text:
Talk:Television licence

Opinions of TV Licencing
A proper dicussion on the advantages and disadvantages of using a TV Licence. Perhaps comparing this to other methods of funding public television. User:Pit-yacker 14:01, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Independent Media
I feel like there may be a big point missing here. I was always led to believe that the main reason for the TV Licence, is to ensure that TV Programmes 'for the public good' are to be created, above and beyond what's just necessary for commercial interests.

In addition, that the reason that it's not handled through general taxation is that makes it a lot harder for the government to meddle with. Thus, creating a media platform that's A) more independent from government influence and B) more independent from commercial biases than either Media Sources that are funded directly by government or purely commercial means.

I'm trying to find some good discussions on this before writing a summary of it. Could anyone help? User:multikev 22:38, 17 February 2014 (GMT)

Countries to Add
When adding Czech Rep, which I was sure had a licence fee, did some digging on Other nations. Problem is a lot of public broadcasters dont have English versions of websites. However I have found two reports that may be of use. HOWEVER, these are 2000 figures, of course these will have undoubtly changed, in some cases nations may have scrapped their licences. So we need to get uptodate figures!:

1. According to http://www.obs.coe.int/about/oea/pr/service_public.html the following countries also have a TV licence:
 * Belgium €189 (But abolished in the Flemish community)
 * Hungary €28 (Abolished 2002)
 * Iceland €236  (€338 inc Radio)
 * Macedonia€49
 * Poland €35
 * Portugal - No TV Licence (abolished) but it appears to have a €16 "radio licence" instead.  http://www.ero.dk/documentation/docs/doc98/official/pdf/ECCREP084.PDF says a combined radio/tv licence of €19.56
 * Romania €13
 * Slovenia €126
 * Slovakia €20

2. Another Document written in 2000 (http://www.obs.coe.int/oea_publ/iris/iris_plus/focus6_2000.pdf.en states that:
 * Bulgaria: 1998 Broadcasting Act instituted a TV licence but this wasnt due to start until 2003. The fee was fixed at 0.6 of the minimum wage and collected by the National Electricity Company under the presumption that everyone has a TV.   Waived for deaf and blind.  appears to suggest it is still not active.
 * Poland:Waived for over 75s.

Also: http://www.mediasouthasia.org/Colomboworkshopforwebsite010604.htm
 * Bosnia : Added
 * Serbia appear to have legislated for a licence fee, but it is not yet active.
 * Malta - According to the German Version of this article. No figures given. EDIT:  gives details for Feb 2003 However no amount and cant verify it def still exists.  Also this from 2000 http://www.circom-regional.org/crdocs/european-benchmarking2002.pdf
 * Turkey - According to In Turkey TRT receives funding from a 2.0% tax on electricity bills and 16% sales tax on TV and radio receivers.  IMHO it isnta "TV Licence" as such, however since it is a hypothecated tax the principle is exactly the same.
 * Egypt Egypt has a TV Licence as part of electricity bills. http://www.panosparis.org/fichierProdGB/fichierProd1486.pdf
 * Jordan states that Jordan has a TV Licence.  No details however or info whether it still exists.  The site also says the Netherlands has one.
 * Zimbabwe  Used to fund the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation.
 * India - Prasar Bharati Act [] which came into force in 1997 allows a TV Licence http://www.thehoot.org/story.asp?storyid=Web210214166177hoot11182002660&pn=1 More recent Story  talks about a sales tax licence on new tvs. Also http://www.digitalopportunity.org/article/view/120170/1/ talks about government support for reviving the licence fee.   says it was scrapped.
 * Nigeria - Previous Link says Nigeria has one
 * Faroe Islands According to and, Sjónvarp Føroya is funded by a licence fee.  No information on amount or mechanisms though.
 * Bangladesh For Bangladesh Television plenty saying there is one e.g.. Cant find an amount
 * Sri Lanka scrapped one for Rupavahini in 1999.
 * Lesotho Abolished 2003
 * Cameroon CRTV is funded by a 1% tax on the income of all in employment.
 * Malawi Section 56 of The Malawi Communications Act 1998 allows for a licence fee to be levied.  Cant find any thing to say the amount or if it ever started.
 * Mauritius Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation is funded by a licence fee on the electricity bill of all homes own a television fee. The Licence fee makes up 60% of MBC's funding

 * Swaziland Used to fund the Swaziland Television Authority
 * Uganda Introduced to fund Uganda Broadcasting Corporation in the "Uganda Broadcasting Corporation Act, 2004". Collection started but was halted by President  Yoweri Museveni.  There is pressure to reinstate them to maintain UBC's independence from government.
 * Zambia According to http://www.times.co.zm/news/viewnews.cgi?category=10&id=1085021391 a tv licence has been introduced in recent years to fund Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC)
 * Indonesia (was having TV licences fee but abolished several years ago after most private broadcasters went live and several law practitioners complaints its lack of mandating law i.e. the TV licence fee in Indonesia was never mandated by any laws and consequently may not be enforced) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.164.74.120 (talk) 04:32, 20 November 2009 (UTC)

User:Pit-yacker 14:01, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

TBD
There should perhaps be something about U.S. views added to the "Opinions of television licensing systems" section, but it needs to be sourced, not based on someone's half-baked theory of American exceptionalism. I can well imagine that many Americans are amazed to learn that televisions must be licensed in most of Europe. It would be even more interesting to note whether there is anyone arguing for a reintroduction in those countries where the licence has been abolished. I was surprised to read that some Eastern European governments are considering introducing a TV licence; I would have thought licences were simply an anachronism from the age when TV was a luxury, which persists because of a  ratchet effect.

There should also be more added about the history of radio/TV licences. While it may (or may not!) be the case that that licence fees are now used to fund public broadcasters, this was not always the case. In the UK, radio licences were introduced in 1904 at the behest of the Armed Forces, which wanted to maintain control of the new technology. The BBC was not government-funded (or even created) till the 1920s. --jnestorius(talk) 14:31, 13 November 2007 (UTC)

All coutries listed

 * How much is it? Either rate or percentage?
 * What discounts are available?
 * Is licence charged on per dwelling/household/tv basis
 * What is it applicable to eg Internet, Radio etc,
 * What does it fund?
 * What proportion of public broadcasting funding does it represent?
 * How is enforcement accomplished?

User:Pit-yacker 13:43, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Countries without TV Licences
Perhaps Philippines should fall here? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4452:38C:CA00:F9BB:C4F:7912:3E2A (talk) 17:56, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

"Evasion"
The term "evasion" is POV. If every TV user has to pay for a license, and more and more people choose not to watch TV, it might be evasion or not, depending on the motivation. If someone who would otherwise watch TV refrains from doing so just to save money, it is evasion. If someone doesn’t watch TV because heorshe is not interested, it is not evasion. There is no way to find out the motivation, so the term "evasion" is an allegation. -- Sloyment (talk) 19:54, 23 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Your argument is POV as well. Some countries like Germany force every household to pay a monthly fee even if they don't have a TV or Internet. Not paying is evasion and can lead to jail. The bigger issue with the article is that there's no easy list of countries that illustrates whether the fee is obligatory, only for people with TVs and what the fee actually covers.--2001:16B8:31FB:D200:35CC:DA2D:7D9:65F2 (talk) 18:18, 20 March 2021 (UTC)
 * The term “license” does not refer to a payment, but to an individual permit. In the UK, you have to pay for a TV license, in Germany you don’t. The contribution you have to pay in Germany has nothing to do with a license. So your remark is off topic. And it’s not a fee; it was a fee until 2012. And it’s not per household but per apartment. -- Sloyment (talk) 15:01, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

A licence is not a payment.
You confuse two different things. Should I explain why? 85.193.215.210 (talk) 00:29, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

 * No confusion - a licence is a licence. However, a television licence is a payment, as per the definition in the article: A television licence or broadcast receiving licence is a payment required in many countries for the reception of television broadcasts, or the possession of a television set where some broadcasts are funded in full or in part by the licence fee paid. Denisarona (talk) 13:07, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
 * A permit, not a payment. -- Sloyment (talk) 17:57, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

Television licensing by country
I have made edits to try to improve this article. A very large proportion of the article is taken up by details of individual countries' licensing arrangements. I think this could be distracting for most readers who want more of an overview about television licensing. I also think that separating them according to whether they currently, formerly or never had a licence is unhelpful, especially as some countries' classifications are a little ambiguous. I would therefore suggest leaving a summary of licensing by country in this article (perhaps by expanding on the table in the Europe section), then moving the remaining detail to a separate Television licensing by country article. But I would like to see if there is a consensus before starting such a large change. Any feedback on the other changes I have made is, of course, very welcome. --Mgp28 (talk) 23:12, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

No TV license in Germany
The article lists Germany. However, in Germany there is no such thing as a TV license. While in the UK, watching TV is forbidden unless you pay for a license, i.e. your individual permit, receiving public broadcasts is a constitutional right in Germany, and no license is required whatsoever.

Until 2012, there was a TV fee that had to be paid if you owned a TV receiver. The idea behind it however, was not to pay for a license, but to pay for using the service of the public broadcasters, as the assumption was that anyone owning a TV receiver would watch their very good program 🙄. (This assumption is of course ridiculous.)

In 2013, the system was replaced by a broadcasting contribution that has to be paid by everyone living in an apartment, regardless whether they watch TV or not. Again, the idea behind it has nothing to do with a license. The idea is to pay for the mere ability to use the high quality program 🙄 of German public broadcasters. TV is usually consumed in apartments, so as long as you live in an apartment, even if you don’t own a TV, you could start watching at any time, and thus you benefit from that offer all the time. (Again, this assumption is of course ridiculous, but that is how the federal constitutional court has argued.)

As there is no TV license required, you won’t be in trouble for watching TV like in the UK, if you don’t pay. Instead, if you don’t pay the broadcasting contribution in Germany, you will be in trouble for not paying. Yo will be indebted and might be distrained after some time. Not paying it is also a contravention; so in theory, you might also be fined.

I think, the article Television license should cover only countries that really have a TV license. I don’t know if it’s just the UK, or if other countries use that model, too. Countries like Germany should go into a broader article, maybe called Financing of public broadcasting or similarly. -- Sloyment (talk) 14:49, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I think the Germany section is now clear that it is a universal fee, not connected to owning or using a television. Is the problem that it is listed in a section with countries that have more traditional licences? There is an earlier comment about the ambiguity in classifying licences as present or abolished for countries that have public funding of this sort. I would suggest putting all countries in each continent together, rather than classifying as having television licences or not. (I would also suggest separating this list of countries on to a separate page.) --Mgp28 (talk) 17:15, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

 * You are missing the point:
 * Don’t confuse license and fee. A license is a set of rights, and a fee is a payment for obtaining rights or using a service. If you pay a fee, you get a license, and the license allows you to watch TV. This is how it works in the UK, but not in Germany.
 * There is no license required in Germany, so the question is not whether or not other countries have a “more traditional license”.
 * Until 2012, there was a TV fee, but not a license fee, but a service fee.
 * The new compulsive charge called “Rundfunkbeitrag” (literally “broadcasting contribution”) does not even meet the definition of a fee. Under German law, tax and fee and “contribution” are completely different categories.
 * As long as the article claims that in Germany a “TV license [is] required” and the “licence fee in Germany is €18.36”, the problem is not resolved. -- Sloyment (talk) 16:51, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

Austria...
...intends to convert the current system ("GIS fee") to a fee per household in the near future. All households should pay this fee, regardless of whether there are receivers or not and whether they are classic devices or whether they receive on the Internet. So far, reception with computers has been excluded. In the future everyone will pay. A surcharge to support culture (determined by the federal states) should remain. All details about the new ORF law and the introduction of the new levy can be found at https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000177611/neuer-orf-beitrag-ist-von-oevp-und-gruenen-beschlossen --H7 (talk) 16:06, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

Israel is not in Europe
under the TV licenses for Europe, Israel is listed. Israel should be listed under Asia, as it technically is a Western Asian country. Chaoticdiva (talk) 05:23, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Israel is not listed in the 'Europe' section. Denisarona (talk) 06:03, 3 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Television licence


text:
Irvine Welsh

Irvine Welsh (born 27 September 1958) is a Scottish novelist and short story writer. His 1993 novel Trainspotting was made into a film of the same name. He has also written plays and screenplays, and directed several short films.

Early life
Irvine Welsh was born in Leith, the port area of the Scottish capital Edinburgh. He states that he was born in 1958, though according to Glasgow police, his birth record is dated around 1951. When he was four, his family moved to Muirhouse, in Edinburgh, where they stayed in local housing schemes. His mother worked as a waitress. His father was a dock worker in Leith until bad health forced him to stop, after which he became a carpet salesman; he died when Welsh was 25. Welsh left Ainslie Park High School when he was 16 and then completed a City and Guilds course in electrical engineering. He became an apprentice TV repairman until an electric shock persuaded him to move on to a series of other jobs. He left Edinburgh for the London punk scene in 1978, where he played guitar and sang in The Pubic Lice and Stairway 13. A series of arrests for petty crimes and finally a suspended sentence for trashing a North London community centre inspired Welsh to correct his ways. He worked for Hackney Council in London and studied computing with the support of the Manpower Services Commission.

Welsh returned to Edinburgh in the late 1980s, where he worked for the city council in the housing department. He then studied for an MBA at Heriot-Watt University.

Fiction
Welsh has published eleven novels and four collections of short stories. His first novel, Trainspotting, was published in 1993. Set in the mid-1980s, it uses a series of non-linear and loosely connected short-stories to tell the story of a group of characters tied together by decaying friendships, heroin addiction and stabs at escape from the oppressive boredom and brutality of their lives in the social housing schemes. It was released to shock and outrage in some circles and great acclaim in others. It was adapted as a play, and a film adaptation, directed by Danny Boyle and written by John Hodge, was released in 1996. Welsh appeared in the film in the minor role of drug dealer Mikey Forrester.

Next, Welsh released The Acid House, a collection of short stories from Rebel Inc., New Writing Scotland and other sources. Many of the stories take place in and around the housing schemes from Trainspotting, and employ many of the same themes; a touch of fantasy is apparent in stories such as The Acid House, where the minds of a baby and a drug user swap bodies, or The Granton Star Cause, where God transforms a man into a fly as punishment for wasting his life. Welsh adapted three of the stories for a later film of the same name, in which he also appeared.

Welsh's third book (and second novel), Marabou Stork Nightmares, alternates between a grim tale of thugs and schemes in sub-working class Scotland and a hallucinatory adventure tale set in South Africa. Gradually, common themes emerge.

His next book, Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance (1996), became his most high-profile work since Trainspotting, released in the wave of publicity surrounding the film. It consists of three unconnected novellas: the first, Lorraine Goes To Livingston, is a bawdy satire of classic British romance novels, the second, Fortune's Always Hiding, is a revenge story involving thalidomide and the third, The Undefeated, is a sly, subtle romance between a young woman dissatisfied with the confines of her suburban life and an aging clubgoer.

A corrupt police officer and his tapeworm served as the narrators for his third novel, Filth (1998). The main character of Filth was a vicious sociopathic policeman. The novel was adapted to a film with the same name in 2013.

Glue (2001) was a return to the locations, themes and episodic form of Trainspotting, telling the stories of four characters spanning several decades in their lives and the bonds that held them together.

Having revisited some of them in passing in Glue, Welsh brought most of the Trainspotting characters back for a sequel, Porno, in 2002. In this book Welsh explores the impact of pornography on the individuals involved in producing it, as well as society as a whole, and the impact of ageing and maturity in individuals against their will. The book is set just after the opening of the new Scottish Parliament.

The Bedroom Secrets of the Master Chefs (2006), deals with a young, alcoholic civil servant who finds himself inadvertently putting a curse on his nemesis, a nerdy co-worker. In 2007, Welsh published If You Liked School You'll Love Work, his first collection of short stories in over a decade.

Welsh contributed a novella called Contamination to The Weekenders: Travels in the Heart of Africa. Welsh, Ian Rankin, and Alexander McCall Smith each contributed a short story for the One City compilation published in 2005 in benefit of the One City Trust for social inclusion in Edinburgh. In Crime, Ray Lennox (from Welsh's previous work, Filth) is recovering from a mental breakdown induced by occupational stress and cocaine abuse, and a particularly horrifying child sex murder case back in Edinburgh. The story takes place in Florida.

Welsh's prequel to Trainspotting, titled Skagboys, was published in 2012. Set in Leith in the early 1980s, it introduces the Trainspotting characters and follows them as they fall into heroin addiction. Given as a series of linked short stories, the book is also interspersed with brief commentaries on contemporary British politics. In particular, the consequences of the destruction of industry in the northern cities are drawn for the young working class. His eighth novel, The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins, was published in May 2014 and his ninth novel titled A Decent Ride was published by Vintage Books in April 2015. The latter work featured the returning character 'Juice' Terry Lawson (previously from Glue).

Welsh's tenth novel, released in April 2016, The Blade Artist, centres around a seemingly rehabilitated Francis Begbie now living in California with a wife and children. It was shortlisted for the Fiction Book of the Year at Saltire Literary Awards 2016.

A sequel to The Blade Artist, entitled Dead Men's Trousers, was released on 29 March 2018, and sees Mark Renton, Sick Boy, and Spud reuniting with Francis Begbie.

In 2021, a TV adaptation of Crime was launched in the UK on BritBox as a 6-episode series starring Dougray Scott as detective Lennox. Welsh worked on the project with Dean Cavanagh. This is the first TV adaptation ever made out of a book by Irvine Welsh.

Film and stage
As well as fiction, Irvine Welsh has written several stage plays, including Headstate, You'll Have Had Your Hole, and the musical Blackpool, which featured original songs by Vic Godard of the Subway Sect.

He co-authored Babylon Heights with his screen writing partner Dean Cavanagh. The play premiered in San Francisco at the Exit Theatre and made its European première in Dublin, at The Mill Theatre Dundrum, directed by Graham Cantwell. The plot revolves around the behind-the-scenes antics of a group of Munchkins on the set of The Wizard of Oz. The production included the use of oversized sets with actors of regular stature.

Cavanagh and Welsh have also collaborated on screenplays. The Meat Trade is based on the 19th-century West Port murders. Despite the historical source material, Welsh has set the story in the familiar confines of present-day Edinburgh, with Burke and Hare depicted as brothers who steal human organs to meet the demands of the global transplant market.

Wedding Belles, a film made for Channel 4 that was written by Welsh and Cavanagh, aired at the end of March 2007. The film centres around the lives of four young women, who are played by Michelle Gomez, Shirley Henderson, Shauna MacDonald, and Kathleen McDermot. Wedding Belles was nominated for a Scottish BAFTA and was subsequently sold to TV channels in Canada and Europe.

Welsh has directed several short films for bands. In 2001 he directed a 15-minute film for Gene's song "Is It Over" which is taken from the album Libertine. In 2006 he directed a short film to accompany the track "Atlantic" from Keane's album Under the Iron Sea.

Welsh directed his first short dramatic film, NUTS, which he co-wrote with Cavanagh. The film features Joe McKinney as a man dealing with testicular cancer in post Celtic tiger Ireland. It was released in 2007.

Welsh co-directed "The Right to liberty", a chapter of the documentary film The New Ten Commandments, in 2008.

In 2009 Welsh directed the film Good Arrows (co-directed by Helen Grace). It was written by Welsh and Cavanagh. The film is about a darts player who suffers from depression which causes him to lose his skill.

Themes
As well as recreational drug use, Welsh's fiction and non-fiction is dominated by the question of working class and Scottish identity in the period spanning the 1960s to the present day. Within this, he explores the rise and fall of the council housing scheme, denial of opportunity, low-paid work, unemployment, social assistance, sectarianism, football, hooliganism, sex, suppressed homosexuality, dance clubs, freemasonry, Irish republicanism, sodomy, class divisions, emigration and, perhaps most of all, the humour, prejudices and axioms of the Scots.

Sam Leith, writing in the Financial Times, argues that: "Welsh's concerns are with sin and salvation, with the exercise of free will and with the individual soul. He's much more interested in teleology than sociology."

Style
Welsh's novels share characters, giving the feel of a "shared universe" within his writing. For example, characters from Trainspotting make cameo appearances in The Acid House, Marabou Stork Nightmares, Ecstasy, Filth, and slightly larger appearances in Glue, whose characters then appear in Porno.

Welsh is known for writing in his native Edinburgh dialect of Scots. He generally ignores the traditional conventions of literary Scots, used for example by Allan Ramsay, Robert Fergusson, Robert Burns, Robert Louis Stevenson, and James Orr. Instead, he transcribes dialects phonetically.

Like Alasdair Gray before him, Welsh also experiments with typography. In the novel Filth, the tapeworm's internal monologue is imposed over the top of the protagonist's own internal monologue (the worm's host), visibly depicting the tapeworm's voracious appetite, much like the "Climax of Voices" in Gray's novel 1982, Janine.

Personal life
Welsh married Beth Quinn in 2005, and in 2018 announced that they were divorcing. They had lived together in the Lakeview neighbourhood of Chicago, USA, since 2009. Prior to Chicago, he lived in Dublin. In 2018, he was living in Miami, USA.

In 2022, he married Emma Currie, an actor and sister of Scottish musician Momus.

In Welsh's early 20s, he was addicted to heroin for 18 months while playing in punk-rock bands moving between Edinburgh and London.

Welsh is an avid supporter of Hibernian F.C. and of Scottish independence.

Novels

 * Trainspotting (1993)
 * Marabou Stork Nightmares (1995)
 * Filth (1998)
 * Glue (2001)
 * Porno (2002)
 * The Bedroom Secrets of the Master Chefs (2006)
 * Crime (2008)
 * Skagboys (2012)
 * The Sex Lives of Siamese Twins (2014)
 * A Decent Ride (2015)
 * The Blade Artist (2016)
 * Dead Men's Trousers (2018)
 * The Long Knives (2022)
 * Resolution (2024)

Short story collections

 * The Acid House (1994)
 * Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance (1996)
 * If You Liked School You'll Love Work (2007)
 * Reheated Cabbage (2009)
 * The Seal Club (2020 co-written with Alan Warner and John King)
 * Seal Club 2: The View From Poacher's Hill (2023 co-written with Alan Warner and John King)

Screenplays

 * You'll Have Had Your Hole (drama)
 * Dose (BBC drama written with Dean Cavanagh)
 * The Acid House (screenplay)
 * Wedding Belles (2007 film for Channel 4 written with Dean Cavanagh)
 * Four Play (a collection of his books that have been adapted for the stage)
 * Dockers (1999 one-off TV drama for Channel 4, co-written by Jimmy McGovern)
 * Nuts (2007 short film)
 * Good Arrows (2009 film)
 * Bad Blood (2005 short film co-written by him, based on a section of the novel Trainspotting)
 * Creation stories (2021 film)

Theatre

 * Babylon Heights (co-written with Dean Cavanagh)
 * You'll Have Had Your Hole
 * Performers (co-written with Dean Cavanagh)

Film

 * Trainspotting (1996)
 * The Acid House (1998)
 * Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy (2011)
 * Filth (2013)
 * T2 Trainspotting (2017)
 * Creation Stories (2021)
 * The Blade Artist (TBA)

Theatre
Source:
 * Ecstasy
 * Glue
 * Filth
 * Trainspotting
 * Marabou Stork Nightmares
 * PORNO

Television

 * Irvine Welsh's Crime

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Irvine Welsh


text:
List of chess variants

This is a list of chess variants. Many thousands of variants exist. The 2007 catalogue The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants estimates that there are well over 2,000, and many more were considered too trivial for inclusion in the catalogue.

Contemporary chess variants
The chess variants listed below are derived from chess by changing one or more of the many rules of the game. The rules can be grouped into categories, from the most innocuous (starting position) to the most dramatic (adding chance/randomness to the gameplay after the initial piece placement). If a variant changes rules from multiple categories, it belongs to the sub-section below corresponding to the later-listed category.
 * Starting position and armies
 * Piece types
 * Midgame rules and end-of-game rules
 * Board shape
 * Number of players
 * Use of hidden information or chance.

Names that represent a set of variants are annotated with "[multivariant]" after their name.

Variant starting position (rectangular board, standard piece types and rules)
Many variants employ standard chess rules and mechanics, but vary the number of pieces, or their starting positions. In most such variants, the pawns are placed on their usual squares, but the position of other pieces is either randomly determined or selected by the players. The motivation for these variants is usually to nullify established opening knowledge. The downside of these variants is that the initial position usually has less harmony and balance than the standard chess position.

Fixed positions

 * Active chess [9x8]: Played on a 9×8 board, adding a queen with an extra pawn in front. Invented by G. Kuzmichov (1989), whose students tested the game, deciding that the optimal starting position was to place the second queen on the eighth or ninth files.
 * Displacement chess [8x8, multivariant]: Some pieces in the initial position are exchanged but the rules remain exactly the same. Some examples of this may be that the king and queen are flipped, or the knight on the b-file is traded with the bishop on the f-file.
 * Double chess: Two full armies per side on a 12×16 board, the first to mate an enemy king wins. Pawns advance up to four steps on their first move. Capablanca found the game "remarkably interesting". Invented by Julian Hayward (1916).
 * Doublewide chess [16x8]: Two regular chessboards are connected for a 16×8 play surface. Each player plays with two complete sets of chess pieces.
 * Endgame chess (or the Pawns Game, with unknown origins) [8x8]: Players start the game with only pawns and a king. Normal check, checkmate, en passant, and pawn promotion rules apply.
 * Los Alamos chess (or anti-clerical chess) [6x6]: Played on a 6×6 board without bishops. This was the first chess-like game played by a computer program.
 * Upside-down chess [8x8]: The white and black pieces are switched so that White's pieces are on the 8th rank, with pawns on the 7th rank, one step away from promotion. The starting position looks like a standard chess starting position, but from the other player's perspective. As the pawns are blocked by pieces in the starting position, the game always starts with a knight move, and smothered mates are common.

Player-chosen positions

 * Casablanca chess: The starting position is chosen from a famous historic game; usually an interesting middlegame position. The position is verified to be approximately equal by a computer, and should have winning chances for both sides. The first Casablanca chess tournament was played in May 2024, and won by Magnus Carlsen.
 * Polgar reform chess [multivariant]: In his book Reform-Chess (1997), László Polgár proposed several variants played on board of size 5×8, 6×8, 8×6, or 9×6. The initial piece setup is determined by players in the same way as in Benko's Pre-chess. There are special rules for castling depending on the board. Polgár recommended these variants to train creativity and to speed up the game.
 * Pre-chess: The game starts with white and black pawns set as usual, but the initial position of other pieces is selected by the players. White first places one of their pieces on their first rank, and then Black does the same. Players continue to alternate in this manner until all pieces have been placed, with the only restriction being that bishops must be on opposite-colour squares. The game then proceeds in the usual way. Proposed by Pal Benko in 1978.

Random positions

 * Fischer Random Chess (or Chess960): The placement of the pieces on the first rank is randomized; although there are rules such as the 2 starting Bishops have to be on different colour squares, and the King has to start between the 2 Rooks. The opponent's pieces mirror it. Invented by Bobby Fischer (1996).
 * Transcendental Chess: Similar to Chess960, but the opening white and black positions do not mirror each other.

Different armies (standard piece types and rules)
These variants use standard chess pieces on a standard board, but players begin with non-standard numbers of pieces. For example, starting with multiple queens or fewer pawns. Many such games use unbalanced starting positions, with one player having more or fewer of particular pieces than the other player.
 * Charge of the Light Brigade: Apart from the usual king and pawns, one side has three queens and the other has seven knights.
 * Dunsany's Chess (and the similar Horde chess): One side has standard chess pieces, and the other side has 32 pawns.
 * Handicap chess (or Chess with odds): Variations to equalise chances of players with different strength.
 * Peasants' Revolt: White has a king and eight pawns (the peasants) against Black's king, pawn, and four knights (the nobles). Black has the advantage. To narrow the contest, the game has also been played with three knights (on b8, c8, and g8) instead of four. By R. L. Frey (1947).
 * Sixteen Pawns: White plays without their queen, but chooses where on the third and fourth ranks to place eight extra pawns. By Legall de Kermeur (18th century). Alexandre Deschapelles and Louis-Charles Mahé de La Bourdonnais later established that eight extra pawns favour White too much, and hence played the game with only five, six, or seven extra pawns for White instead.
 * Really Bad Chess: A mobile video game by Zach Gage; Each player has one king and fifteen other pieces selected at random.
 * Weak!: White has the usual pieces, Black has one king, seven knights, and sixteen pawns. This game was played at a Columbia University chess club in the 1960s.

Variants with fairy pieces on a standard board
Most of the pieces in these variants are borrowed from chess. The game goal and rules are also very similar to those in chess; however, these variants include one or more fairy pieces which move differently from chess pieces.

 * Baroque chess (or Ultima): Pieces on the first row move like queens, and pieces on the second row move like rooks. They are named after their unusual capturing methods. For example, leaper, immobilizer and coordinator.
 * Berolina chess: Which uses the Berolina pawn instead of the normal pawn, all other things being equal.
 * Chess with different armies: Two sides use different sets of fairy pieces. There are several armies of approximately equal strength to choose from including the standard FIDE chess army.
 * Falcon-Hunter Chess: A falcon moves forward as a bishop; backward as a rook. The hunter moves forward as a rook; backward as a bishop. Players introduce the fairies as the game progresses. By Karl Schulz (1943).
 * Grasshopper chess [multivariant]: The pawns can promote to grasshopper, or grasshoppers are on the board in the initial position.
 * Pocket Mutation Chess: Player can put a piece temporarily into the pocket, optionally mutating it into another (including fairy) piece.
 * Spartan chess: Black (the Spartans) has an army headed by two kings, which otherwise consists exclusively of non-standard pieces, and battles the standard FIDE army (the Persians) of white.
 * Super X Chess: Players can combine their own pieces by capturing them. King or queen can't combine. A combined piece has the ability to move as both pieces that got combined. Same kind of pieces can combine into new pieces. Pieces can't uncombine or combine again. By Miika Pihkala (2018).
 * Torpedo chess: Pawns are replaced with torpedo pawns, which can move two squares forwards anywhere on the board as opposed to only on the first move. Pawns that move two squares can be captured en passant on the very next move as normal. The rest of the pieces remain unchanged.
 * Way of the Knight (WOTN): Invented by Ralph Betza, incorporating two elements from tabletop role-playing games. Begins with the standard starting position and pieces, however through capturing and advancing up the board pieces can earn "experience", and a sufficiently experienced piece is upgraded to a more powerful one. Upgrades include various fairy pieces, and involve player choices of "alignment".

Variants with popular fairy pieces: Empress, Amazon, Princess
There are a number of variants which use the empress (rook + knight) and princess (bishop + knight) compound pieces. The empress is also called marshall or chancellor. The princess is also called cardinal, archbishop, janus, paladin, or minister. Another compound piece is the amazon (queen + knight). To adapt to the new pieces, the board is usually extended to 10×8 or 10×10 with additional pawns added.

 * Almost Chess: Uses an 8×8 board, with the conventional starting position, but queens are replaced by chancellors (empresses). By Ralph Betza (1977). A related variant is Sort of Almost Chess (Ralph Betza, 1994), where one player has a queen and the other has a chancellor.
 * Capablanca Chess: A variant by the former world chess champion, José Raúl Capablanca. Played on a 10×8 board with chancellor (empress) and archbishop (princess).
 * Capablanca Random Chess: Generalises all possible variants of Capablanca Chess with random starting positions following a method similar to that used in Chess960. By Reinhard Scharnagl (2004).
 * Embassy Chess: Uses a 10×8 board with Marshall (Empress) and Cardinal (Princess). The starting position is borrowed from Grand Chess. By Kevin Hill (2005).
 * Gemini Chess: Uses a 10×8 board with two Archbishops. From an idea of Dr Zied Haddad in 2016. The difference from Janus Chess is the initial setup where the archbishops are sandwiching the queen and king remaining in the center of the board. Gemini-setup.png
 * Gothic chess: A commercial variant played on a 10×8 board with Chancellor (Empress) and Archbishop (Princess).
 * Grand Chess: Uses a 10×10 board with marshall (empress) and cardinal (princess). Invented by Christian Freeling (1984).
 * Janus Chess: Uses a 10×8 board with two januses (princesses). By Werner Schöndorf (1978).
 * Maharajah and the Sepoys: Black has a complete army, and White only one piece: the maharajah (a royal amazon).
 * Modern Chess: Played on a 9×9 board, with an extra pawn and a prime minister (princess). By Gabriel Vicente Maura (1968).
 * Musketeer chess: A commercial variant, inspired from Seirawan Chess. This variant introduces 10 fairy pieces: archbishop, chancellor, hawk (different rules from Seirawan Chess), elephant (different rules from Seirawan Chess), leopard, cannon (different from Xiangqi), unicorn, fortress, spider, and amazon (also called dragon in this game). Players have a choice of 2 pieces among the 10 possible and method used to introduce them during the game.
 * Seirawan Chess: A commercial variant. Uses a standard 8×8 board with elephant (empress) and hawk (princess). By GM Yasser Seirawan and Bruce Harper (2007).

Other variants with fairy pieces

 * 2000 A.D.: Played on a 10×10 board, features the empress, capricorn, gorgon, chimaera, dragon, minotaur, unicorn, and fury fairy chess pieces. By V. R. Parton.
 * Bear chess  — 10x10 chess variant, proposed by Mikhail Sosnovsky in 1985 in Kalinin.  Board 10x10; extra pieces are Bears, which leap as N or two squares as R or B; baseline (a1-j1/a10-j10) RNBBeQKBeBNR. Pawns can move up to three squares initially (e.p. permitted). In castling, K moves to c/h files.
 * Bomberman chess: Inspired by the Bomberman video game series. Played on a 10×8 board with special bomb and defuser pieces. The bomb can be exploded on its turn in vertical and horizontal directions (similar to the movement of a rook), destroying any pieces in the blast range. The defuser can capture a bomb.
 * Chess on a Really Big Board: Played on a 16×16 board, with twelve piece types (six being the standard number of chess pieces). Has many subvariants, including a larger 24×24 version and a three-dimensional 16×16×16 version.
 * Chessers: Played on a regular chessboard but with checkers integrated with standard chess pieces. By Christopher Schwartz and Sander Beckers.
 * Decimal Chess [multivariant]: Played on a 10×10 board, usually add extra pieces. Some decimal chesses use only standard pieces, but others such as Decimal Falcon-Hunter Chess use fairy pieces. One such variant is Decimal Rettah chess, which adds a king, queen and two pawns. Invented by V. R. Parton.

 * Dragonchess: Three 8x12 boards with some standard chess pieces and many other pieces, some of which move between the levels. Created by Gary Gygax.
 * Duell: Dice are used instead of pieces. Played on a 9×8 board.
 * Etchessera: Played on a regular chessboard but where players build their own chess army from a collection of 17 different pieces.
 * Gess: Chess with variable pieces, played on a Go board.
 * Jetan: A "Martian chess" invented by Edgar Rice Burroughs for his novel The Chessmen of Mars (1922), played on a 10×10 board. None of the pieces are standard chess pieces.
 * Metamachy: On a 12×12 board with 30 pieces each, 12 piece types (6 being the standard number of chess pieces) and 12 possible starting arrangements. New pieces are the cannon and the elephant (like in Shako), the prince (a non-royal king, can be promoted), the camel (long range leaper), the lion (any 1 or 2 squares) and the eagle (inspired by Tamerlane chess). By Jean-Louis Cazaux (2012).
 * Prince & Princess: The chess variant that uses the criterion of succession, where the king or queen are replaced in favor of the prince or the princess, created by Antonio Maravi Oyague.
 * Proteus: A chess variant using dice to represent normal chess pieces, created by Steve Jackson Games.
 * Shako: Played on a 10×10 board. New pieces are the cannon from xiangqi (Chinese chess) and an elephant moving as a fers+alfil of old shatranj (ancestors of queen and bishop), so diagonally one or two squares with jumps allowed. By Jean Louis-Cazaux (1997).
 * Stealth chess: Played in the fictional Ankh-Morpork Assassins' Guild from the Discworld series of books; played on an 8×10 board. The fairy piece is the Assassin.
 * Stratomic: Adds nuclear missiles to the standard chess array on a 10×10 board. When launched they irradiate any 3×3 area (friendly pieces included) except kings. By Robert Montay-Marsais (1972).
 * Wildebeest Chess: Uses an 11×10 board, each player has two camels and a wildebeest (camel + knight). Pawns move one, two, or three squares initially. By R. Wayne Schmittberger (1987).
 * Wolf Chess: On an 8×10 board, with fairy pieces wolf (empress), fox (princess), nightrider, sergeant (almost a Berolina pawn), and elephant (amazon). By Arno von Wilpert (1943).

Variant rules
These variants introduce changes in the mechanics of the game, such as movement of pieces, rules for capturing, or winning conditions.

Variant move counts
In these variants one or both players can move more than once per turn. The board and the pieces in these variants are the same as in standard chess.
 * Avalanche chess: Each move consists of a standard chess move followed by a move of one of the opponent's pawns.
 * Double-Move Chess: Similar to Marseillais chess, but with no en passant, check, or checkmate. The objective is to capture the king. By Fred Galvin (1957).
 * Double-Take Chess: Each player, once per game, can make two moves during one of their turns. These two moves cannot be used to place the opponent's king in checkmate.
 * Kung-fu chess: A variant without turns. Any player can move any of their pieces at any given moment.
 * Marseillais chess (or Two-move chess): After the first turn of the game by White being a single move, each player moves twice per turn.
 * Monster chess (or Super King): White has the king and four pawns (c2-f2) against the entire black army but may make two successive moves per turn. There is no check. Players win by capturing the king. In a variant, White's pieces begin one row forward of their usual starting position, and the White's pawns may not begin with a double step. Another variant denies Black promotion rights (pawns reaching the last rank remain as pawns). White may always promote.
 * Multimove Chess (i, j): A class of chess variants where white gets i moves per turn and black gets j moves per turn. Check is not enforced, and victory is by capturing the enemy king. The games are described and analysed logically in a 2015 journal article. The authors weakly solved the game for all (i, j) pairs except for (1, 1) (functionally, regular chess) and (2, 2).
 * Progressive chess (or Scottish chess): White moves once, then Black moves twice, then White moves three times, and so on.
 * Swarm chess: During each turn, each piece that a player can move must be moved.

Other variant midgame rules

 * Absorption chess (also called cannibal chess, power absorption chess, or seizer's chess): Pieces gain the abilities of the pieces they capture.
 * Andernach chess: A piece making a capture changes colour.
 * ASEAN chess: Pawns start on the 3rd ranks. Queens can only move 1 square diagonally and Bishops only 1 square diagonally or 1 square directly forward.
 * Atomic chess: Capture on any square results in an "atomic explosion" which kills (i.e. removes from the game) all pieces in the eight surrounding squares, except for pawns.
 * Beirut Chess: Players secretly equip one of their men with a "bomb", which can be detonated at any time, wiping out all pieces on surrounding squares. Win by checkmating the opponent, or blowing up their king. By Jim Winslow (1992).
 * Benedict chess: Instead of capturing by displacement, players may convert an enemy piece they attack to their own color.

 * Chad: Kings are limited to 3×3 "castles" on a 12×12 board dominated by eight rooks per side which can promote to queens. By Christian Freeling (1979).
 * Checkers chess: Pieces can only move forward until they have reached the far rank.
 * Checkless chess: Players are forbidden from giving check except to checkmate.
 * Chess on a 12 by 12 board: Played on a 12×12 board. Pawns promote on the third and tenth ranks. By D. Vogel (2000).
 * Chessplus: Commercial variant. Up to two of any friendly piece save the King may occupy the same single square. Either piece may choose to carry the other with it if or when it moves.
 * Circe chess: Captured pieces are reborn on their starting squares.
 * Congo: Kings (lions) are limited to 3×3 "castles" on a 7×7 board. By Demian Freeling (1982).
 * Cubic Chess: Piece cubes display the six piece types; a player can promote any pawn by rotating its cube to match a captured piece type. By Vladimír Pribylinec (1977).
 * Dragonfly: Played on a 7×7 or hex board, no queens, captured non-pawn pieces never die (à la Chessgi) and can be dropped on any open square. By Christian Freeling.
 * Dynamo Chess: Capturing is replaced by pushing or pulling enemy pieces off the board. By Hans Klüver and Peter Kahl (1968). A close variant of Push Chess (by Fred Galvin, 1967).
 * Einstein chess: Pieces transform into more or less powerful pieces when they move.
 * Gravity chess: After every turn, all pieces other than pawns fall towards the higher ranks of the board, until they either reach the eighth rank, or another piece or pawn in the way.
 * Grid chess: The board is overlaid with a grid of lines. For a move to be legal, it must cross at least one of these lines.
 * Guard chess (or Icelandic chess): Allows captures only when a piece is completely unprotected by friendly pieces. Checkmate occurs when the piece forcing the mate is protected and therefore cannot be captured.
 * Haft Schrödinger Chess: Every piece starts in a quantum superposition initially able to be any piece until the waveform is collapsed by observation. As in chess, Haft Schrödinger Chess does not have hidden information, whereas Schrödinger's Chess is regarded as a game of hidden information.
 * Hierarchical chess: Pieces must be moved in the order: pawn, knight, bishop, rook, queen, king. A player who has the corresponding piece but cannot move it loses.
 * Hostage chess: Captured pieces are held in the capturer's "prison", and can be released by the opponent and dropped into play (like shogi) via a "hostage exchange". By John Leslie (1997).
 * Jedi Knight chess: Knights may move three steps diagonally or horizontally or both, depending on the rules accepted.

 * Jump chess: The rook, bishop and queen may move from one side of any piece (friend or foe) to the other side in their normal direction of movement. No change for the King and Knight. Jump move is exactly two squares, and can be used to give check or to capture. Jump moves are notated using '^'. In the starting position, 1.R^a3 and 1.B^a3 are both legal. By former Pentamind champion Alain Dekker (2004).
 * Kamikaze chess (or Hara-Kiri chess): When capturing, the capturing piece is removed from play also. This means a king cannot defend itself by capturing an attacker. A capture is not allowed if it exposes one's own king to discovered check. Idea from B. G. Laws (1928). The king is royal and removing a check takes precedence over capturing. The king must be lost last; moving into check is permitted after all other pieces have been captured.
 * Knightmare Chess: Played with cards that change the game rules.
 * Knight relay chess: Pieces defended by a friendly knight can move as a knight.
 * Legan chess: Played as if the board would be rotated 45°, initial position and pawn movements are adjusted accordingly.
 * Madrasi chess (or Weird chess): A piece which is attacked by the same type of piece of the opposite color is paralysed.
 * Monochromatic chess: All pieces must stay on the same color square as they initially begin.
 * No Castling Chess: standard rules except that castling is not allowed, which means king safety is reduced. Proposed in 2019 by Vladimir Kramnik with the aim of reducing draws and uninteresting games, and tested on Alpha Zero.
 * Patrol chess: Captures and checks are only possible if the capturing or checking piece is guarded by a friendly piece.
 * PlunderChess: The capturing piece is allowed to temporarily take the moving abilities of the piece taken.
 * Pocket Knight Chess (or Tombola Chess): Players have an extra knight they keep at the side of the board. Once during the game, a player may place the knight on any empty square for their move. Play then proceeds as normal.
 * Portal Chess [multivariant]: Any of a number of games that involve pieces or squares for teleportation around the board(s).
 * Refusal chess (or Outlaw chess, Rejection chess): A played move can be refused by the opponent, forcing the first player to change to another move, which must be accepted.
 * Replacement chess (or Bhagavathi Chess, Canadian Chess, Madhouse Chess, or Repeating Chess): Captured pieces are not removed from the board but relocated by the captor to any vacant square.
 * Rifle chess (or Shooting chess, Sniper chess): When capturing, the capturing piece remains unmoved on its original square, instead of occupying the square of the piece captured.
 * Sovereign Chess: This variant is played on a 16×16 board. In addition to the standard black and white pieces, the board is also encircled by 80 other coloured pieces (10 colours of 8 pieces each). Coloured squares near the center of the board correspond to the coloured pieces around the board, and when a player's piece occupies a coloured square, that player gains control of the matching coloured pieces. If a piece on a coloured square is moved or captured, control of the matching pieces is lost (transferred to the other player in case of capture). Players may also switch the color of their initial army through "regime change". By Mark Bates.

Variant end-of-game rules

 * Anti-King chess: Features an anti-king. The anti-king moves in the same way as a king. This piece is in check when not attacked. If a player's anti-king is in check and unable to move to a square attacked by the opponent, the player loses (checkmate). The anti-king cannot capture enemy pieces, but can capture friendly pieces. A king may not attack the opponent's anti-king. The anti-king may not check its own king. (That is, a position when a king and an anti-king are on adjacent squares is possible, does not mean any check and does not help the anti-king to avoid check if any other piece does not attack him.) Other rules are the same as in standard chess, including check and checkmate to the regular king. By Peter Aronson (2002).
 * Apocalypse: On a 5×5 board, each side has two knights and five pawns, win by eliminating all enemy pawns. Prepared moves are executed simultaneously. By C. S. Elliott (1976).
 * Colour Chess: Played on a multicoloured board of six colours, with the order of turns taken as in Marseillais chess but with rules indicating which colour each piece may move to. The game is won by capturing the opponent's king (rather than checkmate) and kings may remain in check. Similar variants include Sequence Colour Chess, and Swarm Colour Chess.  By Tom Norfolk (2017).
 * Duck Chess: In addition to the usual pieces, the two players have joint control of a small rubber duck which acts as a "blocker" (i.e. nothing can move onto or through it), and which must be moved to a new square after every turn. The goal is to successfully capture the opponent's king. A stalemated player wins.
 * Extinction chess: To win, a player must capture all of any one type of pieces of the opponent (for example, all the knights an opponent has, or all their pawns, etc.).
 * Hexapawn: Played on a rectangular board of variable size with only pawns. The goal of each player is to advance one of their pawns to the opposite end of the board or to prevent the other player from moving.

 * Jesön Mor: Nine knights per side on a 9×9 board. The first to occupy square e5, and then leave it, wins the game. From Mongolia.
 * King of the Hill: In addition to checkmate, a legal move that moves one's own king to one of the center squares (d4, d5, e4, e5) wins. This is analogous to Sannin shogi's rule that allows a player to win by legally moving their king to the center.

 * Knightmate (or Mate The Knight): The goal is to checkmate the opponent's knight (initially on e-file). The kings on b- and g-files can be captured as other pieces. Pawns can promote to kings but not to knights. By Bruce Zimov (1972).
 * Losing chess (or Antichess, Giveaway chess, Suicide chess, Killer chess, Take-all chess, Take-me chess, Reverse chess): Capturing moves are mandatory and the objective is to lose all one's pieces. There is no check; the king is captured like an ordinary piece.

 * Racing Kings: Players race kings to the 8th rank. Captures, but no checks or checkmate.
 * Three-check chess: Standard rules of chess apply, but a player can alternatively win by putting their opponent in check three times. In The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants, David Pritchard notes it being of probable Soviet origin, and that Anatoly Karpov was an "invincible" player in his youth.

Variant boards (2-player, non-rectangular)

In this category, the movement of pieces can be modified in concurrence with the geometry of the board.

Hexagonal spaces

 * Baskerville's hexagonal chess: Earliest attempt at a strict hexagonal analog to chess. 83 cell hex board with four corners. Same as Gliński's Hexagonal Chess, but no special pawn moves or hex diagonal king moves. Opposing bishops occupy differently colored spaces, thus preventing them from attacking each other. By H. D. Baskerville (1929).
 * Brusky's hexagonal chess: Chess on an irregular board of 84 hex cells. Same as Gliński's Hexagonal Chess, but with ten pawns instead of nine, linear startup, two forward move directions for pawns, pawns capture forward diagonally, and castling. By Yakov Brusky (1966).
 * De Vasa's hexagonal chess: Chess on a rhombus-shaped board of 81 hex cells. Same as Gliński's Hexagonal Chess, but linear startup, two forward move directions for pawns, pawns capture forward diagonally to the side, and castling. Invented by Helge E. de Vasa (1953).
 * Gliński's hexagonal chess: The most popular version of chess for the hex board. Includes three bishops, nine pawns, 91 hex cells. Invented by Władysław Gliński (1936).
 * McCooey's hexagonal chess: Chess on the same hexagonal board as Gliński's Hexagonal Chess, but using a different starting array, seven pawns instead of nine, and pawns capture forward diagonally. By Richard Honeycutt and David McCooey (1978–1979).
 * Polgar Superstar Chess: Hexagonal variant played on a special star-shaped board. Invented by László Polgár (2002).
 * Shafran's hexagonal chess: Chess on an irregular hex board of 70 cells. Same as Gliński's Hexagonal Chess, but differs by starting position, pawn first-move options, pawns capturing forward diagonally, and castling. Invented by Grigorevich Shafran (1939).
 * Strozewski's hexagonal chess: Chess on a square-shaped board of 81 hex cells. King and Knight move as if cells were squares. Invented by Casimir S. Strozewski (1976).
 * Troy: A variant inspired by the Trojan War played on a 91-cell hexagonal board. Pieces are named after characters from the myth.

Triangular spaces

 * Tri-Chess: A variation of Triangular Chess. The rook and bishop are increased to six directions; the queen, to twelve. By George Dekle Sr.
 * Triangular Chess: Board comprises 96 triangles. The rook and bishop have three directions; the queen, six. Three extra pawns and a unicorn. By George Dekle Sr.

Other 2D layouts

 * Balbo's Game: A novel-shaped board with 70 squares. Full armies for each player, minus one pawn. No castling. By G. Balbo (1974).
 * Chessence: Nine pieces per player move according to their relative positions to each other on a 6×9 board with missing squares and kings immobile in the corners. By Jim Winslow (1989).
 * Circular chess: Played on a circular board consisting of four rings, each of sixteen squares.
 * Cross chess: Cross-shaped cells, board geometry like hex chess but moves akin to normal chess (e.g. bishops have four directions, not six; queens eight, not twelve). Extra rook, knight, and pawn per side. By George Dekle Sr.
 * Cylinder chess: Played on a cylinder board with a- and h-files "connected". Thus a player can use them as if the a-file were next to the h-file (and vice versa).
 * Diplomat chess: Played on a circular board with 43 cells, including the centre circle which is considered orthogonal and diagonal to every adjacent cell. Includes a 'diplomat' piece which instead of capturing can suborn enemy pieces.
 * Enochian chess: A four-player variant with magical symbolism, associated with the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.
 * Infinite chess: Numerous players and mathematicians have conceived of chess variations played on an unbounded chessboard. In one example, when using "Converse's rules," the pieces and their relative starting positions are unchanged—only the board is infinitely large.
 * Masonic Chess: Every other board rank is indented. Same as chess, with moves adapted to the new brickwork-like board. By George Dekle Sr.
 * Omega chess: On a 10×10 board with four extra squares, one per corner. Includes the champion and wizard fairy pieces. Both are leapers, with different ways of leaping.
 * Rhombic Chess: Uses a hex-shaped board comprising 72 rhombus cells. Normal set of chess pieces move edgewise or pointwise. Checkmate objective as usual. By Tony Paletta (1980).
 * Rollerball: Inspired by the sci-fi film of the same name, pieces move clockwise around a Roller Derby-like track. By Jean-Louis Cazaux (1998).
 * Spherical chess [multivariant]: A family of variants played on a chessboard wrapped around a sphere. The a- and h-files are adjacent. The poles are circular or octagonal and may or may not be occupied according to the variant. There are no board edges, so kings always have eight adjacent squares. Trans-polar diagonal moves mostly differentiate between variants.
 * Thrones Chess: Uses a board that combines a circular component and a square component, which allows long-range pieces to attack from three sides. The board is divided into two castles and a battlefield. A piece cannot cross more than two castle walls in the same move, and a king in check may not leave a castle except to capture the piece giving check. Knights have additional non-capturing moves. By Richard Van de Venter (1999). Thrones Chess initial setup.png
 * Zonal chess: Board has triangular wings or "zones" on either side of the main 8×8 board. Queens, bishops, and rooks that start from one of the squares in either zone may change direction and keep going on the same move. A queen, for example, could zig around an obstruction and attack a piece in the opposite zone. The power to change direction only applies when a piece's move starts from a zonal area. It is possible (using the queen and rook) to cross the board from one zone to another, but any piece entering a zone cannot make use of the extended move.

Higher dimensional boards

A number of variants have been developed where the playing area is in three dimensions or more. In most cases an extra spatial dimension is represented by multiple boards being laid next to each other. Some extra-dimensional variants attempt to reflect the 3D nature of modern warfare (e.g. Raumschach, designed to reflect aerial and submarine warfare), while others incorporate fantasy or science fiction ideas such as parallel worlds and time travel. An example of the latter is the variant introduced by the 2020 computer game 5D Chess with Multiverse Time Travel, which uses a varying number of boards all being played in parallel.

 * 5D Chess with Multiverse Time Travel: Players can move their pieces through time and between timelines, interacting with the board as it existed earlier in the game, creating alternate timelines which pieces can be moved between. The game is won if at least one king from any time and timeline is in checkmate.
 * Flying chess: Played on a board of 8×8×2, giving a total of 128 cells. Only certain pieces can move to and from the additional level.
 * Parallel Worlds Chess: A 3D variant using three boards, each player commands two armies, capturing either enemy king wins. The middle board is a sort of "twilight zone" obeying its own rules. By R. Wayne Schmittberger (1980s).

Multiple boards

 * Alice Chess: Played with two boards: a piece moved on one board passes "through the looking glass" onto the other board. By V. R. Parton (1953).
 * Chesquerque: Played on four Alquerque boards combined. Includes an extra pawn and archbishop per side. By George Dekle Sr.
 * Crazyhouse: Captured pieces change colour to match the capturing player and can be returned to any unoccupied square on a later turn. There are two variations of this variant, known as Loop chess and Chessgi.
 * Regimental Chess: This variant is played on 1-6 adjacent 12×16 boards, with one white and black division for each board signified by accent colours. Each division starts with 14 infantrymen, similar to pawns but only moving one space at a time straight or diagonally forward until promoted to move one space in any direction, four bishops, four knights, four rooks, two queens and one king, and players may place their pieces into their own formation before the game starts. When a division's king is captured, all other pieces from that division are removed from the battlefield. Pieces can move together as formations, which are connected by any compatible pieces that are adjacent or mutually supportive with one another, and capture pieces by broadsiding with walls of pieces or piercing inferior ranks with superior firepower. Pieces are mutually supportive if they are identical and are within reach of their move style; for example, two bishops are mutually supportive if they are on an adjacent diagonal path unobstructed by other pieces.

Single-player
Similar to solitaire, there are a few chess variants for a single player. Unlike chess puzzles, these variants have a random starting position. Some of these are similar to permutation chess problems.
 * Queen's Quadrille was invented by Karen Robinson in 1998. All chess pieces (except pawns) are randomly placed on a 4×4 board. Then one of the queens is removed and the game is started. Pieces move as usual, however capturing is not allowed. A player can move white and black pieces in any order, without regard for colour. The goal is to move the queen along a predetermined pattern; for example from one corner to the other, or visit all squares on the board only once.
 * Hippodrome, reflects the same type of goal. It was invented by Andy Lewicki in 2003. The initial position is obtained by placing four knights on the first row and all other pieces from a chess set (except pawns) on the remaining fields. Then one of the pieces (except knights) is removed and the game is started. The goal is to move all knights to the opposite rank.
 * Chess Contradance was invented in 1998 by Robinson, and named by Hans Bodlaender, as the setup is like a contradance with the two lines facing each other. The pieces are set up as in regular chess, but without pawns. The first and eighth ranks are safe havens, i.e., no piece can be captured on these ranks. The objective of the puzzle is to move the pieces such that all pieces move to the opposite back row without ever putting any piece in danger of being captured. Black and White alternate moves.

Three or more players

 * Bosworth: A four-player variant played on 6×6 board. It uses a special card system with the pieces for spawning.
 * Bughouse chess (or Exchange chess, Siamese chess, Swap chess, Tandem chess, Transfer Chess): Two teams of two players face each other on two boards. Allies use opposite colours and give captured pieces to their partner. The two-player version of the game, played with only one board, is Crazyhouse.
 * Business chess [multivariant]: Played with two teams using normal chess playing rules but allowing up to five variations of the game. The team may discuss and play alternative moves freely.
 * Djambi: Can be played by four players on a 9×9 board and four sets of special pieces. Pieces can capture or move those of an adversary. Captured pieces are not removed from the board, but turned upside down. There are variants for three or five players (Pentachiavel). (1975)
 * Duchess: Notable for its wide variety of player counts; supports 2, 3, 4, or 6 players in a free-for-all, as well as 2v2, 2v2v2, or 3v3 team play. The board consists of one 4×5 "petal" for each player. These surround a core hexagonal board, which itself has two rings of squares around a central hexagonal "vortex" space. Three Fairy Chess pieces are used, the titular Duchess (princess), the Fortress (empress), and the Wizard, capable of teleporting friendly pieces.
 * Forchess: A four-player variant using the standard board and two sets of standard pieces.
 * Fortress chess: A four-player variant played in Russia in 18th and 19th centuries.
 * Four Fronts: A four-player variant created in 2012 by a Uruguayan professor named Gabriel Baldi Lemonnier.
 * Four-player chess (or Four-handed, 4-Player): Can be played by four people and uses a special board and two sets of differently coloured pieces. Two modes includes: Teams or Free For All.
 * Hand and brain: Teams of two play against each other; in each team, one player is the "brain" and calls out which piece to be moved, while the "hand" player chooses where to move it.
 * Quatrochess: A four-player variant, in addition to the standard chess army, each side controls a chancellor, archbishop, mann, wazir, fers, two camels, and two giraffes. By George Dekle Sr.
 * Three-Man Chess: Three chessboard halves fused into one, first to checkmate wins. By George Dekle Sr.
 * Tri-Chess: For three players; 150 triangular cells; chancellor (empress) and cardinal (princess) replacing queen. By George Dekle Sr.

Variants with hidden information or use of chance
In contrast to standard chess, which is a game of complete information, in these variants, the players do not have perfect information about the state of the board, or there is an element of chance in how the game is played after the initial setup of pieces.

 * ChessHeads: Played with cards that change the game rules.
 * Choker: A combination of chess and poker, with players betting on cards made up from pieces of a standard chess set.
 * Dark chess (or Fog of War chess): The player sees only squares of the board that are attacked by their pieces.
 * Dice chess [multivariant]: The pieces a player is able to move are determined by rolling a pair of dice.
 * Fantasy Chess: Chess with wargaming added. Players fight for squares (which can be co-occupied) using dice. Can be expanded to four players; piece capability can improve each game.
 * Kriegspiel: Neither player knows where the opponent's pieces are but can deduce them with information from a referee.
 * No Stress Chess: Marketed for teaching beginners, the piece(s) a player is able to move are determined by drawing from a deck of cards, with each card providing the rules for how the piece may move. Castling and en passant are disallowed.
 * Panic Chess: Player selects a piece to move, but the target square is randomized from all possible options. Captures are prioritized over non-capture moves. King, if no capture is possible, prioritizes a square not attacked by the opponent. Play ends with capture of king.
 * Playing cards on a chessboard: A card game allowing open play on a board with rectangular sectors, just as in chess or checkers, but with the application of playing cards.
 * Pokémon Chess: Each player assigns a type from Pokémon to each of their pieces before the game starts. A capture on a piece depends on the type of the attacking piece and defending piece: If the attacking piece's type is super-effective towards the defending piece, the attacking piece gets to move again. If the attack is not very effective, both pieces will die, and if the defender is immune, the move is skipped. Additionally, on every capture, there is a chance of hitting a critical hit or missing, which makes the attacker go again or have their move skipped respectively. A player wins when they capture their opponent's king; there is no check.
 * Quantum Chess: Instead of a making a standard move, a player can make a "quantum move", which splits the piece being moved into a "superposition" of two locations, each with their own "probability". (Pawns cannot make quantum moves.) A succession of quantum moves can result in a piece being split into several superpositions. When that piece interacts with another piece, a measurement occurs, which causes the superpositions formed by the most recent quantum move in the history of that piece to be consolidated into a single location. The location of that consolidation depends randomly on the probabilities of the different superpositions. Playing the game by hand would require complex mathematical computations and a means of random number generation. There is a computer implementation available on the computer game platform Steam.
 * Synchronous Chess: Players try to outguess each other, moving simultaneously after privately recording intended moves and anticipated results. Incompatible moves, for instance to the same square with no anticipated capture, are replayed. Alternatively, two pieces moving to the same square are both captured, unless one is the king, in which case it captures the other. Play ends with capture of king.
 * Viennese Chess: A barrier or screen between the two halves of the chessboard, two players then place their pieces on their half of the board. The barrier is then lifted and the game is then played as in standard chess.

Games inspired by chess
These variants are very different from chess and may be classified as abstract strategy board games instead of chess variants.
 * Arimaa: A game designed in 2002 to be easy for people to understand but difficult for computers to play well. The Arimaa Challenge was a cash prize offered for developing a program able to defeat the top human Arimaa players; this was claimed in 2015.
 * Hive: a bug-themed abstract strategy game designed by John Yianni and published in 2001 by Gen42 Games. The object of Hive is to capture the opponent's queen bee by completely surrounding it, while avoiding the capture of one's own queen.
 * Martian chess: Played with Icehouse pieces.
 * Navia Dratp: A cross between shogi and miniature wargaming.
 * Penultima: An inductive variant where the players must deduce hidden rules invented by "Spectators".
 * The Duke: An abstract strategy game where the board, pieces, and gameplay mechanics have some strong parallels with chess.

Chess-related historical and regional games
Some of these games have developed independently while others are ancestors or relatives of modern chess. The popularity of these variants may be limited to their respective places of origin (as is largely the case for shogi), or worldwide (as is the case for xiangqi). The games have their own institutions and traditions.

Historical

 * Chaturaji: Four-handed version of chaturanga, played with dice.
 * Chaturanga: An ancient East Indian game, presumed to be the common ancestor of chess and other national chess-related games.
 * Courier chess: Played in Europe from 13th to 19th century. Probably was one step in evolving modern chess out of shatranj.
 * Grant Acedrex: Medieval Spanish variant from 13th century.
 * Shatranj: An ancient Persian game, derived from chaturanga.
 * Short assize: Played in England and Paris in the second half of the 12th century.
 * Tamerlane chess: A significantly expanded variation of shatranj.

Regional

 * Banqi (or Chinese Half chess) (China)
 * Chandraki (Tibet)
 * Game of the Three Kingdoms (China)
 * Hiashatar (Mongolia)
 * Indian chess (India)
 * Janggi (Korea; see also janggi variants)
 * Jungle (or Dou Shou Qi, The Jungle Game, Jungle Chess, Animals Chess, Oriental Chess, Children's Chess) (China)
 * Ka Ok (Cambodia)
 * Main chator (Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines)
 * Makruk (Thailand)
 * Ouk Chatrang (Cambodia)
 * Rek Chess (Cambodia)
 * Samantsy (Madagascar)
 * Senterej (Ethiopia and Eritrea)
 * Shatar (Mongolia)
 * Shogi (Japan; see also shogi variants, especially chu shogi)
 * Sittuyin (Burma)
 * Xiangqi (China; see also xiangqi variants)

title: List of chess variants


text:
Archbishop

In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdiocese (with some exceptions), or are otherwise granted a titular archbishopric. In others, such as the Lutheran Church of Sweden, the title is only borne by the leader of the denomination.

Etymology
The word archbishop comes via the Latin archiepiscopus. This in turn comes from the Greek αρχιεπίσκοπος, which has as components the etymons αρχι-, meaning 'chief', επί, 'over', and σκοπός, 'guardian, watcher'.

Early history
The earliest appearance of neither the title nor the role can be traced. The title of "metropolitan" was apparently well known by the 4th century, when there are references in the canons of the First Council of Nicæa of 325 and Council of Antioch of 341, though the term seems to be used generally for all higher ranks of bishop, including patriarchs. The term "archbishop" does not appear in the modern sense until the 6th century, although the role, above ordinary bishops but below patriarchs, seems to be established for metropolitans by the 5th century.

Metropolitan archbishops
Episcopal sees are generally arranged in groups in which one see's bishop has certain powers and duties of oversight over the others. He is known as the metropolitan archbishop of that see. In the Catholic Church, canon 436 of the Code of Canon Law indicates what these powers and duties are for a Latin Church metropolitan archbishop, while those of the head of an autonomous (sui iuris) Eastern Catholic Churches are indicated in canon 157 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. All Catholic metropolitans are archbishops, but not all archbishops are metropolitans, though most are.

Non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees

As well as the much more numerous metropolitan sees, there are 77 Catholic sees that have archiepiscopal rank. In some cases, such a see is the only one in a country, such as Luxembourg or Monaco,  too small to be divided into several dioceses so as to form an ecclesiastical province. In others, the title of archdiocese is for historical reasons attributed to a see that was once of greater importance.

Some of these archdioceses are suffragans of a metropolitan archdiocese; examples are the Archdiocese of Avignon, which is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Marseille, and the Archdiocese of Trnava, Slovakia. Others are immediately subject to the Holy See and not to any metropolitan archdiocese. These are usually "aggregated" to an ecclesiastical province. An example is the Archdiocese of Hobart in Australia, with the Metropolitan ecclesiastical province of Melbourne, but not  of it. The ordinary of such an archdiocese is an archbishop.

In the Anglican Communion, non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees are much less common. The Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem, established in 1841, was raised to the status of a non-metropolitan archiepiscopal see in 1957, but reduced to the status of an ordinary bishopric again in 1976. In 2014 it was again elevated to the status of non-metropolitan archbishopric, with its ordinary bearing the title "Archbishop in Jerusalem", despite having no ex officio right to be the metropolitan of the province.

Coadjutor archbishops
Until 1970, a coadjutor archbishop, one who has special faculties and the right to succeed to the leadership of a see on the death or resignation of the incumbent, was assigned also to a titular see, which he held until the moment of succession. Since then, the title of Coadjutor Archbishop of the see is considered sufficient and more appropriate.

Archbishops ad personam
The rank of archbishop is conferred on some bishops who are not ordinaries of an archdiocese. They hold the rank not because of the see that they head but because it has been granted to them personally (ad personam). Such a grant can be given when someone who already holds the rank of archbishop is transferred to a see that, though its present-day importance may be greater than the person's former see, is not archiepiscopal. The bishop transferred is then known as the archbishop-bishop of his new see. An example is Gianfranco Gardin, appointed Archbishop-Bishop of Treviso on 21 December 2009. The title borne by the successor of such an archbishop-bishop is merely that of Bishop of the see, unless he also is granted the personal title of Archbishop. Another example is Arthur Roche, who was Bishop of Leeds until his appointment as Secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. Roche remained a bishop by virtue of his position as bishop emeritus of Leeds – rather than being transferred to a different titular archbishopric, he was appointed as an archbishop ad personam.

Titular archiepiscopal sees
The distinction between metropolitan sees and non-metropolitan archiepiscopal sees exists for titular sees as well as for residential ones. The Annuario Pontificio marks titular sees of the former class with the abbreviation Metr. and the others with Arciv.

Many of the titular sees to which nuncios and heads of departments of the Roman Curia who are not cardinals are assigned are not of archiepiscopal rank. In that case the person who is appointed to such a position is given the personal title of archbishop (ad personam). They are usually referred to as archbishop of the see, not as its archbishop-bishop.

Archbishops emeriti
If an archbishop resigns his see without being transferred to another, as in the case of retirement or assignment to head a department of the Roman Curia, the word emeritus is added to his former title, and he is called archbishop emeritus of his former see. Until 1970, such archbishops were transferred to a titular see.

There can be several archbishops emeriti of the same see: the 2008 Annuario Pontificio listed three living archbishops emeriti of Taipei.

There is no archbishop emeritus of a titular see; an archbishop who holds a titular see keeps it until death or until transferred to another see.

In the Anglican Communion, retired archbishops formally revert to being addressed as "bishop" and styled "The Right Reverend", although they may be appointed "archbishop emeritus" by their province on retirement, in which case they retain the title "archbishop" and the style "The Most Reverend", as a right. Archbishop Desmond Tutu was a prominent example, as archbishop emeritus of Cape Town. Former archbishops who have not received the status of archbishop emeritus may still be informally addressed as "archbishop" as a courtesy, unless they are subsequently appointed to a bishopric (not an bishopric), in which case the courtesy ceases.

Privileges of archbishops
While there is no difference between the official dress of archbishops, as such, and that of other bishops, Roman Catholic metropolitan archbishops are distinguished by the use in liturgical ceremonies of the pallium, but only within the province over which they have oversight.

Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops are styled "The Most Reverend" and addressed as "Your Excellency" in most cases. In English-speaking countries (except the United States), a Catholic archbishop is addressed as "Your Grace", while a Catholic bishop is addressed as "Your Lordship". Before December 12, 1930, the title "Most Reverend" was only for archbishops, while bishops were styled as "Right Reverend". This practice is still followed by Catholic bishops in the United Kingdom to mirror that of the Church of England.

In Roman Catholic heraldry, an archbishop has an ecclesiastical hat called a galero with ten tassels on each side of his coat of arms, while a bishop has only six. The archiepiscopal cross behind the shield has two bars instead of one. Such a cross may be borne before him in liturgical processions.

In processions and other occasions where strict protocol is observed, archbishops are ranked higher than diocesan bishops in the order of precedence.

In the Anglican Communion, archbishops are styled "The Most Reverend" and addressed as "Your Grace", while bishops are styled "The Right Reverend" and addressed as "My Lord" or "Your Lordship". (In some countries, this usage is followed also by the Roman Catholic Church, but in others no distinction is made and "The Most Reverend" and "Your Excellency" are used for archbishops and bishops alike.) Anglican archbishops are entitled to be preceded by a server carrying an archiepiscopal processional cross (with two bars instead of one) in liturgical processions. The archbishop of Canterbury's metropolitical processional cross is always carried before him by a priest-chaplain, and (like other archbishops) is a two-barred processional cross. However, the archbishop of Canterbury is also entitled to be preceded by the ancient primatial cross of Canterbury (still in ceremonial use) which is of an ornate historical design, made of precious metal, and with precious stones inserted, but unlike his metropolitical cross (or those of other archbishops) it is not double-barred.

Eastern Christianity
Archbishops exist in all traditional denominations of the Eastern Christianity, including the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Eastern Catholic Churches and others.

Eastern Orthodox Church
In the Eastern Orthodox churches, the office and title of archbishop can be traced from the 4th and 5th century. Historically, the title was used variously, in terms of rank and jurisdiction.

In some Eastern Orthodox churches, archbishops are ranked above metropolitans in precedence, while in others that order is reversed. Primates of autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches below patriarchal rank are generally designated as archbishops. In the Greek Orthodox Church, archbishops are ranked above metropolitans in precedence. The reverse is true for some Slavic Orthodox churches (Russian Orthodox, Bulgarian Orthodox) and also for Romanian Orthodox Church, where metropolitans rank above archbishops.

In terms of jurisdiction, there are two basic types of archbishops in the Eastern Orthodox Church: real archbishops and honorary archbishops. Real archbishops are primates of autocephalous or autonomous (regional) churches, and they have actual jurisdiction over other bishops, while honorary archbishops are in fact just diocesan bishops with honorary titles of archbishops and no jurisdiction outside their own diocese. The honorary title is usually conferred to bishops of historically important sees. For example, in the Serbian Orthodox Church, both types were represented: the head of the autonomous Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric is styled Archbishop of Ohrid and invested with regional jurisdiction over all diocesan bishops in North Macedonia, while former diocesan bishop (late Amfilohije Radović) of the Eparchy of Montenegro and the Littoral, with seat in Cetinje, was personally given only the honorary title Archbishop of Cetinje, but without any jurisdiction over other diocesan bishops in Montenegro.

Historically, within the Patriarchate of Constantinople, honorary archiepiscopal titles were also granted to those diocesan bishops who were exempt from jurisdictions of local metropolitans, and transferred to the direct jurisdiction of the patriarchal throne. Such titular hierarchs were contentiously styled as "autocephalous archbishops" (self-headed, just in terms of not having a metropolitan, but without connotations to real autocephaly). For example, until the end of the 8th century, bishop of Amorium was under the jurisdiction of metropolitan of Pessinus, but he was later exempt and placed under direct patriarchal jurisdiction. On that occasion, he was given an honorary title of an autocephalous archbishop, but with no jurisdiction over other bishops. Sometime later (c. 814), metropolitan province of Amorium was created, and local archbishop finally gained regional jurisdiction as a metropolitan.

Oriental Orthodox Churches
The Oriental Orthodox custom generally agrees with the Slavic rather than the Greek with respect to the archbishop/metropolitan distinction.

Eastern Catholic Churches
Instead of the term archbishop, Eastern Catholic Churches sometimes use the word archeparch by analogy with eparch, the term used for a diocesan (or eparchial) bishop. However, the word archeparch is not found in the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.

title: Archbishop