text:
972

Year 972 (CMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Emperor John I Tzimiskes divides the Bulgarian territories, recently held by the Kievan Rus', into six new themes. He turns his attention to the East against the Abbasid Caliphate and its vassals, beginning with an invasion of Upper Mesopotamia. John transfers Byzantine troops to Macedonia, and the region of Philippopolis in Thrace, to dilute the Slavs.
 * John I removes various Bulgarian boyars from their homes, and settles them in Constantinople and Anatolia (modern Turkey), where they are given high titles and lands.
 * John I grants a charter for the Monastic Republic of Holy Mount Athos, in Greece.

Europe

 * Spring – Grand Prince Sviatoslav I is ambushed by the Pechenegs (possibly in the service of the Byzantines) and killed during his attempt to cross the Dnieper rapids (modern Ukraine). His skull is made into a drinking cup. Sviatoslav is succeeded by his eldest son Yaropolk I as ruler of Kiev, which leads to a civil war with his brother Oleg.
 * April 14 – Otto II (the Red), joint-ruler and son of Otto I (the Great), marries the Byzantine princess Theophanu (niece or granddaughter of John I). She is crowned empress by Pope John XIII at Rome. Creating an alliance between the Ottonian Dynasty and the Byzantine Empire (called the Tzimiscian Peace).
 * June 24 – Battle of Cedynia: The Polans under prince (or Duke) Mieszko I, defeat the German forces of the Saxon count Odo I at their stronghold in Cedynia (with the help of hidden reinforcements). The battle – one of the first in Polish history – strengthens Mieszko's hold over Western Pomerania.

Africa

 * Buluggin ibn Ziri is appointed viceroy in Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) and becomes the first ruler (emir) of the Zirid Dynasty.

Religion

 * September 6 – John XIII dies at Rome after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by Benedict VI as the 134th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * The monastery at the site of Peterborough Cathedral is rebuilt by Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury.

Births

 * January 16 – Sheng Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (d. 1031)
 * March 27 – Robert II (the Pious), king of France (d. 1031)
 * Abdussamed Babek, Kurdish ulama, author and poet (d. 1019/1020)
 * Al-Mawardi, Abbasid jurist and diplomat (d. 1058)
 * Ermesinde, countess and regent of Barcelona (d. 1058)
 * Fujiwara no Seishi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1025)
 * Fujiwara no Yukinari, Japanese calligrapher (d. 1027)
 * Gregory V, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 999)
 * Ramon Borrell, count of Barcelona (d. 1017)

Deaths

 * September 6 – John XIII, pope of the Catholic Church
 * December 18 (or 973) – Eberhard IV, Frankish nobleman (or 973)
 * Ælfwold I (or Ælfweald), bishop of Crediton
 * Arnulf II, count of Boulogne (approximate date)
 * Boleslaus I (the Cruel), duke of Bohemia (or 967)
 * Feng Yanlu, Chinese official (approximate date)
 * Fujiwara no Koretada, Japanese statesman (b. 924)
 * Pope John XIII
 * Khottiga Amoghavarsha, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Empire
 * Kūya, Japanese priest of Pure Land Buddhism (b. 903)
 * Liutprand, Lombard bishop and historian
 * Sviatoslav I (Igorevich), Grand Prince of Kiev

title: 972


text:
AD 711

Year 711 (DCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 711 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Philippicus incites the inhabitants of Cherson to revolt, with the help of the Khazars. Emperor Justinian II sallies forth from Constantinople to oppose the rebels in the Crimea. Philippicus defeats the Byzantine forces in northern Anatolia, and seizes the capital. He is proclaimed emperor and Justinian is executed, ending the house of Heraclius, that has ruled since 610.
 * December – Upon hearing the news of Justinian's death, Anastasia, Justinian's mother, escapes with Justinian's 6-year-old son Tiberius to the sanctuary at the St. Mary's Church (Constantinople). She is pursued by Philippicus' henchmen, who drag the child from the altar and murder him outside the church. It is unknown what became of Justinian's wife, Theodora.

Europe

 * Ansprand, duke of Asti, returns from exile to Italy with a large Bavarian army. Many Austrians (with troops of Venetia) join him in support. King Aripert II, who usurped the throne in 701, is defeated and tries to escape from Pavia to Gaul with his treasury, but drowns in the Ticino River. He is the last Bavarian to wear the Iron Crown (approximate date).
 * Peaceful relations between Franks and Frisians are consolidated by the marriage of Pepin of Herstal's son Grimoald to Theudesinda, daughter of King Radbod.
 * April 23 – King Childebert III dies after a 16-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Dagobert III as ruler of Austrasia. Pepin of Herstal becomes his regent.

Britain

 * Dux Berhtfrith leads a Northumbrian campaign against the Picts, and defeats them in Manaw Gododdin (modern Scotland) (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

 * April 27 – Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Muslim troops (7,000 men) led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula (now Spain and Portugal). Tariq begins his Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom, which during the decade he occupies and brings under Umayyad sovereignty.
 * July 19 – Battle of Guadalete: The Muslim Arabs defeat the Visigothic army (33,000 men) under King Roderick, who dies in battle. The Visigoth capital of Toledo opens its city gates; Tariq ibn Ziyad sends Moorish detachments to capture the cities of Córdoba and Seville (Andalusia).

Asia

 * After pirates plunder an Arab ship near the mouth of the Indus River (Pakistan), Umayyad Arabs under Muhammad ibn Qasim invade India with 10,000 men and 6,000 horses, establishing a sultanate in Sindh. Qasim sends expeditions to Surashtra, where he makes peaceful treaty settlements with the Rashtrakuta.
 * Muhammad ibn Qasim captures the fortress city of Multan after a long siege, and raids with his forces the Punjab region, with only light Muslim casualties.

Mesoamerica

 * Palenque is conquered by Tonina.

Religion

 * Reconstruction of the Hōryū-ji Temple in Japan is completed (approximate date).

Births

 * Malik ibn Anas, Arab scholar (approximate date)
 * Su Zong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (d. 762)

Deaths

 * April 23 – Childebert III, king of the Franks
 * November 4 – Justinian II, Byzantine emperor (b. 669)
 * December – Tiberius, son of Justinian II (b. 705)
 * Seachnasach, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)
 * Aripert II, king of the Lombards (or 712)
 * Kʼinich Kʼan Joy Chitam II, ruler of Palenque (or c. 721)
 * Roderic, king of the Visigoths (or 712)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: AD 711


text:
AD 727

Year 727 (DCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 727 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * A revolt breaks out in Greece against the religious policies of Emperor Leo III (see 726). A rebel fleet under Agallianos Kontoskeles sets out for Constantinople with Kosmas, an anti-emperor, but is destroyed by the Byzantine fleet through the use of Greek fire.
 * Siege of Nicaea: Muslim forces under Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (son of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) penetrate deep into Asia Minor, and sack the fortress city of Gangra, but unsuccessfully lay siege to Nicaea (northwestern Anatolia).

Europe

 * A revolt breaks out in Italy against Leo's Iconoclasm; this results in the independence of the Exarchate of Ravenna, after part of a Byzantine invasion force is lost in a storm in the Adriatic Sea, and the remainder of Byzantine troops are repulsed.
 * King Liutprand takes advantage of the anti-imperial turmoil. He conquers Bologna and other cities beyond the Po River (Northern Italy). The Lombards take "Classis", the strategic seaport of Ravenna, and overrun the Pentapolis.

Asia

 * Arab–Khazar War: The Khazars drive back the Muslim invasion, led by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik, into Mesopotamia. Reinforced with Syrian troops, Maslama counterattacks and takes Georgia, establishing the northern frontier on the Caucasus.

Central America

 * January 6 – Ucha'an K'in B'alam becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city state at Dos Pilas in Guatemala after the death of Itzamnaaj K'awiil and reigns until 741.

Religion

 * July – Pope Gregory II condemns iconoclasm at Rome, causing Italy to break with the Byzantine Empire. He becomes the virtual temporal ruler of most Byzantine possessions.

Births

 * January 9 – Dai Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 779)
 * Fujiwara no Tsuginawa, Japanese statesman (d. 796)
 * Liu Peng, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 785)
 * Sakanoue no Karitamaro, Japanese general (d. 786)
 * Yang Yan, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 781)

Deaths

 * April 18 – Agallianos Kontoskeles, Byzantine commander and rebel leader
 * May 30 – Hubertus, bishop of Liège
 * October 19 – Frithuswith or Frideswide, Anglo-Saxon princess and abbess
 * Murchad mac Brain Mut, king of Leinster (Ireland)
 * Paul, exarch of Ravenna
 * Yi Xing, Chinese astronomer and mechanical engineer (b. 683)

title: AD 727


text:
712

Year 712 (DCCXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 712th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 712th year of the 1st millennium, the 12th year of the 8th century, and the 3rd year of the 710s decade. The denomination 712 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * The Bulgars under Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, raid Thrace and reach the city walls of Constantinople. Skirmishes continue until 716; Emperor Philippicus transfers a Byzantine army from the Opsikion Theme in Asia Minor, to police the Balkan Peninsula.

Europe

 * February – King Ansprand dies, and is succeeded by his son Liutprand as ruler of the Lombards. During his reign, Liutprand becomes the greatest of the Lombard Kings. Coins and documents from his court at Pavia confirm the impression of a strong and effective monarch.

Arabian Empire

 * Umayyad conquest of Hispania: From North Africa, Musa ibn Nusayr lands in Iberia (Al-Andalus), with an army of 18,000 Arabs and Berbers. He joins the Islamic conquest and captures the city of Seville (Andalusia), where he meets stiff resistance after 3-months of siege.
 * Arab forces under Qutayba ibn Muslim conquer Khwarezm and Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan).

Asia

 * September 8 – Emperor Rui Zong abdicates after a brief reign, in favor of his 27-year-old son Xuan Zong, who ascends the imperial throne of the Tang dynasty (China).
 * Xuan Zong reestablishes control over the Oxus and Jaxartes valleys. During his reign he defeats the invading Arab armies, in a series of campaigns in Fergana.
 * King Dae Jo-yeong of Balhae (Korea) resumes tributary payments to the Tang dynasty. The Tai peoples are forced to accept Chinese sovereignty (approximate date).

Literature

 * The Kojiki (Record of Ancient Times), a history of Japan, is completed.

Births

 * Abdallah ibn Ali, Muslim general (approximate date)
 * Du Fu, Chinese poet (d. 770)
 * Rupert of Bingen, patron saint (d. 732)

Deaths

 * Ali ibn Husayn, fourth Shia Imam
 * Anas ibn Malik, well known sahaba. (b. 611 or 612)
 * Ansprand, king of the Lombards
 * Aripert II, king of the Lombards (or 711)
 * Bran ua Máele Dúin, king of the Uí Ceinnselaig (Ireland)
 * Cú Cherca mac Fáeláin, king of Osraige (Ireland)
 * Fazang, Chinese Buddhist patriarch (b. 643)
 * Idwal Iwrch, king of Gwynedd (Wales)
 * Khri ma lod, empress of the Tibetan Empire
 * Vindicianus, bishop of Cambrai (approximate date)

title: 712


text:
713

Year 713 (DCCXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 713th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 713th year of the 1st millennium, the 13th year of the 8th century, and the 4th year of the 710s decade. The denomination 713 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * June 3 – Emperor Philippicus is blinded, deposed, and sent into exile by conspirators of the Opsikion army in Thrace, after a reign of 1 year and 6 months. He is succeeded by Anastasios II, a bureaucrat and imperial secretary, who restores internal order and begins the reorganization of the Byzantine army. He executes the officers who have been directly involved in the conspiracy against Philippicus.
 * Arab–Byzantine wars: The Umayyad Arabs under al-Abbas ibn al-Walid, son of caliph al-Walid I, sack Antioch in Pisidia (modern Turkey), which never recovers.

Britain

 * King Ealdwulf of East Anglia dies, and is succeeded by his son Ælfwald. Queen Cuthburh of Northumbria travels south to found a monastery at Wimborne (Dorset).

Arabian Empire

 * Umayyad conquest of Hispania: The Visigothic Kingdom is finally defeated at the Battle of Segoyuela (Castile and León). Prince Theudimer signs the Treaty of Orihuela with Abd al-Aziz, governor of Al-Andalus, and is permitted to retain his authority in the area subsequently known as Tudmir. He keeps the citadel of Orihuela and several other settlements, including Alicante and Lorca on the Mediterranean Sea.
 * Arab forces under Musa ibn Nusayr conquer the fortress city of Mérida, located on the borders of Andalusia. It becomes part of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.

China

 * Emperor Xuan Zong liquidates the highly lucrative "Inexhaustible Treasury", which is run by a prominent Buddhist monastery in Chang'an. This monastery collects vast amounts of money, silk, and treasures through multitudes of rich people's repentances, left on the premises anonymously. Although the monastery is generous in donations, Xuan Zong issues a decree abolishing their treasury, on the grounds that their banking practices were fraudulent, collects their riches, and distributes the wealth to various other Buddhist monasteries, Daoist abbeys, and to repair statues, halls, and bridges in the city.
 * In Chang'an, for the annual Lantern Festival of this year, recently abdicated emperor Rui Zong erects an enormous lantern wheel at a city gate, with a recorded height of 200 ft. The frame is draped in brocades and silk gauze, adorned with gold and jade jewelry, and when its total of some 50,000 oil cups is lit, the radiance of it can be seen for miles.
 * Xuan Zong allots the money of 20 million copper coins, and assigns about 1,000 craftsmen to construct a hall at a Buddhist monastery with tons of painted portraits of himself, and of deities, ghosts, etc.
 * Xuan Zong wins a power struggle with his sister, Princess Taiping. He executes a large number of her allies and forces her to commit suicide.

Literature

 * During the Tang dynasty, Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court"), the first newspaper, hand printed on silk, is published (approximate date).

Religion

 * Construction begins on the Leshan Giant Buddha near Leshan, Sichuan Province (China). Upon its completion in 803, it will become the largest stone carved Buddha in the world.

Births

 * Carloman, mayor of the palace (approximate date)
 * Stephen the Younger, Byzantine theologian (or 715)
 * Zhang Xuan, Chinese painter (d. 755)

Deaths

 * Ali ibn Husayn, fourth Shia Imam and great-grandson of Muhammad
 * Ealdwulf, king of East Anglia
 * Huineng, Chinese Zen Buddhist patriarch (b. 638)
 * Li Jiao, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 644)
 * Philippicus, Byzantine emperor
 * Taiping, princess of the Tang dynasty
 * Suitbert, Anglo-Saxon missionary bishop
 * Ursmar, Frankish abbot and missionary bishop
 * Yijing, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (b. 635)

title: 713


text:
716

Year 716 (DCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 716th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 716th year of the 1st millennium, the 16th year of the 8th century, and the 7th year of the 710s decade. The denomination 716 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab-Byzantine Wars: Umayyad Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd Al-Malik begins the preparations for his campaign on Constantinople; he orders new ships be built in the port-cities in Palestine, Egypt & Ifriqiya. General Umar ibn Hubayra raids southern Anatolia by sea and conquers Lycia, where another Arab fleet joins him, and they spend winter. As the navy advances, Sulayman sends land armies into Anatolia, which settle at Caesarea.
 * Emperor Theodosios III concludes a peace treaty with Kormesiy, son of Tervel of Bulgaria, in an effort to secure support against the Arab invasion in Anatolia (modern Turkey). The treaty recognizes the Bulgarian borders, including the newly gained lands of Zagore (see 705). Theodosios agrees to pay annual tribute, and exchange refugees charged with conspiracy against the legal ruler. Goods can only be imported or exported with a state seal. Bulgarian merchants gain official access to the trade market in Constantinople.

Europe

 * Battle of Cologne: Charles Martel, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, is defeated by the Neustrians under King Chilperic II and his mayor Ragenfrid near Cologne (now part of Germany), who have invaded Austrasia to impose their will on the competing Frankish factions of Theudoald and Plectrude, the child grandson (and designated heir) and widow respectively of Pepin of Herstal. Simultaneously, Radbod, king (or duke) of the Frisians, attacks Austrasia and allies with the Neustrians. Charles is forced to flee into the mountains of the Eifel (Ardennes).
 * Battle of Amblève: Charles Martel defeats his Neustrian and Frisian rivals near Amel (modern-day Belgium). His forces attack the army of Chilperic II and his allies, as they return triumphantly from Cologne. According to the Annals of Metz, Charles uses a feigned retreat to destroy his foes while they are resting, and recovers much of the ransom paid by Plectrude to Chilperic. He will remain undefeated until his death 25 years later.

Britain

 * Prince Æthelbald returns from Crowland Fens to Mercia, and seizes the throne after the death of his cousin King Ceolred, who had driven him into exile (see 709). He gains hegemony over London, Essex, and all of the English Midlands. By 731, Æthelbald will have subjugated all provinces south of the Humber River under his overlordship.
 * King Osred I of Northumbria is killed in battle, possibly by the Picts in Manau Gododdin (Scotland). He is succeeded by his distant cousin, Coenred.

Arabian Empire

 * Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, governor of Al-Andalus (modern Spain), is assassinated on order of Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. He is succeeded by his cousin Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi, who becomes interim "protector" (wali) for 6 months, and moves the capital to Córdoba, until replaced by Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi.

Asia

 * Qapaghan Khan, ruler (khagan) of the Second Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia), is killed during a campaign against his rival Toquz Oghuz. His severed head is sent to Chang'an, capital of the Tang dynasty. Qapaghan is succeeded by his son Inel Khagan.

Religion

 * Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, leaves England and travels to Frisia (the western parts of the modern-day Netherlands) to assist Willibrord, bishop of Utrecht, in his work to convert the pagan Frisians.

Births

 * Carloman, Frankish mayor of the palace (approximate date)
 * Fujiwara no Kiyonari, Japanese nobleman (d. 777)
 * Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu, Japanese statesman (d. 777)
 * Hiltrud, duchess regent of Bavaria (approximate date; d. 754)
 * Sufyan al-Thawri, Muslim scholar and jurist (d. 778)

Deaths

 * July 13 – Rui Zong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (b. 662)
 * Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, Arab general (or 718)
 * Ceolfrith, Anglo-Saxon abbot
 * Ceolred, king of Mercia
 * Coenred, king of Mercia
 * Musa ibn Nusayr, Arab general (b. 640)
 * Osred I, king of Northumbria
 * Qapaghan Khan, ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate
 * Theodo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)
 * Winnoc, Welsh abbot (or 717)

title: 716


text:
719

Year 719 (DCCXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 719th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 719th year of the 1st millennium, the 19th year of the 8th century, and the 10th and last year of the 710s decade. The denomination 719 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Ex-Emperor Anastasios II starts a revolt against Leo III with considerable support, including auxiliaries provided by Tervel, emperor (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire. His attack on Constantinople fails; Anastasios is captured and is put to death (by beheading), on the orders of Leo.

Europe

 * Umayyad conquest of Gaul (first major Muslim attack upon Visigothic Septimania, in southern France): Governor Al-Samh takes or re-takes Narbonne (Arbouna for the Arabs), before raiding the Toulouse area. Many town defenders and inhabitants are killed in the aftermath by the Umayyad forces.
 * Frisian–Frankish War: Charles Martel defeats Redbad, King of the Frisians. He easily invades Frisia (modern Netherlands) and subjugates the territory. Charles also crosses the Rhine and annexes "farther" Frisia, to the banks of the River Vlie.
 * Duke Grimoald becomes sole ruler of Bavaria, after the deaths of his brothers Theodbert, Theobald, and Tassilo II. He reunites the duchy after a civil war, and makes his capital Salzburg (approximate date).
 * May – Chilperic II is raised on the shield after the death of Chlothar IV, and recognized by Charles Martel as king (roi fainéant) of the Franks. Charles, however, gains a monopoly on power and royal offices.

Religion

 * The Church of Nubia transfers its allegiance, from the Eastern Orthodox Church to the Coptic Church (approximate date).

Births

 * Guan Bo, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 797)
 * Isma'il ibn Jafar, Shī‘ah Imām and scholar (or 722)
 * Yang Guifei, concubine of Xuan Zong (d. 756)

Deaths

 * Anastasios II, Byzantine emperor
 * Chlothar IV, king of Austrasia (approximate date)
 * Dae Jo-yeong, king of Balhae
 * Muhammad ibn Marwan, Arab general (or 720)
 * Pega, Anglo-Saxon anchoress
 * Radbod, king of the Frisians
 * Tassilo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)
 * Theobald, duke of Bavaria (or 717)
 * Theodbert, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)

title: 719


text:
709

Year 709 (DCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 709 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * June – Emperor Justinian II sends a punitive expedition to Italy under the patrikios Theodore, to intervene in the dispute between Pope Constantine I and Archbishop Felix of Ravenna, who claims to be independent of the pope's authority. Theodore captures Ravenna, and arrests Felix and other Italian leaders. He deports them to Constantinople, from whence they are exiled to Cherson (Crimea).

Britain

 * Ceolred becomes king of Mercia, after his cousin Coenred abdicates the throne. Dynastic rivalries lead to the banishment of his second cousin, prince Æthelbald, who flees to the East Anglian controlled Crowland Fens.
 * Kings Swæfred and Sigeheard of Essex share power with Offa. He abdicates the throne in order to become a monk in Rome, along with Coenred. Saelred rules jointly with Swæfberht the sub-kingdom of Middlesex.

Arabian Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: An Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik raids Isauria (modern Turkey). He is appointed military governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan, succeeding his uncle Muhammad ibn Marwan.
 * After two years of failed efforts, Qutayba ibn Muslim captures Bukhara (Uzbekistan) for the Umayyad Caliphate. The Hephthalite princes of Tokharistan rebel against the Arabs, but are swiftly subdued by Qutayba.

Architecture, real estate

 * Mont Saint-Michel, built by Aubert, bishop of Avranches, has its beginnings in an oratory on Mont Tombe, on the coast of Normandy (approximate date).

Environmental change

 * A storm separates the Channel Islands of Jethou and Herm.

Births

 * November 18 – Kōnin, emperor of Japan (d. 782)
 * Du Hongjian, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 769)
 * Liu Changqing, Chinese poet (d. 785)
 * Mazu Daoyi, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 788)
 * Yan Zhenqing, Chinese calligrapher (d. 785)
 * Yaxun B'alam IV, king of Yaxchilan (Mexico) (d. 768)
 * Zhang Xun, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 757)

Deaths

 * May 25 – Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne
 * Æthelred, king of Mercia (approximate date)
 * Bertin, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
 * Gotfrid, duke of Alemannia (approximate date)
 * Swæfred, king of Essex (approximate date)
 * Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon bishop (or 710)

title: 709


text:
708

Year 708 (DCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 708th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 708th year of the 1st millennium, the 8th year of the 8th century, and the 9th year of the 700s decade. The denomination 708 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: The Umayyads under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik capture and sack the Byzantine city of Tyana (Cappadocia) after a prolonged siege, and following a victory over a Byzantine relief army. Maslamah also leads another expedition in the summer, raiding and conquering Amorium (modern Turkey).

Europe

 * Battle of Anchialus: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Emperor Justinian II is defeated near the seaside city of Anchialus, on the Black Sea Coast. The Byzantines are overwhelmed by a surprise attack of Bulgarian cavalry, led by Tervel. Justinian manages to reach the fortress, and escapes to Constantinople on a ship.

Asia

 * Nazaktar Khan, a Turk Shahi prince in alliance with the Tibetan Empire, captures Bactria from the Umayyads.
 * August 29 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).

Medicine

 * Tea drinking gains popularity among the Chinese. It is also valued for its alleged medicinal values (approximate date).

Religion

 * January 15 – Pope Sisinnius succeeds Pope John VII as the 87th pope.
 * March 25 – Pope Constantine I succeeds Pope Sisinnius as the 88th pope.
 * Island Mont Tombe is dedicated to Michael and renamed Mont Saint-Michel.

Births

 * Theudoald, mayor of the palace of Austrasia (or 707)
 * Yuthog Yontan Gonpo, Tibetan high priest (lama) (d. 833)

Deaths

 * February 4 – Sisinnius, pope of the Catholic Church
 * June 5 – Jacob of Edessa, Syriac writer
 * Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh, Muslim jurist and imam
 * Drogo, duke of Champagne (b. 670)
 * Julian II the Roman, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

title: 708


text:
704

Year 704 (DCCIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 704th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 704th year of the 1st millennium, the 4th year of the 8th century, and the 5th year of the 700s decade. The denomination 704 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * After spending nearly a decade with the Khazars (a Turkic tribe which controls a Steppe empire), the deposed emperor Justinian II flees from his exile at Cherson (Crimea). He escapes with help from Busir, ruler (khagan) of the Khazars, who marries him to his sister Theodora.
 * Autumn – Emperor Tiberios III tries to bribe Busir and dispatches two Khazar officials, Papatzys and Balgitzin, to kill Justinian. Warned by his wife, he flees to the Bulgar Khanate, securing the assistance of the Bulgarian ruler Tervel, in exchange for financial considerations.
 * Arab–Byzantine War: A Byzantine expeditionary force under Heraclius (brother of Tiberios III) is defeated and destroyed by an Umayyad army (10,000 men) at Sisium (modern Turkey), killing most and leading the rest off in chains to Damascus.

Britain

 * King Æthelred I abdicates the throne after a 30-year reign and becomes an abbot at Bardney (Lincolnshire). He is succeeded by his nephew Cenred (Coenred), a son of the late king Wulfhere, who becomes ruler of Mercia.
 * December 14 – King Aldfrith of Northumbria dies after a 20-year reign. His throne is seized by Eadwulf I, of unknown descent. Wilfrid travels to Driffield to support Eadwulf, but his advances are rejected (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

 * Arab conquest of Armenia: The Muslim Arabs under Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik (a son of caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan) invade Armenia and subdue the anti-Arab revolt along with his uncle Muhammad ibn Marwan.
 * Winter – Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik is recalled from Armenia to serve as governor of Egypt. He requires that government business be done in Arabic instead of Coptic. His tenure is marred by famine and corruption.

Asia

 * Emperor Tridu Songtsen dies in battle, and is succeeded by his mother Khri ma lod, who becomes de facto ruler of the Tibetan Empire. She begins a massive expansion into the Tarim Basin and Northern China.

Births

 * Cui Hao, Chinese poet (d. 754)
 * Fujiwara no Toyonari, Japanese statesman (d. 765)
 * Gao Shi, Chinese poet (approximate date)
 * Hyecho, Korean Buddhist monk (d. 787)
 * Ibn Ishaq, Arab historian and hagiographer
 * Li Fuguo, Chinese official (d. 762)
 * Me Agtsom, emperor of Tibet (d. 755)

Deaths

 * December 14 – Aldfrith, king of Northumbria (or 705)
 * Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath, Arab rebel leader
 * Adomnán, Irish abbot and hagiographer (b. c.624)
 * Tridu Songtsen, emperor of Tibet (b. 670)

title: 704


text:
703

Year 703 (DCCIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 703rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 703rd year of the 1st millennium, the 3rd year of the 8th century, and the 4th year of the 700s decade. The denomination 703 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: The Umayyad army under Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures Mopsuestia in Cilicia from the Byzantines, and refortifies it, making it the first major Muslim stronghold in the area that will later become the Thughur.
 * Musa ibn Nusayr, governor of Ifriqiya (western Libya), builds a Muslim fleet to harass the Byzantine navy and conquer the islands of Ibiza, Majorca, and Menorca (approximate date).

Europe

 * Faroald II, duke of Spoleto, attacks the Exarchate of Ravenna in Italy, after the death of his father Thrasimund I. King Aripert II of the Lombards, desiring good relations with the Byzantine Empire and papacy, refuses to assist him.

Britain

 * High King Loingsech mac Óengusso and his forces are routed during an invasion of Connacht (Ireland). He is killed by the men of King Cellach mac Rogallaig (approximate date).

Religion

 * Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon bishop, travels to Rome again, and is supported in his struggle to retain his see of York by the pope. On his way Wilfrid stops in Frisia (modern Netherlands), to visit Willibrord.
 * Elias I becomes Catholicos of All Armenians.

Births

 * An Lushan, Chinese rebel leader (approximate date)
 * Shi Siming, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 761)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Jitō, empress of Japan (b. 645)
 * March 20 – Wulfram, archbishop of Sens
 * Ergica, king of the Visigoths (or 701)
 * Ermenilda of Ely, Anglo-Saxon abbess (approximate date)
 * Loingsech mac Óengusso, high king of Ireland
 * Thrasimund I, duke (dux) of Spoleto

title: 703


text:
702

Year 702 (DCCII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 702nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 702nd year of the 1st millennium, the 2nd year of the 8th century, and the 3rd year of the 700s decade. The denomination 702 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Hedan II, duke of Thuringia, completes the circular Marienkirche, in Fortress Marienberg near Würzburg (Germany).

Arabian Empire

 * Arab conquest of Armenia: Large-scale Armenian rebellion against Muslim rule breaks out, with Byzantine support.
 * Muslim-Arabs under Musa ibn Nusayr conquer Tangier and Sous, taking control of all Morocco (approximate date).
 * Ethiopian (Axumite) raiders occupy the port of Jeddah (modern Saudi Arabia).

Mesoamerica

 * February 20 – K'inich Kan B'alam II, ruler (ajaw) of Palenque, dies after an 18-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II.

Religion

 * Berhtwald, archbishop of Canterbury, calls the Council of Austerfield to decide the rights of Wilfrid, some-time bishop of York. He is offered Ripon Abbey if he will relinquish his claims as bishop. Wilfrid rejects this offer and appeals to Rome.

Births

 * Ja'far al-Sadiq, sixth Shī‘ah Imām and Muslim scholar (d. 765)
 * Ōnakatomi no Kiyomaro, Japanese nobleman (d. 788)

Deaths

 * Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra, Arab general and governor of Basra
 * Berlinda of Meerbeke, Frankish nun and saint (approximate date)
 * Chen Zi'ang, Chinese poet and official of the Tang dynasty (b. 661)
 * K'inich Kan B'alam II, ruler of Palenque (b. 635)
 * Liutpert, king of the Lombards
 * Muiredach Muillethan, king of Connacht (Ireland)
 * Ōku, Japanese princess (b. 661)

title: 702


text:
700

The denomination 700 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Avar and Slavic tribes conquer Byzantine territories in the Balkans, occupying lands as far south as the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece (approximate date).

Europe

 * King Cunipert dies after a 12-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Liutpert. He rules the Lombard Kingdom together with Ansprand, duke of Asti, as regent.
 * Raginpert, duke of Turin, deposes King Liutpert after an eight months' reign. He usurps the Lombard throne and puts his son Aripert in line for the succession.
 * Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace, extends the Frankish Kingdom and annexes Thuringia. He turns the war towards the Alemanni (approximate date).

Britain

 * King Geraint of Dumnonia receives a letter from Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne, who insists that the Celtic Church comply with the doctrines of Rome.
 * King Ine of Wessex begins to dispense with Wessex sub-kings and replace them with ealdormen (approximate date).
 * The Eóganachta, an Irish dynasty centred around Cashel, begins to dominate southern Ireland (approximate date).
 * Hamwic emerges as a major Wessex trading town (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

 * Mohammad ibn al-Ash'ath revolts against Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in the Sistan and Balochistan regions (Iran).
 * The Umayyad prince Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures the Byzantine stronghold of Theodosiopolis in Armenia.
 * Musa ibn Nusayr defeats the Berber forces in Algeria, ending resistance against the Arabs (approximate date).
 * The African slave trade through the Sahara is so extensive that the town of Zawila (Tunisia) is established.

Mesoamerica

 * Maya Civilization: Tikal Temple I, called the "Temple of the Giant Jaguar" (tomb of Jasaw Chan K'awiil I), Tikal, (Guatemala), is built.
 * Diquis culture (modern Costa Rica) starts in Central America (approximate date).

North America

 * The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada.

South America

 * The Wari people invade and occupy the Cuzco Valley (modern Peru) in the southern highlands (approximate date).
 * The Moche culture in the northern part of modern day Peru collapses, largely due to environmental problems and/or political and social unrest (approximate date).

Art

 * The Amida Buddha, a fresco in the kon-dō (Hōryū-ji Temple), is made (Nara period) (approximate date).

Religion

 * Adomnán, Irish abbot, convinces 51 kings to adopt the Cáin Adomnáin, which defines the relationship between women and priests.
 * Queen Cuthburh of Northumbria enters religious life. The Anglo-Saxon religious community at St. Mary's Nunnery is re-founded.
 * Willibrord, Anglo-Saxon missionary, founds a mission post at Emmerich am Rhein (Germany), in the Utrecht Diocese.
 * The Beverley Grammar School (East Yorkshire) is founded by bishop John of Beverley (approximate date).
 * The Lindisfarne Gospels, an illuminated manuscript (Gospel Book), is produced in Northumbria.
 * The famous Catholic Eucharistic Miracle occurs in Lanciano (Italy).

Births

 * Abu Muslim Khorasani, Muslim general (approximate date)
 * Adrian I, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 795)
 * Dōkyō, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 772)
 * Gaubald, bishop of Regensburg (approximate date)
 * Gregory of Utrecht, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
 * Ja'far al-Sadiq, Shī‘ah Imām and scholar (or 702)
 * Kim Daeseong, Korean minister (d. 774)
 * Paul I, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 767)
 * Pirmin, Visigothic abbot (approximate date)
 * Emperor Shomu, Emperor in Japan (d. 756)
 * Vergilius, bishop of Salzburg (approximate date)
 * Wasil ibn Ata, Muslim theologian (d. 748)
 * Willibald, bishop of Eichstätt (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Asuka, Japanese princess
 * Cunipert, king of the Lombards
 * Di Renji, official of the Tang dynasty (b. 630)
 * Disibod, Irish monk and hermit (b. 619)
 * Dōshō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 629)
 * Fiannamail ua Dúnchado, king of Dál Riata
 * Godeberta, Frankish abbess (approximate date)
 * Hasan ibn al-Nu'man, Muslim emir (general)
 * Osgyth, Anglo-Saxon abbess and saint
 * Reineldis, Frankish saint (approximate date)
 * Asparuh of Bulgaria, founder of the country of Bulgaria

title: 700


text:
948

Year 948 (CMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: Hamdanid forces under Sayf al-Dawla raid into Asia Minor. The Byzantines respond with reprisals led by Leo Phokas the Younger, taking captives and razing the walls of Hadath (modern Turkey).

Europe

 * Two Hungarian armies invade Bavaria and Carinthia. One of them is defeated at Flozzun in the Nordgau by Henry I, duke of Bavaria.
 * King Otto I appoints his son Liudolf as duke of Swabia, consolidating Ottonian dominance in Southern Germany.
 * Sunifred II of Urgell dies without descendants and is succeeded by his nephew Borrell II, count of Barcelona.

England

 * King Eadred ravages Northumbria and burns down St. Wilfrid's church at Ripon. On his way home, he sustains heavy losses at Castleford. Eadred manages to check his rivals, and the Northumbrians are forced to pay him compensation.
 * St. Albans School is founded in Hertfordshire.

Africa

 * Spring – Fatimid forces under al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi suppress the rebellion in Palermo and swiftly seize the island. Caliph al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah appoints Ali al-Kalbi as emir of Sicily, beginning the rule of the Kalbid dynasty.
 * The Kingdom of Nri (modern Nigeria) is founded by the priest-king Eri (until 1041).

China

 * February 12 – King Qian Hongzong is deposed by general Hu Jinsi during a coup. He establishes his younger brother Qian Chu as ruler of Wuyue.

Literature

 * Minamoto no Kintada, a Japanese official and waka poet, dies. He is a respected nobleman at the imperial court and a member of the Thirty-Six Immortals of Poetry.

Religion

 * Otto I establishes the missionary dioceses of Brandenburg and Havelberg in the territory of the Marca Geronis (Saxon Eastern March).
 * The Nallur Kandaswamy temple, one of the most significant Hindu temples in the Jaffna District (modern Sri Lanka), is built.
 * St Albans School in Hertfordshire is founded by Wulsin, an abbot of St Alban's Abbey, England.

Births

 * September 1 – Jing Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (d. 982)
 * December 22 – Kang Kam-ch'an, Korean official and general (d. 1031)
 * Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Twelver Shia theologian (approximate date)
 * Baba Kuhi of Shiraz, Persian Sufi mystic and writer (d. 1037)
 * Emma of Italy, queen of the West Frankish Kingdom (approximate date)
 * Minamoto no Yorimitsu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1021)

Deaths

 * June 15 – Romanos I, Byzantine emperor (b. c. 870)
 * March 10 – Liu Zhiyuan, founder of the Later Han (b. 895)
 * March 13 – Du Chongwei, Chinese general and governor
 * April 28 – Hu Jinsi, Chinese general and prefect
 * August 24 – Zhang Ye, Chinese general and chancellor
 * November 10 – Zhao Yanshou, Chinese general and governor
 * December 1 – Gao Conghui, prince and ruler of Jingnan (b. 891)
 * December 12 – Li Song, Chinese official and chancellor
 * Al-Qasim Guennoun, Idrisid ruler and sultan
 * Blácaire mac Gofraid, Viking king of Dublin
 * Gormflaith ingen Flann Sinna, Irish queen
 * Ibrahim ibn Simjur, Samanid governor
 * Minamoto no Kintada, Japanese waka poet (b. 889)
 * Sunifred II, count of Urgell (Spain) (b. c. 870)

title: 948


text:
961

Year 961 (CMLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * March 6 – Siege of Chandax: Byzantine forces under Nikephoros II Phokas capture and pillage Chandax after an 8-month siege. Nikephoros massacres the population without mercy and carries them off into slavery, returning to Constantinople with Emir Abd al-Aziz ibn Shu'ayb and his family as prisoners. The island Emirate of Crete is converted into a Byzantine theme and the remaining Muslims are converted to Christianity.

Europe

 * May 26 – Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor elects his 6-year-old son Otto II as heir apparent and co-ruler at the Imperial Diet in Worms. He is crowned at Aachen, and placed under the tutelage of his grandmother Matilda and his half-brother William of Mainz. Otto's own brother Bruno I is charged with the provisional government of Lorraine again.
 * Summer – Otto I leads an expeditionary force into northern Italy through the Brenner Pass at Trento, to assist the beleaguered young Pope John XII. He proceeds towards Pavia – King Berengar II sends his son and co-ruler Adalbert II from Rome at the head of a large army to seize control of the Upper Adige and contest Otto's entry.
 * October 15 – Caliph Abd-al-Rahman III dies after a 32-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Hakam II as ruler of the Caliphate of Córdoba in Al-Andalus (modern Spain).
 * Battle of Fitjar – A Viking force under the sons of Eric Bloodaxe lands on Hordaland. King Haakon the Good defeats the rebelling force, but is killed. Harald Greycloak becomes ruler of the western part of Norway.
 * The Lombard army under Adalbert II refuses to fight Otto I unless Berengar II abdicates in favor of Adalbert. Berengar refuses, and the armies retreat to their strongholds. Berengar and his family take whatever loyal soldiers remain and disperse themselves – Berengar retreats to the fortress at Montefeltro (in the Pentapolis).

Armenia

 * King Ashot III of Armenia (the Merciful) moves his capital from Kars eastward to Ani (modern Turkey). Located on a major east-west caravan route, Ani will become larger than any European city, with a population of about 100,000 that will rival Baghdad, Cairo, and Constantinople. Ani also becomes the site of the royal mausoleum of the Bagratuni kings.

Art

 * The "Shroud of Saint Josse", a rich silk Samite camel cloth from Khurasan, is made. It is preserved in the Abbey of Saint-Josse-sur-Mer, near Caen (Normandy) (approximate date).

Religion

 * The Tiger Hill Pagoda (or Huqui Tower) is built in the city of Suzhou, located in Jiangsu Province (Eastern China).
 * Tavistock Abbey is founded by Ordgar, Ealdorman of Devon, in England.

Births

 * January 15 – Seongjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 997)
 * Al-Tha'alibi, Persian historian and writer (d. 1038)
 * Arnulf II, Count of Flanders (the Younger), Frankish nobleman (or 960)
 * Edith of Wilton, English princess and nun (approximate date)
 * Fujiwara no Michikane, Japanese nobleman (d. 995)
 * Kou Zhun, Chinese Grand chancellor (approximate date)
 * Mahendradatta, queen of Bali (Indonesia) (d. 1011)
 * Pietro II Orseolo, Doge of Venice (d. 1009)
 * Ramiro III, king of León (Spain) (d. 985)
 * Sigmundur Brestisson, Viking chieftain (d. 1005)

Deaths

 * July 17 – Du, empress dowager of the Song dynasty
 * August 12 – Li Jing, emperor of Southern Tang (b. 916)
 * September 19 – Helena Lekapene, Byzantine empress
 * October 1 – Artald, archbishop of Reims
 * October 15 – Abd al-Rahman III, caliph of Córdoba
 * Abd al-Malik I, Samanid emir (b. 944)
 * Abu'l-Qasim Unujur ibn al-Ikhshid, Ikhshidid ruler
 * Adarnase V, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)
 * Atto of Vercelli, Lombard bishop (b. 885)
 * Ava of Cerdanya, countess regent of Cerdanya and Besalú
 * Butuga II, ruler of the Western Ganga Dynasty (India)
 * Fujiwara no Masatada, Japanese poet
 * Haakon the Good, king of Norway
 * Landulf II of Benevento (the Red), Lombard prince
 * Li Tao, Chinese chancellor (approximate date)
 * Minamoto no Tsunemoto, Japanese samurai (b. 894)
 * Raymond II of Rouergue, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
 * William II, Marquess of Montferrat, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)

title: 961


text:
1222

Year 1222 (MCCXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Asia

 * The Ghurid dynasty capital of Firozkoh (in modern-day Afghanistan) is destroyed, by Mongol Emperor Ögedei Khan.

 * After the invasion and destruction of the Khwarezmian Empire in 1221, Genghis Khan returns to Mongolia, and a rebellion sparks in Helmand, to which the response is a large army led by Ögedei Khan sent into the region to put an end to the rebellion of Muhammad the Marghani, resulting in the killing of every man in Ghazni and Helmand, and the enslavement and selling of most of the women of the region.

 * Genghis Khan’s armies were said to have killed approximately 1.6 million people in the city of Herat, in Northwestern Afghanistan.

Mesoamerica

 * Chiconquiauhtzin becomes Ruler of the City-state Azcapotzalco at the Valley of Mexico

Europe

 * April 17 – Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury in England, opens a council at Osney Abbey, Oxford.
 * May 9 – Synod of Oxford - The 1222 Christian Synod of Oxford passed anti-Semitic laws that forbade social interactions between Jews and Christians, placed a specific tithe on Jews and required them to wear an identifying badge.
 * May 11 – 1222 Cyprus earthquake.
 * August – After the death of John I of Sweden on March 10, 6-year-old Erik Eriksson is elected new King of Sweden (sometime between this time and July 1223).
 * December 15 – The Golden Bull of 1222 is issued in Hungary, limiting the power of the monarchy over the nobility.
 * December 25 – The 1222 Brescia earthquake is so powerful that the inhabitants of Brescia leave their city en masse and camp outside so that falling buildings would not crush them, according to chronicler Salimbene de Adam.
 * Livonian Crusade – The Danish fail in their attempt to conquer Saaremaa Island from the Estonians.
 * Ottokar I of Bohemia reunites Bohemia and Moravia.
 * The Cistercian convent in Alcobaça, Portugal, is completed.
 * Approximate date – The Royal Standard of Scotland is adopted.
 * Traditional date – The University of Padua is founded in Italy, by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Births

 * February 16 – Nichiren, founder of Nichiren Buddhism (d. 1282)
 * August 4 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (d. 1262)
 * Queen Jeongsun (Wonjong) of Korea (d. 1237)

Deaths

 * February 1 – Alexios Megas Komnenos, first Emperor of Trebizond
 * March 10 – Johan Sverkersson, king of Sweden since 1216 (b. 1201)
 * June 23 – Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress, queen consort of Hungary (b. 1179)
 * August 2 – Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse (b. 1156)
 * August 12 – Vladislaus III, Duke of Bohemia
 * Theodore I Lascaris, founder of the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea

title: 1222


text:
1225

Year 1225 (MCCXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Mongol Empire

 * Autumn – Subutai is assigned a new campaign by Genghis Khan against the Tanguts. He crosses the Gobi Desert with a Mongol army and advances south into the Western Xia (or Xi Xia). Meanwhile, Genghis, in his mid-sixties, becomes wounded during hunting. His injury – a dislocated shoulder, perhaps, or a bruised rib – forces him to take some rest.
 * Iltutmish, Ghurid ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, repels a Mongol attack and invades Bengal. His rival, Ghiyasuddin, leads an army to halt Iltutmish's advance, but decides to avoid a conflict by paying him tribute and accepting his suzerainty.

Europe

 * July 25 – Emperor Frederick II takes an oath at San Germano (near Cassino) and promises to depart on a Crusade (the Sixth Crusade), for the Near East in August 1227. He sends 1000 knights to the Levant and provides Rome with 100,000 ounces of gold, to be forfeited to the Catholic Church should he break his vow. These funds will be returned to Frederick once he arrives at Acre.
 * November 9 – Frederick II marries the 14-year-old Queen Yolande, heiress to the kingdom of Jerusalem, and adds the Crusader States to his dominions.
 * November 29 – The 12-year-old Henry VII, by order of his father Frederick II, marries Margaret of Austria, daughter of Duke Leopold VI (the Glorious).
 * The Teutonic Knights are expelled from Transylvania by King Andrew II, because they wanted to separate from Hungary.

England

 * February 11 – The Charter of the Forest is restored to its traditional rights by King Henry III. 'Free men' are allowed to find pasture for their pigs, collect firewood, graze animals, or cut turf for fuel. At this time, however, only about 10 percent of the population is 'free', the rest are locked into service to a local landowner, some of them little more than slaves.
 * The Magna Carta is reaffirmed (for the third time) by Henry III, in return for issuing a property tax. It becomes the definitive version of the text.

Middle East

 * Summer – Battle of Garni: Khwarezmid forces led by Jalal al-Din Mangburni defeat the Georgian army (some 70,000 men) at Garni. The royal court of Queen Rusudan moves to Kutaisi, while the Georgian capital Tbilisi is besieged by the Khwarezmians.
 * July 25 – Jalal al-Din Mangburni dethrones Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek, ruler (atabeg) of the Eldiguzids, and sets himself up in the capital of Tabriz (modern Iran).
 * October 5 – Caliph Al-Nasir dies from dysentery at Baghdad after a 45-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Zahir as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Levant

 * The 8-year-old Henry I (the Fat) is crowned as king of Cyprus in the Cathedral of Saint Sophia at Nicosia. His uncle Philip of Ibelin orders the coronation, so that when Henry comes of age at fifteen a regency could not be prolonged on the ground that he is not yet crowned.

Asia

 * December 31 – Lý Chiêu Hoàng, only empress regnant in the history of Vietnam, marries Trần Thái Tông, making him the first ruler of the Trần dynasty.

Religion

 * May 10 – Gerold of Lausanne, French bishop of Valence, becomes the new Latin patriarch of Jerusalem (until 1239).
 * June 10 – Pope Honorius III issues the bull Vineae Domini custodes in which he approves the mission of two friars to Morocco. The bull is reissued in October when Honorius III exhorts the Dominican and Franciscan order to participate in that mission.
 * July 27 – Visby Cathedral in Sweden is consecrated.

Births

 * Amato Ronconi, Italian nobleman and monk (d. 1292)
 * Beatrice of Bohemia, German noblewoman (d. 1290)
 * Beatrice of Brabant, countess of Flanders (d. 1288)
 * Chabi, Mongol empress and wife of Kublai Khan (d. 1281)
 * David VI Narin (the Clever), king of Georgia (d. 1293)
 * Franciscus Accursius, Italian lawyer and jurist (d. 1293)
 * Fujiwara no Kitsushi, Japanese empress (d. 1292)
 * Gaston VII (Froissard), viscount of Béarn (d. 1290)
 * Guido Guinizelli, Italian poet and writer (d. 1276)
 * Guigues VII, ruler (dauphin) of Viennois (d. 1269)
 * Saionji Kisshi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1292)
 * Sanchia of Provence, queen of Germany (d. 1261)
 * Thomas Aquinas, Italian friar and theologian (d. 1274)
 * Todros ben Joseph Abulafia, Spanish rabbi (d. 1285)
 * Walter Giffard, English Lord Chancellor (d. 1279)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Adolf III of Holstein, German nobleman (b. 1160)
 * February 18 – Hugh Bigod, English nobleman (b. 1182)
 * March 30 – Gertrude of Dagsburg, French noblewoman
 * May 6 – John of Fountains, English prelate and bishop
 * June 8 – Sabrisho IV, patriarch of the Church of the East
 * June 21 – Conrad of Krosigk, German prelate and bishop
 * July 16 – Ōe no Hiromoto, Japanese nobleman (b. 1148)
 * August 16 – Hōjō Masako, Japanese noblewoman (b. 1156)
 * August 24 – Adelardo Cattaneo, Italian cardinal and bishop
 * September 16 – Rainier of Antioch, Latin cleric and patriarch
 * September 17 – William VI, marquis of Montferrat (b. 1173)
 * September 29 – Arnaud Amalric, French abbot and bishop
 * October 5 – Al-Nasir, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (b. 1158)
 * October 28 – Jien, Japanese poet and historian (b. 1155)
 * November 7 – Engelbert II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne
 * Ahmad al-Buni, Almohad mathematician and Sufi writer
 * Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din, ruler of Damascus (b. 1169)
 * Bernard Itier, French librarian and chronicler (b. 1163)
 * Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi, German rabbi and writer (b. 1140)
 * Geoffrey de Neville, English nobleman and seneschal
 * Ghabdula Chelbir (or Chelbir), ruler of Volga Bulgaria
 * Ivane of Akhaltsikhe, Georgian nobleman and courtier
 * Lamberto Visconti di Eldizio, Sardinian ruler of Gallura
 * Margaret of Louvain, Flemish servant and saint (b. 1207)
 * Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek, ruler (atabeg) of the Eldiguzids
 * Urso of Calabria, Italian scholar, philosopher and writer
 * William the Breton, French chronicler (approximate date)
 * Zhao Hong, Chinese prince and heir apparent (b. 1207)

title: 1225


text:
1227

Year 1227 (MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Spring – Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their Crusader allies (some 20,000 men) cross the sea ice from mainland Estonia, and defeat the last Estonian strongholds in the Battle of Muhu and the siege of the Valjala Stronghold in the Saaremaa islands. This marks the end of the Estonian campaign in the Livonian Crusade. The Sword Brothers conquer Danish Estonia, and Tallinn is given town rights under Riga law.
 * July 22 – Battle of Bornhöved: Count Adolf IV of Holstein – leading a coalition army from the cities of Lübeck and Hamburg, defeats the Danish-German forces of King Valdemar II, and the Welf nobleman Otto I (the Child). Adolf shakes off Danish supremacy and accepts an overlordship by the Archbishopric of Bremen under Archbishop Gerhard II of Lippe. Adolf expands his power and establishes new frontiers within the Holy Roman Empire.
 * July 28 – Battle of Ane: Forces of the Bishopric of Utrecht are defeated by the rebellious Drenths led by Rudolph van Coevorden near Ane (modern Netherlands). The Drenths lure the Bishop's forces, supported by heavily armoured knights, in an ambush into a swampy area and kill Bishop Otto II of Lippe. After the battle, Otto's successor, Wilbrand van Oldenburg, rouses the Frisian people into supporting the war against the Drenths.
 * August – Emperor Frederick II musters a German expeditionary force in Apulia. The crowded conditions and high heat contribute to discontent and disease among the assembled troops. On September 24, an epidemic of malaria enfeebles the army at Brindisi. Several thousand Crusaders led by Henry IV, duke of Limburg, and French and English mercenaries under the bishops Peter des Roches and William Briwere, arrive at Acre.
 * September – A second contingent joined by Frederick II, departs from Brindisi to the Levant. On September 11, during the second day of the voyage, one of Fredericks' companions, Louis IV of Thuringia, dies of an illness (possibly cholera) at Otranto. Frederick also becomes sick and decides to return home, while sending the rest of the Crusader fleet (20 galleys) to Acre. There, they fortify the coastal towns of Caesarea and Jaffa.
 * October 10 – Frederick II recovering at Pozzuoli, receives a letter from Pope Gregory IX, announcing his ex-communication. Frederick is branded a wanton violator of his sacred oath taken many times, at Aachen, Ferentino, Veroli and San Germano. Meanwhile, the Crusader army fortifies Sidon Sea Castle and rebuilds Montfort Castle, northeast of Acre, as a new headquarter castle for the Teutonic Knights, who called it Starkenburg.
 * Swedish-Novgorodian War: Grand Prince Yaroslav II of Vladimir leads an attack from the Novgorod Republic on Baltic Finnic peoples in eastern Fennoscandia, called "Yem", whom he devastates.
 * November 24 – Prince Leszek I (the White) is assassinated in an ambush on a council of Polish dukes in the city of Gąsawa, an event which later becomes known as the Gąsawa Massacre.

Mongol Empire

 * Autumn – Prince Tolui, Mongol regent and youngest son of Genghis Khan, assembles a Kurultai in the homelands of Mongolia. He persuades the chieftains of the clan to carry out Genghis' wishes. Ögedei Khan receives the Great Khanate. Genghis' eldest son, Jochi, dies before him, and his lands are divided between his two sons Batu Khan and Orda Khan, who rule the Western provinces (the Golden Horde and White Horde). Genghis' second son, Chagatai Khan, inherits the former Uigur and Kara-Khanid Khanate (now called the Chagatai Khanate). Tolui receives the Mongol homelands.

Levant

 * November 12 – Al-Mu'azzam Isa, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus, dies after a 11-year reign. He is succeeded by his 21-year-old son, An-Nasir Dawud, who faces opposition from his uncle, Sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt.

England

 * Spring – The 19-year-old Henry III assumes control of the government. He appoints Hubert de Burgh as Governor of Rochester Castle and rewards him with the title Earl of Kent.

Asia

 * Siege of Yinchuan: Mongol forces eliminate the Western Xia (or Xi Xia) and execute Emperor Mo (or Li Xian). Genghis Khan dies during the siege under debated circumstances, but this is kept secret from the army until the siege's end. Yinchuan is pillaged and its entire population is slaughtered or sold into slavery. Genghis orders the imperial family to be executed, effectively ending the Tangut royal lineage.
 * August 18 – Genghis Khan dies during the fall of Yinchuan after a 21-year reign. His exact cause of death remains a mystery, and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the Western Xia, illness, falling from his horse, or wounds sustained during hunting. Genghis is succeeded by his third son, Ögedei Khan, who becomes the "Great Khan" of the Mongol Empire.

Cities and Towns

 * January 11 – The city of Požga in Croatia is first mentioned, in a charter of King Andrew II of Hungary.
 * Northleach in the Cotswolds, U.K. is granted a charter by King Henry III.

Religion

 * Dōgen Zenji receives Dharma transmission and inka from his master Rujing in China, settling his "life's quest of the great matter", going on to introduce Sōtō Zen Buddhism into his native Japan.
 * March 18 – Pope Honorius III dies at Rome after a pontificate of nearly 11 years. He is succeeded by Gregory IX as the 178th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * September 29 – Gregory IX excommunicates Frederick II, due to his broken promises and delay of the Sixth Crusade.

Births

 * January 1 – Mujū Dōkyō, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 1312)
 * June 29 – Hōjō Tokiyori, Japanese regent (shikken) (d. 1263)
 * September 30 – Nicholas IV, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1292)
 * Aju (or Achu), Mongol military leader and chancellor (d. 1287)
 * Chomden Rigpe Raldri, Tibetan scholar and writer (d. 1305)
 * Elisabeth of Bavaria, queen consort of Germany (d. 1273)
 * Fang Hui (or Xugu), Chinese scholar and politician (d. 1307)
 * Gertrude of Aldenberg, German noblewoman (d. 1297)
 * Hōjō Nagatoki, Japanese samurai and regent (d. 1264)
 * Hu Zhiyu, Chinese Sanqu poet and writer (d. 1293)
 * William II of Holland, anti-king of Germany (d. 1256)

Deaths

 * January 28 – Henry Borwin I, German nobleman and knight
 * March 18 – Honorius III, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1150)
 * April 28 – Henry V (the Elder), German nobleman (b. 1173)
 * July 23 – Qiu Chuji, Chinese Taoist religious leader (b. 1148)
 * July 28 – Otto II of Lippe (or Utrecht), Dutch prince-bishop
 * August 1 – Shimazu Tadahisa, Japanese warlord (b. 1179)
 * August 25 – Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire
 * September 11
 * Louis IV (the Saint), landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1200)
 * Oliver of Paderborn, German bishop and chronicler
 * September 13 – Guillaume II, French nobleman and knight
 * September 29 – Conrad of Urach, German cardinal-bishop
 * October 4 – Abdallah al-Adil, Almohad governor and caliph
 * October 10 – Daniel and companions, Franciscan martyrs
 * November 12 – Al-Mu'azzam Isa, Ayyubid ruler (b. 1176)
 * November 24 – Leszek I (the White), High Duke of Poland
 * Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami, Moroccan Sufi writer
 * Guala Bicchieri, Italian cardinal and papal legate (b. 1150)
 * Luke Netterville, Norman archdeacon and archbishop
 * Minamoto no Michitomo, Japanese nobleman (b. 1171)
 * Mo (or Li Xian), Chinese emperor of Western Xia
 * Philip of Ibelin, Cypriot nobleman and regent (b. 1180)
 * Renaud I (or Reginald), French nobleman (b. 1165)
 * Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Georgian general and courtier

title: 1227


text:
1228

Year 1228 (MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Sixth Crusade

 * Summer – Emperor Frederick II sails from Brindisi with a expeditionary force and arrives in Acre in the Middle East on September 7. He disembarks a well-trained and equipped Crusader army (some 10,000 men and 2,000 knights). After his arrival in Palestine, Frederick is again excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX, for setting out for the Crusade before he has obtained absolution from his previous ex-communication (see 1227). Many of the local nobility, the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller deny him their support for the Crusade. Frederick can only rely on his own army and the Teutonic Knights, whose Grand Master, Hermann von Salza, is his friend.
 * Autumn – Frederick II receives an embassy of Sultan Al-Kamil, including Fakhr al-Din ibn as-Shaikh, at the Hospitaller camp at Recordane, near Acre. Meanwhile, Al-Kamil is engaged in suppressing a rebellion in Syria and has concentrated his forces on a siege at Damascus. Frederick is pressed for time, because his army is not large enough for a major campaign. Al-Kamil, who has full control of Jerusalem, starts diplomatic negotiations.
 * November – Frederick II puts pressure on the negotiations by a military display. He assembles his Crusader army and marches down the coast to Jaffa – which he proceeds to refortify. At the same moment, Ayyubid forces under An-Nasir Dawud, who are not participating in the revolt at Damascus, move to Nablus, to intercept Al-Kamil's supply lines. Al-Kamil breaks off the negotiations, saying that the Crusaders have pillaged several Muslim villages, and only resumes them again when Frederick pays out compensation to the victims.

Europe

 * April 25 – The 16-year-old Isabella II, Holy Roman Empress and wife of Frederick II, dies after giving birth to her second child, Conrad IV, at Andria. He receives the title King of Jerusalem (as Conrad II) – with Frederick as regent. By his father, Conrad is the grandson of the Hohenstaufen Emperor Henry VI and great-grandson of the late Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa).
 * Emperor Robert I (or Courtenay) dies after a 7-year reign in Morea (Southern Greece). He is succeeded by his 11-year-old brother, Baldwin II, as ruler of the Latin Empire in Constantinople, with John of Brienne as regent.
 * King James I (the Conqueror) launches a major offensive against the Almohads in Majorca. At the same moment, Emir Ibn Hud al-Yamadi (confronted by increasing Christian pressure) denounces Almohad rule in Murcia (modern Spain) and acknowledges the Abbasid Caliphate as legitimate overlord, in effect declaring independence. Other notable Christian success: King Alfonso IX of León conquers Mérida.
 * December 23 – Stephen of Anagni, Italian papal chaplain, is commissioned to collect a special tax in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales to finance Gregory X's War of the Keys against Frederick II.

Asia

 * Battle of Bolnisi: Khwarazmian forces led by Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni defeat a coalition of Georgians, Kipchaks, Alans, Vainakhs and Laks (some 40,000 men) at Bolnisi (modern Georgia).
 * King Sukaphaa establishes the Ahom Dynasty and becomes the first Ahom ruler in Assam (until 1268).

Cities and Towns

 * The Transylvanian town of Reghin is first mentioned, in a charter of King Andrew II of Hungary.

Markets

 * The city of Tournai emits its first recorded life annuity, thus confirming a trend of consolidation of public debts started ten years earlier, in Reims.
 * The first evidence is uncovered of the use of the Knights Templar as cashiers by King Henry III of England, to safely transfer important sums to the continent, using letters of exchange. This shows that large transfers could take place across Europe, even before the emergence of important networks of Italian merchant-bankers.

Religion

 * July 16 – Saint Francis of Assisi is canonized by Gregory IX.

Births

 * April 25 – Conrad IV (or Conrad II), king of Germany (d. 1254)
 * Alfonso of Brienne, Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1270)
 * Bartolo da San Gimignano, Italian Franciscan priest (d. 1300)
 * Eleanor de Braose, Cambro-Norman noblewoman (d. 1251)
 * Ibn Daqiq al-'Id, Egyptian scholar, jurist and writer (d. 1302)
 * Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi, Egyptian scholar and jurist (d. 1285)
 * Takatsukasa Kanehira, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) (d. 1294)
 * Wang Yun, Chinese politician, poet and writer (d. 1304)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Yvette of Huy, Belgian anchoress (b. 1158)
 * January 31 – Guy de Montfort, French nobleman and knight
 * February 17 – Henry I, German nobleman and knight (b. 1155)
 * February 18 – Vladislaus II, margrave of Moravia (b. 1207)
 * April 25 – Isabella II, queen and regent of Jerusalem (b. 1212)
 * June 18 – Mathilde of Bourbon, French noblewoman (b. 1165)
 * July 9 – Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1150)
 * August 8 – Rujing, Japanese Sōtō Zen patriarch (b. 1163)
 * September 24 – Stefan the First-Crowned, king of Serbia
 * October 15 – Shichijō-in, Japanese noblewoman (b. 1157)
 * October 31 – Eustace of Fauconberg, bishop of London
 * December 4 – Bruno von Porstendorf, bishop of Meissen
 * December 8 – Geoffrey de Burgh, bishop of Ely (b. 1180)
 * Ahmad ibn Munim, Moroccan mathematician and writer
 * Anders Sunesen, Danish archbishop and writer (b. 1167)
 * Beatrice of Albon, duchess consort of Burgundy (b. 1161)
 * Desiderius (Dezső), Hungarian bishop of Csanád and chancellor
 * Geoffrey I of Villehardouin, French nobleman and knight
 * Henry de Loundres, Norman churchman and archbishop
 * Ibn Abi Tayyi, Syrian historian, poet and writer (b. 1180)
 * Lady of Neuville ("Eudoxie"), Latin empress consort
 * Máel Coluim I, Scottish nobleman and knight (b. 1204)
 * Maria of Courtenay, empress consort of the Empire of Nicaea and empress regent of Constantinople
 * Reginald de Braose, Norman Marcher Lord (b. 1182)
 * Robert I (Courtenay), Latin Emperor of Constantinople
 * Robert de Vieuxpont (or Vipont), Anglo-Norman landowner
 * Stephen Devereux, Norman Marcher Lord (b. 1191)
 * Zhang Congzheng, Chinese physician (b. 1156)

title: 1228


text:
1112

Year 1112 (MCXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, begins incursions into Anatolia. He marches on Philadelphia with his army, but is halted by the Byzantines under Gabras, governor of the Theme of Chaldia.

Levant

 * Spring – Seljuk forces under Toghtekin, Turkic governor of Damascus, intervene at Tyre, and force King Baldwin I of Jerusalem to raise the siege.
 * April 10 – The Crusaders fight their way back to Acre (modern Israel).

Europe

 * February 3 – Ramon Berenguer III ("the Great"), count of Barcelona, obtains the county of Provence through his marriage to the heiress, Douce I. Ramon's dominion stretches as far east as Nice (modern France).
 * May 22 – Henry, count of Portugal, dies from wounds received during a siege at Astorga. He is succeeded by his 3-year-old son Afonso I, but his mother Theresa would rule Portugal alone and becomes regent.
 * Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland has his half-brother Zbigniew blinded and thrown into a dungeon in Tyniec Abbey. Archishop Martin I excommunicates Bolesław for committing this terrible crime.
 * Otto ("the Rich"), count of Ballenstedt, is appointed duke of Saxony by Emperor Henry V, but is later stripped of his title.
 * Salzwedel in the Altmark (modern Germany) is founded.
 * The Margraviate of Baden is founded by Herman II.

Literature

 * Gallus Anonymus, Polish chronicler and historian, begins to write Gesta principum Polonorum, to Bolesław III.

Religion

 * Easter – The citizens of Laon in France, having proclaimed a commune, murder Bishop Waldric in his cathedral.

Births

 * García IV ("the Restorer"), king of Navarre (d. 1150)
 * February 3 – Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir, was the son of Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir and Ismah.
 * Henry II (Jasomirgott), duke of Austria (d. 1177)
 * Henry IV ("the Blind"), count of Luxembourg (d. 1196)
 * Mahaut of Albon, countess of Savoy (d. 1148)
 * Sasaki Hideyoshi, Japanese samurai (d. 1184)
 * Sibylla of Anjou, countess of Flanders (d. 1165)

Deaths

 * Easter – Waldric, English Lord Chancellor and Bishop of Laon, murdered (b. 1050)
 * May 13 – Ulric II (or Udalrich), Italian nobleman
 * October 5 – Sigebert of Gembloux, French chronicler
 * October 12 – Kogh Vasil ("the Robber"), Armenian ruler
 * November 3 – Anna Vsevolodovna, Kievan princess
 * Baldric of Noyon, bishop of Tournai (b. 1099)
 * Bertrand of Tripoli, count of Toulouse and Tripoli
 * Elimar I (or Egilmar), count of Oldenburg (b. 1040)
 * Fakhr-un-Nisa, Arab scholar and calligrapher
 * George II (or Giorgi), king of Georgia (b. 1054)
 * Ghibbelin (or Gibelin), archbishop of Arles
 * Henry (or Henri), count of Portugal (b. 1066)
 * Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (or 1113)
 * Su Zhe, Chinese politician and historian (b. 1039)
 * Tancred, Italo-Norman nobleman (b. 1075)
 * Vukan I, Grand Prince of Serbia (b. 1050)

title: 1112


text:
1113

Year 1113 (MCXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Siege of Nicaea: Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum, sends an expedition through Bithynia to the very walls of Nicaea. Seljuk forces raid Abydos on the Hellespont, with its rich custom-houses. Malik Shah attacks and captures Pergamum. Emperor Alexios I Komnenos sets out to meet the Seljuk invaders. He lifts the siege at Nicaea and wins a complete victory near Cotyaeum (modern Turkey).

Levant

 * January 15 – The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller), founded to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land, is formally recognized by the papal bull (proclamation) Pie Postulatio Voluntatis issued by Pope Paschal II.
 * June 28 – Battle of Al-Sannabra: The Crusaders led by Baldwin I are defeated (due to a feigned flight) by a Seljuk army under Mawdud ibn Altuntash, the Turkic governor (atabeg) of Mosul, at the Jordan River south of the Sea of Galilee. Mawdud sends raiding columns to ravage the countryside and sacks the town of Nablus.
 * September – King Baldwin I of Jerusalem marries Adelaide del Vasto, the wealthy widow of Count Roger I of Sicily ('Bosso') in Acre. She lands in Palestine accompanied by Arab soldiers (her personal bodyguard) and travels to Jerusalem. Their marriage is bigamous, because Baldwin is legally still married to his second wife Arda of Armenia.

Europe

 * April 16 – Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev, dies after a 20-year reign and is succeeded by his 60-year-old cousin Vladimir II Monomakh. He begins a campaign against the Cumans on the steppe in an effort to reunite the land of Kievan Rus'.
 * September 7 – The Republic of Pisa signs a treaty with Ramon Berenguer III ('the Great'), count of Barcelona. The Pisan fleet embarks on a campaign against the Moors in the Balearic Islands.
 * The Republic of Florence conquers the neighboring city of Montecascioli, as part of its effort to extend its domination over the contado (provinces of Italy).
 * Peter Abelard, a French scholastic philosopher, opens his school in Paris, on the heights of Montagne Sainte-Geneviève (approximate date).
 * Queen Urraca of Castile unsuccessfully attempts to seize the city of Burgos from her ex-husband, King Alfonso the Battler.

Asia

 * A Thousand Li of Rivers and Mountains, the only extant work by the Chinese painter Wang Ximeng, is finished.
 * King Suryavarman II begins his reign as ruler of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia).

Religion

 * Bridlington Priory is founded in England, in the Diocese of York (approximate date).

Births

 * January 11 – Wang Chongyang, Chinese Daoist (d. 1170)
 * August 24 – Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou ("the Fair") (d. 1151)
 * Donnchad I, Earl of Fife (Duncan), Scottish nobleman (d. 1154)
 * Frederick of Hallum, Frisian priest and abbot (d. 1175)
 * Shams-ul-Mulk Isma'il, Seljuk governor (d. 1135)
 * Shun'e (or Tayū no Kimi), Japanese poet (d. 1191)
 * Stefan Nemanja, Grand Prince of Serbia (d. 1199)
 * Walter de Clifford, English nobleman (d. 1190)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Ulrich I, Moravian ruler (House of Přemyslid)
 * April 13 – Ida of Lorraine, French countess (b. 1040)
 * April 16 – Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1050)
 * August 4 – Gertrude of Saxony, countess of Holland
 * October 2 – Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic governor
 * December 10 – Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, Seljuk ruler
 * Dharanindravarman I, king of the Khmer Empire
 * Girard I (or Guinard), count of Roussillon (b. 1070)
 * Ibn Tahir of Caesarea, Arab historian (b. 1056)
 * Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (or 1112)
 * Liu, Chinese empress of the Song dynasty (b. 1079)
 * Nestor the Chronicler, Russian historian (or 1114)
 * Odo of Tournai, bishop of Cambrai (b. 1060)
 * Syr ibn Abi Bakr, Almoravid military leader
 * Wuyashu, chieftain of the Wanyan tribe (b. 1061)

title: 1113


text:
1114

Year 1114 (MCXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * January 7 – Emperor Henry V marries Matilda (or Maude), 11-year-old daughter of King Henry I of England, at Worms (modern Germany). A political conflict breaks out across the Holy Roman Empire after the marriage, triggered when Henry arrests Chancellor Adalbert and various other German princes.
 * Count Ramon Berenguer III (the Great) of Barcelona, joins the expedition to the Balearic Islands. A Pisan and Catalan fleet (some 450 ships), supported by a large army, conquer Ibiza and Mallorca. They destroy the bases on the islands used by Moorish pirates to prey on Mediterranean shipping.
 * Battle of Martorell: The Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Muhàmmad ibn al-Hajj, launches an offensive against the County of Barcelona, but is defeated by Ramon Berenguer III.
 * As part of the Norman expansion southward, Count Routrou II enters the service of King Alfonso I (the Battler) of Aragon.

Asia

 * Emperor Hui Zong of the Song Dynasty sends a gift of Chinese musical instruments, for use in royal banquets to the Korean court of Goryeo, by request from King Yejong.

Earthquake

 * November 29 – A large earthquake damages the areas of the Crusaders in the Middle East. From Antioch and Mamistra to Marash and Edessa are hit by the shocks.

Religion

 * The cathedral of Chichester in England, constructed of wood, is destroyed by fire.
 * Pontigny Abbey, a Cistercian monastery, is founded (located in Burgundy).

Births

 * Al-Suhayli, Moorish scholar and writer (d. 1185)
 * Bhāskara II, Indian mathematician (d. 1185)
 * Dirk VI (or Theodoric), count of Holland (d. 1157)
 * Fujiwara no Shunzei, Japanese nobleman (d. 1204)
 * Gebhard III, German nobleman (approximate date)
 * Gerard of Cremona, Italian translator (d. 1187)
 * Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Northumbria (d. 1152)
 * Otto I, German bishop and chronicler (d. 1158)
 * Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona (d. 1162)

Deaths

 * February 24 – Thomas II, archbishop of York
 * October – Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Ahmad al-Mustazhir, was the son of Abbasid caliph al-Mustazhir and Ismah.
 * Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi, Arab theologian (or 1115)
 * Álvar Fáñez (or Háñez), Castilian nobleman
 * Alypius of the Caves, Kievan monk and painter
 * Erard I, French nobleman and crusader (b. 1060)
 * Nestor the Chronicler, Kievan historian (or 1113)
 * Richard of Salerno, Norman nobleman (b. 1060)
 * Shahriyar IV, king of Mazandaran (b. 1039)
 * Tokushi, Japanese empress consort (b. 1060)

title: 1114


text:
1115

Year 1115 (MCXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Levant

 * September 14 – Battle of Sarmin: The Crusaders, under Prince Roger of Salerno, surprise and rout the Seljuk Turkish army (some 8,000 men), led by Emir Bursuq ibn Bursuq, at Sarmin (modern Syria). Bursuq barely avoids capture, and escapes with a few hundred horsemen. Roger reoccupies the fortress of Kafartab, and consolidates his territory around Antioch.
 * The Crusader castle of Montreal (located in Jordan) is commissioned by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem, during an expedition against the Seljuk Turks.

Europe

 * February 11 – Battle of Welfesholz: Duke Lothair of Supplinburg joins the rebellious Saxon forces, and defeats the German Imperial Army of Emperor Henry V at Welfesholz, in Saxony-Anhalt (modern Germany).
 * July 24 – Matilda, margravine of Tuscany, dies at Bondeno. During her reign she waged an intermittent war with Emperor Henry IV over the inheritance rights of her fiefs in Lombardy and Tuscany.

Asia

 * The Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) is created by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Taizu (or Aguda). He establishes a dual-administration system: a Chinese-style bureaucracy to rule over northern and northeast China.
 * The 19-year-old Minamoto no Tameyoshi, Japanese nobleman and samurai, gains recognition by suppressing a riot against Emperor Toba at a monastery near Kyoto (approximate date).

Mesoamerica

 * The Mixtec ruler Eight Deer Jaguar Claw (or 8 Deer) is defeated in battle and sacrificed by a coalition of city-states, led by his brother-in law 4 Wind, at Tilantongo in the Mixteca Alta region (modern Mexico).

Religion

 * Arnulf of Chocques is accused of sexual relations with a Muslim woman. He is briefly removed from his position as patriarch of Jerusalem.
 * Peter Abelard, French scholastic philosopher, becomes master of the cathedral school of Notre-Dame and meets Héloïse d'Argenteuil.
 * Clairvaux Abbey is founded by Bernard, French abbot and a major leader in the reform of Benedictine monasticism, in France.
 * Hugh of Saint Victor, French theologian and writer, joins the Victorines (at the Augustinian Abbey of St. Victor) in Paris.

Births

 * April 18 – Gertrude, German duchess and regent (d. 1143)
 * September 18 – Wu, Chinese empress consort (d. 1197)
 * Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford (approximate date)
 * Berenguer Raymond, count of Provence (d. 1144)
 * Erling Skakke, Norwegian nobleman (approximate date)
 * Eustathius of Thessalonica, Byzantine archbishop (d. 1195)
 * Euthymios Malakes, Byzantine bishop (approximate date)
 * Fulk I FitzWarin (or Fulke), English nobleman (d. 1170)
 * Gilbert FitzRichard de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford (d. 1152)
 * Hugo Etherianus, Italian cardinal and adviser (d. 1182)
 * Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi, German rabbi and writer (d. 1200)
 * Li Tao (or Renfu), Chinese historian and writer (d. 1184)
 * Magnus IV (the Blind), king of Norway (approximate date)
 * Pedro Fernández de Castro, Spanish nobleman (d. 1184)
 * Peter Cellensis, French abbot and bishop (d. 1183)
 * Roger de Pont L'Évêque, Norman archbishop (d. 1181)
 * Welf VI, margrave of Tuscany (House of Welf) (d. 1191)
 * Wichmann von Seeburg, German archbishop (d. 1192)
 * William V (the Old), marquis of Montferrat (d. 1191)

Deaths

 * 16 May – Lambert of Arras, Flemish bishop
 * July 8 – Peter the Hermit, French religious leader
 * July 24 – Matilda, margravine of Tuscany (b. 1046)
 * September 27 – Bonfilius, Italian Saint and bishop of Foligno
 * December 22 – Olav Magnusson, king of Norway (b. 1099)
 * December 23 – Ivo of Chartres, French bishop (b. 1040)
 * December 30 – Theodoric II, duke of Lorraine
 * Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi, Arab theologian (or 1114)
 * Adela of Flanders, queen of Denmark (b. 1064)
 * Artau II, count of Pallars Sobirà (approximate date)
 * Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec ruler (b. 1063)
 * Gerberga (or Gerburge), countess of Provence
 * Godfrey of Amiens, French bishop (b. 1066)
 * Leo Marsicanus, Italian cardinal (b. 1046)
 * Mazdali ibn Tilankan, Almoravid governor
 * Odo II (or Eudes), count of Champagne
 * Reynelm (or Reinelm), bishop of Hereford
 * Shin Arahan, Burmese religious adviser
 * Tanchelm of Antwerp, Flemish priest
 * Turgot of Durham, Scottish bishop

title: 1115


text:
1116

Year 1116 (MCXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Autumn – Battle of Philomelion: Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos) leads an expedition into Anatolia and meets the Seljuk army under Sultan Malik Shah (near Philomelium). The Byzantines introduce a new battle formation of Alexios' devising, the parataxis (a defensive formation, consisting of a hollow square, with the baggage in the centre). During the battle, the Seljuk Turks mount several attacks on the formations, but all are repulsed. The Byzantine cavalry makes two counterattacks; the first is unsuccessful. But a second attack, led by Nikephoros Bryennios (the Younger), breaks the Seljuk forces, who then turn to flight. The following day Malik Shah again attacks, his army completely surrounding the Byzantines from all sides. The Seljuk Turks are once more repulsed, with many losses. Alexios claims the victory, and Malik Shah is forced to accept a peace treaty, in which he promises to respect the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire.

Levant

 * Summer – The Crusaders under King Baldwin I of Jerusalem undertake an expedition to Egypt and march as far as Akaba on the Red Sea. After the local inhabitants flee from the town, Baldwin constructs castles in Akaba and on a nearby island. He leaves a garrison in both fortresses. The three Crusader strongholds – Montréal, Eilat and Graye – secure the control of the caravan routes between Syria and Egypt.
 * Autumn – Baldwin I hastens to Tyre (modern Lebanon) and begins the construction of a new fortress, known as Scandelion Castle, at the Ladder of Tyre, which completes the blockade of the town from the mainland.

Europe

 * February 3 – King Coloman (the Learned) dies after a 21-year reign in which he has consolidated the feudal system in Hungary and expanded the frontier (partly by overthrowing King Peter II of Croatia).
 * Ramon Berenguer III (the Great), count of Barcelona, sails to Rome in an effort to gain support from the Italian states and a licence from Pope Paschal II for his crusade against the Moors in Spain.
 * July 15 – Ordelafo Faliero, doge of Venice, defeats the Hungarian troops under King Stephen II, who have arrived to relieve Zadar; the remaining towns of Dalmatia surrender to Venice.
 * Portuguese forces under Countess Theresa take two Galician cities, Tui and Ourense. In reply, the sister of Theresa, Queen Urraca (the Reckless), attacks Portugal.
 * Almoravid troops conquer the Balearic islands, whose Moorish rulers has been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.

Wales

 * The Welsh under King Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth attacks Llandovery Castle, but are defeated. Gruffydd also attacks Swansea Castle and destroys the outer walls.

Africa

 * The Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya, Ali ibn Yahya, conquers the island of Jerba, then acting as an independent piratical republic.

Art and Music

 * Aak music is introduced to the Korean court, through a large gift of 428 musical instruments as well as 572 costumes and ritual dance objects from China, by Emperor Hui Zong of the Song Dynasty.

Religion

 * Construction starts on the Chennakeshava Temple (located on the Yagachi River) commissioned by King Vishnuvardhana at Belur in India.
 * The monastery at Peterborough in England is destroyed by fire.

Births

 * April 12 – Richeza of Poland, queen of Sweden (d. 1156)
 * August 29 – Philip of France, king of France (d. 1131)
 * November 23 – William FitzRobert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester (d. 1183)
 * Berengaria of Barcelona, queen of León and Castile (d. 1149)
 * Ibn Saad al-Khair al-Balancy, Arab Andalusian linguist and poet (d. 1175)
 * Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, Arab historian and writer (d. 1176)
 * Ibn al-Jawzi, Arab historian and philologist (d. 1201)
 * Ibn Mada', Arab scholar and polymath (d. 1196)
 * Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford (d. 1173)
 * Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, king of Connacht (d. 1198)

Deaths

 * February 3 – Coloman (the Learned), king of Hungary
 * February 13 – Galon (or Gallo), bishop of Beauvais
 * Abu Nasr Farsi, Persian statesman and poet (or 1117)
 * Bagrat Pakrad, Armenian nobleman and adventurer
 * Jimena Díaz, Spanish noblewoman (approximate date)
 * Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum
 * Mary of Scotland, countess of Boulogne (b. 1082)
 * Robert of Arbrissel, founder of Fontevrault Abbey

title: 1116


text:
1117

Year 1117 (MCXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * King Stephen II of Hungary regains Dalmatia from Venice while the Venetians are on a naval expedition. Doge Ordelafo Faliero dies in battle (near Zadar) against the Hungarians. Faliero is succeeded by Domenico Michiel, who reconquers more territory and agrees to a 5-year truce with Hungary.
 * Ramon Berenguer III (the Great), count of Barcelona, inherits Cerdanya (located between the Pyrenees and the Ebro River) which becomes part of the Principality of Catalonia.
 * Vladislaus I, duke of Bohemia, abdicates in favor of his brother Bořivoj II, but retains much of the actual power.
 * The Almoravids briefly reconquer Coimbra (modern Portugal).
 * January 3 – 1117 Verona earthquake. The earthquake is rated at VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, and strikes northern Italy and Germany. The epicentre of the first shock is near Verona, the city which suffers the most damage. The outer wall of the amphitheatre is partially felled, and the standing portion is damaged in a later earthquake of 1183. Many other churches, monasteries, and ancient monuments are destroyed or seriously damaged, eliminating much of Verona's early medieval architecture and providing space for a massive Romanesque rebuilding.

Seljuk Empire

 * Battle of Ghazni: Seljuk forces under Ahmad Sanjar (supporting the claim of Bahram-Shah) invade Afghanistan and defeat the ruling Sultan Arslan-Shah. Bahram succeeds his brother as ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire.

Africa

 * Conflict between the de facto independent Muslim republics of Gabès and Mahdia (modern Tunisia) in Ifriqiya. Madhia is supported by the Zirid Dynasty while Gabes receives the aid of Roger II, count of Sicily.

Levant

 * The Crusaders led by King Baldwin I of Jerusalem raid Pelusium in Egypt and burn the city to the ground. Baldwin marches back to Palestine and strengthens the fortifications of the southern frontier.

Asia

 * King Mahaabarana Adeettiya (Koimala) from the Theemuge Dynasty becomes the first king to rule over the whole Maldives. He reclaims the northern atolls from the Indian invaders.
 * The sōhei or warrior monks of Mii-dera and Enryaku-ji unite their forces to attack Nara in Japan.

Education

 * Merton Priory (near London) is consecrated at Huntingdon. The priory becomes an important centre of learning and diplomacy in England.

Technology

 * The magnetic compass is first used for maritime navigation purposes during the Song Dynasty in China.

Births

 * September 7 – Nicolò Politi, Italian hermit (d. 1167)
 * Fujiwara no Nariko, Japanese empress (d. 1160)
 * Gerard la Pucelle, bishop of Coventry (d. 1184)
 * Henry I, count of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1182)
 * Humphrey II of Toron, constable of Jerusalem (d. 1179)
 * Maurice of Carnoet, French Cistercian abbot (d. 1191)
 * Otto I (the Redhead), duke of Bavaria (d. 1183)
 * Robert FitzRanulph, English high sheriff (d. 1172)
 * Simon III de Montfort, French nobleman (d. 1181)

Deaths

 * February 14 – Bertrade de Montfort, French queen (b. 1070)
 * April 11 – Tescelin le Roux, Burgundian nobleman (b. 1070)
 * April 14 – Bernard of Thiron, founder of the Order of Tiron (b. 1046)
 * April 16 – Magnus Erlendsson, Norse earl of Orkney (b. 1080)
 * September 1 – Robert de Limesey, bishop of Coventry
 * December 9 – Gertrud of Brunswick, margravine of Meissen
 * Abu'l-Fath Yusuf, Persian vizier of Arslan-Shah of Ghazna
 * Abu Nasr Farsi, Persian statesman and poet (or 1116)
 * Anselm of Laon (or Ansel), French theologian and writer
 * Danxia Zichun, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 1064)
 * Faritius (or Faricius), Italian abbot and physician
 * Gertrude of Flanders, duchess of Lorraine (b. 1070)
 * Gilbert Crispin, Norman abbot and theologian (b. 1055)
 * Gilbert Fitz Richard, English nobleman (b. 1066)
 * Lu'lu' al-Yaya, Seljuk ruler and regent of Aleppo
 * Ordelafo Faliero (or Dodoni), doge of Venice

title: 1117


text:
1118

Year 1118 (MCXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * August 15 – Emperor Alexios I Komnenos dies after a 37-year reign, in which he has regained control over western Anatolia (modern Turkey). He stabilizes his frontiers against the wars with the Normans in the western Balkans, and the Seljuk Turks in the East. Alexios is succeeded by his 30-year-old son, John II Komnenos (the Good), as ruler of the Byzantine Empire.

Europe

 * Peace between England and Flanders is agreed upon.

British Isles

 * Enna mac Donnchada mac Murchada becomes King of Dublin in Ireland.
 * Cu Faifne mac Congalaig becomes King of Uí Failghe in Ireland.
 * Maelsechlainn Ua Faelain becomes King of the Déisi Muman in Ireland.
 * The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog are annexed by Gruffudd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd in Wales.
 * The Archbishop of York is no longer required to be crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
 * Reconstruction begins on Peterborough Cathedral in England, destroyed by fire in 1116.

Eastern Europe

 * Đorđe, Vojislavljević ruler of Serbia, is overthrown by Uroš I of Raška.
 * George I of Duklja is overthrown by his cousin Grubeša.
 * Radostl becomes Bishop of Krakow.
 * Zbraslav, now part of Prague, is founded.
 * Sylvester of Kiev becomes bishop of Pereiaslav.

France

 * A rebellion against Henry I of England breaks out in Normandy.
 * Alberich of Rheims becomes Master at the school of Rheims.
 * Charles I, Count of Flanders marries Margaret of Clermont.
 * Peter Abelard and Héloïse d'Argenteuil have a child and marry secretly in Paris. Her uncle Fulbert has Abelard castrated, and both Abelard and Héloïse enter religious orders.
 * Amaury IV of Montfort divorces his wife Richilde, daughter of Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut.
 * Wulgrin III becomes Count of Angoulême.
 * Gervais becomes Count of Rethel.
 * Montlhéry Castle is dismantled by Louis VI of France.

Germany

 * Magdeburg is almost destroyed by fire.
 * Reichenbach Abbey is founded.
 * Zwickau, Eisenstadt, Kirchgandern, and Wolfenbüttel are first mentioned.
 * Otto of Bamberg is suspended by the Pope, and Norbert of Xanten defends himself against charges of heresy, at the Synod of Fritzlar.

Italy

 * January 24 – Pope Gelasius II succeeds Pope Paschal II as the 161st pope.
 * March 10 – Gregory VIII is elected antipope.
 * September 26 – Pisa Cathedral in the March of Tuscany is consecrated by Pope Gelasius II.
 * The restoration of Santa Maria in Cosmedin begins.
 * The economic competition between Milan and Como drives the two cities to war.

Scandinavia

 * Upon the death of his brother Philip, Inge the Younger becomes sole king of Sweden.
 * Þorlákur Runólfsson becomes Bishop of Skálholt.

Spain

 * The Almoravids lose their control of the Ebro valley:
 * Pope Gelasius II grants the status of Crusade to the Christian effort in the Ebro Valley, attracting numerous Gascon, Occitan and Norman knights.
 * December 18 – Alfonso the Battler expels the Moors from Zaragoza. The Aragonese reconquer many of the valleys of the Jalón and the Jiloca.
 * The troops of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, led by archbishop Oleguer Bonestruga, capture Tarragona from the Moors.

East Asia

 * The Genei era begins in Japan.
 * The Zenghe era of Emperor Huizong of Song China ends, and the Chonghe era begins.
 * The Yongning era of Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia ends.

Caucasus

 * David IV of Georgia captures Lori from the Seljuk Turks.
 * David IV of Georgia settles a number of Kipchaks in Georgia.

Western Asia

 * June 11 – Roger of Salerno, Prince of Antioch, captures Azaz from the Seljuk Turks.
 * The Byzantine general Philocales captures Sardis, from the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm.
 * Baldwin I of Jerusalem invades Egypt.
 * Baldwin of Le Bourg succeeds his cousin Baldwin I, as King of Jerusalem.
 * Roman of Le Puy becomes lord of Oultrejordain.
 * Joscelin I succeeds Baldwin of Le Bourg, as Count of Edessa.
 * Garmond of Picquigny becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.
 * Suleyman I ibn al-Ghazi becomes emir of Aleppo.
 * Ahmed Sanjar and Mahmud II proclaim themselves rival Seljuk sultans, upon the death of Mehmed I of Great Seljuk.
 * Al-Mustarshid becomes Abbasid caliph.
 * Bahram Shah becomes Ghaznavid Emperor.

South Asia

 * June 29 – Vikram Chola becomes regent of the Chola kingdom.
 * Battle of Kennagal: The Hoysala Empire defeats the Chalukya.

Births

 * November 28 – Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1180)
 * Ahmad al-Rifa'i, Arab founder of the Rifa'i Sufi Order
 * Andronikos I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1185)
 * Christina of Denmark, queen of Norway (approximate date)
 * Gualdim Pais, Portuguese knight and Grand Master (d. 1195)
 * Hartwig of Stade, archbishop of Bremen (d. 1168)
 * Narathu, Burmese ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (d. 1171)
 * Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus and Aleppo (d. 1174)
 * Odo II, French nobleman (House of Burgundy) (d. 1162)
 * Roger III, Norman duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1148)
 * Roger of Worcester, English bishop (approximate date)
 * Saigyō Hōshi, Japanese poet and writer (d. 1190)
 * Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader (d. 1181)
 * Vakhtang (or Tsuata), Georgian nobleman (d. 1138)

Deaths

 * January 21 – Paschal II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * April 2 – Baldwin I (of Boulogne), king of Jerusalem
 * April 16
 * Adelaide del Vasto, countess of Sicily
 * William d'Évreux, Norman nobleman
 * May 1 – Matilda of Scotland, queen of England (b. c.1080)
 * June 5 – Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester
 * July 3 – Raymond of Toulouse, French chanter
 * August 6 – Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid caliph (b. 1078)
 * August 15 – Alexios I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor
 * November 28 – Philippa, French noblewoman
 * Al-Tighnari, Arab botanist and physician (b. 1073)
 * Anseau of Garlande, French nobleman (b. 1069)
 * Arnulf of Chocques, patriarch of Jerusalem
 * Arslan-Shah, sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire
 * Basil the Physician, Bogomil religious leader
 * Bernard II (or William), count of Cerdanya
 * Diarmait Ua Briain, king of Munster
 * Florence of Worcester, English monk
 * Fujiwara no Nakazane, Japanese nobleman (b. 1057)
 * Furong Daokai, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 1043)
 * George of Chqondidi, Georgian archbishop
 * Gissur Ísleifsson, Icelandic bishop
 * Helperich, margrave of the Nordmark
 * Hugh I, French nobleman (b. 1040)
 * Jaquinta of Bari, queen of Duklja
 * Lidanus, Lombard Benedictine abbot (b. 1026)
 * Maria of Alania, Byzantine empress (b. 1053)
 * Milo II of Montlhéry, French nobleman
 * Muhammad I (Tapar), Seljuk sultan (b. 1082)
 * Philip, king of Sweden (House of Stenkil)
 * Ruaidrí na Saide Buide, king of Connacht
 * Vladimir II, king of Duklja (approximate date)
 * William V of Angoulême, French nobleman

title: 1118