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Erie County, New York

Erie County is a county along the shore of Lake Erie in western New York State. As of the 2020 census, the population was 954,236. The county seat is Buffalo, which makes up about 28% of the county's population. Both the county and Lake Erie were named for the regional Iroquoian language-speaking Erie tribe of Native Americans, who lived in the area before 1654. They were later pushed out by the more powerful Iroquoian nations tribes. The county is part of the Western New York region of the state.

Erie County, along with its northern neighbor Niagara County, makes up the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area, the second largest in the State of New York behind New York City. The county's southern part is known as the Southtowns. The county has seen one of the highest growth rates of any county in the State of New York from the 2010 to 2020 census.

History
When counties were established by the English colonial authorities in the Province of New York in 1683, present-day Erie County was inhabited by the Iroquois. Significant colonization by White Americans did not begin until after the United States had gained independence with the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783. The U.S. forced the Iroquois to cede most of their lands, as many had been allies of the British during the conflict.

About 1800, the Holland Land Company, formed by American businessmen and their Dutch associates, extinguished aboriginal claims by purchasing the land from New York, acquired the title to the territory of what are today the eight westernmost counties of New York, surveyed their holdings, established towns and began selling lots to individuals. The state was eager to attract settlers and have homesteads and businesses developed. At this time, all of western New York was included in Ontario County.

As the population increased, the state legislature created Genesee County in 1802 out of part of Ontario County. In 1808, Niagara County was created out of Genesee County. In 1821, Erie County was created out of Niagara County, encompassing all the land between Tonawanda Creek and Cattaraugus Creek. The first towns formed in present-day Erie County were the Town of Clarence and the Town of Willink. Clarence and Willink comprised the northern and southern portions of Erie county, respectively. Clarence is still a distinct town, but Willink was quickly subdivided into other towns. When Erie County was established in 1821, it consisted of the towns of Amherst, Aurora, Boston, Clarence, Collins, Concord, Eden, Evans, Hamburg, Holland, Sardinia and Wales.

The county has a number of houses and other properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, New York.

In 1861, the hamlet of Town Line in the Town of Lancaster voted 85–40 to secede from the Union. Town Line never sought admission into the Confederate States of America and there is no evidence that men from the community ever fought for the Confederacy. Some reporting from that time indicates the vote was a joke. On January 24, 1946, as part of a nationally reported event, Town Line voted to officially return to the Union after 85 years of Union secession.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,227 sqmi, of which 1,043 sqmi (85%) is land and 184 sqmi (15%) is water.

Erie County is in the western portion of upstate New York, bordering on the lake of the same name. Part of the industrial area that has included Buffalo, it is the most populous county in upstate New York outside of the New York City metropolitan area. The county also lies on the international border between the United States and Canada, bordering the Province of Ontario.

The northern border of the county is Tonawanda Creek. Part of the southern border is Cattaraugus Creek. Other major streams include Buffalo Creek (Buffalo River), Cayuga Creek, Cazenovia Creek, Scajaquada Creek, Eighteen Mile Creek and Ellicott Creek. The county's northern half, including Buffalo and its suburbs, is known as the Northtowns and is relatively flat and rises gently up from the lake. The southern half, known as the Southtowns, is much hillier. It has the northwesternmost foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. The highest elevation in the county is a hill in the Town of Sardinia that tops out at around 1,940 ft above sea level. The lowest ground is about 560 ft, on Grand Island at the Niagara River. The Onondaga Escarpment runs through the northern part of Erie County.

Rivers, streams and lakes

 * Buffalo River
 * Cattaraugus Creek
 * Cayuga Creek
 * Cazenovia Creek
 * Eighteen Mile Creek
 * Ellicott Creek
 * Lake Erie
 * Niagara River
 * Scajaquada Creek
 * Tonawanda Creek

Adjacent counties and municipality

 * Niagara County - north
 * Genesee County - northeast
 * Wyoming County - southeast
 * Cattaraugus County - south
 * Chautauqua County - southwest
 * Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada - northwest

Major highways

 * I-90.svg NYS Thruway Sign.svg Interstate 90 (New York State Thruway)
 * I-190 (long).svg Interstate 190 (Niagara Thruway)
 * I-290 (long).svg Interstate 290 (Youngmann Expressway)
 * I-990 (long).svg Interstate 990 (Lockport Expressway)
 * US 20.svg U.S. Route 20 (Southwestern Boulevard/Transit Road/Broadway)
 * US 20A (NY).svg U.S. Route 20A (Big Tree Road)
 * US 62.svg U.S. Route 62 (South Park Avenue/Bailey Avenue/Niagara Falls Boulevard)
 * US 219.svg U.S. Route 219 (Southern Expressway)
 * NY-5.svg New York State Route 5 (Hamburg Turnpike/Buffalo Skyway/Main Street)
 * NY-16.svg New York State Route 16 (Seneca Street)
 * NY-33.svg New York State Route 33 (Kensington Expressway/Genesee Street)
 * NY-39.svg New York State Route 39
 * NY-78.svg New York State Route 78 (Transit Road)
 * NY-179.svg New York State Route 179 (Milestrip Expressway/Road)
 * NY-198.svg New York State Route 198 (Scajaquada Expressway)
 * NY-263.svg New York State Route 263 (Grover Cleveland Highway/Millersport Highway)
 * NY-240.svg New York State Route 240 (Orchard Park Road/Harlem Road)
 * NY-277.svg New York State Route 277 (Union Road)
 * NY-324.svg New York State Route 324 (Grand Island Boulevard/Sheridan Drive)
 * NY-354.svg New York State Route 354 (Clinton Street)
 * NY-400.svg New York State Route 400 (Aurora Expressway)

National protected area

 * Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site

State protected areas

 * Amherst State Park, Town of Amherst.
 * Beaver Island State Park, Town of Grand Island.
 * Buckhorn Island State Park, Town of Grand Island.
 * Buffalo Harbor State Park, City of Buffalo.
 * Evangola State Park, Towns of Brant and Evans.
 * Great Baehre Swamp Wildlife Management Area, Town of Amherst.
 * Hampton Brook Woods Wildlife Management Area, Village of Hamburg.
 * Knox Farm State Park, Town of East Aurora.
 * Motor Island Wildlife Management Area, Town of Grand Island.
 * Onondaga Escarpment Unique Area, Town of Akron.
 * Reinstein Woods Nature Preserve, Town of Cheektowaga.
 * Spicer Creek Wildlife Management Area, Town of Grand Island.
 * Strawberry Island State Park, Town of Townawanda.
 * Tillman Road Wildlife Management Area, Town of Clarence.
 * Woodlawn Beach State Park, Town of Hamburg.
 * Zoar Valley Multiple Use Area, Town of Collins.

Demographics
As of the 2020, there were 954,236 people living in the county. The population density was 915 PD/sqmi. There were 438,747 housing units at an average density of 421 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 72.6% White, 14.1% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 4.9% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.3% from other races and 5.4% from two or more races. 6.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.6% were of German, 17.2% Polish, 14.9% Italian, 11.7% Irish and 5.0% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 91.1% spoke English, 3% Spanish and 1.6% Polish as their first language.

There were 380,873 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.5% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present and 36.1% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.04. In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% older than 65. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $38,567 and the median income for a family was $49,490. Males had a median income of $38,703 versus $26,510 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,357. About 9.2% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.3% of those under 18 and 7.8% of those older than 65.

County government and politics
Prior to 1936, Erie County predominantly backed Republican Party candidates, with only four Democratic Party candidates winning the county in a presidential election - James Buchanan in 1856, George B. McClellan in 1864, Grover Cleveland in 1892 and Woodrow Wilson in 1912. However, starting with the 1936 election, it has turned predominantly Democratic since then, with only two Republicans carrying the county in a presidential election-- Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 and Richard Nixon in 1972, with Nixon being the most recent. In 2016, like many other counties in the Rust Belt, Donald Trump expanded the Republican vote share thanks to his appeal to working-class whites and Ethnic-Catholic voters, keeping the margin in single digits for the first time since 1984. Four years later, in 2020, Joe Biden won 267,270 votes in Erie County, more than Barack Obama in 2008. Biden's margin of victory, however, was smaller than Obama's 2008 victory within the county and Trump's margin, though declining, was still higher than any Republican since 1988 (aside from his 2016 margin).

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County legislature
As of 2024, there are 7 Democrats, 3 Republicans, and 1 Conservative in the county legislature.

School districts
School districts include:
 * Akron Central School District
 * Alden Central School District
 * Amherst Central School District
 * Attica Central School District
 * Buffalo City School District
 * Cheektowaga Central School District
 * Cheektowaga-Maryvale Union Free School District
 * Cheektowaga-Sloan Union Free School District
 * Clarence Central School District
 * Cleveland Hill Union Free School District
 * Depew Union Free School District
 * East Aurora Union Free School District
 * Eden Central School District
 * Evans-Brant Central School District (Lake Shore) a.k.a. Lake Shore Central School District
 * Frontier Central School District
 * Grand Island Central School District
 * Gowanda Central School District
 * Hamburg Central School District
 * Holland Central School District
 * Iroquois Central School District
 * Kenmore-Tonawanda Union Free School District
 * Lackawanna City School District
 * Lancaster Central School District
 * North Collins Central School District
 * Orchard Park Central School District
 * Springville-Griffith Institute Central School District
 * Sweet Home Central School District
 * Tonawanda City School District
 * West Seneca Central School District
 * Williamsville Central School District
 * Yorkshire-Pioneer Central School District

"Special act" school districts
 * Randolph Academy Union Free School District - In 2011 it took the territory of another special act district, Hopevale Union Free School District

As of the 2010 U.S. Census some parts of this county were not in a defined school district, with some undefined land and some undefined water.

Higher education

 * Buffalo State College
 * Canisius College
 * Daemen College
 * D'Youville University
 * Erie Community College
 * Hilbert College
 * Medaille College
 * Trocaire College
 * University at Buffalo
 * Villa Maria College
 * Bryant & Stratton College

Attractions and recreation
Erie County is home to three professional teams—the NFL's Buffalo Bills, the NHL's Buffalo Sabres and the NLL's Buffalo Bandits, along with Division I's Buffalo Bulls and MILB's Buffalo Bisons. The city of Buffalo also features the Buffalo Zoo, The Buffalo History Museum, Burchfield-Penney Art Center and Albright-Knox Art Gallery (all located within a mile of each other in the Delaware Park System), Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens and Buffalo Museum of Science, in addition to tourist districts such as Canalside and Larkinville. The Erie County Fair, held every August in the Town of Hamburg from 1820 to 2019 (the 2020 event, like much everything else across the country, was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic), is one of the largest county fairs in the United States.

Erie County Department of Parks, Recreation and Forestry
The Erie County Department of Parks, Recreation and Forestry was established in 1925 with four parks spanning 2280 acres. As of 2003, the county managed 38 properties, totaling approximately 11000 acres of land. Management objectives include providing and maintaining recreational space and the conservation of the county's natural and historic resources. A 2003 Master Plan identified several broad categories of parks operated by the county, including heritage parks, waterfront parks, conservation parks, special purpose parks and forest management areas.

Heritage parks
Erie County's heritage parks include the five original county parks that were established during the 1920s and 1930s. These parks are examples of multiple-use sites with significant scenic, natural and historic features. Each park has unique man-made structures of historical character, many constructed as part of the Works Progress Administration movement in the 1930s.
 * Akron Falls Park (Established in 1933, acquired by Erie County in 1947)
 * Chestnut Ridge Park (Established by Erie County in 1926)
 * Como Lake Park (Established in 1923, acquired by Erie County in 1926)
 * Ellicott Creek Park (Established by Erie County in 1926)
 * Emery Park (Established by Erie County in 1925)

Waterfront parks
Waterfront parks include the significant scenic sites and recreational trail systems along the county's Lake Erie shoreline.
 * Bennett Beach Park
 * Isle View Park
 * Riverwalk Park
 * Wendt Beach Park

Conservation parks
These largely-undeveloped parks are managed primarily for conservation of the natural environment and passive nature-based outdoor recreation activities. These lands are intended to generally remain in a natural state.
 * Boston Forest
 * Eighteen Mile Creek Park
 * Franklin Gulf Park
 * Sgt. Mark A. Rademacher Memorial Park (commonly known as Hunters Creek Park)
 * Scoby Dam Park

Special purpose parks
Special purpose parks have unique characteristics that provide specific recreational functions within the county's park system.
 * Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens
 * Elma Meadows Golf Course
 * Grover Cleveland Golf Course
 * Sprague Brook Park

Forest management areas
Forest management areas are managed by the Erie County Bureau of Forestry, which was established in 1927. These areas include several thousand acres of mostly-coniferous plantation style forest, much of which was planted on abandoned farmland by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. These areas are located mostly in the rural southern portion of the county. These lands have limited recreation potential, mostly in the form of trails. Management of these lands is focused on natural resource conservation, in addition to potential commercial resource extraction of timber products or maple syrup.

Communities
† - County Seat

‡ - Not Wholly in this County

Cities

 * Buffalo
 * Lackawanna
 * Tonawanda

Towns

 * Alden
 * Amherst
 * Aurora
 * Boston
 * Brant
 * Cheektowaga
 * Clarence
 * Colden
 * Collins
 * Concord
 * Eden
 * Elma
 * Evans
 * Grand Island
 * Hamburg
 * Holland
 * Lancaster
 * Marilla
 * Newstead
 * North Collins
 * Orchard Park
 * Sardinia
 * Tonawanda
 * Wales
 * West Seneca

Villages

 * Akron
 * Alden
 * Angola
 * Blasdell
 * Depew
 * East Aurora
 * Farnham
 * Hamburg
 * Kenmore
 * Lancaster
 * North Collins
 * Orchard Park
 * Sloan
 * Springville
 * Williamsville
 * Gowanda (partly located in Erie and Cattaraugus counties)

Hamlets

 * Akron Junction
 * Alden Center
 * Armor
 * Athol Springs
 * Bagdad
 * Bellevue
 * Big Tree
 * Blakeley
 * Blossom
 * Boston
 * Bowmansville
 * Brant
 * Brighton
 * Carnegie
 * Chaffee
 * Clarksburg
 * Cleveland Hill
 * Clifton Heights
 * Collins Center
 * Concord
 * Creekside
 * Crittenden
 * Dellwood
 * Derby
 * Doyle
 * Duells Corner
 * Dutchtown
 * East Amherst
 * East Concord
 * East Eden
 * East Elma
 * East Seneca
 * Ebenezer
 * Eden Valley
 * Ellicott
 * Elma
 * Evans Center
 * Ferry Village
 * Footes
 * Forks
 * Fowlerville
 * Gardenville
 * Getzville
 * Glenwood
 * Green Acres
 * Griffins Mills
 * Holland
 * Hunts Corners
 * Jerusalem Corners
 * Jewettville
 * Kenilworth
 * Lake View
 * Langford
 * Lawtons
 * Locksley Park
 * Looneyville
 * Loveland
 * Marilla
 * Marshfield
 * Millersport
 * Millgrove
 * Morton Corners
 * Mount Vernon
 * Murrays Corner
 * New Ebenezer
 * New Oregon
 * North Bailey
 * North Evans
 * Oakfield
 * Patchin
 * Peters Corners
 * Pine Hill
 * Pinehurst
 * Pontiac
 * Porterville
 * Protection
 * Sand Hill
 * Sandy Beach
 * Scranton
 * Sheenwater
 * Shirley
 * Snyder
 * South Cheektowaga
 * South Newstead
 * South Wales
 * Spring Brook
 * Swifts Mills
 * Taylor Hollow
 * Town Line Station
 * Swormville
 * Walden Cliffs
 * Wales Hollow
 * Water Valley
 * Webster Corners
 * Wende
 * West Alden
 * West Falls
 * Weyer
 * Williston
 * Windom
 * Wolcottsburg
 * Woodlawn
 * Woodside
 * Wyandale
 * Zoar

Indian reservations

 * Cattaraugus Reservation
 * Tonawanda Reservation

title: Erie County, New York


text:
LaserWriter

The LaserWriter is a laser printer with built-in PostScript interpreter sold by Apple, Inc. from 1985 to 1988. It was one of the first laser printers available to the mass market. In combination with WYSIWYG publishing software like PageMaker that operated on top of the graphical user interface of Macintosh computers, the LaserWriter was a key component at the beginning of the desktop publishing revolution.

Development of laser printing
Laser printing traces its history to efforts by Gary Starkweather at Xerox in 1969, which resulted in a commercial system called the Xerox 9700. IBM followed this with the IBM 3800 system in 1976. Both machines were large, room-filling devices handling the combined output of many users. During the mid-1970s, Canon started working on similar machines, and partnered with Hewlett-Packard to produce 1980's HP 2680, which filled only part of a room. Other copier companies also started development of similar systems.

HP introduced their first desktop model with a Ricoh engine for $12,800 in 1983. Sales of the non-networked product were unsurprisingly poor. In 1983, Canon introduced the LBP-CX, a desktop laser printer engine using a laser diode and featuring an output resolution of 300 dpi. In 1984, HP released the first commercially available system based on the LBP-CX, the HP LaserJet.

Apple's development
Steve Jobs of Apple Computer had seen the LBP-CX while negotiating for supplies of 3.5" floppy disk drives for the upcoming Apple Macintosh computer. Meanwhile, John Warnock had left Xerox to found Adobe Systems to commercialize PostScript and AppleTalk in a laser printer they intended to market. Jobs was aware of Warnock's efforts, and upon his return to California he began convincing Warnock to allow Apple to license PostScript for a new printer that Apple would sell. Negotiations between Apple and Adobe over the use of PostScript began in 1983 and an agreement was reached in December 1983, one month before Macintosh was announced. Jobs eventually arranged for Apple to buy $2.5 million in Adobe stock.

At about the same time, Jonathan Seybold (John W. Seybold's son) introduced Paul Brainerd to Apple, where he learned of Apple's laser printer efforts and saw the potential for a new program using the Mac's GUI to produce PostScript output for the new printer. Arranging his own funding through a venture capital firm, Brainerd formed Aldus and began development of what would become PageMaker. The venture capital coined the term "desktop publishing" during this time.

Release
The LaserWriter was announced at Apple's annual shareholder meeting on January 23, 1985, the same day Aldus announced PageMaker. Shipments began in March 1985 at the retail price of US$6,995, significantly more than the HP model. However, the LaserWriter featured AppleTalk support that allowed the printer to be shared among as many as sixteen Macs, meaning that its per-user price could fall to under $450, far less expensive than HP's less-advanced model.

The combination of the LaserWriter, PostScript, PageMaker and the Mac's GUI and built-in AppleTalk networking would ultimately transform the landscape of computer desktop publishing. At the time, Apple planned to release a suite of AppleTalk products as part of the Macintosh Office, with the LaserWriter being only the first component.

While competing printers and their associated control languages offered some of the capabilities of PostScript, they were limited in their ability to reproduce free-form layouts (as a desktop publishing application might produce), use outline fonts, or offer the level of detail and control over the page layout. HP's own LaserJet was driven by a simple page description language, known as Printer Command Language, or PCL. The version for the LaserJet, PCL4, was adapted from earlier inkjet printers with the addition of downloadable bitmapped fonts. It lacked the power and flexibility of PostScript until several upgrades provided some level of parity. It was some time before similar products became available on other platforms, by which time the Mac had ridden the desktop publishing market to success.

Hardware
The LaserWriter used the same Canon CX printing engine as the HP LaserJet, and as a consequence early LaserWriters and LaserJets shared the same toner cartridges and paper trays. PostScript is a complete programming language that has to be run in a suitable interpreter and then sent to a software rasterizer program, all inside the printer. To support this, the LaserWriter featured a Motorola 68000 CPU running at 12 MHz, 512 KB of workspace RAM, and a 1 MB frame buffer.

At introduction, the LaserWriter had the most processing power in Apple's product line—more than the 8 MHz Macintosh. As a result, the LaserWriter was also one of Apple's most expensive offerings. For implementation purposes, the LaserWriter employed a small number of medium-scale-integration Monolithic Memories PALs, and no custom LSI, whereas the LaserJet employed a large number of small-scale-integration Texas Instruments 74-Series gates, and one custom LSI. The LaserWriter was, thereby, in the same form factor (for its RIP), able to provide much greater function, and, indeed, much greater performance, all within the very same LBP-CX form factor, although the external packaging was, for marketing purposes, somewhat different.

Networking
Since the cost of a LaserWriter was several times that of a dot-matrix impact printer, some means to share the printer with several Macs was desired. LANs were complex and expensive, so Apple developed its own networking scheme, LocalTalk. Based on the AppleTalk protocol stack, LocalTalk connected the LaserWriter to the Mac over an RS-422 serial port. At 230.4 kbit/s LocalTalk was slower than the Centronics PC parallel interface, but allowed several computers to share a single LaserWriter. PostScript enabled the LaserWriter to print complex pages containing high-resolution bitmap graphics, outline fonts, and vector illustrations. The LaserWriter could print more complex layouts than the HP LaserJet and other non-Postscript printers. Paired with the program Aldus PageMaker, the LaserWriter gave the layout editor an exact replica of the printed page. The LaserWriter offered a generally faithful proofing tool for preparing documents for quantity publication, and could print smaller quantities directly. The Mac platform quickly gained the favor of the emerging desktop-publishing industry, a market in which the Mac is still important.

Design
The LaserWriter was the first major printer designed by Apple to use the new Snow White design language created by Frog Design. It also continued a departure from the beige color that characterized the Apple and Macintosh products to that time by using the same brighter, creamy off-white color first introduced with the Apple IIc and Apple Scribe Printer 8 months earlier. In that regard it and its successors stood out among all of Apple's Macintosh product offerings until 1987, when Apple adopted a unifying warm gray color they called Platinum across its entire product line, which was to last for over a decade.

The LaserWriter was also the first peripheral to use the LocalTalk connector and Apple's unified round AppleTalk Connector Family, which allowed any variety of mechanical networking systems to be plugged into the ports on the computers or printers. A common solution was the 3rd party PhoneNET which used conventional telephone cables for networking.

Legacy
Apple's RIP was of its own design, and was implemented using few ICs, including PALs for most combinatorial logic; with the subsystem timing DRAM refreshing, and rasterization functions being implemented in very few medium-scale-integration PALs. Apple's competitors (i.e., QMS, NEC, and others) generally used a variation of one of Adobe's RIPs with their large quantity of small-scale-integration (i.e., Texas Instruments' 7400 series) ICs.

In the same time-frame as Apple's LaserWriter, Adobe was licensing the very same version of PostScript to Apple's potential competitors (Apple's PostScript licensing terms were non-exclusive); however, all non-Apple licensees of PostScript generally employed one of Adobe's PostScript "reference models" (Atlas, Redstone, etc.) and even Linotype's first image setter which featured PostScript employed such a "reference model" (but with customization for the Linotronic's different video interface, plus the necessary implementation of "banding" and a hard drive frame buffer and font storage mechanism). Indeed, the PostScript language itself was concurrently enhanced and extended to support these high-resolution "banding" devices (as contrasted to the lower resolution "framing" devices, such as the LaserWriter, in which the entire "frame" could be contained within the available RAM).

In most cases, such RAM was fixed in size and was soldered to the logic board. In late PostScript Level 1, and in early PostScript Level 2, the RAM size was made variable and was generally extensible, through plug-in DIMMs, beyond the 2.0 to 2.5 MB minimum (0.5 to 1.0 MB for instructions, depending upon PostScript version, and 1.5 MB minimum for the "frame buffer", for the lowest resolution devices, 300 dpi), as more than 300 dpi of course required more RAM, and some LaserWriters were able to change between 300 dpi and 600 dpi, depending upon how much RAM was installed. 600 dpi, for example, required 6 MB of RAM, but 8 MB of RAM was more commonly found.

At this point, Apple's LaserWriters were employing generic non-parity RAM, whereas HP's LaserJets, especially the ones which offered a plug-in PostScript interpreter card, required special parity-type PS/2 RAM modules with a "presence detect" function according to IBM specs.

Other LaserWriter models
Building on the success of the original LaserWriter, Apple developed many further models. Later LaserWriters offered faster printing, higher resolutions, Ethernet connectivity, and eventually color output in the Color LaserWriter. To compete, many other laser printer manufacturers licensed Adobe PostScript for inclusion into their own models. Eventually the standardization on Ethernet for connectivity and the ubiquity of PostScript undermined the unique position of Apple's printers: Macintosh computers functioned equally well with any Postscript printer. After the LaserWriter 8500, Apple discontinued the LaserWriter product line in 1997 when Steve Jobs returned to Apple.

LaserWriter II
In 1988, to address the need for both an affordable printer and a professional printer, the LaserWriter II was designed to allow for complete replacement of the computer circuit board that operates the printer. Across all the different models, the print engine was the same.
 * For low-end users, there was the LaserWriter IISC, a host-based QuickDraw printer connected via SCSI that did not use PostScript and did not require a license from Adobe. It had two SCSI ports to allow daisy-chaining of the printer with other SCSI devices such as hard drives. It did not support AppleTalk.
 * For midrange users, the LaserWriter IINT provided PostScript support and AppleTalk networking.
 * For high-end users, the LaserWriter IINTX also included a SCSI controller for storage of printer fonts on a hard drive dedicated for use by the printer.

Three years later in 1991, two updated versions of the LaserWriter II were produced.
 * The LaserWriter IIf had a faster processor than the IINTX, a newer version of PostScript and also HP PCL, and included the SCSI interface for font storage on an external hard drive.
 * The LaserWriter IIg had the capabilities of the IIf, and was also the first LaserWriter with a built-in Ethernet network interface.

To deliver higher performance, Apple eventually switched from the 68000 series to the Am29000 series of processors to drive later models, starting with the Personal LaserWriter NTR in 1992.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: LaserWriter