text:
1547

Year 1547 (MDXLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 8 – The first Lithuanian-language book, a Catechism (Katekizmo paprasti žodžiai, Simple Words of Catechism), is published in Königsberg by Martynas Mažvydas.
 * January 13 – Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey is sentenced to death for treason in England.
 * January 16 – Grand Prince Ivan IV is crowned as Tsar of all Russia at the Dormition Cathedral in Moscow, thereby proclaiming the Tsardom of Russia.
 * January 28 – King Henry VIII of England dies in London, and is succeeded by his 9-year-old son Edward VI, as King of England.
 * February 20 – Edward VI of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey.
 * March 31 – King Francis I of France dies at the Château de Rambouillet and is succeeded by his eldest surviving son Henry II (on his 28th birthday) as King of France.

April–June

 * April 4 – Catherine Parr, widow of King Henry VIII of England, secretly marries Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley.
 * April 24 – Battle of Mühlberg: Emperor Charles V defeats the Lutheran forces of the Schmalkaldic League and takes John Frederick I.
 * May 19 – John Frederick I signs the Capitulation of Wittenberg in order to have his life spared by the Holy Roman Empire.
 * May 23 – The Protestant Schmalkaldic League defeats the Catholic Army of the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Drakenburg. Of 6,000 Imperial troops, 2,500 are killed and another 2,500 are taken prisoner by the Protestants.
 * June 4 – Maurice, Duke of Saxony is formally raised to the status of the Elector.
 * June 13 – A peace treaty is signed between by representatives of the Holy Roman Empire and of the Ottoman Empire and France after the Empire's defeat at the 1543 Siege of Nice.
 * June 21 – The apparition of Mary, mother of Jesus is seen by several women in the Sicilian city of Alcamo. She becomes the patron saint of the city and is celebrated as the Madonna of Miracles (la Madonna dei Miracoli)
 * June 23 – Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse and John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony, leaders of the Schmalkaldic League who were both captured at the battle of Muhlberg, are transported to south Germany and imprisoned for their revolt against the Empire.
 * June 26 – King Henri of France orders the division of France's easternmost provinces and divides them into three zones of control, each administered by a Marshal of the Army.
 * June 29 – A fleet of 21 French galleys, commanded by Leone Strozzi, arrives at Fife in Scotland and begins the siege of St Andrews Castle. The siege lasts for a month before John Knox and Protestant nobles surrender on July 31.

July–September

 * July 10 – In France, a duel takes place at between Guy I de Chabot, the future Baron of Jarnac, and François de Vivonne, Lord of La Châtaigneraie, in front of the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Vivonne, known for his fencing ability, is wounded and dies the next day.
 * July 17 – After the Earl of Arran, Regent of Scotland for Mary, Queen of Scots, is unable to get England to voluntarily return control of Langholm to Scotland, he "reduces it by force.".
 * July 25 – The coronation of Henri II as King of France at the Reims Cathedral.
 * August 13 – The Duchy of Brittany unites with the Kingdom of France.
 * September 10
 * Battle of Pinkie Cleugh: An English army under the Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of England, defeats a Scottish army under James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, the Regent. The English seize Edinburgh.
 * Conspirators led by Ferrante Gonzaga murder Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma and son of the Pope, and hang his body from a window of his palace in Piacenza.

October–December

 * October 13 – (New Moon of Thadinovut 909 ME) With the end of the Buddhist Lent, the Kingdom of Burma (now Myanmar) mobilizes to invade the Kingdom of Arakan (now Thailand).
 * The English Parliament, the first convened since the death of King Henry VIII, is opened by King Edward VI.
 * November 5 – Catherine Parr, the former Queen consort of England and widow of King Henry VIII, publishes her book The Lamentation of a Sinner.
 * November 15 – A fleet of 60 Ottoman Navy ships, commanded by Piri Reis, arrives at the port of Aden (now in Yemen) and captures the city in slightly more than three months, by February 26, 1548.
 * December 6 – The Battle of Perlis River is fought between the Portuguese Navy and the navy of the Aceh Sultanate (now a province of Indonesia) at the Perlis River in Malaysia. With nine light warships and 230 soldiers, the Portuguese sink or capture 45 of the 60 ships of Aceh vessel leave 4,000 of their 5,380 soldiers dead or missing.
 * December 24 – King Edward VI of England gives royal assent to numerous laws enacted by Parliament, including the Treason Act and the Vagabonds Act.
 * December 28 – Sir John Luttrell of England, recently victorious over Scotland in the Battle of Pinkie, raids the Scottish port of Burntisland on the Firth of Forth, after his uncle Thomas Wyndham brings two Royal Navy warships. Luttrell and Wyndhamburn ships and buildings on the pier and capture Rossend Castle

Date unknown

 * Huguenots increasingly immigrate to the English county of Kent, especially Canterbury, from France.
 * The Chambre Ardente is established in Paris for trying heretics.
 * Work on construction of the Château de Chambord, in the Loire Valley, for Francis I of France, ceases.
 * John Dee visits the Low Countries, to study navigation with Gemma Frisius.
 * Edward VI of England outlaws execution by boiling.

Births

 * January 15 – Duchess Hedwig of Württemberg, by marriage countess of Hesse-Marburg (d. 1590)
 * January 20 – Laurence Bruce, Scottish politician (d. 1617)
 * January 24 – Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Austrian Archduchess (d. 1578)
 * February 8 – Girolamo Mattei, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1603)
 * February 18 – Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, Syrian Arab co-founder of the Isfahan School of Islamic Philosophy (d. 1621)
 * February 24 – Don John of Austria, military leader (d. 1578)
 * March 1 – Rudolph Goclenius, German philosopher (d. 1628)
 * March 26 – Bernardino Bertolotti, Italian instrumentalist and composer (d. 1609)
 * April 8 – Lucrezia Bendidio, noblewoman and singer in Renaissance Ferrara (d. 1584)
 * May 15 – Magnus Pegel, German mathematician (d. 1619)
 * May 19 – Gustaf Banér, Swedish nobleman and member of the Privy Council of Sweden (d. 1600)
 * June 28 – Cristofano Malvezzi, Italian organist and composer (d. 1599)
 * July 5 – Garzia de' Medici, Italian noble (d. 1562)
 * August 10 – Francis II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1619)
 * September 10 – George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1596)
 * September 14 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch statesman (d. 1619)
 * September 20 – Faizi, Indo-Persian poet and scholar (d. 1595)
 * September 22 – Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin, German philologist and poet (d. 1590)
 * September 29 – Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish fiction writer (d. 1616)
 * October 2 – Philipp Ludwig, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1569–1614) and Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1604–1614) (d. 1614)
 * October 18 – Justus Lipsius, Flemish humanist (d. 1606)
 * October 29 – Princess Sophia of Sweden, Swedish princess (d. 1611)
 * November 7 – Rudolf Hospinian, Swiss writer (d. 1626)
 * November 10
 * Martin Moller, German poet and mystic (d. 1606)
 * Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, Archbishop of Cologne (d. 1601)
 * November 12 – Claude of Valois, daughter of King Henry II of France (d. 1575)
 * November 26 – Nicolaus Taurellus, German philosopher and theologian (d. 1606)
 * December 5 – Ubbo Emmius, Dutch historian and geographer (d. 1625)
 * December 15 – Magdalena of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noblewoman (d. 1633)
 * date unknown
 * Matteo Perez d'Aleccio, Italian painter (d. 1616)
 * Mateo Alemán, Spanish novelist and man of letters (d. 1609)
 * Peter Bales, English calligrapher (d. 1610)
 * Louis Carrion, Flemish humanist and classical scholar (d. 1595)
 * Oichi, Japanese noblewoman (d. 1583)
 * Krzysztof Mikołaj "the Thunderbolt" Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (d. 1603)
 * Richard Stanihurst, English translator of Virgil (d. 1618)
 * Roemer Visscher, Dutch writer (d. 1620)
 * Stanisław Żółkiewski, Polish nobleman (d. 1620)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Johann Heß, German theologian (b. 1490)
 * January 7 –Albrecht VII, Duke of Mecklenburg (b. 1486)
 * January 16 – Johannes Schöner, German astronomer and cartographer (b. 1477)
 * January 18 – Pietro Bembo, Italian cardinal and scholar (b. 1470)
 * January 19 – Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, English nobleman, politician and poet, beheaded (b. c.1517)
 * January 27 – Anne of Bohemia and Hungary, Queen consort of the Romans, Bohemia and Hungary (b. 1503)
 * January 28 – King Henry VIII of England (b. 1491)
 * February 25 – Vittoria Colonna, marchioness of Pescara (b. 1490)
 * February 28 – Philippa of Guelders, Duchess of Lorraine (b. 1467)
 * March 31 – King Francis I of France (b. 1494)
 * April 11 – Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia, Danish princess (b. 1504)
 * May 22 – Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow (b. c. 1492)
 * c. May – Edward Hall, English chronicler and lawyer (b. c.1496)
 * June 21 – Sebastiano del Piombo, Italian painter (b. 1485)
 * July 20 – Beatus Rhenanus, German humanist and religious reformer (b. 1485)
 * August 7 – Saint Cajetan, Italian priest and saint (b. 1480)
 * August 17 – Katharina von Zimmern, Swiss sovereign abbess (b. 1478)
 * September 10 – Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma (b. 1503)
 * September 17 – Frederick II of Legnica, Duke of Legnica from 1488 (until 1495 and 1505 with his brothers) (b. 1480)
 * October 18 – Jacopo Sadoleto, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1477)
 * December 2 – Hernán Cortés, Spanish conquistador of Mexico (b. 1485)
 * December 28 – Konrad Peutinger, German humanist and antiquarian (b. 1465)
 * date unknown
 * Jörg Breu the Younger, German painter (b. 1510)
 * Meera (Mirabai), Rajput princess (b. 1498)
 * Photisarath, King of Laos (b. 1501)

title: 1547


text:
1548

Year 1548 (MDXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 5 – Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate in what is now Tunisia in northern Africa, renews the 1547 treaty of friendship with Spain that had been signed by representatives of his father.
 * January 19 – Three ships from the Portuguese Navy arrive at the port of Aden to assist Mohammed bin Ali al-Tawlaki, who has been defending the city against an attack by the Ottoman Navy. The Portuguese ships are forced to retreat to Zeila in Somalia, where 120 survivors are captured and their ships are burned.
 * January 27 – King Henri II of France makes the Châtillon agreement, a contract for betrothal for an arranged marriage between his four year old son, Prince Francois, to the five year old Mary, Queen of Scots, to take place in 1558.
 * January 28 – (Tenbun 17, 30th day of 12th month) Nagao Kagetora (later Uesugi Kenshin) leads a triumphant entry into Kasugayama Castle in Japan, replacing his older brother Nagao Harukage as the lead samurai in the Nagao clan that rules the Echigo Province.
 * February 2 – On Candlemas day in Scotland, during the Rough Wooing War with England, the Byllye Castle near Auchencrow is captured by a force of 11 English soldiers led by Thomas Carlile, and becomes a garrison for English troops.
 * February 14 – (Tenbun 18, 4th day of 1st month) At the Battle of Uedahara, firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan, and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo.
 * February 26 – The Ottoman Navy, led by Admiral Ahmed Muhiddin Piri (commonly known as Piri Reis), recaptures Aden.
 * March 9 – Le Trung Tong becomes the new Emperor of Dai Viet (corresponding to northern Vietnam) upon the death of his father, Lê Trang Tông.

April–June

 * April 1 – Sigismund II Augustus succeeds his father, Sigismund I the Old, as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
 * April 15 – General Zhu Wan of Ming dynasty China dispatches a fleet of ships, commanded by Lu Tang, to destroy smugglers and pirates at Shangyu, a port on Liuheng Island. The fleet sets off from Wenzhou and makes its attack in June.
 * May 15 –
 * The Diet of Augsburg approves a decree of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, the "Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council", informally referred to as the Augsburg Interim, directing German Protestants to resume the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, including observance of the Seven Sacraments. As a concession, the Emperor allows the continuation of some Protestant customs, including the right of Protestant clergy to marry and for believers to receive the Protestant communion of bread and wine.
 * Ratan Singh of Amber, Raja of the Amber Kingdom in what is now the Indian state of Rajasthan, is poisoned by his younger brother Askaran, Raja of Narwar.
 * June 1 –
 * The Japanese city of Uchiyama in Shinano Province (now in the Nagano Prefecture) is burned by the clan of Murakami Yoshikiyo after the February defeat of the Takeda clan at the Battle of Uedahara.
 * Bharmal becomes the new raja of the Kingdom of Amber, in territory now occupied by India's Rajasthan state, upon the overthrow of his nephew, Askaran, Raja of Narwar, who had reigned for only 16 days.
 * June 10 – (5th day of the waxing moon in the 8th month of the 910th year of the Chula Sakarat Era): Yotfa, the 13-year-old ruler of the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand since 1546, is murdered with the consent of his mother, the regent Si Sudachan, who installs her lover, Worawongsathirat, on the throne. Yotfa's younger brother, Prince Sissin, is spared from execution. Worawongsathirat and Si Sudachan are both killed in a counter-coup in November.
 * June 11 – Suleiman the Magnificent, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire begins an invasion of Safavid Iran that will last for almost two years before he abandons it.
 * June 16 – The first of 8,000 French troops under the command of General André de Montalembert arrive at the port of Leith at the invitation of the King of Scotland, who seeks to drive out the occupying forces of the Army of England.
 * June 30 – The Augsburg Interim, approved May 15, is codified into law in the Holy Roman Empire.
 * June
 * Ming Chinese naval forces commanded by Zhu Wan destroy the pirate haven of Shuangyu,frequented by Chinese, Japanese and Portuguese smugglers.
 * John Dee starts to study at the Old University of Leuven.

July–September

 * July 7 – A marriage treaty is signed between Scotland and France, whereby five-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, is betrothed to the future King Francis II of France.
 * August 7 – Mary, Queen of Scots, leaves for France.
 * September 13 – Archduke Maximilian of Austria, is married to his first cousin, Maria of Spain, at the arrangement of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Maria's father and Maximilian's uncle. Charles, who also serves as King of Spain, makes the arrangement in order to have the couple serve as his regents while he travels to Germany.

October–December

 * October 1 – Archduke Maximilian and Princess Maria, who married 18 days earlier, become the co-regents of Spain as King Charles V departs for Germany to administer the affairs of the Holy Roman Empire. They serve until Prince Philip, the first regent, returns from battle on July 12, 1551.
 * October 20 – The city of La Paz, Bolivia, is founded.
 * October 31 – At the first sejm of King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, deputies demand that the king renounce his wife Barbara Radziwiłł.
 * November 11 – Worawongsathirat, ruler of the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Thailand after usurping the throne on June 10, stages his coronation along with his wife, Si Sudachan. Both husband and wife had after both conspired to murder her son, King Yofta, in June. The King and Queen are assassinated on January 13, 1549.
 * December 17 – King João III of Portugal, creates a colonial government of Brazil, with a capital at Bahia, in order to maintain unity among various Portuguese captaincies (São Vicente, Nova Lusitania, Ilhéus and Porto Seguro) scattered along the coast. The document contains 48 articles governing the installation of the government, the organization of trade, measures for defense, treatment of the indigenous tribes, and policies toward foreigners. The King provides for a Governor-General, and appoints Tomé de Sousa as the first officeholder.
 * December – Siam attacks Tavoy, beginning the Burmese–Siamese War of 1548.

Births

 * January 5 – Francisco Suárez, Spanish priest, philosopher, theologian and saint (d. 1617)
 * February 6 – Francesco Panigarola, Italian bishop (d. 1594)
 * March 13 – Sasbout Vosmeer, Dutch Apostolic Vicar (d. 1614)
 * March 17 – Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese general (d. 1610)
 * March 18 – Cornelis Ketel, Dutch painter (d. 1616)
 * April 15 – Pietro Cataldi, Italian mathematician (d. 1626)
 * May – Carel van Mander, Dutch painter and poet (d. 1606)
 * May 8 – Giacomo Boncompagni, illegitimate son of Pope Gregory XIII (d. 1612)
 * May 10 – Antonio Priuli, Doge of Venice (d. 1623)
 * July 8 – Kim Jang-saeng, Korean scholar and writer (d. 1631)
 * July 15 – George III, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (1564–1605) (d. 1605)
 * August 26 – Bernardino Poccetti, Italian painter (d. 1612)
 * September 2 – Vincenzo Scamozzi, Italian architect (d. 1616)
 * September 7 – Filippo Boncompagni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)
 * September 29 – William V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1626)
 * October 4 – Matsumae Yoshihiro, Japanese daimyō of Ezochi (Hokkaidō) (d. 1616)
 * November 27 – Jacopo Mazzoni, Italian philosopher (d. 1598)
 * December 30 – David Pareus, German theologian (d. 1622)
 * approx. date – Ma Shouzhen, Chinese Gējì, painter, playwright and poet (d. 1604)
 * date unknown
 * Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher, astronomer, and occultist (d. 1600)
 * Oda Nagamasu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1622)
 * Luis Barahona de Soto, Spanish poet (d. 1595)
 * William Stanley, English soldier (d. 1630)
 * Saitō Tatsuoki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1573)
 * Sidonia von Borcke, German noble and alleged witch (d. 1620)
 * Tomás Luis de Victoria, Spanish composer (d. 1611)
 * Fernando Ruiz de Castro Andrade y Portugal, Grandee of Spain (d. 1601)
 * probable
 * Francesco Andreini, Italian actor (d. 1624)
 * Francesco Soriano, Italian composer (d. 1621)
 * Mariangiola Criscuolo, Italian painter (d. 1630)
 * Simon Stevin, Flemish mathematician and engineer (d. 1620)

Deaths

 * January 9 – Matthäus Zell, German Lutheran pastor (b. 1477)
 * January 23 – Bernardo Pisano, Italian composer (b. 1490)
 * February 26 – Lorenzino de' Medici, Italian writer and assassin (b. 1514)
 * March 23 – Itagaki Nobukata, Japanese retainer
 * March 24 – Gissur Einarsson, first Lutheran bishop in Iceland
 * April 1 – King Sigismund I the Old of Poland (b. 1467)
 * June 3 – Juan de Zumárraga, Spanish Catholic bishop of Mexico (b. 1468)
 * June 6 – João de Castro, Portuguese explorer (b. 1500)
 * June 14 – Carpentras, French composer (b. c. 1470)
 * July 4 – Philip, Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg, German duke (b. 1503)
 * July 29 – Gian Gabriele I of Saluzzo, Italian abbot, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1501)
 * August 2 – Henry II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels and Count of Glatz (b. 1507)
 * September 5 – Catherine Parr, sixth and last Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. c. 1512)
 * September 8 – John III of Pernstein, Bohemian land-owner, Governor of Moravia and Count of Kladsko (b. 1487)
 * October 27 – Johannes Dantiscus, Polish poet and Bishop of Warmia (b. 1485)
 * November 16 – Caspar Creuziger, German humanist (b. 1504)
 * December 27 – Francesco Spiera, Italian Protestant jurist (b. 1502)
 * date unknown
 * Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, Mexican Catholic saint (b. 1474)
 * Chief Queen Sri Suriyothai, consort of King Maha Chakkrapat of Ayutthaya (killed in battle)
 * Strongilah, Jewish Ottoman businesswoman.

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title: 1548


text:
1549

Year 1549 (MDXLIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In the Kingdom of England, it was known as "The Year of the Many-Headed Monster", because of the unusually high number of rebellions which occurred in the country.

January–March

 * January 4 – Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli begins a two-year term as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Benedetto Gentile Pevere.
 * January 11 – An uprising of the Diaguitas natives outside of the South American Spanish colonial city of La Serena (now in Coquimbo province of Chile) begins. Within a day, the South American village is burned down and nearly every Spanish resident is killed.
 * January 19 – Maha Chakkraphat is crowned as the King of Siam after having been installed on the throne in 1548 by Maha Thammaracha of Burma.
 * January 21 – The Act of Uniformity 1548 is passed by the Parliament of England and establishes the 1549 version of the Book of Common Prayer as the sole legal prayer book in England, replacing the use of different versions of the Latin-language Missal.
 * January – Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49): King Tabinshwehti of Burma begins his invasion of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which ends in retreat.
 * February 3 – Burmese–Siamese War: Burmese viceroy Thado Dhamma Yaza I of Prome slays Sri Suriyothai, queen consort of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, on her war elephant, when she intervenes in battle to protect the life of her husband.
 * March 29 – The city of Salvador da Bahia, Brazil's first capital, is founded by Tome de Sousa.

April–June

 * April 8 – Giovanni Angelo Medici is appointed as a Roman Catholic cardinal by Pope Paul III, effective May 10. In 1559, Medici is elected as Pope Pius IV.
 * April 14 – Prince Zhu Zairui, age 12, heir to the throne of Ming dynasty China as the oldest living son of the Jiajing Emperor, dies a few days after becoming ill during the Guan Li coming of age ceremony.
 * April 15 – Portuguese Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier departs from Goa on a mission to bring Christian ministry to Japan.
 * April 23 – In County Wicklow in Ireland, Phelim O'Toole is granted a pardon by the King for unspecified offenses.
 * May 15 – King Henri II of France makes a triumphant return to Paris after suppressing the Revolt of the Pitauds in Bordeaux.

July–September

 * June 9 – The Book of Common Prayer is introduced in English churches; the Prayer Book Rebellion against it breaks out in the West Country.
 * June 19 – In the war of the Rough Wooing between Scotland and England, a Scottish and French force commanded by André de Montalembert retakes the island of Inchkeith, killing more than 300 soldiers from the English Army.
 * July 8 – Kett's Rebellion, with 18,000 troops led by Robert Kett, breaks out at Wymondham in East Anglia, against fences and enclosures put up by wealthy landowners. and in Oxfordshire, against landowners associated with religious changes.
 * July 18 – (Tenbun 18, 24th day of the 7th month) In the Battle of Eguchi, fought in Japan's Settsu Province near Osaka, General Miyoshi Nagayoshi defies the Governor, Hosokawa Harumoto to attack the Eguchi Castle of Nagayoshi's cousin, Miyoshi Masanaga. After a 12-day battle, Miyoshi Masanaga is killed along with several of Hosokawa's other generals. Governor Hosokawa, fearing a reprisal, flees and eventually loses his authority over Settsu Province.
 * July 21 – Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, delivers his most important sermon, speaking at St Paul's Cathedral to defend the Church of England's reasons for uniformly requiring the use of The Book of Common Prayer.
 * July 27 – (Tenbun 18, 3rd day of the 7th month) European Jesuit Francis Xavier arrives in Japan at the port of Kagoshima, the first Christian missionary there, but is not allowed to go to shore until three weeks later.
 * July 29 – Norwich, in Norfolk falls to Kett's rebels.
 * August 1– Kett's rebels defeat a Royal Army led by William Parr, Marquess of Northampton
 * August 8– England and France declare war.
 * August 15 – Francis Xavier, his translator Anjirō, and three other Jesuit priests are allowed to come ashore at Kagoshima in Japan.
 * August 17 – Battle of Sampford Courtenay in England: The Prayer Book Rebellion is quashed.
 * August 27 – At the Battle of Dussindale in England, Kett's Rebellion is ended by troops led by John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland.
 * September 17 – The Council of Trent is prorogued indefinitely.
 * September 19 – The English Army abandons Haddington, East Lothian as it continues its retreat from Scottish and French forces.
 * September 29 – Shimazu Takahisa, the ruling daimyo of Japan's Satsuma Province, welcomes the Jesuit party of Francis Xavier.

October–December

 * October 5 – Sir Thomas Smith is replaced by Ambassador Nicholas Wotton as the second Secretary of State of England, primarily in charge of England's foreign affairs. Wotton serves for less than a year before being dispatched by King Edward VI back to France.
 * October 11 – Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset, the Lord Protector of England and Lord High Treasurer since 1547, is arrested on orders of the Regency Council on charges of "ambition, vainglory, entering into rash wars" as well as malfeasance and improper use of the royal treasury.
 * October 22 – Catherine of Habsburg, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Habsburg, marries Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. Francesco, only 16 years old, dies of pneumonia after only four months of marriage.
 * November 4 – The Pragmatic Sanction is proclaimed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The Seventeen Provinces of the Habsburg Low Countries are declared inseparable.
 * November 10 – Pope Paul III dies at the age of 81 after a reign of 15 years.
 * December 3 – The papal conclave to decide on a successor to Pope Paul III, goes into session in the Apostolic Palace in Rome with 51 cardinal electors.Participants at the papal conclave agree to elect the next Pope by secret ballot.
 * December 7 – Robert Kett is hanged from the walls of Norwich Castle after being found guilty of treason for leading Kett's Rebellion. His brother William is hanged from the walls of Wymondham Abbey on the same day.
 * December 21 – Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent abandons his campaign against Safavid Iran after 21 months, during which he was unable to proceed further than Tabriz.

Date unknown

 * Peter Canisius starts the Counter-Reformation in Bavaria.
 * The spire of Lincoln Cathedral in England is blown down, leaving St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn, in Estonia as the World's tallest structure.
 * Although trade existed between the two beforehand, in this year the Portuguese begin to send regular seasonal maritime trade missions to Ming dynasty China, at Sao João Island (also known as Shangchuan Island) near Macau.
 * Siege of Kajiki: firearms are used for the first time in a siege in Japanese history. (The previous year's Battle of Uedahara was the first battle in which they were used.)
 * Excerpta antiqua is published by Hervagius at Basel, Switzerland.
 * Maidstone Grammar School is founded in England by Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset.

Births

 * January 26 – Jakob Ebert, German theologian (d. 1614)
 * January 26 – Francesco Bassano the Younger, Italian painter (d. 1592)
 * February 3 – Louis of Valois, French prince (d. 1550)
 * February 4 – Eustache Du Caurroy, French composer (d. 1609)
 * February 15 – Barnim X, Duke of Pomerania (1569–1603) (d. 1603)
 * February 20 – Francesco Maria II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, last Duke of Urbino (d. 1631)
 * March 10 – Francis Solanus, Spanish missionary and saint (d. 1610)
 * March 11 – Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel, Dutch writer (d. 1612)
 * April 5 – Françoise d'Orléans-Longueville, French princess (d. 1601)
 * April 13 – Count Juraj IV Zrinski of Croatia (d. 1603)
 * June 15 – Elizabeth Knollys, English noblewoman (d. 1605)
 * July 2 – Duchess Sabine of Württemberg, by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1581)
 * July 5 – Francesco Maria del Monte, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1627)
 * July 12 – Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland (d. 1587)
 * July 20 – Pierre de Larivey, Italian-born French dramatist (d. 1619)
 * July 30 – Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1609)
 * August 2 – Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (d. 1616)
 * August 10 – Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin, daughter of Margrave John of Küstrin (d. 1602)
 * September 1 – Charles Philippe de Croÿ, Marquis d’Havré, Belgian noble and politician (d. 1613)
 * November 2 – Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain (d. 1580)
 * November 5 – Philippe de Mornay, French writer (d. 1623)
 * November 30 – Sir Henry Savile, English educator (d. 1622)
 * December 9 – Costanzo Antegnati, Italian composer, organist (d. 1624)
 * December 20 – John Petre, 1st Baron Petre, English politician and baron (d. 1613)
 * December 24 – Kaspar Ulenberg, German theologian (d. 1617)
 * date unknown
 * Kutsuki Mototsuna, Japanese military commander (d. 1632)
 * John Rainolds, English scholar and Bible translator (d. 1607)
 * Juan de Salcedo, Spanish conquistador (d. 1576)
 * Marek Sobieski, Polish noble (d. 1605)
 * Ogawa Suketada, Japanese warlord (d. 1601)

Deaths

 * January 28 – Elia Levita, German Yiddish writer (b. 1469)
 * February 14 – Il Sodoma, Italian painter (b. 1477)
 * March – Mingyi Swe, Burmese viceroy of Toungoo
 * March 14 – Lorenzo Cybo, Italian condottiero (b. 1500)
 * March 20 – Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley, English politician and diplomat (b. 1508)
 * March 25 – Veit Dietrich, German theologian, writer and reformer (b. 1506)
 * April – Andrew Boorde, English traveller (b. 1490)
 * April 3 – Matsudaira Hirotada, Japanese daimyo (b. 1526)
 * April 15 – Christine of Saxony, German noble (b. 1505)
 * April 24 – Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland, English earl (b. 1498)
 * May 11 – María de Toledo, Vicereine and regent of the Spanish Colony of Santo Domingo (b. 1490)
 * June 26 – Luis Cáncer, Spanish Dominican priest, missionary, martyr and servant of God (b. 1500)
 * July 19 – Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield, English baron (b. 1521)
 * August 11 – Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, Prince of Lüneburg and Baron of Harburg (b. 1495)
 * September 10 – Anthony Denny, confidant of Henry VIII of England (b. 1501)
 * September 21 – Benedetto Accolti the Younger, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1497)
 * October 27 – Marie d'Albret, Countess of Rethel, French nobility (b. 1491)
 * November 10 – Pope Paul III (b. 1468)
 * November 26 – Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester (b. 1496)
 * December 7 – Robert Kett, English rebel (executed)
 * December 21 – Marguerite de Navarre, queen of Henry II of Navarre (b. 1492)
 * date unknown
 * Daniel Bomberg, Brabantian printer

title: 1549


text:
1545

Year 1545 (MDXLV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 1 – King Francis I of France issues the "Arrêt de Mérindol", to destroy the Protestant Waldensians of Provence.
 * January 4 – Giovanni Battista De Fornari begins a 2-year term as the Doge of Genoa, succeeding Andrea Centurione Pietrasanta.
 * February 22 – A firman of the Ottoman Empire is issued for the dethronement of Radu Paisie as Prince of Wallachia.
 * February 27 – Battle of Ancrum Moor: The Scots are victorious over numerically superior English forces.
 * March 17 – Mircea the Shepherd enters Bucharest as the new ruler of Wallachia, now in Romania.
 * March 24 – At a diet in Worms, Germany, summoned by Pope Paul III, the German Protestant princes demand a national religious settlement for Germany. Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V refuses.

April–June

 * April 1 – Potosí is founded by the Spanish as a mining town after the discovery of huge silver deposits in this area of modern-day Bolivia. Silver mined from Huayna Potosí Mountain provides most of the wealth on which the Spanish Empire is based until its fall in the early 19th century.
 * May 20 –
 * Sher Shah Suri, King of the Sur Empire in northern India, is fatally injured by an explosion from one of his own cannons while leading the siege of the Kalinjar Fort and dies two days later.
 * In Vietnam, warlord Nguyễn Kim of the Lê dynasty leads troops toward an attack on Ninh Binh when he is invited by Dương Chấp Nhất of the Mạc dynasty to dinner. General Kim is treated to a watermelon by Duong and dies the next day.
 * May 27 – Prince Jalal Khan, the second son of the late Sher Shah Suri, is crowned as the new King of the Suri Empire and takes the regnal name of Islam Shah Suri.
 * May 31 – During the Italian War, a French expeditionary force under the direction of Claude d'Annebault begins an invasion of Britain by landing in Scotland.
 * June 13 – Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez sets out to navigate the northern coast of New Guinea.
 * June 20 – Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez arrives at a large island in the South Pacific Ocean. Stopping at the Mamberamo River, Ortiz claims the island for Spain and christens it "Nueva Guinea" after concluding that the natives resemble the people on the coast of the Guinea coast of West Africa.

July–September

 * July 18– The Battle of the Solent begins between the English and French navies in The Solent, the strait between the British mainland and the Isle of Wight.
 * July 19 – The Royal Navy's flagship, the Mary Rose, is sunk along with 365 of its 400 crew before the Battle of the Solent ends inconclusively. The wreckage will be located in 1971, more than 400 years after the sinking, and raised on October 11, 1582.
 * July 21 – Italian Wars: Battle of Bonchurch – The English reverse an attempted French invasion of the Isle of Wight, off the coast of England.
 * August 5 – Scottish nobleman Domhnall Dubh, also called "Black Donald", secures an alliance with King Henry VIII of England and plans an invasion of Scotland (Dubh's Rebellion) seeking to install the Earl of Lennox as the regent for Mary, Queen of Scots, rather than the incumbent Regent Arran. The rebellion attracts little support from other nobles and Dubh dies of a fever while in Ireland, before an invasion can take place.
 * August 8 – King Injong of Joseon, ruler of the Korean Empire, dies at the age of 30, after only eight months as monarch. His allies suspect that he had slowly been poisoned by his stepmother, Queen Janggyeong, who had been Queen consort as the wife of King Jungjong. Queen Janggyeong's 12-year-old son Myeongjong is enthroned as the new King, with Janggyeong as the regent.
 * August 16 – The elaborate Tomb of Sher Shah Suri is completed in Sasaram, three months after Sher Shah's death, in what is now India's Bihar state.
 * September 16 –
 * The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza is created in Italy by order of Pope Paul III, formerly Alessandro Farnese, to be ruled by his son, Pier Luigi Farnese.
 * In a one-day campaign in the Rough Wooing border war between England and Scotland, the English generals Lord Hertford and Robert Bowes carry out a mission of burning Scottish towns along the River Teviot. He writes later that with 1,500 light horsemen from 5:00 in the morning to 3:00 in the afternoon, his army "burnt 14 or 15 towns" including "Rowle, Spittel, Bedrowle, Rowlewood, The Wolles, Crossebewghe, Donnerles, Fotton, West Leas, Troonyhill, and Dupligi.
 * c. September – Mobye Narapati succeeds as ruler of the Ava Kingdom and offers peace to the Taungoo Dynasty, ending the Taungoo–Ava War (1538–45), and leaving the Taungoo as the dominant rulers in Burma.

October–December

 * October 20 – The "New Laws"(Leyes Nuevas), officially the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians are repealed less than a year after being issued by King Carlos of Spain.
 * October 31 – (26th day of 9th month of Tenbun 14) The Siege of Kawagoe Castle begins, as part of an unsuccessful attempt by the Uesugi clan to regain Kawagoe Castle from the Late Hōjō clan in Japan.
 * November 9 – Pietro Lando, the Doge of the Republic of Venice since 1538, dies and Francesco Donato is elected in his place.
 * November 10 – A truce is signed between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire following the Siege of Nice, as Emperor Charles V acknowedges the Ottoman conquests.
 * November 15 – (10 Ramadan 952 AH) Hamida Banu Begum, Empress consort of India's Mughal Empire and wife of the Emperor Humayun, returns to the capital, Agra, after a three-year absence. She is accompanied by an army provided to Humayun by Tahmasp I, Shah of Iran.
 * November 23 – King Henry VIII opens the Parliament of England for the ninth time, in a session that lasts until December 24.
 * December 13 – The Council of Trent officially opens in northern Italy (it closes in 1563).
 * December 24 – King Henry VIII gives royal assent to multiple acts passed by the English Parliament on its final day, including the Dissolution of Colleges Act and the Custos Rotulorum Act.

Undated

 * Battle of Sokhoista: The army of the Ottoman Empire defeats an alliance of Georgian dynasties.
 * Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi overthrows his uncle Pedro I of Kongo to become manikongo.
 * In China, a large failure of the harvest in Henan province occurs due to excessive rainfall, which drives up the price of wheat, and forces many to flee their rural counties; those who stay behind are forced to survive by eating leaves, bark, and human flesh.
 * In the territory of New Spain in modern-day Mexico, the Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545–1548 begins.
 * St. Anne's Church, Augsburg converts to Lutheranism.
 * The Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano published a book on algebra, Ars Magna, that contained the first published algebraic solutions to cubic and quartic equations.

Births

 * January 1 – Magnus Heinason, Faroese naval hero (d. 1589)
 * January 11 – Guidobaldo del Monte, Italian mathematician, astronomer and philosopher (d. 1607)
 * March – Gaspare Tagliacozzi, Italian surgeon and anatomist (d. 1599)
 * March 2 – Thomas Bodley, English diplomat and scholar, founder of the Bodleian Library, Oxford (d. 1613)
 * March 18 – Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn, German bishop (d. 1617)
 * March 25 – John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sønderburg (d. 1622)
 * April 1 – Peder Claussøn Friis, Norwegian clergyman and author (d. 1614)
 * April 2 – Elisabeth of Valois, queen of Philip II of Spain (d. 1568)
 * April 15 – Karl II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Duke of Oels (1565–1617), Duke of Bernstadt (1604–1617) (d. 1617)
 * April 24 – Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton, English earl (d. 1581)
 * April 28 – Yi Sun-sin, Korean naval commander (d. 1598)
 * May 1 – Franciscus Junius, French theologian (d. 1602)
 * May 22 – Karl Christoph, Duke of Münsterberg (d. 1569)
 * June 6 – Jerome Gratian, Spanish Carmelite and writer (d. 1614)
 * June 13 – Naitō Nobunari, Japanese samurai and daimyō of Omi Province (d. 1612)
 * June 19 – Princess Anna Maria of Sweden, Swedish royal (d. 1610)
 * July 8 – Don Carlos of Spain, son of Philip II of Spain (d. 1568)
 * August 1 – Andrew Melville, Scottish theologian and religious reformer (d. 1622)
 * August 27 – Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma (d. 1592)
 * September 7 – Eitel Friedrich IV, Count of Hohenzollern, First Count of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (d. 1605)
 * September 20 – Yamanaka Yukimori, Japanese samurai (d. 1578)
 * October 15 – Elisabeth of Anhalt-Zerbst, Abbess of Gernrode and Frose, later Countess of Barby-Mühlingen (d. 1574)
 * October 19 – John Juvenal Ancina, Italian oratorian and bishop (d. 1604)
 * November 20 – Ernst Ludwig, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1592)
 * November 25 – Ana de Jesús, Spanish Discalced Carmelite nun and spiritual writer (d. 1621)
 * December 6 – Janus Dousa, Dutch historian and noble (d. 1604)
 * December 7 – Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, consort of Mary, Queen of Scots (d. 1567)
 * date unknown
 * George Bannatyne, collector of Scottish poems (d. 1608)
 * John Field, British Puritan clergyman and controversialist (d. 1588)
 * John Gerard, English botanist (d. 1612)
 * Ismihan Sultan, Ottoman princess, daughter of Selim II and wife of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (d. 1585)
 * William Morgan, Welsh Bible translator (d. 1604)
 * Azai Nagamasa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1573)
 * Mashita Nagamori, Japanese warlord (d. 1615)
 * probable – Nicholas Breton, English poet and novelist (d. 1626)

Deaths

 * January 16 – George Spalatin, German reformer (b. 1484)
 * February 12 or April 2 – Stanisław Odrowąż, Polish noble (b. 1509)
 * April 3 – Antonio de Guevara, Spanish chronicler and moralist (b. 1481)
 * April 10 – Costanzo Festa, Italian composer (b. 1495)
 * April 22 – Louis X, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1496)
 * April 25 – Jobst II, Count of Hoya (b. 1493)
 * May – Agnes Howard, Duchess of Norfolk, English noblewoman (b. c. 1477)
 * May 22 – Sher Shah Suri, Indian ruler (b. 1486)
 * June 4 – John Louis, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1472–1545) (b. 1472)
 * June 12 – Francis I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1517)
 * June 15 – Elizabeth of Austria, Polish noble (b. 1526)
 * July 7 – Pernette Du Guillet, French poet (b. c. 1520)
 * July 12 – Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal (b. 1527)
 * August 8 – Injong of Joseon, 12th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (b. 1515)
 * August 22 – Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English politician and husband of Mary Tudor (b. c. 1484)
 * August 27 – Piotr Gamrat, Polish Catholic archbishop (b. 1487)
 * September
 * Hans Baldung, German artist (b. 1480)
 * Hkonmaing, king of the Ava kingdom (b. c. 1497)
 * September 1 – Francis de Bourbon, Count of St. Pol, French noble (b. 1491)
 * September 9 – Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans, (b. 1522)
 * September 24 – Albert of Mainz, elector and archbishop of Mainz (b. 1490)
 * October 18 – John Taverner, English composer (b. c. 1490)
 * date unknown
 * William Latimer, English churchman and scholar (b. c. 1467)
 * Fernão Lopez, Portuguese renegade
 * Vicente Masip, Spanish painter (b. 1506)

title: 1545


text:
1544

January–March

 * January 4 – In India, Maldeo Rathore, King of Marwar (now part of the state of Rajasthan) is tricked by counterintelligence spread by Mughal Emperor and Afghan Shah Sher Shah Suri into departing from Jodhpur. The Battle of Sammel begins shortly afterward and is won by the Afghan and Mughal armies.
 * January 13 – At Västerås, the estates of Sweden swear loyalty to King Gustav Vasa and to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden. Gustav subsequently signs an alliance with the Kingdom of France.
 * January 24 – During a solar eclipse visible over the Netherlands, Dutch mathematician and designer Gemma Frisius makes the first recorded use of a camera obscura and uses it to observe the event without directly looking at the Sun. Frisius writes about the event the next year and illustrates it in his book De Radio Astronomica et Geometrica (Regarding rays of light in astronomy and geometry).
 * February 20 – The Fourth Diet of Speyer is convened.
 * March 7 – Five Roman Catholic priests— John Larke, John Ireland, the vicar of Eltham and Robert Singleton are executed at Tyburn, outside of London, in England after being convicted of participating in the Prebendaries' Plot to remove Thomas Cranmer, the Protestant  Archbishop of Canterbury.
 * March 16 –
 * The Battle of Glasgow is fought for control of Scotland between Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox and the troops of the Regent, James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran
 * Friedrich II becomes the new Elector Palatine of Germany's Rhineland within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Ludwig V at Heidelberg.
 * March 29 – Royal assent is given by King Henry VIII to laws passed by the English Parliament, including the Third Succession Act, the amended Treason Act and the King's Style Act.

April–June

 * April 11 – Battle of Ceresole: French forces under the Comte d'Enghien defeat forces of the Holy Roman Empire, under the Marques Del Vasto, near Turin.
 * April 21 – The Italian town of Agropoli, frequently targeted by pirates from North Africa, is sacked by Ottoman raiders and 100 people are taken prisoner.
 * May 3 – Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford, with an English army, captures Leith and Edinburgh from the Kingdom of Scotland.
 * May 7 – Edward Seymour, Lord Hertford, carries out the burning of Edinburgh, capital of the Kingdom of Scotland, by the English Navy, then proceeds to destroy neighboring areas.
 * May 17 – At Lima, Blasco Núñez Vela takes office as the first Spanish Governor of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which encompasses most of what are now the nations of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay, as well as the western part of Brazil.
 * May 23 –
 * The Treaty of Speyer is signed between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Denmark (which includes Norway). Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor agrees to recognize Christian III as the ruler of Denmark and Norway, and abandons further attempts to restore King Christian II to the throne. In return, Denmark and Norway agree to support the Habsburg monarchy in the Empire.
 * The allied French and Ottoman navies depart from the French port of Marseilles and travel to Constantinople, the Ottoman capital. The French fleet is commanded by Antoine Escalin des Aimars, known as Captain Polin, French ambassador to the Ottomans, while the Turks are led by Hayreddin Barbarossa.
 * May 25 – On orders of King Henry VIII, the English Navy, commanded by Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, begins crossing the English Channel to invade from the west with 19,000 troops, while Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, commences an invasion of France from the east.
 * June 4 – A combined force of troops from the Holy Roman Empire and from Spain, both commanded by Emperor Henry V, defeat the Italian French defenders of San Marino in the Battle of Serravalle after three days of fighting.
 * June 8 – The Duke of Norfolk crosses the English Channel after having landed troops in Normandy.
 * June 24 – The plundering of the Italian island of Ischia, part of the Kingdom of Naples is carried out by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by Hayreddin Barbarossa, who captures 4,000 of the residents and then sells them as slaves in Algeria.

July–September

 * July 10– Troops of the Holy Roman Empire begin the six-week siege of Saint-Dizier in eastern France.
 * July 15 – Battle of the Shirts: The Clan Fraser of Lovat and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship in Scotland; reportedly, five Frasers and eight or ten Macdonalds survive.
 * July 19– Italian War of 1542–46: King Henry VIII of England begins the siege of the city of Boulogne in northern France and continues for almost two months before the city surrenders.
 * July 20 – Albert, Duke of Prussia signs a deed granting land for creation of the University of Königsberg.
 * August 17 –
 * The University of Königsberg is inaugurated in Prussia.
 * In France, Saint-Dizier surrenders to the Holy Roman Empire after a siege of more than a month.
 * September 14 – The siege of Boulogne ends as the city surrenders to King Henry VIII.
 * September 18
 * Peace of Crépy: Peace is declared between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France. The war between France and England continues.
 * The expedition of Juan Bautista Pastene makes landfall in San Pedro Bay, southern Chile, claiming the territory for Spain.
 * September 22 – Captain Juan Bautista Pastene leads the first European expedition to the estuary of Valdivia, Chile and Corral Bay.

October–December

 * October 9 – Second Siege of Boulogne: French forces under the Dauphin assault Boulogne, but are ultimately unsuccessful.
 * November 24 – Rüstem Opuković Pasha, son-in-law of the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, is appointed as the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, replacing Hadım Suleiman Pasha.
 * December 9 – Crown Prince Yi Ho becomes the new King of Korea upon the death of his father, King Joseon. Yi Ho reigns for eight months before being poisoned by his own mother, and is posthumously named as King Injong of Joseon.

Date unknown

 * Mongols, led by Anda, burn the suburbs of Peking in China.
 * After being asked by Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, botanist Luca Ghini comes to the University of Pisa as the chair of botany, where he had the year prior established the Orto botanico di Pisa.
 * Rats make their first appearance in South America, arriving in Peru with the species black rat.
 * Portuguese explorers encounter the island of Taiwan, and call it Ilha Formosa ("Beautiful Island").

Births

 * January 19 – King Francis II of France (d. 1560)
 * January 24 – Gillis van Coninxloo, Flemish painter (d. 1607)
 * February 3 – César de Bus, French Catholic priest (d. 1607)
 * March 11 – Torquato Tasso, Italian poet (d. 1595)
 * April – Thomas Fleming, English judge (d. 1613)
 * April 20 – Renata of Lorraine, duchess consort of Bavaria (d. 1602)
 * May 24 – William Gilbert, English scientist and astronomer (d. 1603)
 * July 14 – Henry Compton, 1st Baron Compton, English politician (d. 1589)
 * August 9 – Bogislaw XIII, Duke of Pomerania (d. 1606)
 * September 1 – John Gordon, Scottish bishop (d. 1619)
 * September 28 or September 29 – Giovanni de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1562)
 * November 1 – Hasan Kafi Pruščak, Bosnian scholar and judge (d. 1615)
 * November 15 – Dorothea Susanne of Simmern, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1592)
 * December 23 – Anna of Saxony, only child and heiress of Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1577)
 * date unknown
 * Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1610)
 * Thomas Hobson, English carrier and origin of the phrase Hobson's choice (d. 1631)
 * Maddalena Casulana, Italian composer, lutenist and singer (d. 1590)
 * probable
 * George Whetstone, English writer (d. 1587)

Deaths

 * March 16 – Louis V, Elector Palatine (1508–1544) (b. 1478)
 * March 22 – Johannes Magnus, last Catholic Archbishop of Sweden (b. 1488)
 * April 30 – Thomas Audley, Lord Chancellor of England (b. 1488)
 * June 14 – Antoine, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1489)
 * July 15 – René of Châlon, Prince of the House of Orange (b. 1519)
 * June 23 – Eleonore of Fürstenberg, wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1523)
 * August 19 – Hans Buser, Swiss noble (b. 1513)
 * September 12 – Clément Marot, French poet (b. 1496)
 * September 25 – Valerius Cordus, German physician and scientist (b. 1515)
 * October 10 – Charles Blount, 5th Baron Mountjoy, English courtier and patron of learning (b. 1516)
 * October 12 – Antonio Pucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1485)
 * November 13 – Ursula van Beckum, Dutch Anapabtist (b. 1520)
 * November 15 – Lucy Brocadelli, Dominican tertiary and stigmatic (b. 1476)
 * November 29 – Jungjong of Joseon (b. 1488)
 * December 9 – Teofilo Folengo, Italian poet (b. 1491)
 * date unknown
 * Ulick na gCeann Burke, 1st Earl of Clanricarde
 * Chen Chun, Chinese painter (b. 1483)
 * Margaret Roper, English writer (b. 1505)
 * Nilakantha Somayaji, Indian mathematician and astronomer (b. 1444)
 * Manco Inca Yupanqui, Inca ruler (b. 1516)
 * Bonaventure des Périers, French author (b. 1500)

title: 1544


text:
1541

Year 1541 (MDXLI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 4 – Leonardo Cattaneo della Volta is elected to a two-year term as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa, succeeding Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo
 * February –
 * February 8 – (13th day of 1st month of Tenbun 10) In Japan, the Siege of Koriyama, started by Amago Haruhisa of the 30,000 strong Amago clan the previous September in an attack against the Mōri clan led by Mōri Motonari and the Ōuchi clan, ends with a defeat of the attackers. The Amago clan sustains heavy losses, including the death of Amago Hisayuki.
 * February 12 – Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago del Nuevo Extremo, which will become the capital of Chile.
 * February 19 – Petru Rareș becomes the Prince of Moldavia for a second time, overthrowing the Voivode Alexandru Cornea at Suceava (now in Romania) at the direction of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman.
 * March 8 – At the Battle of Suakin, fought at an Ottoman port city on the Red Sea in what is now Sudan, Portuguese General Estêvão da Gama and his brother Cristóvão da Gama lead an attack against the Ottoman ruler and plunder the city.
 * March 12 – The Portuguese Empire's fortress at Agadir falls to the Moroccan general Mohammed al-Shaykh after a siege of 24 days.
 * March 28 – In what is now the capital of Ecuador, San Francisco de Quito is declared a city by the decree of King Charles I of Spain and the Viceroyalty of Peru.

April–June

 * April 7 – Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon, on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies.
 * April 24 – Battle of Sahart: Gelawdewos is defeated by the forces of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.
 * May 8 – Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River, naming it the Rio de Espiritu Santo ("River of the Holy Spirit").
 * May 23 – Jacques Cartier departs from Saint-Malo, France on his third voyage.
 * June 13 – The Parliament of Ireland is opened by King Henry VIII for a session that will last for two years.
 * June 16 – Şehzade Mustafa, the son of the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, is appointed as the new Ottoman Governor of the Amasya region of Turkey.
 * June 26 – At Lima, Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish conqueror of the Inca Empire of Peru and Governor of Nueva Castilla since 1529, is assassinated by 20 heavily-armed supporters of Diego de Almagro II in retaliation for the 1538 execution of Diego de Almagro.

July–September

 * July 7 &ndash (Tenbun 10, 14th day of the 6th month) Takeda Shingen becomes head of Japan's powerful Takeda clan of samurais that rules the Kai Province, overthrowing and banishing his father, Takeda Nobutora. Nobutora is exiled to Suruga Province for the next 32 years.
 * July 9 – Estêvão da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlock men and 150 slaves under his brother Cristóvão da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia to defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, who had invaded his Empire.
 * August 21 – The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent besiege Buda, wounding Wilhelm von Roggendorf, who dies from his wounds on the way to Komárno a few days later.
 * September 9–11 – Spanish noblewoman Beatriz de la Cueva serves as governor of the colony of Guatemala, before she is killed in a mudslide from Volcán de Agua, which ruins the capital city, Ciudad Vieja.
 * September 13 – After three years of exile, John Calvin returns to Geneva to reform the church under a body of doctrine that comes to be known as Calvinism.
 * September 28 – King Charles of Spain begins the disastrous against the Regency of Algiers as he assembles a fleet of 500 ships, with 24,000 soldiers, at the Spanish island pf Majorca and prepares to cross the Mediterranean with the fleets of allied nations led by the Admiral Andrea Doria of the Republic of Genoa.

October–December

 * October 7 – Through royal decree, the city of Arequipa is granted its coat of arms.
 * October 24 – Algiers Expedition: One day after thousands of Spanish, German and Italian soldiers arrived on the North African coast and proceeded to surround the city of Algiers, heavy storms begin and the Algerian defenders surround King Charles and the other commanders. Fifteen European ships are wrecked onshore, and 33 others sink. Over the next 30 days, the Europeans are forced to retreat.
 * November 1 – King Henry VIII of England is first informed of that the Queen consort, Catherine Howard, has been having an affair with Thomas Culpeper.
 * November 19 – (1st waxing of Tazaungmon 903 ME) King Tabinshwehti of Burma, having concluded the Buddhist Lent, leads the attack on the Kingdom of Prome with 17,000 troops and 1,400 boats.
 * November 23 –
 * Catherine Howard, the Queen consort of England, is arrested after 16 days of questioning by Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, reveals that she had also been conducting an adulterous affair with Francis Dereham while married to King Henry VIII. She is imprisoned at Syon Abbey in Middlesex near London.
 * Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who also serves as King Carlos I of Spain, is finally able to depart from Algiers and abandons his army.
 * December 3 – The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V is finally able to return to Spain, arriving at Cartagena
 * December 10 – Thomas Culpeper and Francis Dereham are both executed at Tyburn after being convicted of treason in committing adultery with Queen Catherine. Culpeper is beheaded, while Dereham is hanged, drawn and quartered. As a warning to the public, the severed heads of both men are placed on spikes on the London Bridge.

Date unknown

 * Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem, likely because of a prophecy that that the Messiah would return through this gate to Jerusalem.
 * Iceland adopts the Lutheran faith.
 * Gerardus Mercator makes his first globe.
 * The first official translation of the entire Bible into Swedish is made, and is called the Gustav Vasa Bible.
 * John Calvin translates his Institutio Christianae religionis into French, as L'Institution chrétienne.
 * Elia Levita's chivalric romance, the Bovo-Bukh, is first printed, the earliest published secular work in Yiddish.

Births

 * January 24 – Magdalena Moons, Dutch woman associated with the 1574 Siege of Leiden (d. 1613)
 * January 26 – Florent Chrestien, French writer (d. 1596)
 * February 21 – Philipp V, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1599)
 * March 25 – Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1587)
 * April 8 – Michele Mercati, Italian physician and gardener (d. 1593)
 * April 12 – Ipatii Potii, Metropolitan of Kiev (d. 1613)
 * September 7
 * Luigi Groto, Italian lutenist and poet (d. 1588)
 * Hernando de Cabezón, Spanish musician (d. 1602)
 * September 5 – Roberto de' Nobili, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1559
 * September 21 – Anna of Nassau-Dillenburg, Countess consort of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1616)
 * November 9 – Menso Alting, Dutch preacher and reformer (d. 1612)
 * November 25 – Michele Bonelli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1598)
 * February 12 – Johann Bauhin, Swiss botanist (d. 1613)
 * date unknown
 * Pierre Charron, French philosopher (d. 1603)
 * El Greco, or Domênikos Theotokópoulos (Greek: Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος), Cretian painter, sculptor and architect (d. 1614)
 * Hatano Hideharu, Japanese samurai (d. 1579)
 * Mizuno Tadashige, Japanese nobleman (d. 1600)
 * Guðbrandur Þorláksson, Icelandic mathematician (d. 1627)
 * Hattori Hanzō, Japanese ninja who served under Tokugawa Ieyasu (d. 1596)

Deaths

 * January 2 – Wang Gen, Chinese philosopher (b. 1483)
 * January 5 – Philip of the Palatinate, Bishop of Freising and Naumburg (b. 1480)
 * April – Jerzy Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (b. 1480)
 * April 21 – James, Duke of Rothesay, Scottish prince (b. 1540)
 * April 24 – Celio Calcagnini, Italian astronomer (b. 1479)
 * April 29 – Johann Gramann, German theologian (b. 1487)
 * May 27 – Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (executed) (b. 1473)
 * June 26 – Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conquistador (b. c. 1475)
 * July 4 – Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish conquistador (b. 1495)
 * August – Juan de Valdés, Spanish religious writer (b. 1500)
 * August 1 – Simon Grynaeus, German scholar and theologian (b. 1493)
 * August 18 – Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (1539–1541) (b. 1473)
 * August 19 – Vincenzo Cappello, Venetian admiral and statesman (b. 1469)
 * September 24 – Paracelsus, Swiss alchemist and physician (b. 1493)
 * September – Beatriz de la Cueva, Governor of Guatemala (b. 1510)
 * October 18 – Margaret Tudor, queen of James IV of Scotland (b. 1489)
 * November 4 – Wolfgang Fabricius Capito, German reformer (b. 1478)
 * November 30 – Amago Tsunehisa, Japanese warlord (b. 1458)
 * December 10
 * Thomas Culpeper, English courtier, lover of Catherine Howard (b. c. 1514)
 * Francis Dereham, English lover of Catherine Howard (executed)
 * December 24 – Andreas Karlstadt, Christian theologian and reformer (b. 1486)
 * date unknown
 * Jean Clouet, French miniature painter (b. 1480)
 * Margareta von Melen, Swedish noblewoman (b. 1489)
 * Gül Baba, Ottoman dervish poet
 * Giovanni Guidiccioni, Italian poet (b. 1480)
 * Gazi Husrev-beg, Ottoman statesmen (b. 1480)

title: 1541


text:
2002 Winter Olympics

The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially the XIX Olympic Winter Games and commonly known as Salt Lake 2002 (Niico'ooowu' 2002; Gosiute Shoshoni: Tit'-so-pi 2002; Sooléí 2002; Shoshoni: Soónkahni 2002), were an international winter multi-sport event that was held from February 8 to 24, 2002, in and around Salt Lake City, Utah, United States.

Salt Lake City was selected as the host city in June 1995 at the 104th IOC Session. They were the eighth Olympics to be hosted by the United States, and the most recent to be held in the country until 2028, when Los Angeles will host the 34th Summer Olympics. The 2002 Winter Olympics and Paralympics were both organized by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC), the first time that both events were organized by a single committee, and inspiring other Olympic and Paralympic Games to be organized by such since then.

The Games featured 2,399 athletes from 78 nations, participating in 78 events in 15 disciplines. Norway topped the medal table, with 13 gold and 25 medals overall, while Germany finished with the most total medals, winning 36 (with 12 of them gold). The hosting United States was third by gold medals and second by overall medals, with 10 and 34 respectively. Australia notably became the first Southern Hemisphere country to ever win gold medals at the Winter Olympics.

The Games finished with a budgetary surplus of US$40 million; the surplus was used to fund the formation of the Utah Athletic Foundation—which has continued to maintain the facilities built for these Olympics. The venues have continued to be used for national and international winter sports events after the Olympics, while the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee has backed the possibility of Salt Lake City bidding for a future Winter Olympics, notably the 2034 Winter Olympics.

Host city selection
Salt Lake City was chosen over Québec City, Canada; Sion, Switzerland; and Östersund, Sweden, on June 16, 1995, at the 104th IOC Session in Budapest, Hungary. Salt Lake City had previously come in second during the bids for the 1998 Winter Olympics, awarded to Nagano, Japan, and had offered to be the provisional host of the 1976 Winter Olympics when the original host, Denver, Colorado, withdrew. The 1976 Winter Olympics were ultimately awarded to Innsbruck, Austria.

There was a scandal involving allegations of bribery used to win the rights to the Games. Prior to its successful bid, Salt Lake City had attempted four times to secure the games, failing each time. In 1998, members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) were accused of taking gifts from the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) during the bidding process. The allegations resulted in the expulsion of several IOC members and the adoption of new IOC rules. Although nothing strictly illegal had been done, it was felt that the acceptance of the gifts was morally dubious. In addition, legal charges were brought against the leaders of Salt Lake's bid committee by the United States Department of Justice. Investigations were also launched into prior bidding process by other cities, finding that members of the IOC received bribes during the bidding process for both the 1998 Winter Olympics and 2000 Summer Olympics. In response to the scandal, Mitt Romney was hired as the new president and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee.

Torch relay
The torch relay ceremonially began on November 19, 2001, with the traditional kindling of an Olympic flame in Olympia, Greece. On December 3, Greek skier Thanassis Tsailas lit the first torch from the cauldron, and transferred its flame to a ceremonial lantern for transport to Atlanta, where it arrived on December 4 to officially launch the U.S. leg of the relay. The route of the relay covered 13500 mi, passed through 300 communities and 46 U.S. states, and was carried by 12,012 torchbearers.

The torch was modeled after an icicle, with a slight curve to represent speed and fluidity. The torch measures 33 in long, 3 in wide at the top, 0.5 in at the bottom, and was designed by Axiom Design of Salt Lake City. It was created with three sections, each with its own meaning and representation.

Budget
In February 1999, in response to the bid scandal and a financial shortfall for the Games, Mitt Romney, then CEO of the private equity firm Bain Capital (and future U.S. presidential candidate, U.S. Senator, and Governor of Massachusetts), was hired as the new president and CEO of the Salt Lake Organizing Committee. Romney, Kem C. Gardner, a Utah commercial real estate developer, and Don Stirling, the Olympics' local marketing chief, raised "millions of dollars from Mormon families with pioneer roots: the Eccles family, whose forebears were important industrialists and bankers" to help rescue the Games, according to a later report. An additional US$410 million was received from the federal government. U.S. federal subsidies amounted to $1.3 billion (for infrastructure improvements only), compared to $45 billion of federal funding received by the organizing committee of the 2014 Winter Olympics from the Russian government. The Games were financially successful, raising more money with fewer sponsors than any prior Olympic Games, which left SLOC with a surplus of $40 million. The surplus was used to create the Utah Athletic Foundation, which maintains and operates many of the remaining Olympic venues.

The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics at US$2.5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 24% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee to stage the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Salt Lake City 2002 compares with costs of US$2.5 billion and a cost overrun of 13% for Vancouver 2010, and costs of US$51 billion and a cost overrun of 289% for Sochi 2014, the latter being the most costly Olympics to date. The average cost for Winter Games since 1960 is US$3.1 billion, average cost overrun is 142%.

Security
The 2002 Winter Games were the first Olympic Games to take place since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, which meant a higher level of security than ever before provided for the Games. As a result, the Office of Homeland Security (OHS) designated the Olympics a National Special Security Event (NSSE). Aerial surveillance and radar control was provided by the U.S. Marines of Marine Air Control Squadron 2, Detachment C, from Cherry Point, North Carolina. The FBI and NSA arranged with Qwest Communications to use intercept equipment for a period of less than six months around the time of the 2002 Winter Olympics.

When he spoke during the opening ceremonies, Jacques Rogge, presiding over his first Olympics as the IOC president, told the athletes of the United States:

"Your nation is overcoming a horrific tragedy, a tragedy that has affected the whole world. We stand united with you in the promotion of our common ideals and hope for world peace."

Venues
Work on venues for the 2002 Winter Olympics began as early as 1989, following the passing of a state referendum that authorized the use of taxpayer money to publicly fund the construction of new facilities for a Winter Olympics bid in 1998 or 2002. Their construction was overseen by the Salt Lake Olympic Bid Committee and the Utah Sports Authority—a body created under the referendum.

New facilities built for the Games included the Utah Olympic Oval in Kearns, Utah Olympic Park in Summit County, The Ice Sheet at Ogden, and Soldier Hollow at the Wasatch Mountain State Park—the furthest competition venue from Salt Lake City. The E Center in West Valley City and the Peaks Ice Arena in Provo were also built with support from the SLOC, and co-hosted hockey.

Delta Center hosted figure skating and short track speed skating; it was renamed Salt Lake Ice Center for the duration of the Games due to IOC sponsorship rules. Rice-Eccles Stadium at the University of Utah hosted the opening and closing ceremonies. The Olympic Village was built at historic Fort Douglas, whose land had been acquired by the University of Utah to construct new residences. The SLOC provided funding to the project in exchange for its use during the Olympics.

Main Street in Park City was converted into a pedestrian plaza during the Games, with festivities such as concerts, firework shows, and sponsor presences. Medal presentations took place in downtown Salt Lake City; the stage for the ceremony featured the Hoberman Arch, an arch-shaped metal "curtain" designed by Chuck Hoberman.

Transport
The largest public transport project completed for the Games was the TRAX light rail system, which first began operations ahead of the Games in 1999.

To help reduce vehicle traffic to Soldier Hollow and provide a special experience for tourists, Heber Valley Railroad offered service to Wasatch Mountain State Park on steam locomotives during the Games. After arriving, passengers then embarked to Soldier Hollow on horse-drawn sleighs.

Opening ceremony
The opening ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics was held at Rice–Eccles Stadium at the University of Utah on February 8, 2002. The facility was renovated and expanded for the Games. The Games were officially opened by President George W. Bush, who was standing among the US athletes (previous heads of state opened the Games from an official box), while the Olympic cauldron was lit by members of the gold medal-winning U.S. men's ice hockey team from the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York (as made famous by the "Miracle on Ice").

In an acknowledgment of the September 11 attacks, the ceremony opened with the entrance of a damaged American flag recovered from the wreckage of the World Trade Center, carried by an honor guard of police officers from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the New York City Police Department, and firefighters from the New York City Fire Department, joined by athletes nominated by fellow members of the U.S. team. The flag was presented during the playing of the U.S. national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner", as performed by the Tabernacle Choir.

The Olympic cauldron was designed to look like an icicle and was made of glass, allowing the fire to be seen burning within, reflecting the Games' slogan "Light the Fire Within" and an overarching "fire and ice" theme. The actual glass cauldron stands atop a twisting glass and steel support, is 12 ft high, and the flame within burns at 900 F. Together with its support, the cauldron stands 117 ft tall and was made of 738 individual pieces of glass. Small jets send water down the glass sides of the cauldron to keep the glass and metal cooled (so they would not crack or melt) and give the effect of melting ice. The cauldron was designed by WET Design of Los Angeles, its frame built by roller coaster manufacturer Arrow Dynamics of Clearfield, Utah, and its glass pieces created by Western Glass of Ogden, Utah. The cauldron's cost was $2 million, and it was unveiled to the public when originally installed at Rice–Eccles Stadium on January 8, 2002.

Production for the opening and closing ceremonies was designed by Seven Nielsen, and music for both ceremonies was directed by Mark Watters.

Sports
Confirmed in 1997, this edition's sports program featured seven sports divided into 15 disciplines, totaling 78 events, an increase of 10 events over the 1998 Winter Olympics. Skeleton made its return to the Winter Olympic program for the first time since 1948, while a women's doubles event was contested for the first time in bobsleigh. A fourth distance was introduced in short track speed skating for men and women, and the pursuit events were added to biathlon and cross-country skiing. The sprint event was also added to the Nordic combined program.

 * 1) Biathlon
 * 2) Bobsleigh
 * 3) Curling
 * 4) Ice hockey
 * 5) Luge
 * 6) Skating
 * 7) Skiing
 * 1) Ice hockey
 * 2) Luge
 * 3) Skating
 * 4) Skiing
 * 1) Skating
 * 2) Skiing
 * 1) Skiing
 * 1) Skiing
 * 1) Skiing

Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each separate discipline.

Participating National Olympic Committees
A total of 78 teams qualified at least one athlete to compete in the Games. Five NOCs made their Winter Olympic debut in Salt Lake, including Cameroon, Hong Kong, Nepal, Tajikistan, and Thailand.

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee
2,399 athletes from 78 NOCs

Calendar
In the following calendar for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport are held. The number in each box represents the number of finals that were contested on that day.
 * All dates are in Mountain Standard Time (UTC−7)

Records
Several medal records were set and/or tied, including: All of the above records were broken at the Vancouver Olympics in 2010.
 * Norway tied the Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics for most gold medals at a Winter Olympics, with 13.
 * Germany set a record for most total medals at a Winter Olympics, with 36.
 * The United States set a record for most gold medals at a home Winter Olympics, with 10, tying Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

Closing ceremonies
The closing ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics was held on February 24, 2002, at Rice–Eccles Stadium. It was narrated by Utah natives Donny and Marie Osmond (who voiced animatronic dinosaur skeletons designed by Michael Curry), and featured performances by a number of musicians and bands, including Bon JovI, Christina Aguilera, Creed, Dianne Reeves, Donny and Marie Osmond, Earth, Wind & Fire, Gloria Estefan, Harry Connick Jr., Kiss, Moby and Angie Stone, NSYNC, R. Kelly, Sting, Willie Nelson, and Yo Yo Ma. It also featured appearances by figure skaters such as Kurt Browning, Dorothy Hamill, and Ilia Kulick, as well as dancer Savion Glover.

Departing from Juan Antonio Samaranch's tradition of declaring each Olympics the "best ever", IOC president Jacques Rogge began a tradition of assigning each Games their own identity in his comments, describing the 2002 Winter Olympics as having been "flawless".

Italian singers Irene Grandi and Elisa performed during the cultural presentation by Turin, host city of the 2006 Winter Olympics, while Josh Groban and Charlotte Church performed a duet of "The Prayer" as the Olympic cauldron was extinguished.

Highlights

 * Competition highlights included biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen of Norway, winning gold in all four men's events (10 km, 12.5 km, 20 km, 4 x 7.5 km relay), Nordic combined athlete Samppa Lajunen of Finland winning three gold medals, Simon Ammann of Switzerland taking the double in ski jumping. In alpine skiing, Janica Kostelić won three golds and a silver (the first Winter Olympic medals ever for an athlete from Croatia), while Kjetil André Aamodt of Norway earned his second and third career golds, setting up both athletes to beat the sport's record with their fourth golds earned at the next Winter Olympics near Turin (Aamodt also set the overall medal record in the sport with eight).
 * Team GB's victory in Women's Curling saw them win their first gold medal in any Winter Olympic sport since Torvill and Dean in 1984.
 * Ireland reached its best-ever position and came close to winning its first winter medal when Clifton Wrottesley (Clifton Hugh Lancelot de Verdon Wrottesley, 6th Baron Wrottesley) finished fourth in the men's skeleton event.
 * A feature of these Games was the emergence of extreme sports, such as snowboarding, moguls, and aerials, some of which appeared in previous Olympic Winter Games but subsequently captured greater public attention.
 * The United States completed a sweep of the podium in halfpipe snowboarding, with Americans Ross Powers, Danny Kass, and Jarret Thomas all winning medals.
 * American Sarah Hughes won the gold medal in ladies' singles figure skating. Her team-mate Michelle Kwan fell during her long program and received the bronze medal.
 * China won its first and second Winter Olympic gold medals, both by women's short-track speed skater Yang Yang (A).
 * In the men's 1000m competition in short-track speed skating, Australian Steven Bradbury (who had won a bronze in 1994 as part of a relay team) became both the first-ever Australian, and the first-ever athlete from a country in the Southern Hemisphere, to win a gold medal at the Winter Olympics. Despite being off their pace, Bradbury benefitted from crashes involving his opponents in both the semi-finals and finals, with the latter occurring coming out of the final turn. A few days later in women's aerials, Australian skier Alisa Camplin won Australia's second gold medal.  After the Games, the phrase "doing a Bradbury" would become a local idiom for an unexpected victory in a sporting event at the expense of one's opponents, and was added to the second edition of  The Australian National Dictionary  in 2016.
 * Belarus's Vladimir Kopat scored a game winning goal from center ice against Sweden in the men's ice hockey quarterfinals, getting Belarus to their best place in international hockey so far.
 * The Canadian men's ice hockey team defeated the United States team 5–2 to claim the gold medal, ending a 50-year drought without hockey gold. The Canadian women's team also defeated the American team 3–2 after losing to them in Nagano. In a post-game press conference after the men's gold medal game, Team Canada's executive director Wayne Gretzky revealed that a Canadian $1 coin (colloquially known as a "Loonie") had been secretly placed at center ice by one of the ice technicians. The "lucky Loonie" subsequently became a notable symbol of Canada's victory in the tournament.

Marketing
The overall branding of the 2002 Winter Olympics was based on a concept entitled "Land of Contrast — Fire and Ice", which featured a palette of warm and cool colors to contrast the warmer, rugged, red-rock areas of Southern Utah from the colder, mountainous regions of Northern Utah.

The emblem for the 2002 Winter Olympics was unveiled in August 1997, consisting of a stylized snowflake with segments colored in blue, orange, and yellow. The emblem was designed to resemble an Olympic cauldron and flame, as well as a sun rising from behind mountains. The orange center section of the flame was intended to reflect traditional Navajo weaving. The official event pictograms were inspired by branding irons, and the line thickness and 30-degree angles mirrored those of the emblem.

Mascots

The designs of the mascots of the 2002 Winter Olympics were unveiled on May 19, 1999, during an event marking 1,000 days until the opening ceremony. The mascots represent three animals native to the western United States — a snowshoe hare, coyote, and American black bear respectively, with each mascot symbolizing a character from the legends of local Native Americans, and wearing a charm around their neck with an original Anasazi or Fremont-style petroglyph. For the first time in Olympic history, the names of the mascots were determined by a public vote, using name suggestions submitted by local students; on September 25, the names of the mascots were officially announced as Powder, Copper, and Coal respectively.

Media coverage
International Sports Broadcasting (ISB) served as the host broadcaster for the 2002 Winter Olympics; the Salt Palace convention center served as the International Broadcast Centre and press center for the Games. The IOC estimated that the 2002 Winter Olympics were viewed by over two billion people worldwide, with 13 billion viewer-hours watched.

In the United States, the 2002 Winter Olympics were broadcast by NBC Universal networks. They were the first Winter Olympics under a multi-year rights agreement between NBC and the IOC, under which it would hold exclusive rights to all Olympic Games from 1996 through 2008. The contract had excluded the 1998 Winter Olympics, as CBS Sports had an existing deal to exclusively televise the Winter Olympics from 1992 through 1998.

NBC partnered with HDNet to produce an eight-hour block of daily coverage in high definition, which was carried by HDNet and on the digital signals of participating NBC affiliates. Despite being held in a time zone only one hour ahead of Pacific Time, NBC still tape delayed much of its coverage for the west coast, although Salt Lake City's local NBC affiliate KSL-TV was given permission to air the live, east coast broadcasts to ensure their availability in the Games' host city.

Coverage of the Games by the Seven Network in Australia featured The Ice Dream, a comedy miniseries presented by the double act of Roy and HG as a follow-up to The Dream—their series for the 2000 Summer Olympics. The series featured a running gag of the duo proposing an Australian bid to hold the 2010 Winter Olympics in Smiggin Holes, New South Wales.

Ski industry and winter sport
The 2002 Winter Olympics brought a huge amount of success to the Utah skiing industry. Since hosting the Winter Games, Utah has seen a 42% increase in skier and snowboarder visits –11. This increase resulted in direct expenditures from skiers and snowboarders growing 67% from $704 million in 2002–2003 to $1.2 billion in 2010–2011.

Fourteen venues were constructed or expanded in preparation for the Winter Games. One of the venues constructed for the Games was the Utah Olympic Park, which has proven to be one of the most successful venues to date because it has been maintained in top competition form. Owing to the routine maintenance of the park, Utah has been able to host a large number of winter competitions since 2002, including more than 60 World Cup events (e.g. the FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup), as well as seven world championships, and various other sporting events. Hosting these high-profile competitions has resulted in approximately $1 billion being injected into the local economy. During 2013–2014, Utah held 16 various winter sport events, bringing $27.3 million to the economy of Utah. After holding the Olympics, Utah became home to two National Governing Bodies of Sport. The U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association is headquartered in Park City, Utah and the U.S. Olympic speed skating team is based out of the Utah Olympic Oval.

University of Utah expansion
The University of Utah was one of the hosts of the 2002 Winter Olympics; the planning committee approached the University of Utah and asked them to build several student dormitories which would serve as athletes' accommodation during the Games. It was agreed that the university would pay approximately $98 million out of the total required amount of $110 million to complete the construction. As a result, students of the university have benefited as almost 3,500 of them would be housed here after the Games. This was a great economic benefit to the university since the amount of money used to complete such dormitories could take long to be afforded. The university was also asked to expand Rice Eccles Stadium to accommodate 50,000 people up from 32,000. The university would then be refunded almost $59 million and be given an extra $40 million for its maintenance.

The 2002 Olympic Games also benefited the university economically since the Salt Lake 2002 Olympic Cauldron Park was elevated by the renovations that took place. Ice rinks were very scarce in Utah, but they became plentiful and offered several entertainment and training opportunities for hockey players and figure skaters due to the Olympic Games. The Cauldron Park located at the University of Utah which was built with $6.5 million in profits and had the following features: a visitors' center which had a theater that showed a thrilling movie about the Olympic Games of 2002 and a "park" which had a dazzling pool and a V-shaped stone wall with the names of all the medalists of the 2002 Olympic Games. Besides, the park had 17 plates that hung on the stadium's fence celebrating the highlights of each day of the Olympics. All these features acted as tourist attraction that boosted the economic development of the university. In addition, it is indicated that the approximate value of media exposure through print during the Games was equated to $22.9 million. Mainly, this was a huge economic benefit to the university as more and more people got to know about the educational establishment, and this also boosted enrollment and future development.

Immigration
Holger Preuss in his book The Economics of Staging the Olympics: A Comparison of the Games 1972–2008 argues that "The export of the 'Olympic Games' service results in an inflow of funds to the host city, causing additional production which, in its turn, leads to employment and income effects." According to the study "2002 Olympic Winter Games, Economic, Demographic and Fiscal Impacts", the estimated creation of new job years of employment was 35,424, and additional earnings of $1,544,203,000. It was noted that the increase of Olympic related job started in 1996 and continued until 2003. These effects can be estimated on the ground of historical relationship between job and corresponding population growth. A lot of people migrated into the future place of the Olympic Games for expanding and favorable employment opportunities that the Olympics ensured. Although residents occupied many of the higher paying jobs created by the Games, many of the vacated jobs were filled by immigrants who relocated for the better employment opportunities.

Basically, the immigration rate was even larger because the employees immigrated with their families. The additional people paid diverse taxes and fees from their income, creating additional revenue on the state and local levels.

Employment
Olympic related jobs in Utah started in 1996 with slight job opportunities of less than 100. However, from the job measurement conducted from 1996 to 2002, steady attainment of job opportunities established and a maximum level was noted in 2001 where there were 12,500 job opportunities attained yearly, and approximately 25,070 jobs created in 2002. Therefore, from 1996 to 2002 the sum of employment equated to 35,000 jobs which lasted a year. February 2002 is when the highest employment opportunities were created compared to other years. There were around 25,070 job opportunities created compared to 35,000 created from 1996 to 2001.

It is difficult to quantify the impact of the 2002 Olympics on the unemployment rates in Utah, due mostly to the effect of the early 2000s recession. In 1996, the unemployment rate in Utah was approximately 3.4%, while the U.S. national average was 5.4% and by the end of 2001, the unemployment rate in Utah was around 4.8%, while the national average had risen to 5.7%. There was a high percentage of visitors to the Games, which raised the number of tourists whose consumption and demand prompted the establishment of job opportunities to meet the demands.

Proposed hosting of a future Winter Olympics
In 2017, an exploratory committee was formed to consider a Salt Lake City bid for a future Winter Olympics. In December 2018, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC, now the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee [USOPC]) named Salt Lake City as its preferred candidate to bid for a future Winter Olympics, citing that its experience and existing venues could be leveraged. In February 2022, amid the 2022 Winter Olympics and the 20th anniversary of the Games in Salt Lake City, the USOPC stated that it was "already in dialogue with the IOC, not yet for a specific year but as part of their evolving process", and acknowledged that there was "very high excitement and support from the local population."

In November 2023, the IOC recommended that Salt Lake City be invited to engage in "targeted dialogue" as preferred host for the 2034 Winter Olympics due to its reliance on private funding and existing infrustructure inherited from the 2002 Games.

Disqualifications for doping
The 2002 Winter Olympics were the first Winter Olympics held after the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency, resulting in the first instances of athletes being disqualified for failing drug testing. Athletes in cross-country skiing were disqualified for various reasons, including doping by two Russians and one Spaniard, leading Russia to file protests and threaten to withdraw from the competition.

Pairs figure skating judging controversy
A major scandal emerged during the pairs figure skating competition; the Canadian pair of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier narrowly lost to the Russian pair of Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze, despite the Canadians being deemed the favorites to win after their free skate program. The French judge Marie-Reine Le Gougne alleged that the head of the French Federation of Ice Sports, Didier Gailhaguet, had pressured her to judge the competition in favor of Russia regardless of performance. Amid criticisms of the incident by both Canadian and American media outlets, and suspicions that this was part of a vote swapping scheme with Russia to benefit the French ice dance team, the International Skating Union (ISU) voted to suspend Le Gougne for failing to immediately inform officials of Gailhaguet's actions. They also recommended to the IOC that the gold medal be jointly awarded to both pairs. An IOC panel voted in favor of the motion, resulting in both Salé and Pelletier, as well as Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze, being jointly awarded gold medals.

Disqualification of Kim Dong-Sung
In the final race A, with one lap remaining and currently in second place, Apolo Ohno of the United States attempted to make a pass on the leader Kim Dong-Sung of South Korea, who then drifted to the inside and as a result, Ohno raised his arms to imply he was blocked. Kim finished first ahead of Ohno, but the Australian referee James Hewish disqualified Kim for what appeared to be impeding, awarding the gold medal to Ohno.

The South Korean team immediately protested the decision of the chief official of the race, but their protests were denied by the International Skating Union (ISU). The South Korean team then appealed to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). The IOC refused to see the case, stating, "This is a matter for the ISU to decide on. At this time, the IOC has received no proposal and taken no action".

The disqualification of Kim upset South Korean supporters, many of whom directed their anger at Ohno and the IOC. A large number of e-mails protesting the race results crashed the IOC's email server, and thousands of accusatory letters, many of which contained death threats, were sent to Ohno and the IOC. South Korean media accused Ohno of simulating foul, using the Konglish word "Hollywood action". The controversy continued at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, held jointly in South Korea and Japan several months after the Olympics. When the South Korean soccer team scored a goal during the group stage match against the U.S. team, South Korean players Ahn Jung-Hwan and Lee Chun-Soo made an exaggerated move imitating the move Ohno had made during the speed skating event to imply the other athlete had drifted into his lane.

title: 2002 Winter Olympics