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1984 United States presidential election

The 1984 United States presidential election was the 50th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1984. Incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan and his running mate, incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush, were re-elected to a second term in a landslide. They defeated the Democratic ticket of former Vice President Walter Mondale and Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro.

Reagan and Bush faced only token opposition in their bid for re-nomination. Mondale faced a competitive field in his bid, defeating Colorado Senator Gary Hart, activist Jesse Jackson, and several other candidates in the 1984 Democratic primaries. He eventually chose New York Representative Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate, the first woman to be on a major party's presidential ticket.

Reagan touted a strong economic recovery from the 1970s stagflation and the 1981–1982 recession, and the widespread perception that his presidency had overseen a revival of national confidence and prestige. At 73, Reagan was the oldest person to be nominated by a major party for president, a record that stood until 2020. The Reagan campaign produced effective television advertising and deftly neutralized concerns regarding Reagan's age. Mondale criticized Reagan's supply-side economic policies and budget deficits. He also called for a nuclear freeze and ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment.

Reagan won re-election in a landslide victory, carrying 525 electoral votes, 49 states, and 58.8% of the popular vote. Mondale won 13 electoral votes, 10 from his home state of Minnesota which he won by a narrow margin of 0.18% and 3 from the District of Columbia, which has always voted overwhelmingly for the Democratic candidate. This was the second-largest share of the electoral college since 1820 (and the largest for a Republican), and the most raw electoral votes received by a candidate. This is the last time any candidate won the popular vote by double digits.

Since Mondale's death in April 2021, this is the latest election where all of the major party nominees for president or vice president are deceased.

As of 2020, this marked the last time the Republican nominee carried the states of Hawaii, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island and Washington. Meanwhile, West Virginia would not vote Republican again until 2000, Iowa would not vote Republican again until 2004, and Wisconsin has only voted Republican once since, in 2016. As of 2020, this is the only time an incumbent president defeated a former vice president and it is also the only time a major party presidential candidate defeated both the incumbent president and the latter's former vice president in consecutive presidential elections. As of 2024, this is the most recent election in which the Republican nominee won the popular vote for the second time in succession.

Background
Ronald Reagan entered the presidency with an unemployment rate of 7.3% and it peaked at 10.6% in December 1982. The United States had a negative gross domestic product growth in 1982.

The Republicans performed poorly in the 1982 elections. Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and Jimmy Carter lost an average of 12 seats in the United States House of Representatives in their first midterm. The Republicans lost 26 seats in the U.S. House elections. The Republicans lost seven governorships as well.

Reagan's approval rating fell to 35% by January 1983. Polling showed him losing to Democratic candidates, including Walter Mondale and John Glenn. However, unemployment fell to 7.7% by March 1984, and Reagan's approval rating was at 54% in January 1984. His approval rating was aided by the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings and the invasion of Grenada. Polling by CBS News and The New York Times in January 1984 showed him leading Mondale by 16%.

Republican Party candidates

 * Ronald Reagan, President of the United States
 * Ben Fernandez, former Special Ambassador to Paraguay from California
 * Harold Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota

Primaries

Reagan-Bush '84, under the leadership of Ed Rollins, was organized on October 17, 1983. Reagan delayed his campaign announcement as not running would make him a lame duck while running would make everything he did be viewed as part of his campaign. He announced that he would seek reelection on January 29, 1984.

Reagan was the first incumbent president since Richard Nixon in 1972 to face no significant opposition for renomination. The popular vote from the Republican primaries was as follows:
 * Ronald Reagan (inc.): 6,484,987 (98.6%)
 * Unpledged delegates: 41,411 (0.6%)
 * Others: 21,643 (0.3%)
 * "Ronald Reagan No": 14,047 (0.2%)
 * Harold E. Stassen: 12,749 (0.2%)
 * David Kelly: 360
 * Gary Arnold: 252
 * Benjamin Fernandez: 202

Endorsements
Reagan had received endorsements from:
 * Celebrities
 * Morey Amsterdam
 * Pat Boone
 * Ron Ely
 * Cary Grant
 * Charlton Heston
 * Fred MacMurray
 * Hugh O'Brian
 * Jerry Reed
 * Joan Rivers
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger
 * Frank Sinatra
 * Jaclyn Smith
 * Robert Stack
 * James Stewart
 * Stephanie Zimbalist

Reagan was renominated by a vote of 2,233 delegates (two delegates abstained). For the only time in American history, the vice presidential roll call was taken concurrently with the presidential roll call. Vice President George H. W. Bush was overwhelmingly renominated. This was the last time in the 20th century that the vice-presidential candidate of either major party was nominated by roll call vote.

Democratic Party candidates

 * Walter Mondale, former vice president and former U.S. senator from Minnesota
 * Reubin Askew, former governor of Florida
 * Alan Cranston, U.S. senator from California
 * John Glenn, U.S. senator from Ohio and former NASA astronaut
 * Gary Hart, U.S. senator from Colorado
 * Ernest Hollings, U.S. senator from South Carolina
 * Jesse Jackson, clergyman and civil rights activist from Illinois
 * George McGovern, former U.S. senator and 1972 Democratic nominee from South Dakota

Primaries

Only three Democratic candidates won any state primaries: Mondale, Hart, and Jackson. Initially, Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy, after a failed bid to win the 1980 Democratic nomination for president, was considered the de facto front-runner of the 1984 primary. However, Kennedy announced in December 1982 that he did not intend to run. Former Vice President Mondale was then viewed as the favorite to win the Democratic nomination. Mondale had the largest number of party leaders supporting him, and he had raised more money than any other candidate. However, both Jackson and Hart emerged as surprising, and troublesome, opponents.

South Carolina Senator Ernest Hollings's wit and experience, as well as his call for a budget freeze, won him some positive attention, but his relatively conservative record alienated liberal Democrats, and he was never really noticed in a field dominated by Mondale, John Glenn, and Gary Hart. Hollings dropped out two days after losing badly in New Hampshire and endorsed Hart a week later. His disdain for his competitors was at times showcased in his comments. He notably referred to Mondale as a "lapdog", and to former astronaut Glenn as "Sky King" who was "confused in his capsule."

California Senator Alan Cranston hoped to galvanize supporters of the nuclear freeze movement that had called on the United States to halt the deployment of existing nuclear weapons and the development of new ones. Glenn and Askew hoped to capture the support of moderate and conservative Democrats. None of them possessed the fundraising ability of Mondale nor the grassroots support of Hart and Jackson, and none won any contests.

Jackson was the second African-American (after Shirley Chisholm) to mount a nationwide campaign for the presidency, and he was the first African-American candidate to be a serious contender. He got 3.5 million votes during the primaries, third behind Hart and Mondale. He won the primaries in Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana, and split Mississippi, where there were two separate contests for Democratic delegates. Through the primaries, Jackson helped confirm the black electorate's importance to the Democratic Party in the South at the time. During the campaign, however, Jackson made an off-the-cuff reference to Jews as "Hymies" and New York City as "Hymietown", for which he later apologized. Nonetheless, the remark was widely publicized, and derailed his campaign for the nomination. Jackson ended up winning 21% of the national primary vote but received only 8% of the delegates to the national convention, and he initially charged that his campaign was hurt by the same party rules that allowed Mondale to win. He also poured scorn on Mondale, saying that Hubert Humphrey was the "last significant politician out of the St. Paul-Minneapolis" area.

Hart, from Colorado, was a more serious threat to Mondale, and after winning several early primaries it looked as if he might take the nomination away from Mondale. Hart finished a surprising second in the Iowa caucuses, with 16.5% of the vote. This established him as the main rival to Mondale, effectively eliminating John Glenn, Ernest Hollings and Alan Cranston as alternatives. Hart criticized Mondale as an "old-fashioned" Great Society Democrat who symbolized "failed policies" of the past. Hart positioned himself (just as Bill Clinton would eight years later) as a younger, fresher, and more moderate Democrat who could appeal to younger voters. He emerged as a formidable candidate, winning the key New Hampshire, Ohio, and California primaries as well as several others, especially in the West. However, Hart could not overcome Mondale's financial and organizational advantages, especially among labor union leaders in the Midwest and industrial Northeast.

Hart was also badly hurt in a televised debate with Mondale during the primaries, when the former vice president used a popular television commercial slogan to ridicule Hart's vague "New Ideas" platform. Turning to Hart on camera, Mondale told Hart that whenever he heard Hart talk about his "New Ideas", he was reminded of the Wendy's fast-food slogan "Where's the beef?" The remark drew loud laughter and applause from the viewing audience and caught Hart off-guard. Hart never fully recovered from Mondale's charge that his "New Ideas" were shallow and lacking in specifics.

At a roundtable debate between the three remaining Democratic candidates moderated by Phil Donahue, Mondale and Hart got into such a heated argument over the issue of U.S. policy in Central America that Jackson had to tap his water glass on the table to help get them to stop.

Mondale gradually pulled away from Hart in the delegate count, but, as Time reported in late May, "Mondale ... has a wide lead in total delegates (1,564 to 941) ... because of his victories in the big industrial states, his support from the Democratic Establishment and the arcane provisions of delegate-selection rules that his vanguard helped draft two years ago." After the final primary in California, on June 5, which Hart won, Mondale was about 40 delegates short of the total he needed for the nomination. However, at the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco on July 16, Mondale received the overwhelming support of the unelected superdelegates from the party establishment to win the nomination.

Mondale's nomination marked the second time since the nomination of former governor of Georgia Jimmy Carter in 1976 and the fourth time since the nomination of former Representative John W. Davis in 1924 that the Democratic Party nominated a private citizen for president (not serving in an official government role at the time of the nomination and election). Mondale was the last private citizen to be nominated for president by the Democratic Party until former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in 2016. He was also the last former vice president to be nominated for president until Joe Biden in 2020.

This race for the Democratic Party presidential nomination was the closest in two generations, and, as of 2020, it was the last occasion that a major party's race for the presidential nomination went all the way to its convention.

Endorsements
Note: These are only those endorsements which occurred during or before the primary race.

Mondale had received endorsements from:
 * United States House of Representatives
 * Representative Jim Bates of California
 * Representative Edward Boland of Massachusetts
 * Representative Rick Boucher of Virginia
 * Representative Joseph D. Early of Massachusetts
 * Representative Barney Frank of Massachusetts
 * Representative Robert García of New York
 * Representative Sam Gejdenson of Connecticut
 * Representative Tom Harkin of Iowa
 * Representative Joe Moakley of Massachusetts
 * Representative Charles B. Rangel of New York
 * Representative William R. Ratchford of Connecticut
 * Representative James Michael Shannon of Massachusetts
 * Governors and State Constitutional officers
 * New York Attorney General Robert Abrams
 * Governor Mario Cuomo of New York
 * Lieutenant Governor Zell Miller of Georgia
 * Former officeholders
 * Former President Jimmy Carter of Georgia
 * Former diplomats, board members and other officials
 * Former Secretary of State Dean Rusk of Georgia
 * Organizations and unions
 * AFL–CIO
 * Alabama Democratic Conference
 * National Education Association
 * National Organization for Women
 * Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders
 * Alabama

 * Mayor Richard Arrington, Jr. of Birmingham
 * California

 * Mayor and 1982 Democratic Gubernatorial nominee Tom Bradley of Los Angeles
 * Georgia

 * State Senator Julian Bond
 * Illinois

 * Former Alderman, President of the City Council, 1983 mayoral candidate, and Cook County Democratic Party Chairman Edward Vrdolyak of Chicago
 * Michigan

 * Mayor Coleman Young of Detroit

Hart had received endorsements from:
 * United States House of Representatives
 * Representative Patricia Schroeder of Colorado
 * Representative Chuck Schumer of New York
 * Representative and 1976 Democratic presidential candidate Mo Udall of Arizona
 * Representative Henry A. Waxman of California
 * Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators
 * Actor and director Warren Beatty

Jackson had received endorsements from:
 * United States House of Representatives
 * Delegate Walter E. Fauntroy of Washington, D.C.
 * Former officeholders
 * Former Representative and 1972 Democratic presidential candidate Shirley Chisholm of New York
 * Former Governor Orval E. Faubus of Arkansas
 * Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders
 * Alabama

 * State Senator Michael Figures
 * Mayor Johnny Ford of Tuskegee
 * State Senator Earl Hilliard
 * State Senator Hank Sanders
 * Georgia

 * State Representative Tyrone Brookes
 * Illinois

 * Mayor Carl Officer of East St. Louis
 * Indiana

 * Mayor Richard G. Hatcher of Gary
 * Washington, D.C.

 * Mayor Marion Barry of Washington, D.C.
 * Organizations and unions
 * Church of God in Christ
 * Nation of Islam
 * National Baptist Convention of America, Inc.
 * National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc.
 * National Farmers Alliance
 * National Hispanic Leadership Conference
 * Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators
 * Muhammad Ali
 * 1980 presidential nominee of the Citizens Party Barry Commoner

Hollings had received endorsements from:
 * United States Senate
 * Former U.S. Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana
 * Former U.S. Senator William B. Spong, Jr. of Virginia
 * State Constitutional officers
 * Lieutenant Governor Martha Griffiths of Michigan
 * State Senator Anna Belle Clement O'Brien of Tennessee
 * Lieutenant Governor Nancy Stevenson of South Carolina

Glenn had received endorsements from:
 * United States Senate
 * Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia
 * Senator Jim Sasser of Tennessee
 * Senator Paul Tsongas of Massachusetts
 * United States House of Representatives
 * Representative Jerry Huckaby of Louisiana
 * Governors and State Constitutional officers
 * Lieutenant Governor Bill Baxley of Alabama
 * Governor Chuck Robb of Virginia
 * Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders
 * Georgia

 * Commissioner of Agriculture Tommy Irvin
 * Texas

 * State Representative Larry Walker
 * Celebrities
 * Actor and director Warren Beatty

Cranston had received endorsements from:
 * United States House of Representatives
 * Representative William Lehman of Florida

Askew had received endorsements from:
 * United States Senate
 * Senator Lawton Chiles of Florida
 * United States House of Representatives
 * Representative William V. Chappell, Jr. of Florida
 * Representative Dante Fascell of Florida
 * Representative Sam Gibbons of Florida
 * Representative Dan Mica of Florida
 * Governors and State Constitutional officers
 * Governor Bob Graham of Florida
 * Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders
 * Florida

 * Mayor Eva Mack of West Palm Beach

Convention
This was the convention's nomination tally:

When he made his acceptance speech at the Democratic Convention, Mondale said: "Let's tell the truth. Mr. Reagan will raise taxes, and so will I. He won't tell you. I just did." Although Mondale intended to expose Reagan as hypocritical and position himself as the honest candidate, the choice of raising taxes as a discussion point likely damaged his electoral chances.

Vice presidential nominee

Mondale wanted to establish a highly visible precedent with his vice presidential candidate. Mondale chose U.S. Rep. Geraldine A. Ferraro from New York as his running mate, making her the first woman and the first Catholic nominated for that position by a major party. Another reason for the nominee to "go for broke" instead of balancing the ticket was Reagan's lead in the polls. Mondale hoped to appeal to women, and by 1980, they were the majority of voters. In a "much criticized parade of possible Veep candidates" to his home in Minnesota, Mondale considered San Francisco Mayor Dianne Feinstein and Kentucky Governor Martha Layne Collins, also female; Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, an African American; and San Antonio Mayor Henry Cisneros, a Hispanic, as other finalists for the nomination. In addition to her sex, Mondale chose Ferraro because he hoped she would attract ethnic voters with her personal background. Unsuccessful nomination candidate Jesse Jackson derided Mondale's vice-presidential screening process as a "P.R. parade of personalities", but praised Mondale for his choice, having himself pledged to name a woman to the ticket in the event he was nominated.

Mondale had wanted to choose New York Governor Mario Cuomo as his running mate, but Cuomo declined and recommended Ferraro, his protégée. Mondale might have named Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis as his running mate had he wanted to make a "safe" choice", while others preferred Senator Lloyd Bentsen because he would appeal to more conservative Southern voters. Nomination rival Gary Hart stated before Ferraro's selection that he would accept an invitation to run with Mondale; Hart's supporters claimed he would do better than Mondale against President Reagan, an argument undercut by a June 1984 Gallup poll that showed both men nine points behind the president.

National Unity Party nomination

The National Unity Party was an outgrowth of John Anderson's presidential campaign from the 1980 presidential election. Anderson hoped that the party would be able to challenge the "two old parties", which he viewed as being tied to various special interest groups and incapable of responsible fiscal reform. The intention was to organize the new party in California, Oregon, Washington, Illinois, the New England states, and others where his previous candidacy had proven to have experienced the most success. The party was also eligible for $5.8 million in Federal election funds, but its qualification depended on it being on the ballot in at least ten states; however, it remained unclear if National Unity could actually obtain the funds, or if it needed to be Anderson himself.

Anderson initially was against running, hoping that another notable politico would take the party into the 1984 election, and feared that his own candidacy might result in the party being labeled a "personality cult". However, no candidate came forward resulting in Anderson becoming the nominee in waiting. While Anderson had found equal support from the Republicans and Democrats in the 1980 election, the grand majority of the former had since switched back, resulting in the new party being supported principally by those who normally would vote Democratic, which it was feared might make him a spoiler candidate. In light of this, in addition to difficulties in getting on the ballot in his targeted states (Utah and Kentucky were the only two, neither among those he intended to prominently campaign in), Anderson ultimately declined to run.

Anderson announced that he would not run on April 26, 1984. He later endorsed Mondale and a survey of National Unity members showed that they supported his action. Anderson had hoped that the party would continue to grow and field candidates in 1986, and later a presidential candidate in 1988.

Libertarian Party nomination

 * David Bergland, Party Chairman from California
 * Gene Burns, talk radio host from Florida (withdrew – August 26, 1983)
 * Tonie Nathan, 1972 vice presidential nominee from Oregon (declined to contest)
 * Earl Ravenal, foreign policy analyst, academic, and writer from Washington, D.C.
 * Mary Ruwart, research scientist from Texas

Burns was the initial frontrunner for the nomination, but withdrew, citing concerns that the party would not be able to properly finance a campaign. The remaining candidates were Bergland; Ravenal, who had worked in the Department of Defense under Robert McNamara and Clark Clifford; and Ruwart. Bergland narrowly won the presidential nomination over Ravenal. His running mate was James A. Lewis. The ticket appeared on 39 state ballots.

Citizens Party nomination
Sonia Johnson ran in the 1984 presidential election, as the presidential candidate of the Citizens Party, Pennsylvania's Consumer Party and California's Peace and Freedom Party. Johnson received 72,161 votes (0.1%) finishing fifth. Her running mate for the Citizens Party was Richard Walton and for the Peace and Freedom Party Emma Wong Mar. One of her campaign managers, Mark Dunlea, later wrote a novel about a first female president, Madame President.

Communist Party nomination
The Communist Party USA ran Gus Hall for president and Angela Davis for vice president.

Campaign

Mondale unsuccessfully tried to replace Charles Manatt with Bert Lance as chair of the DNC. Mondale made Lance the chair of his presidential campaign. However, Lance had to be removed due to controversy over his tenure as director of the Office of Management and Budget.

Reagan's lead in polling declined after the Republican convention due to its strong right-wing stances. Reagan was also criticized for a joke about bombing the Soviet Union. However, polls showed that voters believed Mondale was "too cautious and vague" and was trying to appeal to too many special interest groups.

Roger Stone and other strategists working for Reagan viewed Ohio, where unemployment was 10%, as his most vulnerable state.

Reagan made appeals to Evangelical voters during the campaign. He declared January 22, 1984, to be National Sanctity of Human Life Day. The American Coalition for Traditional Values (ACTV), under the leadership of Tim LaHaye, was tasked with maintaining Evangelical support. The ACTV planned on registering 2.5 million voters. Laxalt sent a letter to 45,000 ministers in sixteen states, under the title of the Christian Voter Program, asking for them to support Reagan's campaign and register voters.

Mondale ran a liberal campaign, supporting a nuclear freeze and the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). He spoke against what he considered to be unfairness in Reagan's economic policies and the need to reduce federal budget deficits.

While Ferraro's choice was popular among Democratic activists, polls immediately after the announcement showed that only 22% of women were pleased about her selection, versus 18% who agreed that it was a bad idea. 60% of all voters thought that pressure from women's groups had led to Mondale's decision, versus 22% who believed that he had chosen the best available candidate. Some members of the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church criticized the Catholic Ferraro for being pro-choice on abortion. Already fighting an uphill battle with voters, Ferraro also faced a slew of allegations, mid-campaign, directed toward her husband, John Zaccaro. These allegations included Zaccaro's possible past involvement in organized crime, pornography distribution, and campaign contribution violations. Ferraro responded to these allegations against her husband by releasing her family tax returns to the media on August 21, 1984. However, the damage to the campaign was already done.

At a campaign stop in Hammonton, New Jersey, Reagan said, "America's future rests in a thousand dreams inside your hearts. It rests in the message of hope in songs of a man so many young Americans admire, New Jersey's Bruce Springsteen." The Reagan campaign briefly used "Born in the U.S.A.", a song criticizing the treatment of Vietnam War veterans (which they mistakenly thought was devoid of anti-war content and a very jingoistic patriotic rock song), as a campaign song, without permission, until Springsteen, a lifelong Democrat, insisted that they stop. Two of the more memorable Reagan campaign ads were commonly known as "Morning in America" and, after the difficult first debate for the president, "Bear in the woods".

Reagan was the oldest president to have served to that time (at 73) and there were questions about his capacity to endure the grueling demands of the presidency, particularly after Reagan had a poor showing in the first 1984 United States presidential debates with Mondale on October 7. He referred to having started going to church "here in Washington", although the debate was in Louisville, Kentucky, referred to military uniforms as "wardrobe", and admitted to being "confused", among other mistakes. In the next debate on October 21, however, in response to a question from journalist Henry Trewhitt about his age, Reagan joked, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." Mondale himself laughed at the joke, and later admitted that Reagan had effectively neutralized the age issue:

"If TV can tell the truth, as you say it can, you'll see that I was smiling. But I think if you come in close, you'll see some tears coming down because I knew he had gotten me there. That was really the end of my campaign that night, I think. [I told my wife] the campaign was over, and it was."

Presidential debates
There were two presidential debates and one vice presidential debate during the 1984 general election.

Results
This was the first time since 1960 that the voter turnout percentage rose. Reagan was re-elected in the November 6 election in an electoral and popular vote landslide, winning 49 states by the time the ballots were finished counting on election night at 11:34 PM in Iowa. He won a record 525 electoral votes total (of 538 possible), and received 58.8% of the popular vote; despite Ferraro's selection, 55% of women who voted did so for Reagan, and his 54 to 61% of the Catholic vote was the highest for a Republican candidate in history. Mondale's 13 electoral college votes marked the lowest total of any major presidential candidate since Alf Landon's 1936 loss to Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the fewest of any Democrat since Stephen A. Douglas claimed 12 in the 1860 election, as well as the worst for a Democrat in a two-way race. However, Democrats Alton B. Parker, James M. Cox, John W. Davis, and George S. McGovern, did worse in the popular vote. This was the second-largest share of the electoral college since 1820, and the most raw electoral votes received by a candidate. This is the last time any candidate won the popular vote by double digits.

The Republicans gained seats in the concurrent U.S. House of Representatives elections, but the Democrats maintained their control over the chamber. The Democrats gained two seats in the concurrent U.S. Senate elections, but the Republicans maintained control over the chamber.

When Reagan was asked in December 1984 what he wanted for Christmas he joked, "Well, Minnesota would have been nice". Reagan lost Minnesota in both this election and in 1980, making it the only state he failed to win in either election, and also making him the first two-term Republican president not to carry Minnesota, and the same feat would later be duplicated by George W. Bush who won both the 2000 and 2004 elections without winning Minnesota either time. This is the last election where the Republican candidate achieved any of the following: Win every state in the Northeastern, Southern, and Pacific regions of the United States; win at least one county in every state; win any of the following states: Hawaii, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, and Washington; and win the following states twice: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin.

The 525 electoral votes received by Reagan – the most received by a nominee in one election – added to the 489 electoral votes he achieved in 1980, gave him the most total electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president twice (1,014), and the third largest number of electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president behind Richard Nixon's 1,040 and Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1,876 total electoral votes.

Statistical analysis
Reagan's landslide victory resulted in him winning 97.6% of electoral votes, only behind Roosevelt's 98.5% in 1936. However, Reagan's popular vote share was below that of the winners in 1920, 1932, 1964, and 1972. His margin of victory was also lower than the winners of 1904, 1920, 1924, 1936, 1964, and 1972.

Mondale's national percentage of the popular vote declined by 0.4% compared to Carter. Reagan's percentage in each state rose from 1980, with his best performances occurring in the South and states with large third-party votes. Mondale improved upon Carter's 1980 results in 28 states, but performed worse in 22 states, 15 of which were in the South.

Psephologists attributed a factor of the Republican victory to "Reagan Democrats", millions of Democrats who voted for Reagan, as in 1980. They characterized such Reagan Democrats as southern whites and northern blue-collar workers who voted for Reagan because they credited him with the economic recovery, saw Reagan as strong on national security issues, and perceived the Democrats as supporting the poor and minorities at the expense of the middle class. The Democratic National Committee commissioned a study after the election that came to these conclusions, but destroyed all copies of the final report, afraid that it would offend the party's key voters.

The percentage of Democrats who voted for Reagan ranged from 16 to 26% while Republicans voting for Mondale ranged from 3 to 7% according to exit polls by the Los Angeles Times, NBC, ABC/The Washington Post, and CBS News/The New York Times. One-third of people who supported Hart during the Democratic primary voted for Reagan. Polling by CBS News and The New York Times reported that 66% of Anderson voters supported Mondale while 27% supported Reagan and 61% of Carter voted supported Mondale while 25% supported Reagan. 22% of those who did not vote in 1980 supported Reagan while 18% supported Mondale.

Reagan also benefited from a near-total collapse in the third-party vote, which dropped to just 0.67% of the popular vote, its lowest level since 1964, with Bergland's campaign alone counting for over a third of this number, and none of the other third-party candidates exceeding 0.1% of the popular vote.

Reagan, who won 63% of white evangelical voters in 1980, received 80% of their votes against Mondale.

It was also the last election where the Republican nominee won Wisconsin until 2016, Iowa until 2004, West Virginia until 2000, the last election in which the winning candidate won by a double-digit margin in the percentage of the popular vote, and the last election where the winning candidate won by an eight-digit margin in total popular votes (10 million or more). Finally, despite his narrow loss in Minnesota, Reagan still won in five out of its eight congressional districts (by contrast, Nixon had only carried one Massachusetts district twelve years earlier) thus making Reagan the only U.S. presidential candidate in history to win the popular vote in a majority of congressional districts in every state. In stark contrast, Mondale became the first major-party U.S. presidential candidate since the start of popular presidential elections not to win a majority of the popular vote in any state (not counting Stephen A. Douglas in 1860, and William H. Taft in 1912, elections which were both complicated by strong third-party performances, plus the Democratic vote being divided between Douglas and John C. Breckinridge in 1860), having only won a plurality of 49.7% of the vote in Minnesota.

Electoral results
Source for the popular vote:

Source for the electoral vote:

Results by state
Sources:  Maine allowed its electoral votes to be split between candidates. Two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote to the winner of each congressional district. Reagan won all four votes.

States that flipped from Democratic to Republican

 * Georgia
 * Hawaii
 * Maryland
 * Rhode Island
 * West Virginia

Close states
Margin of victory less than 1% (10 electoral votes):
 * 1) Minnesota, 0.18% (3,761 votes)

Margin of victory more than 1%, but less than 5% (17 electoral votes):
 * 1) Massachusetts, 2.79% (71,330 votes)
 * 2) Rhode Island, 3.65% (14,974 votes)

Margin of victory more than 5%, but less than 10% (90 electoral votes):
 * 1) Maryland, 5.49% (91,983 votes)
 * 2) Pennsylvania, 7.35% (356,192 votes)
 * 3) Iowa, 7.38% (97,468 votes)
 * 4) New York, 8.01% (545,154 votes)
 * 5) Wisconsin, 9.17% (202,953 votes)

Tipping point:
 * 1) Michigan, 18.99% (721,933 votes)

Counties
Counties with highest percent of vote (Republican)
 * 1)  Madison County, Idaho 92.88%
 * 2)  Hansford County, Texas 89.38%
 * 3)  Ochiltree County, Texas 89.15%
 * 4)  Grant County, Nebraska 88.45%
 * 5)  Blaine County, Nebraska 88.32%

Counties with highest percent of vote (Democratic)
 * 1)  Washington, D.C. 85.38%
 * 2)  Macon County, Alabama 82.71%
 * 3)  Shannon County, South Dakota 81.41%
 * 4)  Jefferson County, Mississippi 77.94%
 * 5)  Hancock County, Georgia 76.61%

Voter demographics
Source: CBS News and The New York Times exit poll from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research ( 9,174 surveyed )

Notable expressions and phrases

 * Where's the beef?: A slogan used by Wendy's to suggest that their competitors have smaller portions of meat in their sandwiches, but used in the Democratic primaries by Mondale to criticize Gary Hart's positions as lacking substance.
 * Morning in America: Slogan used by the Reagan campaign.


text:
NLP

NLP commonly refers to:

 * Natural language processing, a field of computer science and linguistics
 * Neuro-linguistic programming, a pseudoscientific method aimed at modifying human behavior.

Computer programming

 * Natural-language programming, a programming paradigm

Libraries

 * National Library of Pakistan

Mathematics

 * Nonlinear programming, solving optimisation problems with nonlinear constraints

Medicine

 * No light perception, a diagnosis of severe blindness

Political Parties

 * National Liberal Party (disambiguation)
 * National Liberation Party (disambiguation)
 * National Labour Party (disambiguation)
 * Natural Law Party, a trans-national union of political parties, with national branches in over 80 countries
 * Natural Law Party of Canada
 * Natural Law Party (Ireland)
 * Natural Law Party of Israel
 * Natural Law Party of New Zealand
 * Natural Law Party of Ontario
 * Natural Law Party of Quebec
 * Natural Law Party (Trinidad and Tobago)
 * Natural Law Party (United States)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: NLP


text:
Talk:Vladimir of Kiev

let's see - this entry ignores the standard nomenclature that David Parker and JHKemp have so laboriously established for the middle ages (Svyatoslav of Kiev instead of Sviatoslav I, Prince of Kiev -- NAME #, TITLE), fails to capitalize words like "Christianity", and is willfully lifted from the Catholic Encyclopedia. I haven't even proofread for spacing, because I know that will be problematic. MichaelTinkler

title: Talk:Vladimir of Kiev


text:
Vladimir the Great

Vladimir I Sviatoslavich or Volodymyr I Sviatoslavych (Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь; Christian name: Basil; c. 958 – 15 July 1015), given the epithet "the Great", was Prince of Novgorod from 970 and Grand Prince of Kiev from 978 until his death in 1015. The Eastern Orthodox Church canonised him as Saint Vladimir.

Vladimir's father was Sviatoslav I of the Rurik dynasty. After the death of his father in 972, Vladimir, who was then the prince of Novgorod, was forced to flee abroad after his brother Yaropolk murdered his other brother Oleg in 977 to become the sole ruler of Rus'. Vladimir assembled a Varangian army and returned to depose Yaropolk in 978. By 980, Vladimir had consolidated his realm to the Baltic Sea and solidified the frontiers against incursions of Bulgarians, Baltic tribes and Eastern nomads. Originally a follower of Slavic paganism, Vladimir converted to Christianity in 988,  and Christianized the Kievan Rus.

Name
Several scholars refer to Vladimir as Volodimer, also spelled Volodimir, and his descendants as Volodimerovichi (sometimes in lieu of "Rurikids"). In the history of Scandinavia, Vladimir is also known as Valdemar or the Old Norse form Valdamarr (see Waldemar).

Rise to power
Born in 958, Vladimir was the illegitimate and youngest son of Sviatoslav I of Kiev by his housekeeper Malusha. Malusha is described in the Norse sagas as a prophetess who lived to the age of 100 and was brought from her cave to the palace to predict the future. Malusha's brother Dobrynya was Vladimir's tutor and most trusted advisor. Hagiographic tradition of dubious authenticity also connects his childhood with the name of his grandmother, Olga of Kiev, who was Christian and governed the capital during Sviatoslav's frequent military campaigns.

Transferring his capital to Pereyaslavets, Sviatoslav designated Vladimir ruler of Novgorod the Great in 970, but gave Kiev to his legitimate son Yaropolk. After Sviatoslav's death at the hands of the Pechenegs in 972, a fratricidal war erupted in 977 between Yaropolk and his younger brother Oleg, ruler of the Drevlians; Vladimir fled abroad and assembled a Varangian army to assist him in deposing Yaropolk. On his return the next year, he marched against Yaropolk. On his way to Kiev he sent ambassadors to Rogvolod (Norse: Ragnvald), prince of Polotsk, to sue for the hand of his daughter Rogneda (Norse: Ragnhild). The high-born princess refused to affiance herself to the son of a bondswoman (and was betrothed to Yaropolk), so Vladimir attacked Polotsk, took Ragnhild by force, and put her parents to the sword. Polotsk was a key fortress on the way to Kiev, and capturing Polotsk and Smolensk facilitated the taking of Kiev in 978, where he slew Yaropolk by treachery and was proclaimed knyaz of all Kievan Rus'.

Years of pagan rule
Vladimir continued to expand his territories beyond his father's extensive domain. In 981, he seized the Cherven towns from the Duchy of Poland; in 981–982, he suppressed a Vyatichi rebellion; in 983, he subdued the Yatvingians; in 984, he conquered the Radimichs; and in 985, he conducted a military campaign against the Volga Bulgars, planting numerous fortresses and colonies on his way.

Although Christianity had spread in the region under Oleg's rule, Vladimir had remained a thoroughgoing pagan, taking eight hundred concubines (along with numerous wives) and erecting pagan statues and shrines to gods.

He may have attempted to reform Slavic paganism in an attempt to identify himself with the various gods worshipped by his subjects. He built a pagan temple on a hill in Kiev dedicated to six gods: Perun—the god of thunder and war, a god favored by members of the prince's druzhina (military retinue); Slavic gods Stribog and Dazhd'bog; Mokosh—a goddess representing Mother Nature "worshipped by Finnish tribes"; Khors and Simargl, "both of which had Iranian origins, were included, probably to appeal to the Poliane".

Open abuse of the deities that most people in Rus' revered triggered widespread indignation. A mob killed the Christian Fyodor and his son Ioann (later, after the overall Christianisation of Kievan Rus', people came to regard these two as the first Christian martyrs in Rus', and the Orthodox Church set a day to commemorate them, 25 July ). Immediately after the murder of Fyodor and Ioann, early medieval Rus' saw persecutions against Christians, many of whom escaped or concealed their belief.

However, Prince Vladimir mused over the incident long after, and not least for political considerations. According to the early Slavic chronicle, the Tale of Bygone Years, which describes life in Kievan Rus' up to the year 1110, he sent his envoys throughout the world to assess first-hand the major religions of the time: Islam, Latin Christianity, Judaism, and Byzantine Christianity. They were most impressed with their visit to Constantinople, saying, "We knew not whether we were in Heaven or on Earth ... We only know that God dwells there among the people, and their service is fairer than the ceremonies of other nations."

Conversion

The Primary Chronicle reports that in the year 986, missionaries from various peoples representing various religions arrived in Kiev, trying to convert Vladimir to their religion. In 987, after consultation with his boyars, Vladimir reportedly sent envoys to study the religions of the various neighboring peoples whose representatives had been urging him to embrace their respective faiths. Although in both stories Vladimir ultimately rejects all options except Eastern Christianity, he hesitates and does not convert.

In 988, having taken the town of Chersonesus in Crimea, he allegedly boldly negotiated for the hand of emperor Basil II's sister, Anna. Never before had a Byzantine imperial princess, and one "born in the purple", married a barbarian, as matrimonial offers of French kings and Holy Roman Emperors had been peremptorily rejected. In short, to marry the 27-year-old princess to a pagan Slav seemed impossible. Vladimir was baptized at Chersonesos, however, taking the Christian name of Basil out of compliment to his imperial brother-in-law; the sacrament was followed by his wedding to Anna.

Arab sources, both Muslim and Christian, present a different story of Vladimir's conversion. Yahya of Antioch, al-Rudhrawari, al-Makin, al-Dimashqi, and ibn al-Athir all give essentially the same account. In 987, Bardas Sclerus and Bardas Phocas revolted against the Byzantine emperor Basil II. Both rebels briefly joined forces, but then Bardas Phocas proclaimed himself emperor on 14 September 987. Basil II turned to the Kievan Rus' for assistance, even though they were considered enemies at that time. Vladimir agreed, in exchange for a marital tie; he also agreed to accept Christianity as his religion and to Christianize his people. When the wedding arrangements were settled, Vladimir dispatched 6,000 troops to the Byzantine Empire, and they helped to put down the revolt.

Christianization of Kievan Rus'
Returning to Kiev in triumph, Vladimir destroyed pagan monuments and established many churches, starting with a church dedicated to St. Basil, and the Church of the Tithes (989).

In 988 and 991, he baptized Pecheneg princes Metiga and Kuchug, respectively.

Christian reign
Vladimir then formed a great council out of his boyars and set his twelve sons over his subject principalities. According to the Primary Chronicle, he founded the city of Belgorod in 991. In 992, he went on a campaign against the Croats, most likely the White Croats that lived on the border of modern Ukraine. This campaign was cut short by the attacks of the Pechenegs on and around Kiev.

In his later years he lived in relative peace with his other neighbors: Bolesław I of Poland, Stephen I of Hungary, and Andrikh the Czech (a shadowy figure mentioned in A Tale of the Bygone Years). After Anna's death, he married again, likely to a granddaughter of Otto the Great.

In 1014, his son Yaroslav the Wise stopped paying tribute. Vladimir decided to chastise the insolence of his son and began gathering troops against him. Vladimir fell ill, however, most likely of old age, and died at Berestove, near modern-day Kiev. The various parts of his dismembered body were distributed among his numerous sacred foundations and were venerated as relics.

During his Christian reign, Vladimir lived the teachings of the Bible through acts of charity. He would hand out food and drink to the less fortunate, and made an effort to go out to the people who could not reach him. His work was based on the impulse to help one's neighbors by sharing the burden of carrying their cross. He founded numerous churches, including the Desyatynna Tserkva (Church, or Cathedral, of the Tithes) (989), established schools, protected the poor and introduced ecclesiastical courts. He lived mostly at peace with his neighbors, the incursions of the Pechenegs alone disturbing his tranquility.

He introduced the Byzantine law code into his territories following his conversion but reformed some of its harsher elements; he notably abolished capital punishment, along with judicial torture and mutilation.

Family
The fate of all Vladimir's daughters, whose number is around nine, is uncertain. His wives, concubines, and their children were as follows:
 * Olava or Allogia (Varangian or Czech), speculative; she might have been mother of Vysheslav while others claim that it is a confusion with Helena Lekapene
 * Vysheslav (c. 977 – c. 1010), Prince of Novgorod (988–1010)
 * Irina, a widow of Yaropolk I, a Greek nun
 * Sviatopolk the Accursed (born c. 979), possibly the surviving son of Yaropolk
 * Rogneda (the daughter of Rogvolod); later upon divorce she entered a convent taking the Christian name of Anastasia
 * Izyaslav of Polotsk (born c. 979, Kiev), Prince of Polotsk (989–1001)
 * Yaroslav the Wise (no earlier than 983), Prince of Rostov (988–1010), Prince of Novgorod (1010–1034), Grand Prince of Kiev (1016–1018, 1019–1054). He was likely a son of Anna Porphyrogenita rather than Rogneda.  Another interesting fact is that he was younger than Sviatopolk according to the words of Boris in the Tale of Bygone Years and not as it was officially known. A later analysis of his skeletal remains also corroborates this view.
 * Vsevolod (c. 984 – 1013), possibly the Swedish Prince Wissawald of Volhynia (c. 1000), was perhaps the first husband of Estrid Svendsdatter
 * Mstislav, distinct from Mstislav of Chernigov, possibly died as an infant, if he was ever born
 * Mstislav of Chernigov (born c. 983), Prince of Tmutarakan (990–1036), Prince of Chernigov (1024–1036), other sources claim him to be the son of other mothers (Adela, Malfrida, or some other Bulgarian wife)
 * Predslava, a concubine of Bolesław I Chrobry according to Gesta principum Polonorum
 * Premislava, (died 1015), some sources state that she was a wife of the Duke Laszlo (Vladislav) "the Bald" of the Arpadians
 * Mstislava, in 1018 was taken by Bolesław I Chrobry among the other daughters
 * Bulgarian Adela, some sources claim that Adela is not necessarily Bulgarian as Boris and Gleb may have been born from some other wife
 * Boris (born c. 986), Prince of Rostov (c. 1010 – 1015), remarkable is the fact that the Rostov Principality as well as the Principality of Murom used to border the territory of the Volga Bolgars
 * Gleb (born c. 987), Prince of Murom (1013–1015), as is Boris, Gleb is also claimed to be the son of Anna Porphyrogenita.
 * Stanislav (born c. 985 – 1015), Prince of Smolensk (988–1015), possibly of another wife and the fate of whom is not certain
 * Sudislav (died 1063), Prince of Pskov (1014–1036), possibly of another wife, but he is mentioned in Nikon's Chronicles. He spent 35 years in prison and later became a monk.
 * Malfrida
 * Sviatoslav (c. 982 – 1015), Prince of Drevlians (990–1015)
 * Anna Porphyrogenita
 * Theophana, a wife of Novgorod posadnik Ostromir, a grandson of semi-legendary Dobrynya (highly doubtful is the fact of her being Anna's offspring)[citation needed]
 * a granddaughter of Otto the Great (possibly Rechlinda Otona [Regelindis])
 * Maria Dobroniega of Kiev (born c. 1012), the Duchess of Poland (1040–1087), married around 1040 to Casimir I the Restorer, Duke of Poland, her maternity as daughter of this wife is deduced from her apparent age
 * other possible family
 * Vladimirovna, an out-of-marriage daughter (died 1044), married to Bernard, Margrave of the Nordmark.
 * Pozvizd (born prior to 988), a son of Vladimir according to Hustyn Chronicles. He, possibly, was the Prince Khrisokhir mentioned by Niketas Choniates.

Significance and legacy

The Eastern Orthodox, Byzantine Rite Lutheran and Roman Catholic churches celebrate the feast day of St. Vladimir on 15/28 July.

The town Volodymyr in north-western Ukraine was founded by Vladimir and is named after him. The foundation of another town, Vladimir in Russia, is usually attributed to Vladimir Monomakh. However some researchers argue that it was also founded by Vladimir the Great.

St Volodymyr's Cathedral, one of the largest cathedrals in Kyiv, is dedicated to Vladimir the Great, as was originally the Kyiv University. The Imperial Russian Order of St. Vladimir and Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary in the United States are also named after him.

The memory of Vladimir was also kept alive by innumerable Russian folk ballads and legends, which refer to him as Krasno Solnyshko (the Fair Sun, or the Red Sun; Красно Солнышко in Russian). The Varangian period of Eastern Slavic history ceases with Vladimir, and the Christian period begins.

The appropriation of Kievan Rus' as part of national history has also been a topic of contention in Ukrainophile vs. Russophile schools of historiography since the Soviet era. Today, he is regarded as a symbol in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.

All branches of the economy prospered under Vladimir. He minted coins and regulated foreign affairs with other countries, such as trade, bringing in Greek wines, Baghdad spices, and Arabian horses for the markets of Kiev.

title: Vladimir the Great


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Talk:Babenberg

Adalbert of Prague
The mentioning of Adalbert of Prague is certainly wrong. Adalbert of Prague was a) not a Babenberg by a long shot (he was Czech) and b) Born around 50 years AFTER the Babenberg feud. However, in lieu of any better sources to make the section better I'm just going to note it here.

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Karajanis (talk • contribs) 21:49, 3 February 2007 (UTC). Karajanis 21:49, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Earlier discussion
Is this Arnulf of Carinthia? Arnulf the Eastern Frankish King? Or someone else. User:JHK Neither (I think they're the same): would you believe, Arnulf the Bad (duke of Bavaria 907-37)? And I thought Nogbad was an invention! (Cue pathetically inaccurate article from 66.47.62.78.xxx headed "Arnulf the Bad" that fails to mention Bavaria but throws in some grandchildren who were in fact entirely unrelated)

 * Ok -- he's another Arnulf -- but where did he come from? Oh- and there are two Carolingian Lothars, by the way -- but they're not HRE... User:JHK

Where do they come from, where do they go... none of it matters in the wacky world created by 66.47.62.78.xxx. He was the son of Leopold (Luitpold), duke of Bavaria 889-907, and the Babenbergs are sometimes known as the Luitpoldings. Leopold died fighting the Magyars at Bratislava, but I don't know where he originated DP

i'll take on the Liutpoldinger -- After all, I'm used to dealing with the oddities of Carolingian and post-Carolingian stuff, and actually know who these guys are. Helga has just taken so many things out of context in such a bizarre context that I didn't recognize people who were actually fairly prominent in my thesis! All that Wittelsbach stuff made me forget we were talking about people I've met -- plus I tend to think even earlier and associate the Babenberger with Poppo, comes (sometimes dux) of the Thuringian March (or Thuringia, depending on what the source is). I'm just going to have to take it as written that, if Helga wrote it, she took it from a webpage whose purpose is to prove that the page owner is somehow related to royalty, and go from there. The Leopolds (at least pre-12th c. ) should definitely be Liutpolds, though. He might have been related to Poppo's brother, Egino, who commanded the Ostmark under Louis the German (or the younger -- I need to look) Leopold is a later version of the name and should be shunned! User:JHK The "Leopold" was mine - I read it as "Luitpold" (different?): if we're calling contemporary Germans Charles, Albert, Henry etc. shouldn't we do it consistently? I don't know, though, if the name really does translate - this is more your neck of the woods. For once, HJ is innocent on this one - can you really imagine her delving any deeper after that initial stub? DP

 * Liutpold was the son of Ernst, generally regarded as a Bavarian leading man. The older name of the Babenberger was the Liudolfinger. I am not sure if the Liut- element was used in combination with the -bald/-pold element as a name within the (pre-) Babenbergers. I'll have to re-read W. Metz's article on the Babenberger to straighten it all out. I definitely think that there are some names that need to stay as written -- if only for convention's sake.  After all, we call Clovis Clovis, although the later spelling of his name is Louis...  I'm all for sticking with what is normal usage, even when it doesn't make a lot of sense!User:JHK
 * (oh -- and it's Liut- rather than Luit- ;-) )
 * Me, I prefer Chlodowicus. But then, that's me. MichaelTinkler

 * Yeah... but then you get Anglophiles wanting to say Ludovic... ;-) JHK

No, I'm sorry, NOT Henry Babenberg. THey didn't use their family names that early. yuck. JHK

rename article into House of Babenberg?
Shouldn't this article be renamed into House of Babenberg in order to be in compliance with other royal houses such as House of Windsor and House of Bourbon, as well as the categories themselves? Gryffindor 08:49, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I urge caution. Both of the other examples are currently reigning; in these cases the "House of .." is necessary for disambiguation purposes.  How important does a family have to be in order to be "House of ..."?  Is Hohenlohe important enough?  How about Rothschild or Hearne? Noel S McFerran 10:16, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

 * This is an important house, so I would support the renaming. Charles 16:14, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose. House of Windsor disambiguates from Windsor Castle, Windsor, Ontario usw. The dynasty here is clearly the primary usage; we don't even have an article on the eponymous castle, or the brook. Let's keep things simple, and avoid masking links. Septentrionalis 22:23, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * For the rest, I propose condensing this discussion on Talk:Wittelsbach, where it seems to have started. Septentrionalis 22:27, 30 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I revert and agree with Septentrionalis and Noel S McFerran. Gryffindor (talk) 18:50, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

Library of Congress
Public domain information from the Library of Congress Country Studies:

THE ALPINE-DANUBIAN REGION BEFORE THE HABSBURG DYNASTY The Celtic and Roman Eras Around 400 B.C., Celtic peoples from Western Europe settled in the eastern Alps. A Celtic state, Noricum, developed around the region's ironworks in the second century B.C. The Romans occupied Noricum without resistance in 9 B.C. and made the Danube River the effective northern frontier of their empire.

North of the Danube, various German tribes were already extending their territory. By the latter half of the second century A.D., they were making devastating incursions into Roman territories. Nevertheless, Roman arms and diplomacy maintained relative stability until the late fourth century, when other Germanic tribes, including the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and Vandals, were able to establish settlements in Roman territory south of the Danube. The Roman province gradually became indefensible, and much of the Christian, Romanized population evacuated the region in 488. In 493 the Ostrogoths invaded Italy, seized control of what remained of the western half of the Roman Empire, and brought the Roman era in the eastern Alps to an end.

The Early Medieval Era Various Germanic and Slavic tribes vied for control of the eastern Alpine-Danubian region following the withdrawal and collapse of Roman authority. Among the Germanic tribes, Alemanni (later known as Swabians) and Bavarians were the most notable. The Alemanni had arrived during the Roman era and by 500 were permanently established in most of modern-day Switzerland and the Austrian province of Vorarlberg. The early history of the Bavarians is not clear, but by the mid-500s, they were established alongside remnants of earlier, Romanized peoples in areas north and south of the present-day border between Austria and Germany. Both Swabians and Bavarians were subject to another Germanic tribe, the Franks, but effective Frankish control did not occur until the time of Emperor Charlemagne in the late 700s.

Slavic peoples, including Slovenes, Croats, Czechs, and Slovaks, settled in the region as subject peoples of the Avars, a nomadic tribe, and gradually absorbed their nomadic overlords. During the Carolingian era (eighth and ninth centuries), the areas of Slavic settlement, like those of the Swabians and Bavarians, became subject to the Franks.

Under Frankish patronage, Irish monks, most notably Saint Columban and Saint Gall, pioneered the Christian evangelization of the region in the seventh and eighth centuries. Their work gave rise to important monasteries whose agricultural activities on the frontiers of the Carolingian Empire helped open the region's primeval forests to wider settlement. Eventually integrated into the feudal political structure, the abbots of these monasteries vied with bishops and secular lords for religious and political influence well into the modern era. Bishoprics were established in four major Bavarian towns in the 730s. Salzburg, the only one of these to lie within modern Austria, was raised to the status of an archbishopric in 798 and was given jurisdiction over the other bishoprics. Salzburg became the center of the Christian evangelization efforts in the Slavic territories, which were instrumental in spreading the political reach of the Carolingian Empire.

"Count of the March"
What exactly is a "count of the march"? Is march somehow a reference to Austria? yougetsew —Preceding undated comment added 03:32, 25 March 2009 (UTC).

title: Talk:Babenberg


text:
Christus Dominus

Christus Dominus (Christ the Lord; abbreviation "CD") is the Second Vatican Council's "Decree on the Pastoral Office of Bishops".

The document was approved by a majority vote of 2,319 to 2 of the assembled bishops and was promulgated by Pope Paul VI on 28 October 1965. Christus Dominus calls for strong episcopal conferences of bishops, to set the standard for the church in their region, while fully supporting the Vatican and the Pope.

CD describes how bishops exercise their office at three levels: in the universal church (chapter one), in their own "particular church" or diocese (chapter two), and at the regional or national level (chapter three).

Background
The First Vatican Council of 1869–1870 focused on the pope and defined the doctrine of "papal infallibility" but did not discuss other bishops. Thus, when Pope John XXIII called for a Second Vatican Council, everyone expected it to take up this unfinished business.

Apostolic College
The role of the bishops of the church was brought into renewed prominence, especially when seen collectively, as a college that has succeeded to that of the apostles in teaching and governing the church. This college does not exist without its head, the successor of St. Peter.

"In these days especially bishops frequently are unable to fulfill their office effectively and fruitfully unless they develop a common effort involving constant growth in harmony and closeness of ties with other bishops. Episcopal conferences already established in many nations-have furnished outstanding proofs of a more fruitful apostolate. Therefore, this sacred synod considers it to be supremely fitting that everywhere bishops belonging to the same nation or region form an association which would meet at fixed times. Thus, when the insights of prudence and experience have been shared and views exchanged, there will emerge a holy union of energies in the service of the common good of the churches. (CD 37)"

Preliminary note
Accordingly, claims made by some, that the council gave the church two separate earthly heads, the College of Bishops and the Pope, were countered by the Preliminary Explanatory Note added to the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen Gentium and printed at the end of the text.

This Note states: "There is no such thing as the college without its head ... and in the college the head preserves intact his function as Vicar of Christ and pastor of the universal Church. In other words it is not a distinction between the Roman Pontiff and the bishops taken together, but between the Roman Pontiff by himself and the Roman Pontiff along with the bishops."

title: Christus Dominus


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Talk:Vladimir the Great

Vladimir is wrong

 * Vladimir is WRONG. It is obvious.
 * Kyiv is called Kiev "by most historic books in English". But the heading of the article is Kyiv, not Kiev.
 * So the heading of the article must be changed to Volodymyr. 92.253.212.115 (talk) 20:00, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * As I understand, Kiev is transliteration of the Russian name, whereas Kyiv is transliteration of the Ukrainian version. The latter has become much more common in some sources in recent times, for obvious political reasons. Moribundum (talk) 05:41, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
 * You are absolutely right.The fact that Ukraine was colonized by Russia and purposely everything was spelled Russian way as part of mass Russification back then,doesn’t give a right to keep spelling the wrong way.Ukraine is it’s own county with its own language vs Russia back then Moskovia that took roots from Golden Horde and is a hybrid formation that formed its language mostly out of Ukraine and Belorussia has nothing to do with Kyivan Rus and it’s history,absolutely nothing.It’s very upsetting that so many people are not familiar with that part of the world and it’s history but yet have an opinion or wrote misleading articles. Irishka1515 (talk) 22:20, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Unexplained 2 year gap ?
Hello, I have a question. In the infobox it states that his coronation was in 980. However in the article:

"...and capturing Polotsk and Smolensk facilitated the taking of Kiev in 978, where he slew Yaropolk by treachery and was proclaimed knyaz of all Kievan Rus."

This reading implies that he was immediately proclaimed ruler of the kingdom... but actually there is this unexplained 2 year gap? If anyone can shed some light here, thank you. Moribundum (talk) 05:45, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

 * He became the prince in 978, but the Primary Chronicle mentions 980, probably this is when he consolidated the realm. A monk from the 11th century puts the date at 11 June 978. Mellk (talk) 00:35, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

"Questionable character"
"Shadowy figure" is what the original editor should have written back in September 2008; I suspect a translation artifact. His additions at the time are in slightly unidiomatic English, possibly transparent to Ukrainian? (e.g., "he married … to a granddaughter"). At any rate, "questionable character" is a pejorative term for a person not quite honest; what is meant is "shadowy figure" vel sim., i.e., a person who may not have existed, or about whom very little is known, etc. Bill (talk) 13:50, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

Name of Volodymyr
Why he called in wiki Vladimir??? In old east Slavic he was called: Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь, Volodiměrъ Svętoslavičь So we need to rename it into Volodimer, Volodymyr, or something like that. There's no "Vlad" in his real name. 91.199.245.2 (talk) 15:45, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Because he's a major figure in Russian history, and old spellings or Ukrainian conventions were, until lately, deemed unimportant? Svartalf (talk) 15:54, 18 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Excuse me,he has nothing to do with Russia.Russia hijacked Ukrainian history once again.The fact that Russians especially Putin with coming to power burned history books and rewrote everything to his liking doesn’t make Volodymyr the Great Russian figure.It’s wrong in every single level. Irishka1515 (talk) 22:11, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * No, it must be Uladzimir to stop Russian and Ukrainian chauvinism. Mellk (talk) 23:13, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Those Ukrainian spellings are still deemed "unimportant" at this English wikipedia. It's what's used in English sources that matter. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fyunck(click) (talk • contribs) 23:53, 21 May 2023 (UTC)
 * You are absolutely right.It seams that Russian wrote the original page and once again trying to hijack the history of Ukraine.He is sure Volodymyr and not Vladimir,it’s even shown the proper in old Slavic language as Volodymyr but yet another Russian is writing Russian way portraying him as Russian when in reality he has nothing to do with Moskovia who took its roots from the Golden Horde.Sad!!! Irishka1515 (talk) 22:08, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * So true. Now tell us a story about how ancient Ukrainians dug the Black Sea out with spoons. 62.12.83.152 (talk) 21:47, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

The Roman Catholic Church does not consider him as a saint.
The Latin rite of the Catholic Church does not consider Vladimir the great as a saint. Only the Eastern Ruthenian Catholic Churches consider him as a saint.

https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15497a.htm EXANXC (talk) 16:16, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

 * That isn't stated anywhere in the source you linked, which is the Catholic Encyclopedia and has titled the article "St. Vladimir the Great", which would appear to contradict your claim.--Ermenrich (talk) 16:38, 5 August 2023 (UTC)
 * According to the last part of that article, "His feast is celebrated on 15 July in the Russian Orthodox and Ruthenian Greek Catholic calendars"
 * It contains no information about the Latin Church venerating him. EXANXC (talk) 07:53, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

 * He's in the Roman Martyrology under July 15. Srnec (talk) 18:07, 6 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Here’s two reliable sources: I. and II. to supplement those websites. Raulois (talk) 20:17, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 January 2024
Well,this whole entire post is wrong and looks like it was written by someone with Russian origin as there is a lot of words spelled Russian way instead of Ukrainian,including the correct spelling of Volodymyr not Vladimir as well as spelling Kiev instead of correct way of Kyiv.Let me point it out thaf Kyivan Rus is now Ukraine not Russia,what year was Kyiv founded vs Moskovia.This is very insulting to every Ukrainian that people like you hijack their history. Irishka1515 (talk) 22:03, 28 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Also see WP:COMMONNAME or take a peek at the archives of this talk page Cannolis (talk) 22:17, 28 January 2024 (UTC)

Which language did he speak?
In order to be more properly encyclopedic, shouldn't we add which language Vladimir the Great spoke to this article? Was it Old Norse or some Slavic language? 76.190.213.189 (talk) 01:25, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

Incorrect name on the page.
Calling Kyivan prince Vladimir incorrect. In languages that were spoken at the time he was alive, he was never called like that. He was called Volodimer, Valdamarr etc, but not Vladimir. Kyrylo Schwydkyj (talk) 12:36, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * We are interested only in what he is called in English, not in medieval languages. Dimadick (talk) 17:02, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
 * So you're in favor of a falscificated name? Kyrylo Schwydkyj (talk) 20:15, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * We are in favor of English sources. Fyunck(click) (talk) 20:53, 19 February 2024 (UTC)
 * How typical! 64.35.203.197 (talk) 01:51, 26 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, you're in favor of falscificated names. Kyrylo Schwydkyj (talk) 16:21, 27 February 2024 (UTC)
 * "Medieval Latin Vladimirus, name of several saints in the Eastern Orthodox Church, from Old East Slavic Володимѣръ (Volodiměrŭ), Old Church Slavonic Владимѣръ (Vladiměrŭ), from Proto-Slavic *Voldiměrъ (which see for more) [...] Compare Waldemar."
 * From the English Wiktionary entry for Vladimir. As you see he was called Vladimir in medieval Latin and Old Church Slavonic with the "Vlad" component. In other languages there is / was a "Vald" component. And in yet more languages there is the "Volod" component. Hell, some Latin variations even drop the V entirely and turn it into "Lodo" (see Lodomeria). Saying any of these variants is wrong because they weren't used historically is nonsense. As for why the "Vlad" component is chosen out of all historical examples, other users have repeatedly pointed it out: it's the most common name in English sources. Blaming Russia for that is stupid, btw, since it could very well be from Latin. Just because it's used in a language you hate doesn't mean it's wrong or bad or that everyone else has to conform to your wishes. 62.12.83.152 (talk) 21:54, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Vladimir the Great


text:
Gill

A gill is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist. The microscopic structure of a gill presents a large surface area to the external environment. Branchia (: branchiae) is the zoologists' name for gills (from Ancient Greek ).

With the exception of some aquatic insects, the filaments and lamellae (folds) contain blood or coelomic fluid, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. The blood carries oxygen to other parts of the body. Carbon dioxide passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fish, and amphibians. Semiterrestrial marine animals such as crabs and mudskippers have gill chambers in which they store water, enabling them to use the dissolved oxygen when they are on land.

History
Galen observed that fish had multitudes of openings (foramina), big enough to admit gases, but too fine to give passage to water. Pliny the Elder held that fish respired by their gills, but observed that Aristotle was of another opinion. The word branchia comes from the Greek βράγχια, "gills", plural of βράγχιον (in singular, meaning a fin).

Function
Many microscopic aquatic animals, and some larger but inactive ones, can absorb sufficient oxygen through the entire surface of their bodies, and so can respire adequately without gills. However, more complex or more active aquatic organisms usually require a gill or gills. Many invertebrates, and even amphibians, use both the body surface and gills for gaseous exchange.

Gills usually consist of thin filaments of tissue, lamellae (plates), branches, or slender, tufted processes that have a highly folded surface to increase surface area. The delicate nature of the gills is possible because the surrounding water provides support. The blood or other body fluid must be in intimate contact with the respiratory surface for ease of diffusion.

A high surface area is crucial to the gas exchange of aquatic organisms, as water contains only a small fraction of the dissolved oxygen than air does, and it diffuses more slowly. A cubic meter of air contains about 275 grams of oxygen at STP. In fresh water, the dissolved oxygen content is approximately 8 cm3/L compared to that of air which is 210 cm3/L. Water is 777 times more dense than air and is 100 times more viscous. Oxygen has a diffusion rate in air 10,000 times greater than in water. The use of sac-like lungs to remove oxygen from water would not be efficient enough to sustain life. Rather than using lungs, "[g]aseous exchange takes place across the surface of highly vascularised gills over which a one-way current of water is kept flowing by a specialised pumping mechanism. The density of the water prevents the gills from collapsing and lying on top of each other, which is what happens when a fish is taken out of water."

Usually water is moved across the gills in one direction by the current, by the motion of the animal through the water, by the beating of cilia or other appendages, or by means of a pumping mechanism. In fish and some molluscs, the efficiency of the gills is greatly enhanced by a countercurrent exchange mechanism in which the water passes over the gills in the opposite direction to the flow of blood through them. This mechanism is very efficient and as much as 90% of the dissolved oxygen in the water may be recovered.

Vertebrates
The gills of vertebrates typically develop in the walls of the pharynx, along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. Most species employ a countercurrent exchange system to enhance the diffusion of substances in and out of the gill, with blood and water flowing in opposite directions to each other. The gills are composed of comb-like filaments, the gill lamellae, which help increase their surface area for oxygen exchange.

When a fish breathes, it draws in a mouthful of water at regular intervals. Then it draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings, so it passes over the gills to the outside. Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the thymus glands, parathyroid glands, as well as many other structures derived from the embryonic branchial pouches.

Fish
The gills of fish form a number of slits connecting the pharynx to the outside of the animal on either side of the fish behind the head. Originally there were many slits, but during evolution, the number reduced, and modern fish mostly have five pairs, and never more than eight.

Cartilaginous fish
Sharks and rays typically have five pairs of gill slits that open directly to the outside of the body, though some more primitive sharks have six pairs with the Broadnose sevengill shark being the only cartilaginous fish exceeding this number. Adjacent slits are separated by a cartilaginous gill arch from which projects a cartilaginous gill ray. This gill ray is the support for the sheet-like interbranchial septum, which the individual lamellae of the gills lie on either side of. The base of the arch may also support gill rakers, projections into the pharyngeal cavity that help to prevent large pieces of debris from damaging the delicate gills.

A smaller opening, the spiracle, lies in the back of the first gill slit. This bears a small pseudobranch that resembles a gill in structure, but only receives blood already oxygenated by the true gills. The spiracle is thought to be homologous to the ear opening in higher vertebrates.

Most sharks rely on ram ventilation, forcing water into the mouth and over the gills by rapidly swimming forward. In slow-moving or bottom-dwelling species, especially among skates and rays, the spiracle may be enlarged, and the fish breathes by sucking water through this opening, instead of through the mouth.

Chimaeras differ from other cartilagenous fish, having lost both the spiracle and the fifth gill slit. The remaining slits are covered by an operculum, developed from the septum of the gill arch in front of the first gill.

Bony fish
In bony fish, the gills lie in a branchial chamber covered by a bony operculum. The great majority of bony fish species have five pairs of gills, although a few have lost some over the course of evolution. The operculum can be important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills, so bony fish do not have to rely on ram ventilation (and hence near constant motion) to breathe. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping.

The gill arches of bony fish typically have no septum, so the gills alone project from the arch, supported by individual gill rays. Some species retain gill rakers. Though all but the most primitive bony fish lack spiracles, the pseudobranch associated with them often remains, being located at the base of the operculum. This is, however, often greatly reduced, consisting of a small mass of cells without any remaining gill-like structure.

Marine teleosts also use their gills to excrete osmolytes (e.g. Na⁺, Cl−). The gills' large surface area tends to create a problem for fish that seek to regulate the osmolarity of their internal fluids. Seawater contains more osmolytes than the fish's internal fluids, so marine fishes naturally lose water through their gills via osmosis. To regain the water, marine fishes drink large amounts of sea water while simultaneously expending energy to excrete salt through the Na+/K+-ATPase ionocytes (formerly known as mitochondrion-rich cells and chloride cells). Conversely, fresh water contains less osmolytes than the fish's internal fluids. Therefore, freshwater fishes must utilize their gill ionocytes to attain ions from their environment to maintain optimal blood osmolarity.

Lampreys and hagfish do not have gill slits as such. Instead, the gills are contained in spherical pouches, with a circular opening to the outside. Like the gill slits of higher fish, each pouch contains two gills. In some cases, the openings may be fused together, effectively forming an operculum. Lampreys have seven pairs of pouches, while hagfishes may have six to fourteen, depending on the species. In the hagfish, the pouches connect with the pharynx internally and a separate tube which has no respiratory tissue (the pharyngocutaneous duct) develops beneath the pharynx proper, expelling ingested debris by closing a valve at its anterior end. Lungfish larvae also have external gills, as does the primitive ray-finned fish Polypterus, though the latter has a structure different from amphibians.

Amphibians

Tadpoles of amphibians have from three to five gill slits that do not contain actual gills. Usually no spiracle or true operculum is present, though many species have operculum-like structures. Instead of internal gills, they develop three feathery external gills that grow from the outer surface of the gill arches. Sometimes, adults retain these, but they usually disappear at metamorphosis. Examples of salamanders that retain their external gills upon reaching adulthood are the olm and the mudpuppy.

Still, some extinct tetrapod groups did retain true gills. A study on Archegosaurus demonstrates that it had internal gills like true fish.

Invertebrates
Crustaceans, molluscs, and some aquatic insects have tufted gills or plate-like structures on the surfaces of their bodies. Gills of various types and designs, simple or more elaborate, have evolved independently in the past, even among the same class of animals. The segments of polychaete worms bear parapodia many of which carry gills. Sponges lack specialised respiratory structures, and the whole of the animal acts as a gill as water is drawn through its spongy structure.

Aquatic arthropods usually have gills which are in most cases modified appendages. In some crustaceans these are exposed directly to the water, while in others, they are protected inside a gill chamber. Horseshoe crabs have book gills which are external flaps, each with many thin leaf-like membranes.

Many marine invertebrates such as bivalve molluscs are filter feeders. A current of water is maintained through the gills for gas exchange, and food particles are filtered out at the same time. These may be trapped in mucus and moved to the mouth by the beating of cilia.

Respiration in the echinoderms (such as starfish and sea urchins) is carried out using a very primitive version of gills called papulae. These thin protuberances on the surface of the body contain diverticula of the water vascular system.

The gills of aquatic insects are tracheal, but the air tubes are sealed, commonly connected to thin external plates or tufted structures that allow diffusion. The oxygen in these tubes is renewed through the gills. In the larval dragonfly, the wall of the caudal end of the alimentary tract (rectum) is richly supplied with tracheae as a rectal gill, and water pumped into and out of the rectum provides oxygen to the closed tracheae.

Plastrons
A plastron is a type of structural adaptation occurring among some aquatic arthropods (primarily insects), a form of inorganic gill which holds a thin film of atmospheric oxygen in an area with small openings called spiracles that connect to the tracheal system. The plastron typically consists of dense patches of hydrophobic setae on the body, which prevent water entry into the spiracles, but may also involve scales or microscopic ridges projecting from the cuticle. The physical properties of the interface between the trapped air film and surrounding water allow gas exchange through the spiracles, almost as if the insect were in atmospheric air. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the surrounding water due to its high solubility, while oxygen diffuses into the film as the concentration within the film has been reduced by respiration, and nitrogen also diffuses out as its tension has been increased. Oxygen diffuses into the air film at a higher rate than nitrogen diffuses out. However, water surrounding the insect can become oxygen-depleted if there is no water movement, so many such insects in still water actively direct a flow of water over their bodies.

The inorganic gill mechanism allows aquatic arthropods with plastrons to remain constantly submerged. Examples include many beetles in the family Elmidae, aquatic weevils, and true bugs in the family Aphelocheiridae, as well as at least one species of ricinuleid arachnid and various mites. A somewhat similar mechanism is used by the diving bell spider, which maintains an underwater bubble that exchanges gas like a plastron. Other diving insects (such as backswimmers, and hydrophilid beetles) may carry trapped air bubbles, but deplete the oxygen more quickly, and thus need constant replenishment.

title: Gill