text:
Shambles

Shambles is an obsolete term for an open-air slaughterhouse and meat market.

Shambles or The Shambles may also refer to:

 * The Shambles, a historic street in York, England
 * Shambles Square, Manchester, England
 * Shambles Glacier, Adelaide Island, Antarctica
 * The Shambles (band), an American power pop and rock band
 * "Shambles", 2023 song by Band-Maid
 * Shambles (film) (Maudite poutine), 2016 Canadian film directed by Karl Lemieux
 * The Shambles, a street in the lower part of Totnes, Devon (England)
 * The Shambles, a dangerous sandbank off Portland Bill, Dorset (England)
 * Fishamble Street, an historic street in Dublin, Ireland

title: Shambles


text:
Lewis County, New York

Lewis County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 26,582, making it the fourth-least populous county in New York. Its county seat is Lowville. The county is named after Morgan Lewis, the Governor of New York when the county was established. The county is part of the North Country region of the state.

History
The area now occupied by Lewis County was very sparsely occupied until the end of the 18th century. Although the land was already claimed by the Province of New York in its original grant, the land was clearly part of the territory of the Iroquois confederacy until after the American Revolutionary War, when New York seized the lands from tribes that had supported the British. The lands were unsurveyed and remained unattractive to settlement until after the complex process of Macomb's Purchase of 1791 eventually put much of the land in the hands of John Brown.

Jurisdiction history
The area now falling in the jurisdiction of Lewis County, New York, has changed jurisdiction many times, beginning as part of the originally enormous Albany County in 1683, then, after one of the many times that Albany County was divided, becoming part of Tryon County in 1772, which was renamed to Montgomery County in 1784; next, present-day Lewis County was part of Herkimer County in 1791, then part of Oneida County in 1798, and finally assumed its current name and borders in 1805.

When counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Lewis County was part of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, and further on March 16, 1770, by the creation of Gloucester County, both containing territory now in Vermont.

On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion (and thus, since no western boundary was specified, theoretically still extended west to the Pacific). The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, and the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of New York State. The county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York.

In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada. In 1784, following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery County to honor the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec, replacing the name of the despised British governor.

In 1789, the size of Montgomery County was reduced by the splitting off of Ontario County from Montgomery. The actual area split off from Montgomery County was much larger than the present county, also including the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Steuben, Wyoming, Yates, and part of Schuyler and Wayne Counties.

In 1791, Herkimer County was one of three counties split off from Montgomery (the other two being Otsego, and Tioga County). This was much larger than the present county, however, and was reduced by a number of subsequent splits. The first one of these, in 1794, produced Onondaga County. This county was larger than the current Onondaga County, including the present Cayuga, Cortland, and part of Oswego Counties.

Oneida County (as well as a part of Chenango County), was split off from Herkimer County in 1798.

Lewis County was split off from Oneida County in 1805.

Military history
On April 11, 1805, the Militia of Lewis, Jefferson and St Lawrence was established by the Council of Appointment under General Walter Martin. This was known as the 26th Brigade, aka Martin's Brigade.

350 men of the 26th Brigade were detached but never deployed in response to an Act of Congress dated March 30, 1808, in response to the English troubles.

On June 15, 1808, the 1st Regiment was established under Lieutenant Luke Winchell, consisting of troops from Lowville, Denmark, Harrisburg and Pinckney. A cavalry troop was formed in 1809 under Captain Levi Collins.

On April 10, 1812, in anticipation of war, the President of the United States was authorized to call up men for military service. To that end, a company was drafted for three months, under Captain Lyman Deming, of Denmark, in the regiment of Colonel Christopher P. Bellinger, of German Flats. They served at Sackett's Harbor from May 12, 1812, to August 21, 1812, when they were discharged.

When the War of 1812 began on June 12, 1812, the above company was in the field, participating in the First Battle of Sacket's Harbor. To supply them, a company of 72 men were called up on June 23, 1812, under Captain Nathan Cook and placed under Colonel Thomas B Benedict of DeKalb.

County wide drafts were issued in March 1813, September 1813, July 1814 and October 1814 in support of the war effort.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1290 sqmi, of which 1275 sqmi is land and 15 sqmi (1.2%) is water.

Lewis County is located in northwestern New York State, slightly east of due north from Syracuse. The eastern part of the county is in the Adirondack Park. A good portion of the Tug Hill Plateau is in the western part of the county. The county is home to the Black River Valley.

Adjacent counties

 * St. Lawrence County - north
 * Herkimer County - east
 * Oneida County - south
 * Oswego County - west
 * Jefferson County - northwest

Transportation
Major Routes include:

 * NY-3.svg NY-3
 * NY-12.svg NY-12
 * NY-12D.svg NY-12D
 * NY-26.svg NY-26
 * NY-812.svg NY-812

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 26,944 people, 10,040 households, and 7,309 families residing in the county. The population density was 21 pd/sqmi. There were 15,134 housing units at an average density of 12 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.17% White, 0.39% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64% of the population. 28.8% were of German, 13.8% French, 13.1% Irish, 9.2% English, 6.5% American and 5.3% Polish ancestry according to Census 2000. 97.3% spoke English and 1.0% Spanish as their first language.

There were 10,040 households, out of which 35.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.40% were married couples living together, 8.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.20% were non-families. 22.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.80% under the age of 18, 7.70% from 18 to 24, 28.20% from 25 to 44, 22.50% from 45 to 64, and 13.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 98.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.60 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $34,361, and the median income for a family was $39,287. Males had a median income of $30,479 versus $21,115 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,971. About 10.10% of families and 13.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.40% of those under age 18 and 14.00% of those age 65 or over.

Larger Settlements
† - County Seat

†† - Former Village

Towns

 * Croghan
 * Denmark
 * Diana
 * Greig
 * Harrisburg
 * Lewis
 * Leyden
 * Lowville
 * Lyonsdale
 * Martinsburg
 * Montague
 * New Bremen
 * Osceola
 * Pinckney
 * Turin
 * Watson
 * West Turin

Hamlets

 * Beaver Falls
 * Talcottville
 * List of other hamlets

Notable people
Child actor and veterinarian Peter Ostrum (born November 1957) settled in Lowville, Lewis County to practice veterinary medicine.

Judge Fred A. Young (August 27, 1904 – October 16, 1973) was a prominent Republican politician, lawyer, state legislator, and state judge, who was born in, and lived most of his life in, Lowville.

Florence Augusta Merriam Bailey (August 8, 1863 – September 22, 1948) was an American ornithologist and nature writer. She was born in Locust Grove, New York.

Franklin B. Hough (July 20, 1822 – June 11, 1885) was a scientist, historian and the first chief of the United States Division of Forestry, the predecessor of the United States Forest Service. He was born in Martinsburg and retired in Lowville.

Clinton Hart Merriam (December 5, 1855 – March 19, 1942) was an American zoologist, ornithologist, entomologist, ethnographer, and naturalist.

Edward McGlachlin (December 19. 1840 - April 22, 1931) was an American newspaper editor and politician. McGlachlin was born in Watson.

Politics

 * }

Lewis County is strongly Republican having been won by Republican presidential candidates all but three times since the Civil War, with the only exceptions being in 1912, 1964, and 1996. Republican Donald Trump received over two-thirds of the vote in 2020.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lewis County, New York


text:
Livingston County, New York

Livingston County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 61,834. Its county seat is Geneseo. The county is named after Robert R. Livingston, who helped draft the Declaration of Independence and negotiated the Louisiana Purchase. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.

Livingston County is part of the Rochester Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
On February 23, 1821, Livingston County, New York was formed from Ontario and Genesee Counties. The twelve original towns were: Avon, Caledonia, Conesus, Geneseo (county seat), Groveland, Leicester, Lima, Livonia, Mount Morris, Sparta, Springwater, and York.

Part of North Dansville was annexed from Steuben County in 1822 and became a separate town when Sparta was divided in 1846. At the same time, the town of West Sparta was also formed from Sparta. The towns of Nunda and Portage were annexed in 1846 and the town of Ossian was annexed in 1857 from Allegany County.

Avon, Williamsburgh, and the hamlet of Lakeville competed for the honor of becoming the Livingston County seat, but the distinction was bestowed upon Geneseo, the principal village and center of commerce. The Wadsworths donated a suitable lot, beautifully situated at the north end of the village. The brick courthouse faced Main Street, the jail of wood construction was built directly west, and a one-story cobblestone building for the County Clerk's office was built east of the courthouse. Until construction was completed in 1823, court was held in the upper story of the district school on Center Street (east of the present-day Livingston County Museum) and prisoners were housed in Canandaigua. In 1829 the county opened a poor house farm just outside the village.

Livingston County Flag
The County Flag was adopted in 1971 for the county's 150th anniversary. The significance of the colors and design relates to features and history of the county:

Yellow – the golden grain of the northern towns;

Blue – the Genesee River;

Green – the forests in the southern towns;

White – salt and limestone, prominent minerals in the county;

Balance and crossed quills – in honor of New York's first Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, for whom the county was named.

Senecas and Pioneer history
The Seneca Nation of Indians, once the most numerous and powerful of the Six Nations of the Iroquois, were called the "Keepers of the Western Door" because they guarded the western boundaries of the Haudenosaunee territory, which included the lands around Seneca Lake west to Lake Erie. Many of the principal towns were in the fertile Genesee Valley, part of what is now Livingston County. Little Beard's Town, or Genesee Castle, located near present-day Cuylerville in the Town of Leicester, was one of the largest.

Sullivan Campaign of the Revolutionary War
In 1779, General George Washington ordered General John Sullivan to organize the largest American offensive movement of the Revolutionary War to displace the Iroquois and gain control of New York's western frontier. Sullivan's army of approximately 5000 men trekked into the heart of the Seneca territory with orders to destroy all settlements.

On September 13, 1779, hundreds of Indians and Loyalists ambushed roughly 25 of Sullivan's scouts on a hill overlooking Conesus Lake at a site now known as the Ambuscade in the town of Groveland. At least 16 Americans were massacred including an Oneida guide. Scout leader Lt. Thomas Boyd and Sgt. Michael Parker were captured and their mutilated remains were discovered a day later when the army reached Little Beard's Town in Cuylerville, a hamlet in the town of Leicester. This site was the largest Indian settlement in western New York and the western limit of the Sullivan Campaign. Sullivan's army found the village deserted as most of the Indians and Loyalists had retreated west to Fort Niagara to avoid confrontation.

The army buried Boyd and Parker then burned the village and thousands of surrounding acres of crops. Upon retreat, the army discovered the bodies of the soldiers of Lt. Boyd's scouting party at the Ambuscade and buried them with military honors.

After fulfilling General Washington's instructions to destroy more than 40 Indian settlements and food supplies throughout the Finger Lakes, Sullivan's army returned to Easton, Pennsylvania. The mission was considered successful and helped to lessen the threat to white settlers across the state.

The enthusiasm generated by soldiers of General Sullivan's army prompted the rapid development of the Genesee Valley and the area that now comprises Livingston County. Within five years following the Treaty of Paris in 1783, ending the Revolutionary War, colonists branched out from well-established settlements in New England and the Mid-Atlantic states, with visions of reaping the benefits this vast wilderness land had to offer. News of the beauty and fertility of the area spread as far as Western Europe.

Seneca treaties
The destruction of the Iroquois villages during the Sullivan Campaign greatly impoverished the Senecas but did not deprive them of title to the land. This led to the creation of a series of treaties in order to facilitate westward expansion of white settlers. These treaties were not all supported by the Iroquois and consequently forever altered their culture.

After the Treaty of Paris, Messrs. Phelps and Gorham purchased from Massachusetts the rights to approximately eight million acres west of what is referred to as the old Pre-emption Line. The two men negotiated a treaty with the Seneca which was intended to extinguish Indian claims to this land. Approximately two-thirds of present-day Livingston County was covered by this treaty.

In 1790, Phelps and Gorham sold about 1,200,000 acres to Robert Morris, known as the "financier of the American Revolution." Morris then sold the land to a company of English capitalists, with Sir William Pulteney obtaining the majority interest. Charles Williamson, agent for Pulteney, took an absolute conveyance of the "Genesee Tract." The first permanent white settlement he established was the small village Williamburgh in Groveland at the confluence of the Genesee River and the Canaserega Creek. The village prospered until 1806 before it was abandoned.

The remainder of the original purchase was bought by Samuel Ogden in 1791 for Robert Morris, who then sold most of it to the Holland Land Company, reserving 500,000 acres, known as the Morris Reserve. By the terms of the sale, Morris obligated himself to extinguish the Indian title to the land sold. However, his involvement in land speculation left him penniless and imprisoned for debt for several years.

The 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua recognized the sovereignty of the Six Nations and restored their title to lands in western New York. But as pressure by western developers increased, the Treaty of Big Tree in 1797 was negotiated in the Wadsworth brothers' log cabin in Geneseo. This treaty included the western one-third of Livingston County and extinguished Indian title to practically all the lands west to the Niagara Frontier, excepting a handful of Indian reservations.

The Pioneer Wadsworths
Col. Jeremiah Wadsworth of Hartford, Connecticut, one of the wealthiest and most influential men in the post-Revolutionary War era, invested heavily in land speculation in this region. In 1788, he made the arduous trip to the Genesee country to judge its worth and finding it unimaginably rich. After purchasing more than 200,000 acres (50 square miles) along the Genesee River, Col. Wadsworth offered his young cousins, brothers James and William Wadsworth, 2000 acres of prime farmland in and around what is now Geneseo. In return, they represented the Colonel's interests by establishing a home farm (known as the Homestead) and promoting settlement and progress.

The Wadsworth brothers acquired thousands more acres, becoming the largest single landowners in western New York. They leased the majority of the land to tenant farmers with generous lease agreements. James and William were known far and wide for their philanthropy and innovative farming methods. The legacy of James and William Wadsworth and their vast land holdings has been carried forward generation after generation and the prominent family still remains synonymous with the Genesee Valley to present day.

Genesee Valley Canal
The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 brought prosperity across the state and realization of the benefits of internal navigation. The Genesee Valley lacked access to broader markets other than via the Genesee River, often too dangerous to navigate. Planners envisioned a lateral canal, cutting through the core of Livingston County, as the means of uniting the Erie Canal with the Allegany River, thereby connecting the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, allowing freight and passenger transportation all the way to New Orleans.

Construction of the Genesee Valley Canal started in Rochester in 1837, reaching Mount Morris by 1840. A junction to Sonyea opened in 1841 and then a branch was built to Dansville, completing 52 miles. Extending the canal through to Nunda and Portage was most challenging, as workers battled the area's most rugged terrain along the Genesee River gorge. After years of delays, 17 locks between Nunda and Portageville were completed in 1851.

By the time that the last segment connecting to the Allegany River was finally finished in 1862, however, railroad technology had outpaced canals. This forced the Genesee Valley Canal to close by 1878; the towpath became the bed of the Genesee Valley Canal Railroad. Railroads rapidly became the primary mode of transportation as they criss-crossed the entire county. Although the Genesee Valley Canal was short-lived, the lasting effect expanded job opportunities for thousands of new immigrants, opened markets for the area's abundant goods, and overall enriched the quality of life for residents.

Today, the old Genesee Valley Canal Railroad bed has become part of the Genesee Valley Greenway Trail.

Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, Lima
One of the first coeducational schools in the country, incorporated 1834, founded by the Genesee Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and operated until 1941. Genesee College, founded on the same site in the 1840s, eventually relocated and became Syracuse University. Presently the site is occupied by Elim Bible Institute.

Water Therapy: Avon Springs and the Jackson Sanitarium
The area around present-day Avon and eastern Caledonia was known by the Seneca as "Canawaugus," or "the place of stinking waters" due to the prevalence of sulfur in the springs on the west side of town. The Seneca believed the water's mineral characteristics had health benefits long before the white settlers arrived. In 1821, Richard Wadsworth was the first white man in Avon to build a showering box and promote the curative properties of the sulfur water. The reputation of Avon Springs grew throughout the 19th century, peaking just before the Civil War era. Guests sought health cures as well as relaxation and recreation opportunities in the Genesee Valley. By about 1900, most of the numerous hotels and spas were gone.

Nunda and Dansville also boasted mineral springs and attracted travelers from around the world to enjoy the medicinal effects of water therapy. Most well-known was the sprawling resort in Dansville operated by Dr. James C. Jackson, a leading holistic health advocate and abolitionist. Dr. Jackson is credited with inventing Granula, America's first cold breakfast cereal, and along with Dr. Harriet Austen, endorsed exercise and less constraining clothes for women. The resort stayed in the Jackson family until the early 1900s. During World War I, the sanitarium was used by the federal government as a hospital for wounded soldiers. In 1929, bodybuilder Bernarr Macfadden bought the facility and named it the Physical Culture Hotel. His larger-than-life personality and national magazine with the same name boosted the popularity of the place into the 1950s.

The Shakers of Groveland
The only Shaker colony in western New York began moving from Sodus, Wayne County, New York to the hamlet of Sonyea in Groveland in 1836. The Shakers practiced celibacy, agrarian communal living, and self-sufficiency.

The Groveland site was convenient as a stopping place for Shakers traveling between their western societies in Ohio and their parent village at New Lebanon, New York. The 1,700-acre farm, with its fertile flatlands and the access to the Genesee Valley Canal benefited the Shakers’ cottage industries. They made flat brooms, dried apples, dried sweet corn, and fancy goods such as sewing boxes.

Groveland's Shaker population peaked with 148 members in 1836. In 1857, they had 130 members, which shrank to 57 in 1874. Shaker membership everywhere had diminished to the point where the society had to begin consolidating its population at fewer sites. In 1892, the remaining 34 Groveland members moved to the North Family of the Shaker community at Watervliet, New York.

After the Shakers left Groveland, State of New York paid the Shakers $115,000 for the buildings and 1,800 acres of land at Groveland, for the Craig Colony for Epileptics.

Several diaries and journals from the Shakers' early years at Groveland can be found at the Western Reserve Historical Society, Cleveland, Ohio. These manuscripts are also available on microfilm at more than 20 locations throughout the U.S.

Civil War regiments
Three Civil War regiments were organized in Livingston County. The 104th New York Volunteer Infantry or ‘Wadsworth Guards’, named in honor of Gen. James S. Wadsworth, formed September 1861 at Geneseo. The camp was located at the head of North Street in the village and known as Camp Union. The two other regiments were organized at Portage near present-day Letchworth State Park. In 1862, the 130th Infantry regiment formed and later converted to a cavalry unit known as the 1st New York Dragoons. The same year the 136th Infantry Regiment, also known as the ‘Ironclads’, was organized.

The Caledonia Fish Hatchery
Rochester native Seth Green's groundbreaking experiments in artificial fish propagation led to the establishment of the first fish hatchery in the Western Hemisphere in Caledonia in 1864. The hatchery is managed by the Department of Conservation and has remained active into the 21st century.

Genesee Valley Hunt
The Livingston County Hunt was established in 1876 by Maj. William Austin Wadsworth. By the early 1880s, the organization was called the Genesee Valley Hunt and the Valley became known as the fox-hunting center of North America. The Genesee Valley Hunt remains active and is one of the oldest in the U.S.

Salt mining
Salt was discovered more than 1000 feet below the surface in Livingston County in the early 1880s. Salt mines opened in the towns of Leicester (Cuylerville), Livonia, Mount Morris, and York (Retsof). The Retsof mine became the largest salt-producing mine in the United States and the second largest in the world. The industry was a major employer throughout most of the 20th century until the mine collapsed and flooded in 1994. American Rock Salt opened a new mine in 1997 at Hampton Corners in the Town of Groveland and soon afterwards became the largest operating salt mine in the U.S.

Murray Hill, Mt. Morris
Once the terrestrial lands of the Seneca Indians, a wide area in Western New York known as the Mt. Morris Tract was purchased in 1807 by four couples – Mr. and Mrs. John R. Murray Sr., Mr. and Mrs. William Ogden, Mr. and Mrs. John Trumbull, all of New York City, and Mr. and Mrs. James Wadsworth of Geneseo.

In 1837, the land was subdivided and John R. Murray Jr. established a home on the property that would be known as "Murray Hill." He brought his bride, Anna Vernon Olyphant of New York City, to live in a simple but elegant mansion overlooking the Genesee Valley. The couple improved the grounds with formal gardens and Fish Ponds and entertained distinguished guests for the next 25 years.

Over the course of the next seven decades, the estate had a succession of proprietors. In 1882, while under the ownership of Col. Charles Shepard and wife, a fire completely destroyed the Murray mansion. A new, less magnificent home was built together with extensive barns and stables.

By 1930, New York State was seeking a site in the area for one of three new tuberculosis sanatoriums to help control and prevent a disease that was the cause of nearly 4000 deaths in upstate New York that year. Although Livingston County had a low rate of tuberculosis as compared to urban centers, the Murray Hill site was chosen as the ideal spot for this facility to serve the western region due to its central location, favorable weather, easy accessibility to rail lines and state roads, and proximity to advanced healthcare centers at Craig Colony in Sonyea and Strong Hospital in Rochester. All of these factors, including the restorative nature of the surroundings and the strong community support, added to the desirability and were pivotal factors in Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt's final decision to build a hospital on this site in 1932.

Construction of the 200-bed facility was completed and it opened in 1936. In addition, the campus complex included residences for staff and physicians, an auditorium, greenhouse, power plant and laundry. A separate children's 50-bed ward was constructed and opened the following year. Over the course of the next 35 years, the tuberculosis hospital served patients who often spent several months recuperating. Preventative efforts and advances in the use of antibiotics impacted the spread of tuberculosis and resulted in the closing of the hospital by the state in 1971.

Livingston County acquired the site and bordering park lands for $1.00 in 1972, using the main hospital building as a skilled nursing facility until 2004 when it was determined that a more modern facility was required. The adjacent Center for Nursing and Rehabilitation was built to accommodate the growing needs of the area and the other buildings on the campus now house various county departments and agencies.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 640 sqmi, of which 632 sqmi is land and 8.5 sqmi (1.3%) is water.

Livingston County is located in the Finger Lakes region, south of Rochester and east of Buffalo.

Letchworth State Park is partly in the western part of the county. The Genesee River flows northward through the county.

The Rochester and Southern Railroad (RSR) traverses the county from Greigsville south through Mount Morris to Dansville.

Adjacent counties

 * Monroe County – north
 * Ontario County – east
 * Steuben County – southeast
 * Allegany County – south
 * Wyoming County – west
 * Genesee County – northwest

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-390 (long).svg|22px]] Interstate 390
 * [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 20
 * [[Image:US 20A (NY).svg|22px]] U.S. Route 20A
 * [[Image:NY-5.svg|20px]] New York State Route 5
 * [[Image:NY-15.svg|20px]] New York State Route 15
 * [[Image:NY-15A.svg|22px]] New York State Route 15A
 * [[Image:NY-36.svg|20px]] New York State Route 36
 * [[Image:NY-39.svg|20px]] New York State Route 39
 * [[Image:NY-63.svg|20px]] New York State Route 63
 * [[Image:NY-65.svg|20px]] New York State Route 65

Government and politics
Livingston County is heavily Republican. 1964 was the only time in history that Livingston County voted for the Democratic presidential candidate. Aside from 1964, Livingston County has voted Republican in every presidential election since the Republican Party's founding in 1854. Livingston County also voted Whig in every presidential election from 1828 to 1852. Since Johnson's win in 1964, the closest that a Democratic presidential candidate has gotten to winning Livingston County was Bill Clinton in 1996, when he lost to Bob Dole by just 113 votes.

 * }

Livingston County is governed by a 17–member legislature headed by a chairman. Livingston County is part of the 7th Judicial District of the New York Supreme Court and the 4th Division of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division.

2000 Census
As of the 2000 Census, there were 64,328 people, 22,150 households, and 15,349 families residing in the county. The population density was 102 /mi2. There were 24,023 housing units at an average density of 38 /mi2.

The county's racial makeup was 94% White, 3% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.85% from other races, and 1.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.27% of the population. 22.5% were of German, 17.7% Irish, 14.3% Italian, 12.8% English and 7.0% American ancestry according to the 2000 Census. 95.8% spoke English and 2.0% Spanish as their first language.

There were 22,150 households, of which 34% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.6 and the average family size was 3.05.

23.40% of the county's population was under the age of 18, 14.20% were from age 18 to 24, 28.90% were from age 25 to 44, 22.10% were from age 45 to 64, and 11.40% were age 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 100.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.00 males.

The county's median household income was $42,066, and the median family income was $50,513. Males had a median income of $36,599 versus $25,228 for females. The county's per capita income was $18,062. About 5.80% of families and 10.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.70% of those under age 18 and 6.50% of those age 65 or over.

2010 Census
As of the 2010 Census, there were 65,393 people, 24,409 households, and 15,943 families residing in the county. The population density was 103.5 /mi2. There were 27,123 housing units at an average density of 43 /mi2.

The county's racial makeup was 93.8% White, 2.4% African American, 0.29% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.76% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.76% of the population. In 2017, 26.3% were of German, 21.2% Irish, 14.2% Italian, 13.5% English and 5.6% American ancestry according to the 2017 American Community Survey. 93.5% spoke English and 2.6% Spanish as their first language.

Towns

 * Avon
 * Caledonia
 * Conesus
 * Geneseo
 * Groveland
 * Leicester
 * Lima
 * Livonia
 * Mount Morris
 * North Dansville
 * Nunda
 * Ossian
 * Portage
 * Sparta
 * Springwater
 * West Sparta
 * York

Villages

 * Avon
 * Caledonia
 * Dansville, Livingston County, New York
 * Geneseo
 * Leicester
 * Lima
 * Livonia
 * Mount Morris
 * Nunda

Hamlet

 * Coopersville

Notable people

 * Cornelia Wadsworth Ritchie Adair, published diarist and matriarch of Glenveagh Castle and JA Ranch, was born into the Wadsworth family of Geneseo.
 * Lois Bryan Adams (1817–1870), writer, journalist, newspaper editor
 * James C. Adamson, NASA astronaut, grew up in Geneseo.
 * Chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States, was son of a Baptist minister and moved to York in 1837, attending the Old Brick School there. His infant brother, George, is buried at Pleasant Valley Cemetery in York.
 * Harriet N. Austin, a water cure physician, dress reformer, and women's rights advocate, was associated for many years with the Jackson Sanitorium in North Dansville
 * Cassius McDonald Barnes, American Civil War soldier, served as the 4th Governor of Oklahoma Territory; born in Livingston County.
 * Ross Barnes, famous Major League Baseball player, was born at Mt. Morris, Livingston County, in 1850.
 * Isabel Chapin Barrows, first woman employed by the United States State Department, worked for a time at the Jackson Sanitorium in Dansville and met her husband, Samuel June Barrows, there.
 * Clara Barton, volunteer nurse during the Civil War, organized the first chapter of the American Red Cross at Dansville, Livingston County, in 1881.
 * Francis Bellamy, author of the "Pledge of Allegiance," was born in the village of Mt. Morris in 1855 and lived there until 1859.
 * James G. Birney, abolitionist and politician, is buried at Williamsburg Cemetery, Groveland.
 * Sarah Hopkins Bradford, writer and historian, was born in Mt. Morris.
 * Claude Fayette Bragdon, important architect, lived in Dansville for about four years beginning in 1877, where his father was a newspaper editor.
 * William A. Brodie, Grand Master of Mason in New York, laid the foundation stone of the Statue of Liberty in 1884. He was Livingston County treasurer and spent most of his life in Geneseo.
 * Charles R. Cameron, consul in Brazil, Chile, and Cuba, and consul-general in Japan, spent over forty years in the United States Foreign Service. He was born in York.
 * Rev. Augusta Jane Chapin, born in Lakeville, Livonia, was the first woman in America to receive an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree.
 * Emma Lampert Cooper, a prominent oil and watercolor artist, was born in Nunda.
 * Cornplanter, Seneca war chief, diplomat, and veteran of the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War, was born at Canawaugus, now part of Caledonia.
 * Millard Fillmore, 13th President of the United States, apprenticed for four months as a teenager at a wool-carding and cloth-dressing mill in West Sparta.
 * Clinton Bowen Fisk, American Civil War brigadier general, banker, 1888 US presidential candidate for the Prohibition Party, and person whom Fisk University is named; born in York.
 * James W. Gerard, American Ambassador to Germany, was born at Geneseo.
 * Walter E. Gregory (1857-1918), physician; first chairman of the Southern Livingston County chapter of the American Red Cross
 * Seth Green, the "Father of Fish Culture," established the first North American fish hatchery at Caledonia in 1864; it is now also the oldest in the country.
 * Handsome Lake, a Seneca religious leader, was born at Canawaugus, now part of Caledonia
 * Vivika Heino, noted ceramicist, was born in Caledonia
 * Eben Norton Horsford, scientist and inventor, developed a new formula for baking powder, eventually producing Rumford Baking Powder. He was born in Leicester.
 * William H. C. Hosmer, poet, was native of Avon.
 * Mary Seymour Howell, native of Mt. Morris, was an educator and fought for woman suffrage. She was a colleague of Susan B. Anthony and wrote the equal suffrage bill for the New York State Assembly, passed in 1892.
 * Washington Hunt, United States Congressman, New York State Comptroller, and New York State Governor from 1851 to 1852, lived in Portage as a boy and was educated at the Geneseo Academy.
 * Helen Hunt Jackson, a writer and advocate for western Native American groups, married into the Hunt family of Portage
 * Mary Jemison, the "White Woman of the Genesee," taken captive by Native Americans, lived much of her life among the Seneca at Little Beard's Town, near present-day Cuylerville. After 1797, she resided on her 18,000-acre reservation, today part of Letchworth State Park.
 * Tom Keene / George Duryea, American actor, was likely native of Oakland in the town of Portage
 * Belva Ann Lockwood, women's rights activist, educator, and politician, was educated at Genesee Wesleyan Seminary.
 * Sara Jane McBride, entomologist and early woman fly tyer, was born in Mumford and lived in Caledonia.
 * Elizabeth Smith Miller, women's suffrage advocate and dress reformer, was born at Groveland and designed the "Bloomer Outfit," popularized by Amelia Bloomer.
 * Annetta Thompson Mills, born in Portage, founded the first formal school for the Deaf in China.
 * Henry Granger Piffard (1842–1910), New York dermatologist and author of the first systematic treatise on dermatology in America
 * Henry Jarvis Raymond, United States Congressmen and founder of the New York Times, was from Lima and attended the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary there.
 * Jessie Belle Rittenhouse, American poet and critic, was born at Mt. Morris, and received the first Robert Frost Medal from the Poetry Society of America in 1930.
 * Anne Graham Rockfellow, architect, was born in Mt. Morris and was the first woman to graduate from MIT with a degree in architecture in 1887.
 * John Samuel Rowell (1825–1907), agricultural inventor and manufacturing industrialist, was a resident of Springwater
 * Emily Maria Scott (1832–1915), artist and founder of the New York Water Color Club, was born in Springwater
 * Daniel Shays, Revolutionary War soldier and leader of Shays' Rebellion, is buried in Scottsburg Union Cemetery in Conesus.
 * Curt Smith, author and political speechwriter, was born in Caledonia and graduated from SUNY Geneseo in 1973.
 * Annie D. Fraser Tallent, pioneer, was the first white woman to enter the territory of the Lakota people in South Dakota in 1874. She was originally from York.
 * Alice Hay Wadsworth, national anti-suffrage leader, was wife of Senator James W. Wadsworth Jr. and was president of the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage from 1917 to 1920.
 * James Wadsworth, pioneer, land speculator, and education advocate, settled the Geneseo area and later helped to fund New York State common school libraries. His brother William also was a pioneer and officer in the War of 1812.
 * James Jeremiah Wadsworth, American politician and diplomat, was native of Geneseo.
 * James S. Wadsworth, American Civil War general who was killed at the Battle of the Wilderness, had his hometown in Geneseo.
 * Ferdinand Ward, American swindler, was a native of Geneseo.
 * Henry I. Weed, Wisconsin state senator and lawyer, was born in Livingston County.
 * Julia Ann Wilbur (1815–1895) resided on the northern edge of Avon and was an abolitionist and suffragist
 * Frances E. Willard, suffrage and temperance leader, began an early career of teaching at Lima's Genesee Wesleyan Seminary before becoming the national president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and influencing the passage of the 19th Amendment.
 * John Young, New York State Governor, was born in Conesus and opened a law office in Geneseo before embarking on his state and federal legislative career.

title: Livingston County, New York


text:
Madison County, New York

Madison County is a county located in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 68,016. Its county seat is Wampsville. The county is named after James Madison, the fourth president of the United States, and was first formed in 1806. The county is part of the Central New York region of the state.

Madison County is part of the Syracuse metropolitan area.

History
Indigenous peoples had occupied areas around Oneida Lake for thousands of years. The historic Oneida Indian Nation is an Iroquoian-speaking people who emerged as a culture in this area about the fourteenth century and dominated the territory. They are one of the Five Nations who originally comprised the Iroquois Confederacy or Haudenosaunee.

English colonists established counties in eastern present-day New York State in 1683; at the time, the territory of the present Madison County was considered part of Albany County, with the city of Albany located on the Hudson River. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State around Albany as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. It was claimed by the English but largely occupied by the Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Cayuga and Mohawk, who had the territory in the central Mohawk Valley, as well as Mahican near the Hudson River. On July 3, 1766, the English organized Cumberland County, and on March 16, 1770, they organized Gloucester County, both containing territory now included in the state of Vermont.

On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion (and thus, since no western boundary was specified, theoretically still extended west to the Pacific). The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, and the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County includes 37 current counties of New York State. The county was named for William Tryon, the colonial governor of New York.

In the years prior to the outbreak of revolution in 1776, tensions rose in the frontier areas upstate and most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada. In 1784, following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, New York changed the name of Tryon County to Montgomery County, in honor of the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec.

As allies of the Patriots, the Oneida Indian Nation was allocated land by the United States in the postwar settlement for a reservation near Oneida Lake, in their traditional homeland. In the postwar treaty, the four Iroquois nations who had been allies of the British were forced to cede their lands; most of their peoples had already migrated to Canada to escape the worst of the fighting on the frontier after Sullivan's Raid. This expedition through Indian country had destroyed dwellings, crops and winter stores; many Iroquois who did not migrate died of starvation that winter.

But settlers were hungry for land, and in 1788 Governor Clinton's representatives persuaded the Oneida to cede some of their territory to the state for sale to European-American settlers. This was called the "Clinton Purchase", after Governor George Clinton. The land comprised the southern portion of the Oneida reservation. It has also been called the Twenty Townships, as these were the number organized after New York controlled the land.

As this sale was never ratified by the United States Senate, it was declared unconstitutional in a ruling by the United States Supreme Court in the late twentieth century. New York State had no legal authority after the Revolution and the formation of the United States to negotiate separately with American Indian tribes.

In 1789, Montgomery County was reduced in size by the splitting off of Ontario County. This was later divided to form the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Steuben, Wyoming, Yates, and part of Schuyler and Wayne counties.

In 1791, Herkimer and Tioga counties were two of three counties split off from Montgomery County (the other being Otsego County).

Chenango County was formed in 1798 from parts of Tioga and Herkimer counties. Finally, Madison County was created from Chenango County in 1806.

About 1802, the Oneida agreed to allocate about 22,000 acres of their land to the Stockbridge and Munsee (Lenape), who were seeking refuge from anti-Native American conflicts by American settlers after the Revolution. Both were Christianized: the Stockbridge had migrated from western Massachusetts and the Lenape from New York and New Jersey. The two peoples were pressured to leave New York for Wisconsin in the 1820s, to make more land available for European-American settlement.

In the late twentieth century, the three recognized Oneida tribes: of Wisconsin, New York, and the Thames reserve in Canada, filed suit in a land claim against New York for its treaty and forced purchase of their ancestral lands after the American Revolutionary War, seeking the return of thousands of acres. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled the purchase was unconstitutional, as New York did not have the treaty ratified by the United States Senate, and had no authority under the U.S. Constitution to deal directly with the Oneida, a right reserved to the federal government. In 2010 the state offered the Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin more than 300 acres in Sullivan County in the Catskill Mountains, with permission to construct a gambling casino, and two acres in Madison County, to settle their part of the suit. Several private and public interests oppose the deal, including other federally recognized tribes in New York.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 661 sqmi, of which 655 sqmi is land and 6.4 sqmi (1.0%) is water.

Madison County is located in central New York State, just east of Syracuse, north of Binghamton, and slightly north of due west from Albany. Madison County contains the geographic center of the state at Pratts Hollow in the Town of Eaton.

Oneida Lake and Oneida Creek define part of the northern boundary. The Great Swamp, formerly located south of the lake, was a rich wetlands habitat important to many species of birds and wildlife. This was drained by local and state construction projects in the early decades of the twentieth century, chiefly by Italian immigrants. The fertile soil supported high production of onions and other commodity crops, and the Italian families grew wealthy from their work. The area was known as "Black Beach" for its mucklands. Chittenango Creek defines much of the western boundary.

Adjacent counties and areas
Chenango County is across the southern border. Onondaga and Cortland counties form the western border, with Onondaga serving as Madison County's longest and most prominent border. Otsego County forms a short boundary in the southeastern corner of Madison County. Oneida County shares a northeastern border with Madison County. Oneida Lake is the northern border with part of Oswego County on the opposite shore.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 69,441 people, 25,368 households, and 17,580 families residing in the county. The population density was 106 PD/sqmi. There were 28,646 housing units at an average density of 44 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.49% White, 1.32% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.56% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.06% of the population; 16.1% were of German, 15.6% English, 15.5% Irish, 12.1% Italian, and 8.0% American ancestry according to Census 2000. Of these 95.6% spoke English and 1.9% Spanish as their first language.

There were 25,368 households, out of which 33.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.10% were married couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.70% were non-families. Of all households 24.50% were made up of individuals, and 10.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.90% under the age of 18, 12.00% from 18 to 24, 27.60% from 25 to 44, 23.00% from 45 to 64, and 12.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 96.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $40,184, and the median income for a family was $47,889. Males had a median income of $33,069 versus $25,026 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,105. About 6.30% of families and 9.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.50% of those under age 18 and 8.80% of those age 65 or over.

Much of Madison County is rural. However, the communities along NY Route 5 are suburbs of Syracuse, as is Cazenovia.

School districts

 * Brookfield Central School District
 * Canastota Central School District
 * Cazenovia Central School District
 * Chittenango Central School District
 * DeRuyter Central School
 * Hamilton Central School District
 * Madison Central School District
 * Morrisville-Eaton Central School District
 * Oneida City School District
 * Stockbridge Valley Central School District
 * Otselic Valley Central School

Colleges and universities

 * Cazenovia College (closing in 2023)
 * Colgate University
 * State University of New York at Morrisville

Larger Settlements
† - County Seat

‡ - Not Wholly in this County

Towns
The towns in southern Madison County originated from the Twenty Townships ceded by the Oneida tribe to the State of New York.

 * Brookfield
 * Cazenovia
 * DeRuyter
 * Eaton
 * Fenner
 * Georgetown
 * Hamilton
 * Lebanon
 * Lenox
 * Lincoln
 * Madison
 * Nelson
 * Smithfield
 * Stockbridge
 * Sullivan

Hamlets

 * Leonardsville
 * New Woodstock
 * Peterboro
 * West Edmeston
 * Hubbardsville

Politics
For the majority of its history, Madison County has been a mostly Republican county, with the party's presidential candidates winning the county in every election but one from 1884 to 1992. The one exception to this was in 1964, as the county swung strongly to the Democratic column for the first time thanks to Barry Goldwater's conservatism alienating the Northeast, giving Lyndon B. Johnson a wide margin of victory as he won every county in the state & won by a landslide nationally. As New York has turned into a solid blue state, the county has become a swing county & national bellwether from 1996 onward. However, the margins of victory for the two parties in recent elections have been quite different. The three most recent Republican victories in the county have all been by over 10 percentage points, while the three most recent Democratic wins have all been by margins of under one thousand votes.

 * }

title: Madison County, New York


text:
Monroe County, New York

Monroe County is a county in the U.S. state of New York, located along Lake Ontario's southern shore. As of 2022, the population was 752,035, according to Census Bureau estimates. Its county seat and largest city is Rochester. The county is named after James Monroe, the fifth president of the United States. Monroe County is part of the Rochester, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is part of the Finger Lakes region of the state.

History
When counties were established in the Province of New York in 1683, the present Monroe County was part of Albany County. This was an enormous county, including the northern part of the State of New York as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This county was reduced in size on July 3, 1766, by the creation of Cumberland County, and further on March 16, 1770, by the creation of Gloucester County, both containing territory now in Vermont.

On March 12, 1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the other pieces, Tryon County, contained the western portion (and thus, since no western boundary was specified, theoretically still extended west to the Pacific). The eastern boundary of Tryon County was approximately five miles west of the present city of Schenectady, and the county included the western part of the Adirondack Mountains and the area west of the West Branch of the Delaware River. The area then designated as Tryon County now includes 37 counties of the State of New York. The county was named for William Tryon, colonial governor of New York.

In the years prior to 1776, most of the Loyalists in Tryon County fled to Canada. In 1784, following the peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War, the name of Tryon County was changed to Montgomery County in order to honor the general, Richard Montgomery, who had captured several places in Canada and died attempting to capture the city of Quebec, replacing the name of the hated British governor.

In 1789, Ontario County was split off from Montgomery. The actual area split off from Montgomery County was much larger than the present county, also including the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Orleans, Steuben, Wyoming, Yates, and part of Schuyler and Wayne counties.

Genesee County was created by a splitting of Ontario County in 1802. This was much larger than the present Genesee County, however. It contained the present Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Niagara, Orleans, Wyoming, and portions of Livingston and Monroe counties.

Finally, Monroe County was formed from parts of Genesee and Ontario counties in 1821.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county's total area is 1367 sqmi, of which 657 sqmi is land and 710 sqmi (52%) is water.

Monroe County is in Western State of New York's northern tier, northeast of Buffalo and northwest of Syracuse. The northern county line is also the state line and the border of the United States, marked by Lake Ontario. Monroe County is north of the Finger Lakes.

Adjacent counties

 * Wayne County - east
 * Ontario County - southeast
 * Livingston County - south
 * Orleans County - west
 * Genesee County - southwest

Major highways

 * [[Image:NY-15.svg|20px]] New York State Route 15
 * [[Image:NY-15A.svg|20px]] New York State Route 15A
 * [[Image:NY-18.svg|20px]] New York State Route 18
 * [[Image:NY-19.svg|20px]] New York State Route 19
 * [[Image:NY-31.svg|20px]] New York State Route 31
 * [[Image:NY-31F.svg|20px]] New York State Route 31F
 * [[Image:NY-33.svg|20px]] New York State Route 33
 * [[Image:NY-33A.svg|20px]] New York State Route 33A
 * [[Image:NY-36.svg|20px]] New York State Route 36
 * [[Image:NY-64.svg|20px]] New York State Route 64
 * [[Image:NY-65.svg|20px]] New York State Route 65
 * [[Image:NY-96.svg|20px]] New York State Route 96
 * [[Image:NY-104.svg|22px]] New York State Route 104
 * [[Image:NY-153.svg|22px]] New York State Route 153
 * [[Image:NY-250.svg|22px]] New York State Route 250
 * [[Image:NY-251.svg|22px]] New York State Route 251
 * [[Image:NY-252.svg|22px]] New York State Route 252
 * [[Image:NY-259.svg|22px]] New York State Route 259
 * [[Image:NY-286.svg|22px]] New York State Route 286
 * [[Image:NY-390.svg|22px]] New York State Route 390
 * [[Image:NY-404.svg|22px]] New York State Route 404
 * [[Image:NY-441.svg|22px]] New York State Route 441
 * [[Image:NY-531.svg|22px]] New York State Route 531
 * [[Image:NY-590.svg|22px]] New York State Route 590
 * [[Image:Lake Ontario State Parkway.svg|26px]] Lake Ontario State Parkway
 * [[Image:NY-441.svg|22px]] New York State Route 441
 * [[Image:NY-531.svg|22px]] New York State Route 531
 * [[Image:NY-590.svg|22px]] New York State Route 590
 * [[Image:Lake Ontario State Parkway.svg|26px]] Lake Ontario State Parkway

Government and politics
Monroe County was chartered as a municipal corporation by the New York State Legislature in 1892 and re-chartered under New York's Municipal Home Rule Law in 1965.

From 1856 to 1932, Monroe County voted for the Republican candidate in every presidential election apart from 1912. Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson was able to win the county in 1912 when the Republican vote was divided between then incumbent president William Howard Taft and former president Theodore Roosevelt. Monroe County voted for incumbent Democratic presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt (1936, 1940, 1944) and Harry S. Truman (1948). From 1952 to 1976, Monroe County voted for the Republican candidate in all presidential elections except for Lyndon B. Johnson's Democratic landslide in 1964. In 1980, incumbent Democratic president Jimmy Carter won Monroe County, despite having lost in the county to Republican Gerald Ford in 1976. Monroe County went back to voting Republican in 1984 and 1988, but has voted for the Democratic presidential candidate every time from 1992 onwards, up to and including the 2020 election.

In recent years, the urban area's traditional partisan dynamic appears to have begun shifting in the Democratic Party's favor at the local level. A Democrat won the 2017 race for county sheriff for the first time in decades, in 2019 Democrat Adam Bello was elected county executive after over 30 years of Republican control, in 2020 democrats Samra Brouk and Jeremy Cooney flipped state senate districts long held by the GOP, and the traditionally Republican county legislature is now split 16-13 in favor of the Democratic Party. This matches a broader national trend of increased Democratic success in suburban areas.

 * }

Executive branch
The county's executive branch is headed by the County Executive, Adam Bello. The executive's office is on the first floor of the County Office Building on West Main Street in Rochester. The current County Clerk is Jamie Romeo, a Democrat. The county was exclusively governed by a Board of Supervisors for the first 114 years of its history. In 1935, the position of County Manager, appointed by the Board, was approved by popular referendum. In 1983, the position was replaced by a County Executive, directly elected by popular vote, with expanded powers (e.g., veto). In 1993, the legislature enacted term limits for the executive office of 12 consecutive years to start in 1996.

Sheriff
The Monroe County Sheriff's Office (MCSO) provides law enforcement and has the constitutional authority to operate the county jail and provide civil functions. As with most counties in New York, the MCSO also performs a range of police services and provides physical and operational security to the courts. The MCSO is led by a Sheriff who is elected by the residents of Monroe County, serving a 4-year term. They are considered the highest police official in the county, followed by an appointed Undersheriff and subordinate Chief Deputy. The Monroe County Sheriff is Todd K. Baxter, a Democrat.

Organizationally, the office is composed of numerous bureaus, each responsible for a given scope of functional operations. The Jail Bureau is the largest component of the Sheriff's Office, overseeing an inmate population of around 1,000. Under the New York State Constitution, the Sheriff is the warden of the county jail.

The Police Bureau of the Sheriff's Office operates a sizable road patrol force which serves municipalities within Monroe County that do not independently enforce traffic. They are also responsible for primary police patrols at the Greater Rochester International Airport and parks throughout the county. Deputies assigned to the Marine Unit patrol the coastline of Lake Ontario as well as Irondequoit Bay. The Police Bureau further employs a mounted unit, bomb squad, SWAT team, hostage recovery, criminal investigations, SCUBA, and canine units. The court security bureau provides security at the Hall of Justice as well as at the state Appellate Court building.

In 2011, the Monroe County Sheriff's Office's uniform was named the 2011 Public Safety Uniform Award in the County Sheriff's/Police Department category by the North American Association of Uniform Manufacturers and Distributors (NAUMD).

Legislative branch
The county's legislative branch consists of a 29-member County Legislature which replaced the earlier 43-member Board of Supervisors on January 1, 1967. It meets in the Legislative Chambers on the fourth floor of the County Office Building. All 29 members of the Legislature are elected from districts. There are currently 16 Democrats and 13 Republicans. The President of the Legislature is Yversha Román, a Democrat. In 1993, the Legislature enacted term limits of 10 consecutive years to start in 1996. Legislators can return to the office after not being in the Legislature for a term. Since the enacting of term limits, as of 2024 four Legislators (Stephanie Aldersley, Karla Boyce, Calvin Lee, Jr., and Robert Colby) returned after previously being term limited; Boyce was re-elected again three times while Lee and Colby were appointed to fill vacancies before subsequently being re-elected themselves and Aldersley was appointed before being defeated for re-election.

Judicial branch

 * Monroe County Court
 * Monroe County Family Court, for matters involving children
 * Monroe County Surrogates Court, for matters involving the deceased

Representation at the federal level
After redistricting based on the 2020 United States Census, New York's 27th District was eliminated and Monroe County went from being split between two congressional districts to being wholly contained in one:

New York State Senate
After redistricting based on the 2020 United States Census, Monroe County was split between four state senate districts:

New York State Assembly
After redistricting based on the 2020 United States Census, Monroe County was split between eight state assembly districts:

Courts
Monroe County is part of
 * The 7th Judicial District of the New York Supreme Court.
 * The 4th Division of the New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division

Economy
Monroe County is a home to a number of international businesses, including Eastman Kodak, Paychex, and Pictometry International, all of which make Monroe County their world headquarters. While no longer headquartered in Rochester, Xerox has its principal offices and manufacturing facilities in Monroe County, and Bausch and Lomb was headquartered in Rochester until it was acquired by Valeant Pharmaceuticals. Monroe County is also home to regional businesses such as Wegmans, Roberts Communications, Inc., Holding Corp., and major fashion label Hickey Freeman.

High technology
Tech Valley, the technologically recognized area of eastern New York State, has spawned a western offshoot into the Rochester, Monroe County, and Finger Lakes areas of New York State. Since the 2000s, as the more established companies in Rochester downsized, the economy of Rochester and Monroe County has been redirected toward high technology, with new, smaller companies providing the seed capital necessary for business foundation. The Rochester and Monroe County area is important in the field of photographic processing and imaging as well as incubating an increasingly diverse high technology sphere encompassing STEM fields, in part the result of private startup enterprises collaborating with major academic institutions, including the University of Rochester and Cornell University. Given the high prevalence of imaging and optical science among the industry and the universities, Rochester is known as the world capital of imaging. The Institute of Optics of the University of Rochester and the Rochester Institute of Technology in nearby Henrietta both have imaging programs.

Major Employers:

Several industries occupy a major portion of the jobs located regionally, with healthcare comprising a significant portion of jobs in Monroe County. The U of R (including its numerous hospitals) is the largest employer regionally with over 27,000 workers; Rochester Regional Health (parent company of Rochester General and Unity Hospitals) is the second largest consisting of over 15,000. Wegmans is third with about 13,000 local employees.

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 759,443 people, 301,948 households, and 232,500 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,155 PD/sqmi. There were 330,247 housing units at an average density of 502 /mi2. The county's racial makeup was 68.6% White, 15.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 4.3% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 4.0% from other races, and 7.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6% of the population. 18.6% were of Italian, 15.3% German, 11.3% Irish and 8.3% English ancestry according to Census 2000. In 2007, 4.64% of the population reported speaking Spanish at home, while 1.43% speak Italian.

There were 301,948 households, out of which 54% were married couples living together, 18% had a female householder with no husband present, 6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23% were non-families. The average household size was 2.37.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 21% being 18 or younger, 15% from 19 to 29, 13% from 30 to 39, 11% from 40 to 49, 14% from 50 to 59, 12% from 60 to 69, and 13% who were 70 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. 52% of the population was Female, and 48% was Male

The median income for a household in the county was $62,103. The per capita income for the county was $35,797. About 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.0% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over. 90.4% of those 25 years or over was a High school graduate or higher, and 38.6% of those 25 years or over had a Bachelor's degree or higher.

According to the U.S. Religion Census of 2020, 380,869 county residents, 50.2% of the county population, adhere to a Religion. Of the 50.2% of Religious adherents, 27.5% (209,584) are Catholic, 9.4% (71,670) are Protestant, 6.0% (46,140) are Nondenominational Christians, 2.4% (18,648) are Muslim, 1.2% (9,054) are Hindu, 1.1% (8,562) are Jewish, 0.6% (5,230) are Jehovah's Witnesses, 0.6% (4,912) are Mormon, 0.5% (4,474) are Buddhist, and 0.3% (2,595) are Eastern Orthodox.

Primary and secondary education
The public school systems educates the overwhelming majority of Monroe County's children. The schools operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester or Roman Catholic religious orders educate the next largest segment of children, although collectively, they are a distant second.

Public schools
There are some 25 public school districts that serve Monroe County, including the Rochester City School District, 10 suburban school districts in Monroe #1 BOCES, seven in Monroe #2–Orleans BOCES, and several primarily serving other counties (Avon, Byron–Bergen, Caledonia–Mumford, Holley, Wayne, Williamson and Victor central school districts).

Private schools
There are three private schools that serve more than 200 students each:
 * Allendale Columbia School, a college preparatory school in Pittsford
 * The Harley School, a college preparatory school in Brighton
 * Mary Cariola Children's Center serving children with multiple, complex disabilities in the city

There is one small, but historically significant school: Rochester School for the Deaf in the city

Parochial schools

 * There are three small Judaic schools and two small Islamic schools.
 * There are about ten primary schools operated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester.
 * There are four senior high schools (or combined junior/senior high schools) operated by or in the tradition of a Roman Catholic religious order:
 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! School !! Founding religious order !! Location !! Established !! Grades
 * Aquinas Institute || Basilian || City of Rochester || 1902 || 6–12
 * Bishop Kearney High School || Christian Brothers, Sisters of Notre Dame || Irondequoit || 1962 || 6–12
 * McQuaid Jesuit High School || Jesuits || Brighton || 1954 || 6–12
 * Our Lady of Mercy School for Young Women || Sisters of Mercy || Brighton || 1928 || 6–12
 * }
 * There are more than two dozen schools operated by various sects of Christianity, two of which serve more than 200 students:
 * {| class="wikitable sortable"
 * Our Lady of Mercy School for Young Women || Sisters of Mercy || Brighton || 1928 || 6–12
 * }
 * There are more than two dozen schools operated by various sects of Christianity, two of which serve more than 200 students:
 * {| class="wikitable sortable"

! School !! Religious affiliation !! Location !! Established !! Grades
 * The Charles Finney School || Non-denominational Christian || Penfield || 1992 || K–12
 * Northstar Christian Academy || Baptist || Gates || 1972 || K–12
 * }
 * Northstar Christian Academy || Baptist || Gates || 1972 || K–12
 * }

Colleges and universities
The county is home to nine colleges and universities: Additionally, three colleges maintain satellite campuses in Monroe County:
 * Bryant & Stratton College in Greece and Henrietta
 * Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School in the city
 * Monroe Community College in Brighton with a campus in the city
 * Nazareth University in Pittsford
 * Roberts Wesleyan College in Chili
 * Rochester Institute of Technology in Henrietta
 * St. Bernard's School of Theology and Ministry in Pittsford
 * St. John Fisher University in Pittsford
 * SUNY Brockport (also known as the State University of New York Brockport) in Brockport with a campus in Rochester
 * University of Rochester in Rochester
 * The Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations maintains an office in the city
 * Empire State College maintains the Genesee Valley Learning Center in Irondequoit
 * Ithaca College's Department of Physical Therapy leases part of the Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School facility for teaching and research

County parks
The following is a list of parks owned and maintained by Monroe County:

 * Abraham Lincoln Park
 * Black Creek Park
 * Churchville Park
 * Devil's Cove Park
 * Durand Eastman Park
 * Ellison Park
 * Genesee Valley Park
 * Greece Canal Park
 * Highland Park
 * Irondequoit Bay Park West
 * Lehigh Valley Trail Park
 * Lucian Morin Park
 * Mendon Ponds Park
 * Northampton Park
 * Oatka Creek Park
 * Ontario Beach Park
 * Powder Mills Park
 * Seneca Park
 * Seneca Park Zoo
 * Tryon Park
 * Webster Park

State parks
The following is a list of parks owned and maintained by New York State:
 * Hamlin Beach State Park
 * Irondequoit Bay State Marine Park

Golf courses

 * Arrowhead Golf Course & Marina
 * Deerfield Golf & Country Club
 * Durand Eastman Golf Course
 * Genesee Valley Golf Course
 * Majestic Hills Golf Course
 * Mill Creek Golf Club
 * Morgan's Crossing
 * Monroe Golf Club
 * Shadow Lake Golf & Racquet Club
 * Timber Ridge Golf Club
 * White Birch Golf Course

Towns

 * Brighton
 * Chili
 * Clarkson
 * East Rochester
 * Gates
 * Greece
 * Hamlin
 * Henrietta
 * Irondequoit
 * Mendon
 * Ogden
 * Parma
 * Penfield
 * Perinton
 * Pittsford
 * Riga
 * Rush
 * Sweden
 * Webster
 * Wheatland

Hamlets
In New York, the term hamlet, while not defined in law, is used to describe an unincorporated community and geographic location within a town. The town in which each hamlet is located is in parentheses.

 * Genesee Junction (Chili)
 * Egypt (Perinton)
 * Adams Basin (Ogden)
 * Bushnell's Basin (Perinton)
 * Gates Center (Gates)
 * Garbutt (Scottsville)
 * Mumford (Wheatland)
 * Union Hill (Webster)
 * Mendon Center (Mendon)
 * Seabreeze (Irondequoit)
 * Summerville (Irondequoit)
 * Parma Center (Parma)
 * Riga Center (Riga)
 * Sweden Center (Sweden)
 * West Webster (Webster)
 * North Chili (Chili)
 * Clarkson Corners (Clarkson)
 * Clifton (Chili)
 * Industry (Rush)
 * Belcoda (Wheatland)
 * Coldwater (Gates)
 * Barnard (Greece)
 * Beattie Beach (Greece)
 * Braddock Bay (Greece)
 * Braddock Heights (Greece)
 * Elmgrove (Greece)
 * Grandview Heights (Greece)
 * Grand View Beach (Greece)
 * North Greece (Greece)
 * Ridgemont (Greece)
 * West Greece (Greece)

title: Monroe County, New York


text:
Talk:KGB

Confusing intro
The intro paragraph seems to have become hopelessly edited-by-committee. The 2005 version https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KGB&oldid=17734506 gave a succinct summary of what the KGB was and its founding & end. The current version is a set of random, disjoint facts that do not serve as an introduction. Any objections to a revert of the intro paragraph to roughly the 2005 version, and a move of the disjoint facts (South Ossetia's KGB spinoff, etc) down into the article? -- Dreadengineer (talk) 06:18, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Spelling error?
Shouldn't "Комитет Государственной Безопасноти" in the sidebar be "Комитет Государственной Безопасности"?

Vladmir Putin
Is it worth mentioning Putin's name in this article?Dogru144 (talk) 00:12, 7 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't think he was senior enough.--Jack Upland (talk) 07:09, 13 January 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:39, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Abdulaev.jpg

Requested move 3 May 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Extraordinary Writ (talk) 07:36, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

KGB → Committee for State Security (Soviet Union) – The article's naming convention is inconsistent with the rest of Wikipedia, for example: Hell, even the other KGBs are have a different naming convention. Leonard LMT (talk) 00:39, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Central Intelligence Agency
 * Federal Bureau of Investigation
 * Ministry of State Security
 * National Intelligence Service

 * Oppose per overwhelming WP:COMMONNAME. In English, it is almost everywhere known and referred to simply as "KGB". Walrasiad (talk) 05:47, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * With that logic we need to move Central Intelligence Agency and Federal Bureau of Investigation to CIA and FBI.
 * Why does WP:COMMONNAME only apply to KGB and NKVD? Leonard LMT (talk) 06:28, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * No we don't. And not comparable. "Central Intelligence Agency" is common. And "CIA" is an acronym for "Central Intelligence Agency".  "KGB" is an acronym for "Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti", not "Committee for State Security". Walrasiad (talk) 15:04, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The Ministry of State Security (China) uses the acronym MSS rather the acronym Guójiā Ānquán Bù, the National Intelligence Service (South Korea) uses the acronym NIS rather than the acronym for RR GJG so that argument doesn't really work. Leonard LMT (talk) 21:02, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Per MOS:ACROTITLE, consensus could decide if an acronym could be used in the page title "if the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject". In this particular case, the alternative that the OP proposes, "Committee for State Security", is not a very common name used in most English language reliable sources, so it is better to leave the page title as it is, unless there is another comparative WP:COMMONAME. The other articles that the OP mentions has not gained MOS:ACROTITLE consensus yet (Central Intelligence Agency is currently cited as one example in that guideline). Zzyzx11 (talk) 08:07, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Nearly every other similar agency does not follow WP:COMMONNAME and I am willing that the articles that I listed don't always fall under MOS:ACROTITLE, even if a consensus was made. Leonard LMT (talk) 08:45, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

PAGE]]) 21:27, 9 May 2024 (UTC) PAGE]]) 21:27, 9 May 2024 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per above. No brainer here; even if you think we're being "inconsistent" somehow, WP:IAR applies. It is all the more understandable what is being referred to when this article is called "KGB" than when it is called (the unheard-of) "Committee for State Security".—indopug (talk) 11:13, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * You can also use WP:IAR for my argument. Leonard LMT (talk) 20:56, 6 May 2024 (UTC)
 * You could also use WP:IAR to move it to Комитет государственной безопасности, but neither is helpful to the average reader who only knows it by "KGB". --Ahecht ([[User talk:Ahecht|TALK
 * Oppose per Britannica.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:19, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. Common name can be a full name (as in the examples above), but it can be also an acronym, as in this case. Same for Cheka and NKVD. My very best wishes (talk) 15:41, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose Not analogous to American agencies because KGB is overwhelmingly more common than "Committee for State Security" or "Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti" in English, something that cannot be said for CIA and such. -- King of ♥ ♦ ♣ ♠ 04:59, 9 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose Per WP:ACROTITLE: Acronyms should be used in a page name if the subject is known primarily by its abbreviation and that abbreviation is primarily associated with the subject (e.g. NASA; in contrast, consensus has rejected moving Central Intelligence Agency to its acronym, in view of arguments that the full name is used in professional and academic publications). In general, if readers somewhat familiar with the subject are likely to only recognise the name by its acronym, then the acronym should be used as a title. I would guarantee that the vast majority of English-speaking readers would have no idea what the "Committee for State Security" is, but are familiar with the KGB. --Ahecht ([[User talk:Ahecht|TALK

title: Talk:KGB


text:
User talk:Maury Markowitz

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Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need any questions answered about the project then check out Help or drop me a line. BTW, I like what you have done to the place. Cheers! --maveric149

Nomination of Mailplane (software) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Mailplane (software) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Mailplane (software) until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

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Undefined sfn references in PDP-10
Hi, in the article PDP-10 you use several instances of an sfn reference to "Programming 1970", starting with this edit. Unfortunately there is no such work listed, so nobody can look the references up, and the article is added to Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors. If you could fix this by supplying the missing source it would be appreciated. DuncanHill (talk) 20:48, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

The Signpost: 4 July 2024
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CfD nomination at
A category or categories you have created have been nominated for possible deletion, merging, or renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at  on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. DonIago (talk) 13:23, 12 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Maury Markowitz


text:
User talk:Hefaistos

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need any questions answered about the project then check out Help or drop me a line. BTW, we generally try to write articles around here and not just post images (concerning the Student uniform page). Good copyedit of Nursing though. Cheers! --maveric149

Hi, welcome to Wikipedia. I appreciate your contributions to the Israeli/Palestinian pages, even if I don't always agree with you :-). --Uriyan

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title: User talk:Hefaistos