text:
827

Year 827 (DCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * June 14 – Euphemius, exiled Byzantine admiral, asks for the help of North African Arabs, to retake Sicily and Malta from the Byzantines. Emir Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya promises to return the islands to Euphemius, in exchange for a yearly tribute, and sends an Arab Muslim expeditionary force of 10,000 men under the 70-year-old Asad ibn al-Furat, which lands at Mazara del Vallo in Sicily.
 * Fall – Siege of Syracuse: Muslim forces under Asad ibn al-Furat, in support of the rebel Byzantine army, besiege Syracuse, Sicily.

Europe

 * Summer – Omurtag, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, launches an attack to the West, and penetrates into Pannonia. He expels the local chiefs, and installs Bulgar governors over the Slavic tribes to control them. Omurtag conquers the cities of Beograd, Braničevo, Sirmium, and most of eastern Slavonia.
 * Giustiniano Participazio deposes his younger brother Giovanni I, and is appointed doge of Venice. Giovanni, who is part of a pro-Frankish faction, is exiled to Zara (modern Croatia).

Britain

 * Æthelstan establishes himself as king of East Anglia, after killing King Ludeca of Mercia in battle. Ludeca is succeeded by Wiglaf, father-in-law (and probably distant cousin) of the late king Ceolwulf I's daughter.

China

 * Emperor Jing Zong is assassinated by a group of conspirators. He is succeeded by his brother Wen Zong, as ruler of the Tang Dynasty.

Religion

 * August 27 – Pope Eugene II dies after a 3-year reign, and is succeeded by Valentine as the 100th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * October 10 – Pope Valentine dies just after a two-month reign, and is succeeded by Gregory IV as the 101st pope of Rome.

Science

 * Chalid Ben Abdulmelik and Ali Ben Isa travel to the Plain of Sinjar (modern Iraq), under orders of Caliph Al-Ma'mun, to measure the size of the Earth.

Agriculture

 * The Saracens, who found spinach originally in Persia (modern Iran), introduce the plant to Sicily.

Births

 * Cyril, Byzantine missionary and bishop (d. 869)
 * Ibn al-Rawandi, Muslim scholar and writer (d. 911)
 * Maura of Troyes, Frankish noblewoman and saint (d. 850)

Deaths

 * January 1 – Adalard of Corbie, Frankish abbot
 * August 27 – Eugene II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * October 10 – Valentine, pope of the Catholic Church
 * Agnello Participazio, doge of Venice
 * Claudius, archbishop of Turin
 * Grigol of Kakheti, Georgian prince
 * Guillemundus, Frankish nobleman
 * Hildegrim, bishop of Châlons
 * Jing Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 809)
 * Li Yi, Chinese poet (or 829)
 * Ludeca, king of Mercia
 * Wu Chongyin, Chinese general (b. 761)
 * Yaoshan Weiyan, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 745)

title: 827


text:
844

Year 844 (DCCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Battle of Mauropotamos: A Byzantine expedition under Theoktistos is sent to Anatolia (modern Turkey), against the Muslim Arabs of the Abbasid Caliphate, who have raided the Byzantine themes of Cappadocia, Anatolikon, Boukellarion, and Opsikion. The Byzantines are defeated, and many of the officers defect to the Arabs.

Europe

 * Viking raiders ascend the River Garonne as far as the city of Toulouse, and pillage the lands of Septimania. Part of the marauding Vikings invades Galicia (Northern Spain), where some perish in a storm at sea. After being defeated in Corunna, the Scandinavian raiders sack the Umayyad cities of Seville (see below), Niebla, Beja, and Lisbon.
 * Summer – King Charles the Bald struggles against the repeated rebellions in Aquitaine, and against the Bretons in West Francia. He besieges Bernard I at the Battle of Toulouse, while Duke Nominoe raids into Maine, and plunders other Frankish territory.
 * June 15 – Louis II, eldest son of Emperor Lothair I, is crowned king at Rome by Pope Sergius II, and becomes co-ruler of Middle Francia, and over Lombardy, Friuli, and Tuscany in Italy.
 * September 25–November 11 or 17 – Viking raid on Seville (844): Vikings arrive in Seville by the Guadalquivir, taking the city on October 1 or 3 and pillaging it; but are expelled by forces of the Emirate of Córdoba.

Britain

 * King Æthelred II of Northumbria is expelled from his kingdom by Rædwulf, who takes the throne. Rædwulf is later killed in battle against the Vikings, along with many of his noblemen. Æthelred returns and claims his right to rule.
 * King Merfyn Frych dies after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Rhodri Mawr ("the Great"), who thus becomes ruler of Gwynedd (Wales).

Religion

 * January 25 – Pope Gregory IV dies after a 16-year reign, in which he has supported the Frankish policy of late emperor Louis the Pious, and established the observance of All Saints' Day. He is succeeded by Sergius II, as the 102nd pope of Rome. Sergius imprisons the antipope John VIII, and is elected by popular acclamation.

Births

 * Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi, Muslim emir (d. 912)
 * Al-Mu'tamid, Muslim caliph (d. 892)
 * Hasan al-Utrush, Muslim emir (approximate date)
 * Sosei, Japanese waka poet (approximate date)
 * Yu Xuanji, Chinese poet (approximate date)

Deaths

 * January 11 – Michael I, former Byzantine emperor
 * January 25 – Gregory IV, pope of the Catholic Church
 * Abdallah ibn Tahir, Muslim governor (or 845)
 * Abu Ja'far Ashinas, Muslim general
 * Alberik II, Frankish bishop
 * Bera, count of Barcelona
 * Bernard II, count of Poitiers
 * Bernard I, duke of Septimania
 * Chen Yixing, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
 * Ekkehard, Frankish nobleman
 * Galindo Garcés, count of Aragon
 * Hugh, illegitimate son of Charlemagne (b. 802)
 * Merfyn Frych, king of Gwynedd (Wales)
 * Mukhariq, Abbasid court singer
 * Nithard, Frankish historian
 * Rædwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date)
 * Tachibana no Hayanari, Japanese calligrapher (d. 782)
 * Theodrada, Frankrish princess and abbess (or 853)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 844


text:
847

Year 847 (DCCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Danish Vikings land in the Breton March (western part of Gaul). Duke Nominoe of Brittany fails to withstand them in battle, but succeeds in buying them off with gifts and persuading them to leave (approximate date).
 * Viking Age: The Vikings plunder the Lower Rhine, as part of their attacks on the Empire of Francia.
 * The Saracens, under the Berber leader Kalfun, capture the Byzantine city of Bari (Southern Italy). He becomes the first ruler of the Emirate of Bari, and expands his influence on the Italian mainland with raids.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * August 10 – Caliph Al-Wathiq dies of dropsy after a five-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother al-Mutawakkil.

Natural events

 * November 24 – 847 Damascus earthquake

Religion

 * January 24 – Pope Sergius II dies of gout after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by Leo IV, as the 103rd pope of Rome.
 * April 21– Rabanus Maurus, a Frankish Benedictine monk, becomes archbishop of Mainz after the death of Odgar.

Births

 * Æthelred I, king of Wessex (approximate date)
 * Al-Mu'tazz, Muslim caliph (d. 869)
 * Charles the Child, king of Aquitaine (or 848)
 * Cheng Ji, Chinese general (approximate date)
 * Fujiwara no Sukeyo, Japanese aristocrat (d. 897)
 * Kang Junli, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 894)
 * Lu Yi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 905)
 * Miyoshi Kiyotsura, Japanese scholar (d. 918)
 * Wang Jian, emperor of Former Shu (d. 918)
 * Wang Jingchong, Chinese general (d. 883)

Deaths

 * January 27 – Sergius II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 790)
 * April 21 – Odgar, Frankish monk and archbishop
 * June 1 – Xiao, empress of the Tang Dynasty
 * June 14 – Methodius I, patriarch of Constantinople
 * August 10 – Al-Wathiq, Muslim caliph (b. 816)
 * Fedelmid mac Crimthainn, king of Munster (Ireland)
 * Frothar of Toul, Frankish bishop (approximate date)
 * Hetto, Frankish archbishop (approximate date)
 * Isa ibn Mansur al-Rafi'i, Muslim governor
 * Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat, Abbasid vizier
 * Li Rangyi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
 * Theodemar of Iria, Galician bishop

title: 847


text:
855

Year 855 (DCCCLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * November 20 – Theoktistos, co-regent of the Empire on behalf of 15-year old Emperor Michael III, is murdered on the orders of Michael.

Central Europe

 * September 29 – Emperor Lothair I dies after a 15-year reign (co-ruling with his father Louis the Pious until 840). He divides the Middle Frankish Kingdom between his three sons in an agreement called the Treaty of Prüm—the eldest, Louis II, receives the northern half of Italy and the title of Holy Roman Emperor. The second, Lothair II, receives Lotharingia (the Low Countries and Upper Burgundy). The youngest, Charles, receives Lower Burgundy and Provence.

Britain

 * Spring – King Æthelwulf of Wessex decides to go on a pilgrimage to Rome, accompanied by his youngest son Alfred (age 6) and a large retinue. He divides the kingdom between his two eldest sons; Æthelbald receives the western part of Wessex, while Æthelberht becomes ruler over Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * Caliph al-Mutawakkil sends an Abbasid army, led by the Turkic general Bugha al-Kabir, to suppress an uprising of rebellious Armenian nakharars. He subdues the country, and deports many Armenian nobles to the caliphal capital of Samarra.

Religion

 * July 17 – Pope Leo IV dies after an 8-year reign, and is succeeded by Benedict III as the 104th pope of Rome. Anastasius is made anti-pope by Lothair I.
 * Æthelwulf grants churches in Wessex the right to receive tithes. He gives one-tenth of his lands to the Church.
 * The Slavic alphabet is created by Saints Cyril and Methodius.

Births

 * Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, Muslim vizier (d. 924)
 * Gerald of Aurillac, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Guaimar I of Salerno, Lombard prince (approximate date)
 * Han Jian, Chinese warlord (d. 912)
 * Jing Hao, Chinese painter (d. 915)

Deaths

 * July 17 – Leo IV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 790)
 * September 20 – Gozbald, abbot and bishop of Würzburg
 * September 29 – Lothair I, Frankish king and emperor (b. 795)
 * November 20 – Theoktistos, Byzantine chief minister
 * December 8 – Drogo of Metz, illegitimate son of Charlemagne (b. 801)
 * Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Muslim scholar and theologian (b. 780)
 * Boso the Elder, count of Turin and Valois
 * Cyngen ap Cadell, king of Powys (Wales)
 * Elisedd ap Cyngen, king of Powys (Wales)
 * Pepin, count of Vermandois (approximate date)
 * Sahnun ibn Sa'id, Muslim jurist (or 854)
 * Sico II, prince of Salerno (Italy)

title: 855


text:
810

Year 810 (DCCCX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – The Venetian dukes change sides again, submitting to King Pepin, under the authority of his father Charlemagne, who then proceeds to take Venice. Emperor Nikephoros I sends a Byzantine fleet to Dalmatia, prompting Pepin to withdraw to the mainland. A legate is dispatched to Venice, where he deposes the turncoat dukes, before continuing on to Aachen, to negotiate a peace with Charlemagne. Charlemagne recognises Byzantine dominance over Venice and Dalmatia in the Adriatic Sea.

Europe

 * King Godfred of the Danes leads 200 Viking ships to plunder the Frisian coast, and forces the merchants to pay 100 pounds of silver. He claims Northern Frisia as Danish territory.
 * Godfred is killed by one of his housecarls, and is succeeded by Hemming. According to Notker of Saint Gall, the bodyguard who murdered Godfred is possibly one of his sons.
 * Al-Andalus (modern Spain): The city of Mérida rises up against the Emirate of Córdoba.

Religion

 * Tikal Temple III, also known as the Temple of the Jaguar Priest, is constructed in Tikal National Park (modern Guatemala).
 * The Book of Kells (also known as the Book of Colomba), an illuminated manuscript, is completed by Celtic monks (approximate date).

Births

 * July 19 – Muhammad al-Bukhari, Persian Islamic scholar (d. 870)
 * July 27 – Xuān Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 859)
 * Abbas ibn Firnas, Muslim physician and inventor (d. 887)
 * Anastasius, antipope of Rome (approximate date)
 * Bertharius, Benedictine abbot and poet (approximate date)
 * Engelram, Frankish chamberlain (approximate date)
 * Gérard II, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Halfdan the Black, Norwegian nobleman (approximate date)
 * Kassia, Byzantine abbess and hymnographer (approximate date)
 * Kenneth MacAlpin, king of Scotland (d. 858)
 * Louis the German, king of East Francia (approximate date)
 * Minamoto no Makoto, Japanese prince (d. 868)
 * Photius I, patriarch of Constantinople (approximate date)
 * Seishi, empress of Japan (d. 879)

Deaths

 * July 8 – Pippin of Italy, son of Charlemagne
 * Æthelburh, Anglo-Saxon abbess
 * Abul-Abbas, Asian elephant given to Charlemagne
 * Bello of Carcassonne, Frankish nobleman
 * Eardwulf, king of Northumbria (approximate date)
 * Eochaid mac Fiachnai, king of Ulaid (Ireland)
 * Fujiwara no Nakanari, Japanese nobleman (b. 764)
 * Gisela, Frankish abbess (b. 757)
 * Godfred, king of the Danes
 * Ismail ibn Ibrahim, Muslim scholar (b. 756)
 * Liu Ji, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 757)
 * Owain ap Maredudd, king of Dyfed (Wales)
 * Rotrude, Frankish princess, daughter of Charlemagne
 * Thrasco, Obotrite prince
 * Vojnomir, duke of Lower Pannonia (approximate date)
 * Wu Shaocheng, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 750)

title: 810


text:
809

Year 809 (DCCCIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 809th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 809th year of the 1st millennium, the 9th year of the 9th century, and the 10th and last year of the 800s decade.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Siege of Serdica: Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, captures the fortress of Serdica (modern Sofia), after a long siege. According to Byzantine sources, he massacres the garrison (supposedly 6,000 men), sacks the city, and razes the city walls, before returning with much loot to Bulgaria. In the following years (and centuries), Serdica will serve as a base for the expansion of the Bulgars to the south of the Balkans.

Europe

 * A Byzantine fleet lands in the Venetian Lagoon, and attacks a Frankish flotilla at Comacchio, but is defeated. Doge Obelerio degli Antenori marries a Frankish bride, Carola; she becomes the first dogaressa of Venice.
 * Aznar Galíndez I succeeds Aureolus, as count of Aragon (modern Spain). He is installed by King Louis the Pious (a son of emperor Charlemagne), and remains a Frankish vassal.
 * A rebellion in Gharb al-Andalus (modern Portugal) is crushed by the Emirate of Córdoba.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * March 24 – Caliph Harun al-Rashid dies at Tus, on an expedition to put down an uprising in Khorasan (modern Iran). He is succeeded by his son Muhammad ibn Harun al-Amin.

Asia

 * Emperor Heizei becomes ill, and abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Saga, who is installed as the 52nd emperor of Japan.
 * Emperor Govinda III defeats his rival Nagabhata II, and obtains the submission of the Pala Empire (India).

Religion

 * Council of Aachen (809): Frankish bishops adopt the filioque addition in the Creed. Pope Leo III intervenes, and refuses to recognize it as valid.

Births

 * Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Muslim scholar and physician (d. 873)
 * Jing Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 827)
 * Wen Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 840)

Deaths

 * March 24 – Harun al-Rashid, Muslim caliph (b. 763)
 * March 26 – Ludger, Frisian missionary
 * July 14 – Ōtomo no Otomaro, Japanese general and Shōgun  (b. 731)
 * Abbas ibn al-Ahnaf, Muslim poet (b. 750)
 * Aejang, king of Silla (b. 788)
 * Aureolus of Aragon, Frankish nobleman
 * Cellach Tosach mac Donngaile, Irish king
 * Elfodd, Welsh bishop (approximate date)
 * Gang, king of Balhae (Korea)
 * Wang Shizhen, Chinese general (b. 759)

title: 809


text:
AD 808

Year 808 (DCCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 808th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 808th year of the 1st millennium, the 8th year of the 9th century, and the 9th year of the 800s decade.

Europe

 * King Godfred of the Danes forms an alliance with the Wiltzi and other Wendic tribes, against the pagan but pro-Frankish Abodrites. Godfred builds earthworks (Danevirke) across the isthmus of Schleswig-Holstein, separating Jutland from the northern extent of the Frankish Empire.
 * Viking Age: First Viking raid, by Danes against the Baltic coast. Godfred destroys the Slav settlement of Reric (near present-day Wismar), used as a strategic trade route. The population is displaced or abducted, to Hedeby (Denmark).
 * Emperor Charlemagne gives orders to construct two new forts on the Elbe River, garrisoning them against future Slav incursions.
 * In Gharb al-Andalus (modern Portugal), Hazim ibn Wahb leads a rebellion against the Emirate of Córdoba.

Britain

 * Exiled king Eardwulf of Northumbria is able to return to his kingdom, with the support of Charlemagne and Pope Leo III. He ousts the usurper, King Ælfwald II.
 * Cadell ap Brochfael, king of Powys (modern Wales), dies after a 35-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Cyngen ap Cadell.

Finance

 * Jewish merchants in Lombardy open the first bank (or money repository) in Italy (approximate date).

Births

 * September 27 – Ninmyō, emperor of Japan (d. 850)
 * Emma of Altdorf, Frankish queen (or 803)
 * Gottschalk of Orbais, German monk and theologian (approximate date)
 * Kang Chengxun, general of the Tang Dynasty (approximate date)
 * Kim Yang, viceroy of Silla (Korea) (d. 857)
 * Walafrid Strabo, Frankish theological writer (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Ælfwald II, king of Northumbria (approximate date)
 * Al-Fadl ibn Yahya al-Barmaki, Muslim governor (b. 766)
 * Cadell ap Brochfael, king of Powys (Wales)
 * Du Huangchang, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
 * Eanbald II, archbishop of York
 * Elipando, Spanish archbishop and theologian (approximate date)
 * Layman Pang, Chinese (Zen) Buddhist (b. 740)

title: AD 808


text:
807

Year 807 (DCCCVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 807th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 807th year of the 1st millennium, the 7th year of the 9th century, and the 8th year of the 800s decade.

Abbasid Empire and Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Nikephoros I is forced to sue for peace, on condition of paying 50,000 nomismata to Caliph Harun al-Rashid, and agrees to a yearly tribute. Nikephoros promises not to rebuild the dismantled forts. Rashid recalls his forces from various sieges, and evacuates Byzantine territory.
 * An Abbasid fleet under Humayd ibn Ma'yuf al-Hajuri raids the Peloponnese, Rhodes and Myra.

Europe

 * Al-Andalus (modern Spain): An uprising occurs in the city of Mérida against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.
 * Siege of Patras: This marks the end of independent rule by the South Slavs in the Peloponnese (or 805).

Britain

 * The Vikings land on the Cornish coast, and form an alliance with the Cornish to fight against Wessex.
 * King Cuthred of Kent dies. His brother, King Coenwulf of Mercia, takes control over Kent himself.

Asia

 * Dappula II becomes king of Sri Lanka, and makes Anuradhapura the capital city.
 * Li Jifu is appointed chancellor, during the reign of Emperor Xian Zong in China.

Religion

 * The Temple of Motoyama-ji in Mitoyo (Japan), of the Kōyasan Shingon-shū sect, is constructed by the orders of Emperor Heizei.
 * The Jame' Atiq Mosque of Qazvin is constructed in Qazvin (modern Iran), by the orders of Harun al-Rashid.
 * The Book of Armagh is written by the Irish illuminator Ferdomnach, a scribe at the School of Armagh.

Science

 * The first record of sun spots appears in Europe.

Births

 * Dongshan Liangjie, Chinese Buddhist teacher (d. 869)

Deaths

 * October 13 – Simpert, bishop of Augsburg
 * Conall mac Taidg, king of the Picts (approximate date)
 * Cuthred, king of Kent
 * Robert II, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Stephen the Hymnographer, Syrian monk (b. 725)
 * Widukind, duke of Saxony (approximate date)

title: 807


text:
806

Year 806 (DCCCVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 806th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 806th year of the 1st millennium, the 6th year of the 9th century, and the 7th year of the 800s decade.

Asia

 * February 5 – Emperor Kanmu dies after a 25-year reign, that has seen Korean culture and technology introduced to Japan. He is succeeded by his son Heizei, as the 51st emperor of Japan.
 * Hōzen-ji Temple is founded in Wakakusa, Nakakoma District, Japan (now Minami-Alps, Yamanashi Prefecture). The temple follows the Shingon sect of Japanese Buddhism.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * Arab–Byzantine wars: Caliph Harun al-Rashid leads a huge military expedition, assembling men from Syria, Palestine, Persia, and Egypt. The invasion army (reportedly 135,000 men) departs from Raqqa, residence of Harun, and enters Cappadocia through the Cilician Gates, sacking several Byzantine fortresses and cities. Heraclea is captured after a month-long siege (August/September). The city is plundered and razed; its inhabitants are enslaved and deported to the Abbasid Caliphate.
 * Arab–Byzantine wars: An Abbasid fleet under Humayd ibn Ma'yuf al-Hajuri raids Cyprus, carrying off 16,000 inhabitants as slaves.
 * Harun al-Rashid appoints Ashot Msaker ("the Carnivorous") as the new presiding prince of Armenia. The Bagratids emerge as one of the country's two most powerful noble families. Harun recognizes another Bagratid branch, under Ashot I Curopalates, as princes of Caucasian Iberia.
 * Rafi ibn al-Layth, an Arab nobleman, leads a large-scale rebellion against oppressive taxation by the Abbasid governor Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan. He launches a revolt in Samarkand, which spreads quickly across Khorasan.

Britain

 * Vikings massacre Columba's monks, and all the inhabitants on the island of Iona (Scotland). Other monks flee to safety in the monastery of Kells (Ireland). They take with them the Book of Kells.
 * King Eardwulf of Northumbria is expelled from his kingdom by his rival Ælfwald II, who takes the throne. Eardwulf flees to the Frankish court of Charlemagne, and later visits Pope Leo III in Rome.

Europe

 * November – Al-Hakam I, Umayyad emir of Córdoba, reasserts his control over the city of Toledo, autonomous since 797. To this effect Al-Hakam has over 72 nobles (accounts talk of 5,000) massacred at a banquet, crucified and displayed along the banks of the Guadalquivir River (modern Spain), in what comes to be known as the "Day of the Trench".
 * Emperor Charlemagne divides the Frankish Empire under his three sons, called Divisio Regnorum. For Charles the Younger he designates the imperial title, Austrasia and Neustria, Saxony, Burgundy, and Thuringia. To Pepin he gives Italy, Bavaria, and Swabia. His youngest son Louis the Pious receives Aquitaine, the Spanish March, and Provence.
 * Grimoald III, Lombard duke of Benevento, dies without heirs. He is succeeded by Grimoald IV, who is forced to pay tribute to King Charles the Younger.

Religion

 * April 12 – Nikephoros I is elected patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Tarasios.
 * The church (oratory) in Germigny-des-Prés is built by Bishop Theodulf of Orléans.
 * July 26 – Wulfred is elected Archbishop of Canterbury.

Births

 * Hincmar, archbishop of Reims (d. 882)
 * Leuthard II, Frankish count (approximate date)
 * Ralpacan, king of Tibet (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 5 – Kanmu, emperor of Japan (b. 737)
 * February 11 – Shun Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 761)
 * February 25 – Tarasios, patriarch of Constantinople
 * July 19 – Li Shigu, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 778)
 * Grimoald III, Lombard prince of Benevento
 * Miliduch, prince (knyaz) of the Sorbs (approximate date)
 * Muhammad ibn Ibrahim al-Fazari, Muslim philosopher (or 796)
 * Yahya ibn Khalid, Persian vizier of Bagdad

title: 806


text:
805

Year 805 (DCCCV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 805th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 805th year of the 1st millennium, the 5th year of the 9th century, and the 6th year of the 800s decade.

Byzantine Empire

 * Siege of Patras: Local Slavic tribes of the Peloponnese lay siege to the city of Patras (modern Greece), with aid from an Arab fleet. A Byzantine relief army under Skleros, military governor (strategos) from Corinth, is sent and retakes the city. The captured Slavs in Patras are made slaves, and a church is dedicated to St. Andrew.

Europe

 * Battle of Canburg: The Franks under Charles the Younger, son of emperor Charlemagne, defeat the Slavs near the modern-day town of Kadaň, and conquer Bohemia (modern Czech Republic).
 * Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, conquers and destroys the Eastern part of the Avar Khaganate (approximate date).
 * The first known mention of Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt), founded by Charlemagne, is made.

Asia

 * February 25 – Emperor Dezong of Tang dies after a 25-year reign, in which the fanzhen is controlled by military governors or jiedushi, who often ignore imperial decrees. He is succeeded by his son Shunzong, who becomes ruler of the Tang Dynasty.
 * August 31 – Shunzong issues an edict to yield the throne to his son Xianzong (Li Chun), because of an illness, taking for himself the title of "Retired Emperor" (Taishang Huang). Xian is confronted with political disputes in Zi Prefecture (Shaanxi).
 * Priest Saichō, patriarch of Tendai Buddhism, visits China and introduces tea to Japan on his return (or 804).

Religion

 * The Palatine Chapel in Aachen (modern Germany) is consecrated by Pope Leo III.

Births

 * García Íñiguez I, king of Pamplona (approximate date)
 * Louis the German, grandson of Charlemagne and first East frankish king. (Approximate date) (d. 876)
 * Liudolf, duke of Saxony (approximate date)
 * Lupus Servatus, Frankish abbot (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 25 – De Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 742)
 * May 12 – Æthelhard, archbishop of Canterbury
 * Anselm, duke of Friuli (approximate date)
 * Cernach mac Fergusa, king of South Brega (Ireland)
 * Urbicius, Frankish monk (approximate date)
 * Hui-kuo, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 746)
 * Jia Dan, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 730)
 * Muhammad al-Shaybani, Muslim jurist
 * Wei Gao, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 745)

title: 805


text:
803

Year 803 (DCCCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperors Nikephoros I and Charlemagne settle their imperial boundaries in the Adriatic Sea, and sign the Pax Nicephori ("Peace of Nikephoros"). The Byzantines retain control of the coastal cities and islands in Dalmatian Croatia, while Frankish rule is accepted over Istria and the Dalmatian hinterland. Venice is recognized as independent by the Byzantine Empire.
 * Summer – Bardanes Tourkos, Byzantine general (strategos), is proclaimed emperor by the troops of the Anatolic, Opsikion, Thracian and Bucellarian themes. The 'rebel' army marches to Chrysopolis, a suburb of Constantinople. After the defection of two of his trusted aides, future emperors Leo the Armenian and Michael the Amorian, Bardanes negotiates peace.

Europe

 * May – Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, begins his territorial expansion and raids the Byzantine northern frontier. He leads his warriors — mostly Bulgars, Slavs, Thracians and Macedonians — across the Carpathian Mountains, over the Danube River, and throughout Transylvania, Thrace, and Macedonia.
 * St. Peter Stiftskulinarium, possibly Central Europe's oldest restaurant, is founded in Salzburg, Austria.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * Caliph Harun al-Rashid has his friend and vizier (secretary) Ja'far ibn Yahya beheaded, The surviving members of the influential Barmakid family (Jafar's family) are imprisoned on the orders of Harun, and their property is confiscated.
 * Marriage of caliph Harun al-Rashid and Umm Muhammad; She was the daughter of Abbasid prince Salih al-Miskin and Umm Abdullah, the daughter of Isa ibn Ali. They married in November-December 803 in Al-Raqqah. She had formerly been married to Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, who had repudiated her.
 * The 803 Mopsuestia earthquake takes place in the vicinity of Mopsuestia, and the Gulf of Alexandretta (İskenderun)

Religion

 * October 12 – The Synod of Clofesho (possibly Brixworth) is held, at which the Archbishopric of Lichfield is demoted to an ordinary bishopric, with papal permission obtained by King Coenwulf of Mercia.

Births

 * Du Mu, Chinese poet and official (d. 852)
 * Emma of Altdorf, Frankish queen and wife of King Louis the German of East Francia (died 876)
 * Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam, Muslim historian (d. 871)
 * Liu Congjian, Chinese governor (d. 843)

Deaths

 * May 25 – Higbald, bishop of Lindisfarne
 * August 9 – Irene of Athens, Byzantine empress
 * Ja'far ibn Yahya, Persian vizier (b. 767)
 * Kardam, ruler (khan) of Bulgaria (or 802)

title: 803


text:
802

Year 802 (DCCCII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 802nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 802nd year of the 1st millennium, the 2nd year of the 9th century, and the 3rd year of the 800s decade.

Byzantine Empire

 * October 31 – Empress Irene is deposed after a 5-year reign, and banished to Lesbos. High-ranking patricians place Nikephoros, the minister of finance (logothetes tou genikou), on the throne. He is crowned in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople, by Patriarch Tarasios, as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.

Central America

 * May 1 – Lachan Kʼawiil Ajaw Bot (born June 25, 760) becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state near Itzan in Guatemala.

Europe

 * Pagan Danes invade Obodrite-ruled Schleswig, to take over territory almost emptied by the forcible deportations of the Saxons by emperor Charlemagne.
 * Al-Andalus: Saragossa rises against the Emirate of Córdoba. Emir Al-Hakam I sends a Muslim army under General Amrus ibn Yusuf, and retakes the city.
 * Krum becomes ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (until 814). During his reign Bulgarian territory doubles in size, from the Danube to the Dniester.

Britain

 * King Beorhtric of Wessex dies after drinking a chalice of poison intended for his wife, Eadburh. She flees to the court of Charlemagne, who accepts a portion of her wealth and makes her abbess. Prince Egbert returns to Wessex, and is accepted as the new king.
 * Battle of Kempsford: Æthelmund, ealdorman of Hwicce, is killed during the battle by his rival Weohstan, who levies West Saxon Wiltshire.
 * The Vikings plunder the treasures of Iona Abbey, on the west coast of Scotland (approximate date).

Abbasid Caliphate

 * The Mecca Protocol: Caliph Harun al-Rashid and the leading officials of the Abbasid Caliphate perform the hajj to Mecca, where the line of succession is finalized. Harun's eldest son al-Amin is named heir, but his second son al-Ma'mun is named as al-Amin's heir, and ruler of a broadly autonomous Khurasan. A third son, al-Qasim, is added as third heir, and receives responsibility over the frontier areas with the Byzantine Empire.

Asia

 * Prince Jayavarman declares the Khmer Empire (modern-day Cambodia) independent, and establishes the kingdom of Angkor. He is reconsecrated as a world ruler (chakravartin), or god-king (devaraja), under Hindu rites.

Religion

 * The Haeinsa Temple of the Jogye Order is built in Korea.

Births

 * Bi Xian, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 864)
 * Fujiwara no Nagara, Japanese statesman (d. 856)
 * Hugh, illegitimate son of Charlemagne (d. 844)
 * Ono no Takamura, Japanese scholar and poet (d. 853)
 * Ralpacan, emperor of Tibet (d. 836)

Deaths

 * January 11 – Paulinus II, patriarch of Aquileia (or 804)
 * Æthelmund, Anglo-Saxon nobleman
 * Bahlul ibn Marzuq, Muslim general
 * Beorhtric, king of Wessex
 * Domitian, duke of Carantania (approximate date)
 * Eadburh, Anglo-Saxon princess
 * Kardam, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire (or 803)
 * Rashid, Muslim regent of Idris II
 * Višeslav, duke of Croatia (or 810)
 * Wulfstan, Anglo-Saxon ealdorman
 * Theoctista, politically influential Byzantine woman (b. 740)

title: 802


text:
801

Year 801 (DCCCI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 801st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 801st year of the 1st millennium, the 1st year of the 9th century, and the 2nd year of the 800s decade.

Europe

 * April 3 – King Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne, captures Barcelona after a siege of several months. Bera is appointed first count of Barcelona.
 * April 29 – Earthquake in Rome and Spoleto.
 * Emperor Charlemagne formally cedes Nordalbian territory (modern-day Schleswig-Holstein) to the pagan Obotrites (allies of the Carolingian Empire).

Britain

 * King Eardwulf of Northumbria leads an army into Mercia against his rival, Coenwulf, in order to flush out other claimants to the Northumbrian throne.
 * A synod appears to have been held at Chelsea, as an extant charter (Sawyer 158) records a confirmation of a land grant by Coenwulf, the king of Mercia that was part of the council's proceedings.

Religion

 * Rabanus Maurus, Frankish Benedictine monk, takes his vows in the monastery of Fulda and receives ordination as a deacon.

Births

 * September 8 – Ansgar, Frankish monk and archbishop (d. 865)
 * June 17 – Drogo of Metz, illegitimate son of Charlemagne
 * Al-Kindi, Muslim philosopher and polymath (approximate date)
 * Waldrada of Worms, Frankish Duchess, married to Conrad II
 * Wang Chengyuan, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 834)

Deaths

 * Heathoberht, Bishop of London
 * Rabia Basri, Muslim Sufi mystic and saint (b. 717)

title: 801


text:
812

Year 812 (DCCCXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 812th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 812th year of the 1st millennium, the 12th year of the 9th century, and the 3rd year of the 810s decade.

Byzantine Empire

 * January 11 – Ex-emperor Staurakios, a son of Nikephoros I, dies of putrefaction in his wounds (see 811) in a monastery. He has reigned only two months and eight days, before being exiled by senior officials in Constantinople.
 * Emperor Michael I re-opens peace negotiations with the Franks, and recognizes Charlemagne as emperor (basileus) of the Frankish Empire. In exchange for this recognition, Venice is returned to the Byzantine Empire.
 * Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgars, led by Krum, ruler (khan) of the Bulgarian Empire, launch an invasion against the Byzantines. They capture the fortress cities of Develt and Mesembria, near the Black Sea.

Europe

 * Charlemagne conquers Catalonia, as far south as the River Ebro and the Balearic Islands. The counties come under the rule of Bera, count of Barcelona. He signs a three-year peace treaty with the Emirate of Córdoba.
 * Charlemagne issues the Capitulare de villis, concerning the rights of a feudal landholder and the services owed by his dependents. It also contains the names of some 89 plants, of which most are used medically.
 * The Republic of Amalfi sends galleys to support the Byzantine general (strategos) of Sicily, Gregorio, against the Aghlabid invaders. It is one of the earliest evidences of the independence of the city.
 * At the death of king Hemming of Denmark two claimants to the throne, Sigfred and Anulo, meet in battle but are both killed. Harald and Reginfrid, brothers of Anulo, becomes joint kings of Denmark.

Britain

 * King Sigered of Essex is reduced to the rank of duke, by his Mercian overlords.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * Fourth Fitna: Forces loyal to al-Ma'mun, led by Tahir ibn Husayn, blockade Baghdad, which is loyal to al-Ma'mun's brother, Caliph al-Amin, and begin the year-long Siege of Baghdad.

China

 * The Chinese government takes over the issuing of paper bank drafts, the ancestor of paper money.

Births

 * Domnall mac Ailpín, king of Scotland (d. 862)
 * Li Rong, prince of the Tang Dynasty (or 813)
 * Sugawara no Koreyoshi, Japanese nobleman (d. 880)
 * Theodora of Thessaloniki, Byzantine nun and saint (d. 892)
 * Wang Yuankui, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 854)
 * Wen Tingyun, Chinese poet and lyricist (d. 870)

Deaths

 * January 11 – Staurakios, Byzantine emperor
 * Abd al-Malik ibn Salih, Abbasid general (b. 750)
 * Candidus of Fulda, Benedictine scholar
 * Du You, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 735)
 * Flann mac Congalaig, king of Brega (Ireland)
 * Fujiwara no Uchimaro, Japanese nobleman (b. 756)
 * Hemming, king of Denmark
 * Ibrahim I, Muslim emir of the Aghlabids (b. 756)
 * Jeong, king of Balhae (Korea) (approximate date)
 * Li Ning, prince of the Tang Dynasty (b. 793)
 * Nikephoros, son of Constantine V (approximate date)
 * Tian Ji'an, general of the Tang Dynasty
 * William of Gellone, Frankish nobleman (or 814)

title: 812


text:
AD 102

Year 102 (CII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ursus and Sura (or, less frequently, year 855 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 102 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Lucius Licinius Sura become Roman consuls.
 * Emperor Trajan returns to Rome after a successful campaign against Dacia, through which he reestablishes clear Roman sovereignty over King Decebalus.
 * Trajan divides Pannonia into two provinces, sometime between this year and 107.
 * The port of Portus is enlarged.
 * Planning and surveying for the port of Ostia.

Asia

 * Having organised the territories of the Tarim basin, Chinese General Ban Chao retires to Luoyang and dies shortly thereafter.

Deaths

 * Ban Chao, Chinese general of the Han dynasty (b. AD 32)
 * Clement I, bishop of Rome (approximate date according to Roman Catholic tradition)
 * Yin, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty

title: AD 102


text:
130s

The 130s was a decade that ran from January 1, 130, to December 31, 139.

The Roman Empire was under the rule of Emperor Hadrian, and after 138, Antonius Pius. During the middle of the decade, Jewish leader Simon bar Kokhba led a large-scale armed rebellion against the Romans in Judea, known as the Bar Kokhba revolt. This was the last of the major Jewish–Roman wars. However, the revolt was quelled in 135 by the Romans and the rebels' Jewish state was destroyed. The Romans retook Jerusalem and named it Aelia Capitolina. The Romans also fought wars with the Alani and the Suebi tribes.

In Asia, the Temple of Baalshamin was built in Palmyra, which became rich after the city introduced tax laws for trade. Chinese astronomer and inventor Zhang Heng was also active during this period, inventing and presenting the first seismoscope in 132.

Significant people

 * Hadrian, Roman Emperor

title: 130s


text:
140s

The 140s decade ran from January 1, 140, to December 31, 149.

Significant people

 * Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor (138–161)

title: 140s


text:
150s

The 150s decade ran from January 1, 150, to December 31, 159.

Significant people

 * Antoninus Pius, Roman Emperor (138–161)

title: 150s


text:
160s

The 160s decade ran from January 1, 160, to December 31, 169.

Significant people

 * Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor
 * Lucius Verus, Roman Emperor
 * Commodus (b. 161)

title: 160s


text:
170s

The 170s decade ran from January 1, 170, to December 31, 179.

Significant people

 * Marcus Aurelius, Roman Emperor
 * Caerellius Priscus, governor of Roman Britain

title: 170s


text:
180s

The 180s decade ran from January 1, 180, to December 31, 189.

Significant people

 * Commodus, Roman Emperor

title: 180s


text:
190s

The 190s decade ran from January 1, 190, to December 31, 199.

Significant people

 * Septimius Severus, Roman Emperor

title: 190s


text:
AD 103

103 (CIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Traianus and Maximus (or, less frequently, year 856 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 103 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Trajan and Manius Laberius Maximus become Roman consuls.
 * Pliny the Younger becomes a member of the college of Augurs (103–104).
 * Legio X Gemina moves to Vienna, where it remains until the 5th century.

Religion

 * In Palmyra, Syria, a Temple of the Sun is erected to the god Baal.

Births

 * Kong Zhou, father of Kong Rong (d. 163)

Deaths

 * Kanishka I, ruler of the Kushan Empire (approximate date)
 * Sextus Julius Frontinus, Roman author (b. c. AD 40)
 * Martial, poet and satirist
 * Silius Italicus, Roman politician and author (b. c. AD 28)
 * Yin, Chinese empress of the Han Dynasty (b. AD 80)

title: AD 103


text:
AD 104

Year 104 (CIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 104th Year of the Anno Domini (AD) designation, the 104th year of the 1st millennium, the 4th year of the 2nd century, and the 5th year of the 100s decade. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Suburanus and Marcellus (or, less frequently, year 857 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 104 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Pliny the Younger continues as a member of the College of Augurs (103–104).
 * Nijmegen is renamed Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum.
 * A fire breaks out in Rome.

 * Trajan gives the order to have the Alcántara Bridge, constructed by the architect Lacer, built over the Tagus River at Alcántara (Hispania).
 * Apollodorus of Damascus builds a stone bridge over the Danube more than 1,000 m long, almost 20 m high and 15 m wide. The bridge connects what is now Serbia with Romania (at the time known as Dacia).

Religion

 * In India, figures of Buddha replace abstract motifs on decorative items.

Births

 * Chen Shi, Chinese politician and official (d. 187)
 * Gaius Appuleius Diocles, Roman charioteer

title: AD 104


text:
AD 105

Year 105 (CV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Candidus and Iulius (or, less frequently, year 858 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 105 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Trajan starts the second expedition against Dacia; he leaves with the Imperial Roman fleet from Brundusium.
 * Permanent castrum of Legio II Adiutrix at Aquincum (modern Budapest) in Pannonia.
 * Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix and II Traiana Fortis are created by Trajan.
 * The Romans conquer Kerak from the Nabateans.
 * Pacorus II of Parthia dies after a 27-year reign, in which he has reclaimed all of his empire. His successor Vologases III reigns until 147 AD, suppressing brief rebellions, as he battles against the Kushan and Alani.

Asia

 * Emperor He Di dies after a 17-year reign in which court eunuchs and the emperor's in-laws have regained influence. Empress Deng Sui places her son Shang Di (barely 3 months old) on the throne, as the fifth emperor of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.
 * Last year (17th) of yongyuan era and start of yuanxing era of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.
 * A peace treaty is signed between Baekje and Silla in the Korean peninsula (the war started in AD 85).

Art and Science

 * Papermaking is refined by the Chinese eunuch Cai Lun, who receives official praise from the emperor for his methods of making paper from tree bark, hemp, remnant rags and fish nets. Paper had been made in China from the 2nd century BC, but Cai Lun's paper provides a writing surface far superior to pure silk and is much less costly to produce. Bamboo and wooden slips will remain the usual materials for books and scrolls in most of the world for another 200 years, and paper will remain a Chinese secret for 500 years.
 * The Trajan Bridge is finished. For more than a thousand years, it is the longest arch bridge in the world to have been built, in terms of both total and span length.

Religion

 * Pope Alexander I succeeds Pope Evaristus as the sixth pope according to Roman Catholic tradition (approximate date).
 * Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Plutarch to Patriarch Sedecion.

Births

 * Alexander of Abonoteichus, Greek mystic and oracle (d. 170)
 * Han Shangdi, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (d. 106)
 * Marcus Sedatius Severianus, Roman politician (d. 161)

Deaths

 * June 24 – Gnaeus Afranius Dexter, Roman politician
 * Gnaeus Pompeius Longinus, Roman politician
 * Marcus Valerius Probus, Roman grammarian
 * Pacorus II, king of the Parthian Empire
 * Plutarch, bishop of Byzantium

title: AD 105


text:
AD 106

Year 106 (CVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Commodus and Civica (or, less frequently, year 859 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 106 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Ignatius writes a letter to Christians in Smyrna, using the term Catholic Church (approximate date). This is the earliest surviving witness to the use of the term "Catholic Church".
 * Emperor Trajan conquers the Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains, and surrounds the capital, Sarmizegetusa.
 * Battle of Sarmizegetusa: The Dacians are defeated with 50,000 captured. King Decebalus flees and commits suicide.
 * August 11 – The south-eastern part of Dacia (modern Romania) becomes a Roman province: Roman Dacia. The veterans of the legions are given land in the new province for their service in the Roman army.
 * Trajan annexes the Nabataean Kingdom (with its capital Petra) as the Roman province of Arabia Petraea. The epoch of the calendar of the province of Arabia begins on March 22.
 * Romans construct a road between Eilat and Damascus.

China

 * February 13 – Emperor He of Han dies after a 18-year reign. Empress Dowager Deng places her infant son Han Shangdi on the Chinese throne. First and the only year of yanping era.
 * September 21 – Han Shangdi dies after a 7-month reign and is succeeded by his 12-year-old cousin Han Andi as ruler of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty (until 125).

Literature

 * Aelianus Tacticus (or Aelian) writes his Taktike Theoria (approximate date).

Deaths

 * February 13 – He of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. AD 79)
 * September 21 – Han Shangdi, Chinese emperor of the Han dynasty (b. 105)
 * Decebalus, king of Dacia (suicide, being pursued by the Romans) (b. AD 87)
 * Liu Qing, Chinese prince of the Han dynasty (b. AD 78)
 * Rabbel II Soter, ruler of the Nabataean Kingdom

title: AD 106


text:
AD 107

Year 107 (CVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sura and Senico (or, less frequently, year 860 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 107 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Lucius Licinius Sura and Quintus Sosius Senecio become consuls of Rome.
 * An Indian ambassador is received by Emperor Trajan.

Asia

 * First year of the yongchu era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
 * Han Andi (An-ti) becomes emperor of China.

Deaths

 * Titus Avidius Quietus, Roman politician and governor
 * Ignatius of Antioch (possible date)

title: AD 107


text:
AD 108

Year 108 (CVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In Rome at the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Trebonius and Bradua (or, less frequently, year 861 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 108 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and Marcus Appius Bradua become Roman Consuls.

Arts and sciences

 * Tacitus writes Histories, which covers the period from AD 69 to AD 96.
 * The Hypogeum of Yarhai, an underground tomb from the Syrian city of Palmyra dedicated to the family of Yarhai, is built.

Deaths

 * Hyacinth of Caesarea, Christian martyr

title: AD 108


text:
AD 109

Year 109 (CIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Palma and Tullus (or, less frequently, year 862 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 109 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * June 24 – The Aqua Traiana is inaugurated by Emperor Trajan; the aqueduct channels water from Lake Bracciano, 40 km northwest of Rome.
 * The Via Traiana is constructed at the Emperor Trajan's personal expense; the road connects Benevento with Brundisium (Brindisi).
 * The Baths of Trajan, built by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus, are dedicated during the Calends. The thermae are constructed on the platform of the Palace of Nero (Domus Aurea) in Rome.
 * Osroes I of Parthia succeeds his brother Pacorus II, and rules over the western Parthian Empire.
 * Pliny the Younger is legate to Bithynia.

Religion

 * The Christian Church proclaims itself to be universal (catholic).

title: AD 109


text:
AD 110

Year 110 (CX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Priscinus and Scipio (or, less frequently, year 863 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 110 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The Forum of Trajan is constructed in Rome, by the Syrian architect Apollodorus of Damascus.
 * The Roman Empire has more than 75,000 km of roads.

Asia

 * Caravans make regular departures from Luoyang with Chinese ginger, cassia (a type of cinnamon), and silk to be bartered in Central Asia for gold, silver, glassware, pottery, cloth, and intaglio gems from Rome.

Art and Science

 * Suetonius, Roman historian, publishes Viris Illustribus ("On Famous Men" – in the field of literature).

Births

 * Hegesippus of Nazarene, Christian chronicler and writer (d. 180)
 * Qiao Xuan (or Gongzu), Chinese official and chancellor (d. 184)

Deaths

 * Duan Xi, Chinese Protector General of the Western Regions
 * Pacorus II, ruler (King of Kings ) of the Parthian Empire

title: AD 110


text:
AD 111

Year 111 (CXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Bolanus (or, less frequently, year 864 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 111 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Trajan sends Pliny the Younger to be governor (legatus Augusti) of Bithynia.

Asia

 * Indian Emperor Senguttuvan invades the Kushan Empire, and defeats Kanishka and his brother Vijaya at Quilaluvam (near Mathura).

Births

 * Antinous, Bithynian Greek lover of Emperor Hadrian (d. 130)

title: AD 111


text:
AD 112

Year 112 (CXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Traianus and Cornelius (or, less frequently, year 865 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 112 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Trajan and Titus Sextius Cornelius Africanus become Roman consuls.
 * August 29 – Salonia Matidia receives the title of Augusta upon the death of Marciana.
 * Hadrian succeeds Gaius Julius Cassius Steirieus as archon of Athens.
 * Tacitus is named proconsul of the Roman province of Asia (112–113).

Asia

 * King Jima succeeds Pasa as ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla.

Deaths

 * Beatus of Lungern, Swiss monk and hermit
 * Pasa (the Great), Korean ruler of Silla

title: AD 112


text:
AD 113

Year 113 (CXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Celsus and Crispinus (or, less frequently, year 866 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 113 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Trajan's Column near the Colosseum in Rome is completed to commemorate the Emperor's victory over the Dacians in the Second Dacian War.
 * Osroes I of Parthia violates the treaty with Rome by installing a puppet ruler in Armenia. Emperor Trajan marches east, without first attempting to use diplomacy to resolve the disagreement.
 * Emperor Trajan sails from Rome to begin his expedition against Parthia. He arrives in Athens where Parthian envoys greet him with olive branches, a sign of peace.
 * Trajan declares Armenia to be annexed and it becomes a Roman province.
 * Basilica Ulpia is dedicated.

Asia

 * Last (7th) year of Yongchu era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
 * "Pattini dheivam" worship is inaugurated in Kannagi Temple in the Chera Kingdom in India, by Emperor Cenkuttuvan; the function is attended by GajaBahu, king of Central Sri Lanka (Mahavamso).

Births

 * Adrianus, Greek sophist philosopher (d. 193)
 * Gnaeus Claudius Severus Arabianus, Roman senator and philosopher (d. after 176)

Deaths

 * Pliny the Younger, Roman lawyer and scientist (b. AD 61)

title: AD 113


text:
AD 114

Year 114 (CXIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hasta and Vopiscus (or, less frequently, year 867 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 114 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Construction begins on the Arch of Trajan in Benevento.
 * The kingdom of Osroene becomes a vassal kingdom of the Roman Empire.
 * Emperor Trajan defeats the Parthians and overruns Armenia and northern Mesopotamia.
 * A monument to Philopappos, prince-in-exile of old Commagene (a buffer-state between Rome and Parthia) is erected in Athens.

Asia

 * First year of Yuanchu era of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.

Religion

 * Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Sedecion to Patriarch Diogenes.

title: AD 114


text:
AD 115

Year 115 (CXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Vergilianus (or, less frequently, year 868 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 115 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Trajan is cut off in southern Mesopotamia after his invasion of that region.
 * Trajan captures the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon.
 * Jews in Egypt and Cyrene ignite a revolt (Kitos War) against the rule of the Roman Empire, which spreads to Cyprus, Judea, and the Roman province of Mesopotamia.
 * Alexandria in Egypt is destroyed during the Jewish-Greek civil wars. Marcus Rutilius Lupus, the Roman governor, sends Legio XXII Deiotariana to protect the inhabitants of Memphis.
 * A revolt breaks out in Britain; the garrison at Eboracum (York) is massacred.
 * The Pantheon of Agrippa is reconstructed in Rome.
 * Lusius Quietus, Trajan's governor of Judea, begins a brutal campaign to maintain the peace in the region.

Asia

 * An earthquake destroys Apamea and Antioch in Syria. The local bishop is held responsible (he will be martyred and remembered as St. Ignatius).

Religion

 * Pope Sixtus I succeeds Alexander I as the seventh pope of Rome (according to Catholic biographies).

Births

 * Pausanias, Greek historian and geographer (d. 180)
 * Shun of Han, Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty (d. 144)

Deaths

 * Alexander I, bishop of Rome (approximate date)
 * Dio Chrysostom, Greek philosopher and historian (b. AD 40)

title: AD 115


text:
AD 116

Year 116 (CXVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lamia and Vetus (or, less frequently, year 869 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 116 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Trajan completes his invasion of Parthia by capturing the cities of Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Susa, marking the high-water mark of the Roman Empire's eastern expansion.
 * Trajan makes Syria a province of Rome and crosses the Tigris to annex Adiabene. He proceeds with his army to the Persian Gulf and conquers territory that becomes the province of Parthia.
 * Trajan removes Osroes I as king of Parthia, and appoints his son Parthamaspates in his place. Parthamaspates romanizes his name to Parthicus.
 * Trajan sends two expeditionary forces. One, consisting of elements of Legio III Cyrenaica, to suppress the revolt in Judea and the other Legio VII Claudia to restore order on Cyprus.
 * Trajan sends laureatae to the Roman Senate on account of his victories and being conqueror of Parthia.
 * Quintus Marcius Turbo sails to Alexandria and defeats the Jews in several pitched battles.
 * Jewish uprising against Rome fails.

Births

 * Liang Na, wife of Shun of Han (d. 150)

Deaths

 * March 30 – Quirinus of Neuss, Roman Christian martyr according to Roman Catholic tradition
 * Abgar VII, ruler of Osroene (approximate date)
 * Ban Zhao, female Chinese historian (b. AD 49)
 * Philopappos, prince of Commagene (b. AD 65)
 * Zacchaeus of Jerusalem, bishop of Jerusalem

title: AD 116


text:
AD 117

Year 117 (CXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Niger and Apronianus (or, less frequently, year 870 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 117 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Trajan subdues a Jewish revolt (the Kitos War), then falls seriously ill, leaving Hadrian in command of the east.
 * On his death bed, Trajan allegedly adopts Hadrian and designates him as his successor.
 * August 9 - 11 – Emperor Trajan dies of a stroke at Selinus in Cilicia, age 63, while en route from Mesopotamia to Italy, leaving the Roman Empire at its maximal territorial extent.
 * Hadrian, who will reign until 138, succeeds him.
 * Hadrian, a Spaniard like Trajan, as Emperor inaugurates a policy of retrenchment and cultural integration, giving up the policy of conquest of his predecessor in order to consolidate the empire.
 * Hadrian returns large parts of Mesopotamia to the Parthians, as part of a peace settlement.
 * Construction begins on the Pantheon in Rome.
 * The Roman Empire reaches its greatest extent.

Commerce

 * The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 87 percent under emperor Hadrian, down from 93 percent in the reign of Trajan.

Religion

 * John I becomes the 7th Bishop of Jerusalem.

Births

 * Aelius Aristides, Greek orator (d. 181)

Deaths

 * August 8 - Trajan, Roman emperor (b. AD 53)
 * Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, Roman historian (b. AD 56)
 * Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus, Roman general in Judea (b. AD 70)
 * Hermione of Ephesus, Maurus, Pantalemon and Sergius, Astius and several other Christian martyrs in persecution by Trajan

title: AD 117


text:
AD 118

Year 118 (CXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hadrianus and Fuscus (or, less frequently, year 871 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 118 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Trajan's Forum (commissioned by the late Emperor Trajan) is completed with triumphal arches, columns, a market complex, and an enormous basilica, all of which replace hundreds of dwellings.
 * Emperor Hadrian is also a Roman Consul.
 * Rome has a population exceeding 1 million, making it the largest city in the world.
 * Osroene is returned to native rule by the Roman Empire.
 * Plot of the consuls: Hadrian executes four senators, all former consuls, who had been shown to have plotted against him.  His relations with the Senate are strained.
 * Pantheon, in Rome, starts to be built (approximate date).
 * 118–128 – Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts, from Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is made (approximate date). It may be a copy of a painting done by the late 5th century BC Greek artist Zeuxis. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

Asia

 * The north-south feud between the Hun Dynasty ends.
 * The oldest known painted depiction of a wheelbarrow is found in a Chinese tomb of Chengde, Sichuan province, dated to this year.

Deaths

 * August 8 – Primus, patriarch of Alexandria
 * Aulus Cornelius Palma, Roman politician
 * Bassus of Lucera, Roman bishop and martyr
 * Gaius Avidius Nigrinus, Roman politician
 * Lucius Publilius Celsus, Roman politician
 * Lusius Quietus, Roman general and governor
 * Ren Shang, Chinese general of Han Dynasty
 * Terentian, Roman bishop and martyr

title: AD 118


text:
AD 119

Year 119 (CXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hadrianus and Rusticus (or, less frequently, year 872 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 119 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Hadrian stations Legio VI Victrix in Roman Britain, to assist in quelling the resistance of a local rebellion. The legion is key in securing the victory, and eventually replaces Legio IX Hispana at Eboracum.
 * Hadrian also visits Britain in this year at the request of governor of Britain Quintus Pompeius Falco.
 * Salonia Matidia (a niece of former Emperor Trajan) dies. Hadrian delivers her funeral oration, and grants her a temple in Rome.

Asia

 * Reign in Northern India by Nahapana, Scythian king. He attacks the kingdom of Andhra and annexes Southern Rajputana.

Births

 * Gaius Bruttius Praesens, Roman politician (approximate date)
 * Marina of Aguas Santas, Roman Christian martyr (d. 139)

Deaths

 * December 23 – Salonia Matidia, niece of Trajan (b. AD 68)
 * Plutarch, Greek historian and biographer (b. AD 46)
 * San Secondo of Asti, Roman bishop and martyr
 * Serapia, Roman slave and martyr (approximate date)

title: AD 119


text:
AD 120

Year 120 (CXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Fulvus (or, less frequently, year 873 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 120 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.
 * Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.
 * A Kushan ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian.
 * Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary ab epistolis.
 * Approximate date
 * Legio IX Hispana last known to be in existence.
 * The Market Gate of Miletus is built at Miletos (moved in modern times to Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung).

Asia

 * Change of era name from Yuanchu (7th year) to Yongning of the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.
 * The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujarat and a portion of central India.

Births

 * February 8 – Vettius Valens, Greek astrologer (d. 175)
 * Irenaeus, Greek bishop and apologist (approximate date)
 * Lucian, Syrian rhetorician and satirist (approximate date)
 * Tatian, Syrian Christian writer and theologian (d. 180)

Deaths

 * Ban Zhao, Chinese historian and philosopher (b. AD 49)
 * Dio Chrysostom, Greek historian (approximate date)
 * Faustinus and Jovita, Roman Christian martyrs
 * Getulius, Roman officer and Christian martyr
 * Hermes, Greek Christian martyr and saint
 * Marcian of Tortona, Roman bishop (or 117)
 * Matthias of Jerusalem, bishop of Jerusalem
 * Nicomachus, Greek mathematician (b. AD 60)
 * Plutarch, Greek philosopher (approximate date)
 * Sextus Pedius, Roman jurist (b. AD 50)
 * Tacitus, Roman historian

title: AD 120


text:
AD 121

Year 121 (CXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Verus and Augur (or, less frequently, year 874 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 121 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Roman settlement in present-day Wiesbaden, Germany, is first mentioned.
 * Emperor Hadrian fixes the border between Roman Britain and Caledonia, on a line running from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth.
 * Construction of the Temple of Venus and Roma begins in Rome.

Asia

 * Era name changes from Yongning (2nd year) to Jianguang in the Chinese Eastern Han dynasty.

Births

 * April 26 – Marcus Annius Verus, later Emperor Marcus Aurelius (d. 180)

Deaths

 * Cai Lun, Chinese inventor of paper and the papermaking process (b. AD 50)
 * Deng Sui, Chinese empress of the Han dynasty (b. AD 81)
 * Eleutherius and Antia, Roman Christian martyrs and saints

title: AD 121


text:
AD 123

Year 123 (CXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Paetinus and Apronius (or, less frequently, year 876 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 123 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Hadrian averts a war with Parthia by a personal meeting with Osroes I (according to the Historia Augusta, disputed).
 * Housesteads Fort is constructed on Hadrian's Wall north of Bardon Mill.
 * Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli is built.
 * The Temple of Al-Lat in Palmyra is dedicated somewhere between this year and 164 AD.

Asia

 * In China, Ban Yong, son of Ban Chao, reestablishes the Chinese control over the Tarim Basin.
 * The Chinese government establishes Aide of the Western Regions over the Tarim Basin.

Africa

 * Hadrian leads a punitive campaign against Berbers who had been raiding Roman towns in Roman Mauretania.

Arts and sciences

 * Chinese scientist Zhang Heng corrects the calendar to bring it into line with the four seasons.

Births

 * Annia Cornificia Faustina, sister of Marcus Aurelius (d. 158)

title: AD 123


text:
AD 124

Year 124 (CXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Glabrio and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 877 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 124 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Hadrian begins to rebuild the Olympeion in Athens.
 * Antinous becomes Hadrian's beloved companion on his journeys through the Roman Empire.
 * During a voyage to Greece, Hadrian is initiated in the ancient rites known as the Eleusinian Mysteries.

Asia

 * In northern India, Nahapana, ruler of the Scythians, is defeated and dies in battle while fighting against King Gautamiputra Satakarni. This defeat destroys the Scythian dynasty of the Western Kshatrapas.

Births

 * Apuleius, Numidian novelist, writer, public speaker (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Marcus Annius Verus, father of Marcus Aurelius
 * Nahapana, ruler of the Scythians (approximate date)
 * Sixtus I, bishop of Rome according to Roman Catholic tradition (possible date)

title: AD 124


text:
AD 126

Year 126 (CXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Verus and Ambibulus (or, less frequently, year 879 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 126 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * The old Pantheon is demolished by Emperor Hadrian, and the construction of a new one begins (its date is uncertain, because Hadrian chooses not to inscribe the temple).

Asia

 * First year of the Yongjian era of the Chinese Han dynasty.

Births

 * August 1 – Pertinax, Roman emperor (d. 193)
 * Lu Kang, Chinese politician and prefect (d. 195)

Deaths

 * Domitia Longina, Roman empress (b. c. 53 AD)
 * Yan Ji (or Ansi), Chinese empress

title: AD 126


text:
AD 127

Year 127 (CXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rufus and Squilla (or, less frequently, year 880 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 127 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome, after a seven-year voyage to the Roman provinces.
 * Hadrian, acting on the advice of his proconsul of Asia, Gaius Minicius Fundanus, determines that Christians shall not be put to death without a trial.

India

 * Kanishka I starts to rule in the Kushan Empire (approximate date).

Religion

 * The philosopher Carpocrates rejects ownership of private property as being un-Christian.

Births

 * Zheng Xuan, Chinese politician, philosopher (d. 200)

Deaths

 * Juvenal, Roman poet (approximate year)
 * Plutarch, Greek historian and biographer (b. AD 46)
 * Publius Metilius Nepos, Roman politician (b. AD 45)

title: AD 127


text:
AD 128

Year 128 (CXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Calpurnius and Libo (or, less frequently, year 881 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 128 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Hadrian visits the Roman province of North Africa, in order to inspect Legio III Augusta stationed at Lambaesis. For strategic reasons, the legionnaires are located in the Aurès Mountains.
 * Hadrian's Wall is completed in Britain. Built mostly of stone in the east and with a wooden palisade in the west. They construct at least 16 forts, with about 15,000 legionaries digging ditches, quarrying rock and cutting stone, preventing idleness which led to unrest and rebellions in the ranks.
 * Roman agriculture declines, as imports from Egypt and North Africa depress wheat prices, making it unprofitable to farm, and forcing many farmers off the land.
 * Roman bakeries produce dozens of bread varieties, and the Romans distribute free bread for the poor.
 * Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.

Asia

 * King Gaeru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula (until 166).

Arts and sciences

 * The fossils of large prehistoric animals are discovered in Dalmatia.
 * The Pantheon in Rome is finished.

Births

 * Xun Shuang, Chinese politician and writer (d. 190)

Deaths

 * Giru of Baekje, Korean ruler

title: AD 128


text:
AD 129

Year 129 (CXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Celsus and Marcellus (or, less frequently, year 882 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 129 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * A defense for Numidia is constructed at Lambaesis by Legio III Augusta.
 * Emperor Hadrian continues his voyages, now inspecting Caria, Cappadocia and Syria.

Songs

 * The song "Angel's Hymn" is made.

Religion

 * Change of Patriarch of Constantinople, from Patriarch Diogenes to Eleutherius.

Births

 * Chen Ji, Chinese official, chancellor (d. 199)
 * Galen, Greek physician, anatomist (d. c. 200/216)
 * Liu Hong, Chinese official, astronomer (d. 210)

Deaths

 * June 19 – Justus of Alexandria, Egyptian patriarch
 * King Osroes I of the Parthian Empire

title: AD 129


text:
632

Year 632 (DCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 632 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Arabia

 * March 18 (approximate) – Muhammad makes his final sermon to the Muslims.  It is believed by Shia to be the appointment of Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor. The Imamah (Shia doctrine) of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, for the religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah, begins.
 * June 8 – Muhammad dies at Medina at the age of 62, after an illness and fever.
 * June – Abu Bakr (born Abdallah ibn Uthman ibn Amir, better known by his Islamic laqab Al-Siddiq) becomes the Caliph.
 * June – The first caliph, Abu Bakr, sends an expedition to Balqa, Byzantine Empire, led by Usama ibn Zayd. This expedition is sent based on Muhammad's decision before his death.
 * Ridda Wars: Abu Bakr launches a series of military campaigns against rebel Arabian tribes, to re-establish the power of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, and to secure Muhammad's legacy.
 * September – Battle of Buzakha: An Islamic column (6,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeats the Apostate rebels under Tulayha, near Ha'il (Saudi Arabia).
 * December – Battle of Aqraba: The Muslim forces of Abu Bakr defeat the Apostate rebels (40,000 men) under Musaylimah, on the plain of Aqraba.

Europe

 * April 8 – King Charibert II is assassinated at Blaye (Gironde), (possibly on orders of his half-brother Dagobert I), along with his infant son. Dagobert I claims Aquitaine and Gascony, becoming the most powerful Merovingian king in the West.
 * Part of Samo's rebellion, Alciocus leads 9,000 Bulgars from Pannonia to refuge with Dagobert (who massacres them), then, with 700 survivors, settles with the Wends, under the protection of Walluc.
 * Kubrat, ruler of the Dulo clan, takes power from the Pannonian Avars and establishes Old Great Bulgaria in the area of Black Cumania. Kubrat's rule stretches from Dacia to Poltava.

Persia

 * June 16 – Yazdegerd III, age 8, ascends to the throne as king (shah) of the Persian Empire. He becomes the last ruler of the Sassanid Dynasty (modern Iran).

Asia

 * January 27 – An annular eclipse of the sun occurs.
 * Seondeok is crowned queen of Silla (Korea).

Armenia

 * The 632 Armenia earthquake affects the region of the Armenian Highlands.

Religion

 * March 6 (Friday, 9 Zulhijja, 10 AH) – The Farewell Sermon (Khuṭbatu l-Wadāʿ) is delivered by Muhammad, Islamic prophet, in the Uranah valley of Mount Arafat, to the Muslims who have accompanied him for the Hajj (pilgrimage).
 * June 8 – Muhammad dies in Medina, at the age of 62, and is succeeded by Abu Bakr who becomes the first caliph (vicegerent of the messenger of God). He establishes the Rashidun Caliphate until 661.
 * Xuanzang, Chinese traveler, writes about two huge statues of Buddha carved out of a mountainside in the Bamiyan Valley (Afghanistan).

Births

 * Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra, Arab general (d. 702)
 * Vindicianus, bishop of Cambrai (approximate date)

Deaths

 * January 27 – Ibrahim, son of Muhammad
 * January 31 – Máedóc, bishop of Ferns
 * April 8 – Charibert II, king of Aquitaine
 * June 8 – Muhammad, Islamic Prophet (b. 570)
 * August 11 – Rusticula (b. c. 556), abbess of Arles
 * August 28 – Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad
 * October 12 or 633 – Edwin of Northumbria, king of Deira and Bernicia
 * October 29 – Saint Colman mac Duagh, Irish abbot and bishop
 * Abu Dujana, companion of Muhammad
 * Chilperic, son of Charibert II
 * Abdullah ibn Suhayl (b. 594) (martyred)
 * Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba (b. 581) (martyred)
 * Salim Mawla Abu Hudhayfa (b. c. 594–596) (martyred)
 * Zayd ibn al-Khattab (b. before 584) (martyred)
 * Musaylimah, Arabian prophet

title: 632


text:
633

Year 633 (DCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 633 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Britain

 * October 12 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon of Gwynedd, at Hatfield Chase (South Yorkshire).
 * Osric succeeds his uncle Edwin as king of Deira. Prince Eanfrith returns from Pictland to claim his rightful crown of Bernicia (Northern England). Both revert to paganism.
 * Winter – Cadwallon is besieged by King Osric at York; he successfully breaks out of the city with all his forces, by surprise, and destroys Osric's army.

Arabia

 * Ridda Wars: Abu Bakr, caliph (khalifa) of the Rashidun Caliphate, launches a military campaign against the Arab tribe of Kinda, which inhabits the region of Najran (Yemen).
 * March 18 – The Arabian Peninsula is united under the central authority of Abu Bakr. This sets the stage for the Islamic conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sassanid dynasty.
 * April – Battle of Chains (Kuwait) and Battle of River (Iraq): A Muslim army (18,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid invades Mesopotamia, and wins decisive victories.
 * May – Battle of Walaja: The Rashidun Caliphate army under Khalid defeats the Persians and their Arab Christian allies. The Persian army is at least three times the size.
 * Battle of Ullais: Forces of the Rashidun Caliphate under Khalid defeat an entire Persian army (70,000 men) near the river Euphrates. Khalid besieges the city of Hira.
 * Siege of Hira: The Muslim Arabs (15,000 men) under Khalid attack the fortress city of Hira. After a brief fight the citizens surrender, and bring gifts to Khalid.
 * July – Siege of Anbar: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid besieges the fortress city of Anbar. The Persian governor surrenders and is allowed to retire.
 * Battle of Ein ut Tamr: The Muslim army attacks a Persian frontier post located south of Anbar. The Arab Christian auxiliaries are overrun and surrender.
 * August – Battle of Dumat Al-Jandal: A Muslim army (10,000 men) under Khalid defeats the rebel Arab Christians at Dumat Al-Jandal (Saudi Arabia).
 * November – Battle of Muzayyah, Battle of Saniyy, and Battle of Zumail: Khalid coordinates successful night attacks against the Arab Christians.

Arts and sciences

 * Li Chungfeng builds an armillary sphere (approximate date).

Religion

 * December 5 – Fourth Council of Toledo: King Sisenand orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that all Visigoths must take an oath to preserve the stability of the Gothic nation.
 * Paulinus of York flees with Queen Æthelburga and her daughter Eanflæd, age 7, south to Kent, where he is made bishop of Rochester. Eanflæd grows up under the protection of her uncle, King Eadbald of Kent.

Births

 * Clovis II, king of Neustria and Burgundy
 * Jamadevi, queen of Hariphunchai (Thailand) (approximate date)
 * Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon bishop (approximate date)

Deaths

 * October 12 or 632 – Edwin, king of Northumbria
 * Osric, king of Deira (approximate date)
 * Suintila, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)
 * Dai Zhou, chancellor of the Tang dynasty

title: 633


text:
634

Year 634 (DCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 634 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius, ill, infirm, and unpopular with the Eastern Orthodox Church, is unable to personally lead the Byzantine army to resist the Muslim conquest of the Levant. He sends his brother Theodore to assemble forces to retake the newly won Muslim territories. Monophysites and Jews throughout Syria welcome the Arab invaders, as they are discontented with Byzantine rule.
 * July 30 – Battle of Ajnadayn: Byzantine forces (90,000 men according to Muslim sources) under Theodore are defeated by the Rashidun Caliphate near Beit Shemesh (modern-day Israel). Heraclius, who is in Emesa, flees to Antioch upon hearing news of the battle's outcome.

Europe

 * King Dagobert I is forced by the Austrasian nobles to put his 3-year-old son Sigebert III on the throne, ceding royal power in Austrasia. He frees himself from dependence on Pepin of Landen, and extends his rule over the Bretons (approximate date).

Britain

 * Eanfrith of Bernicia and his bodyguard are killed by King Cadwallon of Gwynedd, in an attempt to negotiate peace. Eanfrith's brother Oswald returns from 18 years exile in Dál Riata (modern Scotland), to claim the crown of Northumbria.
 * Battle of Heavenfield: Oswald, possibly accompanied by a force of Scots (or Picts), defeats and kills Cadwallon with a Welsh army near Hexham (northern England). He reunites Deira with Bernicia, and becomes king of Northumbria.

Persia

 * Battle of the Bridge: Persian forces (10,000 men) under Bahman Jadhuyih defeat the Muslim Arabs at the Euphrates (near Kufa). The sight of elephants panics the Muslims, and many are killed. Bahman does not pursue the fleeing Arab army.

Arabia

 * Battle of Firaz: The Rashidun Arabs (15,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire, Persian Empire and Arab Christians (at least 10 times larger than Khalid's army) in Mesopotamia (Iraq).
 * February 4 – Battle of Dathin: Rashidun forces under Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan defeat the Christian Arabs around Gaza. The Muslim victory is celebrated by the local Jews, who have been a persecuted minority within the Byzantine Empire.
 * The Rashidun Caliphate starts the Islamic conquest of the Byzantine Empire, when Muslim forces under Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah invade the Levant. Khalid sets out for Syria from Al-Hirah, taking with him half his army, about 8,000 strong.
 * Battle of al-Qaryatayn: The Muslim Arabs under Khalid defeat the Ghassanids at Al-Qaryatayn, after the inhabitants resist his proposals. His army conquers and plunders the city, before proceeding to capture other towns in the area.
 * Battle of Marj Rahit: A Muslim Arab army under Khalid defeats the Byzantine forces (15,000 men) and their Ghassanid allies. After the battle he sends a mounted column to the outskirts of Damascus, to plunder the region.
 * Battle of Bosra: Muslim forces under Khalid besiege the Byzantine and Christian Arab garrison (12,000 men) at Bosra. After a few days the fortress city surrenders; Khalid imposes a payment of tribute on the inhabitants.
 * August 23 – Abu Bakr dies at Medina and is succeeded by Umar I, who becomes the second caliph (khalifah) of the Rashidun Caliphate. During his rule, Umar conquers Syria, Persia, and Egypt in a "Holy War".
 * September 19 – Siege of Damascus: Muslim Arabs under Khalid conquer Damascus as the first major city of the Byzantine Empire. Damascan refugees are given a guarantee of safety to retreat to Antioch.
 * Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj: A Byzantine convoy of Damascan refugees (10,000 men) is slaughtered by a Muslim army near Antioch. The Mobile Guard (elite light cavalry) captures a great amount of brocade.

Asia

 * The Tuyuhun Kingdom is invaded by Chinese forces under Li Jing (Tang dynasty) during Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun, resulting in the murder of their leader (khan) Murong Fuyun in 635.
 * Tai Zong orders the construction of the Daming Palace in Chang'an. He builds the summer palace for his retired father, Emperor Gao Zu, as an act of filial piety.

Religion

 * Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish missionary, is summoned by King Oswald from Iona (Inner Hebrides) to establish a bishopric on the holy island of Lindisfarne, and reestablish Christianity in Northumbria (approximate date).
 * Birinus, Frankish missionary, lands at the port of "Hamwic" (now in the St. Mary's area of Southampton), on his mission to reconvert the West Saxons in England. About this time, the St Mary's Church is founded.
 * Sophronius becomes patriarch of Jerusalem. He sends synodical letters to Pope Honorius I and the Eastern patriarchs, explaining the Orthodox belief, by renouncing Monothelitism.

Births

 * Athanasius II Baldoyo, patriarch of Antioch (d. 686)
 * Chad of Mercia, Anglo-Saxon abbot (d. 672)
 * Cuthbert, Anglo-Saxon bishop (approximate date)
 * En no Ozunu, Japanese ascetic (approximate date)

Deaths

 * August 23 – Abu Bakr, Muslim Caliph
 * Cadwallon, king of Gwynedd (Wales)
 * Eanfrith, king of Bernicia (northern England)
 * Sigeberht, king of East Anglia (approximate date)

title: 634


text:
635

Year 635 (DCXXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 635 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Heraclius makes an alliance with Kubrat, ruler (khagan) of Great Bulgaria, to break the power of the Avars on the Balkan Peninsula.

Europe

 * Judicaël, high king of Domnonée (Brittany), visits King Dagobert I at his palace in Clichy (northwest of Paris), to promise he will remain under Frankish lordship. The Breton king arrives with gifts, but insults Dagobert by refusing to eat at the royal table.

Britain

 * King Meurig of Glywysing and Gwent invades Ergyng (Archenfield), and reunites the two Welsh kingdoms (approximate date).
 * King Gartnait III dies after a 4-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Bridei II, as ruler of the Picts.

Arabia

 * January – Battle of Fahl: The Rashidun army, (30,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid (known as the "Drawn Sword of God"), defeats the Byzantine forces led by Theodore Trithyrius, at Pella in the Jordan Valley (Jordan).
 * Gaza is conquered by the Muslim Arabs under 'Amr ibn al-'As. It becomes the first city in Palestine developed into a centre of Islamic law.

Literature

 * Yao Silian, Chinese historian, completes his Book of Liang. It contains the history of the Liang dynasty.

Religion

 * Christian missionaries arrive in China: Alopen, bishop of the Assyrian Church of the East, preaches Nestorian Christianity in the Tang dynasty capital, Chang'an.
 * Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish missionary, founds the monastery of Lindisfarne in Northumbria (Northern England).
 * Birinus, Frankish missionary, converts King Cynegils of Wessex and becomes the first Bishop of Dorchester.

Births

 * Benedict II, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 685)
 * John V, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 686)
 * K'inich Kan B'alam II, ruler of Palenque (d. 702)
 * Pepin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace (approximate date)
 * Yijing, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (d. 713)

Deaths

 * June 25 – Gao zu, emperor of the Tang dynasty (b. 566)
 * Chen Shuda, prince and chancellor of the Tang dynasty
 * Gartnait III, king of the Picts
 * Wu Shihuo, father of Wu Zetian (b. 559)

title: 635


text:
636

Year 636   (DCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 636 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Heraclius assembles a large army consisting of contingents of Byzantines, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs. He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus. The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.
 * Summer – Heraclius summons a church assembly at Antioch, and scrutinises the situation. He accepts the argument that Byzantine disobedience to God is to blame for the Christian disaster in Syria. Heraclius leaves for Constantinople with the words, Peace be with you Syria — what a beautiful land you will be for your enemy.

Central America

 * April 28 – Yuknoom Chʼeen II becomes the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico and reigns for 50 years until his death in 686.

Europe

 * Chintila is elected by a convention of bishops and nobles (in accordance with the 75th canon of the Fourth Council of Toledo) as ruler of the Visigoths, after the death of King Sisenand.
 * Rothari (formerly duke of Brescia) marries widowed Queen Gundeberga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards. During his reign, he puts many insubordinate nobles to death.

Arabia

 * August 15–20 – Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces (25,000 men) of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, decisively defeat the armies of the Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests, after the death of Muhammad.
 * The city of Basra (modern Iraq) is founded on the Shatt al-Arab, at the head of the Persian Gulf. The port will become a major trading center for commodities from Arabia, India, and Persia.
 * November 16–19 – Battle of al-Qādisiyyah: The Muslim Arab army defeats the Persian forces under Rostam Farrokhzād, at Al-Qādisiyyah (Southern Mesopotamia).

Asia

 * The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding (China) is built, during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.

Literature

 * The historical texts of the Book of Northern Qi, Book of Chen, and Book of Sui are compiled in China, during the Tang dynasty.

Religion

 * Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts Cwichelm (son of king Cynegils of Wessex) to Christianity. He dies soon afterward, and is supposedly buried at Scutchamer Knob, in East Hendred (South East England).
 * June 30 – Fifth Council of Toledo: Chintila orders a meeting in the church of St. Leocadia; the bishops accept a decree that only Gothic nobility (with military functions) may be king of the Visigothic Kingdom.

Births

 * Æthelthryth, Anglo-Saxon princess (approximate date)
 * Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)

Deaths

 * April 4 – Isidore of Seville, archbishop and scholar
 * Arioald, king of the Lombards
 * Bahman Jadhuyih, Persian general
 * Dervan, prince of the Sorbs
 * Ecgric, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
 * Cwichelm, king of Wessex (approximate date)
 * George Pisida, Byzantine poet (approximate date)
 * Jalinus, Armenian nobleman
 * Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 637)
 * Sa'd ibn Ubadah, companion of Muhammad (approximate date)
 * Sisenand, king of the Visigoths
 * Theodore Trithyrius, Byzantine general (sacellarius)
 * Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (b. 601)

title: 636


text:
637

Year 637 (DCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 637 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Britain

 * June 24 – Battle of Mag Rath: King Oswald of Northumbria sends troops to Ireland, to assist Domnall Brecc King of Dál Riata in his alliance with King Congal Cáech of Ulaid against Domnall mac Áedo High King of Ireland, during the Irish dynastic wars. Domnall Brecc, Congal and their forces are defeated near Moira. At the Mull of Kintyre (southwest Scotland), Domnall mac Áedo's fleet destroys Domnall Brecc's naval force of Dál Riata.

Persia

 * March – Siege of Ctesiphon: The Rashidun army (15,000 men ) under Saʿd ibn Abi Waqqas occupies the Persian capital of Ctesiphon, after a two-month siege. King Yazdegerd III flees with the imperial treasure eastward into Media. Muslim forces conquer the Persian provinces as far as Khuzestan (modern Iran).
 * Battle of Jalula: Muslim Arabs defeat the Persian forces (20,000 men) under Farrukhzad at the Diyala River. The cities Tikrit and Mosul are captured, completing the conquest of Mesopotamia. The region west of the Zagros Mountains is annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate.

Arabian Empire

 * April – Siege of Jerusalem: The Rashidun army (20,000 men ), led by 'Amr ibn al-'As, conquers Jerusalem after a six-month siege. The Byzantine garrison surrenders to Caliph Umar I, who is invited by Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, to pray in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Umar declines, fearing that accepting the invitation might endanger the church's status, and turn the Christian holy site into a mosque.
 * Battle of Hazir: Muslim Arab forces (17,000 men) under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat the Byzantine army near Qinnasrin (Northern Syria). The cities of Beirut and Tyre are captured by Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan after a short siege.
 * October – Siege of Aleppo: Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid conquer the Byzantine stronghold Aleppo; the large walled city surrenders after a four-month siege. A column of troops under Malik al-Ashtar is sent to take Azaz.
 * Battle of the Iron Bridge: Rashidun forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat the Byzantine army and Christian Arabs near Antioch, at the Orontes River. It marks the complete annexation of Syria into the Rashidun Caliphate.

Asia

 * Chang'an, capital of the Tang dynasty (China), becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Ctesiphon, capital of Persia.
 * Queen Seondeok of Silla (Korea) builds an astronomical observatory near Gyeongju (Cheomseongdae), one of the oldest in East Asia.
 * King Songtsän Gampo builds the first palace on the site of the Potala Palace in Lhasa (Tibet).

Religion

 * The Muslims replace Zoroastrianism with Islam in Mesopotamia (later Iraq); they do not force their conquered subjects to embrace the Islamic faith, but they do require acceptance of the Quran as the doctrine of divine teaching, and will oblige their subjects to learn Arabic (approximate date).

Deaths

 * Andreas of Caesarea, bishop and writer (b. 563)
 * Congal Cáech, high king of Dál nAraidi (Ireland)
 * John Athalarichos, illegitimate son of Heraclius
 * Maria al-Qibtiyya, concubine of Muhammad
 * Mo Chua, Irish bishop and founder of Balla
 * Mo Chutu, Irish abbot and founder of Lismore Abbey
 * Rostam Farrokhzād, Persian general (or 636)
 * Wen Yanbo, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 575)

title: 637