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Talk:Peace movement

Who is in the peace movment
Thankfully, my two friends who worked there survived too. Sorry to hear about their coworkers.

However, the description as written is still hawkish, US-centric, and simply not representative of the diversity of the modern peace movement. It's at least as diverse as the anti-globalization movement.

Think about it this way: Bush has something like 85% support for the war in Afghanistan. That suggests that something like 10-15% of Americans are probably in the peace movement. And in other countries, it's a lot higher.

The right question is "who *isn't*?"

I think what differentiates the peace *movement*, though, is willingness to get physically in the way of the process of war with your own living body - definitely the Gandhi reference is relevant.

So are the Dutch activists who invade NATO bases to nab documents relating to nuclear weapons handling, the Greenpeace campaigners who got arrested while protesting Star Wars, etc.

Then there are the professional groups like Science for Peace, Physicians for Peace, etc.

I think it's a pretty focused, disciplined, well-defined, and global movement.

 * Good, put most of the above in the article! User:Ed Poor

 * most of this is now there but without naming specific groups inline. also it's not clear it is all that coherent  unless yo pick one group to define it like Greenpeace or SIPRI. also national focus matters, groups have very different histories.

questions on peace
Should other views of peace go under peace or peacemaking?

Should national movements go under each country?

Other views of peace

 * As noted above, there are views of peace that require being ready for war. Other views advocate personal, economic and political liberty as a path to peace. Some see war as a necessary interruption in a human endeavor for peace.

 * The term peace movement is itself a rhetorical construction, in part because of the loose nature of the collaborations involved, but also because no modern theory of ethics holds that war is in any way desirable, but is rather a "necessary evil" that prevents worse abuses, e.g. ongoing organized crime, endless torture or genocide of an entire people. What is usually called the peace movement are those who oppose such doctrines as peace through strength.

Peace through strength

 * Proponents of the design, acquisition and deployment of arms tend to believe, in the words of George Washington's 1790 State of the Union Address, that :"To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace."

 * Peace through strength is based on the idea that in the presence of violent enemies, the best and final deterrent against invasion is the existence of a feared military. They argue that fear is very frequently the only way to deter certain enemies, with whom no amount of negotiation or appeasement will prevent an invasion.

 * Jane Jacobs observed that shows of strength are often thought to be required to maintain control. There is the argument that state power and the monopoly on violence are simply essential.

 * However, while the above observations might be valid, counting the people who hold such views among "The Peace Movement" would likely empty the term of all meaning and lead to virtually all political factions in a country and also the generals commanding its armed forces and actively conducting war on its behalf as all belonging to that country's "peace movement".

 * === Human security ===

 * In the human security perspective, nations prepare militarily only for the sake of interventions to make or keep peace, supervise elections or nation-building, disarm dictators, prevent genocide, or end ongoing terrorism.

 * Lester B. Pearson, founder of the UN Peacekeeping force, first advanced the human security agenda in Canada. Pearson was also an early and decisive advocate of the formation of the State of Israel in the early days of the UN.

 * This view was widely influential and even decisive prior to the Iraq crisis . The peace movement had only muted criticisms of the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia or the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan. While the war in Iraq drew massive protests, supporters of the invasion continued to state that the war was advancing a Human Security agenda by removing Hussein, who was widely believed to have engaged in genocide and other related crimes.

 * It remains to be seen if it is in fact possible to employ a human security-based strategy, while retaining the support of nation-states and multilateral bodies. Under threats such as new weapons of mass destruction, and nuclear proliferation, policymakers may feel forced to take action more rapidly than diplomacy and peacemaking can offer. The United States president announced a strategy that called for proactive attacks against potentially hostile nations.

Peace through freedom

 * R. J. Rummel presents what he considers to be definitive evidence that in recent centuries government-sponsored murder has killed more people than warfare and that increasing liberty decreases conflict. For that reason, some peace advocates say to increase liberty and democracy would be serve the cause of peace.

 * This tends to be the view of most Republican and Democratic Party power figures in the U.S. In other words, the pursuit of freedom is likely to be seen among political leaders as justification for war.

 * Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War by R. J. Rummel

BCorr | Брайен 02:40, May 7, 2004 (UTC)

Cairo Anti war conference
I have made this page Cairo Anti-war conference. I am planning to do some resursh on the egyption Anti-war movment generally at some point soon. It would be good if anyone could come and have a look at it.--JK the unwise 10:45, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC) And given that the Ciaro conference page is about and anti-war movment in a non-democratic country I don't agree with this statement form the article ''Peace movements in non-democracies are difficult to separate from propaganda efforts of specific regimes. Thus they are not covered in this article.'' Sure it might be difficult, life is difficult but hay lets give it are best shot... no?--JK the unwise 20:24, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

did some fixing
I corrected a few minor spelling errors and fixed some of the wiki links. --Kross 23:12, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

What if an accusation is true?
taking the above statement for example, how is it character assassination to call members of the Revolutionary Communist party Communists? If fact most of the antiwar groups still running are in fact owned and opperated by Communist groups. Like ANSWER, which is owned by The Worker's World party and "NOt in our Name" which is owned and operated by the RCP?

missing, the peace momvement in the 1930's
much of what the groups said then is word for word what is said now. it was a large part of the isolationist movement in the us that prevented intervention at an earlier time, it was also strong in england and lead to the appeasement of hitler.

External links content to be put into article prose?

 * Leading Peace Organizations in the United States
 * Pacific Northwest Antiwar and Radical History Project, multimedia collection of photographs, video, oral histories and essays on peace movements in the region from WWI to the 1980s.
 * International People's Initiative for Departments of Peace
 * Linus Pauling and the International Peace Movement: A Documentary History
 * Peace Advocacy Poster Collection - A selection of posters from the UBC Library Digital Collections concerned with the advocacy for peace, equality, and harmony during the Vietnam War era
 * Die Friedens-Warte, Journal of International Peace and Organization
 * U.S. Peace Memorial—Will build and maintain the U.S. Peace Memorial in Washington DC and publish the U.S. Peace Registry
 * U.S. Peace Registry—Recognizes and documents the peace activities of U.S. citizens and organizations
 * Chicago FreeSpeechZone—Documents the post-9/11 Chicago-area peace movement
 * Cultrual Peace Group
 * Character Education Resources—Program utilized by the best schools in the United States.
 * Getting Local and Keeping Positive in the Anti-War Movement –Zoltan Grossman, Znet, Nov. 2, 2006
 * Speaking Different Languages: How the Peace Movement Works With the Military Community—Zoltan Grossman, ZNet, Nov. 2, 2007
 * Challenges for the Antiwar Movement—Zoltan Grossman, Counterpunch, Jan. 5, 2006
 * WorldWalk-Peacetour—A walking tour around the world in name of peace, friendship and brotherhood.
 * Essays and speeches from the Antebellum Era peace movement
 * Video (44:07): Medea Benjamin on Code Pink (C-SPAN, September 7, 2013).

Wheres the Peace of God and Truce of God?
Why doesn't this article mention the first peace movements in history, the Peace of God and Truce of God between the 10th-12th centuries?

They should be added as the first part of the historical section of the article, before the 16th century peace churches.

title: Talk:Peace movement


text:
Talk:Death

Bibliography verified
I have checked the edition notice/copyright page of the original version of Buried Alive: The terrifying history of our most primal fear by Bondeson, Jan. The book was published in 2001 by W. W. Norton & Company. The same is mentioned on Kirkus Reviews, Research Gate, JSTOR, and Cambridge University Press. The confusion about the publication date (2001 vs. 2002) stems from the Barnes & Noble listing which clearly mentions it as a reprint in 2002.

As such, I have removed the verification tag from the bibliography section of the article. UMStellify (talk) 23:43, 2 May 2023 (UTC)

"Not alive" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_alive&redirect=no Not alive] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Hey man im josh (talk) 18:36, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 September 2023
the word 'taxon' is spelled wrong 61.239.74.133 (talk) 11:40, 7 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: As you haven't specified where you are talking about, I can't be certain that I'm looking in the right place. However, under Death in the first sentence, the word "taxa" is used and wikilinked to Taxon. "Taxa" is correct in this sentence, as it is the plural of "taxon" and the plural form should be used in that context. Tollens (talk) 19:09, 7 September 2023 (UTC)

Sentence fragment in section on Natural Selection
The second sentence in this section, which begins with the word "Especially," is a sentence fragment. Because this article has some type of protection, I was unable to correct this mistake (which I would have done by replacing the preceding period with a comma and changing the capital E in especially to a lowercase. 198.168.106.100 (talk) 16:59, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅. Rasnaboy (talk) 18:01, 5 January 2024 (UTC)

Death before birth
makes no sense to put abortion here since a foetus is never alive. Something which isn't alive cannot die. 148.252.146.55 (talk) 05:59, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

 * This is probably acceptable; most would argue that the fetus is, biologically, alive, but in the sense of death as it’s usually put an abortion might not qualify as the “death” of a conscious being. More discussion necessary. OverzealousAutocorrect (talk) 18:33, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

calcium baby
dead baby in womb being attacked by cells Ballseater (talk) 17:29, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Death


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Dennis Bergkamp

Dennis Nicolaas Maria Bergkamp (born 10 May 1969) is a Dutch professional football coach and former player who was most recently the Assistant manager of Ajax. Originally a wide midfielder, Bergkamp was moved to main striker while still a teenager and then to second striker, where he remained throughout his playing career. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest players of his generation, one of the greatest forwards in Premier League history and amongst Ajax's and Arsenal's greatest ever players.

Bergkamp was born in Amsterdam and played as an amateur in the lower leagues. He was spotted by Ajax at age 11 and made his professional debut in 1986. Prolific form led to an international call-up with the Netherlands in 1990, attracting the attention of several European clubs. Bergkamp signed for Italian club Inter Milan in 1993, where he had two underwhelming seasons. After joining Arsenal in 1995, he rejuvenated his career, helping the club to win three Premier League titles (one unbeaten), four FA Cup trophies, and reach the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final. Despite noting a desire to not go into coaching, Bergkamp served as an assistant at Ajax between 2011 and 2017.

With the Netherlands national team, Bergkamp was selected for Euro 1992, where he impressed, scoring three goals as his country reached the semi-finals. At the 1998 FIFA World Cup, he scored a memorable winning goal in the final minute of the quarterfinal against Argentina which has been regarded as one of the greatest FIFA World Cup goals. Bergkamp surpassed Faas Wilkes's record to become the country's top scorer of all time in 1998, a record later eclipsed by Patrick Kluivert, Klaas-Jan Huntelaar, and Robin van Persie.

Bergkamp has been described by Jan Mulder as having "the finest technique" of any Dutch international and a "dream for a striker" by teammate Thierry Henry. Bergkamp finished third twice in the FIFA World Player of the Year award and was selected by Pelé as one of the FIFA 100 greatest living players. In 2007, he was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame, the first and only Dutch player ever to receive the honour. Bergkamp was inducted into the Premier League Hall of Fame in 2021. In 2017, Bergkamp's goal against Newcastle United in 2002 was voted as the best Premier League goal of all time in the league's 25-year history, involving a flick around Newcastle defender Nikos Dabizas before calmly tapping the ball into the net.

Early life
Born in Amsterdam, Bergkamp was the last of Wim and Tonnie Bergkamp's four sons. He was brought up in a working-class suburb, in a family aspiring to reach middle-class status. His father, an electrician and amateur footballer in the lower leagues, named him in honour of Scottish striker Denis Law. To comply with Dutch given name customs, an extra "n" was inserted in Bergkamp's first name by his father after it was not accepted by the registrar. Bergkamp was raised as a Roman Catholic by his family and regularly attended church during his childhood. Although in later years he said visits to church did not appeal to him, Bergkamp still maintains his faith. According to Bergkamp, his childhood footballing heroes were Glenn Hoddle, whom he admired for his soft precise touch, and Johan Cruyff, who once coached him when he was twelve.

Ajax: 1986–1993

Bergkamp was brought up through Ajax's youth system, joining the club at age 11. Manager Johan Cruyff gave him his professional debut on 14 December 1986 against Roda JC; the match ended in a 2–0 victory for Ajax. Bergkamp scored his first senior goal for the club against HFC Haarlem on 22 February 1987 in a match Ajax won 6–0. He went on to make 23 appearances in the 1986–87 season, including a European debut against Malmö FF in the 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup, earning him praise. Ajax won the competition, beating Lokomotive Leipzig 1–0 as Bergkamp made an appearance as a substitute.

In later seasons, Bergkamp established himself as a first-team player for Ajax. This culminated in a period of success for the club, which won the Eredivisie title in the 1989–90 season for the first time in five years. Bergkamp scored 29 goals in 36 matches the following season and became the joint top scorer in the league, sharing the accolade with PSV striker Romário.

Ajax won the 1992 UEFA Cup Final, beating Torino through the away goals ruling. They then defeated Heerenveen 6–2 in the final of the KNVB Cup on 20 May 1993. Bergkamp was the top scorer in the Eredivisie from 1991 to 1993 and was voted Dutch Footballer of the Year in 1992 and 1993. In total, he scored 122 goals in 239 matches for his hometown club.

Inter Milan: 1993–1995
Bergkamp attracted the attention of several European clubs as a result of his performances for Ajax. Fellow Dutchman and then FC Barcelona Johan Cruyff, in an attempt to encourage Bergkamp to sign for Barcelona, advised him not to join Spanish rivals Real Madrid, one of the teams said to have been interested in him, but Bergkamp was primarily interested in a move to Italy. Bergkamp considered Serie A "the biggest league at the time" but after the success of fellow countrymen Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard at AC Milan he preferred a move to either Juventus or Inter Milan to help distinguish himself. On 16 February 1993, Bergkamp agreed a £7.1 million move to the latter club in a deal which included his Ajax teammate Wim Jonk. Upon signing, Bergkamp said Inter "met all my demands. The most important thing for me was the stadium, the people at the club and their style of play."

Bergkamp made his debut against Reggiana on 29 August 1993 at the San Siro in a 2–1 victory. He scored his first goal for the club against Cremonese in September 1993 but had a difficult time against the highly organised and resolute Italian defences, scoring a further seven goals in the league. This was partly due to manager Osvaldo Bagnoli's inability to find a stable forward partnership, preferring Bergkamp in a three with Rubén Sosa and Salvatore Schillaci. Inter's poor league form culminated in the sacking of Bagnoli in February 1994 and his replacement by Gianpiero Marini, a member of Italy's 1982 FIFA World Cup-winning squad. The club finished 13th in Serie A, one point away from relegation, but enjoyed success in the UEFA Cup, beating Austria Salzburg in the final over two legs. Bergkamp was the competition's joint top scorer with eight goals and scored a hat-trick against Rapid București in the first round.

In Bergkamp's second season at Inter, the club changed managers again, appointing Ottavio Bianchi. Bergkamp endured a disappointing campaign, troubled with stress injuries and fatigue from the 1994 World Cup. He managed to score 5 goals in 26 appearances. Off the field, Bergkamp's relationship with the Italian press and fans became uncomfortable. His shy persona and his propensity to go home after matches was interpreted as apathy. Because of his poor performance on the pitch, one Italian publication renamed their award given to the worst performance of the week, L'asino della settimana (Donkey of the Week) to Bergkamp della settimana. Inter ended the league season in sixth position and failed to retain the UEFA Cup, with the club eliminated in the second round. In February 1995, the club was purchased by Italian businessman and fan Massimo Moratti, who promised to invest heavily in the squad. Bergkamp's future in the first team was uncertain following the signing of Maurizio Ganz a month after the takeover.

Arsenal: 1995–2006
As Moratti prepared to make wholesale changes at the club, Bergkamp left Inter and signed with Arsenal in June 1995 for a transfer fee estimated at £7.5 million. He became manager Bruce Rioch's first signing at Arsenal and broke the club's prior transfer fee record of £2.5 million. Bergkamp's arrival at the club was significant not only because he was an established international footballer who looked to have his best years ahead of him but also because of his perceived difference in style with the Arsenal team of the 90's who had become a defensive and low scoring team under George Graham, plagued by a drinking culture..

On the opening day of the 1995–96 league season, Bergkamp made his full debut against Middlesbrough. He initially struggled to adapt to the English game and failed to score in the club's next six league matches, prompting ridicule by the national press. On 23 September 1995, Bergkamp scored his first and second goals for Arsenal against Southampton at Highbury. Bergkamp ended his first season with 33 appearances and 11 goals, helping Arsenal finish fifth and earn a place in the UEFA Cup by scoring the winner against Bolton Wanderers on the final day of the season.

The appointment of Arsène Wenger as Arsenal manager in September 1996 marked a turning point in Bergkamp's career. Wenger, who had been a successful manager in France and Japan, recognised Bergkamp's talent and wanted to use him as a fulcrum of the team's forward play. Both were advocates of a continental style of attacking football, and Wenger's decision to impose a strict fitness and health regimen pleased Bergkamp. Despite making fewer appearances in the 1996–97 season, Bergkamp was more influential in the first team, providing 13 assists. Against Tottenham Hotspur in November 1996, he set up an 88th-minute winner for captain Tony Adams to volley in using his left foot. He then scored in injury time, controlling a high ball with his left foot and evading his marker Stephen Carr in a tight area to set up his shot. Bergkamp received his first red card against Sunderland in January 1997 for a high tackle on midfielder Paul Bracewell in the 26th minute. Arsenal went on to lose the match 1–0, but a run of 8 wins in their final 16 matches gave the club a third-place finish, missing out on a spot in the UEFA Champions League via goal difference.

Bergkamp was instrumental the following season in helping Arsenal complete a domestic league and cup double. He became the club's top scorer with 22 goals and recorded a strike rate of 0.57. Arsenal's achievement was all the more astonishing given the team, written off by many in December 1997, had made ground on reigning Premier League champions Manchester United. Early in the season away to Leicester City at Filbert Street on 23 August 1997, Bergkamp scored his first hat-trick for the club. The third goal, which he regarded as his favourite for Arsenal, required just one touch to control the ball in the penalty box, another to flick it past his marker Matt Elliott before juggling it with his feet and shooting past goalkeeper Kasey Keller. After the match, Leicester manager Martin O'Neill was gracious enough to admit Bergkamp's was "the best hat-trick I've ever seen". In an FA Cup quarter-final replay against West Ham United on 17 March 1998, Bergkamp was sent off for elbowing midfielder Steve Lomas and missed three matches due to suspension. He played no further part in Arsenal's season after overstretching his hamstring against Derby County on 29 April 1998, missing the 1998 FA Cup Final. Bergkamp was consoled with the PFA Players' Player of the Year award, becoming only the third non-British player to be recognised by his fellow professionals as the outstanding performer in English football.

After an effective 1998 World Cup campaign with the national team, Bergkamp had another productive season in 1998–99. Although Arsenal failed to retain the Premier League after losing the title on the final day of the season to Manchester United, Bergkamp was the club's second-top scorer in all competitions, with 16 goals, and finished the season as the top assist provider in the Premier League, alongside Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, with 13 assists. Arsenal were also defeated in a FA Cup semi-final replay against Manchester United in April 1999. With the score 1–1 heading into injury time, Arsenal were awarded a penalty after midfielder Ray Parlour was brought down by Phil Neville inside the 18-yard box. Bergkamp took the penalty shot but it was saved by goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel. In the second half of extra time, Ryan Giggs scored the winner, a goal regarded by many as the greatest in the competition's history. After this miss, Bergkamp did not take another penalty for the remainder of his career.

The 1999–2000 season proved to be a frustrating one for both Arsenal and Bergkamp. The club finished second in the league, 18 points behind Manchester United, and lost in the 2000 UEFA Cup Final to Turkish opponents Galatasaray on penalties. The departure of compatriot Marc Overmars and French midfielder Emmanuel Petit in the close season led to speculation over Bergkamp's future. He ultimately agreed terms on a contract extension in December 2000. Despite an array of new signings made in the 2000–01 season, Arsenal were runners-up in the league for a third year in succession. The emergence of Thierry Henry and Sylvain Wiltord as the main strikers saw Bergkamp's first-team opportunities limited as a result. He was used as a late substitute in Liverpool's win over Arsenal in the 2001 FA Cup Final.

Success finally came in the 2001–02 season. Arsenal regained the league, beating Manchester United at Old Trafford in the penultimate game of the season to complete the club's second double under Wenger; Arsenal defeated Chelsea 2–0 to win the FA Cup four days prior. Bergkamp played in 33 league matches, setting up 15 goals, one of which was against Juventus in the second group stage of the Champions League. Holding off two markers, he twisted and turned before feeding the ball to Freddie Ljungberg in the penalty box to score. Bergkamp headed in the winner against Liverpool in a FA Cup fourth-round tie on 27 January 2002, but was shown a red card for a two-footed lunge on defender Jamie Carragher, who himself was sent off for throwing a coin into the crowd. He was subsequently banned for three matches (two league, one FA Cup round). Bergkamp appealed for his ban, but was unsuccessful. He made his return against Newcastle United on 3 March 2002. Early in the match, Arsenal midfielder Robert Pires played a low pass from the left flank to Bergkamp in the edge of the opponent area with his back to goal. Under pressure from his marker Nikos Dabizas, Bergkamp controlled the ball with one flick and went around the other side before placing the ball precisely into the bottom right-hand corner to score. Wenger described the goal as "unbelievable", adding "It was not only a magnificent goal but a very important one – I enjoyed it a lot". Bergkamp featured in nine out of the last ten league games, forming a productive partnership with Ljungberg.

Bergkamp reached a personal landmark during the 2002–03 season, scoring his 100th goal for Arsenal against Oxford United in a FA Cup third-round tie on 4 January 2003. In the league, Arsenal failed to retain the championship despite having led by eight points in March 2003. However, they did win the FA Cup for a second successive year, beating Southampton in the 2003 FA Cup Final. On 20 July 2003, Bergkamp signed a one-year extension at the club. The 2003–04 season ended on a high point for Bergkamp as Arsenal reclaimed the league title, becoming the first English team in more than a century to go through the entire domestic league season unbeaten. Against Leicester City in the final league match of the campaign with the score tied at 1–1, Bergkamp set up the winner with a pass to captain Patrick Vieira. Vieira rounded the goalkeeper and scored. The team, dubbed "The Invincibles" did not achieve similar dominance in Europe; Arsenal were beaten by Chelsea in the quarter-finals of the Champions League over two legs. Bergkamp committed himself to Arsenal at the end of the season, signing a further extension to his contract.

Bergkamp started in 29 league matches in the 2004–05 season, but Arsenal's title defence ended unsuccessfully. The team finished second, 12 points behind Chelsea. At home against Middlesbrough on 22 August 2004, Bergkamp acted as captain for the injured Vieira in a match where Arsenal came back from 1–3 down to win 5–3 and equal Nottingham Forest's record of 42 league matches undefeated. Against Sheffield United in the FA Cup on 19 February 2005, Bergkamp was shown a straight red card by referee Neale Barry for shoving defender Danny Cullip. His appeal of the decision was rejected by The Football Association (FA), meaning he missed the club's next three domestic games. In Arsenal's final home match of the season, against Everton, Bergkamp had a man of the match game, scoring once and assisting three of the goals in a 7–0 win. Bergkamp was moved by Arsenal supporters chanting "one more year", describing it as "quite special". "They obviously feel there is another year left in me, so that's great as it shows they're really behind me," he said. Following Arsenal's penalty shootout victory over Manchester United in the 2005 FA Cup Final, he signed a one-year contract extension.

The team finished fourth in the league in Bergkamp's final season at Arsenal. Bergkamp scored an injury-time winner against Thun on Matchday 1 of the Champions League, having come on as a substitute in the 72nd minute. After much campaigning from Arsenal supporters, the club designated one of its Highbury matchday themes, organised to commemorate the stadium's final season as home of Arsenal, to Dennis Bergkamp. "Bergkamp Day" took place on 15 April 2006 and saw Arsenal up against West Bromwich Albion. It celebrated the player's contribution to Arsenal; fans were given commemorative orange "DB10" T-shirts – the colour of his national team, his initials and his squad number. Bergkamp himself came on as a second-half substitute and set up the winning Robert Pires goal moments after Nigel Quashie had levelled the scoreline. Fittingly, Bergkamp's 89th-minute goal proved to be his last for Arsenal in competitive football. Bergkamp was an unused substitute in his final match for Arsenal against Barcelona in the Champions League final; Barcelona scored twice in the last 13 minutes to overturn Arsenal's early lead and win the competition.

Bergkamp was the focus of the first match at Arsenal's new ground, the Emirates Stadium. On 22 July 2006, a testimonial was played in his honour at the new stadium as Arsenal played his old club Ajax. Bergkamp kicked off the match with his father, Wim, and son, Mitchel. All four children acted as the match's mascots. The first half was played by members of Arsenal and Ajax's current squads, while the second was played by famous ex-players from both sides, including Ian Wright, Patrick Vieira, Marc Overmars, Emmanuel Petit and David Seaman for Arsenal; and Johan Cruyff, Marco van Basten, Danny Blind, Frank and Ronald de Boer for Ajax. Arsenal won the match 2–1 with goals from Henry and Nwankwo Kanu. Klaas-Jan Huntelaar had earlier opened the scoring for Ajax, making him the first goalscorer at the Emirates Stadium.

International career
Bergkamp made his international debut for the Netherlands national team against Italy on 26 September 1990 as a substitute for Frank de Boer. He scored his first goal for the team against Greece on 21 November 1990. Bergkamp was selected for Euro 1992, where his national team were the defending champions. Bergkamp impressed, scoring three goals in the tournament and finishing as one of the joint top goalscorers of the competition. However, his team lost on penalties to eventual champions Denmark in the semi-final, following a 2–2 draw; during the match, Bergkamp scored the first Dutch goal to tie the match 1–1, and also netted his penalty in the shootout. He also scored the only goal of the match in the Netherlands' opening win against Scotland, and the final goal in a 3–1 win over Germany in their first round match, which allowed them to top their group. Bergkamp was named in the Team of the Tournament for his performances.

In the qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Bergkamp scored five goals and was selected for the finals, staged in the United States. He featured in every game for the national team, getting a goal against Morocco in the group stages (in addition to assisting Bryan Roy's late winner) and another one in a 2–0 win against the Republic of Ireland in the round-of-16. Bergkamp scored the first goal for the Netherlands against eventual champions Brazil, but the team lost 3–2, exiting in the quarter-finals. At Euro 1996, Bergkamp scored against Switzerland and set up striker Patrick Kluivert's consolation goal against England, who advanced into the quarter-finals as first in their group while the Dutch finished second and faced France, being eliminated after a penalty shootout, following a 0–0 draw.

Against Wales in the 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification on 9 November 1996, he scored his first hat-trick for the national team. The Netherlands finished first in their group and qualified for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, held in France. Bergkamp scored three times in the competition, including a memorable winning goal in the final minute of the quarterfinal against Argentina. He took one touch to control a long 60-yard aerial pass from Frank de Boer, brought the ball down through Argentine defender Roberto Ayala's legs, and finally finished by firing a volley with the outside of his right foot, past keeper Carlos Roa at a tight angle from the right. The goal, cited by Bergkamp as his favourite in his career, was his 36th for the national team, overtaking Faas Wilkes as the record scorer. Bergkamp had also previously set-up Kluivert's opening goal with his head.

His other two goals of the tournament came in the Netherlands' 5–0 victory over South Korea on 20 June, in the team's second group match (scoring the third goal, in addition to setting up Phillip Cocu's opener),  and in the 2–1 win over Yugoslavia on 26 June in the round of 16, in which Bergkamp opened the scoring in the first half. He also assisted Cocu's opening goal in the final group match, a 2–2 draw against Mexico, on 25 June. In the semi-finals, the Netherlands lost to defending champions Brazil on penalties after drawing 1–1 in normal time, with Bergkamp netting his spot-kick in the shoot-out. Bergkamp made the All-Star team of the tournament, alongside compatriots Frank de Boer and Edgar Davids.

On 9 October 1999, Bergkamp scored his final goal for the Netherlands, against Brazil. As the Netherlands were co-hosts for Euro 2000, the team automatically qualified for the tournament and were considered favourites. Bergkamp went scoreless throughout the competition, but assisted three goals: he set-up Kluivert's goal in the Netherlands' final group match, a 3–2 win over eventual champions France, which allowed them to top their group, and also assisted two goals (Kluivert's opener and the first of Marc Overmars's two goals) in a 6–1 win over Yugoslavia in the quarter-finals. In the semi-finals, the Netherlands lost 3–1 on penalties to Italy, following a 0–0 draw. Following the defeat, Bergkamp announced his retirement from international football, choosing to focus on his club career. His final goal tally of 37 goals in 79 appearances was overtaken by Patrick Kluivert in June 2003.

Style of play
Bergkamp was schooled in Dutch Total Football, a playing style and philosophy which relied on versatility. This was primarily to maximise the footballer's potential; players tried out every outfield position before finding one that suited them best. Every age group at Ajax played in the same style and formation as the first team – 3–4–3 – to allow individuals to slot in without effort when moving up the pyramid. Bergkamp "played in every position apart from goalie" and believed he benefited from the experience of playing as a defender, as it helped him "know how they think and how to beat them". When he made his debut as a substitute against Roda JC, Bergkamp was positioned on the right wing, where he remained for three years.

During his time at Inter Milan, Bergkamp was switched to the position of a main striker, but failed to cooperate with his offensive partner Rubén Sosa, whom he later called "selfish". Furthermore, due to his introverted character, he was accused of lacking consistency and leadership skills by the Italian press, and struggled to replicate his previous form during his time with Inter. When Bergkamp joined Arsenal in 1995, he enjoyed a successful strike partnership with Wright, and in later seasons Anelka and Henry, playing in his preferred position as a creative second striker. The arrival of Overmars in the 1997–98 season enhanced Bergkamp's play, as he was getting more of the ball. Between August and October 1997, he scored seven goals in seven league matches. A similar rapport developed between him and Ljungberg during the 2001–02 season.

Although he was known for his composure and ability to score several goals for his team as a forward, Bergkamp was also capable of playing in a free role behind a lone striker, where he essentially functioned in the number 10 role as a playmaking attacking midfielder or deep-lying forward, due to his ball skills and creative ability, which enabled him to drop deep between the lines and link-up play, and operate across all attacking areas of the pitch. His tendency to move freely about the entire front-line made it difficult for opposing defenders to mark him. As such, Sam Tighe of Bleacher Report has retroactively compared Bergkamp's role as a free centre-forward to that of the modern false-9. A quick, elegant, intelligent, and gifted player, who was regarded as one of the most technically accomplished players of all time, he possessed an excellent first touch, which – allied with his quick feet, dribbling ability and change of pace – enabled him to beat defenders in one on one situations, while his attacking movement, physique, balance, and close control allowed him to hold up the ball and create space for teammates; his vision and passing range with both feet, despite being naturally right-footed, subsequently allowed him to provide assists for on-running strikers. Bergkamp often stated he preferred playing in this deeper role, as he derived more pleasure from assisting goals, rather than scoring them himself.

Throughout his playing career, Bergkamp was accused of diving, and was referred to as a "cheat" and "dirty player" for retaliating against players who had previously challenged him, something his former manager Wenger denied. In an interview with The Times in 2004, he said that while he was at Inter, he realised the importance of being mentally tough in order to survive: "A lot of people there try to hurt you, not just physically but mentally as well, and coming from the easygoing culture in Holland, I had to adopt a tougher approach. There, it was a case of two strikers up against four or five hard defenders who would stop at nothing." Bergkamp says his aggression often stems from frustration.

Reception
Widely regarded by pundits as one of the greatest players of his generation, as one of the greatest forwards in Premier League history, and as one of Ajax's and Arsenal's greatest players ever, Bergkamp has received several accolades during his playing career. He twice finished in third place for the 1993 and 1997 FIFA World Player of the Year award and was named in FIFA 100, a list compiled by footballer Pelé of the 125 greatest living footballers. In his club career, Bergkamp won two successive Dutch Footballer of the Year awards in 1991 and 1992 and was the Eredivisie top scorer for three consecutive seasons (1990–91 to 1992–93). He was named the FWA Footballer of the Year and PFA Players' Player of the Year in April and May 1998 and made the PFA Team of the Year for the 1997–98 season. Bergkamp also achieved a unique feat in being voted first, second and third on Match of the Day's Goal of the Month competition in August 1997. For his national team, Bergkamp was the joint top scorer at Euro 1992 and was selected in the All-Star team for the tournament, an honouor he also received at the 1998 FIFA World Cup.

In April 2007, Bergkamp was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame by viewers of BBC's Football Focus. A year later, he was voted second by Arsenal fans behind Thierry Henry in a list of the 50 Gunners Greatest Players. In February 2014, Arsenal unveiled a statue of Bergkamp outside the Emirates Stadium to honour his time at the club. A statue of Dennis Bergkamp will be erected outside the KNVB headquarters in Zeist, as he has been chosen as the best Dutch international player from 1990 to 2015. The statue will join those of the eleven of the century, erected in 1999, alongside statues of Johan Cruyff, Ruud Gullit, Frank Rijkaard and Marco van Basten, amongst others. In September 2023, FourFourTwo magazine ranked Bergkamp 68th in their list of the "100 best football players of all time."

Bergkamp has been described by Jan Mulder as having "the finest technique" of any Dutch international and as a "dream for a striker" by former Arsenal teammate Thierry Henry.

Coaching career
Upon retiring, Bergkamp insisted he would not move into coaching. He turned down an offer to scout for Arsenal and instead concentrated on travelling and spending time with his family. However, in April 2008, he began a fast-track coaching diploma for former Dutch international footballers and undertook a trainee role at Ajax. Having completed the Coach Betaald Voetbal course by the Royal Dutch Football Association (KNVB), Bergkamp was appointed assistant to Johan Neeskens for the newly formed Netherlands B team on 26 October 2008. For the 2008–09 season, Bergkamp returned to Ajax in a formal coaching position with responsibility for the D2 (U12) youth team. Following the promotion of Frank de Boer as manager of Ajax in December 2010, Bergkamp was appointed assistant manager to Fred Grim, dealing with Ajax' flagship A1 (U19) youth team.

In August 2011, Bergkamp was named De Boer's assistant at Ajax. However, after the arrival of Peter Bosz as the new head coach at Ajax, Bergkamp's role at Ajax slightly changed. He no longer sat on the bench during first-team matches, but instead focused more on field training and on helping youth players reach the first team. He and fellow assistant Hennie Spijkerman were sacked from their roles in December 2017.

Personal life
Bergkamp has been married to Henrita Ruizendaal since 16 June 1993. The couple have four children: Estelle, Mitchel, Yasmin, and Saffron. His son Mitchel is a footballer. His daughter Estelle is the partner of Manchester United midfielder Donny van de Beek, the couple's first daughter having been born on 9 April 2022.

His nephew, Roland Bergkamp is also a former professional footballer.

He speaks fluent Dutch (his mother tongue), English and Italian.

Aviophobia
Bergkamp's nickname is the "Non-Flying Dutchman" due to his fear of flying. Contemporary sources believed that this stemmed from incidents with the Netherlands national team at the 1994 World Cup where the engine of the plane cut out during a flight, and when a flight was delayed because a journalist made a joke about having a bomb in his bag. In his 2013 autobiography, Bergkamp stated that his phobia was in fact caused during his first season at Inter Milan, in which the team regularly travelled to away games in small aeroplanes. Bergkamp decided he would never fly again after the 1994 World Cup, but did consider seeking psychiatric help in 1996:"I've got this problem and I have to live with it. I can't do anything about it, it is a psychological thing and I can't explain it. I have not flown on a plane for two years. The Dutch FA has been sympathetic, so have Arsenal, so far. I am considering psychiatric help. I can't fly. I just freeze. I get panicky. It starts the day before, when I can't sleep."

The condition severely limited his ability to play in away matches in European competitions and to travel with the national team. In some cases, he would travel overland by car or train, but the logistics of some matches were such that he would not travel at all. In the build-up to Arsenal's Champions League match against Lyon in February 2001, Wenger spoke of his concerns for Bergkamp travelling by train and car, because of the exertions involved.

Media
Bergkamp features in EA Sports' FIFA video game series; he was on the cover for the International edition of FIFA 99, and was named in the Ultimate Team Legends in FIFA 14.

International

 * Scores and results list Netherlands goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bergkamp goal.

Honours
Ajax
 * Eredivisie: 1989–90
 * KNVB Cup: 1986–87, 1992–93
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1986–87; runner-up: 1987–88
 * UEFA Cup: 1991–92

Inter Milan
 * UEFA Cup: 1993–94

Arsenal
 * Premier League: 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04
 * FA Cup: 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05; runner-up: 2000–01
 * FA Charity/Community Shield: 1998, 2002, 2004
 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2005–06
 * UEFA Cup runner-up: 1999–2000

Individual

 * Dutch Football Talent of the Year: 1990
 * Dutch Footballer of the Year: 1991, 1992
 * Eredivisie top scorer: 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93
 * UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1992
 * IFFHS World's Top Goal Scorer: 1992
 * Ballon d'Or runner-up: 1993; third place: 1992
 * FIFA World Player of the Year Bronze Award: 1993, 1997
 * UEFA Cup Top Scorer: 1993–94
 * Arsenal Player of the Season: 1996–97
 * Most assists in the Premier League: 1998–99 (shared)
 * Premier League Player of the Month: August 1997, September 1997, March 2002, February 2004
 * PFA Team of the Year: 1997–98 Premier League
 * FWA Footballer of the Year: 1997–98
 * PFA Players' Player of the Year: 1997–98
 * BBC Goal of the Season: 1997–98, 2001–02
 * FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1998
 * FIFA 100
 * English Football Hall of Fame: 2007
 * Premier League Hall of Fame: 2021

title: Dennis Bergkamp


text:
Talk:Bioregional democracy

This is a bastardization of the concept of bioregionalism. There is nothing here that remotely refers to bioregionalism as formulated by Arne Naess and developed by others over the past twenty years.

This article and pages really calls the entire Wikipedia project to question!!

Hayduke

A google search revealed no hits for 'Ecoregional Democracy'. This appears to demonstrate that "Ecoregional Democracy" is an idiosyncratic concept. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and not for personal projects.

Please revert this change only if you can supply evidence that "Ecoregional Democracy" is a widely recognised concept.

Google search:
 * http://www.google.com/search?q=%22ecoregional+democracy%22

Someone needs to go through and remove all the other stuff this person has inserted. (Thanks to 213.253.39.xxx, it looks like most of it is now gone.) --Zundark, 2002 Mar 22

A couple of the articles could be pared down to leave some useful content, so these have been left -- continental trading bloc, for example.

There's still more left that doesn't mention "ecoregional democracy", however. For example, Ecology movement, NGO and Health security. See also Four Pillars, Greens, etc., etc., --Zundark, 2002 Mar 22

Just because Zundark doesn't agree with the contents of this article isn't reason enough to impose total censorship. I can agree that the article needs improvement, but that doesn't mean deletion. As to the Google search Zundark's link does indeed yield nothing, but it's based on a search for the precise phrase. Searching without the quotation marks gave me 102 hits, and what they write about seems close enough to the subject of the article to satisfy me that it merits inclusion. Eclecticology

 * The Google link wasn't mine - see the absence of my signature, look at the history of the page. But a search for the precise phrase is what is relevant here, and something which draws blank on Google certainly doesn't merit an article, even if someone were willing to take the time to write one. --Zundark, 2002 Mar 22

Zundark is censoring on his own account. The term "Ecoregional Democracy" is very new, since only recently did the World Wildlife Fund and National Geographic decide to call what used to be called "bioregions", "ecoregions"...

You will find the term bioregion everywhere in the context of democratic reforms to make political boundaries fit ecologies. The ecological names for the continents are also not commonly found on Google, being new. Wouldn't you like to be the first place people come to find out about them? The link in "ecoregions" puts you one click away from the map showing the ecology temrs are legit.

As to the democracy issue, it's quite carefully defined, and "bioregional democracy", "bioregional party structure", "bioregional districts", etc., are the old names that their advocates are trying to unify under a new term: Ecoregional Democracy. The last version emphasized the change of name to match ecoregional borders, and the continental_trading_bloc entry showed some correspondence between these borders in the large and existing trading blocs.

I am not going to go back and fix all this destroyed work until it's settled. If you want the entry to be called "bioregional democracy" and redirect "ecoregional democracy" to that, fine. It's even fine to have folks who don't believe in "ecoregions" write the final draft of the damn entry... but it's a scientific concept and I expect it to be respected as one, thanks.

"Ecology movement, NGO and Health security. See also Four Pillars, Greens, etc., etc., --Zundark, 2002 Mar 22"

It's quite obvious Zundark has an agenda. These articles have been corrected several times for NPOV and then destroyed by a guy with an agenda. Without an editor it appears wiki is in trouble.

 * I haven't edited any of those five articles, and the Greens one is still full of your stuff. --Zundark, 2002 Mar 22

I propose that Zundark pick someone else that he trusts and that he consent with that person to delete or fix something. 213.253.39.xxx could be Zundark so someone a little more accountable would be a better choice.

 * In other words, anyone you object to you will simply accuse of being me. --Zundark, 2002 Mar 22

Also, regarding Google, for instance, it's not always perfectly reliable for material from political groups.

You will find, for instance, lots from the Viridian Greens (who like the web), and nothing from the Soylent Greens (who hate it). If you want to believe that groups don't exist because they hide or are driven off the net, fine, believe it. - First to 24.150.61.63: It would be a lot easier to defend your positions if you signed your comments as a registered contributor. Using three consecutive tildes, "~" is all it takes.

As for Google, it is nothing more than a big search engine. It's a great place to start your research, but a terrible place to end it. I would not go so far as to suggest that it wilfully censors topics for being too political. On the other hand, being rigidly stuck on the usage of a precise phrase srikes me as some kind of logical fallacy - perhaps a variation on the straw man.

I've looked at how the first line of the article might be cleaned up and ran into the phrase "better represent body and environment concerns". What did you mean with the word "body" in that context, or is it a typo for something else?

It's not unusual for a group like the Greens to have a bunch of nutcases jump on the bandwagon, and in keeping with the popular saying: "With friends like these who needs enemies?'' It is certainly wrong to judge the Greens on the basis of its nutcase hagers-on.  Eclecticology

-

Please, then, give examples of an actual 'ecoregional democracy' movement that exists in the real world, with cites: the previous articles simply referenced low-traffic mailing lists. Literature cites, news stories, web pages: any of these would be good. Otherwise, I will have to agree with Zundark that these articles are idiosyncratic, in the absence of any evidence to the contrary. The loopiness of the original articles, alas, shifts the burden of proof to the proposers of this concept. The Anome
 * I didn't write the original article, and I have no particular attachment to the title. I would not even go so far as to characterize it as a "movement" the way you did.  I do, however, have some sympathy for some of the ideas expressed in the article.  The specific synonym "bioregional representation" suggested by the writer does a little better on Google.  Zundark's hurried deletion and accusation of vandalism bothered me more than if he had simply undertaken a discussion of the substantive issues raised.  Nothing in the article suggests that the original author acted in bad faith, even if you disagree with all of his substantive points.  Is the dispute just about the title of the article?  If so, the contents should be moved to a more appropriate title with a redirect from this article.  A redirect form a nonexistent term would then be on a par with a redirection from a misspelled one.

 * That being said, I only dove into this battle to-day (March 22), and cannot pretend that I have researched the topic thoroughly enough to make a reasonalble edit, but I will certainly look into it in the days to come. Meanwhile, I will add a warning note at the head of the article in the hopes that some of the more impatient among us will show a little more restraint for the next 30 days.  Eclecticology

- 24.*.*.* here. I support anonymity for political reasons and don't believe that reputations do the material a damn bit of good. I prefer scrapping - it makes for better material.

I'm not going to write a defense of bioregional or ecoregional democracy - I think I did that.

I agree with the "redirect" strategy if you object to anticipating a term - the ecoregions map was only released a few weeks ago by National geographic and the term "ecoregions" has not augmented or replaced "biome" or "bioregion" yet.

If you're looking for real world advocacy of this stuff, try Joel Garreau's 1981 "Nine Nations of North America" - three of which ("Ecotopia" on the West Coast, "Empty Quarter" in the arid regions east of the Continental Divide and running from Oklahoma to North Slope of Alaska, "Breadbasket" on the prairies) are strictly Ecoregional and depend totally on climate and ecology - he also defined six more that were cultural.

if you look for "bioregion" or "bioregions" specifically you'll find lots - I think the best reference for a "real world Ecoregional Democracy movement" is the Green Party of Alaska - which is entirely organized on bioregional lines.

I specifically wrote the article not to differentiate between biome, bioregion, micro-climate, watershed, and what is now called "ecoregion". Any of the other terms would be too specific - so I had to make a blanket term... compatible with the science of ecology which defines "terrestrial ecoregions" and does not define the other words.

Since this is an encyclopedia and not a dictionary, I consider that to be a reasonable approach. Yes, it's on the edge of defining something into full existence, especially the emphasis on biosecurity, but those arguments are all over the place on Green forums and at Greenpeace - I just don't have the legal right to redistribute them.

If you want to know how prevalent secession movements in general are, see http://www.secession.net

Ecoregional secession deserves a whole article of its own. But no one calls it that yet. IT's a bunch of identical goal sets with unrelated rationales...

It's the surest sign of something obvious and truly necessary, that it's out there under 200 different names, and nobody has bothered to name it yet as its so obvious and arises due to so many different pressures and constraints.

You should have a policy on anticipating names of things, but I don't see the harm in taking an obscure term and defining it in an obvious, annealing, way.

If you want it to be "bioregional democracy" and point at the Green Party of Alaska, fine. But I'm talking about something a lot larger than just that...
 * '''ARRRRGH!!! I was so right in suggesting that with friends like you, who needs enemies.  Scrapping does not make for better material.  It just forces people into hard and inflexible positions.  Eclecticology

- Please read What Wikipedia is not. There is nothing wrong with what you are doing. It is just that here is not the place to do it.

Please: Do it on Usenet. Do it on your website. Do it in Yahoo Groups. Form a political party. Print manifestos. Write a book. Hold rallies.

Just, please, don't express your personal project as encylopedic information.

Please, on the other hand, write articles about real political movements, using the terms that they use in real life. Be sure to provided lots of checkable references, as some people will be inclined to disbelieve you by default, based on your previous conduct. The Anome

-- "Scrapping does not make for better material. It just forces people into hard and inflexible positions.  Eclecticology"

Temporarily, yes. But we see whose position has guts and whose has legs and gradually get the guts and legs together far faster than we would by some kind of niceness.

I'll do my best to satisfy the objections in the article as it stands. Thanks.

"Just, please, don't express your personal project as encylopedic information."

That simply isn't going on. The issue here is the name and whether it is changing to match the ecology term or not. There's a political issue tho:

Politicians can't normally admit that they are giving up actual sovereignty to other countries or states in these cooperative bodies - still less that they are evolving towards actual democratic districts with their own representatives separate from those that represent the people living around the borders of the ecoregion or watershed.

Some more good examples I thought of just now and will add to the article in some way.

Great Lakes Region cooperation between the US states (WI, MI, OH, NY, etc.) who surround the Great Lakes and the Canadian province of Ontario - with Quebec as observer (technically Quebec is not on the great lakes but has a giant sewer pipe for them called the St. Lawrence). As the governors and premier (of Ontario) are elected, this is a form of ecoregional democracy. And probably the most successful example as the lakes have been cleaned up much since they instituted it.

Countries with claims in the Arctic (US, Canada, Russia, Iceland, Denmark, Norway) cooperate in a similar body - and these are also all democracies so it satisfies the definition of an ecoregional democracy to a similar degree.

Persian Gulf states were forced to cooperate to clean it up after the Gulf War - not sure if this resulted in lasting cooperation of any real kind...

These are all "watershed" examples, but differentiating "watershed democracy" doesn't make much sense. Does it?

Canadian province of BC and Washington state and Alaska cooperate on Pacific fishery regulation - although this isn't terrestrial.

Anyway, the phenomena exists, it's a question of how best to name it and how many articles to write. I'd hoped to save time and confusion by writing one good one,but if that's not possible, I'll write several little ones, one for each of the above... bleagh.

 * But we see whose position has guts and whose has legs and gradually get the guts and legs together far faster than we would by some kind of niceness.

Please. Don't try to do that.

 *  I'd hoped to save time and confusion by writing one good one,but if that's not possible, I'll write several little ones, one for each of the above... bleagh.

Please write one good article. Show more than one set of views. Attribute opinions to their holders. Cite references. Just for a start. The Anome

I offer myself as referee and/or editor. I have no opinion on ecoregional democracy. I don't even know what it is.

I propose:

 * 1) Define ecoregional democracy.
 * 2) Say who discovered the idea or advocates it.
 * 3) Explain the reasons that the major advocates give for their positions.

User:Ed Poor

 * Sounds good. But first of all, you need to verify that the term actually exists, or find an equivalent term that does. And then you have to convince 24.150.61.63 that you're not me. --Zundark, 2002 Mar 22

I'm not Zundark, okay? Our writing styles are radically different. That should be enough.

Also, the following statement could be improved, that is, made more suitable for inclusion in an encyclopedia:

 * Some argue that to permit political borders to bisect ecoregions is much like requiring a citizen to live in one place while requiring only his left arm to answer to the government of another.

How about identifying who argues this way? I'd like to know more about them and their position. Is it the Carpathians?

And what is the relationship of ecoregional issues to issues of sustainable development?

You can contribute to this encyclopedia, by helping to create high-quality articles that let the reader know who says what about which: the 3 W's (if I may coin a term). User:Ed Poor

 * 24.*.*.* here. I support anonymity for political reasons and don't believe that reputations do the material a damn bit of good.  I prefer scrapping - it makes for better material.

Cogeco Cable Solutions (NETBLK-CGOC-WERI1-A) CGOC-WERI1-A IP block

I'm not hiding. I just think that over time names engender respect and respect is bad for entries. Regular contributors should confront material in a slightly annoyed state <-- keyword slightly. I shouldn't become a guru, so I shouldnt have a name. As long as you know I'm trying to make the material better and I have reasons for choosing names that aren't (yet) common for an entry, and will leave the name up to you anyway, i.e. its a goodwill effort.

By "scrapping" I certainly don't mean resorting to technical means like bots or IP bans. That's beyond counter-productive, that's relying on technology to set consensus.

Anyway:

Ed Poor says "what is the relationship of ecoregional issues to issues of sustainable development?"

Prerequisite, i.e. without ecoregional structure you get arbitrage between the two different governance systems that apply to the two parts of that ecoregion (which presumably provide similar products), and get a "race to the bottom" that "cuts off the arm" and cripples the ecology.

OK, so I assumed that ... I'll add it soon.

Oh, and thanks for the "bioregional state" reference - hadn't seen that one. That term has become deprecated in Green circles because 1. "bioregion" is being replaced as a term by "ecoregion" - a decision made by ecologists at NG and WWF when they published their map and 2. it isn't necessarily a "state" in the conventional sense of a commons ruled by majority vote that's being constructed in most of these systems - often it's a "cap and trade" market or quota system or something else which allocates the bounty and sets limits on pollution.

Kyoto is an example: greenhouse gas output to the commons of the atmosphere. Hwoever it's a bad example as not every nation in the ecological space (all of Earth) had to meet quotas, and they're not all "democracies"...

Sometimes its hard to know how far to go with the ecology stuff. These guys talk about *lots* of different kinds of "keystone species" in various situations and the definition varies rather drastically by ecoregion.

Also it may not be clear that democracy implies governance in the language of the land... and thus indigenous sovereignty or all the Europeans learning it. ;-)

Now Bioregional Democracy

Actually I'm not sure this name is technically correct, under the way the new word "ecoregion" is used in ecology it includes watersheds and even oceans...

however "bioregion" is generally only used for terrestrial ecoregions, so the references to Great Lakes or Arctic Ocean ecoregional cooperation can't really be said to be "bioregional democracy".

It's a nitpick. Put a link that redirects "ecoregional democracy" to "bioregional democracy" and I'll be happy. I'll put something at the start of the article which indicates this shift in terminology - and keeps ecoregional throughout the article.

 * No problem with this change from my perspectvie. Eclecticology

Another nitpick:

 * Scientists claim that ecoregions are observed in nature rather than imposed by man.

I'd rather see "Scientists recognize" or "Scientist John Doe claims". ..

User:Ed Poor - I think in this case "Scientists claim" is appropriate, since it's neither a recognition of an empirical fact that they can prove, nor a claim made by a narrow range of scientists, but something established by a broad consensus.

This is only my own opinion here, I'll go with a consensus, but:

Think of a particle accelerator in physics. You don't want to say that "Scientists recognize" that it "works" and produces accurate measurements of very tiny things - because they can't really prove that - there are only a couple of them in the world and they tend to run quite different experiments. You also don't want to say that "CERN claims" or "SLAC claims" as that implies that these institutions are the only scientists who believe that their equipment is useful in physics. It is appropriate in these cases, and the ecology consensus case, and a few others like "psychiatrists" who "claim" collectively that the DSM-IV represents something other than billable hours, to use the relatively ambigous but inclusive "scientists claim".

 * In these cases, you say: "According to scientists at CERN . . ." User:Ed Poor

- OK, this needs a style rewrite, and I'm about to tackle that, as I now think it is the weakest of the articles I've written.

a note on terminology: the terms "state" and "representation" and "constituency" and "district" and "riding" are all too specific to any one political system - they come with legacy baggage - so while you will find most of the discussion on this on the web expressed in terms of "bioregional state" or "bioregional representation" or "bioregion as riding" or whatever, it is all variants on what we call "democracy" in some form. Democracy is the most general word, and corresponds with "grassroots democracy", "social democracy", and other theories of governing.

Also, although it hasn't happened yet, "ecoregional" is going to replace "bioregional" reference because of the shift in ecology. So I prefer to leave the title "Bioregional" for now but the content should refer to "ecoregional" as much as possible, as a generic term that now has specific meaning thansks to scientists at WWF and NG agreeing on the def'n of ecoregions.

The linguistic material is really hard to handle - democracy implies decisions are made in some common language - and the link between biodiversity and language is considered critical by the advocates of this approach - I have never discussed it with anyone without mentioning language and linguistic proofs of correlation between decision-making language and sustainability.

But, other articles had similar problems, and they were fixed, so I'll give this a try. maybe a lot more foundation material on biodiversity would help remove the controversial stuff from this article, and leave it stating only what Zundark called "common sense" conclusions.

Open to input...? I'll tackle this before Wednesday and encourage anyone else to add any material,but would ask you avoid removing any until that ruthless rewrite I'm planning...

Bioregional Revolutionary Movement
Is this for real? It looks like a cia front... really! -max rspct 12:24, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

Cleanup tag added
I added a rewrite tag to this article. Aside from the fact that some of the prose tends to make my brain congeal, it seems more like a number of sections on ecoregions, but headed by a very confused introduction. Within the first paragraph two terms "bioregional democracy" and "Bioregional State" are used which seem to have somewhat variant meanings. This awkwardly twinned concept is then defined as "a set of electoral reforms", but then "a movement", in the subsequent two sentences. An opening paragraph should be able to concisely convey the concept of what the article will cover.

The second paragraph gives a "best known example" of the "Great Lakes Commission", which certainly seems to fall under "watershed cooperation", but doesn't seem to be an obvious example of "electoral reforms", or a movement notably denoting "local jurisdictional dominance". At first glance, the GLC appears (and says as much on its website) to deal with communications, policy research and advocacy. It does not "govern" the watershed - there is a separate bilateral International Joint Commission involved in this, which is established at the national level in both countries. I'm not sure that "giving up some sovereignty" would be an appropriate description of this.

The opening concludes by indicating there are "more profound" forms of this concept, and continues on with a number of theory-based sections which seem to have only had passing introduction with the opening, which doesn't mention bio/ecoregions by name at all - I'm not sure if the article was a Frankenstein merger of various bits and pieces, but as a reader coming across it, the current format is distinctly unhelpful. Even within the later sections, there is a distinct lack of answers to basic questions such as who is actually using or promoting some of these terms and concepts, how common such usage might be, etc.

Are there any active editors on this article? - David Oberst 06:04, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Complete rewrite started
I've decided to be bold and tear apart this article. Some major points:
 * There seems to be very few references to the term "bioregional democracy" that aren't somehow related to this wikipedia article. Unless good citations for common usage of this term for some specific concept to base an article on, or usage as an umbrella term to base some sort of disambiguation page on, it may not be necessary to keep this article at all, depending on what happens to the various parts.

 * The intro. As i mentioned above, the intro seems to be an unsourced and (on the face of it) poorly argued chunk of text with little relation to the rest of the article.  The first paragraph might survive in the "umbrella" scenario (minus the "electoral reforms" bit), but the second on the Great Lakes Commission seems ready for the scrapheap.

 * Ecoregions - the most coherant bits of the article all seem to deal with ecoregions. There is an existing stub article, Bioregionalism, which seems to be in need of major expansion.  Contrary to "bioregional democracy", there does seem to be quite a number of references to this term, and the article should probably be expanded to include the history of the term, a bibliography, etc. I'm collecting what references I can, and if I can expand it, bits and pieces of this article might find a home there eventually.

 * Ecoregional consensus - this section lacks any citation for the term or justification for the text as written, which includes no explanation of the nature of the "consensus", and reads like disconnected notes from some other article. The only references to "eco/bioregional consensus" that I can find are a couple extremely non-notable mentions in passing for a "Caryn Mirriam-Goldberg", who "facilitated bioregional consensus training for local ecological groups.  I've tagged this with {importance}, and will likely delete it if nobody else comes along with support.  [section now deleted]

 * Bioregional State - I've tagged two sections which appear to deal with the book/webpages "Toward a Bioregional State" by Mark Whitaker. I've created a stub article Bioregional State (which used to be a redirect here) as a possible new home for anything related to this.  "Bioregional State" as a phrase seems to have no usage outside of Whitaker.  Whether Whitaker's stuff is notable and non-WP:NOR enough to survive as a separate article would be a question for another time and place.

 * Bioregional Revolutionary Movement - I removed this section, based on the non-notable Bioregional revolution article now nominated at AfD.

 * Language and Biodiversity - I'm not even sure where to start on this section. It looks like some citations from linguistics have been wrapped in the phrase "bioregional democracy", but whether there is something useful here that could be moved elsewhere may take some detective work on someone's part.

Anyone with suggestions, comments or dissents, please come forward. - David Oberst 04:50, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Delete tag added
I've put a dated delete tag on the article. To some extent this is to see if it brings any editors out of the woodwork, but also from a difficulty in trying to find parts to salvage. The two sections I tagged as possibly moving to Bioregional State may in fact have just had that phrase wrapped around some previous text, and in any case Bioregional State itself might wind up as a non-notable article, and I really don't want to dig into the whole thing. - David Oberst 02:50, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * My suggestion would be to move any salvagable bits from this article or from Bioregional State (i.e. the Whitaker citations) to Bioregionalism, and then have this article and Bioregional State redirect to there. Bioregionalism is a movement of several decades duration, an a substantial amount has been written about it (although the article doesn't yet do the movement justice); this article, however, may have crossed the line into original research. Tom Radulovich 16:43, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I disagree that this article should be deleted, as it contains a lot of substance and on whole it adds value to the encyclopedia. Also, I question the value of information learned by adding a tag to bring editors 'out of the woodwork'.  Such a test presumes that articles must be defended by keeping articles on your watchlist forever 'in defense'.  Requiring such is counterproductive to the spirit of Wikipedia.  In principle, the presumption behind your 'out of the woodwork' test does not assume good faith. BruceHallman 17:02, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

Bruce, I actually agree with the undesirability of my tagging, and I would have removed the tag myself in any case and sent the article to AfD if it came to that. If you can point out what you would see as the useful parts (and where they should go) that would be helpful. A starting point would be the title "bioregional democracy" itself. What would you suggest as the one or two most significant citations of the term, indicating what core concept the article should be expounding on, and what notable useage in the outside world is being reported on? Many of the references I find seem to refer somehow to Wikipedia, and when those are eliminated (try this Google search) there doesn't seem to be a coherant "bioregional democracy" usage that obviously pops out to me. The article seems to be bits and pieces that (at best) belong elsewhere. - David Oberst 18:11, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bioregional democracy


text:
Great Lakes Commission

The Great Lakes Commission is a United States interstate agency established in 1955 through the Great Lakes Basin Compact, in order to "promote the orderly, integrated and comprehensive development, use and conservation of the water resources of the Great Lakes Basin," which includes the Saint Lawrence River. The Great Lakes Commission provides policy development, coordination, and advocacy on issues of regional concern, as well as communication and research services.

The eight member states are Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. The Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec are associate members. Each state has three votes on matters coming before the commission, while associate members and observers (representing the United States and Canadian federal governments, tribes, and other regional organizations ) are permitted to participate in discussions, deliberations and other activities as approved by the commission but have no vote.

There is a separate and distinct entity with a similar brief, the International Joint Commission, which exists between the federal levels of the United States and Canada.

title: Great Lakes Commission


text:
Coelacanth

Coelacanths (order Coelacanthiformes) are an ancient group of lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii) in the class Actinistia. As sarcopterygians, they are more closely related to lungfish and tetrapods (which includes amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) than to ray-finned fish.

Well-represented in both freshwater and marine fossils since the Devonian, they are now represented by only two extant marine species in the genus Latimeria: the West Indian Ocean coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae), primarily found near the Comoro Islands off the east coast of Africa, and the Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis). The name coelacanth originates from the Permian genus Coelacanthus, which was the first scientifically named coelacanth.

The oldest known coelacanth fossils date back more than 410million years. Coelacanths were thought to have become extinct in the Late Cretaceous, around 66million years ago, but were discovered living off the coast of South Africa in 1938.

The coelacanth was long considered a "living fossil" because scientists thought it was the sole remaining member of a taxon otherwise known only from fossils, with no close relations alive, and that it evolved into roughly its current form approximately 400million years ago. However, several more recent studies have shown that coelacanth body shapes are much more diverse than previously thought.

Etymology
The word Coelacanth is an adaptation of the Modern Latin Cœlacanthus ('hollow spine'), from the Greek κοῖλ-ος (, 'hollow') and ἄκανθ-α (, 'spine'), referring to the hollow caudal fin rays of the first fossil specimen described and named by Louis Agassiz in 1839, belonging to the genus Coelacanthus. The genus name Latimeria commemorates Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, who discovered the first specimen.

Discovery
The earliest fossils of coelacanths were discovered in the 19th century. Coelacanths, which are related to lungfishes and tetrapods, were believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. More closely related to tetrapods than to the ray-finned fish, coelacanths were considered transitional species between fish and tetrapods. On 23 December 1938, the first Latimeria specimen was found off the east coast of South Africa, off the Chalumna River (now Tyolomnqa). Museum curator Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer discovered the fish among the catch of a local fisherman. Courtenay-Latimer contacted a Rhodes University ichthyologist, J. L. B. Smith, sending him drawings of the fish, and he confirmed the fish's importance with a famous cable: "Most Important Preserve Skeleton and Gills = Fish Described."

Its discovery 66 million years after its supposed extinction makes the coelacanth the best-known example of a Lazarus taxon, an evolutionary line that seems to have disappeared from the fossil record only to reappear much later. Since 1938, West Indian Ocean coelacanth have been found in the Comoros, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, in iSimangaliso Wetland Park, and off the South Coast of Kwazulu-Natal in South Africa.

The Comoro Islands specimen was discovered in December 1952. Between 1938 and 1975, 84 specimens were caught and recorded.

The second extant species, the Indonesian coelacanth, was described from Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, in 1999 by Pouyaud et al. based on a specimen discovered by Mark V. Erdmann in 1998 and deposited at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Erdmann and his wife Arnaz Mehta first encountered a specimen at a local market in September 1997, but took only a few photographs of the first specimen of this species before it was sold. After confirming that it was a unique discovery, Erdmann returned to Sulawesi in November 1997 to interview fishermen and look for further examples. A second specimen was caught by a fisherman in July 1998 and was then handed to Erdmann.

Description
Latimeria chalumnae and L. menadoensis are the only two known living coelacanth species. Coelacanths are large, plump, lobe-finned fish that can grow to more than 2 m and weigh around 90 kg. They are estimated to live up to 100 years, based on analysis of annual growth marks on scales, and reach maturity around the age of 55; the oldest known specimen was 84 years old at the time of its capture in 1960. Even though their estimated lifetime is similar to humans, gestation can last 5 years, which is 1.5 years more than the deep-sea frilled shark, the previous record holder.

They are nocturnal piscivorous drift-hunters.

The body is covered in ctenoid elasmoid scales that act as armor. Coelacanths have eight fins – two dorsal fins, two pectoral fins, two pelvic fins, one anal fin and one caudal fin. The tail is very nearly equally proportioned and is split by a terminal tuft of fin rays that make up its caudal lobe. The eyes of the coelacanth are very large, while the mouth is very small. The eye is acclimatized to seeing in poor light by rods that absorb mostly short wavelengths. Coelacanth vision has evolved to a mainly blue-shifted color capacity. Pseudomaxillary folds surround the mouth and replace the maxilla, a structure absent in coelacanths. Two nostrils, along with four other external openings, appear between the premaxilla and lateral rostral bones. The nasal sacs resemble those of many other fish and do not contain an internal nostril. The coelacanth's rostral organ, contained within the ethmoid region of the braincase, has three unguarded openings into the environment and is used as a part of the coelacanth's laterosensory system. The coelacanth's auditory reception is mediated by its inner ear, which is very similar to that of tetrapods and is classified as being a basilar papilla.

Coelacanths are a part of the clade Sarcopterygii, or the lobe-finned fishes. Externally, several characteristics distinguish coelacanths from other lobe-finned fish. They possess a three-lobed caudal fin, also called a trilobate fin or a diphycercal tail. A secondary tail extending past the primary tail separates the upper and lower halves of the coelacanth. Ctenoid elasmoid scales act as thick armor to protect the coelacanth's exterior. Several internal traits also aid in differentiating coelacanths from other lobe-finned fish. At the back of the skull, the coelacanth possesses a hinge, the intracranial joint, which allows it to open its mouth extremely wide. Coelacanths also retain an oil-filled notochord, a hollow, pressurized tube which is replaced by a vertebral column early in embryonic development in most other vertebrates. The coelacanth's heart is shaped differently from that of most modern fish, with its chambers arranged in a straight tube. The coelacanth's braincase is 98.5% filled with fat; only 1.5% of the braincase contains brain tissue. The cheeks of the coelacanth are unique because the opercular bone is very small and holds a large soft-tissue opercular flap. A spiracular chamber is present, but the spiracle is closed and never opens during development. Also unique to extant coelacanths is the presence of a "fatty lung" or a fat-filled single-lobed vestigial lung, homologous to other fishes' swim bladders. The parallel development of a fatty organ for buoyancy control suggests a unique specialization for deep-water habitats. There are small and hard but flexible plates around the vestigial lung in adult specimens, though not around the fatty organ. The plates most likely had a regulation function for the volume of the lung. Due to the size of the fatty organ, researchers assume that it is responsible for the kidney's unusual relocation. The two kidneys, which are fused into one, are located ventrally within the abdominal cavity, posterior to the cloaca.

DNA
In 2013, a research group published the genome sequence of the coelacanth in the scientific journal Nature.

Due to their lobed fins and other features, it was once hypothesized that the coelacanth might be the most recent shared ancestor between terrestrial and marine vertebrates. But after sequencing the full genome of the coelacanth, it was discovered that the lungfish is the most recent shared ancestor. Coelacanths and lungfish had already diverged from a common ancestor before the lungfish made the transition to land.

Another important discovery made from the genome sequencing is that the coelacanths are still evolving today. While phenotypic similarity between extant and extinct coelacanths suggests there is limited evolutionary pressure on these organisms to undergo morphological divergence, they are undergoing measurable genetic divergence. Despite prior studies showing that protein coding regions are undergoing evolution at a substitution rate much lower than other tetrapods (consistent with phenotypic stasis observed between extant and fossil members of the taxa), the non-coding regions subject to higher transposable element activity show marked divergence even between the two extant coelacanth species. This has been facilitated in part by a coelacanth-specific endogenous retrovirus of the Epsilon retrovirus family.

Taxonomy

Cladogram showing the relationships of coelacanth genera after Torino, Soto and Perea, 2021.

Fossil record
According to the fossil record, the divergence of coelacanths, lungfish, and tetrapods is thought to have occurred during the Silurian. Over 100 fossil species of coelacanth have been described. The oldest identified coelacanth fossils are around 420–410 million years old, dating to the early Devonian. Coelacanths were never a diverse group in comparison to other groups of fish, and reached a peak diversity during the Early Triassic (252–247 million years ago), coinciding with a burst of diversification between the Late Permian and Middle Triassic. Most Mesozoic coelacanths belong to the order Latimerioidei, which contains two major subdivisions, the marine Latimeriidae, which contains modern coelacanths, as well as the extinct Mawsoniidae, which were native to brackish, freshwater as well as marine environments.

Paleozoic coelacanths are generally small (~30-40 cm in length), while Mesozoic forms were larger. Several specimens belonging to the Jurassic and Cretaceous mawsoniid coelacanth genera Trachymetopon and Mawsonia likely reached or exceeded 5 m in length, making them amongst the largest known fishes of the Mesozoic, and amongst the largest bony fishes of all time.

The most recent fossil latimeriid is Megalocoelacanthus dobiei, whose disarticulated remains are found in late Santonian to middle Campanian, and possibly earliest Maastrichtian-aged marine strata of the Eastern and Central United States,  the most recent mawsoniids are Axelrodichthys megadromos from early Campanian to early Maastrichtian freshwater continental deposits of France,   as well as an indeterminate marine mawsoniid from Morocco, dating to the late Maastrichtian A small bone fragment from the European Paleocene has been considered the only plausible post-Cretaceous record, but this identification is based on comparative bone histology methods of doubtful reliability.

Living coelacanths have been considered "living fossils" based on their supposedly conservative morphology relative to fossil species; however, recent studies have expressed the view that coelacanth morphologic conservatism is a belief not based on data. Fossils suggest that coelacanths were most morphologically diverse during the Devonian and Carboniferous, while Mesozoic species are generally morphologically similar to each other.

Distribution and habitat
The current coelacanth range is primarily along the eastern African coast, although Latimeria menadoensis was discovered off Indonesia. Coelacanths have been found in the waters of Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Madagascar, Comoros and Indonesia. Most Latimeria chalumnae specimens that have been caught have been captured around the islands of Grande Comore and Anjouan in the Comoros Archipelago (Indian Ocean). Though there are cases of L. chalumnae caught elsewhere, amino acid sequencing has shown no big difference between these exceptions and those found around Comore and Anjouan. Even though these few may be considered strays, there are several reports of coelacanths being caught off the coast of Madagascar. This leads scientists to believe that the endemic range of Latimeria chalumnae coelacanths stretches along the eastern coast of Africa from the Comoros Islands, past the western coast of Madagascar to the South African coastline. Mitochondrial DNA sequencing of coelacanths caught off the coast of southern Tanzania suggests a divergence of the two populations some 200,000 years ago. This could refute the theory that the Comoros population is the main population while others represent recent offshoots. A live specimen was seen and recorded on video in November 2019 at 69 m off the village of Umzumbe on the South Coast of KwaZulu-Natal, 325 km south of the iSimangaliso Wetland Park. This is the farthest south since the original discovery, and the second shallowest record after 54 m in the Diepgat Canyon. These sightings suggest that they may live shallower than previously thought, at least at the southern end of their range, where colder, better-oxygenated water is available at shallower depths.

The geographical range of the Indonesia coelacanth, Latimeria menadoensis, is believed to be off the coast of Manado Tua Island, Sulawesi, Indonesia, in the Celebes Sea. Key components confining coelacanths to these areas are food and temperature restrictions, as well as ecological requirements such as caves and crevices that are well-suited for drift feeding. Teams of researchers using submersibles have recorded live sightings of the fish in the Sulawesi Sea as well as in the waters of Biak in Papua.

Anjouan Island and the Grande Comore provide ideal underwater cave habitats for coelacanths. The islands' underwater volcanic slopes, steeply eroded and covered in sand, house a system of caves and crevices which allow coelacanths resting places during the daylight hours. These islands support a large benthic fish population that helps to sustain coelacanth populations.

During the daytime, coelacanths rest in caves anywhere from 100 to 500 m deep. Others migrate to deeper waters. The cooler waters (below 120 m) reduce the coelacanths' metabolic costs. Drifting toward reefs and night feeding saves vital energy. Resting in caves during the day also saves energy that otherwise would be expended to fight currents.

Behavior
Coelacanth locomotion is unique. To move around they most commonly take advantage of up- or down-wellings of current and drift. Their paired fins stabilize movement through the water. While on the ocean floor, they do not use the paired fins for any kind of movement. Coelacanths generate thrust with their caudal fins for quick starts. Due to the abundance of its fins, the coelacanth has high maneuverability and can orient its body in almost any direction in the water. They have been seen doing headstands as well as swimming belly up. It is thought that the rostral organ helps give the coelacanth electroreception, which aids in movement around obstacles.

Coelacanths are fairly peaceful when encountering others of their kind, remaining calm even in a crowded cave. They do avoid body contact, however, withdrawing immediately if contact occurs. When approached by foreign potential predators (e.g. a submersible), they show panic flight reactions, suggesting that coelacanths are most likely prey to large deepwater predators. Shark bite marks have been seen on coelacanths; sharks are common in areas inhabited by coelacanths. Electrophoresis testing of 14 coelacanth enzymes shows little genetic diversity between coelacanth populations. Among the fish that have been caught were about equal numbers of males and females. Population estimates range from 210 individuals per population to 500 per population. Because coelacanths have individual color markings, scientists think that they recognize other coelacanths via electric communication.

Feeding
Coelacanths are nocturnal piscivores that feed mainly on benthic smaller fish and various cephalopods. They are "passive drift feeders", slowly drifting along currents with only minimal self-propulsion, eating whatever prey they encounter. Coelacanths also use their rostral organ for its electroreception to be able to detect nearby prey in low light settings.

Life history
Coelacanths are ovoviviparous, meaning that the female retains the fertilized eggs within her body while the embryos develop during a gestation period of five years. Typically, females are larger than the males; their scales and the skin folds around the cloaca differ. The male coelacanth has no distinct copulatory organs, just a cloaca, which has a urogenital papilla surrounded by erectile caruncles. It is hypothesized that the cloaca everts to serve as a copulatory organ.

Coelacanth eggs are large, with only a thin layer of membrane to protect them. Embryos hatch within the female and eventually are born alive, which is a rarity in fish. This was only discovered when the American Museum of Natural History dissected its first coelacanth specimen in 1975 and found it pregnant with five embryos. Young coelacanths resemble the adult, the main differences being an external yolk sac, larger eyes relative to body size and a more pronounced downward slope of the body. The juvenile coelacanth's broad yolk sac hangs below the pelvic fins. The scales and fins of the juvenile are completely matured; however, it does lack odontodes, which it gains during maturation.

A study that assessed the paternity of the embryos inside two coelacanth females indicated that each clutch was sired by a single male. This could mean that females mate monandrously, i.e. with one male only. Polyandry, female mating with multiple males, is common in both plants and animals and can be advantageous (e.g. insurance against mating with an infertile or incompatible mate), but also confers costs (increased risk of infection, danger of falling prey to predators, increased energy input when searching for new males).

Conservation
Because little is known about the coelacanth, the conservation status is difficult to characterize. According to Fricke et al. (1995), it is important to conserve the species. From 1988 to 1994, Fricke counted some 60 individuals of L. chalumnae on each dive. In 1995 that number dropped to 40. Even though this could be a result of natural population fluctuation, it also could be a result of overfishing. The IUCN currently classifies L. chalumnae as "critically endangered", with a total population size of 500 or fewer individuals. L. menadoensis is considered Vulnerable, with a significantly larger population size (fewer than 10,000 individuals).

The major threat towards the coelacanth is the accidental capture by fishing operations, especially commercial deep-sea trawling. Coelacanths usually are caught when local fishermen are fishing for oilfish. Fishermen sometimes snag a coelacanth instead of an oilfish because they traditionally fish at night, when oilfish (and coelacanths) feed. Before scientists became interested in coelacanths, they were thrown back into the water if caught. Now that they are recognized as important, fishermen trade them to scientists or other officials. Before the 1980s, this was a problem for coelacanth populations. In the 1980s, international aid gave fiberglass boats to the local fishermen, which moved fishing beyond the coelacanth territories into more productive waters. Since then, most of the motors on the boats failed, forcing the fishermen back into coelacanth territory and putting the species at risk again.

Methods to minimize the number of coelacanths caught include moving fishers away from the shore, using different laxatives and malarial salves to reduce the demand for oilfish, using coelacanth models to simulate live specimens, and increasing awareness of the need for conservation. In 1987 the Coelacanth Conservation Council advocated the conservation of coelacanths. The CCC has branches located in Comoros, South Africa, Canada, the United Kingdom, the U.S., Japan, and Germany. The agencies were established to help protect and encourage population growth of coelacanths.

A "deep release kit" was developed in 2014 and distributed by private initiative, consisting of a weighted hook assembly that allows a fisherman to return an accidentally caught coelacanth to deep waters where the hook can be detached once it hits the seafloor. Conclusive reports about the effectiveness of this method are still pending.

In 2002, the South African Coelacanth Conservation and Genome Resource Programme was launched to help further the studies and conservation of the coelacanth. This program focuses on biodiversity conservation, evolutionary biology, capacity building, and public understanding. The South African government committed to spending R10 million on the program. In 2011, a plan was made for a Tanga Coelacanth Marine Park to conserve biodiversity for marine animals including the coelacanth. The park was designed to reduce habitat destruction and improve prey availability for endangered species.

Human consumption
Coelacanths are considered a poor source of food for humans and likely most other fish-eating animals. Coelacanth flesh has large amounts of oil, urea, wax esters, and other compounds that give the flesh a distinctly unpleasant flavor, make it difficult to digest, and can cause diarrhea. Their scales themselves secrete mucus, which combined with the excessive oil their bodies produce, make coelacanths a slimy food. Where the coelacanth is more common, local fishermen avoid it because of its potential to sicken consumers. As a result, the coelacanth has no real commercial value apart from being coveted by museums and private collectors.

Cultural significance
Because of the surprising nature of the coelacanth's discovery, they have been a frequent source of inspiration in modern artwork, craftsmanship, and literature. At least 22 countries have depicted them on their postage stamps, particularly the Comoros, which has issued 12 different sets of coelacanth stamps. The coelacanth is also depicted on the 1000 Comorian franc banknote, as well as the 5 CF coin.

In the Pokémon media franchise, the Pokémon known as Relicanth is based on the coelacanth. In the video game series Animal Crossing, the coelacanth is a rare fish that can be caught by the player by fishing in the ocean.

title: Coelacanth