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Graz

Graz is the capital of the Austrian federal state of Styria and the second-largest city in Austria, after Vienna. As of 1 January 2024, Graz had a population of 303,270. In 2023, the population of the Graz larger urban zone (LUZ) stood at 660,238. Graz is known as a college and university city, with four colleges and four universities. Combined, the city is home to more than 60,000 students. Its historic centre (Altstadt) is one of the best-preserved city centres in Central Europe.

In 1999, the city's historic centre was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites and in 2010 the designation was expanded to include Eggenberg Palace (Schloss Eggenberg) on the western edge of the city. Graz was designated the Cultural Capital of Europe in 2003 and became a City of Culinary Delights in 2008.

Etymology
The name of the city, Graz, formerly spelled Gratz, most likely stems from the Slavic gradec/gradac, which means "small castle". Some archaeological finds point to the erection of a small castle by Alpine Slavic people, which over time became a heavily defended fortification. In literary Slovene, gradec still means "small castle", forming a hypocoristic derivative of Proto-West-South Slavic *gradьcъ, which descends via liquid metathesis from Common Slavic *gardьcъ and via the Slavic third palatalisation from Proto-Slavic *gardiku, originally denoting "small town, settlement". The name thus follows the common South Slavic pattern for naming settlements as grad. The German name 'Graz' first appears in records in 1128. Related to the Czech Hradec (e.g. Hradec Králové) of the same meaning.

Geography
Graz is situated on both sides of the river Mur in southeast Austria. It is about 150 km southwest of Vienna (Wien). The nearest larger urban centre is Maribor (Marburg) in Slovenia, which is about 50 km to the south. Graz is the capital of Styria and the largest city in the federal state, a green and heavily forested region on the eastern edge of the Alps. It is located in the Graz Basin and surrounded by mountains and hills to the north, east and west. The city centre sits at an elevation of 353 m, the highest point is Plabutsch mountain with 754 m at the western border. The mountain Schöckl is just a few kilometres to the north and surmounts the city by 1100 m.

Neighbouring municipalities
These towns and villages border Graz:
 * to the north: Gratkorn, Stattegg, Weinitzen
 * to the east: Kainbach bei Graz, Hart bei Graz, Raaba
 * to the south: Gössendorf, Feldkirchen bei Graz, Seiersberg
 * to the west: Attendorf, Thal, Judendorf-Straßengel

Districts
Graz is divided into 17 municipal districts (Stadtbezirke):

I. Innere Stadt (3.314)

II. St. Leonhard (14.756)

III. Geidorf (23.847)

IV. Lend (32.859)

V. Gries (30.050)

VI. Jakomini (31.412)

VII. Liebenau (15.896)

VIII. St. Peter (16.629)

IX. Waltendorf (12.158)

X. Ries (6.144)

XI. Mariatrost (9.998)

XII. Andritz (19.415)

XIII. Gösting (11.129)

XIV. Eggenberg (23.942)

XV. Wetzelsdorf (16.731)

XVI. Straßgang (20.095)

XVII. Puntigam (10.251)

History
The oldest settlement on the ground of the modern city of Graz dates back to the Copper Age. However, no historical continuity exists of a settlement before the Middle Ages. The city was originally called "Bayrischgraz" or "Bavarian Graz" (i.e. German Graz) by the German founders to distinguish it from the elder "Windischgraz" or "Slovenian Graz". Bavarian Graz however soon eclipsed its Slovenian counterpart and henceforth Graz always referred to the German one.

During the 12th century, dukes under Babenberg rule made the town into an important commercial center. Later, Graz came under the rule of the Habsburgs and, in 1281, gained special privileges from King Rudolph I.

In the 14th century, Graz became the city of residence of the Inner Austrian line of the Habsburgs. The royalty lived in the Schlossberg castle and from there ruled Styria, Carinthia, most of today's Slovenia, and parts of Italy (Carniola, Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste).

In the 16th century, the city's design and planning were primarily controlled by Italian Renaissance architects and artists. One of the most famous buildings representative of this style is the Landhaus, designed by Domenico dell'Allio, and used by the local rulers as a governmental headquarters.

The University of Graz was founded by Archduke Karl II in 1585, it is the city's oldest university. For most of its existence, it was controlled by the Catholic church, and was closed in 1782 by Joseph II in an attempt to gain state control over educational institutions. Joseph II transformed it into a lyceum where civil servants and medical personnel were trained. In 1827 it was re-established as a university by Emperor Franz I, and was named 'Karl-Franzens Universität' or 'Charles-Francis University' in English. More than 30,000 students are currently enrolled at this university.

Astronomer Johannes Kepler lived in Graz for a short period beginning in 1594. He worked as district mathematician and taught at the Lutheran school, but still found time to study astronomy. He left Graz for Prague in 1600 when Protestants were banned from the city.

Ludwig Boltzmann was Professor for Mathematical Physics from 1869 to 1890. During that time, Nikola Tesla studied electrical engineering at the Polytechnic in 1875.

Nobel laureate Otto Loewi taught at the University of Graz from 1909 until 1938. Ivo Andrić, the 1961 Nobel Prize for Literature laureate obtained his doctorate at the University of Graz. Erwin Schrödinger was briefly chancellor of the University of Graz in 1936.

Graz is centrally located within today's Bundesland (state) of Styria, or Steiermark in German. Mark is an old German word indicating a large area of land used as a defensive border, in which the peasantry is taught how to organize and fight in the case of an invasion. With a strategic location at the head of the open and fertile Mur valley, Graz was historically a target of invaders, such as the Hungarians under Matthias Corvinus in 1481, and the Ottoman Turks in 1529 and 1532. Apart from the Riegersburg Castle, the Schlossberg was the only fortification in the region that never fell to the Ottoman Turks. Graz is home to the region's provincial armory, which is the world's largest historical collection of late medieval and Renaissance weaponry. It has been preserved since 1551, and displays over 30,000 items.

From the earlier part of the 15th century, Graz was the residence of the younger branch of the Habsburgs, which succeeded to the imperial throne in 1619 in the person of Emperor Ferdinand II, who moved the capital to Vienna. New fortifications were built on the Schlossberg at the end of the 16th century. Napoleon's army occupied Graz in 1797 and, in 1809 the city withstood another assault by the French army. During this attack, the commanding officer in the fortress was ordered to defend it with about 900 men against Napoleon's army of about 3,000. He successfully defended the Schlossberg against eight attacks, but they were forced to give up after the Grande Armée occupied Vienna and the Emperor ordered to surrender. Following the defeat of Austria by Napoleonic forces at the Battle of Wagram in 1809, the fortifications were demolished using explosives, as stipulated in the Peace of Schönbrunn of the same year. The belltower (Glockenturm) and the civic clock tower (Uhrturm), which is a leading tourist attraction and serves as a symbol for Graz, were spared after the citizens of Graz paid a ransom for their preservation.

Archduke Karl II of Inner Austria had 20,000 Protestant books burned in the square of what is now a mental hospital, and succeeded in returning Styria to the authority of the Holy See. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was born in Graz in what is now the Stadtmuseum (city museum).

On 2 April 1945, while the heaviest Allied bomb raid of Graz occurred, the Gestapo and Waffen-SS committed a massacre against resistance fighters, Hungarian-Jewish forced laborers, and POWs at the SS barracks at Graz-Wetzelsdorf.

Population development
These figures only include those with primary residence status ("Hauptwohnsitz"). As of 1 January 2024, the city had a total pupulation of 339,810, of which 36,196 (10.7 %) held secondary residence status and 344 had no residence.

Climate
Graz has an oceanic climate (Cfb), but due to the 0 °C isotherm, the same occurs in a borderline humid continental climate (Dfb) according to the Köppen climate classification. Wladimir Köppen himself was in town and conducted studies to see how the climate of the past influenced the Continental Drift theory. Due to its position southeast of the Alps, Graz is shielded from the prevailing westerly winds that bring weather fronts in from the North Atlantic to northwestern and central Europe. The weather in Graz is thus influenced by the Mediterranean, and it has more hours of sunshine per year than Vienna or Salzburg and also less wind or rain. Graz lies in a basin that is only open to the south, causing the climate to be warmer than would be expected at that latitude. Plants are found in Graz that normally grow much further south.

 * average temperatures: Graz Airport 8.7 °C / Karl-Franzens University 9.4 °C
 * average rainfall: 818 mm with on average 92 days of rain (Karl Franzens University)
 * average hours of sunshine: 1,989 (Karl Franzens University)

Slovene minority in Graz
Graz, being the capital of the then multiethnic Duchy of Styria, was also a centre of Slovene culture, especially from the establishment of the University of Graz in 1586 until the establishment of the University of Ljubljana in 1919. In 1574, the was published in Graz, and in 1592, Hieronymus Megiser published in Graz the book Dictionarium quatuor linguarum, the first multilingual dictionary of Slovene.

In the 19th century the student associations in Graz were a crucible of Slovene nationalism and some Slovene students there were more nationally aware than other Slovenes. This led to fierce anti-Slovene efforts by the German supermajority in Graz before and during World War II. It must be noted that Slovenes only ever constituted a tiny minority in the city. This is also why Peter Kozler did not include it in his controversial map.

Nowadays, some Slovenian Styrians study and some have found employment there, whiles being formerly unemployed in Slovenia.

A symposium on the relation of Graz and the Slovenes was held in Graz in 2010, at the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the establishment of the first and oldest chair of Slovene. It was established at the Lyzeum of Graz in July 1811 on the initiative of. A collection of lectures on the topic was published. The Slovenian Post commemorated the anniversary with a stamp.

Main sights
For the year that Graz was Cultural Capital of Europe, new structures were erected. The Graz Museum of Contemporary Art (German: Kunsthaus) was designed by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier and is situated next to the Mur river. The Island in the Mur is a floating platform made of steel. It was designed by American architect Vito Acconci and contains a café, an open-air theatre and a playground.

Historic city centre

The historic centre was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999 due to the harmonious co-existence of typical buildings from different epochs and in different architectural styles. Situated in a cultural borderland between Central Europe, Italy and the Balkan States, Graz absorbed various influences from the neighbouring regions and thus received its exceptional townscape. Today the historic centre consists of over 1,000 buildings, their age ranging from Gothic to contemporary.

The most important sights in the historic centre are:
 * Town Hall (Rathaus).
 * The Castle Hill (German: Schlossberg), a hill dominating the historic centre (475 m high), site of a demolished fortress, with views over Graz.
 * The Clock Tower (Uhrturm) is a symbol of Graz, at the top of the Castle Hill.
 * The New Gallery (Neue Galerie), a museum of art.
 * The Castle Hill funicular (Schlossbergbahn), a funicular railway on the Castle Hill's slope.
 * The seat of Styria's provincial parliament (Landhaus), a palace in Lombardic style. It is one of the most important examples of Renaissance architecture in Austria and was built by Italian architect Domenico dell'Allio between 1557 and 1565.
 * The Armoury (Landeszeughaus) is the largest of its kind in the world.
 * The Opera House (Opernhaus), the principal venue for opera, ballet, and operetta performances. It is the 2nd largest opera house in Austria.
 * The Theatre (Schauspielhaus), Graz's principal theatre for productions of plays.
 * The Cathedral (Dom), a rare monument of Gothic architecture. Once, there were many frescos on the outer walls; today, only a few remain, like the Landplagenbild ("picture of plagues") painted in 1485, presumably by Thomas von Villach. The three plagues it depicts are locusts, pestilence and the invasion of the Turks, all of them striking the town in 1480. It features the oldest painted view of Graz.
 * The mausoleum of Emperor Ferdinand II next to the cathedral, the most important building of Mannerism in Graz. It includes both the grave where Ferdinand II and his wife are buried, and a church dedicated to St Catherine of Alexandria.
 * The City Park (Stadtpark), located in the middle of the city centre during the Habsburg monarchy. It was designed by German architect Johannes Schirgie von Premstätten-Tobelbad. During the Covid-19 pandemic eccentric parties were celebrated which were later dissolved by the police. The responsible, Jonas Fabio Cristo Pinter, an Italian club owner, was arrested and the partying stopped. The City Park (Stadtpark) should not be confused with a similarly named shopping centre in Graz, called Citypark.
 * The Castle (Burg), with a Gothic double-helix staircase, built between 1438 and 1453 by Emperor Frederick III, because the old castle on the Castle Hill was too small and uncomfortable. The Castle remained the residence of the Inner Austrian Court until 1619. Today, it serves as residence for the Styrian government.
 * The Painted House (Gemaltes Haus) in Herrengasse 3. It is completely covered with frescos (painted in 1742 by Johann Mayer).
 * The Graz Museum of Contemporary Art (Kunsthaus)
 * The Island in the Mur (Murinsel), an artificial island in the Mur river.
 * Buildings, inner courtyards (e. g. Early Renaissance courtyard of the Former House of Teutonic Knights in Sporgasse 22) and roofscape of the old town.

Outside the historic city centre

 * Eggenberg Palace (Schloss Eggenberg) a baroque palace on the western edge of Graz with State rooms and museum. In 2010 it was added to the existing World Heritage site of the historic centre of Graz.
 * The Mariatrost Basilica (Basilika Mariatrost) a late Baroque church, on the eastern edge of Graz.
 * The Jesus's Heart Church (Herz-Jesu-Kirche) is the largest church in Graz with the third highest spire in Austria, built in Gothic Revival style by Daniel Schmidbauer (Austrian politician and doctor).
 * The Calvary Hill (Kalvarienberg) in the Gösting area of Graz with a 17th-century calvary and church.
 * The Graz University Hospital is the largest hospital in Graz and one of the largest hospitals in Austria. It is the largest Jugendstil building complex in Austria and was built between 1904 and 1912. It is run by the federal state Styria and is one of the most renowned hospitals in Austria and Central Europe.
 * The Gösting Ruin (Ruine Gösting), a ruin of a hilltop castle on the city's northwestern edge, and Plabutsch/Fürstenstand, behind Eggenberg Palace, with a hilltop restaurant and viewing tower, as well as Buchkogel/Kronprinz-Rudolf-Warte are viewpoints for vistas of the city.

Greater Graz area

 * Österreichisches Freilichtmuseum Stübing, an open-air museum containing old farmhouses/farm buildings from all over Austria reassembled in historic setting.
 * Lurgrotte, the most extensive cave system in Austria.
 * Lipizzanergestüt Piber, Lipizzaner stud at Piber where the famous horses are bred.
 * The Steirische Weinstraße is a wine-growing region south of Graz, also known as the "Styrian Tuscany".
 * Thermenregion, spa region east of Graz.
 * Riegersburg Castle, a mighty fortress that was never taken. It was a bastion against Turkish invasions

Politics
For much of its post-war history Graz was a stronghold of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ), but since the late 1990s the party has lost most of its support on a local level. It was overtaken by the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) in 2003, which remained the largest party in the city council (Gemeinderat) until 2021. With the decline of the SPÖ, the Communist Party of Austria (KPÖ) has become highly popular in Graz, despite its negligible presence on a national level. The party placed third with 20.8% of votes in the 2003 local election, which has been attributed to the popularity of local leader Ernest Kaltenegger. It fell to 11.2% in 2008, and recovered under new leader Elke Kahr, becoming the second most popular party in Graz with 19.9% in 2012 and 20.3% in 2017. The KPÖ's popularity in Graz allowed them to enter the Styrian provincial parliament in the 2005 election, marking their first appearance in an Austrian provincial parliament in 35 years; they have retained their seats in the subsequent 2010, 2015, and 2019 elections. The 2021 municipal election saw a collapse in the ÖVP's popularity, allowing the KPÖ, once again led by Elke Kahr, to become the largest party with 29% of votes. She was subsequently elected mayor in November, leading a coalition with the Greens and SPÖ.

The most recent city council election was held on 26 September 2021, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! Coun. ! +/- ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 1,807 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 120,689 ! 100.00 ! ! 48 ! ±0 ! 7 ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 223,512 ! 54.00 ! 3.39 ! ! ! !
 * align=left| Communist Party of Austria (KPÖ)
 * align=left| Elke Kahr
 * 34,283
 * 28.84
 * 8.50
 * 15
 * 5
 * 3
 * 1
 * align=left| Austrian People's Party (ÖVP)
 * align=left| Siegfried Nagl
 * 30,797
 * 25.91
 * 11.88
 * 13
 * 6
 * 2
 * 1
 * align=left| The Greens – The Green Alternative (GRÜNE)
 * align=left| Judith Schwentner
 * 20,593
 * 17.32
 * 6.81
 * 9
 * 4
 * 1
 * ±0
 * align=left| Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ)
 * align=left| Mario Eustacchio
 * 12,612
 * 10.61
 * 5.25
 * 5
 * 3
 * 1
 * ±0
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ)
 * align=left| Michael Ehmann
 * 11,325
 * 9.53
 * 0.52
 * 4
 * 1
 * 0
 * ±0
 * align=left| NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum (NEOS)
 * align=left| Philipp Pointner
 * 6,447
 * 5.42
 * 1.48
 * 2
 * 1
 * 0
 * ±0
 * align=left| Others
 * align=left| –
 * 2,825
 * 2.37
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 2
 * 1
 * 0
 * ±0
 * align=left| Others
 * align=left| –
 * 2,825
 * 2.37
 * 0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * ±0
 * 0
 * ±0
 * colspan=10| Source: Stadt Graz
 * }
 * }

Culture
During 2003 Graz held the title of "European Capital of Culture" and was one of the UNESCO "Cities of Design" in 2011.

Museums

The most important museums in Graz are:
 * Eggenberg Palace (Schloss Eggenberg) with the Old Gallery (Alte Galerie) (paintings and sculptures from the Romanesque to the end of the Baroque period), Coin Collection, Lapidarium (Roman stonework collection), Archaeological Museum (featuring the Cult Wagon of Strettweg) a special exhibitions area and the 90,000 m2 romantic landscape gardens.
 * Museum in the Palace (Museum im Palais): museum of Styrian cultural history from the Middle Ages to the present.
 * New Gallery (Neue Galerie): visual arts from the 19th and 20th centuries.
 * Natural History Museum: exhibition of botany, mineralogy and zoology.
 * Graz City Museum (Stadtmuseum Graz)
 * Museum of Contemporary Art (Kunsthaus)
 * City Park Forum (Forum Stadtpark): museum of contemporary art.
 * Camera Austria: museum of contemporary photography.
 * Armoury (Landeszeughaus): medieval armoury comprising 32,000 pieces of armour and weaponry, largest of its kind in the world.
 * Folklore Museum (Volkskundemuseum): museum of folk culture and folklore.
 * Diocesan Museum (Diözesanmuseum): museum of the Roman Catholic Church.
 * Artists House (Künstlerhaus): exhibition hall of contemporary visual arts.
 * Literature House (Literaturhaus): museum of contemporary German literature.
 * Museum of Perception (Museum der Wahrnehmung): museum of the senses, samadhi bath.
 * Children's Museum Frida & Fred (Kindermuseum Frida & Fred): museum for children.
 * Tram Museum: 40 historic trams, the oldest dating from 1873.
 * Kriminalmuseum: museum of criminology.
 * Aviation Museum (Luftfahrtmuseum): situated at Graz Airport.
 * Hanns Schell Collection: key and lock museum, largest of its kind in the world.
 * Austrian Sculpture Park: seven hectares of contemporary sculpture.
 * Botanical Garden of Graz: three architecturally interesting glass houses plus gardens.

Architecture
The city centre and the adjacent districts are characterized by the historic residential buildings and churches. In the outer districts buildings are predominantly of the architectural styles from the second half of the 20th century.

In 1965 the Graz School (Grazer Schule) was founded. Several buildings around the universities are of this style, e.g. the green houses by Volker Giencke and the RESOWI Centre by Günther Domenig.

Before Graz became European Capital of Culture in 2003, several new projects were realized, such as the Stadthalle - a multifunctional space for e.g. conventions and concerts -, the Children's Museum (Kindermuseum), the Helmut-List-Halle, the Museum of Contemporary Art (Kunsthaus) and the Island in the Mur (Murinsel).

Buildings in Graz which are at least 50m tall:
 * Tallest buildings

Sports
SK Sturm Graz is the main football club of the city, with three Austrian championships, 5 Austrian Cup wins and 3 participations in the Champions League (where they were 1st in the first group stage in 2000/01 and therefore got promoted to the round of 16 as the first Austrian club ever). Grazer AK also won an Austrian championship, but went into administration in 2007 and was excluded from the professional league system.

In ice hockey, ATSE Graz was the Austrian Hockey League champion in 1975 and 1978. EC Graz was runner-up in 1991–92, 1992–93 and 1993–94. Graz 99ers has played in the first division since 2000.

UBSC Raiffeisen Graz plays in the Austrian Basketball League.

Graz Giants play in the Austrian Football League (American Football).

The city bid for the 2002 Winter Olympics in 1995, but lost the election to Salt Lake City.

Styriarte
Graz hosts the annual festival of classical music Styriarte, founded in 1985 to tie conductor Nikolaus Harnoncourt closer to his hometown. Events have been held at different venues in Graz and in the surrounding region.

Dialect
Referred to as Steirisch by locals, Graz belongs to the Austro-Bavarian region of dialects, more specifically a mix of Central Bavarian in the western part of Styria and Southern Bavarian in the eastern part. The Grazer ORF, the Graz subsidiary of Austrian Broadcasting Corporation, launched an initiative in 2008 called Scho wieda Steirisch g'redt to highlight the numerous dialects of Graz and Styria in general and to cultivate the pride many Styrians hold for their local culture. Two reasons for a melding of these dialects with Standard German: the influence of television and radio bringing Standard German into the home and the industrialization causing the disappearance of the single farmer since the farming communities are seen as the true keepers of dialect speaking.

Transport
An extensive public transport network makes Graz an easy city to navigate without a car. The city has a comprehensive bus network, complementing the Graz tram network, which has six lines. Four lines pass through the underground tram stop at the central train station (Hauptbahnhof) and on to the city centre before branching out. Furthermore, there are eight night-time bus routes, although these run only at weekends and on evenings preceding public holidays.

The Castle Hill funicular (Schlossbergbahn), and the Castle Hill lift (Schlossberg lift), a vertical lift, link the city centre to the Castle Hill (Schlossberg). From the central train station (Hauptbahnhof), regional trains link to most of Styria. Direct trains run to most major cities nearby including Vienna, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Maribor and Ljubljana in Slovenia, Zagreb in Croatia, Budapest in Hungary, Prague and Brno in the Czech Republic, Zürich in Switzerland, as well as Munich, Stuttgart, Heidelberg, and Frankfurt in Germany. Trains for Vienna leave every hour. In recent years many railway stations within the city limits and in the suburbs have been rebuilt or modernised and are now part of the Styria S-Bahn, a commuter train service connecting the city with its suburban area and towns nearby.

Graz Airport is located about 10 km south of the city centre and is accessible by bus, railway, taxi and car. Direct destinations include Berlin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Munich, Vienna and Zurich. In 2021 a two-line metro system was proposed for Graz, which would make Graz the second Austrian city with a rapid transit system after Vienna.

Health
In Graz there are seven hospitals, several private hospitals and sanatoriums, as well as 44 pharmacies.

The University Hospital Graz (LKH-Universitäts-Klinikum Graz) is located in eastern Graz and has 1,556 beds and 7,190 employees. The Regional Hospital Graz II (LKH Graz II) has two sites in Graz. The western site (LKH Graz II Standort West) is located in Eggenberg and has 280 beds and about 500 employees, the southern site (LKH Graz II Standort Süd) specializes in neurology and psychiatry and is located in Straßgang with 880 beds and 1,100 employees. The AUVA Accident Hospital (Unfallkrankenhaus der AUVA) is in Eggenberg and has 180 beds and a total of 444 employees.

The Albert Schweitzer Clinic in the western part of the city is a geriatric hospital with 304 beds, the Hospital of St. John of God (Krankenhaus der Barmherzigen Brüder) has two sites in Graz, one in Lend with 225 beds and one in Eggenberg with 260 beds. The Hospital of the Order of Saint Elizabeth (Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen) in Gries has 182 beds.

There are several private clinics as well: the Privatklinik Kastanienhof, the Privatklinik Leech, the Privatklinik der Kreuzschwestern, the Sanatorium St. Leonhard, the Sanatorium Hansa and the Privatklinik Graz-Ragnitz.

EMS in Graz is provided solely by the Austrian Red Cross. Perpetually two emergency doctor's cars (NEF – Notarzteinsatzfahrzeug), two NAWs (Notarztwagen – ambulances staffed with a physician in addition to regular personnel) and about 30 RTWs (Rettungswagen – regular ambulances) are on standby. Furthermore, several non-emergency ambulances (KTW – Krankentransportwagen) and a Mobile Intensive Care Unit (MICU) are operated by the Red Cross to transport non-emergency patients to and between hospitals. In addition to the Red Cross, the Labourers'-Samaritan-Alliance (Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Österreichs), the Austrian organisation of the Order of Malta Ambulance Corps (Malteser Hospitaldienst Austria) and the Green Cross (Grünes Kreuz) operate ambulances (KTW) for non-emergency patient transport. In addition to the cars, there's also the C12 air ambulance helicopter stationed at Graz airport, staffed with an emergency physician in addition to regular personnel.

Twin towns and sister cities
Graz is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇸 Montclair, New Jersey, United States, since 1950
 * Coventry, England, United Kingdom, since 1957
 * Groningen, Netherlands, since 1964
 * 🇩🇪 Darmstadt, Germany, since 1968
 * 🇳🇴 Trondheim, Norway, since 1968
 * Pula, Croatia, since 1972
 * 🇮🇹 Trieste, Italy, since 1973
 * 🇷🇴 Timișoara, Romania, since 1982
 * Maribor, Slovenia, since 1987
 * 🇭🇺 Pécs, Hungary, since 1989
 * Dubrovnik, Croatia, since 1994
 * 🇸🇮 Ljubljana, Slovenia, since 2001
 * 🇷🇺 Saint Petersburg, Russia, since 2001 (On-Hold, since March 2022)

 * Other forms of cooperation and city friendship similar to the twin city programmes:
 * Niš, Serbia
 * 🇧🇦 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Notable residents
The following are past and present notable residents of Graz.

 * Oktavia Aigner-Rollett (1877-1959), prominent physician
 * Anne of Austria (1573–1598), Queen of Poland and Sweden
 * Béla Babai (1914-1997), Romani American musician
 * Wolfgang Bauer (1941–2005), Austrian writer
 * Infanta Blanca of Spain (1868–1949), claimant to the throne of Spain
 * Karl Böhm (1894–1981), Austrian conductor
 * Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906), physicist, university Professor
 * Constance of Austria (1588–1631), Queen of Poland
 * Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (1863–1914), heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
 * Olaf Fjord (1897–1945), actor, film director and producer
 * Princess Gina of Liechtenstein (1921–1989), Princess of Liechtenstein from 1943 to 1989
 * Carl Julius Haidvogel (1891-1974), writer
 * Gregor Hammerl (1942–2023), President of the Federal Council
 * Nicolaus Harnoncourt (1929–2016), raised in Graz, conductor of classical works on period instruments
 * Christian Herdtrich (1625–1684), Austrian Jesuit missionary to the Qing Empire.
 * Victor Franz Hess (1883–1964), Nobel prize-winning physicist
 * Hans Hollmann (1933–2022), theatre director and actor
 * Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), a German astronomer, astrologer, natural philosopher and mathematics teacher at a local seminary.
 * Helmut Kollars (born 1968), writer and illustrator
 * Otto Loewi (1873–1961), Nobel prize-winning physiologist
 * Archduchess Gregoria Maximiliana of Austria (1581–1597)
 * Hans Michael Maitzen (born 1943), astronomer
 * Marisa Mell (1939–1992), actress born and raised in Graz
 * Franziska Meissner-Diemer (1841-1919), journalist and writer
 * August Meyszner (1886–1947), SS officer executed for war crimes
 * August Musger (1868–1929), invented slow motion cinema means
 * Olga Neuwirth (born 1968), contemporary Austrian composer
 * Lili Novy (1885–1958), Slovenian lyric poet
 * Marie Pachler (1794–1855), Austrian pianist
 * Johann Puch (1862–1914), a Slovene inventor and mechanic
 * Adam Rainer (1899–1950), only documented person to have been both one of the shortest and one of tallest people.
 * Anton Rintelen (1876–1946), cabinet minister and Nazi conspirator
 * Eduard Roschmann (1908–1977), Nazi SS Riga ghetto commandant
 * Josef Schleich (1902–1949), farmer, helped liberate Jews in WWII
 * Hermann Schloffer (1868-1937), surgeon
 * Andreas Schnider (born 1959), theologian, academic teacher, author, publisher, consultant and politician, (ÖVP)
 * Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961), Nobel Prize–winning physicist in quantum theory, Chancellor of Graz University in 1936
 * Werner Schwab (1958–1994), playwright and visual artist
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger (born 1947), former bodybuilding champion, actor and former governor of California; born and raised in farming village Thal, 2 mi from Graz.
 * Brit Stakston (born 1961), writer, public speaker and media strategist
 * Friedrich St. Florian (born 1932), Austrian-American architect
 * Robert Stolz (1880–1975), Austrian composer and conductor
 * Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), a Serbian-American inventor, who studied electrical engineering in Graz
 * Hertha Töpper (1924–2020), opera and concert contralto
 * Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg (1568–1634), Austrian statesman and early "prime minister" during the Thirty Years' War.
 * Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach (1656–1723), architect of the Baroque period.
 * Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1774–1856), Austrian orientalist, historian and diplomat.
 * Ernestine von Kirchsberg (1857–1924), landscape painter
 * Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836–1895), writer and journalist, studied in Graz; the term masochism is derived from his name
 * Roman von Ungern-Sternberg (1886–1921), prominent figure in the Russian White movement and dictator of Mongolia in 1921
 * Franz Voves (born 1953) Austrian politician (SPÖ), State governor of Styria for 10 years, icehockey player

Sport

 * Bernd Brückler (born 1981), professional ice hockey player
 * Hans Dobida (born 1929), Austrian former ice hockey player
 * Elisabeth Eberl (born 1988), Olympic javelin thrower
 * Michael Gspurning (born 1981), goalkeeper for FC Schalke 04
 * Manfred Hoeberl {born 1964), powerlifter and strongman
 * Helmut Marko (born 1943), former racing driver
 * Emanuel Pogatetz (born 1983), footballer, played 446 games
 * Jochen Rindt (1942–1970), first Austrian Formula One champion raised in Graz by his grandmother
 * Gert Schnider (born 1979), Abalone-champion
 * Markus Schopp (born 1974), former footballer, played 364 games
 * Thomas Tebbich (born 1975), decathlete and pole vaulter
 * Thomas Vanek (born 1984), Ice hockey player, raised in Graz
 * Otto Wanz (1943–2017), former professional wrestler who held AWA World Heavyweight Championship

title: Graz


text:
Amblyopsidae

The Amblyopsidae are a fish family commonly referred to as cavefish, blindfish, or swampfish. They are small freshwater fish found in the dark environments of caves (underground lakes, pools, rivers and streams), springs and swamps in the eastern half of the United States. Like other troglobites, most amblyopsids exhibit adaptations to these dark environments, including the lack of functional eyes and the absence of pigmentation. More than 200 species of cavefishes are known, but only six of these are in the family Amblyopsidae. One of these, Forbesichthys agassizii, spends time both underground and aboveground. A seventh species in this family, Chologaster cornuta, is not a cave-dweller but lives in aboveground swamps.

Description

Amblyopsids are generally small, the northern cavefish (largest species in family) reaching up to 11 cm in length.

The amblyopsids are probably ancient in origin. Adaptations common to many cavefish include reduced susceptibility to light, pigment loss, or reduction in skin scales, as well as development of chemoreceptors in the sensory organs of the body surface and the lateral line. Three species exhibit efficient metabolism during swimming, as compared with a group of non-cave fish, and many cavefish species exhibit slender bodies adapted to swimming in fast-flowing waters.

The cave-dwellers typically lack pigment and are somewhat translucent. They have a naked, moderately depressed head and an elongated body, covered with small cycloid irregular flakes, with tiny or absent pelvic fins. The anal opening is so far forward that it is in the throat region.

The premaxilla, a bone of the upper jaw, is segmented, and the vomer has no teeth. They have no ventral fins. The lateral line is incomplete, but well developed in some species. Its spine has between 27 and 35 vertebrae.

Externally, they resemble killifishes in many respects, although their internal anatomy more closely resembles the trout-perches, with which they are currently classified.

Eyes
The name of the family, Amblyopsidae, refers to their eyes (compare amblyopia). Most in this family are either blind or can only detect the difference between light and darkness. The true cave-dwellers have only rudimentary eyes, like so many other fauna that live in the dark.

Although some cave-dwellers have tiny, vestigial but functional eyes, others, such as the Amblyopsis and Typhlichthys have no eyes at all. Blindfish do, however, have rows of sensory papillae on their skin, which they use to help navigate.

Similar darkness-adaptive traits can be seen in many fish families where members live underground and is known as convergent evolution.

Distribution
All members of this family are small and typical of the fresh waters of the eastern and southern regions of the United States. Some live deep in the swamps, and others in the lakes and streams or in caves, significantly the Kentucky cave system called the Mammoth caves.

Cavefish can only be found in caves that have streams running into them; a cave with no inlets does not contain cavefish.

Ecology

Although the cave habitat generally offers a poor food supply, the advantages of the environment include extremely stable conditions, few competitors, and few predators.

Since the cave environment is dark, no plant life is performing photosynthesis, and food is mainly introduced from the outside world by other organisms. Limited food leads to low population density, which has been estimated for Amblyopsidae to be only about 0.005 to 0.150 animals per square meter.

Cave habitats are vulnerable to changes in the environment such as water pollution and exotic species. The Alabama cavefish (Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni), which live only in the Key Cave in Alabama, is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN, the highest risk class.

Life history and behavior
Cavefish breed only once a year, occupying about 10% of the population. Members of the family Amblyopsidae lay eggs. Uniquely among fish, the genus Amblyopsis brood their eggs in the gill chambers (somewhat like mouthbrooders). Formerly it was incorrectly speculated that a similar brooding behavior existed in other members of this family, as well as the pirate perch (Aphredoderus sayanus). Cavefish protect their eggs for the longest period of any fish.

A rare feature of this family is the forward placement of its cloaca, under the head, anterior to the pelvic fins. This placement allows the females to place their eggs more precisely, and is present also in other species of the Percopsiformes order, such as the Aphredoderidae. They feed on shrimp, gammarus, and arachnids that fall into the water, using vibrations and current changes to seek out their prey.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amblyopsidae


text:
Talk:Embodied cognition

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at Davidson College supported by WikiProject Psychology and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 14:28, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Note
This article results from a year-long study project which involved a collaborative effort to improve the embodied cognition content on Wikipedia. The article was improved by cognitive science students at the University of Osnabrück under the supervision of Prof. Dr. med. Peter König. (2021-2022) Darcyisverycute (talk) 05:41, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

 * This article needs to be rewritten as a Philosophy subject relating Embodiment subjects and is in conflict with "Wikipedia's not recognizing" "Philosophy of Embodied self" as all other major research does. Where is Snowden when we need him 75.82.19.242 (talk) 23:19, 4 November 2022 (UTC)

Adaptive unconscious / Tversky & Kahnemann
It seems to me that the research collected in Thinking Fast and Slow is relevant here. Their description of the "adaptive unconscious" is a precise way of understanding how embodiment is implemented in actual brains of actual people. Doesn't their research confirm the basic idea and, simultaneously, supersede some of the more hand-wavy / postmodernist stuff that you find in Varela and Thompson, etc.? Is this academic conversation still happening, or is it all back in the 80s? --- CharlesGillingham (talk) 05:13, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing out this source. I also agree Kahneman's work is in line with the embodiment thesis. It is also a very well received work. The idea would be to find a place in the page where we can refer to it and deepen in to the topics of the book showing how they aline to embodied cognition. John J. Madrid (talk) 18:36, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

Restructure page's content table
Under the page’s current state, there is an imbalance regarding the distribution of the cognitive capacities content. Namely, most of them are listed under section 5 “Cognitive psychology”. This is both unfair to the other sciences and problematic since all those topics (subsections 5.1 to 5.9) are investigated across all sciences. The changes include but are not limited to:

 * 1. Edit section 4 and add some paragraphs that will contain information about the different sciences and emphasise the interdisciplinary approach to investigate cognition from an embodied perspective. Thus, the headers containing the different sciences will no longer exist as separate header but rather they will be contained as individual paragraphs inside section 4.
 * 2. Then, subsections 5.1 to 5.9 and 7.1 (along with any other relevant topics that appear) will constitute each its own header and listed after section 5 (option 1), or we create a separate header (e.g., “Cognitive and bodily features/aspects”) and list the subsections under it. I consider option 2 more appropriate but open to hear ideas. (See figure proposal).

For more information, a hidden comment on the “Cognitive psychology” section has been added. John J. Madrid (talk) 14:11, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

Updated version of the proposal after meeting consultation provided below. — Preceding unsigned comment added by John J. Madrid (talk • contribs) 17:12, 12 November 2021 (UTC)
 * John J. Madrid, do you mind me cleaning up the sentences and paragraphs while you wait for the good article reviewer? I feel a little reluctant to edit the page since you feel it's ready for that type of review. GBFEE (talk) 20:37, 16 April 2022 (UTC)

Thanks for asking. I would appreciate if any other edit comes after the good article review comes —since it’s also part of the process. (Any minor grammar edit or similar are being inspected at the time being and hopefully will be finished by the time the article gets reviewed). John J. Madrid (talk) 21:22, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
 * I'll hold off then. If you like, I can come back for the good article review. GBFEE (talk) 20:37, 17 April 2022 (UTC)

Too long
I respect the effort and attention to detail, but as a non-specialist reader, I found this article too long. Might it be possible to condense it? 13,000 words seems excessive. The first part is great, but after that my eyes glazed over. Victimofleisure (talk) 15:40, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

The Controversy section is jarring to read.
Many of the lines in the controversy section seem to be biased rebuttles of controversies themselves.

In the "Replication crisis and misinterpretation" sub-section, for example, it is stated that:

"Researchers failing to replicate the same results does not prove cognition is unaffected/uninfluenced by the body. There are still plenty of findings within the topic of embodied cognition that are scientifically sound."

I'm not knowledgeable enough about Wikipedia's policies and article standards so I'm choosing not to make any changes myself in case I'm mistaken. EdgarAllan2.Poe (talk) 18:12, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Embodied cognition


text:
Merlucciidae

The Merlucciidae, commonly called merluccid hakes, are a family of cod-like fish, including most hakes. They are native to cold water in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and typically are found at depths greater than 50 m in subtropical, temperate, sub-Arctic or sub-Antarctic regions.

The best known species are in the genera Macruronus and Merluccius. These predatory fish are up to 1.55 m in length, though most only reach about half that length, inhabiting the waters of the continental shelf and upper continental slope, where they feed on small fish such as lanternfishes. Several species are important commercial fish, for example the blue grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae) that is fished in the southwest Pacific and the North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) that is fished off western North America.

The taxonomy of the Merluccidae is not settled, with some authorities raising two or three subfamilies, the Merluccinae, Macruroninae, and Steindachneriinae, while other authorities raise the latter two into their own families, the  Macruronidae  and the monotypic Steindachneriidae.

This would mean the genera would be arranged as:

 * Steindachneriidae
 * Steindachneria
 * Macruronidae
 * Lyconodes
 * Lyconus
 * Macruronus
 * Merlucciidae ss
 * Merluccius

title: Merlucciidae