text:
1459

Year 1459 (MCDLIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 18 – The Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem is founded by Pope Pius II, to defend the island of Lemnos.
 * September 23 – Wars of the Roses: Battle of Blore Heath in England – Yorkists under Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury, defeat a Lancastrian force.
 * October 12 – Wars of the Roses: With a royal force advancing on his fortress at Ludlow, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, flees to Ireland, while his ally Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick (Warwick the Kingmaker, eldest son of the Earl of Salisbury) goes to Calais.

Date unknown

 * The Wallachian town of Bucharest is first mentioned.
 * The city of Jodhpur, in western India, is founded by Rao Jodha of Marwar.
 * Richard, Duke of York, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, returns on a second visit to Ireland. The Irish Parliament, meeting at Drogheda, upholds his authority against Henry VI, and an English Act of Attainder.
 * Richard Hygons, English composer, begins fifty years of service at Wells Cathedral.

Religion

 * King Thomas of Bosnia forces the clergy of the Bosnian Church into exile.
 * According to a legend, the wedding of Christian Rosenkreuz takes place.

Births

 * January 25 – Paul Hofhaimer, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1537)
 * March 2 – Pope Adrian VI (d. 1523)
 * March 6 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (d. 1525)
 * March 22 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1519)
 * May 15 – John I, Count Palatine of Simmern (1480–1509) (d. 1509)
 * July – Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (d. 1530)
 * July 11 – Kaspar, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, German nobleman (d. 1527)
 * October 6 – Martin Behaim, German explorer and cartographer (d. 1507)
 * December 22 – Sultan Cem, pretender to the Ottoman throne (d. 1495)
 * December 27 – King John I Albert of Poland (d. 1501)
 * date unknown – Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (d. 1521)
 * Christina Brask, Swedish writer and translator (d. 1520)
 * probable – Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (d. 1537)
 * date unknown – Jheronimus de Clibano, Dutch composer (d. 1503)
 * date unknown – Jean Mouton, French composer (d. 1522)

Deaths

 * February 14 – Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (b. 1385)
 * March 3 – Ausiàs March, Catalan poet from Valencia (b. 1397)
 * May 2 – Antoninus of Florence, Italian archbishop (b. 1389)
 * August 27 – James of Portugal, Portuguese cardinal (b. 1433)
 * September 6 – Katharina of Nassau-Beilstein, German regent
 * September 17 – Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra, Portuguese Duchess (b. 1409)
 * September 23 (killed at the Battle of Blore Heath):
 * James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (b. 1400)
 * Thomas Dutton, English knight (b. 1421)
 * September 24 – Eric of Pomerania, King of Norway, Denmark and Sweden (b. 1382)
 * October 30 – Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, Italian humanist (b. 1380)
 * November 5 – John Fastolf, English soldier
 * December 4 – Adolf VIII, Duke of Southern Jutland (b. 1401)

title: 1459


text:
491 BC

Year 491 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augurinus and Atratinus (or, less frequently, year 263 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 491 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Greece

 * Darius I sends envoys to all Greek cities, demanding "earth and water for vassalage" which Athens and Sparta refuse.
 * The Greek city of Aegina, fearing the loss of trade, submits to Persia. The Spartan king, Cleomenes I tries to punish Aegina for its submission to the Persians, but the other Spartan king, Demaratus, thwarts him.
 * Cleomenes I engineers the deposing of Spartan co-ruler Demaratus (and his replacement by Cleomenes’ cousin Leotychidas) by bribing the oracle at Delphi to announce that this action was divine will. The two Spartan kings successfully capture the Persian collaborators in Aegina.

Sicily

 * Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela, loses his life in a battle against the Siculi, the native Sicilian people. He is succeeded as Tyrant of Gela by Gelo, who had been his commander of cavalry.

Roman Republic

 * During this year there was a famine in Rome. General Gais Marcius Coriolanus suggested that people should not receive grains unless they agree to abolish the Office of Tribune. Because of this, the Tribunes had him exiled. In response, Coriolanus takes refuge with the leader of the Volsci, eventually leading the Volscian army in a war against Rome. It was only due to entreaties from his mother and wife that he abandoned his war against Rome.
 * On the Via Latina, a main road leading out of Rome, the Temple of Fortuna Muliebras was finished.

Art

 * The construction of a relief begins in the Apadana, a ceremonial complex at Persepolis. The relief pictures Darius I and Xerxes I receiving tribute and is now displayed in the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

Deaths

 * Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 491 BC


text:
1454

Year 1454 (MCDLIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February 4 – Thirteen Years' War: The Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master, and the citizens of Toruń rebel against the Teutonic Knights, beginning the conflict.
 * March 6 – Casimir IV of Poland renounces allegiance to the Teutonic Knights.
 * March 27 – Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York, becomes Protector for King Henry VI of England, who is in a catatonic state.
 * April 9 – Treaty of Lodi: Francesco Sforza forms a triple alliance between the Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence and Kingdom of Naples.
 * August – In Moldavia, Petru Aron retakes the throne from Alexăndrel.
 * September 18 – Thirteen Years' War – Battle of Chojnice: The Polish army is defeated by a smaller but more professional Teutonic army.
 * October 9 – Thirteen Years' War: Malbork treaty between the authorities of the Teutonic Order and the mercenary forces fighting for the Teutonic Order.
 * December – King Henry VI of England having regained his sanity dismisses the Duke of York as Protector.

Date unknown

 * The press of Johannes Gutenberg (at Mainz on the Rhine) produces the first printed documents bearing a date.
 * Isaac Zarfati sends a circular letter to Rhineland, Swabia, Moravia and Hungary, praising the happy conditions of the Jews under the crescent, in contrast to the "great torture chamber" under the cross, and urging them to come to the Ottoman Empire.
 * The Statutes of Nieszawa are enacted in Poland.
 * The Drought of One Rabbit is recorded in Aztec history.

Births

 * June 3 – Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (d. 1523)
 * June 16 – Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples (d. 1517)
 * July 14 – Poliziano, Italian humanist (d. 1494)
 * September 4 – Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English politician (d. 1483)
 * September 24 – Gerold Edlibach, Swiss historian (d. 1530)
 * November 25 – Catherine Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus (d. 1510)
 * date unknown
 * Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer (d. 1504)
 * Pinturicchio, Italian painter (d. 1513)
 * Choe Bu, Korean official and venturer to China (d. 1504)
 * Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany (d. 1485)

Deaths

 * March 22 – John Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * July 20 – King John II of Castile (b. 1405)
 * December 10 – Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.
 * date unknown
 * Chiara Zorzi, regent of Athens
 * William Turnbull, Bishop of Glasgow
 * Robert Wingfield, English politician (b. 1403)

title: 1454


text:
1660s

The 1660s decade ran from 1 January 1660, to 31 December 1669.

title: 1660s