text:
1208

Year 1208 (MCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Asia

 * April 15 – A fire breaks out in the Song Chinese capital city of Hangzhou, raging for four days and nights, destroying 58,097 houses over an area of more than 3 mi, killing 59 people, and an unrecorded number of other people, who are trampled while attempting to flee. The government provides temporary lodging for 5,345 people, in nearby Buddhist and Taoist monasteries. The collective victims of the disaster are given 160,000 strings of cash, along with 400 tons of rice. Some of the government officials who lose their homes take up residence in rented boathouses on the nearby West Lake.

Europe

 * January 15 – Pierre de Castelnau is murdered by heretics supported by Raymond VI, count of Toulouse. He is held responsible and excommunicated by Pope Innocent III, leading to the Albigensian Crusade.
 * January 31 – Battle of Lena: Swedish forces under King Eric X defeat the invading Danish army (some 12,000 men). King Sverker II ("the Younger") is deposed as king of Sweden and is succeeded by Eric X.
 * Livonian Crusade: The Crusader Livonian Brothers of the Sword, supported by tribes of Livs and Letts, initiate raids into Ugandi County in southern Estonia, resulting in the Estonian fight for independence.
 * March 24 – Innocent III places England under a Papal Interdict, as punishment for John, King of England ("Lackland")'s refusal to accept Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. During the interdict, religious services as marriages, burials, or baptisms cannot be performed. John confiscates church property of clergy who are unwilling to conduct services. Many bishops in the country flee abroad to the Continent.
 * Autumn – William Marshal is recalled and humiliated by King John at court in London, while John gives his justiciar in Ireland, Meiler Fitzhenry the order to invade Marshal's lands there, burning the town of New Ross.
 * June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany, is assassinated in Bamberg by the German count Otto of Wittelsbach, because Philip has refused to give him his 10-year-old daughter Beatrice in marriage.
 * June 30 – Battle of Philippopolis: Bulgarian forces under Emperor (tsar) Boril are defeated by the Latin army (some 30,000 men) led by Emperor Henry of Flanders, near modern-day Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
 * August 27 – Queen Irene Angelina dies in childbirth after the death of her husband Philip of Swabia at Hohenstaufen Castle, leaving four daughters: Beatrice, Maria, Kunigunde and Elisabeth.
 * November 11 – Otto IV is elected by the German nobles as king of Germany at Frankfurt. He is engaged to Beatrice and travels to Milan where he receives the Iron Crown and the title of King of Italy, which continues until the end of World War I in 1918.

Literature

 * Robert of Courçon, an English cardinal, writes his Summa – devoted to questions of canon law and ethics – dealing at length with the question of usury.

Religion

 * November 17 – Innocent III asks the nobles in Northern France to take military action (the so-called Albigensian Crusade) against the Cathars in Languedoc.

Births

 * February 2 – James I ("the Conqueror"), king of Aragon (d. 1276)
 * Ada van Holland, Dutch noblewoman and abbess (d. 1258)
 * Berke Khan, Mongol ruler of the Golden Horde (d. 1266)
 * Bolesław I of Masovia, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1248)
 * Coloman of Galicia, Hungarian prince of Halych (d. 1241)
 * Gissur Þorvaldsson, Icelandic chieftain (or goði) (d. 1268)
 * Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson, Icelandic chieftain (d. 1245)
 * Knut Haakonsson, Norwegian nobleman (jarl) (d. 1261)
 * Margaret Skulesdatter, queen consort of Norway (d. 1270)
 * Sempad the Constable, Armenian nobleman (d. 1276)
 * Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, English nobleman (d. 1265)
 * Thomas de Beaumont, English nobleman (d. 1242)

Deaths

 * January 15 – Pierre de Castelnau, French priest (assassinated)
 * January 28 – Julian of Cuenca, Spanish bishop (b. 1127)
 * February 18 – Mark Ibn Kunbar, Egyptian Coptic priest
 * April 22 – Philip of Poitou (or Poitiers), bishop of Durham
 * June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany (b. 1177)
 * August 27 – Irene Angelina, queen consort of Sicily and Germany
 * August 29 – Dietrich von Kittlitz, bishop of Meissen
 * October 6 – Geoffrey de Muschamp, bishop of Coventry
 * November 9 – Sancha of Castile, queen consort of Aragon
 * December 29 – Zhangzong of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 1168)
 * Bridget Haraldsdotter, queen consort of Sweden (approximate date)
 * Ermengol VIII (or Armengol), count of Urgell (b. 1158)
 * Kolbeinn Tumason, Icelandic chieftain and poet (b. 1173)
 * Knut Birgersson, Swedish nobleman (jarl) and knight
 * Leo Sgouros (or Sgurus), Byzantine governor and despot
 * Peter of Angoulême, Latin bishop and patriarch of Antioch
 * William IV of Forcalquier, French nobleman (b. 1130)
 * Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili, Egyptian Jewish physician

title: 1208


text:
1207

Year 1207 (MCCVII) was a common year starting on Monday (full calendar) under the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Siege of Attalia: Seljuk forces led by Sultan Kaykhusraw I besiege the city port of Attalia (modern-day Antalya) with siege machines. After a siege of more than 2 months, the city is captured, Kaykhusraw allows his forces 3 days of looting and slaughtering. The capture of the port gives the Seljuk Turks a major path into the Mediterranean.
 * September 4 – Battle of Messinopolis: Latin forces under Boniface of Montferrat are ambushed and defeated at Messinopolis. Boniface is killed and his head is sent to Kaloyan, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire. Seeking to take advantage of the situation, Kaloyan besieges Thessalonica. In October, he dies under mysterious circumstances.

Europe

 * February 2 – Terra Mariana (or Medieval Livonia), comprising present-day Estonia and Latvia, is established as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. During the existence of Terra Mariana, there is a constant struggle over supremacy, between the lands ruled by the Teutonic Order, the secular German nobility, and the citizens of the Hanseatic towns of Riga and Reval.
 * Prince Mstislav Mstislavich (the Daring) clashes with his uncle Rurik Rostislavich, Grand Prince of Kiev, and is forced to surrender the town of Torchesk (a major centre of resistance against Polovtsian raids).
 * Pope Innocent III declares for King Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor, a reversal of his previous support for Philip's rival Otto IV.

England

 * King John (Lackland) introduces the first income tax. One-thirteenth of income from rents, and moveable property has to be paid. Collected locally by sheriffs and administered by the Exchequer. The tax is unpopular with the English nobility and especially in the churches and monasteries. The tax does raise a lot of money for John, doubling his annual income for the year.
 * May 24 – John (Lackland) still refuses to accept Stephen Langton as archbishop, Innocent III threatens to place England under an Interdict. In response, John confiscates church property. Many of the English bishops of the great churches in the country flee abroad to the Continent.
 * November – Leeds, a market town in West Yorkshire, receives its first charter (approximate date).

Asia

 * Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, subjugates people of the Siberian forest (taiga); the Uriankhai, the Oirats, the Barga, the Khakas, the Buryats, and the Tuvans. Extending the northern border of the Mongol Empire.
 * Hōnen and his followers of the Pure Land sect are persecuted and exiled to remote parts of Japan, while a few are executed, for what the government considers heretical Buddhist teachings.
 * Before 1207 – Kosho writes Kuya Preaching, during the Kamakura period (it is now kept at Rokuharamitsu-ji Temple in Kyoto).
 * October 7 – The Indramayu Regency in Nusantara is established.

Economy

 * The first documentary evidence of forced loans in Venice. This technique becomes the staple of public finance in Europe, until the 16th century.

Religion

 * June 17 – Stephen Langton is consecrated as archbishop of Canterbury, by Innocent III at Viterbo.

Births

 * July 7 – Elizabeth of Hungary, Hungarian princess (d. 1231)
 * August 13 – Malik ibn al-Murahhal, Moroccan poet (d. 1299)
 * September 30 – Rumi, Persian scholar and mystic (d. 1273)
 * October 1 – Henry III (Winchester), English king (d. 1272)
 * Adelasia of Torres, Italian noblewoman and judge (d. 1259)
 * Canute (or Knud Valdemarsen), duke of Estonia (d. 1260)
 * Elen ferch Llywelyn (the Elder), English countess (d. 1253)
 * Fujiwara no Akiuji, Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1274)
 * Fujiwara no Ariko, Japanese empress consort (d. 1286)
 * Gilbert Marshal, English nobleman and knight (d. 1241)
 * Henry II, Dutch nobleman (House of Reginar) (d. 1248)
 * Jakuen, Japanese Buddhist monk and scholar (d. 1299)
 * John of Scotland, Scottish nobleman and knight (d. 1237)
 * Margaret of Louvain, Flemish servant and saint (d. 1237)
 * Ottone Visconti, Italian nobleman and archbishop (d. 1295)
 * Philip I, French nobleman (House of Savoy) (d. 1285)
 * Raymond II (or Raimond), French nobleman (d. 1263)
 * Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi, Persian philosopher (d. 1274)
 * Vladislaus II, Bohemian nobleman and knight (d. 1227)

Deaths

 * February 7 – Sambor I, duke of Pomerania (b. 1150)
 * March 1 – Fernando Afonso, Portuguese Grand Master
 * May 3 – Fujiwara no Kanezane, Japanese nobleman
 * May 7 – Abdul Razzaq Gilani, Persian jurist (b. 1134)
 * June 6 – Gerardo dei Tintori, Italian mystic (b. 1134)
 * June 13 – Xie, Chinese empress consort (b. 1135)
 * June 19 – Ubaldo Lanfranchi, Italian archbishop
 * August 21 – Simon of Wells, bishop of Chichester
 * September 4
 * Boniface I of Montferrat, Italian nobleman
 * Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, French troubadour
 * October – Kaloyan, ruler (tsar) of the Bulgarian Empire
 * October 3 – Xin Qiji, Chinese general and poet (b. 1140)
 * November 3 – Hartwig II, German archbishop
 * November 24 – Han Tuozhou, Chinese statesman (b. 1152)
 * unknown date – Amalric of Bena, French theologian and mystic
 * probable
 * Bona of Pisa, Italian nun and mystic (b. 1156)
 * David Soslan, Alanian prince and king consort

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1207


text:
1206

Year 1206 (MCCVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * January 31 – Battle of Rusion: The Bulgarian forces (some 7,000 men), under Tsar Kaloyan, defeat the remnants of the Latin army, near the fortress of Rusion in Thrace. Around 120 knights, supported by soldiers and cavalry, are killed in battle or captured.
 * February – The Bulgarians attack and loot the fortified town of Rodosto (see Battle of Rodosto), defended by a Venetian garrison. Later, Kaloyan captures many more towns and fortresses.
 * August 20 – Henry of Flanders is crowned as the second emperor of the Latin Empire, in the Hagia Sophia at Constantinople, after hearing of the death of his brother, Emperor Baldwin I, who has died in prison at Baldwin's Tower in Tsarevets Castle, in Veliko Tarnovo (after being captured by the Bulgarians in 1205). Upon Henry's ascension as Latin emperor, the Lombard nobles of the Kingdom of Thessalonica refuse to give him allegiance.

Asia

 * Temüjin assembles at a Kurultai, a council of Mongol chiefs, the tribes under his rule and is elected as their leader. He is given the title of "Genghis Khan" of the Mongol people – founding the Mongol Empire. Genghis takes immediate steps to underpin his military command, starting with a fundamental reordering of tribal loyalties. United under one nomadic nation, under one banner and one authority.
 * Muqali (or Mukhali), a Mongol general in service of Genghis Khan, is rewarded with the command of the left-wing of the newly reorganized Mongol army and takes control over the eastern Mingghans.
 * March 15 – Sultan Muhammad of Ghor is murdered and succeeded by Qutb al-Din Aibak, his deputy in India, who founds the Mamluk Dynasty, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.

Europe

 * King Valdemar II (the Conqueror) and Archbishop Andreas Sunonis raid Saaremaa Island (modern Estonia), forcing the islanders to submit. The Danes build a fortress, but finding no volunteers to man it, they burn it down themselves and leave the island.
 * The Livonian Brothers of the Sword, in alliance with the Semigallians, conquer the Livonians (or Livs).

Britain

 * June – King John (Lackland) lands an expeditionary army at La Rochelle to defend his interests in Aquitaine, which is his from the inheritance from his mother, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. Meanwhile, French forces led by King Philip II (Augustus) move south to meet John. The year's campaign ends in a stalemate and a two-year truce is made between the two rulers.

Art and Culture

 * Sugar, an import from the Muslim world, is mentioned for the first time in a royal English account. Almonds, cinnamon, ginger, and nutmeg are also imported for royal banquets.

Religion

 * A peasant named Thurkhill in England claims that Saint Julian took him on a tour of Purgatory. Thurkhill includes realistic touches of descriptions of Purgatory's torture chambers. This is also believed by Roger of Wendover, one of his society's leading historians.
 * December – The monks of Canterbury want their own sub-prior Reginald for the post of archbishop, while John (Lackland) chooses John de Gray. Pope Innocent III appoints Stephen Langton. Finally, the monks accept the Pope's decision and vote for Langton.

Technic

 * The Arab engineer Ismail al-Jazari describes many mechanical inventions in his book (title translated to English) The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.

Births

 * c.March 19 – Güyük Khan (or Kuyuk), Mongol emperor (d. 1248)
 * April 7 – Otto II, German nobleman (d. 1253)
 * unknown dates
 * Béla IV, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1270)
 * Hong Pok-wŏn, Korean general and official (d. 1258)
 * Sheikh Edebali, Ottoman religious leader (d. 1326)
 * Yaghmurasen ibn Zyan, Zayyanid ruler (d. 1283)
 * probable
 * Margaret de Quincy, English noblewoman (d. 1266)

Deaths

 * February 4 – Theobald Walter, Norman High Sheriff (b. 1165)
 * March 5 – Thietmar of Minden (or Dietmar), German bishop
 * April 5 – Ottaviano di Paoli, Italian cardinal-bishop and diplomat
 * April 7 – Frederick I, German nobleman (House of Lorraine)
 * April 16 – Kujō Yoshitsune, Japanese nobleman (b. 1169)
 * April 23 – Suero Rodríguez, Spanish knight and Grand Master
 * June 4 – Adela of Champagne, queen of France (b. 1140)
 * unknown dates
 * Artaldus (or Arthaud), French priest and bishop (b. 1101)
 * Harald Maddadsson, Norwegian nobleman (b. 1134)
 * Huan Zong, Chinese emperor of Western Xia (b. 1177)
 * Ismail al-Jazari, Artuqid polymath and inventor (b. 1136)
 * Muhammad of Ghor, ruler of the Ghurid Empire (b. 1149)
 * William de Burgh, English nobleman (House of Burke)
 * Yang Wanli, Chinese politician and poet (b. 1127)

title: 1206


text:
1203

Year 1203 (MCCIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It was also the first year to have all digits different from each other since 1098.

Fourth Crusade

 * April 20 – The Crusader army evacuates Zadar, and sets sail to Corfu; Boniface of Montferrat and Doge Enrico Dandolo stay behind to await Prince Alexios Angelos. After a brief pause at Durrës (modern Albania), the fleet reaches Corfu. Meanwhile, news of its approach (through spies) has reached Emperor Alexios III Angelos at Constantinople. He gives order to strengthen the city walls and the fortifications.
 * May – June – The Crusader fleet rounds Greece and stops at Negroponte (modern-day Halkis), where the local authorities submit to Alexios Angelos. Encouraged by this, the Crusader leaders send him and several ships to extend his authority over the neighboring island of Andros. Mid-June, the Crusader fleet sails from Greece to Abydos, where it enters the Dardanelles.
 * June 23 – The Crusader fleet comes within sight of Constantinople, and enters the Bosporus. The Byzantine capital is defended by a garrison of 15,000 soldiers (including 5,000 men of the Varangian Guard), and a fleet of 20 galleys. On June 26, the Byzantine troops skirmish with the Crusader forces, who attack, without success, the cities of Chalcedon and Chrysopolis.
 * July 2 – Crusader leaders sail close to the city's walls in order to display the young Alexios Angelos, where they call upon the Byzantines to rise up in his favour. After rowing back and forth for a while, receiving insults and missiles, the attempt is abandoned. The Crusader leadership decides to land an invasion force north of Galata – using prevailing currents and winds.
 * July 5 – The Crusader fleet disembarks their horse transports, and barrels down upon the Byzantine defenders in a full cavalry charge. The Byzantines flee after brief combat, and retreat to the Tower of Galata, where they fortify themselves. After a bitter struggle, the Crusaders capture the tower and break the floating chain, and allow their fleet to enter the Golden Horn.
 * Siege of Constantinople: The Crusaders, led by Boniface of Montferrat, capture Constantinople, in support of the deposed Emperor Isaac II and his son Alexios Angelos. This marks the main outcome of the Fourth Crusade.
 * July 11 – The Crusaders take positions opposite the Palace of Blachernae on the northwest corner of the city. Their first attempts are repulsed, but on July 17 the Venetians take a section of the wall of about 25 towers, while the Varangian Guard holds off the Crusaders on the land wall, inflicting heavy casualties. The Venetians set fire to the buildings inside the Golden Horn walls, and then abandon the occupied fortifications.
 * July 17–18 – Alexios III tries to counterattack from the Gate of St. Romanus but retreats without a fight. Embarrassed, he prefers to escape and abandon his subjects, fleeing with the imperial treasure to Develtos (a fortified town on the Gulf of Burgas) in Thrace. Meanwhile, the Byzantine aristocracy restores the ex-emperor Isaac II to the imperial throne. On August 1, Alexios Angelos is crowned co-emperor as Alexios IV.
 * August – Alexios IV announces new taxes and enrages the Orthodox Church by confiscating large quantities of Byzantine icons, many centuries old, and melts them down to produce enough silver to pay the massive debt to the Venetians. A riot breaks out in Constantinople – during which the Byzantine populace loots and burns the homes of Italian residents in the city.
 * August 31 – The Venetians rally a rabble of soldiers and storm through the walls, attacking the Mitation Mosque which results in extensive fires in Constantinople. Finally, they are fought off by the Byzantines and Muslims standing side by side. It becomes one of the most extensive urban conflagrations in European History and renders some 100,000 people homeless.
 * August–October – Alexios IV leads a Crusader expedition (some 6,000 men) to extend his central-government control, against the fugitive Alexios III in Thrace. Meanwhile, a Crusader fleet operates in the Sea of Marmara in support of the Thracian campaign. The Crusaders seize several towns, including Adrianople, while Alexios escapes and withdraws to Macedonia.

Europe

 * Spring – King Philip II of France invades Normandy and attacks a number of castles in the surrounding region. In April, John, King of England loses the support of his French vassals who desert him. Philip enters Rouen, leading to the eventual Treaty of Paris (1259) and unification of Normandy and France.
 * At Rouen, William de Braose, an English nobleman, becomes the guardian of the imprisoned 16-year-old Arthur of Brittany, designated heir to the throne of England – who is not known to be alive after April and is probably murdered by or at the orders of his uncle, King John.
 * August – Siege of Château Gaillard: French forces under Philip II begin the siege at Château Gaillard as part of a campaign to reconquer the continental properties of King John of England. During the winter of 1203/1204, the English under William Marshal attempt to relieve the castle.
 * October – Brothers' Quarrel: Emeric, King of Hungary captures his rebellious brother Duke Andrew without resistance following their third confrontation in recent years.
 * December 6 – King John abandons the lands that have been held by the Dukes of Normandy for over a hundred years and returns to England. Only two castles hold out against the French forces – they are Chinon Castle, controlled by Hubert de Burgh and Loches Castle.
 * The Oeselians ravage Danish Scania. The returning pirates later skirmish with the German settlers of Riga, near Visby in Gotland.

Levant

 * Summer – On orders of Al-Adil I, sultan of Egypt, Muslim ships attack Crusader vessels off Cyprus. Ships from Acre retaliate this action, by capturing six Muslim ships off Acre. King Aimery of Jerusalem declares the truce void between Al-Aldil and the Crusaders, and raids Muslim territory in northern Palestine. Al-Adil responds by taking his army to the outskirts of Acre – but does not launch an assault and retires afterward. A plague breaks out in Acre and half the newly arrived Crusader army dies.

East Asia

 * Early – Battle of Khalakhaljid Sands: Temüjin, khan of the Mongol tribe and the future Genghis Khan, is comprehensively defeated by the forces of Toghrul, khan of the Kereit.
 * Midyear – The Baljuna Covenant, an oath of mutual fidelity, is sworn by Temüjin and a small group of companions.
 * Late – In a 3-day battle at the Jeje'er Heights on the lower Kherlen River, Temüjin defeats the Kereit and Toghrul is killed.

Japan

 * Minamoto no Sanetomo becomes the third shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate. During his reign, Sanetomo is a puppet ruler for his mother Hōjō Masako who uses him as a pawn in her war with her father Hōjō Tokimasa.

Economy

 * First evidence that the Temple in London is extending loans to John, King of England. The sums remain small, but are often used for critical operations, such as the ransoming of the king’s soldiers captured by the French.

Religion

 * April 8 – Congress of Bilino Polje: Ban Kulin, ruler of Bosnia, officially declares his allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church and denounces heresy.
 * Ragnall mac Somairle, a Scottish nobleman, invites Benedictine monks to establish the abbey of Iona.
 * The Temple of Nataraja is completed, at Chidambaram in India.

Births

 * January 10 – Abu Shama, Arab historian and writer (d. 1267)
 * Abu Zakariya Yahya, ruler of the Hafsid Sultanate (d. 1249)
 * Bi Bi Monajemeh Nishaburi, Persian astronomer (d. 1280)
 * Cecilia Cesarini, Italian Dominican nun and saint (d. 1290)
 * Donnchadh, Scottish ruler (mormaer) of Mar (d. 1244)
 * Eva Marshal, Cambro-Norman noblewoman (d. 1246)
 * Hamuro Mitsutoshi, Japanese waka poet (d. 1276)
 * Hōjō Tokiuji, Japanese nobleman and spy (d. 1230)
 * Ibn Abi Usaybi'a, Syrian physician and historian (d. 1270)
 * Kujō Motoie, Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1280)
 * Mindaugas (or Mendog), king of Lithuania (d. 1263)
 * Peter II ("the Little Charlemagne"), count of Savoy (d. 1268)
 * Sengaku, Japanese Buddhist monk and writer (d. 1273)
 * Vasilko Romanovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1269)
 * Xueting Fuyu, Chinese Zen Buddhist abbot (d. 1275)
 * Zakariya al-Qazwini, Persian astronomer (d. 1283)

Deaths

 * January – Sayyida Zumurrud Khatun, umm al-walad (mother) of the Abbasid caliph
 * January 12 – Martin of León, Spanish priest (b. 1130)
 * January 21 – Agnes II, abbess of Quedlinburg in Saxony (b. 1139)
 * March – Hedwig, margravine of Meissen (b. 1140)
 * April 6 – William of Æbelholt, French churchman (b. 1125)
 * May – Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd, Welsh prince
 * July 12 – Isabel de Warenne, English noblewoman
 * July 21 – Harvey I of Léon, Breton nobleman (b. 1153)
 * September 11 – Stephen of Tournai, French bishop (b. 1128)
 * October 8
 * Hiki Yoshikazu, Japanese warrior and nobleman
 * Minamoto no Ichiman, Japanese nobleman (b. 1198)
 * November 4 – Dirk VII, Dutch nobleman and knight
 * November 30 – Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi, Arab scholar and jurist (b. 1146)
 * unknown dates
 * 'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya, Almoravid ruler of Mallorca
 * Alexios Palaiologos, Byzantine heir apparent
 * Gille Críst, Scottish nobleman and knight
 * William de Stuteville, English nobleman
 * probable
 * Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine noblewoman
 * Siraj al-Din al-Sajawandi, Persian scholar
 * Toghrul (or Wang Khan), Mongol leader

title: 1203


text:
1201

Year 1201 (MCCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * July 31 – John Komnenos the Fat, a Byzantine aristocrat, attempts to usurp the imperial throne; he is proclaimed emperor and crowned by Patriarch John X Kamateros, at Constantinople. Meanwhile, Emperor Alexios III Angelos, who resides in the Palace of Blachernae, dispatches a small force under Alexios Palaiologos, Alexios' son-in-law, who is regarded as his heir-apparent. With support of the Varangian Guard, John is overthrown and decapitated by the end of the day. His head is displayed at the Forum of Constantine, while John's supporters are captured and tortured to extract the names of all the conspirators.
 * Autumn – Prince Alexios Angelos, son of the deposed, blinded and imprisoned late Emperor Isaac II Angelos, escapes from Constantinople. He makes his way to Sicily and then Rome where he is turned away by Pope Innocent III. Next, Alexios travels to the court of his brother-in-law, Philip of Swabia, the King of Germany, who receives him well.

Europe

 * Spring – A treaty is signed between the Crusade leaders and Venice. Doge Enrico Dandolo agrees to manufacture a fleet capable of transporting the Crusader army to the Levant, and to provide provisions for 33,500 men and 4,500 horses, for the price of 85,000 silver marks while Venice will also take half of whatever the expedition conquers. As part of this deal the Venetians will provide – at their own expense – sufficient ships to carry the Crusader forces, plus 50 galleys to defend it.
 * May 24 – Count Theobald III of Champagne suddenly dies and is replaced by Boniface I, marquis of Montferrat, as leader of the Fourth Crusade. He travels to France, where he meets his chief colleagues at Soissons.
 * Battle of Stellau: Count Adolf III of Holstein is defeated by the Danish army under King Canute VI. Adolf retreats with his forces to Hamburg, where he is besieged and later captured by Duke Valdemar of Schleswig.
 * Northern Crusades: The town of Riga is chartered as a city by Albert of Buxhoeveden, bishop of Livonia, who has landed on the site with some 1,500 Crusaders earlier in the year.

England

 * King John (Lackland) puts an embargo on wheat exported to Flanders, in an attempt to force an allegiance between the states. He also puts a levy of a fifteenth on the value of cargo exported to France and disallows the export of wool to France without a special license. The levies are enforced in each port by at least six men – including one churchman and one knight. John affirms that judgments made by the court of Westminster are as valid as those made "before the king himself or his chief justice".

Religion

 * Pope Innocent III recognizes Otto IV as the only legitimate ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, against his rival King, Philip of Swabia. In return, Otto promises to support the pope's interests in Italy.
 * March 25 – Constance, duchess of Brittany, founds Villeneuve Abbey and gives the new abbey a charter.

Births

 * February 18 – Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Persian scientist and writer (d. 1274)
 * May 30 – Theobald I (the Troubadour), French nobleman (d. 1253)
 * August 9 – Arnold Fitz Thedmar, English chronicler and writer (d. 1274)
 * October 9 – Robert de Sorbon, French monk and theologian (d. 1274)
 * October 10 – Richard de Fournival, French philosopher (d. 1260)
 * Agnes of the Palatinate, duchess of Bavaria (House of Guelf) (d. 1267)
 * Danylo Romanovych, ruler (knyaz) of Galicia–Volhynia (d. 1264)
 * Diana degli Andalò (or d'Andalo), Italian nun and saint (d. 1236)
 * Eison, Japanese Buddhist scholar-monk and disciple (d. 1290)
 * Thomas of Cantimpré, Flemish priest and preacher (d. 1272)
 * Uriyangkhadai, Mongol general and son of Subutai (d. 1272)

Deaths

 * March 1 – Shikishi, Japanese princess, poet and writer (b. 1149)
 * March 21 – Absalon, Danish archbishop and statesman (b. 1128)
 * March 22 – Jarosław of Opole, Polish duke and bishop (b. 1145)
 * April – Bohemond III (the Stammerer), prince of Antioch (b. 1148)
 * April 7 – Baha al-Din Qaraqush, Egyptian regent and architect
 * May 24 – Theobald III, French nobleman and knight (b. 1179)
 * June 16 – Ibn al-Jawzi, Arab historian and philologist (b. 1116)
 * June 20 – Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, Persian historian (b. 1125)
 * July – Agnes of Merania, queen consort of King Philip II of France (Augustus)
 * July 25 – Gruffydd ap Rhys II, Welsh prince of Deheubarth
 * July 31 – John Komnenos (the Fat), Byzantine nobleman
 * August 20 – Gardolf of Hertbeke, bishop of Halberstadt
 * September 5 – Constance, duchess of Brittany (b. 1161)
 * December 7 or 8 – Bolesław I (the Tall), Duke of Wroclaw, Polish nobleman and knight (b. 1127)
 * unknown dates
 * Fulk of Neuilly (or Foulques), French priest and preacher
 * Guglielmo Grasso, Genoese merchant, pirate and admiral
 * Margaret of Huntingdon, Duchess of Brittany, Scottish princess (b. 1145)
 * Walchelin de Ferriers (or Walkelin), Norman nobleman

title: 1201


text:
1195

Year 1195 (MCXCV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

 * June 1 – Battle of Shamkor: Georgians defeat the Ildenizids of Azerbaijan.
 * July 18 – Battle of Alarcos: Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur decisively defeats Castilian King Alfonso VIII.
 * The Priory of St Mary's is founded in Bushmead.
 * Alexius III Angelus overthrows Isaac II, and becomes Byzantine Emperor.

Births

 * August 15 – Anthony of Padua, Portuguese preacher and saint (d. 1231)
 * Princess Shōshi of Japan (d. 1211)
 * Roger de Quincy, 2nd Earl of Winchester (d. 1265)

Deaths

 * March 3 – Hugh de Puiset, bishop of Durham (b. c. 1125)
 * August 6 – Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (b. 1129)
 * October 13 – Gualdim Pais, Great Master of the Templars in Portugal (b. 1118)
 * December 17 – Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut (b. 1150)
 * Ascelina, French nun and mystic (b. 1121)

title: 1195


text:
1194

Year 1194 (MCXCIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

England

 * February 4 – King Richard I of England ("the Lionheart") is ransomed for an amount of 150,000 marks (demanded by Emperor Henry VI), raised by his mother Eleanor of Aquitaine – who travels to Austria to gain his release. Henry will never receive the full amount he demanded. In March, Richard returns to England, and remains for only a few weeks before returning to the Continent. He leaves the administration of England in the hands of Hubert Walter, archbishop of Canterbury, who accompanied Richard on the Third Crusade and led his army back to England. He levied the taxes to pay the king's ransom and put down a plot against Richard by his younger brother John.
 * March 12–28 – Richard I besieges Nottingham Castle (occupied by supporters of John) – which falls after a siege of several days. Richard is aided by English troops under Ranulf de Blondeville and David of Scotland.
 * April 17 – Richard I is crowned for the second time, at Winchester, to underline his rightful position as monarch. During the coronation, he wears a golden crown and is followed by notables from the Church and State.
 * May – Richard I calls for a council in Nottingham to raise funds for an expedition to France. On May 12, he leaves for Normandy with a large fleet (some 300 ships), to reclaim lands lost to King Philip II of France ("Augustus").
 * Ordinance of the Jewry: Beginning of strict records of financial transactions by Jews liable to taxation. The Exchequer of the Jews at Westminster regulates the taxes and the law-cases (also in Wales).

Europe

 * Spring – Casimir II the Just, High Duke of Poland, organizes an expedition against the Baltic Yotvingians. The expedition ends with full success, and Casimir has a triumphant return in Kraków. On May 5, after a banquet, which is held to celebrate his return, Casimir dies unexpectedly (possibly poisoned). He is succeeded by his eldest surviving son Leszek the White, who has to face strong opposition from his uncle Mieszko III the Old.
 * July 3 – Battle of Fréteval: English forces under Richard I defeat Philip II, and capture the French baggage train. It contains the royal archives – including a list of the treasure of the French kingdom (transported in a wagon behind the army). Philip withdraws across the River Epte, where the bridge collapses under the weight of the retreating army. Meanwhile, Richard sacks the town of Évreux, which is a possession of Philip's ally, John.
 * November 20 – Emperor Henry VI enforces the inheritance claims by his wife, Constance I, against her illegitimate nephew, King Tancred of Lecce (who died on February 20). He takes Palermo (supported by the navy of Pisa and Genoa) and gains control of all of Sicily – ending Norman rule in Italy after 90 years.
 * December 25 – Henry VI deposes the 8-year-old William III (son of Tancred de Lecce) and is crowned king of Sicily. The next day, Constance I, who stays in the town of Iesi, gives birth to Frederick II, the future emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

Levant

 * October – Leo I ("Lord of the Mountains"), ruler of Armenian Cilicia, invites Bohemond III of Antioch to Bagras, ostensibly to resolve their differences. Upon Bohemond's arrival, Leon captures him and his family, and takes them to the capital of Sis.

Seljuk Empire

 * March 10 – Sultan Toghrul III is defeated and killed in battle with Ala ad-Din Tekish, near Rey in Persia – ending the Seljuq dynasty of Hamedan. The Seljuk Empire passes to the Khwarazmian dynasty.

China

 * July 24 – Emperor Guangzong of Song (or Zhao Dun) is forced to abdicate the throne to his 25-year-old son Ningzong, who succeeds him as ruler of the Song dynasty. During his reign, he will be dominated by his prime-minister Han Tuozhou (or Han T'o-Chou).
 * The Yellow River experiences a major course change, taking over the Huai River drainage system for the next 700 years.

Mesoamerica

 * Hunac Ceel drives the Itza people out of Chichen Itza, forcing them to start the Itza Kingdom on Lake Petén Itzá (modern Guatemala).

Commerce

 * May 2 – Richard I grants Portsmouth market-town status with a royal charter. He orders the construction of docks on The Solent – having seen that the harbour is a perfect base for trade and the English fleet.

Economy and society

 * Hubert Walter, vice-regent in the absence of Richard I, institutes the office of coroner to keep records of crown pleas. He also presides over the feudal judgment of John and makes an inquiry into land tenure.

Religion

 * July 10 – A fire devastates Chartres Cathedral. Only the crypt, the towers, and the new facade survives. Funds are collected from nobles, as well as small donations from ordinary people, to start the rebuilding.
 * The Carthusian monastery of Scala Dei is founded in the region of Montsant in Catalonia.

Births

 * April 25 – Ezzelino III, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1259)
 * July 16 – Clare of Assisi, Italian nun and saint (d. 1253)
 * November 30 – Andrea Caccioli, Italian priest (d. 1254)
 * December 26 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1250)
 * Jacob Anatoli, French Jewish translator and writer (d. 1256)
 * Jacopo Contarini, doge of Venice (House of Contarini) (d. 1280)
 * Lý Huệ Tông, Vietnamese emperor (Lý dynasty) (d. 1226)
 * Majd al-Din Taymiyyah, Seljuk judge and theologian (d. 1255)
 * Margaret, marchioness of Namur (House of Vianden) (d. 1270)
 * Maurice FitzGerald, Norman nobleman and justiciar (d. 1257)
 * Moses ben Nahman, Spanish rabbi and philosopher (d. 1270)
 * Otto I, Dutch nobleman and bishop (House of Gelre) (d. 1215)
 * Richard Mór de Burgh, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * Rusudan, queen of Georgia (House of Bagrationi) (d. 1245)
 * Saionji Saneuji, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1269)

Deaths

 * February 20 – Tancred of Lecce, king of Sicily (b. 1138)
 * March 19 – Toghrul III, sultan of the Seljuk Empire
 * April 3
 * Bård Guttormsson, Norwegian nobleman
 * Sigurd Magnusson, Norwegian nobleman
 * April 20 – Odon of Poznań, duke of Greater Poland
 * May 5 – Casimir II the Just, duke of Lesser Poland
 * June 27 – Sancho VI ("the Wise"), king of Navarre (b. 1132)
 * June 28 – Xiao Zong, Chinese emperor (Song dynasty) (b. 1127)
 * July 18 – Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem (b. 1150)
 * July 27 – Sviatoslav III, Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1126)
 * November 15 – Margaret I, countess of Flanders
 * December 26 – Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford
 * December 31 – Leopold V, duke of Austria (b. 1157)
 * Basil Vatatzes, Byzantine governor and general

title: 1194


text:
1193

Year 1193 (MCXCIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Levant

 * March 4 – Saladin (the Lion) dies of a fever at Damascus. The lands of the Ayyubid Dynasty of Syria and Egypt are split among his relatives. During his reign, he briefly unites the Muslim world, and drives the Crusaders out of Jerusalem to a narrow strip of coast. At the time of his death, Saladin has seventeen sons and one little daughter. Al-Afdal succeeds his father as ruler (emir) of Damascus, and inherits the headship of the Ayyubid family. His younger brother, the 22-year-old Al-Aziz, proclaims himself as independent sultan of Egypt. Al-Zahir receives Aleppo (with lands in northern Syria), and Turan-Shah receives Yemen. The other dominions and fiefs in the Oultrejordain (also called Lordship of Montréal) are divided between his sons and the two remaining brothers of Saladin.
 * May – The Pisan colony at Tyre plots to seize the city, and hand it over to Guy of Lusignan – the ruler of Cyprus. King Henry I of Jerusalem arrests the ringleaders, and orders that the colony be reduced to only 30 people. The Pisans retaliate, by raiding the coastal villages between Tyre and Acre.

Europe

 * February 14 – King Richard I (the Lionheart), previously imprisoned on his return from the Third Crusade by Leopold V (the Virtuous), duke of Austria is handed over to Emperor Henry VI, and moved to Trifels Castle.
 * King Philip II (Augustus) marries Ingeborg of Denmark, daughter of King Valdemar I (the Great). After the marriage, Philip changes his mind, wishes to obtain a separation, and attempts to send her back to Denmark.
 * King Tancred of Sicily arranges a marriage between his son Roger III and the 12-year-old Irene Angelina, daughter of the Byzantine emperor Isaac II (Angelos). Roger suddenly dies on December 24.

Asia

 * Ghurid forces under Qutb al-Din Aibak capture Delhi. General Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji sacks and burns the ancient city of Nalanda, India's greatest Buddhist seat of learning, and the university of Vikramashila.

Births

 * July 28 – Kujō Michiie, Japanese nobleman (d. 1252)
 * Alice of Champagne, queen of Cyprus (d. 1246)
 * Altheides, Cypriot philosopher and writer (d. 1262)
 * Beatrice II, French countess palatine (d. 1231)
 * Henri de Dreux, French archbishop (d. 1240)
 * Frederick of Isenberg, German nobleman (d. 1226)
 * Giovanni da Penna, Italian Franciscan priest (d. 1271)
 * John III (Doukas Vatatzes), emperor of Nicaea (d. 1254)
 * John Angelos (Good John), Byzantine prince (d. 1253)
 * John Devereux, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * Juliana of Liège, Belgian nun and mystic (d. 1258)
 * Margaret of Scotland, English noblewoman (d. 1259)
 * Sayyed ibn Tawus, Arab jurist and theologian (d. 1266)
 * William de Ferrers, English nobleman (d. 1254)

Deaths

 * March 4 – Saladin (the Lion), sultan of Egypt and Syria (b. 1137)
 * June 13 – Pedro de Artajona, Spanish nobleman and bishop
 * June 27 – Robert FitzRalph, English archdeacon and bishop
 * August 2 – Mieszko the Younger, duke of Kalisz (House of Piast)
 * September 14 – Minamoto no Noriyori, Japanese general (b. 1150)
 * September 23 – Robert IV, French nobleman and Grand Master
 * December 23 – Thorlak Thorhallsson, Icelandic bishop (b. 1133)
 * December 24 – Roger III, king of Sicily (House of Hauteville)
 * Balian of Ibelin (the Younger), French nobleman and knight
 * Derbforgaill ingen Maeleachlainn (or Derval), Irish princess
 * Düsum Khyenpa, Tibetan spiritual leader (karmapa) (b. 1110)
 * Fan Chengda, Chinese politician and geographer (b. 1126)
 * Ren Zong, Chinese emperor of the Western Xia (b. 1124)
 * Walter de Berkeley, Scottish nobleman (approximate date)

title: 1193


text:
1191

Year 1191 (MCXCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * April 10 – King Richard I (the Lionheart) leaves Messina for Palestina, but a storm drives his fleet apart. Richard is forced to seek shelter at a Cretan port – from which he has a tempestuous passage to Rhodes, where he stays for ten days (from April 22 to May 1), recovering from his sea-sickness. After some searching, he discovers that the ship carrying his sister Joan of England and his new fiancée, Berengaria of Navarre, is anchored on the south coast of Cyprus, along with the wrecks of several other vessels, including Richard's treasure ship. The survivors of the wrecks have been taken prisoner by Isaac Komnenos, the self-styled emperor of Cyprus.
 * May 8 – Richard I and his main fleet arrive in the Byzantine port of Limassol on Cyprus. He orders Isaac Komnenos to release the prisoners and his treasure. Isaac refuses, Richard embarks his forces, and takes Limassol. The Byzantine population and also the Latin merchants in their dislike of Isaac, show themselves friendly to the English invaders. Various leading Crusaders of the Holy Land arrive in Limassol, on May 11. Among them are King Guy of Lusignan of Jerusalem, Bohemond III of Antioch, Humphrey IV of Toron, and Leo I of Armenia. They declare their support for Richard in return that he supports them against their rival, Conrad of Montferrat.
 * May 12 – Richard I marries the 19-year-old Berengaria of Navarre, daughter of King Sancho VI (the Wise), in the Chapel of St. George at Limassol. On the same day, she is crowned Queen of England, by John, bishop of Évreux in the presence of the archbishop of Bordeaux and many other clergy. After this, hearing that the daughter of Isaac Komnenos has taken refuge in Kyrenia Castle, Richard goes there with his army and receives her submission. On the orders of Richard, she is entrusted to the care of Joan and Berengaria. By the end of May, Richard, with his ships, sails around the island seizing all the Cypriot towns and ports on the coast.
 * June 1 – A Crusader force led by Richard I defeats the Byzantine army near the village of Tremithus. Isaac Komnenos flees from the battlefield to Kantara. Richard captures Isaac's banner and hunts down the remnants of his army. At Nicosia Richard becomes ill; Guy of Lusignan in command of Richard's forces, marches on Kyrenia and captures it, taking the empress and her child prisoner. Isaac is taken before Richard (in chains of silver) and accepts an unconditional surrender. Richard places garrisons in the towns and castles, and appoints Richard de Camville as governor of Cyprus, jointly with Robert of Thornham.
 * Autumn – Emperor Isaac II (Angelos) leads a punitive expedition against Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja. The Serbians are defeated at South Morava and retreat into the mountains. The Byzantine forces raid all lands around the bank of the river and burn down Stefan's court in Kuršumlija. Nemanja does not surrender and starts irregular warfare and Isaac negotiates a peace treaty. The Serbians are forced to give up a large part of their conquests, east of the Velika Morava, and recognize Byzantine rule. Isaac recognizes Nemanja as Grand Prince of Serbia.

Third Crusade

 * February 13 – Muslim forces attack and succeed in breaking the siege lines around Acre. Though the Crusaders seal the breach, Saladin is able to replenish the garrison, by sending reinforcements. For the defenders, this is a temporary respite – and Saladin is having difficulty keeping his army together. Taqi al-Din, Saladin's nephew and one of his most effective commanders, fails to rejoin the siege. He divides his army for his own territorial ambitions in modern southeastern Turkey. Later in the spring, Taqi al-Din brings his forces to support the double-siege at Acre.
 * April 20 – King Philip II (Augustus) arrives with a Genoese flotilla (six ships) filled with French nobles and his cousin Conrad of Montferrat at Acre. He begins the construction of seven immense stone-throwers – which are used to bombard the city, on May 30. One of the siege-machines is called by the French soldiers the "Evil Neighbour" and "God's Own Sling", and a grappling ladder is known as the "Cat". Meanwhile, the walls of Acre are pounded relentlessly. The Crusaders built earthworks, ramparts, and ditches to protect themselves against Muslim attacks.
 * June 8 – Richard I arrives with 25 ships and a strong advanced guard at Acre. Upon reaching the city, he is greeted by Philip II and then sets up his camp. Richard becomes almost immediately seriously ill (called Arnaldia) and is confined to his tent. Nevertheless, he leaps into action and secretly initiates negotiations with Saladin. After having been refused a personal meeting, Richard sends a Moroccan prisoner to Saladin's camp as a sign of goodwill. Finally, Saladin accepts a three-day truce and allows his younger brother, Al-Adil, to negotiate with Richard.
 * June 25 – The Crusader armies (now totaling some 25,000 men) who are deployed around Acre, implement a unified strategy of assault-based siege. Teams of sappers and, increasingly massive use of advanced and new stone-throwing catapults, brought by Philip II and Richard I, are used to hammer Acre's walls continuously with giant, accurately loosed stones. By late June, the assault is beginning to undermine the walls, which are tottering. Because of troop shortages and disease, the Muslim defenders can not any longer strengthen their walls.
 * July 3 – The Crusaders change their strategy from battering the Acre fortifications to exploiting the breaches. After only the first day of these all-out attacks to seize the city, Saladin's governor sends a message stating he would surrender unless he is relieved. Both French sappers and English catapults manage to make significant breaches in the walls – but the assault is repulsed. Meanwhile, Richard I, still unable to walk due to illness, is carried on a regal stretcher near the front lines from where he picks off Muslim troops on the walls using his crossbow.
 * July 12 – Siege of Acre: The Muslim garrison surrenders to Philip II, which includes an agreement to give up the 70 Muslim ships in the harbour without Saladin's consent, and by the time that he learned of this intention, the city has already capitulated. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and of the Crusader leaders Philip II, Richard I, and Leopold V of Austria, on the city's walls and towers. The siege of Acre has taken nearly two years and has cost some 100,000 Christian casualties.
 * July 31 – Philip II, accompanied by Conrad of Montferrat, departs to Tyre and returns to France. He leaves behind a French army (some 10,000 men) under the command of Hugh III, duke of Burgundy. Richard I is left in sole command of the Crusader forces in the Levant. Back in France, Philip schemes with Richard's brother, John of England, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's mother, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, foils the plan. Meanwhile, Richard rebuilds and strengthens the walls of Acre.
 * August 20 – Massacre of Ayyadieh: Richard I orders the execution of some 3,000 Muslim prisoners (captured after the siege of Acre), including women and children. The bound prisoners are mercilessly beheaded or cut down using swords and lances. A small group of Saladin's forces (located on Mount Tabor) tries to intervene in order to stop the massacre – but they are repelled. In response, Saladin executes all the Latin prisoners he himself has taken. In the Ayyubid Sultanate, Latin prisoners are tortured and murdered in reprisal for their infamy.
 * August 22 – Richard I leads the Crusader forces (some 15,000 men) out of Acre and marches south along the coast, being closely supported by the Crusader fleet, carrying most of the supplies. Meanwhile, Saladin has given his son Al-Afdal orders to remain close to the Crusader rearguard under Hugh III, and strengthens the Muslim garrison both in Jerusalem and Ascalon with 20,000 men each. Richard advances at an unexpectedly slow pace and decides to make camp near Haifa – which Saladin has dismantled shortly before the fall of Acre.
 * August 25–26 – Richard I leads a fast-moving advance-guard and establishes a strong position at the fortress near Merle before Saladin arrives. He then hurries back to support the rearguard, to regain contact with the Crusader forces. Richard reorganizes his marching column. The elite Templar and Hospitaller knights hold the van and rearguard, while Richard and a central mass of knights are screened on their landward left side by dense ranks of well-armoured infantry, whose panoply makes them almost immune to Muslim missile attacks.
 * August 30 – Richard I advances in three divisions towards Caesarea, with the Crusader fleet accompanying him off-shore. The rearguard becomes engaged, and the French forces under Hugh III are nearly annihilated. Saladin has selected this part of the road for a major assault, but the Muslim attacks have little effect. The main effort to harass the Crusaders from a distance fails. Richard makes camp at the mouth of the Zarqa River, despite the intense heat, thirst, and the loss of many lives. Both armies rest and watch each other the rest of the day.
 * September 2 – Richard I leads the Crusader army past Caesarea and is forced to turn inland, where he is separated from his supply ships. Saladin personally attacks the massed Crusader infantry, by bombarding them with arrows before charging their line with cavalry. During this brief but indecisive engagement, Richard is struck in the side by a crossbow bolt – though his armour absorbs much of the blow. By the end of the day, only 25 miles from Jaffa, Richard allows his men to rest (while recovering from his wounds) and re-assembles his forces.
 * September 5 – Richard I dispatches envoys to request for peace talks and meets Al-Adil under a flag of truce. Saladin allows the Crusaders to forage in the Forrest of Arsuf. But Richard is in no mood for actual negotiations and demands nothing less than the cession of Palestina. Al-Adil at once breaks off the negotiations. Richard orders his forces to march quietly through the woods, and the Crusaders manage to reach the limits of the forest unhindered and unharmed. The Crusaders pitch their tents in the "Rochetaille" and rest for the night.
 * September 7 – Battle of Arsuf: Richard I fights a pitched battle – while waiting for the ideal moment to mount a counterattack. However, the Hospitaller knights led by Garnier de Nablus break formation and launch a charge. Richard restores order in the turmoil and is forced to commit his entire army to support the attack. The Muslim forces flee in panic, but Saladin rallies them in time to defend his camp, and even to lead a counter-charge. By evening, Richard has defeated the Muslim forces, and Saladin retreats in good order to Ramallah.
 * September 9–10 – Richard I and his Crusader forces march on to Jaffa and set about rebuilding its fortifications, which Saladin has destroyed by his scorched-earth policy. Mid-September, a large number of French nobles begin to resist – such as Hugh III. They argue about the refortification of Jaffa, instead of a direct strike inland on Jerusalem. Meanwhile, Saladin evacuates and demolishes most of the fortresses of southern Palestina.
 * October 29 – Richard I marches with the Crusader forces onto the plains east of Jaffa and begins the slow, steady work of rebuilding a string of sites through which to advance on Jerusalem. During this period, the Third Crusade degenerates into a series of skirmishes. Richard uses diplomacy alongside military threats, hoping to bring Saladin to the point of submission before he has to make the siege of Jerusalem itself.
 * December – Richard I and his Crusader forces occupy Latrun, while the advance-guard takes Bayt Nuba. He is warned by his nobles to take no further risks – due to winter conditions, and for being cut off if he presses on. Amongst those keenest on continuing are the French Crusaders under Hugh III. On December 25, Richard is now just 12 miles from Jerusalem.

Europe

 * April 15 – Henry VI, son of the late Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), is crowned as Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, together with his wife Constance by Pope Celestine III, on Easter Monday at Rome. Henry marches south and begins a campaign in Apulia. He besieges Naples, but encounters the resistance of Sicilian forces under Margaritus of Brindisi, who come to support the city's defense. Tusculum is destroyed by the rebel army of the Commune of Rome, on April 17.
 * August – Margaritus of Brindisi defeats the Pisan fleet during the siege of Naples, and nearly destroys the late-arriving Genoese contingent. He keeps the harbour approaches open for supplies and reinforcements.
 * Prince Yury Bogolyubsky leads a rebellion of disaffected Georgian nobleman against his ex-wife, Queen Tamara (the Great), but her forces win a two pitched battle at Tmogvi and Erusheti. Yury is captured, and Tamara allows him to withdraw to Constantinople.
 * Henry VI is forced to raise the siege of Naples, due to an epidemic, and returns to Germany. Upon Henry's retreat, the Lombard cities that have surrendered to the Germans resubmit to Tancred of Lecce, king or usurper of Sicily. The populace of Salerno turn against Empress Constance during her visit to the city, and Margaritus of Brindisi delivers her to Tancred at Messina. Later, Constance is imprisoned at Castel dell'Ovo at Naples.
 * The counties of Flanders and Hainaut (modern Belgium) are united under Count Baldwin VIII. Flanders, a feudal fiefdom of France, becomes an important, wealthy independent state of Western Europe.
 * Siege of Silves – Almohad forces under Caliph Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur reconquer Silves in Portugal. In the same campaign, the Almohads take also Alcácer do Sal, while Palmela and Almada are sacked.
 * Berthold V, duke of Zähringen, founds the city of Bern (modern Switzerland).
 * King Canute VI leads a Danish Crusade to Finland.

England

 * Spring – William de Longchamp, Chief Justiciar and regent, besieges Lincoln Castle accusing the castellan Gerard de Canville of corruption. In response, Prince John captures Nottingham and Tickhill castles from William. News of the dispute reaches Richard I, who sends Walter de Coutances, archbishop of Rouen, with orders to lead negotiations, for a peace between John and William.
 * April – John and William de Longchamp meet at Winchester to discuss their differences. Several senior bishops are appointed as arbitrators. At the end of the meeting, both John and William agree to follow the recommendations. William is to return Lincoln Castle to Gerard de Canville and accepts limits to his powers. In return, John is to surrender Nottingham and Tickhill castles.
 * September – Geoffrey, illegitimate son of the late King Henry II and half-brother to Richard I and John, lands secretly at Dover. He has been consecrated as the new archbishop of York while in Tours, and on his return is arrested by William de Longchamp. Citing the Winchester treaty, John seeks a meeting with William. Geoffrey is freed, William flees and heads to Dover Castle.
 * October – William de Longchamp tries to hold the Tower of London against John's supporters for three days. He surrenders the Tower and escapes to continue his support for Richard I. On October 29, William is captured when disguised as a female merchant. John orders that he be expelled from the country.

Asia

 * November 13 – Battle of Tarain: Sultan Muhammad of Ghor invades northern India, but is defeated by Rajput forces under Prithviraja III, ruler of Ajmer and Delhi. Prithviraj marches against the Ghurid army (some 100,000 men) with infantry, cavalry, and an elephant force. He repulses the Ghurid invasion near Taraori (some 70 miles of Delhi), Muhammad escapes the battlefield.
 * The administration of the Taungoo region (modern Myanmar) is first recorded. King Narapatisithu appoints his son-in-law, Ananda Thuriya, as governor of Kanba Myint.
 * King Jayavarman VII of the Khmer Empire sacks the capital of Champa (approximate date).

Religion

 * March 20 – Pope Clement III dies at Rome after a pontificate of less than 3½ years. He is succeeded by the 85-year-old Celestine III as the 175th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * The monks of Glastonbury Abbey dig up the remains of a large knight and a blonde woman, and announce they have discovered the tomb of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere.

Births

 * February 8 – Yaroslav II, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1246)
 * Geoffrey de Mandeville, English nobleman (approximate date)
 * George IV (or Lasha Giorgi), king of Georgia (d. 1223)
 * Joanna of Hohenstaufen, countess of Burgundy (d. 1205)
 * Mafalda of Castile, Spanish princess (infanta) (d. 1204)
 * Richard Marshal, Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1234)
 * Stephen Devereux, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * Theobald I, German nobleman (House of Lorraine) (d. 1220)
 * Tolui, Mongol general and son of Genghis Khan (d. 1232)
 * Yan Yu, Chinese poetry theorist and writer (d. 1241)

Deaths

 * January 14 – Berno, German missionary and bishop
 * January 20
 * Frederick VI, son of Frederick I (Barbarossa) (b. 1167)
 * Theobald V (the Good), French nobleman (b. 1130)
 * February 8 – Erard II, French nobleman (House of Brienne)
 * February 24 – John I, French nobleman (House of Alençon)
 * March 20 – Clement III, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1130)
 * April 1 – Engelbert II, German nobleman (House of Gorizia)
 * June 10 – Barisone II of Torres, Sardinian ruler of Logudoro
 * June 29 – William le Vavasour, English nobleman (b. 1131)
 * July 3 – Albéric Clément, Marshal of France (b. 1165)
 * July 7 – Judith of Hohenstaufen, German noblewoman
 * August 1 – Philip of Alsace, Flemish nobleman (b. 1143)
 * August 5 – Rudolf of Zähringen, archbishop of Mainz
 * August 13 – Philip I, archbishop of Cologne (b. 1130)
 * September 7 – James of Avesnes, French nobleman
 * September 9 – Conrad II, duke of Bohemia (b. 1136)
 * September 10 – Ralph de Warneville, Norman bishop
 * October 15 – Raoul I (the Red), French nobleman
 * December 15 – Welf VI, margrave of Tuscany (b. 1115)
 * December 26 – Reginald Fitz Jocelin, English bishop
 * Adam de Senlis, French Benedictine monk and abbot
 * Agnes of Loon, German duchess and regent (b. 1150)
 * Galeran V de Beaumont, French nobleman and knight
 * Geoffroy III de Pons, French nobleman and knight
 * Hugh VI (the Clever), French nobleman and knight
 * John I of Ponthieu, Norman nobleman and knight
 * Maurice of Carnoet, French Cistercian abbot (b. 1117)
 * Mór Ní Tuathail, queen of Leinster (approximate date)
 * Richard de Camville, English nobleman and governor
 * Rupert III, German nobleman (House of Nassau)
 * Shun'e (or Tayū no Kimi), Japanese (waka) poet
 * Sohrevardi, Persian scholar and philosopher (b. 1154)
 * Walter Ophamil (or Offamil), Sicilian archbishop
 * William V (the Old), Italian nobleman and knight
 * William Fitzstephen, English cleric and administrator

In fiction

 * The events of the Ubisoft video game Assassin's Creed take place this year.
 * The Adventures of Robin Hood, 1938, Film, starring Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland. Claims to be set in this year.

title: 1191


text:
1190

Year 1190 (MCXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – A German expeditionary force (some 15,000 men) led by Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) marches towards Constantinople, on the way to the Holy Land. Emperor Isaac II (Angelos), suspicious that Frederick is planning to conquer Constantinople, attempts to stop him by attacking the Crusaders. The German forces are too strong and they capture Adrianople. A peace treaty is signed by both Isaac and Frederick, that ensures the Germans are given supplies, and free passage through to Palestina.
 * Isaac II starts a campaign against the Bulgarians, who claim their independence. After passing the Balkan Mountains, Isaac marches westward to besiege Tarnovo, the new Bulgarian capital. Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet reaches the Danube River in order to block the way of Cuman reinforcements from the North. The defense of Tarnovo is led by Ivan Asen I, emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria. After spreading rumors of the arrival of a Cuman army to relieve the city, Isaac orders to retreat to Stara Zagora.
 * Battle of Tryavna: Byzantine forces under Isaac II are ambushed and defeated by the Bulgarians in a mountain pass, near Tryavna. In panic, the Byzantines break up and begin a disorganized retreat. Isaac barely escapes, his Varangian Guard has to cut a path through their own soldiers, enabling their emperor's flight from the rout. The Bulgarians capture the imperial treasure, including the golden helmet of Isaac, his crown, and the Imperial Cross which contains a wooden piece of the Holy Cross.

Third Crusade

 * March – Frederick I leaves Adrianople to Gallipoli at the Dardanelles to embark, with the help of Byzantine transports, to cross into Asia Minor. On April 25, he enters territory of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum under the rule of Sultan Kilij Arslan II. Although promised to let the German Crusaders pass peaceably through his domains, Kilij Arslan harasses Frederick's forces with hit-and-run attacks. On May 7, a Turkish army (some 10,000 men) is defeated at the Battle of Philomelion, by 2,000 Crusaders.
 * March 25 – Conrad of Montferrat sails south with a Crusader fleet (some 50 ships) from Tyre. As Conrad's fleet approaches the harbour of Acre, an equally sized Muslim fleet sorties out to meet the Crusaders in open battle. Eventually, the Ayyubid fleet is blockaded (supported by Danish and Pisan ships) in the port. Acre is again cut off from reinforcements; the city's supplies are exhausted, and the Muslim garrison has to resort to eating their own beasts. In the event, troops are driven to cannibalism.
 * April – After a long siege Muslim forces under Saladin capture Beaufort Castle from Reginald of Sidon who has offered to hand over the castle to Saladin on the condition that he has three months to remove his family to a place of safety. At the end of the three months, Saladin expects the castle to be handed over but finds that Reginald has used the time to strengthen the castle against a siege. He is imprisoned at Damascus – the castle's garrison finally surrenders in return for Reginald's release.
 * May 5 – Siege of Acre: A Crusader force under King Guy of Lusignan attacks the city with three siege engines, but all are destroyed by the Muslim defenders with Greek fire, a highly flammable liquid. An Egyptian flotilla is able to avoid the Pisan fleet (some 50 ships) and resupply the city with new provisions. Saladin launches a massive eight-day attack on the Crusaders two weeks later. Meanwhile, in the Crusader camp the conditions are deteriorating by disease and famine, among the soldiers.
 * May 18 – Battle of Iconium: German forces under Frederick I defeat the Seljuk army (40,000 men) in a pitched battle. They are routed, leaving the city at the mercy of the German Crusaders. Frederick does not pursue the Seljuks, because his forces have been weakened by food shortage for the previous weeks. His 23-year-old son, Frederick VI, takes Iconium (modern-day Konya) and proceeds to massacre the citizens. The Germans take booty amounting to 100,000 marks in the Turkish capital.
 * June 10 – Frederick I drowns while crossing (or bathing in) the Göksu River near Selucia (modern-day Silifke) in Armenian Cilicia. The German Crusaders are demoralized and exhausted by the summer heat, Frederick VI takes over the command of his father, carrying with him the emperor's body preserved in a barrel of vinegar. Some of the German nobles decide to return home with their followers; Frederick continues with his army (some 5,000 men) and eventually reaches Antioch, on June 21.
 * September 24 – A Crusader fleet attempts to destroy the Tower of Flies at Acre, which guards the city's harbour, by ramming vessels loaded with combustibles into it. At a critical moment, the ships collide with one another and are badly damaged. A specially built Pisan vessel resembling a floating castle and outfitted with mangonels, is set afire during a sortie from the harbour by a Muslim flotilla.
 * November 24 – The 18-year-old Isabella I, half-sister of Sibylla, Queen of Jerusalem, marries Conrad of Montferrat at Acre making him de facto king of Jerusalem (as Conrad I). He has the support of her mother Maria Comnena and stepfather Balian of Ibelin, as well as Reginald of Sidon and other major nobles in the Crusader States.
 * The Teutonic Order is founded at Acre by German knights of Lübeck and Bremen. The Order is formed to aid Christians on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals (approximate date).

Europe

 * July 4 – King Richard I (the Lion Heart) and Philip II (Augustus), meet at Vézelay and agree to divide the spoils of the Crusade equally between themselves. They march to the coast and then make their way across the Mediterranean, taking different routes. Richard travels with an expeditionary force (some 17,000 men) via Marseille and Philip travels with a smaller contingent (some 15,000 men) via Genoa. Richard has some 100 ships at his disposal, several of which are from Norman ports, others from Shoreham and Southampton.
 * September – Richard I arrives in Sicily at the head of a Crusader army and demands the release of his sister Joan of England, queen of Sicily, who is held hostage by the usurper Tancred of Lecce. He also demands that Tancred fulfill the financial commitments made by the late King William II (the Good) to the Crusade. Tancred refuses the financial demand but he agrees to release Joan, on September 28.
 * October 4 – Richard I captures Messina, after looting and burning the city he establishes his base there. Richard insists that his own banner be erected over the city, but this creates tension between Richard and Philip II, who has joined him with his forces. Tancred accepts a peace agreement, and pays Richard 20,000 ounces of gold. Friendly relations are restored, Richard agrees to split the gold with Philip.
 * King Henry VI, eldest son of Frederick I, grants Henry I (the Brave) the title of Duke of Brabant. Henry tries to expand his power and soon quarrels with Count Baldwin V, duke of Hainaut.
 * December – Richard I and Philip II stay in Sicily over the winter months waiting for the weather to improve before continuing their journey to the Holy Land.
 * Siege of Silves – the Almohad caliph, Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, fails to reconquer Silves, Portugal.

England

 * London adopts the Cross of St. George, the red cross on a white background. The flag is also used by the fleet of Genoa, and allows the ships from London to use the flag for protection when they enter the Mediterranean on trading missions.
 * March 18 – A massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews in York, results in the deaths of 150–500 Jews in Clifford's Tower.

Art and Science

 * On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy (ar. Kitab fasl al-maqal), by Averroes, is first published.
 * Speculum Virginum, a German manuscript, is published (approximate date).

Education

 * Emo of Friesland, a Frisian scholar and abbot, commences his study at what will become the University of Oxford.

Religion

 * Cartmel Priory is founded by William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, in England.
 * King Stefan Nemanja founds the Studenica Monastery in Serbia.

Births

 * July 24 – Yelü Chucai, Chinese statesman (d. 1244)
 * December 30 – Ibn Abi'l-Hadid, Arab scholar (d. 1258)
 * Benedetto Sinigardi, Italian Franciscan friar (d. 1282)
 * Gerhard II of Lippe, German archbishop (d. 1258)
 * Heinrich I von Müllenark, German archbishop (d. 1238)
 * Helvis of Cyprus, princess of Antioch (approximate date)
 * Henry II of Bar, French nobleman and knight (d. 1239)
 * Ida of Nivelles, Belgian Cistercian nun and mystic (d. 1231)
 * John (the Old), French nobleman and knight (d. 1267)
 * Klement of Ruszcza, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1256)
 * Luce de Gast, English nobleman (approximate date)
 * Maria of Brabant, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1260)
 * Peter González (or Pedro), Castilian priest (d. 1246)
 * Pietro della Vigna, Italian jurist and diplomat (d. 1249)
 * Richer of Senones, French monk and chronicler (d. 1266)
 * Roger I of Fézensaguet, French nobleman (d. 1245)
 * Sayf al-Din al-Bakharzi, Persian theologian (d. 1261)
 * Sorghaghtani Beki, mother of Kublai Khan (d. 1252)
 * Tbeli Abuserisdze, Georgian scholar and writer (d. 1240)
 * Theodora Angelina, Byzantine noblewoman (d. 1246)
 * Vincent of Beauvais, French encyclopedist (d. 1264)
 * William Marshal, English nobleman and knight (d. 1231)
 * William Perault, French preacher and writer (d. 1271)
 * Władysław Odonic, duke of Greater Poland (d. 1239)
 * Yuan Haowen, Chinese politician and poet (d. 1257)
 * Zulema L'Astròloga, Moorish astronomer (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 18 – Otto II (the Rich), margrave of Meissen (b. 1125)
 * March 15 – Isabella of Hainault, wife of Philip II (Augustus) (b. 1170)
 * March 23 – Saigyō Hōshi, Japanese monk, poet and writer (b. 1118)
 * June 10 – Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1122)
 * July 25 – Sibylla (or Sibylle), queen of Jerusalem (b. 1160)
 * July 29 – Maud of Gloucester (or Matilda), English countess
 * August 1 – Floris III, Dutch nobleman and knight (b. 1141)
 * August 16 – Dedi III (the Fat), German nobleman (b. 1130)
 * August 21 – Godfrey III, count of Louvain (House of Reginar)
 * September 13 – Herman IV, German nobleman (b. 1135)
 * September 20 – Adelog of Hildesheim, German bishop
 * October 16 – Louis III (the Mild), German nobleman
 * November 3 – Diepold of Berg, German bishop (b. 1140)
 * November 19 – Baldwin of Forde, English archbishop
 * November 21 – Děpolt II (or Diepold), German nobleman
 * Bernard II de Balliol, Norman nobleman (approximate date)
 * Chrétien de Troyes, French poet, trouvère and writer
 * Geoffrey IV (the Younger), French nobleman and knight
 * Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, Arab-Jewish translator (or 1191)
 * Maria Komnene, queen of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1144)
 * Ramon I de Montcada, Catalan nobleman (b. 1150)
 * Ranulf de Glanvill, English Chief Justiciar and writer
 * Robert de Beaumont (White-Hands), English nobleman
 * Walkelin de Derby (de Ferrers), Norman nobleman
 * Walter de Clifford (or FitzRichard), English nobleman

title: 1190


text:
1169

Year 1169 (MCLXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Late Summer – Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) sends an embassy to Egypt to demand tribute, and threatens the country with war when they refuse to pay it. The Byzantine fleet under Admiral Andronikos Kontostephanos sets out from the Hellespont; 60 war galleys are sent to Palestine with money for "the knights of Jerusalem". Andronikos with the rest of the fleet sails to Cyprus, at which he defeats a patrolling squadron of 6 Fatimid ships.

Europe

 * Spring – Gerald the Fearless, Portuguese warrior and knight, receives the support of King Afonso I (the Great). The Almohad caliph, Abu Yaqub Yusuf, manages to broker an alliance with King Ferdinand II against Afonso. The allies manage to besiege Badajoz, and finally take both Afonso and Gerald prisoner.
 * King Henry II of England and Louis VII sign a peace treaty which includes the betrothal of their respective heirs, the 11-year-old Richard I and the 8-year-old Alys of France (or Alice).
 * Andrey Bogolyubsky, Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal, sacks Kiev (with help from allies) and makes Vladimir the capital of Kievan Rus'. He installs relatives on the throne at Kiev.
 * During the Swedish power struggle, Boleslaw is killed, but his brother Kol continues as ruler of Östergötland (until 1173), in opposition to King Knut I (Eriksson) of Sweden.
 * February 4 – 1169 Sicily earthquake: An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of around 7 strikes the eastern coast of Sicily, causing an estimated 15,000 deaths.
 * Stephen III of Hungary concludes a concordat with Pope Alexander III, renouncing his right of investiture.

England

 * Henry II makes an effort to end the strife between him and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, in order that he may dally in western Herefordshire with his mistress, Rosamund Clifford, the daughter of Walter de Clifford. He divides the succession to his kingdom among his four sons, Henry the Young King, Richard I, Geoffrey II and John.

Ireland

 * May – Norman invasion of Ireland: Anglo-Norman mercenaries land at the request of King Diarmaid mac Murchadha (Dermot). Among those arriving is Richard de Clare (a vassal of Henry II), who has made an alliance with exiled Diarmaid mac Murchadha to help him regain the throne of Leinster. This begins the period of Anglo-Norman dominance of Ireland.

Egypt

 * Spring – A Zangid expedition under General Shirkuh accompanied by his nephew Saladin invades Egypt. King Amalric I of Jerusalem orders his fleet to return to Acre and retreats with the Crusaders back to Palestine.
 * January 8 – Shirkuh enters Cairo, leaving the Zangid army encamped outside the city. He goes to the palace, where the 18-year-old Fatimid caliph Al-Adid welcomes him with ceremonial gifts and promised money.
 * January 18 – Shawar, Fatimid vizier and de facto ruler, is invited to join Shirkuh on a pilgrimage to the tomb of Al-Shafi'i. Underway he and his escort are taken prisoner; on orders from Al-Adid, Shawar is decapitated.
 * March 23 – Shirkuh dies from over-eating after a 2-month reign. He is succeeded by Saladin, who is appointed chief vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate. He takes over as commander of Nur al-Din's forces in Egypt.
 * Summer – Saladin invites his brother Turan-Shah to join him in Cairo. He brings his family and retinue with him but also a substantial army provided by Nur al-Din. Turan-Shah is welcomed by Al-Adid as a friend.
 * August 21–23 – At the Battle of the Blacks, Saladin crushes a rebellion by Sudanese forces (50,000 men) of the Fatimid army, along with a number of Egyptian emirs and commoners. He never again has to face a military uprising from Cairo.
 * Winter – Saladin supported by reinforcements from Nur al-din, defeats a Crusader-Byzantine force under Amalric I near Damietta. During the 3-month siege, the Crusaders are forced to retreat to Palestine.

Art and Science

 * Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II, to establish her own court in Poitiers. It will become known as a center of courtly love. Richard I accompanies his mother and is made heir to Aquitaine.

Births

 * September 10 – Alexios II Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1183)
 * Ahi Evren, Bektashi Sufi preacher and philosopher (d. 1261)
 * Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din, Ayyubid ruler of Damascus (d. 1225)
 * Eustace de Vesci, English nobleman and military leader (d. 1216)
 * Ibn al-Mustawfi, Ayyubid governor and historian (d. 1239)
 * Fujiwara no Yoshitsune, Japanese nobleman (d. 1206)
 * Muhammad II, Khwarezmid viceroy and ruler (d. 1220)
 * Nasu no Yoichi, Japanese samurai (approximate date)
 * Taira no Atsumori, Japanese samurai (d. 1184)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Bertrand de Blanchefort, French Grand Master
 * January 18 – Shawar, Fatimid vizier and de facto ruler
 * February 4 – John of Ajello, Italian bishop of Catania
 * February 6 – Thoros II (the Great), prince of Armenia
 * March 23 – Shirkuh, Zangid general and chief vizier
 * May 21 – Berthold of Zwiefalten, German abbot
 * July 9 – Guido of Pisa, Italian geographer
 * Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi, Persian polymath
 * Basil bar Shumna, archbishop of Edessa
 * Bohemond II, Italian count of Manoppello
 * Boleslaw, Swedish co-ruler of Östergötland
 * Gerhoh of Reichersberg, German theologian
 * Hilary of Chichester, English bishop (b. 1110)
 * Hillin of Falmagne, German archbishop
 * Luke Chrysoberges, Byzantine patriarch
 * Mujir al-Din Abaq, governor of Damascus
 * Otomae, Japanese female singer (b. 1085)
 * Ramiro Fróilaz, Leonese military leader
 * Stephen du Perche, Sicilian chancellor

title: 1169


text:
1167

Year 1167 (MCLXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * April 7 – Oath of Pontida: Supported by Pope Alexander III, the Lombard League is founded, a military alliance between the municipalities of Milan, Lodi, Ferrara, Piacenza and Parma, against the German invading forces of Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) in Northern Italy. The League (with other Italian cities) openly challenges Frederick's claim to power (Honor Imperii).
 * April 12 – King Charles VII (Sverkersson) is murdered at Visingsö by supporters of Canute I (son of Eric IX), who proclaims himself king of Sweden. However, Charles's half-brothers Boleslaw and Kol Sverkerson proclaim themselves rulers of Östergötland, in opposition to Canute, which leads to fights for the power in Sweden (until 1173).
 * May 29 – Battle of Monte Porzio: The army of the Commune of Rome is defeated by German forces under Frederick I and the local princes; Alexander III leaves Rome. Frederick proceeds to Rome, where he is crowned by Antipope Paschal III for the second time. A sudden outbreak of pestilence kills many of his advisors and knights.
 * July 8 – Battle of Sirmium: Byzantine forces (15,000 men) under General Andronikos Kontostephanos defeat the Hungarians at Sirmium. Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) consolidates his control over the western Balkans.
 * August – Frederick I claims imperial authority over Bohemia, Greater Poland and Hungary. He installs his 3-year-old son Frederick V as duke of Swabia, after Frederick's cousin, Frederick IV, dies of disease at Rome.

Egypt

 * March 18 – Battle of Al-Babein: A second Zangid army (some 12,000 men) under General Shirkuh and his nephew Saladin marches towards Egypt, but is met by the combined Crusader-Fatimid forces led by King Amalric of Jerusalem. After skirmishing down the Nile, the Crusaders are defeated near Giza and forced to retreat to Cairo.
 * May–June – Saladin leads the defence of Alexandria against the Crusader-Fatimid forces. He takes command over the garrison (plus some 1,000 cavalry), and the army's sick and wounded.
 * August 4 – Amalric I accepts a peace treaty and enters Alexandria at the head of the Crusader army. Saladin and his troops are escorted out with full military honours, and retreats to Syria.

Ireland

 * Diarmaid mac Murchadha (or Dermot), former king of Leinster, returns to Ireland with an advance party of Flemings under Richard fitz Godbert de Roche.

England

 * King Henry II prohibits English students from attending the University of Paris; many settle at the University of Oxford.

Asia

 * Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed Daijo Daijin, chief minister of the government of Japan.

Religion

 * Absalon, Danish archbishop and statesman, leads the first synod at Lund. He is granted land around the city of "Havn" (modern-day Copenhagen) and fortifies the coastal defence against the Wends.

Births

 * February – Frederick VI, duke of Swabia (d. 1191)
 * Anders Sunesen, archbishop of Lund (d. 1228)
 * Warin II (the Younger), Norman knight (d. 1218)
 * William I, count of Holland (Low Countries) (d. 1222)

Deaths

 * January 12 – Aelred of Rievaulx, English abbot (b. 1110)
 * February 27 – Robert of Melun, bishop of Hereford (b. 1100)
 * April 12 – Charles VII (Sverkersson), king of Sweden (b. 1130)
 * July 13 – Xia (Shenfu), Chinese empress consort (b. 1136)
 * August
 * Děpold I, Bohemian prince (epidemic)
 * Frederick IV, duke of Swabia (epidemic)
 * Henry I, count of Nassau (epidemic)
 * Henry II, duke of Limburg (epidemic)
 * August 14 – Rainald of Dassel, German archbishop (b. 1120)
 * August 17 – Nicolò Politi, Italian monk and hermit (b. 1117)
 * August 22 – Relindis of Hohenburg, French abbess
 * September 10 – Matilda, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1102)
 * Abraham ibn Ezra, Spanish philosopher (approximate date)
 * Alaungsithu, Burmese king of the Pagan Dynasty (b. 1090)
 * Basava, Indian philosopher and statesman (b. 1105)
 * Christian I (the Quarrelsome), count of Oldenburg
 * Euphrosyne of Polotsk, Kievan princess (b. 1104)
 * Hugh of Poitiers, French monk and chronicler
 * Occo of Schleswig (or Ogge), Danish bishop
 * Raymond I (or Raimond), French nobleman
 * Rostislav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1110)

title: 1167


text:
1166

Year 1166 (MCLXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Manuel I (Komnenos) asks Venice to help pay the costs of defending Sicily, whose Norman rulers have had good relations with Venice. Doge Vitale II Michiel refuses to pay the requested subsidy. Manuel begins to cultivate relationships with the main commercial rivals of Venice: Genoa and Pisa. He grants them their own trade quarters in Constantinople, very near the Venetian settlements.

Europe

 * May 7 – King William I (the Wicked) of Sicily dies at Palermo after a 12-year reign. He is succeeded by his 12-year-old son William II (the Good), whose mother, Margaret of Navarre, will be regent until he comes of age.
 * Battle of Pantina: The Byzantines intervene on behalf of Grand Prince Tihomir of Serbia against his rebellious brother, Prince Stefan Nemanja, who defeats the Byzantine forces and becomes Grand Župan of Serbia.
 * Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, has the Brunswick Lion created at Dankwarderode Castle in Braunschweig (modern Germany). Mentioned by Albert of Stade, a German abbot and chronicler, as the year of origin.
 * July 5 – The town of Bad Kleinkirchheim (modern Austria) is first mentioned, in an ecclesiastical document, in which Archbishop Conrad II of Salzburg confirms the donation of a chapel, nearby Millstatt Abbey.
 * Autumn – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) begins his fourth Italian campaign, hoping to secure the claim of Antipope Paschal III in Rome and the coronation of his wife Beatrice I as Holy Roman Empress.
 * Mieszko III (the Old) proclaims a Prussian crusade against the pagans and pressures the collaboration of Frederick I. He leaves Greater Poland in the hands of his younger brother Casimir II (the Just).

Britain

 * Diarmaid mac Murchadha is exiled and goes to Normandy, and the court of King Henry II to ask for assistance in retaking his kingdom. Henry gives him permission to find a willing army from either England or Wales.
 * Richard de Clare (Strongbow), 2nd Earl of Pembroke, and his half-brothers Robert FitzStephen and Maurice FitzGerald, agree to help Diarmaid mac Murchadha in return for Diarmaid's daughter's hand in marriage.
 * Cartae Baronum ("Charters of the Barons"), a survey commissioned by the Treasury requiring each baron to declare how many knights he had enfeoffed.
 * Summer – Henry II invades and conquers Brittany to punish the local Breton barons. He grants the territory to his 7-year-old son Geoffrey.
 * Henry II enacts the Assize of Clarendon, reforming English law, with the aim of improving the justice process, including the jury system.
 * William Marshal, a Norman statesman, described as "the greatest knight that ever lived", is knighted while on campaign in Normandy.

Ireland

 * Muirchertach mac Lochlainn, High King of Ireland, is killed. He is succeeded by Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, king of Connacht, who defeats Diarmaid mac Murchadha (or Dermot) in battle, another ruler in eastern Ireland.

Births

 * February 24 – Al-Mansur Abdallah, Zaidi imam (d. 1217)
 * July 29 – Henry I (or Henry II), king of Jerusalem (d. 1197)
 * December 24 – John, king of England (d. 1216)
 * Abu al-Abbas al-Nabati, Moorish pharmacist (d. 1239)
 * Alan IV (the Young), viscount of Rohan (d. 1205)
 * Arnold of Altena, German nobleman (d. 1209)
 * Choe U, Korean general and dictator (d. 1249)
 * Humphrey IV, lord of Toron (approximate date)
 * Judah ben Isaac Messer, French rabbi (b. 1224)
 * Odo III (or Eudes), duke of Burgundy (d. 1218)
 * Philip d'Aubigny, English nobleman (d. 1236)
 * Prithviraj Chauhan, Indian ruler of Ajmer (d. 1192)
 * Shimazu Tadahisa, Japanese warlord (d. 1227)
 * Shunten (or Shunten-Ō), Ryukyu ruler (d. 1237)
 * Tamar the Great, queen of Georgia (d. 1213)
 * Wansong Xingxiu, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 1246)
 * William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey (d. 1240)

Deaths

 * February 21 – Abdul Qadir Gilani, Persian preacher (b. 1078)
 * April 9 – Waleran de Beaumont, English nobleman (b. 1104)
 * May 7 – William I (the wicked), king of Sicily (b. 1120)
 * October 12 - Henry I, duke of Wiślica
 * Ahmad Yasawi, Turkic Sufi religious leader (b. 1093)
 * Athanasius VII bar Qatra, Syrian patriarch of Antioch
 * Fujiwara no Motozane, Japanese waka poet (b. 1143)
 * Gillamaire Ua Conallta, Irish poet and Chief Ollam
 * Grigor III, Armenian catholicos of Cilicia (b. 1093)
 * Konoe Motozane, Japanese nobleman (b. 1143)
 * Muirchertach mac Lochlainn, High King of Ireland
 * Rosalia, Norman nobleman and saint (b. 1130)

title: 1166


text:
1162

Year 1162 (MCLXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * March 6 – German forces led by Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, capture Milan; much of the city is destroyed three weeks later on the emperor's orders. The fortifications are demolished and the churches are destroyed. The population is dispersed, and the commune abolished. The fate of Milan leads to the submission of Brescia, Piacenza, and many other northern Italian cities.
 * July 7 – Norwegian forces supporting 6-year-old Magnus V (Erlingsson) defeat the 15-year-old King Haakon II (Sigurdsson), who is killed in battle in Romsdal after a 5-year reign.
 * July 15 – Ladislaus II, duke of Bosnia, is declared king of Hungary and Croatia. He is crowned by Archbishop Mikó and grants one-third of the kingdom to his brother, Stephen IV.

England

 * June 3 – King Henry II has his chancellor Thomas Becket elected to succeed the late Theobald of Bec as archbishop of Canterbury. He accepts the pallium sent by Pope Alexander III.

Africa

 * The Almohad emir, Abd al-Mu'min, prepares a gigantic fleet of some four hundred ships to invade Al-Andalus (modern Spain). He dies the following year, before the fleet is completed.

China

 * July 24 – Emperor Gaozong of Song becomes embroiled in war again as hostilities resume with the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (or "Great Jin") after 21 years of peace. Another peace treaty is signed, Gao abdicates the throne in favor of his adopted son Xiaozong. The smaller Southern Song empire becomes richer than the Song dynasty.

Religion

 * The Beisi Pagoda (or North Temple Pagoda) is completed during the Song dynasty in China.

Births

 * March 5 – Ogasawara Nagakiyo, Japanese warrior (d. 1242)
 * March 11 – Theodoric I, margrave of Meissen (d. 1221)
 * June 20 – Benchō, Japanese Buddhist patriarch (d. 1238)
 * June 30 – Yang (or Gongsheng), Chinese empress (d. 1233)
 * Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi, Abbasid traveler and writer (d. 1231)
 * Fujiwara no Teika, Japanese poet and calligrapher (d. 1241)
 * Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, ruler of the Ethiopian Empire (d. 1221)
 * Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire (d. 1227)
 * Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex (approximate date)
 * Guillem de Cabestany, Spanish troubadour (d. 1212)
 * Kajiwara Kagesue, Japanese nobleman (d. 1200)
 * Renier of Montferrat, Byzantine politician (d. 1183)

Deaths

 * February 18 – Theotonius, Portuguese advisor (b. 1082)
 * May 31 – Géza II, king of Hungary and Croatia (b. 1130)
 * July 7 – Haakon II (Sigurdsson), king of Norway (b. 1147)
 * July 29 – Guigues V, count of Albon and Grenoble (b. 1125)
 * July 31 – Fujiwara no Tadazane, Japanese nobleman (b. 1078)
 * August 6 – Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona (b. 1114)
 * September 27 – Odo II, duke of Burgundy (b. 1118)
 * Adalbert of Pomerania, German missionary and bishop
 * Angharad ferch Owain, queen consort of Gwynedd (b. 1065)
 * Odo of Deuil (or Eudes), French abbot and historian
 * Henry Aristippus (or Henricus), Italian chancellor
 * Hugh de Morville, Constable of Scotland, Norman nobleman and knight
 * Ibn Zuhr (or Avenzoar), Moorish physician (b. 1094)
 * Judith of Baden, German margravine
 * Richard de Belmeis II, English bishop and politician
 * Sylvester of Marsico, Norman nobleman (b. 1100)
 * Tiantong Zongjue, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 1091)

title: 1162


text:
Talk:Horoscope

Avoid ambiguous language
If there is a clear scientific consensus the phrasing must be clear as well. I changed the phrase "the methods used to make interpretations are generally considered pseudoscientific" to "the methods used to make interpretations are pseudoscientific". The information that there is a consensus is available in the first source to linked after this quote. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.230.175.235 (talk) 18:47, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

Needs adjustment for NPOV
I second the notion that this article needs some adjustment to achieve neutrality. As I read it, there doesn't seem to by anything in this article that would indicate to the reader that horoscopes are not broadly accepted as scientific. Perhaps a section could be added entitled "criticism?" Jminthorne (talk) 07:40, 9 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm rather insulted that wikipedia even HAS articles on Horoscope and Astrology with even the slightest hint of a serious tone to it. This crap isn't a pseudoscience.  It's nonsense.Tgm1024 (talk) 18:50, 16 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Including criticism is fine and appropriate. (Don't use an inflammatory tone, tho'; try to be neutral; vicious rants of "Astrology is f***" are unprofessional and will turn people away from Wikipedia.) Btw, I removed Category:Pseudoscience as redundant (both the article Astrology and Category:Astrology are included in said category). Okay?--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 00:47, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

Hora
Hi, I'm concerned about this. The source says that "The root word for Greek word Hora is derived from Tamil word Orai." This looks like folk etymology to me - it seems very unlikely that Tamil loanwords would have appeared in ancient Greek, although there is evidence of more recent loanwords travelling in the opposite direction. bobrayner (talk) 19:20, 17 February 2014 (UTC)
 * The Greek Hora comes from the Egyptian Horus. 24.51.192.49 (talk) 09:56, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

horoscopes and actual meaning to be included
add clear content 102.80.105.147 (talk) 09:59, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Horoscope


text:
1160

Year 1160 (MCLX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Emperor Manuel I Komnenos sends an embassy led by John Kontostephanos to Jerusalem, to ask King Baldwin III to nominate one of the princesses of the Crusader states, as a bride for the widowed emperor. Their two candidates are 15-year-old Maria of Antioch, and Melisende of Tripoli. Baldwin suggests Melisende, and her brother Count Raymond III sets about gathering an enormous dowry. The ambassadors are not satisfied, and delay the marriage for over a year. They hear rumours about Melisende's birth, based on her mother's (Countess Hodierna of Jerusalem) infidelity, and therefore Melisende's possible illegitimacy. In the end, the Emperor marries Maria in 1161 and Melisende eventually enters a convent.

Europe

 * January 25 – Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, captures Crema, Lombardy after a 6-month siege, as part of his campaign against the independent Italian city-states. Some 20,000 survivors are allowed to leave the city with whatever they could carry before Crema is looted and burnt to the ground. The expense of the siege (over 2,000 silver marks) and Frederick's determination to enforce it over the winter, demonstrates his ability to hold troops in the field and to keep his allies on side.
 * May 18 – Erik IX Jedvardsson of Sweden is murdered, after which his murderer Magnus Henriksen proclaims himself king of Sweden as Magnus II. He is murdered in turn the following year, however. Erik is soon worshipped as a saint. Though never formally canonized by Pope Alexander III, he eventually becomes the patron saint of Sweden.
 * November 2 – Betrothal of 5-year-old Henry the Young King of England and 2-year-old Marguerite, daughter of Louis VII of France; she brings Norman Vexin to the English crown as a dowry.
 * November 13 – Within weeks of the death of his second wife, Queen Constance of Castile, King Louis VII of France marries Adela of Champagne, daughter of Count Theobald II ("the Great").
 * A plot of land at Miholjanec is donated to the Knights Templar, who build a monastery in nearby Zdelia. This is the earliest historical mention of the Templars in Croatia and Hungary.
 * Spital am Semmering (modern Austria) is founded by Margrave Ottokar III. He erects a hospital and completes the colonization of the area around the Traisen and Gölsen rivers.
 * A large Portuguese offensive begins in the Alentejo region, against the Almoravids. The city of Tomar is founded by Gualdim Pais, Grand Master of the Knights Templar.
 * The island of Lundy is granted to the Knights Templar by Henry II of England.

Levant

 * Autumn – Raynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch, makes a plundering raid in the valley of the Euphrates at Marash to seize cattle, horses and camels from the local peasants. On his way back to Antioch, he and his retinue are attacked by Zangid warriors. Raynald is unhorsed, captured and sent to Aleppo where he is put in jail.

Africa

 * The Almohads conquer Mahdia (modern Tunisia) from the Normans after an important naval success near the city, against Christian reinforcements coming from Sicily.
 * Approximate date – A commercial treaty between the Almohad Caliphate and the Republic of Pisa opens the North African ports to Tuscan merchants.

Asia

 * Siege of Sanjō Palace: A rebel force (some 500 men) under Minamoto no Yoshitomo launches a night attack against Emperor Nijō of Japan. They kidnap the retired-Emperor Go-Shirakawa and set fire to the palace in Kyoto.
 * Emperor Dharanindravarman II dies and is succeeded by his cousin Yasovarman II as ruler of the Khmer Empire (modern Cambodia). Dharanindravarman's son Jayavarman VII goes into exile in neighboring Champa.

Education

 * Approximate date – Derby School is founded by Walkelin de Derby in Derby (England); it will survive until 1989.

Births

 * October 4 – Alys of France, daughter of Louis VII (d. 1220)
 * December 3 – Conrad of Querfurt, German bishop (d. 1202)
 * Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, Almohad caliph (d. 1199)
 * Adolf III, count of Schaumburg and Holstein (d. 1225)
 * Alice of Courtenay, French noblewoman (d. 1218)
 * Ali ibn al-Athir, Arab historian and biographer (d. 1233)
 * Azriel of Gerona, Catalan Jewish leader (d. 1238)
 * Beatrice of Viennois, countess of Savoy (d. 1230)
 * Bertold V, German nobleman (House of Zähringen) (d. 1218)
 * Cadenet, French poet and troubadour (approximate date)
 * David Kimhi, French rabbi and grammarian (d. 1235)
 * Dulce of Aragon, queen of Portugal (d. 1198)
 * Eschiva of Ibelin, queen of Cyprus (d. 1196)
 * Eudokia Komnene, French noblewoman (d. 1203)
 * Hartmann I, count of Württemberg (d. 1240)
 * Isaac the Blind, French rabbi and writer (d. 1235)
 * John of Hexham, English chronicler (d. 1209)
 * John of Matha, French priest and saint (d. 1213)
 * Konoe Motomichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1233)
 * Ma Yuan, Chinese landscape painter (d. 1225)
 * Mestwin I, duke of Pomerania (approximate date)
 * Parisius (or Parisio), Italian priest and saint (d. 1267)
 * Philip the Chancellor, French theologian (d. 1236)
 * Rudolph I, count palatine of Tübingen (d. 1219)
 * Sasaki Takatsuna, Japanese samurai (d. 1214)
 * Sibylla (or Sibylle), queen of Jerusalem (d. 1190)
 * Siraj al-Din al-Sakaki, Persian scholar (d. 1229)
 * Taira no Koremori, Japanese general (d. 1184)
 * Taira no Noritsune, Japanese nobleman (d. 1185)
 * Tamar the Great, queen of Georgia (approximate date)
 * Vladislaus III, duke of Bohemia (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 12 – Al-Muqtafi, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (b. 1096)
 * April 3 – William FitzAlan, Breton nobleman (b. 1105)
 * April 27 – Rudolf I, count of Bregenz and Chur (b. 1081)
 * May 18
 * Erik IX Jedvardsson ("the Holy"), king of Sweden (b. 1120)
 * Ibn al-Qalanisi, Arab politician and chronicler
 * May 31 – Mechtildis of Edelstetten, German abbess
 * July 23 – Al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1149)
 * October 4 – Constance of Castile, queen of France (b. 1141)
 * December 17 – Gilla na Naemh Ua Duinn, Irish poet (b. 1102)
 * December 22 – Fujiwara no Nariko, Japanese empress (b. 1117)
 * Dharanindravarman II, Cambodian ruler of the Khmer Empire
 * Fujiwara no Michinori, Japanese nobleman (b. 1106)
 * Fujiwara no Nobuyori, Japanese nobleman  (b. 1133)
 * Gonzalo Fernández de Traba, Galician nobleman
 * Helena of Skövde, Swedish noblewoman and saint
 * Herman III, Margrave of Baden ("the Great"), German nobleman (b. 1105)
 * Herman of Carinthia, German astronomer (b. 1100)
 * Hugh Candidus, English monk and historian (b. 1095)
 * Ibn Quzman, Andalusian poet and writer (b. 1087)
 * Mahsati, Persian female poet and writer (b. 1089)
 * Minamoto no Tomonaga, Japanese samurai (b. 1144)
 * Minamoto no Yoshihira, Japanese nobleman (b. 1140)
 * Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Japanese general (b. 1123)
 * Niklot, Obotrite prince (House of Mecklenburg) (b. 1090)
 * Peter Lombard, French bishop and theologian (b. 1096)
 * Philip of France, French prince and archdeacon (b. 1132)
 * Raymond du Puy, French knight and Grand Master (b. 1083)
 * Robert I (Nostell), Norman churchman and prior (b. 1100)
 * Sophie of Winzenburg, German noblewoman (b. 1105)

title: 1160