jane and Martha Bancroft. The company was led by the Bancroft family, which effectively controlled 64% of all voting stock, until 2007 when an extended takeover battle saw News Corporation acquire the business. The company then became a subsidiary of News Corporation. It was reported on August 1, 2007, that the bid had been successful after an extended period of uncertainty about shareholder agreement, with the transaction finalized on December 13, 2007. It was worth US$5 billion or $60 a share, giving News Corp control of The Wall Street Journal and ending the Bancroft family's 105 years of ownership.

The company was best known for the publication of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and related market statistics, Dow Jones Newswire, and a number of financial publications. In 2010 the Dow Jones Indexes subsidiary was sold to the CME Group and the company focused on financial news publications, including its flagship publication The Wall Street Journal and providing financial news and information tools to financial companies.

In 2005, together with FTSE, Dow Jones launched the Industry Classification Benchmark, a taxonomy used to segregate markets into sectors.

In April 2020, Dow Jones CEO William Lewis announced he would be stepping down from his position after nearly six years in the role.

On May 7, 2020 News Corp announced that Almar Latour would assume the CEO role on May 15, 2020.

In 2021, Dow Jones acquired OPIS and Base Chemicals from IHS Market for $1.4 Billion dollars.

Consumer media
Its flagship publication, The Wall Street Journal, is a daily newspaper in print and online covering business, financial national and international news and issues around the globe. It began publishing on July 8, 1889. There are 12 versions of the Journal in nine languages, including English, Chinese, Japanese, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Malay, Turkish and Korean. The Journal holds 35 Pulitzer Prizes for outstanding journalism.

Other consumer-oriented publications of Dow Jones include Barron's Magazine, a weekly overview of the world economy and markets, MarketWatch, an online financial news site, and Investor's Business Daily, a newspaper and website covering the stock market, international business, finance and economics. Financial News provides news on investment banking, securities, and asset management. BigCharts, provided by MarketWatch's Virtual Stock Exchange Games, includes stock charts, screeners, interactive charting, and research tools. Professor Journal is a "Journal" in education program for professors to integrate into curriculum.

In 2017, Dow Jones launched Moneyish, a lifestyle and personal finance website aimed at millennial readers.

Dow Jones also published Heat Street, an online news and opinion website launched in February 2016 that was later folded into MarketWatch.

The monthly journal Far Eastern Economic Review closed in September 2009.

Enterprise media
Dow Jones serves corporate markets and financial markets clients with financial news and information products and services. Dow Jones owns more than 20 products that combine content and technology to help drive decisions, which include:
 * Dow Jones Newswires;
 * Dow Jones Factiva, a database that provides a curated basis for making decisions through search results, alerts, newsletters, and charts about companies, topics, and people;
 * Dow Jones FX Select, delivers real-time, breaking global FX news, expert trend analysis and in-depth policy commentary in 13 languages;
 * Dow Jones VentureSource, provides data on venture-backed companies and helps find deal and partnership opportunities, perform comprehensive due diligence and examine trends in venture capital investment, fund-raising and liquidity;
 * Private Equity Analyst, timely news and critical analysis of private equity and venture capital activity, offering insight and breaking news on developments in fund-raising, investment, deal finance, liquidity, returns, and executive moves;
 * Dow Jones Risk & Compliance, on risk management, regulatory compliance or corporate governance content for Anti-Corruption, Anti-Money Laundering, and Payments and Sanctions.

Dow Jones Newswires
Dow Jones Newswires is the real-time financial news organization founded in 1882, its primary competitors are Bloomberg L.P. and Thomson Reuters. The company reports more than 600,000 subscribers – including brokers, traders, analysts, world leaders, and finance officials and fund managers – as of July 2011.

Ventures
In 2009 Dow Jones Ventures launched FINS.com, a standalone resource for financial professionals with information about finance careers and the finance industry. In 2012, the site was acquired by Dice.com.

Broadcasting
In broadcasting, Dow Jones provides news content to CNBC in the U.S. It produced two shows for commercial radio, The Wall Street Journal Report on the Wall Street Journal Radio Network and The Dow Jones Report. The network was shut down in 2014.

Dow Jones also launched WSJ Live an interactive video website that provides live and on demand videos from The Wall Street Journal Video Network. Programs include "News Hub", "MoneyBeat", and "Lunch Break" among others. WSJ Live was shut down in 2017.

Indices
In February 2010, Dow Jones sold a 90% stake in its Index business for $607.5million to Chicago-based CME Group, which owns the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. A few of the most widely used included:

 * Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA, "Dow 30", or often simply "The Dow")
 * Dow Jones Transportation Average
 * Dow Jones Utility Average
 * Dow Jones Composite Average
 * The Global Dow
 * Dow Jones Global Titans 50 Index
 * Dow Jones Total Stock Market Index
 * Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes
 * Dow Jones-UBS Commodity Indexes
 * Dow Jones Target Date Indexes

In July 2012, Dow Jones & Company and CME Group contributed the Dow Jones Indices to the formation of the S&P Dow Jones Indices joint venture, with McGraw–Hill's Standard and Poor's (S&P) subsidiary holding 73.0%, the CME Group holding 24.4%, and Dow Jones & Company holding an indirect 2.6% ownership interest in the joint venture.

In April 2013, CME Group purchased the Dow Jones & Company interest in the S&P Dow Jones Indices joint venture for $80.0million, increasing CME Group's interest to 27.0% and removing Dow Jones & Company from all involvement with its namesake indices.

NewsPicks USA
In March 2017, Dow Jones and NewsPicks Inc., a Japanese firm that develops and operates a business news platform of the same name, established a joint venture called NewsPicks USA, LLC. The joint venture is headed by CEO Ken Breen, who is currently the Senior Vice President, Commercial, for the Dow Jones Media Group, together with Chairman Yusuke Umeda, who is also the Director of NewsPicks Inc.

The joint venture launched the English version of the NewsPicks platform for the US market on November 13, 2017. Similar to the original Japanese edition, the US edition of NewsPicks combines business news from sources like The Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg, and Reuters with social networking features, such as comments on news articles from top-ranked business professionals from around the world ("ProPickers"). The platform currently has a smartphone app for the iPhone with plans for release on Android in the future.

The venture was dissolved in October 2018 with the Japanese parent company retaining full ownership.

Ownership
The company's foundation was laid by Charles Dow, Edward Jones and Charles Bergstresser who, over two decades, conceived and promoted the three products which define Dow Jones and financial journalism: The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones Newswires and the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Dow Jones was acquired in 1902 by the leading financial journalist of the day, Clarence Barron.

In 2007, Dow Jones was acquired by News Corp., a leading global media company.

The Bancroft family and heirs of Clarence W. Barron effectively controlled the company's class B shares, each with a voting power of ten regular shares, prior to its sale to News Corp. At one time, they controlled 64% of Dow Jones voting stock.

Currently, Dow Jones is owned by Rupert Murdoch, owner of News Corp and several other major media companies.

Buyout offer
On May 1, 2007, Dow Jones released a statement confirming that News Corporation, led by Rupert Murdoch, had made an unsolicited offer of $60 per share, or $5 billion, for Dow Jones. Stock was briefly halted for a pending press release. The halt lasted under 10 minutes while CNBC was receiving data. It was suggested that the buyout offer was related to Murdoch's new cable business news channel Fox Business, which launched in 2007, and that the Dow Jones brand would bring instant credibility to the project.

On June 6, 2007, Brian Tierney, CEO and founder of Philadelphia Media Holdings, which then owned The Philadelphia Inquirer, Philadelphia Daily News and Philly.com, went public in an article on Philly.com expressing interest in "joining with outside partners to buy Dow Jones." Tierney said, "We would participate as Philadelphia Media Holdings, along with other investors. We wouldn't do it alone."

In June, MySpace co-founder Brad Greenspan put forth a bid to buy 25% of Dow Jones for $60 a share, the same price per share as News Corporation's bid, giving the existing shareholders a $1.25 billion cash infusion while maintaining overall ownership of the company.

On July 17, 2007, The Wall Street Journal, a unit of Dow Jones, reported that the company and News Corporation had agreed in principle on a US$5 billion takeover, that the offer would be put to the full Dow Jones board on the same evening in New York, and that the offer valued the company at 70% more than the company's market value.

"Our strategy centers around leaving the print publications of Dow Jones intact to continue serving as the gold standard of financial reporting, and creating additional earnings streams through digital media initiatives that can produce a stock price above 100 dollars a share,

For too long, Dow Jones has limited its focus to the world of print media and allowed other, less established entities to generate millions of dollars in profits by developing financial reporting franchises on the Internet and cable television.

The time has come for Dow Jones to break out of its slumber and extend its dominance into the lucrative arena of digital media."

Insider trading scandal
Upon investigating suspicious share price movements in the run-up to the announcement, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission alleged that board member Sir David Li, one of Hong Kong's most prominent businessmen, had informed his close friend and business associate Michael Leung of the impending offer. Leung acted on this information by telling his daughter and son-in-law, who reaped a US$8.2 million profit from an insider trading transaction.

Corporate governance
Prior to its sale to News Corp, the last members of the board of directors of the company were Christopher Bancroft, Lewis B. Campbell, Michael Elefante, John Engler, Harvey Golub, Leslie Hill, Irvine Hockaday, Peter Kann, David Li, M. Peter McPherson (chairman), Frank Newman, James Ottaway, Elizabeth Steele, and William Steere.

title: Dow Jones & Company


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World Council of Churches

The World Council of Churches (WCC) is a worldwide Christian inter-church organization founded in 1948 to work for the cause of ecumenism. Its full members today include the Assyrian Church of the East, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, most jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Union of Utrecht, the Lutheran World Federation, the Anglican Communion, the Mennonite churches, the World Methodist Council, the Baptist World Alliance, the World Communion of Reformed Churches, the Pentecostal churches, the Moravian Church and the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church. Notably, the Catholic Church is not a full member, although it sends delegates to meetings who have observer status.

The WCC describes itself as "a worldwide fellowship of 352 global, regional and sub-regional, national and local churches seeking unity, a common witness and Christian service". It has no head office as such, but its administrative centre is at the Ecumenical Centre in Geneva, Switzerland. The organization's members include denominations which claim to collectively represent over 500 million people across the world in more than 110 countries.

Many regional affiliates of the World Council of Churches, such as the Middle East Council of Churches and National Council of Churches in Australia, work for the cause of Christian unity at the domestic level, with member denominations including the Oriental Orthodox Churches, Lutheran churches, Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox churches, Methodist churches, Anglican Communion, Reformed churches, among others.

History
The Ecumenical Movement met with initial successes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the Edinburgh Missionary Conference of 1910 (chaired by future WCC Honorary President John R. Mott). In 1920, the former Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Germanus V of Constantinople, wrote a letter "addressed 'To all the Churches of Christ, wherever they may be', urging closer co-operation among separated Christians, and suggesting a 'League of Churches', parallel to the newly founded League of Nations". Church leaders agreed in 1937 to establish a World Council of Churches, based on a merger of the Faith and Order Movement (under Charles Brent of the Episcopal Church of the United States) and Life and Work Movement (under Nathan Söderblom of the Lutheran Church of Sweden) organisations.

Its official establishment was deferred with the outbreak of World War II until 23 August 1948. Delegates of 147 churches assembled in Amsterdam to merge the Faith and Order Movement and Life and Work Movement. This was consolidated by a second meeting at Lund in 1950, for which the British Methodist Robert Newton Flew edited an influential volume of studies, The Nature of the Church. Subsequent mergers were with the International Missionary Council in 1961 and the World Council of Christian Education, with its roots in the 18th century Sunday School movement, in 1971.

WCC member churches include the Assyrian Church of the East and the Oriental Orthodox Churches, almost all of the Eastern Orthodox Churches and Lutheran Churches; the Moravian Church; the Anglican Communion; some Old Catholic Churches; the Methodist churches; the Presbyterian and other Reformed churches, a sampling of united and independent churches, and some Baptist and Pentecostal churches.

Many churches who refused to join the WCC joined to form the World Evangelical Alliance.

However, both the World Council of Churches (WCC) and the National Council of Churches (NCC), deny membership to the Jehovah’s Witnesses, the Mormons, the mind science cults such as The Church of Scientology, and other groups which have historically refused to affirm biblical Christianity and the creeds of Christendom.

Delegates sent from the member churches meet every seven or eight years in an Assembly, which elects a Central Committee that governs between Assemblies. A variety of other committees and commissions answer to the Central Committee and its staff. Assemblies have been held since 1948.

The "human rights abuses in communist countries evoked grave concern among the leaders of the World Council of Churches." However, historian Christopher Andrew claims that, during the Cold War, a number of important WCC representatives of the Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe had been working for the KGB, and that they influenced the policy of the WCC. From 1955 to 1958, Robert S. Bilheimer co-chaired a WCC international commission to prepare a document addressing the threat of nuclear warfare during the Cold War.

At the 1961 conference, a 32-year-old Russian Orthodox Bishop named Aleksey Ridiger was sent as delegate to the assembly, and then appointed to the WCC's central committee. He was later elected as Russian patriarch in 1990 as Alexei II.

The ninth assembly took place in Porto Alegre, Brazil in February 2006, under the theme "God, in your grace, transform the world". During the first Assemblies, theologians Vasileios Ioannidis and Amilkas Alivizatos contributed significantly to the debates that led to the drafting of the "Toronto Statement", a foundational document which facilitated Eastern Orthodox participation in the organization and today it constitutes its ecclesiological charter.

The 10th Assembly was held in Busan, Republic of Korea, from 30 October to 8 November 2013.

In 2013 Dr. Agnes Abuom of Nairobi, from the Anglican Church of Kenya, was elected as moderator of the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches; she is the first woman and the first African to hold this position.

The 11th Assembly of the World Council of Churches took place in Karlsruhe, Germany, from 31 August to 8 September 2022, under the theme "Christ's love moves the world to reconciliation and unity".

Assemblies
The World Council of Churches has held 11 Assemblies to date, starting with the founding assembly in 1948:
 * 1) Amsterdam, Netherlands, 22 August – 4 September 1948
 * 2) Evanston, Illinois, United States, 15–31 August 1954
 * 3) New Delhi, India, 19 November – 5 December 1961
 * 4) Uppsala, Sweden, 4–20 July 1968
 * 5) Nairobi, Kenya, 23 November – 10 December 1975
 * 6) Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 24 July – 10 August 1983
 * 7) Canberra, ACT, Australia, 7–21 February 1991
 * 8) Harare, Zimbabwe, 3–14 December 1998
 * 9) Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 14–23 February 2006
 * 10) Busan, South Korea, 30 October – 8 November 2013
 * 11) Karlsruhe, Germany, 31 August – 8 September 2022

Presidents
Presidents elected at the 11th Assembly are:
 * Africa: Rev. Dr. Rufus Okikiola Ositelu, (Church of the Lord (Aladura))
 * Asia: Rev. Dr Henriette Hutabarat-Lebang (Gereja Toraja)
 * Europe: Rev. Dr. Susan Durber (United Reformed Church)
 * Latin America and Caribbean: Rev. Philip Silvin Wright (Anglican Diocese of Belize, Church in the Province of the West Indies)
 * North America: Rev. Angelique Walker-Smith (National Baptist Convention USA)
 * Pacific: Rev. François Pihaatae (Maòhi Protestant Church)
 * Eastern Orthodox: H.E. Metropolitan Dr. Vasilios of Constantia – Ammochostos, Church of Cyprus
 * Oriental Orthodox: H.H. Catholicos Aram I (Armenian Apostolic Church of Cilicia)

Former presidents of the World Council of Churches include:
 * The Rev. Gloria Nohemy Ulloa Alvarado (Presbyterian Church in Colombia)
 * Chang Sang (Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea)
 * T. C. Chao, Chinese theologian
 * Ignatius Zakka I Iwas (Patriarch of Antioch and all of the East Syriac Orthodox Church)
 * John X of Antioch (Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch)
 * Karekin II (Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church)
 * Rev. Dr. S.A.E. Nababan, Indonesian theologian
 * Rev. Martin Niemöller, the famous Protestant anti-Nazi theologian
 * Mele'ana Puloka (Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga)
 * Mary-Anne Plaatjies van Huffel (Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa)
 * Archbishop Anders Wejryd (Church of Sweden)

General secretaries
Since the World Council of Churches was officially founded in 1948, the following men have served as general secretary:

Commissions and teams
There are two complementary approaches to ecumenism: dialogue and action. The Faith and Order Movement and Life and Work Movement represent these approaches. These approaches are reflected in the work of the WCC in its commissions, these being:
 * Echos – Commission on Youth (ages 18–30)
 * Commission of the Churches on Diakonia and Development
 * Commission on Education and Ecumenical Formation
 * Commission of the Churches on International Affairs
 * Commission on Justice, Peace and Creation
 * Commission on World Mission and Evangelism
 * Faith and Order Plenary Commission and the Faith and Order Standing Commission
 * Joint Consultative Group with Pentecostals
 * Joint Working Group WCC – Catholic Church (Vatican)
 * Reference Group on the Decade to Overcome Violence
 * Reference Group on Inter-Religious Relations
 * Special Commission on Orthodox Participation in the WCC

Diakonia and development and international relations commissions
The WCC acts through both its member churches and other religious and social organizations to coordinate ecumenical, evangelical, and social action.

Current WCC programs include a Decade to Overcome Violence, an international campaign to combat AIDS/HIV in Africa and the Justice, Peace and Integrity of Creation (JPIC) initiative.

Faith and Order Commission
WCC's Faith and Order Commission has been successful in working toward consensus on Baptism, Eucharist, and Ministry, on the date of Easter, on the nature and purpose of the church (ecclesiology), and on ecumenical hermeneutics.

Texts

 * Baptism, Eucharist and Ministry (Faith and Order Paper No. 111, the “Lima Text”; 1982)
 * The Churchː Towards a Common Vision (Faith and Order Paper no. 214; 2013 ) after The Nature and Mission of the Church – A Stage on the Way to a Common Statement (Faith and Order Paper no. 198; 2005 ) and The Nature and Purpose of the Church (Faith and Order Paper no. 181; 1998 )
 * Towards a Common Date of Easter

Justice, Peace and Creation Commission
Justice, Peace and Integrity of Creation (JPIC) has drawn many elements together with an environmental focus. Its mandate is:

"To analyze and reflect on justice, peace and creation in their interrelatedness, to promote values and practices that make for a culture of peace, and to work towards a culture of solidarity with young people, women, Indigenous Peoples and racially and ethnically oppressed people."

Focal issues have been globalization and the emergence of new social movements (in terms of people bonding together in the struggle for justice, peace, and the protection of creation).

Attention has been given to issues around:
 * economy
 * environment
 * Indigenous Peoples
 * peace
 * people with disabilities
 * racism
 * women
 * youth

Relations with the Roman Catholic Church
The largest Christian body, the Roman Catholic Church, is not a member of the WCC, but has worked closely with the council for more than three decades and sends observers to all major WCC conferences as well as to its Central Committee meetings and the Assemblies (cf. Joint Working Group).

The Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity also nominates 12 members to the WCC's Faith and Order Commission as full members. While not a member of the WCC, the Catholic Church is a member of some other ecumenical bodies at regional and national levels, for example, the National Council of Churches in Australia and the National Council of Christian Churches in Brazil (CONIC).

Pope Pius XI stated in 1928, that the only means by which the world Christian community was to return to faith, was to return to Roman Catholic worship. In this regard, the Papacy rejected, to a great extent, the idea of the participation of the Catholic Church within the World Council of Churches.

Pius XI stated that the ‘One True Church’ was that of the Roman Catholic denomination, and therefore there was the implication that the Catholic Church was not permitted at this stage to engage with other denominations, which the Papacy considered to be irrelevant. A similar policy was followed by his successor, Pope Pius XII; the Catholic Church, therefore, did not attend the 1948 meeting of the WCC, in addition to the idea that all members of the Church were barred from attending WCC conferences.

Pope John XXIII took a different stance however, and in 1958 he was elected as the head of the Catholic Church. Ecumenism was a new element of Catholic ideology which had been permitted, which was signified to a great extent, when John XXIII met with the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher. This was the first meeting between an Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Pope in the Vatican for 600 years. John XXIII later developed the office of the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity; which symbolised a dramatic shift in support for the ecumenical movement, from the Catholic Church, led from the Vatican. 1961 saw Catholic members attend the Delhi conference of the WCC, which marked a significant shift in attitude toward the WCC from the Papacy. There was the idea in addition to this, that the Pope invited non-Catholics to attend the Vatican II Council. This new approach to inter-denominational relations was marked within the Unitatis Redintegratio decree.

This document marked several key reforms within the Catholic approach:

I.	‘Separated brethren’ was the new term for non-Catholics, as opposed to the previously used ‘heretics’

II. Both Catholic and non-Catholic elements are held responsible for the schism between Catholicism and the Protestant movement

III. Non-Catholics are recognised to the contributions that they make to Christian belief overall

Further reforms have been enacted with regard to the nature of the Catholic Church on the world stage, for instance the 1965 union with the Patriarch of Constantinople, whereby the 1054 schism was undermined. In addition to this, Michael Ramsay, the then Archbishop of Canterbury, received an episcopal ring in 1966; a mark of union which had not been seen since prior to the Reformation. Moreover, the Anglican, Roman Catholic International Committee was additionally established as a means of promoting communication and cohesion between the two denominations. This has since marked a new level of participation of the Catholic Faith in the aforementioned ecumenical movement, and therefore is the basis for increased participation from the faith, in the WCC.

Special Commission on Orthodox Participation in the WCC
A Special Commission was set up by the eighth Harare Assembly in December 1998 to address Orthodox concerns about WCC membership and the council's decision-making style, public statements, worship practices, and other issues. It issued its final report in 2006. Specific issues that it clarified were that the WCC does not formulate doctrine, does not have authority to rule on moral issues, nor does it have any ecclesiastical authority. Such authority is entirely internal to each individual member church. It proposed that the WCC adopt a consensus method of decision making. It proposed that Orthodox members be brought in parity with non-Orthodox members. It further proposed clarification that inter-confessional prayer at WCC events is not worship, particularly "it should avoid giving the impression of being the worship of a church", and confessional and inter-confessional prayer each be specifically identified as such at WCC events.

Peace journalism
The WCC is also a prominent supporter and practitioning body for Peace journalism: journalism practice that aims to avoid a value bias in favor of violence that often characterizes coverage of conflict.

Spin-offs and related organizations
The ACT Alliance, bringing together over 100 church-backed relief and development organizations worldwide, was born out of the merger of ACT International (Action by Churches Together International) and ACT Development (Action by Churches Together for Development) in March 2010. Both ACT International, established in 1995, and ACT Development (2007) were created through the leadership of the World Council of Churches (WCC). The two bodies coordinated the work of agencies related to the member churches of the WCC and the Lutheran World Federation in the areas of humanitarian emergencies and poverty reduction respectively.

The Ecumenical Advocacy Alliance was officially founded in December 2000 at a meeting convened by the WCC. There are currently 73 churches and Christian organizations that are members of the Alliance, from Catholic, Evangelical, Orthodox and Protestant traditions. These members, representing a combined constituency of tens of millions of people around the world, are committed to working together in public witness and action for justice on defined issues of common concern. Current campaigns are on Food and on HIV and AIDS.

The Ecumenical Church Loan Fund (ECLOF) was founded in 1946 as one of the world's first international micro-credit institutions in the service of the poor. Willem Visser 't Hooft, then general secretary of the "WCC in process of formation" played an important role in founding ECLOF. It was he who sketched the prospects and challenges for the proposed institution and gave specific ideas on potential sources of funds. His inspiration and teamwork marked the beginning of a long and fruitful cooperation between ECLOF and the WCC.

The Ecumenical Development Cooperative Society U.A (now known as Oikocredit) was developed from discussions at the 1968 Uppsala 4th Assembly, regarding church divestment from financial institutions supporting apartheid-era South Africa and the war in Vietnam. After several years of planning, the cooperative society was founded in 1975 in the Netherlands to provide an alternative ethical investment vehicle to church institutions, by providing credit to productive enterprises serving economically disadvantaged populations. Originally organized for large institutional members of the WCC, by 1976 local congregations developed Support Associations to enable congregations as well as individuals to participate. EDCS became independent from the WCC in 1977.

Ecumenical News International (ENI) was launched in 1994 as a global news service reporting on ecumenical developments and other news of the Christian churches, and giving religious perspectives on news developments worldwide. The joint sponsors of ENI, which was based at the Ecumenical Centre in Geneva, Switzerland, were the World Council of Churches, the Lutheran World Federation, the World Alliance of Reformed Churches, and the Conference of European Churches, which also had their headquarters at the Ecumenical Centre. A shortage of funds led to the suspension of the work of ENI in 2012. As of 2024 ENI remains closed.

Regional/national councils
The WCC has not sought the organic union of different Christian denominations, but it has, however, facilitated dialogue and supported local, national, and regional dialogue and cooperation.

Membership in a regional or national council does not mean that the particular group is also a member of the WCC.
 * Africa – All Africa Conference of Churches
 * Organization of African Instituted Churches
 * Asia (including Australia and New Zealand) – Christian Conference of Asia (CCA), Hong Kong
 * National Council of Churches in Australia
 * National Council of Churches in the Philippines
 * Caribbean – Caribbean Conference of Churches
 * Europe – Conference of European Churches, Geneva, Switzerland; Council of Christian Churches of an African Approach in Europe
 * Latin America – Latin American Council of Churches
 * Middle East – Middle East Council of Churches
 * North America
 * Canadian Council of Churches
 * National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA
 * Pacific – Pacific Conference of Churches, Suva, Fiji

Alleged neglect of suffering church in Eastern Europe
Some historians, the U.S. State Department and former KGB officers themselves have alleged and provided corroborating evidence that the KGB's influence directly, or through lobbying by means of a front organization, the Christian Peace Conference, resulted in the WCC's failure to recognize or act on calls for help from persecuted East European Christians at the 1983 Vancouver General Assembly.

Claims of infiltration and influence by the KGB
It is claimed the KGB has infiltrated and influenced past WCC councils and policy. In 1992, Father Gleb Yakunin, a vice Chairman of a Russian parliamentary commission that investigated the activities of the KGB, citing verbatim KGB reports, claimed that its Fifth Directorate was actively involved in influencing WCC policy from 1967 to 1989. For example, in the 1983 WCC General Assembly in Vancouver, one cited document described the presence and activities of 47 KGB agents to secure the election of an "acceptable" candidate as General Secretary. The Mitrokhin Archive reveals more about the depth of the penetration and influence wielded by the KGB over the WCC. Metropolitan Nikodim was a KGB agent, codenamed SVYATOSLAV, who served as one of six WCC Presidents from 1975 until his death. His earlier intervention had resulted in the WCC making no comment on the invasion of Czechoslovakia. As a result of his influence and that of other agents, it is claimed the USSR was rarely publicly criticised. In 1989, copies of the KGB documents claim "the WCC executive and central committee adopted public statements (eight) and messages (three)" which corresponded to its own political direction. Appeals from suffering dissidents both from within the Russian Orthodox Church and Protestants were ignored in 1983. Metropolitan Aleksi Ridiger of Tallinn and Estonia was repeatedly alleged to be a KGB agent codenamed DROZDOV, who in 1988 was awarded an honorary citation for services to the KGB by its chairman. Despite official disavowals, The Guardian described the evidence as "compelling". In 1990 he became Alexius II, the 15th Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church. Upon his death in 2008, the WCC's official tribute, by its Council officers, described him as "courageous", "supportive and constructive" and the recipient of "abundant blessing", no reference was made to the allegations.

Attitude towards Israel
The World Council of Churches has been described as taking an adversarial position toward the state of Israel. It has also been claimed the council has focused particularly on activities and publications criticizing Israel in comparison with other human rights issues. It is similarly claimed that it downplayed appeals from Egyptian Copts about human rights abuses under Sadat and Mubarak, in order to focus on its neighbour. In 2009, the Council called for an international boycott on goods produced in Israeli settlements, which it described as 'illegal, unjust' and 'incompatible with peace'. In 2013, the General Secretary was reported to claim in Cairo, "We support the Palestinians. The WCC supports the Palestinians, because they are in the right." The WCC's Ecumenical Accompaniment Programme in Palestine and Israel (EAPPI) has been criticised by the Board of Deputies of British Jews for promoting "an inflammatory and partisan programme at the expense of its interfaith relations". The WCC secretariat was involved in preparing and helped disseminate the Kairos Palestine Document, which declares “the Israeli occupation of Palestinian land is a sin against God and humanity because it deprives the Palestinians of their basic human rights”, and in the view of one critic, its "authors want to see a single state". On the other hand, the WCC claims "Antisemitism is sin against God and man".

Opposition to Christian Zionism
Christian Zionism, which has long represented a major thread of historic and contemporary Protestants, is characterised as a view which "distort(s) the interpretation of the Word of God" and "damage(s) intra-Christian relations".

"In this context, what is a source of concern is that Islamic fundamentalisms are giving rise to a counter reaction of other religious fundamentalisms, the most dangerous of which is Jewish fundamentalism which exploits the Islamic fundamentalist phenomenon to justify before western societies the distasteful aberrations of Zionism in Palestine."

Frank Chikane, moderator of the Commission of the Churches on International Affairs (CCIA) of the World Council of Churches (WCC), was criticised for using the term 'demons' to describe advocacy for Zionism in 2021.

On January 4, 2023, World Council of Churches general secretary Jerry Pillay joined the Episcopal Diocese of Jerusalem and all the churches of the Holy Land in condemning the desecration of the historic Protestant cemetery on Mount Zion.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: World Council of Churches


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Talk:Tiger Woods

Place of birth

According to Astro-Databank, he was born in Long Beach. And according to California Birth Index, he was born in Los Angeles County. So that means that Long Beach is in Los Angeles County and Cypress is in Orange County. He was definitely born in Long Beach. Arieledits2000 (talk) 16:51, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

 * You'll need to provide some good sources for your claims. says "BIRTHPLACE Cypress, CA"  says "Cypress, California, USA" and many other sources agree. Wikipedia is interested in WP:Verifiability, not truth and generally we prefer secondary sources to primary ones. Nigej (talk) 17:07, 31 March 2023 (UTC)

Billionaire status
Should be added that he is one of the 4 athlete billionaires (along with LeBron James, Michael Jordan, and Magic Johnson), according to Forbes.com. 65.88.88.56 (talk) 22:06, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

Tiger shot a 48 on the par 31 Navy Course-Cruiser at age three.
The information needs to be refined in Tiger’s main wiki page because the implication is that he was playing a full length 9 hole golf course. Cruiser Course description is available on Navy Golf Course, Cypress CA website. 2600:1700:BA0:9B00:7054:FB50:C9D9:98E1 (talk) 20:52, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

His ancestry
Would one of you gatekeepers please clarify the phrase 'In 2002, ESPN claimed: "For the record, he is one-quarter Thai, one-quarter Chinese, one-quarter Caucasian, one-eighth African..."'. The last 'he' mentioned before this is Tiger's father, so it isn't clear whether the 'he' in the quote refers to the father or actually to Tiger himself. I'm guessing the latter, but if I'm mistaken, my apologies. 96.244.220.221 (talk) 01:05, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tiger Woods


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Nicholas I of Russia

Nicholas I (6 July 1796 – 2 March 1855) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland. He was the third son of Paul I and younger brother of his predecessor, Alexander I. Nicholas's thirty-year reign began with the failed Decembrist revolt. He is mainly remembered as a reactionary whose controversial reign was marked by geographical expansion, centralisation of administrative policies, and repression of dissent both in Russia and among its neighbors. Nicholas had a happy marriage that produced a large family; all of their seven children survived childhood.

Nicholas's biographer Nicholas V. Riasanovsky said that he displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard work. He saw himself as a soldier—a junior officer consumed by spit and polish. A handsome man, he was highly nervous and aggressive. Trained as a military engineer, he was a stickler for minute detail. In his public persona, stated Riasanovsky, "Nicholas I came to represent autocracy personified: infinitely majestic, determined and powerful, hard as stone, and relentless as fate."

Nicholas I was instrumental in helping to create an independent Greek state and resumed the Russian conquest of the Caucasus by seizing Iğdır Province and the remainder of modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan from Qajar Iran during the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828). He ended the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) successfully as well. He crushed the November Uprising in Poland in 1831 and decisively aided Austria during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. Later on, however, he led Russia into the Crimean War (1853–1856), with disastrous results. Historians emphasize that his micromanagement of the armies hindered his generals, as did his misguided strategy. Several historians have concluded that "the reign of Nicholas I was a catastrophic failure in both domestic and foreign policy." On the eve of his death, the Russian Empire reached its geographical zenith, spanning over 20 million square kilometers (20 km2 million square miles), but had a desperate need for reform.

Early life and road to power

Nicholas was born at Gatchina Palace in Gatchina, the ninth child of Grand Duke Paul, heir to the Russian throne, and Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia (née Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg). He had six older sisters and two older brothers, namely the future Emperor Alexander I of Russia and Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia.

Five months after Nicholas's birth, his grandmother, Catherine the Great, died and his parents became Emperor and Empress of Russia. In 1800, at the age of four years, Nicholas was named Grand Prior of Russia and entitled to wear the Maltese cross. Nicholas grew up to be a fine young man. Riasanovsky says of him that he is "the most handsome man in Europe, but also a charmer who enjoyed feminine company and was often at his best with the men."

On 13 July 1817, Nicholas married Princess Charlotte of Prussia (1798–1860), who took the name Alexandra Feodorovna when she converted to Orthodoxy. Charlotte's parents were Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Nicholas and Charlotte were third cousins, as they were both great-great-grandchildren of Frederick William I of Prussia.

With two older brothers, it initially seemed unlikely Nicholas would ever become Tsar. However, as Alexander and Constantine both failed to produce legitimate sons, Nicholas first came to attention as being likely to rule one day, or at least that his children may succeed. In 1825, when Tsar Alexander died suddenly of typhus, Nicholas was caught between swearing allegiance to Constantine and accepting the throne for himself. The interregnum lasted until Constantine, who was in Warsaw at that time, officially forfeited his right to succession. This had been required by Tsar Alexander as a condition of Constantine's marriage to his second wife Joanna Grudzinska. On 25 (13 Old Style) December, Nicholas issued the manifesto proclaiming his accession to the throne. That manifesto retroactively named 1 December (19 November Old Style), the date of Alexander I's death, as the beginning of his reign. During this confusion, a plot was hatched by some members of the military to overthrow Nicholas and seize power. This led to the Decembrist Revolt on 26 (14 Old Style) December 1825, an uprising Nicholas quickly suppressed.

Early reign
Nicholas completely lacked his brother's spiritual and intellectual breadth; he saw his role simply as that of a paternal autocrat ruling his people by whatever means necessary. Nicholas I began his reign on 14 December 1825 (old style), which fell on a Monday; Russian superstition held that Mondays were unlucky days. This particular Monday dawned very cold, with temperatures of −8 degrees Celsius. This was regarded by the Russian people as a bad omen for the coming reign.

The accession of Nicholas I was marred by a demonstration of 3000 young army officers and other liberal-minded citizens. This demonstration was an attempt to force the government to accept a constitution and a representative form of government. Nicholas ordered the Imperial Russian Army to smash the demonstration. The "uprising" was quickly put down and became known as the Decembrist revolt. Having experienced the trauma of the Decembrist revolt on the first day of his reign, Nicholas I was determined to restrain Russian society. The Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery ran a huge network of spies and informers with the help of Gendarmes. The government exercised censorship and other forms of control over education, publishing, and all manifestations of public life.

Nicholas appointed Alexander Benckendorff to head this Chancellery. Benckendorff employed 300 gendarmes and 16 staff in his office. He began collecting informers and intercepting mail. Soon, the saying that "it was impossible to sneeze in one's house before it is reported to the emperor" became Benckendorff's creed.

Local policies
Tsar Nicholas abolished several areas of local autonomy. Bessarabia's autonomy was removed in 1828, Poland's in 1830 and the Jewish Qahal was abolished in 1843. As an exception to this trend, Finland was able to keep its autonomy partly due to Finnish soldiers' loyal participation in crushing the November Uprising in Poland.

Russia's first railway was opened in 1837, a 16 mi line between St. Petersburg and the suburban residence of Tsarskoye Selo. The second was the Saint Petersburg–Moscow railway, built-in 1842–51. Nevertheless, by 1855 there were only 570 mi of Russian railways.

In 1833, Sergey Uvarov, of the Ministry of National Education, devised a program of "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" as the guiding principle of the regime. It was a reactionary policy based on orthodoxy in religion, autocracy in government, and the state-founding role of the Russian nationality and equal citizen rights for all other peoples inhabiting Russia, with the exclusion of Jews. The people were to show loyalty to the unrestricted authority of the tsar, to the traditions of the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Russian language. These romantic and conservative principles outlined by Uvarov were also espoused by Vasily Zhukovsky, one of the tutors of the Grand Duke Alexander. The results of these Slavophile principles led, broadly speaking, to increasing repression of all classes, excessive censorship, and surveillance of independent-minded intellectuals like Pushkin and Lermontov and to the persecution of non-Russian languages and non-Orthodox religions. Taras Shevchenko, later to become known as the national poet of Ukraine, was exiled to Siberia by a direct order of Tsar Nicholas after composing a poem that mocked the Tsar, his wife, and his domestic policies. By order of the Tsar, Shevchenko was kept under strict surveillance and prevented from writing or painting.

From 1839, Tsar Nicholas also used a former Byzantine Catholic priest named Joseph Semashko as his agent to force Orthodoxy upon the Eastern Rite Catholics of Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania. This caused Tsar Nicholas to be condemned by a succession of Roman Pontiffs, the Marquis de Custine, Charles Dickens, and many Western governments. (See also Cantonists.)

Nicholas disliked serfdom and toyed with the idea of abolishing it in Russia, but declined to do so for reasons of state. He feared the aristocracy and believed they might turn against him if he abolished serfdom. However, he did make some efforts to improve the lot of the Crown Serfs (serfs owned by the government) with the help of his minister Pavel Kiselyov. During most of his reign he tried to increase his control over the landowners and other influential groups in Russia. In 1831, Nicholas restricted the votes in the Noble Assembly to those with over 100 serfs, leaving 21,916 voters. In 1841, landless nobles were banned from selling serfs separate from the land. From 1845, attainment of the 5th highest rank (out of 14) in the Table of Ranks was required to be ennobled, previously it had been the 8th rank.

King of Poland
Nicholas was crowned King of Poland in Warsaw on 12 (24) May 1829, per the Polish Constitution, a document he would not respect thereafter. He is the only Russian monarch ever crowned King of Poland —although not the only one bestowed with the title.

Culture
The official emphasis on Russian nationalism fueled a debate on Russia's place in the world, the meaning of Russian history, and the future of Russia. One group, the westernizers, believed that Russia remained backward and primitive and could progress only through adopting European culture and institutions. Another group, the Slavophiles, enthusiastically favored Slavic culture and customs, and disdained the West.

The Slavophiles viewed Slavic philosophy as a source of wholeness in Russia and were sceptical of Western rationalism and materialism. Some of them believed that the Russian peasant commune, or Mir, offered an attractive alternative to Western capitalism and could save Europe from social and moral revolution, thus representing a form of Russian messianism. However the ministry of education had a policy of closing philosophy faculties to curb destabilizing speculation.

In the wake of the Decembrist revolt, the tsar moved to protect the status quo by centralizing education. He wanted to neutralize the threat of foreign ideas and "pseudo-knowledge." However, his minister of education, Sergei Uvarov, quietly promoted academic freedom and autonomy, raised academic standards, improved facilities, and opened higher education to the middle classes. By 1848 the tsar, fearing that political upheavals in the West might spread to Russia, ended Uvarov's innovations. The universities were small and closely monitored, especially the potentially dangerous philosophy departments. Their main mission was to train a loyal, vigorous, manly senior bureaucracy unspoiled by effeminate office work.

The Imperial Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg became the main source of recognition and support for artists. Nicholas I decided to control it personally, reserving the final say on artistic honors. As the tsar reprimanded and humiliated artists whose works he found distasteful, the result was fear, insecurity, and artistic mediocrity.

Despite the repressions of this period, Russians outside official control produced a flowering of literature and the performing arts. Through the works of Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev and numerous others, Russian literature gained international stature and recognition. Ballet took root in Russia after its importation from France, and classical music became firmly established with the compositions of Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857).

Minister of Finance Georg von Cancrin persuaded the emperor of the benefits of inviting Prussian scientist Alexander von Humboldt to Russia to investigate regions that could produce mineral wealth. The Russian government financed Humboldt's eight-month expedition through Russia in 1829, which resulted in diamond finds in the Ural mountains. Humboldt published multiple volumes on his Russian expedition, which he dedicated to Nicholas despite his increasing disapproval of the tsar's policies.

Treatment of Jews
In 1851 the Jewish population numbered at 2.4 million, including 212,000 in Russian-controlled Poland. This made them one of the largest inorodtsy (non-Slavic) minorities in the Russian Empire.

On 26 August 1827 the edict of military conscription (Ustav rekrutskoi povinnosti) was introduced, which required Jewish boys to serve in the Russian military for 25 years from the age of 18. Before that many of them were forcibly conscripted into Cantonist schools from the age of 12, while being a Cantonist did not count into the time of military service. They were sent far away from their families to serve in the military so that they would have difficulty practising Judaism and become Russified, and sometimes compelled to convert to Christianity. The poorer village Jews, those without families, and unmarried Jews were especially targeted for military service. Between 1827 and 1854 it is estimated that there were 70,000 Jews conscripted.

Under Nicholas I, the Jewish agricultural colonisation of Ukraine continued with the transfer of Siberian Jews to Ukraine. In Ukraine, Jews were offered the opportunity to buy land, which left very little to support their families. On the other hand, these Jews were exempt from forced military conscription.

Under Nicholas I there were attempts to reform the education of Jews with the object of Russification. Study of the Talmud was disfavored. Nicholas I further toughened censorship of Jewish books in Yiddish and Hebrew by allowing these to be printed only in Zhitomir and Vilna.

Military and foreign policy

Nicolas' aggressive foreign policy involved many expensive wars, having a disastrous effect on the empire's finances. Nicholas lavished attention on his very large army; of a population of 60–70 million people, the army counted one million men. They had outdated equipment and tactics, but the tsar, who dressed like a soldier and surrounded himself with officers, gloried in the victory over Napoleon in 1812 and took enormous pride in its smartness on parade. The cavalry horses, for example, were only trained in parade formations, and did poorly in battle. The glitter and braid masked profound weaknesses that he did not see. He put generals in charge of most of his civilian agencies regardless of their qualifications. An agnostic who won fame in cavalry charges was made supervisor of Church affairs. The army became the vehicle of upward social mobility for noble youths from non-Russian areas, such as Poland, the Baltic, Finland, and Georgia. On the other hand, many miscreants, petty criminals, and undesirables were punished by local officials by being enlisted for life in the Army. The conscription system was highly unpopular with people, as was the practice of forcing peasants to house the soldiers for six months of the year. Curtiss finds that "The pedantry of Nicholas's military system, which stressed unthinking obedience and parade ground evolutions rather than combat training, produced ineffective commanders in time of war." His commanders in the Crimean War were old and incompetent, and indeed so were his muskets as the colonels sold the best equipment and the best food.

For much of Nicholas' reign, Russia was seen as a major military power, with considerable strength. The Crimean War, fought shortly before Nicholas' death, demonstrated to both Russia and the world what few had previously realized: Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite his grand ambitions toward the south and Turkey, Russia had not built railroad network in that direction, and communications were bad. The bureaucracy was unprepared for war being riddled with graft, corruption, and inefficiency. The Navy had few competent officers, the rank and file were poorly trained and most importantly of its vessels were outdated; the army, although very large, was good only for parades, suffered from colonels who pocketed their men's pay, poor morale, and was even more out of touch with the latest technology as developed by Britain and France. By the war's end, Russia's leaders were determined to reform their military and society. As Fuller notes, "Russia had been beaten on the Crimean Peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness."

An intensely militaristic man, Nicholas regarded the Army as the best and greatest institution in Russia and as a model for society, saying: "'Here [in the Army] there is order. ... All things flow logically from one another. No one here commands without first learning to obey. No one rises above anyone else except through a clearly defined system. Everything is subordinated to a single, defined goal and everything has its precise designations. That is why I shall always hold the title of soldier in the highest esteem. I regard human life as service because everybody must serve.'"

Nicholas was often exasperated by the slow pace of the Russian bureaucracy and had a marked preference for appointing generals and admirals to high government rank because of their perceived efficiency, overlooking or ignoring whether or not they were actually qualified for the role. Of the men who served as Nicholas's ministers, 61% had previously served as a general or an admiral. Nicholas liked to appoint generals who had seen combat, and at least 30 of the men who served as a minister under him had seen action in the wars against France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sweden. This proved to be something of a handicap in the sense that the sort of qualities that could make a man distinguished on the battlefields such as bravery did not necessarily make a man capable of running a ministry. The most notorious case was Prince Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov, a competent brigade commander in the Imperial Army who proved himself out of his depth as a Navy minister. Of the Emperor's ministers, 78% were ethnic Russians, 9.6% were Baltic Germans while the rest were foreigners in Russian service. Of the men who served as ministers under Nicholas, 14 had graduated from university while another 14 had graduated from a lycée or a gymnasium, the rest had all been educated by private tutors.

Europe
In foreign policy, Nicholas I acted as the protector of ruling legitimism and as guardian against revolution. It has often been noted that such policies were linked with the Metternich counter-revolutionary system through the Austrian ambassador Count Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont. Nicholas's offers to suppress revolution on the European continent, trying to follow the pattern set by his eldest brother, Alexander I, earned him the label of "gendarme of Europe".

Immediately on his succession Nicholas began to limit the liberties that existed under the constitutional monarchy in Congress Poland. Nicholas was outraged when he learned of the Belgian revolt against the Dutch in 1830 and ordered the Imperial Russian Army to mobilize. Nicholas then petitioned the Prussian ambassador for Russian troops to be granted transit rights in order to march across Europe and restore Dutch hegemony over Belgium. But at the same time, a cholera epidemic was decimating Russian troops and the revolt in Poland tied down Russian soldiers which might have been deployed against the Belgians. It seems likely that Nicholas's hawkish stance was not a sincere prelude towards invasion of the Low Countries, but rather an attempt to apply pressure on the other European powers. Nicholas made it clear he would only act if Prussia and Britain also participated as he feared that a Russian invasion of Belgium would cause a war with France. Even before the Poles rose up, Nicholas had cancelled his plans for invading Belgium as it became clear that neither Britain nor Prussia would join in while the French openly threatened war if Nicholas should march. In 1815, Nicholas arrived in France, where he stayed with the Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe, who soon become one of his best friends, with the grand duke being impressed with duke's personal warmth, intelligence, manners and grace. For Nicholas the worst sort of characters were nobility who supported liberalism, and when the duc d'Orleans become the king of the French as Louis Philippe I in the July revolution of 1830, Nicholas took this as a personal betrayal, believing his friend had gone over as he saw it to the dark side of revolution and liberalism. Nicholas hated Louis-Philippe, the self-styled Le roi citoyen ("the Citizen King") as a renegade nobleman and an "usurper," and his foreign policy starting in 1830 was primarily anti-French, based upon reviving the coalition that had existed during the Napoleonic era of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Britain, to isolate France. Nicholas detested Louis-Philippe to the point that he refused to use his name, referring to him merely as "the usurper". Britain was unwilling to join the anti-French coalition, but Nicholas was successful in cementing existing close ties with Austria and Prussia and the three imperial states regularly held joint military reviews during this time. For much of the 1830s, a sort of "cold war" existed between the liberal "western bloc" of France and Britain vs. the reactionary "eastern bloc" of Austria, Prussia and Russia.

After the November Uprising broke out, in 1831 the Polish parliament deposed Nicholas as king of Poland in response to his repeated curtailment of its constitutional rights. Nicholas reacted by sending Russian troops into Poland and brutally crushed the rebellion. Nicholas then proceeded to abrogate the Polish constitution in virtual entirety and reduced Poland to the status of a province called Vistula Land. Soon after, Nicholas embarked on a policy of repressing Polish culture beginning with suppressing the Polish Catholic Church. In the 1840s, Nicholas reduced 64,000 Polish nobles to commoner status.

In 1848, when a series of revolutions convulsed Europe, Nicholas was at the forefront of reactionism. In 1849, he helped the Habsburgs to suppress the revolution in Hungary, and he also urged Prussia not to adopt a liberal constitution.

Ottoman Empire and Persia

While Nicholas was attempting to maintain the status quo in Europe, he followed a somewhat more aggressive policy toward the neighbouring empires to the south, the Ottoman Empire and Persia. Nicholas was widely believed at the time to be following the traditional Russian policy of resolving the so-called Eastern Question by seeking to partition the Ottoman Empire and establish a protectorate over the Orthodox population of the Balkans, still largely under Ottoman control in the 1820s. In fact, Nicholas was deeply committed to upholding the status quo in Europe and feared any attempt to devour the decaying Ottoman Empire would both upset his ally Austria, which also had interests in the Balkans, and bring about an Anglo-French coalition in defense of the Ottomans. Furthermore, in the war of 1828–29, the Russians defeated the Ottomans in every battle fought in the field and advanced deep into the Balkans, but the Russians discovered that they lacked the necessary logistical strength to take Constantinople.

Nicholas' policy towards the Ottoman Empire was to use the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca which gave Russia a vague right as protector of Orthodox peoples in the Balkans, as a way of placing the Ottoman Empire into the Russian sphere of influence, which was felt to be a more achievable goal than conquering the entire Ottoman Empire. Nicholas actually wanted to preserve the Ottoman Empire as a stable but weak state that would be unable to stand up to Russia, which was felt to serve Russia's interests. Nicholas always thought of Russia as first and foremost a European power and regarded Europe as more important than the Middle East. The Russian Foreign Minister Karl Nesselrode wrote in letter to his ambassador in Constantinople Nikolai Muravyov that the victory of Muhammad Ali of Egypt over Mahmud II would lead to a new dynasty ruling the Ottoman Empire. Nesselrode continued that if the able Muhammad Ali became sultan then it "could, with the elevation of a new personage to the Turkish throne, revive new strength in that declining empire and distract our attention and forces from European affairs, and thus the monarch [Nicholas] is especially concerned to keep the sultan on his tottering throne." At the same time, Nicholas argued that because of the economic importance to Russia of the Turkish straits, through which Russia exports its grain, that Russia had the "right" to intervene in Ottoman affairs. In 1833, Nicholas told the Austrian ambassador Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont that "Oriental affairs are above all a matter for Russia." At the same time that Nicholas claimed the Ottoman Empire was within the Russian sphere of influence, he made it clear that he had no interest in annexing the empire. At another meeting with Ficquelmont in 1833, Nicholas, speaking with the "Greek Project" of Catherine the Great in mind said: "I know everything that has been said of the projects of the Empress Catherine, and Russia has renounced the goal she had set out. I wish to maintain the Turkish empire... It if falls, I do not desire its debris. I need nothing." Ultimately, Nicholas's policies in the Near East proved to be both costly and largely futile. In 1826–28, Nicholas fought the Russo-Persian War (1826–28), which ended with Persia forced to cede its last remaining territories in the Caucasus. Russia had conquered all the territories of Iran in both the North Caucasus and South Caucasus, comprising modern-day Georgia, Dagestan, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, through the course of the 19th century. The treaty further conceded extraterritoriality to Russian subjects in Iran (capitulation). As Professor Virginia Aksan adds, the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay "removed Iran from the military equation."

Russia fought a successful war against the Ottomans in 1828–29, but it did little to increase Russian power in Europe. Only a small Greek state became independent in the Balkans, with limited Russian influence. In 1833, Russia negotiated the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi with the Ottoman Empire. The major European parties mistakenly believed that the treaty contained a secret clause granting Russia the right to transit warships through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. This misconception led to the London Straits Convention of 1841, which affirmed Ottoman control over the straits and forbade any power, including Russia, from sending warships through them. Buoyed by his role in suppressing the revolutions of 1848 as well as his mistaken belief he could rely on British diplomatic support, Nicholas moved against the Ottomans, who declared war on Russia on 8 October 1853. On 30 November, Russian Admiral Nakhimov caught the Turkish fleet in the harbor at Sinope and destroyed it.

Fearing the results of a total Ottoman defeat by Russia, in 1854 Britain, France, the Kingdom of Sardinia formed a military coalition and joined forces with the Ottoman Empire against Russia. The preceding conflict became known as the Crimean War in the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe, but was labelled in Russia the "Eastern War" (Russian: Восточная война, Vostochnaya Vojna). In April 1854, Austria signed a defensive pact with Prussia. Thus, Russia found herself in a war with every Great Power of Europe either allied against her militarily or diplomatically.

In 1853 Mikhail Pogodin, professor of history at Moscow University, wrote a memorandum to Nicholas. Nicholas himself read Pogodin's text and approvingly commented: "That is the whole point." According to historian Orlando Figes, "The memorandum clearly struck a chord with Nicholas, who shared Pogodin’s sense that Russia’s role as the protector of the Orthodox had not been recognized or understood and that Russia was unfairly treated by the West." Pogodin wrote: "France takes Algeria from Turkey, and almost every year England annexes another Indian principality: none of this disturbs the balance of power; but when Russia occupies Moldavia and Wallachia, albeit only temporarily, that disturbs the balance of power. France occupies Rome and stays there several years during peacetime: that is nothing; but Russia only thinks of occupying Constantinople, and the peace of Europe is threatened. The English declare war on the Chinese, who have, it seems, offended them: no one has the right to intervene; but Russia is obliged to ask Europe for permission if it quarrels with its neighbor. England threatens Greece to support the false claims of a miserable Jew and burns its fleet: that is a lawful action; but Russia demands a treaty to protect millions of Christians, and that is deemed to strengthen its position in the East at the expense of the balance of power. We can expect nothing from the West but blind hatred and malice..."

Austria offered the Ottomans diplomatic support, and Prussia remained neutral, thus leaving Russia without any allies on the continent. The European allies landed in Crimea and laid siege to the well-fortified Russian Sevastopol Naval Base. The Russians lost battles at Alma in September 1854 and then at Inkerman. After the prolonged Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55) the base fell, exposing Russia's inability to defend a major fortification on its own soil. On the death of Nicholas I, Alexander II became emperor. On 15 January 1856, the new emperor took Russia out of the war on very unfavorable terms, which included the loss of a naval fleet on the Black Sea.

Death
Nicholas died on 2 March 1855, during the Crimean War, at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. He caught a chill, refused medical treatment and died of pneumonia, although there were rumors he was committing a passive suicide by refusing treatment. He was buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg. He reigned for 30 years, and was succeeded by his son Alexander II.

Legacy

There have been many damning verdicts on Nicholas' rule and legacy, despite occasional efforts to revive his reputation. At the end of his life, one of his most devoted civil servants, Aleksandr Nikitenko, opined, "the main failing of the reign of Nicholas Pavlovich was that it was all a mistake." In 1891 Lev Tolstoy popularised the nickname Николай Палкин (Nicholas the Stick) in reference to the late emperor's passion for military discipline.

Historian Barbara Jelavich points to many failures, including the "catastrophic state of Russian finances", the badly-equipped army, the inadequate transportation system, and a bureaucracy "characterized by graft, corruption, and inefficiency".

Kiev University was founded in 1834 by Nicholas. In 1854, there were 3600 university students in Russia, 1000 fewer than in 1848. Censorship was omnipresent; historian Hugh Seton-Watson writes: "the intellectual atmosphere remained oppressive until the end of the reign."

The Frenchman Marquis de Custine wrote the widely-read travel book La Russie en 1839 (Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia). He speculated that Nicholas had a kind heart, but his sincere sense of duty forced him to impose severe discipline: "If the Emperor has no more of mercy in his heart than he reveals in his policies, then I pity Russia; if, on the other hand, his true sentiments are really superior to his acts, then I pity the Emperor."

According to a popular legend, when the Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway was planned in 1842, Nicholas drew a straight line between the cities on a map, and decreed this as the path of the new rail line. Some ridiculed this as the epitome of Nicholas' mindless despotism, while others praised the tsar for overcoming local interests that wanted the railway diverted their own way. In fact, however, the tsar had merely endorsed the straight path recommended by engineers.

Honours
• Russian Empire:

• * Knight of St. Andrew, 6 July 1797

• * Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, 6 July 1797

•  Kingdom of Prussia:

• * Knight of the Black Eagle, 31 January 1809

• * Grand Cross of the Red Eagle, 31 January 1809

•  Sweden: Knight of the Seraphim, 4 September 1812

• 🇪🇸 Spain: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 13 April 1817

•  Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1823

•  Kingdom of France: Knight of the Holy Spirit, 1824

• 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 24 January 1826

•  Sardinia: Knight of the Annunciation, 15 April 1826

• 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Military William Order, 11 May 1826

•  Austrian Empire: Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1826

•  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 3 November 1826

•  Württemberg:

• * Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1826

• * Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order, 6 October 1826

•  Two Sicilies:

• * Knight of St. Januarius, 1826

• * Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit

• * Grand Cross of St. George of the Reunion

•  undefined: Knight of the Garter, 16 March 1827

•  Baden:

• * Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity, 1827

• * Grand Cross of the Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Order, 1827

• * Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1827

•  Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 11 April 1830

•  Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1836

•  Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of Albert the Bear, 12 June 1837

•  Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown, 17 January 1839

•  Kingdom of Hanover:

• * Knight of St. George, 1840

• * Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order

•  Electorate of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Golden Lion, 4 May 1844

•    Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1847

•  Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders, 31 May 1850

Issue
Nicholas I had seven legitimate children with his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna.

Many sources state that Nicholas did not have an extramarital affair until after 25 years of marriage, in 1842, when the Empress's doctors prohibited her from having sexual intercourse, due to her poor health and recurring heart attacks. Many facts dispute this claim. Nicholas fathered three known children with mistresses prior to 1842, including one with his most famous and well documented mistress, Varvara Nelidova.

With Anna-Maria Charlota de Rutenskiold (1791–1856)

 * Joséphine or Youzia Koberwein (12 May 1825 – 23 February 1893)

With Varvara Yakovleva (1803–1831)

 * Olga Carlovna Albrecht (10 July 1828 – 20 January 1898)

With Varvara Nelidova (d.1897)

 * Alexis Pashkine (17 April 1831 – 20 June 1863)

title: Nicholas I of Russia


text:
Grep

  is a command-line utility for searching plaintext datasets for lines that match a regular expression. Its name comes from the ed command  (global / regular expression search / and print), which has the same effect. was originally developed for the Unix operating system, but later available for all Unix-like systems and some others such as OS-9.

History
Before it was named, grep was a private utility written by Ken Thompson to search files for certain patterns. Doug McIlroy, unaware of its existence, asked Thompson to write such a program. Responding that he would think about such a utility overnight, Thompson actually corrected bugs and made improvements for about an hour on his own program called  (short for "search"). The next day he presented the program to McIlroy, who said it was exactly what he wanted. Thompson's account may explain the belief that grep was written overnight.

Thompson wrote the first version in PDP-11 assembly language to help Lee E. McMahon analyze the text of The Federalist Papers to determine authorship of the individual papers. The ed text editor (also authored by Thompson) had regular expression support but could not be used to search through such a large amount of text, as it loaded the entire file into memory to enable random access editing, so Thompson excerpted that regexp code into a standalone tool which would instead process arbitrarily long files sequentially without buffering too much into memory. He chose the name because in ed, the command g/re/p would print all lines featuring a specified pattern match. was first included in Version 4 Unix. Stating that it is "generally cited as the prototypical software tool", McIlroy credited  with "irrevocably ingraining" Thompson's tools philosophy in Unix.

Implementations
A variety of  implementations are available in many operating systems and software development environments. Early variants included  and , introduced in Version 7 Unix. The " " variant supports an extended regular expression syntax added by Alfred Aho after Ken Thompson's original regular expression implementation. The " " variant searches for any of a list of fixed strings using the Aho–Corasick string matching algorithm. Binaries of these variants exist in modern systems, usually linking to  or calling grep as a shell script with the appropriate flag added, e.g.  .   and , while commonly deployed on POSIX systems, to the point the POSIX specification mentions their widespread existence, are actually not part of POSIX.

Other commands contain the word "grep" to indicate they are search tools, typically ones that rely on regular expression matches. The  utility, for instance, displays the processes whose names match a given regular expression.

In the Perl programming language, grep is the name of the built-in function that finds elements in a list that satisfy a certain property. This higher-order function is typically named  or   in other languages.

The  command is an implementation of   that uses Perl regular expression syntax. Similar functionality can be invoked in the GNU version of  with the   flag.

Ports of  (within Cygwin and GnuWin32, for example) also run under Microsoft Windows. Some versions of Windows feature the similar  or   command.

A  command is also part of ASCII's MSX-DOS2 Tools for MSX-DOS version 2.

The grep, egrep, and fgrep commands have also been ported to the IBM i operating system.

The software Adobe InDesign has functions GREP (since CS3 version (2007) ), in the find/change dialog box "GREP" tab, and introduced with InDesign CS4 in paragraph styles "GREP styles".

agrep
agrep (approximate grep) matches even when the text only approximately fits the search pattern.

This following invocation finds netmasks in file myfile, but also any other word that can be derived from it, given no more than two substitutions. agrep -2 netmasks myfile This example generates a list of matches with the closest, that is those with the fewest, substitutions listed first. The command flag B means best: agrep -B netmasks myfile

Usage as a verb
In December 2003, the Oxford English Dictionary Online added "grep" as both a noun and a verb.

A common verb usage is the phrase "You can't grep dead trees"—meaning one can more easily search through digital media, using tools such as, than one could with a hard copy (i.e. one made from "dead trees", which in this context is a dysphemism for paper).

title: Grep


text:
Talk:Maoism

Untitled
Pol Pot was not Maoist, let alone an "extreme Maoist". The Khmer Rouge ideologically sided against Maoism and against the Chinese Left. Maybe the KR wore Mao-type hats and borrowed various slogans, but that is about it. Unless you think Maoism is about clothing styles, please stop vandalizing this article with this uninformed view. Only sub-idiots think the KR were Maoists.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.194.83.55 (talk • contribs) 21:59, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Since when is CP India (Maoist) in a part of RIM's hold on SE Asia? The article was misleading. CP India (Maoist) is not part of the RIM. Update info about Nepal too.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.194.83.146 (talk • contribs) 00:36, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

I took out the claim that RCP is the largest Maoist Party. This is pure point of view. RCP does not publish its membership numbers either do other parties. In addition, there is no basis for calling FRSO a movement of importance and not other similar groups. FRSO's webpage is hardly active compared to other groups claiming to be Maoist. If RCPers or FRSOers want to make these claims, they should back them up with verifiable proof. There are any number of similar groups, they are all tiny, including these two.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 132.194.83.234 (talk • contribs) 00:22, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: History of Socialism
— Assignment last updated by Tjohns35 (talk) 18:48, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose merging Marxism–Leninism–Maoism into Maoism.

Everything Marxism-Leninism-Maoism and more is covered in Maoism (WP:Overlap).

Maoism states in its introduction that "This ideology is often referred to as Marxism–Leninism–Maoism to distinguish it from the original ideas of Mao." But little info is provided on what the distinguishing details are.

Marxism–Leninism– Maoism states in its introduction that "Its proponents refer to Marxism–Leninism–Maoism as Maoism and Maoism as Mao Zedong Thought (MZT) or Marxism–Leninism–Mao Zedong Thought." Which just adds to the lack of clarity.

The only thing which Marxism–Leninism–Maoism doesn't cover is "Differences from Mao Zedong Thought", which is only 138 words long. I think it should be included in Maoism as a subsection and noted that them being distinct is a minority viewpoint (WP:Minority Opinions).

I think that Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse-tung Thought redirecting to Maoism is a little detail that argues in favor of this merge.

I've only ever seen the distinction between Maoism and Marxism–Leninism–Maoism made by:

* Fans of Abimael Guzmán and the Shining Path

* Fans of Mao who dislike the current Chinese Communist Party

Either way, the idea that these two things are distinct is again a minority opinion. FropFrop (talk) 16:39, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Don't merge: There are many ideo-political distinctions between Mao Zedong Thought (purportedly Marxism–Leninism applied to Chinese conditions) and Marxism–Leninism–Maoism. Although there is some overlap, the topics covered in the page on MLM document (or should document) how these ideological concepts are understood by followers of MLM. It would make little sense to treat the notion of, for example, protracted people's war as being exactly the same both in Mao Zedong Thought and MLM.
 * Additionally, just because the current length of an article is short does not mean that the topic is unimportant; that's Wikipedia's issue. There are countless texts by Maoists (MLM) which discuss their ideology, like those published by the Shining Path.
 * An article shouldn't be determined by your personal interactions. The distinction between Mao Zedong Thought (incorrectly known as "Maoism") and MLM has been made by more than just "Gonzalo fans", and your lack of understanding shouldn't result in more misinformation and conflations about this topic. SociusMono1976 (talk) 17:55, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose merger. I'm afraid these articles are in rather poor shape. While I can understand the reaction, the solution here is for editors to spend more time developing the articles on these conceptually distinct topics. JArthur1984 (talk) 19:17, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Soft support. Obviously there are major differences between the "Maoism" espoused by the Shining Path, by the modern CPC, and by the CPC during the life of Mao. But a single article could do a better job of explaining these differences than two separate articles. I propose having this article describe both the ideas expressed by Mao during his life as well as each of the attempts to systematize and adapt Mao's ideas after his death. Trying to split everything into two articles creates a number of problems.
 * They give the impression that "Marxism–Leninism–Maoism" and "Maoism" have consistent, specific meanings. Depending on who you're talking to (and what time in history you're talking to them) those terms could refer to any number of ideological systems. Pretending they have consistent definitions might create more problems than it solves: take a look at the first paragraph of the MLM article for examples. We can still explain that MLM most often refers to the Maoist ideas synthesized by the Shining Path without proclaiming that as the definitive definition with it's own article.
 * A single article would also give us a better platform to explain the evolution of Maoist ideas. To borrow SociusMono1976's example of the People's War, in a single article we could explain first the ideas expressed by Mao and then the way those ideas have been interpreted differently by different groups applying them under different conditions. This will allow us to clarify all the differences without repeating ourselves. SilverStar54 (talk) 08:09, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @JArthur1984 @SociusMono1976 Could either of you link and/or name some sources which differentiates between the two? I'd be happy to fix the articles myself.
 * Everything from party-sources that I've read has differentiated the terms in a vague manner and often borders on sophistry. Additionally, I would often count them as unreliable sources under point 2 of WP:SELFSOURCE, that being "It does not involve claims about third parties..." Because of that, would either of you be able to name or link academic sources on the topic that are written in a neutral POV?
 * @SilverStar54 Thank you for that, you've put it much better than I could. In particular when it comes to the fact that these terms haven't had a consistent meaning overtime or between different groups.
 * FropFrop (talk) 09:56, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * As to that, I feel it would firstly be more meaningful for you to reference academic, non-partisan sources which explicitly state that Mao Zedong Thought ("Maoism") and Marxism–Leninism–Maoism represent the same ideology (or bear, at most, trivial distinctions). As far as I am aware, most Western coverage of "Maoism" in China and Maoists in countries such as Peru do not actually understand the differences between Mao Zedong Thought (Mao Zedong himself rejected the notion that his "thought" represented "Maoism") or MLM, and incorrectly conflate those groups on the basis of their shared support for Mao, despite their differences.
 * According to author K. N. Ramachandran:
 * "What is Maoism? Is it the same as the thought of Mao Tse-tung? The expression "Maoism", as Karl Wittfogel suggests, was first coined in the Western world. In the West, the cliche "Maoism" is widely current, whereas, in Chinese publications, expressions like "Mao tse-tungism" and "thought of Mao" are used. There are many writers who have refrained from describing Mao's theories as "Maoism". Instead, they call them Mao Tse-tung ssubsiang. They do not add the suffix -ism (chu-i) to Mao's name..."
 * The source above later highlights that "Maoism" (as in the Western exonym, not MLM) is simply Marxism–Leninism applied to Chinese conditions, and was regarded by the Chinese communists as such. Whereas Maoism (MLM) is regarded as a distinct, higher, and universal ideology from ML.
 * Additionally, to address the arguments presented by @SilverStar54, expanding the scope of this article (which should have ideally been named "Mao Zedong Thought", but is instead named "Maoism" to comply with the aforementioned popular Western exonym) to include all "Maoisms" would simply make the topic unclear and distract the reader. If we consider the Maoism of the Shining Path to be the same "Maoism" of Mao Zedong, why then should we not include the "Maoism" of Xi Jinping and Deng Xiaoping? They both claim or claimed to follow Mao Zedong Thought, which this article refers to as "Maoism". Yet, clearly, both of those figures have radically different views from Mao, and including their views in this article would simply excessively elongate it.
 * I reiterate my point, merely because the present article on MLM is relatively meager does not mean the topic is trivial. That simply means editors on Wikipedia have yet to incorporate more notable information on the topic. If we have both an article on Leninism as well as Marxism–Leninism concurrently, that is indicative of the fact that we can reasonably have an article on Mao Zedong Thought ("Maoism") and MLM at the same time as well.
 * Thank you. SociusMono1976 (talk) 14:07, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This is just a start based on what comes to my mind-- On the notion of Mao Zedong Thought, see An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China. For the Maoism of Shining Path, Degregori's How Difficult it is to be God. Probably Meisner's seminal text on Mao era China, I'm forgetting the name at the moment. JArthur1984 (talk) 14:50, 9 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose merger as Mao Zedong Thought is the strain of Marxism-Leninism formulated by Mao Zedong, while Marxism–Leninism–Maoism was formulated by the Shining Path in 1982 with inspiration from Maoism. The section Marxism–Leninism–Maoism explains the major differences. Maoism and Marxism–Leninism–Maoism should also be distinguished from Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought which is a further strain according to the specific views of Abimael Guzmán inspired by Marxism–Leninism–Maoism.
 * You might think it's ridiculous and confusing, but that's how the sources in each of these articles distinguish them. Even if the differences appear minor, these characteristics make them distinct, if related, topics. LaborHorizontal (talk) 00:35, 20 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You might think it's ridiculous and confusing, but that's how the sources in each of these articles distinguish them. Even if the differences appear minor, these characteristics make them distinct, if related, topics. LaborHorizontal (talk) 00:35, 20 January 2024 (UTC)

@SociusMono1976 Do you have anything that is more recent? I'll check out that book in any case, I hope that it details their differences.

I've found the following:

From: "Au, W. W. S. (2016). Reclaiming communist philosophy: marx, lenin, mao, and the dialectics of nature. Information Age Publishing." Page xxv: "Maoism represents a continuation and leap in Marxism-Leninism"[42]

Page xxxii: "[42] See the RIM document, Long Live Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, http://bannedthought.net/International/RIM/AWTW/1995-20/ll_mlm_20_eng.htm"

In the RIM document (RIM being a "...the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM), a formation that proclaims Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its guiding ideology) (1995): "But Maoism is not just the sum total of Mao's great contributions. It is the comprehensive and all-round development of Marxism-Leninism to a new and higher stage. Marxism-Leninism-Maoism is an integral whole; it is the ideology of the proletariat synthesized and developed to new stages, from Marxism to Marxism-Leninism to Marxism-Leninism-Maoism..."

From: "Devakoṭā Khimalāla. (2012). A perspective on the maoist movement in nepal (Edition first). D.R. Khanal."

This one uses MLM mostly but will use 'maoism' occasionally without differentiating between the terms. It's written by a party spokesperson.

Page 107: "There is not even a single socialist state in the world. Genuine revolutionaries have upheld Maoism as higher stage of Marxism-Leninism. New wave of revolution appears in the horizon. Now, Marxism- Leninism-Maoism is there as an ideological foundation for the creation of a new Communist International."

From the Communist Party of India (Maoist) which is banned in India: “Hold High the Bright Red Banner of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism”, by the Central Committee (P) of the CPI(Maoist), Sept. 21, 2004. They describe mao zedong thought, maosim and MLM as the same thing.

Page 39: "The CPC led by Com. Mao made historic and comprehensive analysis of the development of Mao Thought (now Maoism), through its 9th Congress, held in 1969. It summed up Mao Tse-tung Thought as a completely new and higher stage of Marxism-Leninism. Thus Mao Tse-tung Thought, whose historic significance began to be recognized by the Marxist Leninist forces worldwide ever since The Great Debate, became established as a qualitatively higher stage in the development of the proletarian ideology by the time of the 9th Congress of the CPC. Maoism is not just the sum total of Mao’s great contributions. It is the most comprehensive and all-round development of the science of Marxism-Leninism that had taken shape in the period of the tremendous changes and great upheavals that had occurred in the world since the time of Com. Lenin, namely, the emergence of the Socialist camp following WW II; the upsurge of the national liberation struggles throughout the world leading to a new phase of neo-colonial control and exploitation; and the restoration of capitalism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe with the usurpation of power by the modern revisionist Khrushchov clique. Marxism- Leninism-Maoism is an integrated whole. Maoism is Marxism Leninism of the present-day. To negate Maoism is to negate Marxism Leninism itself."

FropFrop (talk) 17:04, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Although rather old, the source I referenced is still relevant in that it's describing the nature of Mao Zedong Thought, which is the subject of this article.
 * Please note that MLM is commonly known by its followers and observers as Maoism, whereas Mao Zedong Thought was never regarded as "Maoism" by most of its historic and present followers. This article, in its second sentence, notes that it is documenting Mao Zedong Thought, and is only titled "Maoism" because that term is often used (largely incorrectly) in Western discourse. Therefore, should the article on MLM be merged with this one, it would be unduly conflating Mao Zedong Thought with MLM/Maoism. Ideally, this article should be named "Mao Zedong Thought" and the article on MLM be named simply "Maoism" as those are the terms used by each respective groups to refer to their ideology.
 * I am unsure how this proves your point. Yes, MLMs call themselves Maoists and the name of this article is "Maoism", but it's clearly established in the opening of this article that it is documenting a different topic (Mao Zedong Thought). That is, MLMs and this article are using the term "Maoism" in different ways. SociusMono1976 (talk) 03:11, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If no one uses the term 'Maoism' and 'Marxism-Leninism-Maoism' to mean different things in the modern day, even within Maoist parties and academic work on the subject, shouldn't wikipedia reflect that? Anyone interested to learn what a self-proclaimed Maoist party thinks is going to be needlessly confused or mislead if 'Maoism' is meant to only include Mao's thought (which isn't even the case currently).
 * If folks want an article about the thought of Mao, surely folks should make an article that is titled 'Thought of Mao Zedong'? You say that the article is incorrectly titled, surely then an article that is correctly titled would be best to contain that info? FropFrop (talk) 08:34, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Hence why I suggested the article on Marxism–Leninism–Maoism should have ideally been titled Maoism. Even in its current condition, this article clarifies it is documenting Mao Zedong Thought and includes a "Not to be confused with Marxism–Leninism–Maoism" note on the very top of the page. Even if the article on MLM were to be merged into this one, it would only occupy a small "subsection" as you suggested, which would still make this article confusing to the reader.
 * What you describe are issues with this current article, not the article on MLM. I have already articulated enough and do not feel like restating my arguments. SociusMono1976 (talk) 13:06, 10 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose — For the same reasons as SociusMono1976. Amongst socialist / communist circles, Mao Zedong Thought is referred to as such, and Marxism–Leninism–Maoism is referred to as such or as Maoism. The issue is that outside of those circles, people who do not understand the differences between Mao Zedong Thought (application of Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions) and Marxism–Leninism–Maoism (an attempt to universalise Mao's concepts and ideas) commonly refer to them both as "Maoism". My opinion is that neither article should be named Maoism, and it should disambiguate to both articles. A merger would not be the appropriate choice, unless the scope was split in two, which is not a desired outcome for anyone or per site guidelines. Yue 🌙 08:39, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

Paragraph potentially out of article's scope
The following is the last paragraph under the 'International Influence' section:

"Another effort at regrouping the international communist movement is the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organisations (ICMLPO). Three notable parties participating in the ICMLPO are the Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany (MLPD), the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), and Marxist–Leninist Communist Organization – Proletarian Way. The ICMLPO seeks to unify around Marxism–Leninism, not Maoism. However, some parties and organisations within the ICMLPO identify as Mao Zedong Thought or Maoist."

I think this should be removed as it is not within the article's scope and it is unreferenced. I'm putting this here for discussion first as I wouldn't be surprised if folks disagree. FropFrop (talk) 03:46, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I think it should be deleted. Unsourced and arguably outside the scope. Without sourcing, it's unclear that this sort of material is encyclopedically significant. JArthur1984 (talk) 12:58, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

Potential Renaming?
I know that Maoism is somewhat of a more common name, but Mao Zedong Thought is the actual, correct term for the ideology, Maoism is somewhat of an incorrect term, as parties supporting "Maoism" properly use the term Mao Zedong Thought. 342rfawrfarefarwf (talk) 17:41, 11 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Stop right there, WP:COMMONNAME doesn't usually care about what comes next. But since I dislike leaving things at that:
 * In public English, "X person's thought" is synonymous with "Xism", I'm sorry. Any further quibbling is based on ideological aesthetics. Remsense  诉  17:44, 11 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I second @Remsense's points.
 * Additionally, parties supporting "Maoism" properly use the term Mao Zedong Thought isn't true. Maosim, Mao Zedong's Thought, and Marxism-Leninism-Maoism are often used interchangeably by adherents of the ideology/ideologies.
 * FropFrop (talk) 03:58, 13 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Additionally, parties supporting "Maoism" properly use the term Mao Zedong Thought isn't true. Maosim, Mao Zedong's Thought, and Marxism-Leninism-Maoism are often used interchangeably by adherents of the ideology/ideologies.
 * FropFrop (talk) 03:58, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maoism