text:
2030s

The 2030s (pronounced "twenty-thirties"; shortened to "the '30s" also known as "The Thirties") is the next decade in the Gregorian calendar that will begin on January 1, 2030, and end on December 31, 2039.

Plans and goals

 * NASA plans to execute a crewed mission to Mars between 2031 and 2035.
 * Targets of the goals of the United Nations' 2030 Agenda are set for 2030.
 * Some climate-related goals from COP26 are for 2030:
 * The Glasgow Climate Pact aims to "[reduce] global carbon dioxide emissions by 55 percent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level". However, based on existing pledges the emissions in the year 2030 will be 14% higher than in 2010.
 * More than 100 countries pledged to reverse deforestation.
 * India plans to draw half of its energy requirement from renewable sources.
 * China aims to peak emissions before 2030.
 * The 2030 Climate Target Plan of the EU aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030. The European Commission made proposals in July 2021 for how to achieve this goal.
 * The international community, including the United Nations, World Bank, and the United States, have set the goal of completely eradicating extreme poverty by 2030. Noting a significant decline in extreme poverty since 1990, the World Bank has noted that the end of extreme poverty is in sight and pledged to cut it down to at most 3% of the world's population by this time.
 * The World Health Organization and UNICEF have set a goal for universal access to basic sanitation by 2030.
 * The United Nations has made it a goal that Internet access and literacy will be universal by 2030.
 * The World Bank has called for all countries to implement universal health care by this time.
 * Kenya Vision 2030
 * Saudi Vision 2030
 * Egypt Vision 2030
 * Qatar National Vision 2030
 * Kuwait Vision 2035
 * Transport For London making all buses electric

2030

 * The 2030 Winter Olympics will be held.
 * The 2030 FIFA World Cup will be held in Spain, Portugal, and Morocco (with anniversary match hosts Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay).
 * The World Expo will be held in Saudi Arabia in its capital city of Riyadh.
 * The 2030 Mediterranean Games are expected to take place in Pristina, Kosovo.

2031

 * Will be the first year to have four different digits since 2019.
 * NASA plans to deorbit the International Space Station in January this year, directing any unbroken remnants into Point Nemo in the South Pacific Ocean.
 * The 2031 Rugby World Cup will be held in the United States.
 * The 2031 Cricket World Cup will be held in India.
 * The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) will reach the Jovian system in July 2031.

2032

 * July 23 – August 8: The 2032 Summer Olympics is expected to take place in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
 * June–July: Turkey and Italy will co-host the UEFA Euro 2032.
 * The Strait of Messina Bridge between Sicily and Calabria will be finished.

2033

 * Credit cards and debit cards from Mastercard will not have a magnetic stripe.
 * The 2033 women's Rugby World Cup will be held in the United States.

2034

 * The 2034 FIFA World Cup is set to be held in Saudi Arabia.
 * Dragonfly is expected to land on Saturn's moon of Titan.

2035

 * New petrol and diesel cars will be banned from sale in the UK and the EU.
 * ITER is expected to achieve full fusion in 2035.
 * All regions of the Lower Volga, southern Western Siberia and part of the Far East will experience a shortage of water resources for agriculture.
 * End of the project Pakistan Vision 2035, the prosecution of Pakistan Vision 2025 aimed at attaining regional and global leadership in its target sectors.

2036

 * The United States military's lease on the island of Diego Garcia, part of the British Indian Ocean Territory, will expire if it is not renewed.
 * The 2036 Summer Olympics will be held.

2037

 * The Oxford English Dictionary is expected to publish its completed revised third edition.
 * The world population is expected to reach 9 billion around this time.
 * July 10: The Apollo 10 lunar module, Snoopy, will approach within 4 million miles of Earth.

2038

 * January 19: Any computer systems still measuring time with signed 32-bit Unix time will fail on account of the year 2038 problem.
 * The 2038 FIFA World Cup will be held.

2039

 * September 2: The destroyers-for-bases deal's 99-year rent-free leases to the U.S. by the UK will expire.
 * The 2039 FIFA Women's World Cup will be held.

title: 2030s


text:
350s

The 350s decade ran from January 1, 350, to December 31, 359.

Significant people

 * Constantius II, Roman Emperor
 * Magnentius, Roman usurper
 * Julian, Roman Emperor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 350s


text:
370s

The 370s decade ran from January 1, 370, to December 31, 379.

title: 370s


text:
356

Year 356 (CCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Iulianus (or, less frequently, year 1109 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 356 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * February 19 – Emperor Constantius II issues a decree closing all pagan temples in the Roman Empire, and ordering the banishment once again of the anti-Arian patriarch of Alexandria, Athanasius. He tries to have him arrested during a vigil service, but Athanasius flees to the Nitrian desert in Upper Egypt.
 * The veneration of non-Christian images is banned in the Roman Empire.
 * Siege of Autun: Julian receives a report that Augustodunum (Autun) is under attack by the Alemanni. The city walls are in poor state and in danger of falling.
 * Battle of Reims: Julian is defeated by the Alemanni at Reims (Gaul).
 * Battle of Brumath: Roman forces pursue Germanic warbands through the Gallic countryside. Julian wins an open battle near Brumath (Alsace).
 * Rhaetia (Switzerland) is invaded by the Alemanni.
 * Winter – Siege of Senonae: Julian over-winters at Senonae (Bourgogne). German federated troops (foederati) desert and hostile warbands besiege the town.

Asia

 * Naemul becomes king of the Silla dynasty (Three Kingdoms of Korea).

Religion

 * Anthony the Great (pictured) dies at his hermitage near the Red Sea in mid-January at age 105 (approximate), having preached against Arianism, and having tried to codify guidelines for monastic life. His followers subsequently establish the Monastery of Saint Anthony, beginning the tradition of Coptic monasticism.
 * Construction begins on the first basilica of Saint Peter in Rome.

Births

 * 31 March – Aelia Flaccilla, Roman empress and wife of Theodosius I (d. 386)
 * John II, Byzantine bishop, theologian and writer (d. 417)

Deaths

 * Amasius of Teano, bishop Teano (also known as St. Paris)
 * Anthony the Great, Egyptian monk and Desert Father
 * Cai Mo (or Daoming), Chinese official and politician (b. 281)
 * Qiang (or Mingde), Chinese empress and wife of Fú Jiàn
 * Rav Nachman bar Yitzchak, Babylonian scholar and rabbi
 * Sanctinus of Meaux, French bishop and missionary (b. 270)
 * Vetranio, Roman statesman, usurper and co-emperor
 * Yin Hao (or Yuanyuan), Chinese general and politician

title: 356


text:
1170

Year 1170 (MCLXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Levant

 * Winter – Egyptian forces led by Saladin invaded Palestine and besiege Darum on the Mediterranean coast. Its defenses are weak, and though Saladin has no siege engines with him, the fall seems imminent. King Amalric I withdraws his Templar garrison from Gaza, to assist him in defending Darum. Saladin raises the siege and marches on Gaza, where he captures the lower town (despite the stiff resistance ordered by Lord Miles of Plancy), and massacres the inhabitants. However, the citadel is too strong for Saladin, and he is forced to retreat to Egypt.
 * Saladin sends an Egyptian squadron up the Gulf of Aqaba, which captures the Crusader outpost of Aila, at the head of the Gulf.

England

 * June 14 – King Henry II had his 15-year-old son Henry the Young King, crowned by Roger, Archbishop of York, as junior king and heir to the English throne. The coronation drives Pope Alexander III to allow the exiled Thomas Becket (whose privilege as Archbishop of Canterbury to crown English monarchs has been infringed) to lay an interdict on England as punishment, and this threat forces Henry to negotiate with Becket. Sir William Marshal is appointed tutor-in-arms to Henry the Young King.
 * July 22 – Henry II and Thomas Becket meet near Fréteval, France, where they come to an agreement to end their differences. This results in Becket's partial restoration.
 * November – Becket controversy: Thomas Becket excommunicates three bishops.
 * December 1 – Becket controversy: Henry II sends word that his conflict with Thomas Becket is at an end, and his lands will be restored. Becket returns to England, landing at Sandwich.
 * December 29 – Thomas Becket is assassinated by four knights (who believe themselves to be carrying out Henry II's wishes) in Canterbury Cathedral, after his refusal to be arrested for breaking his agreement with Henry II.
 * This is the earliest date for the making of Cheddar Cheese in Somerset (this is according to a pipe roll of Henry II, who purchases 10,240 lb of Cheddar at a farthing per pound).

Ireland

 * September 21 – Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: Following a siege, combined Anglo-Norman and Irish forces seize the city of Dublin, forcing Ascall mac Ragnaill, last King of Dublin, into exile.

Africa

 * Fes in the Almohad Caliphate (modern Morocco) becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Asia

 * June 29 – 1170 Syria earthquake: One of the largest earthquakes to hit Syria. It forms part of a sequence of large earthquakes that propagate southwards along the Dead Sea Transform, starting with the 1138 Aleppo earthquake and continuing with the 1157 Hama, 1170 and 1202 Syria events.
 * The palace guards massacre the civil officials at the Korean court of Goryeo and place Myeongjong as new ruler on the throne of the Goryeo dynasty.

Folklore

 * The Welsh prince Madoc (son of King Owain ap Gruffudd of Gwynedd) sails to North America, in his ship the Gwennan Gorn, and founds a colony.

Religion

 * Peter Waldo, a French merchant of Lyon, starts the popular religious movement of the "Poor Men of Lyon", or Waldenses.
 * Pope Alexander III addresses a series of letters to the backward Swedish church. He wants to impose the strict canonical requirements on the Swedes, that is, the ecclesiastical legal system. Due to being Christianized in 1050, Sweden is having trouble to fully adapt to the Catholicism that is preached and acted on in Europe.

Births

 * April 5 – Isabella of Hainault, queen of France (d. 1190)
 * May 9 – Valdemar II (the Conqueror), king of Denmark (d. 1241)
 * August 8 – Dominic, founder of the Dominican Order (d. 1221)
 * October 8 – Vladimir III Igorevich, Kievan prince (d. 1211)
 * Agnes I, countess of Nevers, Auxerre and Tonnerre (d. 1192)
 * Al-Dakhwar, Ayyubid physician and medical officer (d. 1230)
 * Amaury I, French nobleman (House of Craon) (d. 1226)
 * Asukai Masatsune, Japanese waka poet and writer (d. 1221)
 * Azzo VI of Este (or Azzolino), Italian nobleman (d. 1212)
 * Bahauddin Zakariya, Ghurid scholar and poet (d. 1262)
 * Erard of Brienne-Ramerupt, French nobleman (d. 1246)
 * Ermengarde de Beaumont, queen of Scotland (d. 1233)
 * Eustace the Monk, French mercenary and pirate (d. 1217)
 * Franca Visalta, Italian nun and abbess (approximate date)
 * Gebhard I of Plain (or Pleyen), German bishop (d. 1232)
 * Giovanni Colonna (the Younger), Italian cardinal (d. 1245)
 * Henry Borwin II (or Burwy), German nobleman (d. 1226)
 * Hubert de Burgh, English Chief Justiciar (approximate date)
 * John of Brienne (or John I), king of Jerusalem (d. 1237)
 * Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathematician (approximate date)
 * Lope Díaz II, Castilian nobleman (House of Haro) (d. 1236)
 * Maelgwn ap Rhys, Welsh prince of Deheubarth (d. 1230)
 * Matilda of Boulogne, duchess of Brabant (approximate date)
 * Minamoto no Ienaga, Japanese nobleman and poet (d. 1234)
 * Muqali (or Mukhhulai), Mongol military leader (d. 1223)
 * Pons d'Ortaffa, Catalan nobleman and troubadour (d. 1246)
 * Ranulf de Blondeville, English nobleman and regent (d. 1232)
 * Richard de Percy, English nobleman (approximate date)
 * Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, Navarrese bishop (d. 1247)
 * Roger de Lacy, English nobleman and crusader (d. 1211)
 * Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester (approximate date)
 * Sophia of Wittelsbach, German noblewoman (d. 1238)
 * Theoderich II von Wied, German archbishop (d. 1242)
 * Walther von der Vogelweide, German lyrical poet (d. 1230)
 * Xiang Zong, Chinese emperor of Western Xia (d. 1211)
 * Zhao Rukuo, Chinese historian and politician (d. 1231)

Deaths

 * January 22 – Wang Chongyang, Chinese philosopher (b. 1113)
 * April 23 – Minamoto no Tametomo, Japanese samurai (b. 1139)
 * May 6 – Lope Díaz I de Haro, Castilian nobleman (b. 1105)
 * May 21 – Godric of Finchale, English hermit and merchant
 * July 25 – Reginald II of Bar (or Renaud), French nobleman
 * August 19 – Mstislav II Izyaslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev
 * September 6 – Qutb al-Din Mawdud, Zangid ruler of Mosul
 * September 14 – Heilika of Lengenfeld, German countess
 * November 18 – Albert I (the Bear), German nobleman
 * November 20 – Gerung of Meissen, German bishop
 * December 20 – Al-Mustanjid, Abbasid caliph (b. 1124)
 * December 29 – Thomas Becket, English archbishop
 * Abu Hamid al-Gharnati, Andalusian traveller (b. 1080)
 * Aindileas Ua Chlúmháin, Irish chief poet and writer
 * Christina Björnsdotter, queen of Sweden (b. 1120)
 * Eliezer ben Nathan, German rabbi and poet (b. 1090)
 * Gerlach of Valkenburg, Dutch hermit (b. 1100)
 * Gonçalo Mendes da Maia, Portuguese knight
 * Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd, king of Gwynedd
 * Ibn Zafar al-Siqilli, Arab-Sicilian politician (b. 1104)
 * Joseph Kimhi, Spanish rabbi and poet (b. 1105)
 * Owain ap Gruffudd, king of Gwynedd (b. 1100)
 * Robert Fitzharding, English nobleman (b. 1095)
 * Ruben II (or Roupen), Armenian prince (b. 1165)
 * Zishou Miaozong, Chinese Zen master (b. 1095)

title: 1170


text:
First Nephi

The First Book of Nephi: His Reign and Ministry, usually referred to as First Nephi or 1 Nephi, is the first book of the Book of Mormon, the sacred text of churches within the Latter Day Saint Movement, and one of four books with the name Nephi. First Nephi tells the story of his family's escape from Jerusalem prior to the exile to Babylon, struggle to survive in the wilderness, build a ship and sail to the "promised land," commonly interpreted by Mormons as the Americas. The book is composed of two intermingled genres; one a historical narrative describing the events and conversations that occurred and the other a recounting of visions, sermons, poetry, and doctrinal discourses as shared by either Nephi or Lehi to members of the family.

Structure
First Nephi is a first-person narrative of events that the narrative itself reports were recorded on a set of objects referred to by Mormons as the Plates of Nephi by the prophet Nephi. The beginning part of First Nephi consists of Nephi's abridgement of his father Lehi's record (1 Nephi 1-9). The next section is Nephi's own narrative of events (1 Nephi 10-22). The Second Book of Nephi is a continuation.

Fleeing Jerusalem
Beginning in Jerusalem at the time of King Zedekiah's reign, Nephi's father, Lehi, has a vision and is warned of the imminent Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem. Lehi attempts to share this warning with the people of Jerusalem, but they dismiss his warning and try to kill him. Lehi and his family (wife Sariah, four sons Laman, Lemuel, Sam and Nephi, and unnamed daughters ) leave Jerusalem and establish a camp in the wilderness.

Killing Laban and returning for Ishmael's family
Lehi sends his sons back to Jerusalem to retrieve some brass plates, a record in the possession of Laban, a leader in Jerusalem and relative of Lehi. Nephi and his brothers make two failed attempts after which Nephi tries a third time by himself only to find Laban drunk and unconscious. Prompted by the Holy Spirit, Nephi kills Laban with his own sword and dresses in Laban's clothes. Impersonating Laban, Nephi commands Laban's servant, Zoram, to bring the brass plates outside the city to his brothers. Zoram discovers Nephi's subterfuge and tries to flee, but Nephi persuades him to travel with his family, and they all return with the plates. The brass plates indicate that Lehi is a descendant of Joseph, the son of Jacob. The plates also contain the five books of Moses, the writings of Isaiah and other prophets. Lehi's sons return to Jerusalem once more to retrieve the family of Ishmael, some of whom later become spouses for Lehi's children.

Visions of Lehi and Nephi
Lehi has a vision of the tree of life, which includes a revelation that a Messiah would visit the earth within 600 years. In the vision, Lehi sees a tree next to a river and eats its fruit, which makes him joyful. Wishing to share the fruit with his family, he sees his wife, Sariah, and two sons, Nephi and Sam, who come and eat with him. His two oldest sons, Laman and Lemuel, stay near the river and do not eat the fruit. Then Lehi sees an iron rod and a "strait and narrow path" which leads to the tree. People try to get to the tree, but are lost in the "mist of darkness". Some get to the tree by holding on to the rod, but they are ashamed when they eat the fruit. Across the river, a "great and spacious building" is full of people who are making fun of those who ate the fruit, and subsequently, the fruit-eaters become lost.

Nephi prays to the Lord for a similar vision and for help understanding his father's vision. Nephi then has a vision that matches the one his father had. He is told an explanation of its symbolism. Additionally, Nephi is shown past and future events, including the life of the Son of God and his appearances in both the New and the Old World. He also sees, according to a Pentecostal interpretation, "the arrival of Europeans in the Americas, the troubles faced by latter-day Christianity, the coming forth of the Book of Mormon, and the final gathering of Israel". After Nephi's vision, Laman and Lemuel argue over the meaning of Lehi's vision. Nephi chastises them for not asking the Lord for interpretation, and explains the point of disputation. He pleads with them to pray and repent.

Traveling the desert and building the ship
After Lehi's sons marry Ishmael's daughters, Lehi discovers a "ball of curious workmanship" (a compass) at his tent door which they call a Liahona. Follow the Liahona's direction, they journey in the wilderness. As they travel, Nephi's steel bow breaks while hunting. Upon hearing the news, members of the camp complain and "murmur against the Lord" for their misfortune, including Lehi. Lehi repents and gives Nephi the Lord's direction for fertile hunting ground. Ishmael dies on their journey. His daughters, in mourning, respond by complaining. Laman and Lemuel conspire to kill Lehi and Nephi, but the voice of the Lord chastises them, and they repent.

After eight years of wandering, they arrive at a coast and the voice of the Lord commands Nephi to build a ship. As he begins, Laman and Lemuel mock him for attempting an impossible task. Nephi recounts the Israelite's exodus and colonization of Canaan to Laman and Lemuel, and touches them with a divine shock as a sign of God's power. They complete the ship, and depart on the ocean. Laman and Lemuel continue to persecute Nephi. Many days later, they arrive in the promised land, where they settle.

Nephi's explanation of the plates
Nephi writes about God's command that he chronicle the events of his people, their genealogy, and the gospel. In dialogue with his brothers, he quotes prophecies of Christ and quotes Isaiah 48–49. He interprets his quotations from Zenos (who is not found in the Bible) and the Biblical prophet Isaiah, saying that all the ancient prophets testified of the savior, and only through him can they be redeemed for their sins. He writes that God's covenants with Israel will eventually be restored, including to the descendants of his father Lehi.

Exodus
Multiple scholars have noticed parallels between Nephi's journey in first Nephi and the Exodus story in the Bible. Nephi consciously encourages Laman and Lemuel to compare their situation to Moses's. He compares their situation to that of Moses after failing to get the plates from Laban in 1 Nephi 4:2-3. When a miracle provides them with food, Nephi writes that it was like when the Israelites were fed with manna (1 Nephi 17:28). He compares their being led by God to when the Israelites were led by a light at night (1 Nephi 17:13, 30). In one of the first examinations of the Exodus type in the Book of Mormon, George S. Tate, a professor of comparative literature at Brigham Young University, argues that Nephi uses parallels to Moses' Exodus as a rhetorical technique to encourage and unify his people. Nephi's use of the Exodus type sets up other Exodus patterns in the Book of Mormon, which is also a pattern of personal conversion. S. Kent Brown, a professor of ancient scripture at Brigham Young University, states that Nephi uses the Exodus type to prove God's power, and by extension, his own prophetic power. Nephi writes that God gave power to Moses to part the Red Sea, so he could give Nephi a similar power to know "the judgements that shall come" (1 Nephi 8:12). Brant Gardner, an LDS scholar of Mesoamerican ethnohistory with previous publications in FARMS, wrote in his commentary on the Book of Mormon that Nephi likely wrote first Nephi to fit the pattern of Exodus in the Old Testament, as a way to create a foundational narrative for his people. In his book The Testimony of Two Nations published with the University of Illinois Press, Michael Austin examines 1 Nephi 17:33-35 passage. Nephi refutes the logic of the Deuteronomists and Laman and Lemuel, who believe that the Exodus story proves God loves His chosen people more than other people. Nephi says that the Exodus story proves that God "esteemeth all flesh in one" and favors those who keep his commandments.

The Great and Abominable Church
Nephi sees the persecution of the apostles and their followers by the "house of Israel", then later sees a "great church" that is, according to the description of the angel, "...most abominable above all other churches, which slayeth the saints of God, yea, and tortureth them and bindeth them down, and yoketh them with a yoke of iron...".

The LDS teaching of a Great Apostasy implies that the Catholic church is no longer true. Early Saints believed that the "great and abominable church" described the Catholic church. LDS general authority Bruce R. McConkie famously identified the "great and abominable church" as the Catholic church in his book Mormon Doctrine (1958). After its publication, church leaders at the time recognized McConkie’s problematic claims and pushed for discontinuation of the book. When a second edition came out, many of McConkie’s opinions of Catholicism were moderated. Official LDS publications discourage the identification of the great and abominable church with the Catholic Church, as well as with any other specific religion, denomination or organization. According to a 1988 article by Stephen E. Robinson in Ensign, an official magazine of LDS Church, "no single known historical church, denomination, or set of believers meets all the requirements for the great and abominable church... Rather, the role of Babylon has been played by many different agencies, ideologies, and churches in many different times."

Killing Laban
Many scholars have commented on the theological implications of Nephi reporting that the Holy Ghost told him to slay Laban. Latter-day Saint critic Eugene England analyzed Laban as a scapegoat figure common in ancient times, but saw this as a flawed argument. For BYU religion professor Charles Swift, Nephi acted out of necessity; but acknowledges that there were many other ways God could have provided the brass plates to Nephi. Jeffrey R. Holland and Swift argue that Nephi had to slay Laban in order to obey God, and that is the most important thing.

Women
In First Nephi, the only named woman in the narrative is Nephi's mother, Sariah. Ishmael's wife and daughters are not given names. The existence of Nephi's sisters is not mentioned until 2 Nephi. Nephi refers to Ishmael's daughters as Ishmael's daughters or the wives/women of him and his brothers, showing that their social relation to other men is what gives them importance for Nephi. Similarly, Sariah is always referred to as a mother or wife, not as an individual. The two scenes of female resistance—Sariah worrying that her sons have not returned because they have died and Ishmael's daughters wishing to return to Jerusalem after their father's death—create a type scene with instructive differences between the two. For Spencer, the latter story illustrates how treatment of women has changed after the "Nephite-Lamanite" divide. In Sariah's story, she reconciles with Lehi after she sees that the Lord protected her sons. In contrast, no one attempts to comfort the daughters of Ishmael and instead, Laman and Lemuel conspire with the sons of Ishmael to kill Lehi and Nephi, silencing the women and using their discontent for their own designs.

Significant textual variants
The original translation of the book's title did not include the word "first". First and Second were added to the titles of the Books of Nephi by Oliver Cowdery when preparing the book for printing.

Originally, Joseph Smith indicated seven chapter breaks in First Nephi: Editions of the Book of Mormon from the Community of Christ still use the original chapter organization. In 1879, Orson Pratt reformatted the LDS edition to include twenty-two thematically-arranged chapters.

Textual variations in 1 Nephi concern the nature of God. In the first edition of the Book of Mormon, 1 Nephi 11:21 reads "behold the Lamb of God yea even the Eternal Father". Joseph Smith inserted "the Son of" in this verse and three others in 1 Nephi. According to Skousen, this was simply to clarify that these verses referred to the Son of God, since other references to Christ as the Father are left as is. Joseph Spencer, examining the same passage, writes that the reason for clarifying these passages is unclear, but notes that 1 Nephi 12:18 clearly delineates the three separate members of the Godhead. In that verse, God the Father is referred to as "the Eternal Father."

title: First Nephi


text:
Second Nephi

The Second Book of Nephi, usually referred to as Second Nephi or 2 Nephi, is the second book of the Book of Mormon, the primary religious text of the Latter-day Saint Movement. Narrated by Nephi, son of Lehi, unlike the first Book of Nephi, 2 Nephi contains little history of the Nephite people and focuses predominately on visions and prophecies of Nephi himself and other prophets, particularly Isaiah.

The book begins with Lehi's blessings and final teachings to his family before his death. Lehi explores themes of cosmological dualism ("opposition"), the Fall of man, resurrection, and atonement. After Lehi's death the family splits into two factions: the Nephites, led by Nephi, and the Lamanites led by Nephi's older brother Laman. The Nephites are forced to flee their original settlement and the Lamanites are cursed by God with a "skin of blackness". The Nephites build a temple and follow the Law of Moses. Nephi and his younger brother Jacob preach, extensively quoting and analyzing the Book of Isaiah, often word-for-word from the King James Version of the Bible.

Structure
Second Nephi was originally called the Book of Nephi and was divided into 33 chapters. Later, Oliver Cowdery added First and Second to the titles of the books of Nephi. In the first five chapters, which comprise the narrative section of the book, Nephi continues with the family meeting begun in the end of First Nephi. Much of the rest of Second Nephi includes quotations from Isaiah and further teachings from Nephi and his brother Jacob. Joseph Spencer explains that the simple structure of 2 Nephi is as follows: the division of Lehi’s descendants (chapters 1-5), teachings concerning reconciliation with God (chapters 6-30), and discussion on baptism (chapters 31-33).

Lehi's last counsel
Second Nephi begins with a reminder that Lehi had warned of Jerusalem’s destruction and that his family had been purposefully led to safety. In the narrative, Lehi receives a vision confirming that Jerusalem has been destroyed; his family also learns the "promised land" they were led to is their inheritance as long as they follow God.

Lehi advises each of his sons to follow Nephi’s leadership, particularly Laman, Lemuel, and the sons of Ishmael. He then blesses Zoram, as a friend of Nephi, saying that his descendants will flourish if they are righteous. Lehi then blesses Jacob, promising that his suffering will be consecrated; he also speaks to him about the Atonement with a focus on opposition and how both good and bad things are important in life. He teaches all of his sons that the Fall of Man was necessary for humans to progress past their original innocent state and have children, emphasizing that all have their own right to choose for themselves. After blessing Jacob, Lehi speaks to Joseph. In his blessing, he says that Joseph's descendants will not be completely destroyed. Further, he cites a prophecy from Joseph of Egypt, which is contained in the brass plates and predicts that God will prepare a seer named Joseph. This seer, Lehi explains, has ancestral connections to both Joseph of Egypt and Joseph, son of Lehi, and will bring the knowledge of the covenant back to Lehi’s descendants. Lehi also reveals that Joseph of Egypt prophesied of Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt. Lehi proceeds to bless Laman and Lemuel’s children so that their people will never become extinct. Afterward, he blesses Ishmael’s sons, Sam, and Sam’s family. Nephi does not describe any specific personal blessings he might have received at this time.

Division of the people
Lehi dies sometime after giving these blessings to his family and Nephi follows the account with his own words. In his psalm, Nephi records his struggles with sin and remembers some of the times God has saved him. Later, Laman, Lemuel, and Ishmael’s descendants are upset about Nephi being chosen as their leader and try to kill him. He prays about Laman and Lemuel’s murmuring and dissent and is told by God to take his family into the wilderness. In response, he takes the brass plates, the Liahona, and Laban’s sword, and leaves with Zoram, Sam, Jacob, Joseph, and his sisters. This group becomes the Nephites. They work and are obedient to the commandments and build a temple modeled after Solomon’s. Nephi chooses not to be king but continues to help his people. He makes swords based on the sword of Laban for protection in case the Lamanites attack. The Lamanites are cut off from God, cursed, and given a “skin of blackness” to make them “loathsome” to the Nephites unless they repent. Nephi consecrates Jacob and Joseph as priests and teachers, and the Nephites "live after the manner of happiness."

Jacob's sermon
In chapters 6-10, Jacob gives a two-day sermon that includes many words from Isaiah 49:22-52:2 in which he invites the people to compare Isaiah’s teachings to their own experiences. He preaches about "the Holy One of Israel," God’s plan, the consequences of sin, resurrection, judgment, deliverance from hell, and the righteous' inheritance of God’s kingdom. In his sermon, Jacob warns the prideful wealthy, those who think their intellect sets them above God’s teachings, and various others who ignore God; he states that in these conditions they cannot be saved. He then speaks of the Jews, Gentiles, and descendants of Lehi in the last days before Christ’s coming and explains that the Gentiles will be counted as part of the house of Israel. He also teaches that after Israel is scattered, descendants of the house of Israel who repent and believe will be subsequently restored to their lands. The land Lehi’s family has come to is a land of inheritance and is promised as a land of liberty. Jacob ends with the instruction to turn to God and choose eternal life.

Nephi quotes Isaiah, prophesies, and gives final counsel
Nephi too writes of likening the words of Isaiah to the Nephites and says that the purpose of the Mosaic covenant is to show that Christ will come. Nephi claims that his entire life and the purpose of his writings is to witness of Christ and be an example so people can receive the blessings of the covenant. Many of the next Isaiah quotations, found in chapters 12-24, focus on judgment, restoration, and the Messiah.

In chapters 25-33, Nephi himself prophesies, still including words from Isaiah. He continues with a focus on the Messiah and then turns to false churches of the future and people fighting against Zion, as well as the emergence of the Book of Mormon. He predicts that churches in the “last days” will be prideful and spread false teachings and warns churches against priestcraft, telling them not to keep the free blessings of the gospel away from anyone. Nephi explains that the "great and abominable" church will fall and as such records many warnings against sin and its consequences. Nephi also predicts that the Jews, Nephites, and the lost Israelites will eventually receive and have access to each others’ writings. He prophesies of the return of the Gospel to Lehi’s descendants and speaks again on restoration. He says that to be saved, one must repent, be baptized in the name of Christ, receive the Holy Ghost, and endure to the end. He explains again the importance of the words of Christ and ends by inviting the reader to pray in order to believe in Christ and know that his words are true.

Break between First and Second Nephi
Different theories have emerged as to why Nephi's two books seem to break in the middle of a family event. Frederick Axelgard, Latter-day Saint and Senior Fellow at the Wheatley Institute, suggests the account would be better divided at 2 Nephi 5, which generally marks the end of Nephi's historical narrative. Political science professor and apologist Noel B. Reynolds writes that the first five chapters of Second Nephi seem to be establishing Nephi's authority and leadership qualifications.

Alternatively, literary scholar Terryl Givens proposes the interruption of the timeline was purposeful to emphasize an important theme of covenants in the Book of Mormon. Lehi's vision confirms Jerusalem and its temple have been destroyed, says Givens, and triggers subsequent explanations to show the family they are still a covenant people to God and that the Israelites will not be lost forever. These are ideas that Givens connects to Moroni's introductory thematic statement on the purpose of the Book of Mormon. He also suggests that Lehi's blessings to his children and many of the Isaiah quotations are aimed at this same purpose and show the family they are part of the covenant as long as they don't reject the Messiah.

Dark skin of the Lamanites a curse
2 Nephi 5:21 describes the Lamanites as being cursed and marked with a "skin of blackness" because of their unbelief in order to make them less attractive to the Nephites. In 2 Nephi 30:6, the Lamanites are promised to become "pure and delightsome" (a passage that was "white and delightsome" before 1981). In a book about Mormon conceptions of race, sociologist Armand Mauss writes that modern secular readers see these passages as referring to race, and interpret them as reflecting the 19th-century racism of the day. Mauss argues that "white" was "almost always" a synonym for pure and clean in the Book of Mormon's original text, but acknowledges that these verses informed the prevailing image of Lamanites as savage Indians who ought to be assimilated among mid-19th-century Latter-day Saints. Mauss calls for a nonracist interpretation of the verses in 2 Nephi. Since the Nephites and Lamanites are both descended from Lehi, he argues, their main differences are cultural, not racial. 2 Nephi 26:33 states that "all are alike unto God," specifically referring to "black and white, bond and free." Mauss interprets it as a "repudiation of racism in divine affairs." In another book on race and the early LDS Church, Max Mueller writes that this purported universalist idea is "rooted in the limitations of whiteness as a universal racial category, a reality of which the Book of Mormon itself seems to be aware." In his Annotated Book of Mormon, Grant Hardy writes that modern readers are justifiably distressed by the Lamanites being marked with a dark skin. Hardy writes that skin color does not prevent the Lamanites from exceeding Nephites in righteousness, and the curse comes with a promise that their lineage will be preserved, while the Nephites eventually die out.

Atonement in 2 Nephi
Lehi's discussion with Jacob in 2 Nephi 2 is doctrinally rich and frequently used in theological discussion of the atonement in Latter-day Saint thought. 2 Nephi 2 contains the first mention of "atone" in the Book of Mormon. Writing for Dialogue, Jacob Morgan cites two scriptures from 2 Nephi 2 to support his unorthodox argument that the atonement gave mankind the light of Christ, or a conscience, which prevents humans from choosing "eternal death" (verse 29). Having a conscience makes humans free to "act for themselves" (verse 26) and gives them agency. In his chapter on the atonement in the Book of Mormon, Nicholas J. Frederick, an associate professor of ancient scripture at Brigham Young University argues that ideas from multiple atonement theories are present in the Book of Mormon and gives two examples from 2 Nephi. He writes that 2 Nephi 2:6-10 can support the governmental theory of atonement, where Christ's atonement satisfied the demands of justice. This passage does not mention Christ's suffering in Gethsemane (wherein many Latter-day Saints believe the payment for sins occurred) but only his death and resurrection. Later, Jacob's sermon in 2 Nephi 9:7-12 seems to support a Christus Victor theory, where Christ's death was a ransom paid to Satan. Jacob describes how Christ's atonement was infinite in 2 Nephi 9:25-26, and allows God to show mercy. Frederick gives a caveat that these interpretations may require imposing too much of previous theories on the text.

The Fall in 2 Nephi
In 2 Nephi 2, Lehi's articulation of the fall of man reinterprets it as a necessary component of God's plans for human salvation. 2 Nephi 2:18 identifies "the serpent" as the devil.

According to literary critic Michael Austin, 2 Nephi describes prelapsarian reproduction as impossible, making the fall a prerequisite for procreation. According to biblical scholar Julie Smith, 2 Nephi 2 can alternatively be interpreted as meaning reproduction was impossible only during the time when Eve had eaten the fruit but Adam had not.

The discussion in 2 Nephi 2, specifically verse 25, which states that "Adam fell that men might be," is frequently used in LDS interpretation of the fall to see it as part of God's plan. Some LDS thinkers take the idea further and say that Eve's decision was "wise," a stance that Smith calls the "Wise Choice Theory". According to Smith, the "classic statement of the Wise Choice Theory" among Latter-day Saints is from a 1993 General Conference talk by apostle Dallin H. Oaks who stated that "we celebrate Eve's act and honor her wisdom and courage in the great episode called the Fall," and cited Brigham Young and Joseph Fielding Smith to aver that was formally a transgression of law but did not constitute sin. Most official Latter-day Saint discourse interprets Eve's role in the fall "overwhelmingly positive[ly]", religious studies scholar Susannia Morrill explains.

Smith argues that God's curse in response to Adam and Eve's partaking of the fruit makes it difficult to argue that their decision was wise, and that the argument that they were following a higher law requires them to take advice from the serpent. She questions the interpretation of considering Eve eating the fruit a transgression but not a sin. Smith argues this distinction does not exist in the Book of Mormon, and she sees no evidence that a transgression would be wise. She concludes that the "Wise Choice Theory" is not supported by the Book of Mormon.

Early Latter-day Saint leaders Orson Pratt, George Q. Cannon, and Brigham Young regarded Adam wisely chose to eat the fruit wise but thought Eve was not, and Smith argues that "in the earliest layers of LDS interpretation, Eve’s choice was not seen as wise". Morrill, agreeing that the Book of Mormon text itself does not heroize Eve, reports that most Latter-day Saint women's literature in the nineteenth century considered Eve "a wise and knowing woman" who acted as a "savior figure" by "safely guid[ing] the course of human salvation on the right path".

Jacob's sermon
Egyptologist and CES instructor John S. Thompson analyzed Jacob’s sermon and identified themes of judgment, clothing, remembrance, creation, fasting, sacrifice, usage of God’s name, repentance, and the Law of Moses. On another note, author Marilyn Arnold suggests that, based on the deliberate structure and language of his sermon, Jacob adopts his style from writings in the brass plates. Additionally, Jacob repeats words such as "body," "flesh," "die," and "death" but applies them to his teachings in a way that shifts their connotations.

Nephi's poetry
Independent scholar Matthew Nickerson identifies shared traits between what has been called "the Psalm of Nephi" and psalms of the Old Testament. Nephi’s words are specifically connected to the individual lament, each of which contains an invocation, complaint, confession of trust, petition, and vow of praise. Nickerson proposes that each of these elements can be identified, making Nephi’s psalm a true psalm. According to Fatimah Salleh and Margaret Hemming, Nephi's psalm is associated with grief over his father’s death and tensions within the family.

Richard Rust explains that Nephi incorporates certain literary aspects such as rhythms and structures similar to those found in poetry. One example is when Nephi repeats words and phrases in a way that contributes to the poetic sounds of his writings. Some of the things he repeats include "the Lord," "commanded," and "that I may walk...that I may be strict." Such repetition is emphatic, says Rust. Because of Nephi's repetition and use of Hebrew structure—which presents and then satisfies an idea—his poetry is similar to Isaiah’s. Bible and Jewish Studies professor David Bokovoy claims another connection to biblical poetry in Nephi's tendency to switch from third to first person. Bokovoy notes other examples in the Bible of the writer switching in the same passage from speaking about God at a distance to speaking to God in proximity. Additionally, Salleh and Hemming suggest that, based on the tone of the psalm, Nephi doesn’t have a lot of time to mourn over his parents' deaths before he has to flee from his brothers.

Early LDS interpretation
Second Nephi 28 mentions that priests of different churches will "contend" with each other and teach without the Holy Ghost. Early members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints saw many competing religions and began to interpret Joseph Smith's visit to the Sacred Grove to ask God which church was right as fulfillment of this prophecy. Second Nephi 29 goes on to describe a new book of scripture that would be revealed but rejected by many people because they already had the Bible. According to early church leader Heber C. Kimball, the response of many ministers was often "we need no more revelation," which he declared as fulfillment of the chapter 29 prophecy.

Joseph of Egypt's prophecy quoted in Second Nephi 3 was also interpreted by early church members, who believed Joseph Smith to be "the choice seer" with the same name as his father.

Intertextuality
Nephi quotes extensively from the Book of Isaiah throughout 1 and 2 Nephi, with passages largely appearing as they do in the Bible. Elizabeth Fenton describes these passages as "not-quite-exact copying," with differences being minor. J.N. Washburn, an independent scholar, cites that 199 of 433 verses from Isaiah appear with the same wording and proposes that Joseph Smith used the King James Bible version whenever it was close enough to the original meaning of the plates he was said to be translating and used the new translation when meaning differed. According to author H. Clay Gorton, 2 Nephi 21 is the only Isaiah-quoted chapter in the Book of Mormon that, when compared to the KJV, sustains no textual differences. In a similar vein, 2 Nephi 22 and Isaiah 12 are different only by one word. Gorton has concluded that, where Isaiah verses differ in the Book of Mormon, approximately 38% of those changes are extensive.

Philosopher Joseph Spencer calls Isaiah "the honored keynote speaker of the small plates." Spencer also emphasizes that even beyond quotations, Jacob and Nephi's teachings both seem to be built on further ideas of Isaiah's.  A scholar involved in early studies of the Book of Mormon, Sidney Sperry, suggests that by including Isaiah's writings, Nephi points out the mission of Jesus Christ, the restoration of the house of Israel, and God’s judgments that follow. Additionally, Nephi says he "delights" in Isaiah but explains that a knowledge of Jewish tradition is needed to understand his writings, according to literary critic Michael Austin. Nephi admits he has chosen not to teach his people certain knowledge and traditions with which he is familiar as a former resident of Jerusalem.

Deutero-Isaiah
In more modern times, scholars have theorized based on variation in style and structure that more than one author wrote the book of Isaiah. These authors are referred to as Isaiah, Deutero-Isaiah, and Trito-Isaiah. Deutero-Isaiah is thought to be born after the time Lehi’s family would have left Jerusalem. Many of those writings which are considered to be part of Deutero-Isaiah are cited in Second Nephi as quotations from Isaiah. This implies that the Book of Mormon narrative disagrees that this section of Isaiah was written by someone other than its namesake. An LDS doctrine course teacher's supplement cites the Book of Mormon as evidence that Isaiah wrote the whole book of Isaiah since pieces from throughout the book are said to be from the already compiled brass plates which Lehi's sons took from Jerusalem around 600 BC.

Chiasmus
Joseph Spencer suggests that Isaiah appears as a sort of chiasmus in Nephi’s record, sandwiched between Jacob’s and Nephi’s explanations of his writings. In their explanations both men discuss reconciliation with God, contributing to its chiastic appearance. Additionally, Isaiah’s teachings as they appear in Second Nephi form a chiasmus: chapters 12-15 discuss destruction relating to the covenant people; chapter 16 contains a call to repentance, and chapters 17-22 follow themes of God’s covenant people returning to him.

Typology
Biblical typology is a practice of interpretation that suggests Old Testament events are types or representations of future fulfillment of prophecy. Isaiah's writing was described in scripture as things that "have been and will be," which aligns with typology's idea that written prophecies apply both to events in the writer's own day which create a type for the future, and to the latter days. Many of the prophecies quoted from Isaiah in Second Nephi regard Babylonian captivity, which Nephi believes to have already begun. Despite this understanding, Nephi also claims the prophecies will be useful in future times. According to Isaiah analyst and Latter-day Saint Avraham Gileadi, this can be viewed either as a contradiction in the text or with the lens of Nephi viewing Isaiah typologically.

Isaiah and the Charles Anthon visit
Second Nephi 27 quotes a prophecy from Isaiah 29 in which the disregarded messages from prophets are compared to a sealed book. The book is delivered to "one who is learned," who says, "I cannot [read it] for it is sealed." In the Pearl of Great Price, another Latter-day Saint book of scripture, Martin Harris's visit to professor Charles Anthon with copied characters from the Book of Mormon is recorded. While records of the event vary between Anthon and Harris, Anthon's response as reported by Harris was "I cannot read a sealed book." Many Latter-day Saints see this visit as fulfilling Isaiah's prophecy.

Cultural Reception
Nephi's psalm has appeared in numerous works by LDS creators. One such example is Mazmuur Naafi: The Arabic Psalm of Nephi by Ahmed Jamal Qureshi. In this work of visual art, the psalm is translated into Arabic and shaped into a circle. The color of the piece, author Josh E. Probert explains, points to blue tiles found inside mosques. Around the circle with the psalm are four smaller circles. Inside the circles are the names Lehi, Nephi, Moroni, and Joseph as figures related to the Book of Mormon's content. Nephi's psalm has also been set to music, including "I Love the Lord" and "Sometimes My Soul" by John Tanner, as well as "I Glory in My Jesus" written by Millennial Choirs and Orchestras founders Brandon and Brett Stewart.

title: Second Nephi


text:
Third Nephi

The Book of Nephi: The Son of Nephi, Who Was the Son of Helaman is religious text of the Latter Day Saint movement. The book is usually referred to as Third Nephi or 3 Nephi, and is one of fifteen books that make up the Book of Mormon. This book was firstly called "III Nephi" in the 1879 edition and "Third Nephi" in the 1920 edition of the Book of Mormon. It contains an account of the visit of Jesus Christ to the inhabitants of ancient America. Jesus had told his disciples in Jerusalem according to the Bible in the Gospel of John, "And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd." In this book, Christ declares to those in ancient America that they were these "other sheep" of whom he spoke. The account of this visit is recorded beginning in chapter 11 of 3 Nephi.

Narrative of Christ's Visit
Before Christ visits these people there is a giant storm, a tremendous earthquake, and darkness. Cities burn, cities sink into the sea, mountains are brought down and valleys brought up. There is sharp lightning, wind, and thunderings and many people die. After the great storm comes darkness and the voices of mourning for the dead. The darkness lasts for approximately three days, during which a voice is "heard among all the inhabitants of the earth, upon all the face of this land, crying: Wo, wo, wo unto this people; wo unto the inhabitants of the whole earth except that they shall repent; for the devil laugheth, and his angels rejoice, because of the slain fair sons and daughters of my people; and it is because of their iniquities and abominations that they are fallen!" (3 Nephi 9:1-2) The voice then lists cities "and the inhabitants thereof" he had destroyed because of their wickedness: Zarahemla (3 Nephi 9:3), Moroni (9:4), Moronihah (9:5), Gilgal (9:6), Onihah, Mocum, and Jerusalem (the New World city founded by the Lamanites, Amelekites, and Amulonites, not Jerusalem in Judaea) (9:7), Gadiandi, Gadiomnah, Jacob, and Gimgimno (9:8), Jacobugath (9:9), Laman, Josh, Gad, and Kishkumen (9:10), since "there were none righteous among them" (9:11). He asks, "O all ye that are spared because you were more righteous than they, will ye not now return unto me, and repent of your sins, and be converted, that I may heal you?" (9:13) "Yea, verily, I say unto you, if ye shall come unto me, ye shall have eternal life.  Behold, my arm of mercy is extended towards you, and whosoever will come, him will I receive, and blessed are those that come unto me." (9:14) "Behold, I am Jesus Christ, the Son of God. I created the heavens and the earth, and all things that in them are. I was with the Father from the beginning. I am in the Father, and the Father in me; and in me hath the Father glorified his name." (9:15)

After three days, the darkness clears. Jesus Christ is resurrected and the people gather to the land of Bountiful where stood a temple. A voice is heard from heaven which the people did not understand it at first, that "did pierce them that did hear to the center, insomuch that there was no part of their frame that it did not cause to quake; yea, it did pierce them to the very soul, and did cause their hearts to burn." The people do not understand the voice a second time but it understand it a third time. The voice is the voice of God Almighty, the very Eternal Father proclaiming His Son Jesus Christ the risen Lord. The resurrected Christ descends from the sky. He stands before them and calls them to come and sees the wounds in His hands and side. He heals them and teaches them precepts that were to guide their Church.

 * 1) He gave to Nephi and others that he called the power to baptize the people, using the words: "Having authority given me of Jesus Christ, I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen." Then they were to be immersed in the water, and come out of the water again.
 * 2) There were to be no disputes about his doctrine, because contention is Satanic.
 * 3) Actions which stirred men to anger must be done away with. And Jesus said his doctrine came from the Father himself.
 * 4) Repentance from sin must accompany baptism. Salvation depends on believing in Jesus and being baptized. Anyone who does not believe in Jesus and is not baptized will be damned.
 * 5) Be reconciled with one's brother before asked to be reconciled with Christ.
 * 6) Do not look on a woman with lust.
 * 7) Do not divorce your wife except on grounds of unfaithfulness.
 * 8) Do not swear oaths.
 * 9) Resist evil.
 * 10) When compelled to make a plaintiff whole in a civil suit, make more than full restitution.
 * 11) When pressed into labor, do twice the work that is compelled.
 * 12) Do not turn away anyone who asks to borrow.
 * 13) Love your enemies.
 * 14) Do not make a public display of alms-giving.
 * 15) Do not make a public display of prayer or use vain repetition.
 * 16) Do not visibly emphasize your misery when fasting.
 * 17) Do not judge.
 * 18) Ask God for all things through prayer with faith.
 * 19) Do not follow after false prophets.
 * 20) Jesus' words must be declared to the ends of the earth.
 * 21) Ye shall call the church in my name. (3 Nephi 27:7)
 * 22) Bring ye all the tithes into the storehouse, that there may be meat in my house (3 Nephi 24:10)
 * 23) Never cease to pray in your hearts (3 Nephi 20:1)
 * 24) Suffer not any one knowingly to partake of my flesh and blood unworthily (3 Nephi 18:28)
 * 25) Ye shall meet together oft; and ye shall not forbid any man from coming unto you when ye shall meet together, but suffer them that they may come unto you and forbid them not (3 Nephi 18:22)
 * 26) Always pray unto the Father in my name (3 Nephi 18:19)
 * 27) Keep my commandments, which the Father hath commanded me that I should give unto you (3 Nephi 18:14)
 * 28) There shall one be ordained among you, and to him will I give power that he shall break bread and bless it and give it unto the people of my church, unto all those who shall believe and be baptized in my name. And this shall ye always observe to do, even as I have done, even as I have broken bread and blessed it and given it unto you (3 Nephi 18:5-6)

title: Third Nephi


text:
Fourth Nephi

The Book of Nephi: Who Is the Son of Nephi—One of the Disciples of Jesus Christ, usually referred to as Fourth Nephi or 4 Nephi, is one of the fifteen books that make up the Book of Mormon. This book was first called "IV Nephi" in the 1879 edition and "Fourth Nephi" in the 1920 edition of Book of Mormon.

Fourth Nephi is among the shorter books in the Book of Mormon, containing only a single chapter, but it covers almost three centuries of the history of the Nephites and the Lamanites (ca AD 35 to 321).

The book describes the period of time immediately following the visit of Jesus Christ to the Book of Mormon peoples, in which time the Nephites and the Lamanites are all converted to the Church of Christ. The Nephites stopped obeying the law of Moses and obeyed the commandments of Jesus instead. After the year AD 100, all the original disciples of Jesus had died, except for three which he allowed to live on and on until the end of human history. But new disciples were ordained to replace the ones that died. According to the record, "surely there could not be a happier people among all the people who had been created by the hand of God" (4 Ne. 1:16). During this time the distinction between the Lamanites and Nephites disappears: "neither were there Lamanites, nor any manner of -ites; but they were in one, the children of Christ, and heirs to the kingdom of God" (4 Ne. 1:17).

The Nephi who recorded the coming of Jesus to America died, and the keeping of the plates passed to his son Amos. After that, the people started to get rich, and wear expensive clothing and jewelry, and divide themselves into rich and poor, and the communal sharing of private property came to an end. Then they formed churches which were really businesses for the purpose of gaining profits.

One of these churches began to persecute members of the True Church of Christ, casting them into prison (but the prison then broke in two), or casting them into fiery furnaces (but the victims walked out unscathed), or casting them into a lion's den (but the victims played with the animals as if they were lambs). "And they did smite upon the people of Jesus; but the people of Jesus did not smite again."

The people once again divided into Nephites and Lamanites, and although the Nephites remain righteous longer than the Lamanites, by AD 300, "both the people of Nephi and the Lamanites had become exceedingly wicked one like unto another" (4 Ne. 1:45).

The book concludes with Ammaron hiding the sacred records, which he ultimately delivered to Mormon.

title: Fourth Nephi


text:
1030

Year 1030 (MXXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Romanos III Argyros decides to retaliate upon the incursions of the Muslims on the eastern frontier. He leads a Byzantine expeditionary force (20,000 men) to secure Antioch. The Mirdasid emir Shibl al-Dawla Nasr of Aleppo sues for peace, but Romanos refuses to negotiate and leads his army against Aleppo, against the advice of his generals. The Byzantine army encamps near Azaz, where they are encircled by the Mirdasids' Bedouin troops, who cut off the Byzantines from food and water.
 * 10 August – Romanos orders a retreat to Antioch. As the army is exhausted from the heat and the lack of supplies, the retreat soon turns into a flight in panic. Romanos returns to Constantinople in humiliation but his generals on the eastern frontier manage to salvage the situation: a Fatimid attack on Maraclea is repulsed, and Azaz itself is captured in December after a brief siege. In April/May 1031, Emir Nasr of Aleppo agreed to vassal and tributary status with Byzantium.

Europe

 * June – Emperor Conrad II (the Elder) leads an invasion into Hungary. He plunders the lands west of the River Rába, but suffers from consequences of the scorched earth tactics used by the Hungarians. Conrad, threatened by starvation, is forced to retreat back to Germany. King Stephen I pursues his forces, which are defeated and captured by the Hungarians at Vienna.
 * July 29 – Battle of Stiklestad: King Olaf II Haraldsson (St. Olaf) attempts to reconquer Norway with help from King Anund Jakob of Sweden. He is defeated by a superior Norwegian peasant and Danish army (14,000 men). Olaf is killed in the battle, he is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway').
 * The first mention is made of Tartu, Estonia, as Grand Prince Yaroslav I (the Wise) of Novgorod and Kiev defeats the Estonians, and founds a fort named Yuryev (modern-day Tartu). The Rus' will hold the fortress for the next 30 or 31 years.
 * The first mention is made of Thalwil, Switzerland, which is derived from Tellewilare, and indicates the early medieval origins of Thalwil as an Alemannic farmstead.
 * Henry I revolts against his father King Robert II (the Pious) in a civil war over power and property. Robert's army is defeated, and he retreats to Beaugency.

Asia

 * April 30 – Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni dies after a 28-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Mas'ud I who seizes the throne of the Ghaznavid Empire, which includes much of Afghanistan, Iran and India.
 * Ouyang Xiu, a Chinese historian and scholar, obtains his jinshi degree at the age of 23, by passing the imperial examinations in the country, leading him into a distinguished path as a scholar-official.
 * The Chola Empire reaches its greatest extent.

Births

 * July 21 – Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (Burma)
 * July 26 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów, bishop of Kraków (d. 1079)
 * Adelaide of Eilenburg, German noblewoman (approximate date)
 * Anne of Kiev, French queen and regent (approximate date)
 * Baldwin VI (the Good), count of Flanders (approximate date)
 * Bruno of Cologne, founder of the Carthusian Order (d. 1101)
 * Gerard (the Great), duke of Lorraine (approximate date)
 * Gertrude of Saxony, countess of Holland (approximate date)
 * Manegold of Lautenbach, German priest (approximate date)
 * Romanos IV, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 1072)
 * Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1093)
 * Walter of Pontoise, French abbot (approximate date)
 * William of Hirsau, German abbot (approximate date)

Deaths

 * January 10 – Thietmar, margrave of the Saxon Ostmark
 * January 31 – William V (the Great), duke of Aquitaine (b. 969)
 * March 10 – Welf II, German nobleman (Elder House of Welf)
 * April 30 – Mahmud of Ghazni, Ghaznavid emir (b. 971)
 * July 19 – Adalberon, French bishop and poet (or 1031)
 * July 29
 * Bjørn Stallare, Norwegian servant and diplomat
 * Olaf II Haraldsson (St. Olaf), king of Norway
 * Torstein Knarresmed, Norwegian Viking warrior
 * Al-Musabbihi, Fatimid historian and official (b. 977)
 * Cú Mara mac Maic Liac, Irish poet and Chief Ollam
 * Fan Kuan, Chinese landscape painter (approximate date)
 * Gormflaith ingen Murchada, Irish queen (b. 960)
 * Krešimir III, king of Croatia (Trpimirović Dynasty)
 * Miskawayh, Persian official and philosopher (b. 932)
 * Skapti Þóroddsson, Icelandic lawspeaker and skald
 * Tadg in Eich Gil, king of Connacht (approximate date)
 * William IV, count of Provence (approximate date)

title: 1030


text:
User:Damian Yerrick

 * Rectus dominus, sanguis bibimus, corpus edimus, tolle corpus Christi.

Damian Yerrick (b. October 1, 1980) is originally from Fort Wayne, Indiana, and graduated with a 4-year degree in computer science at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. He contributes to Wikipedia, a free encyclopedia.

Contact: User talk:Damian Yerrick | [mailto:pino@pineight.com e-mail] | Website: Pin Eight

Not everyone is a fan
One fellow's comprehensiveness is another fellow's fancruft. No matter how much you like The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter, someone else thinks it's worthless. (See also Flopsymopsycottontailpeterfication on Wiktionary.) This goes for other works of fiction as well.

Preview
I try to use the preview button when I can, but the following limitations may force me to make repeated edits:
 * 1) The file upload page does not have a preview for the summary nor for the automatic SVG to PNG translation.
 * 2) On a template page that transcludes itself in a usage example, the preview transcludes the last saved version, not the version being edited.
 * 3) Bug 5984: Footnotes are not previewed when editing a section if the reflist is in another section.
 * 4) Sometimes I want to substitute a template or add a signature. These are not reflected in the editing area until after I have saved the page. If the substitution produces an unwanted result, I need to go in and correct the markup in another edit.

Video games
I do not have a MlayStation (MSX). I do not have a BlayStation (BS-X). I have a PlayStation (PSX). I also have all five Nintendo systems, including Wii, plus a GBA and a DS. After the Bob's Game incident, though, I don't plan to buy a 3DS or a Wii U.

I do not have an Xbox (X☐) nor an Xbox 360 (X☐O), but I have played halo two on my PlayStation (ΔOX☐) and halo five on my Dreamcast. (On Wikipedia, all Halo number articles were originally redirects to articles about Nine Inch Nails releases., Halo 1 through Halo 3 are titles of or redirects to articles about Microsoft/Bungie's Halo franchise, while Halo 4 through Halo 25 point to NIИ. Halo 4 was retargeted around August 2008.)

The E2 era
I started on Everything2. I found Wikipedia on September 24, 2001, and for a few months bounced ideas back and forth between the two projects, until encyclopedia-style "factual noding" became out of style on E2 as other factual noders migrated to Wikipedia. Feel free to integrate information from my E2 writeups, but it's probably already been done.

Early contributions to Wikipedia
A long time ago, Wikipedia had few articles and many red links. I started by importing a lot of my factual writeups from E2. One of my early faux pas led to what is now Category:Wikipedians by location.

And then I was hooked. By December 2006, I had made over 4,000 edits in the main namespace of Wikipedia. Count them yourself.

Uncyclopedia
I occasionally contribute to Uncyclopedia under the name Tepples. It took me a while to adjust to Uncyc's less bold attitude to edits.
 * Not everybody finds funny what you find funny.
 * Like E2, Uncyc keeps its stubs in user space. A single author is expected to take a page from blank to Start-class, or at least edit it once a week to avoid a stub prod.
 * Uncyclopedia humor is supposed to be accessible to all, but there are still a lot of official in-jokes, such as "Fisher Price" and "Euroipods". At least Wikipedia keeps insiderisms to the Wikipedia: namespace.

Awards
Two barnstars so far.

No mop
I have user account 1 on English Wikipedia. No, I'm not the founder, a steward, a bureaucrat, or even an administrator. I seem to remember being asked a few times on my user talk page if I would accept a nomination for adminship, but so far I've always had to turn it down because I haven't been able to come up with solid answers to the questions asked of other candidates at WP:RFA. In fact, I've never even participated in someone else's RFA, nor am I responsible for any articles' having become featured articles.

Licensing
I acknowledge practical problems with the GNU Free Documentation License and thus agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Damian Yerrick


text:
User:Paul Drye

Born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Paul is a professional writer -- computer manuals to pay the bills and science fiction for pocket money. Among other things, he writes the "Infinite Crossroads" column for Pyramid magazine, which presents alternate histories on a monthly basis. He has read entirely too many history books.

I've been working on Wikipedia articles for donkey's ages, since September 2001 to be precise. I'm particularly proud of the fact that something like a couple of dozen articles I've started have been featured on the main page, though admittedly quite a few of those were long after I put in my two cents -- some so long ago that they pre-date the last major earthquake that messed up the change logs and I've fallen off the bottom. Yeah, that old. Get off my lawn, you damned kids!

Still, you can usually find fossil paragraphs and sentences that date back to my initial whacks at the topics. You can usually tell which ones are mine: I go crazy for colons, semi-colons, brackets and em-dashes.

Among those I've started, or submitted the first really long version of:

 Behistun Inscription History of Scotland Rainhill Trials Sir Walter Scott Sir William Jones Josiah Wedgwood Mary Anning Rudyard Kipling Ibn Battuta Snowball Earth Talking Heads The Pixies Portland Vase

After a long period of only small bursts of activity, I'm getting back into the scene. New stuff includes:

 <LI>Pierre Méchain </UL>

title: User:Paul Drye


text:
User:Magnus Manske

Magnus Manske has a PhD in biochemistry, and is currently employed at the Sanger Institute in Cambridge. He is the original author of the PHP script that evolved into the MediaWiki software and was a very active participant on Nupedia, as an author of many biology articles, as a coder, and as one of the first and most active participants on the Nupedia Chalkboard.

Useful things:
 * http://tools.wmflabs.org/magnustools/
 * http://diberri.dyndns.org/wikipedia/templates/
 * Editor's index to Wikipedia
 * Template:Infobox person

My subpages:

de:Benutzer:Magnus Manske

title: User:Magnus Manske


text:
User:Joao

http://www.nonio.com

http://pt.wikipedia.com

Contributions:
 * Global warming
 * Tragedy of the commons

Hey, I forgot to welcome you to wikipedia. Welcome to wikipedia. :-) --Koyaanis Qatsi

Joao, welcome!! :-)

Joao, how did you determine the PageRank of Wikipedia, that you announced on the announcements page?
 * By the Google Toolbar I instaled on my Internet explorer. See http://toolbar.google.com/ Joao

Ah, thanks. Just curious -- how does Bomis rank, and Nupedia? If you don't mind. If you don't have time or whatever, don't worry, I'll just have to look into this tomorrow. I only have an iMac here at home. (A pink iMac, no less.) --Jimbo Wales

PageRanks of some importante pages:
 * Google -- 10/10
 * Wikipedia -- 7/10
 * Recent Changes -- 7/10
 * Nupedia -- 7/10
 * http://www.bomis.com/ -- 7/10
 * http://slashdot.org/ -- 8/10
 * http://www.yahoo.com/ -- 10/10
 * http://www.altavista.com/ -- 9/10
 * http://www.amazon.com/ -- 3/10 (who'da thunk it?)
 * thats because www.amazon.com redirects to a different adress everytime you go there. That address ha a low PageRank, but the address http://www.amazon.com/ may have a high one.

- Please don't refer to it as the Gutenberg Encyclopedia: this is contrary to their own guidelines for us. It's OK if we use it without mentioning it by name. Yes, this sounds strange, but it's the conclusion we came to.

Does anyone know where we arrived at this conclusion? --LMS

 * I'm going to change that. Thanks.

hi! who are you ppl?

old encyclopedia 1911

-

Joao, can you please take a look at entry for Brasilia? Thanks.

title: User:Joao


text:
User:TwoOneTwo

I have been a contributor to Wikipedia for sometime... from about 10,000 articles and through every(?) software update*. My "internal ID" is 8 (and if you were around at the time you'll know exactly what that is worth**). I am mostly an anonymous editor, as of 2005 onwards.

Below is a list of, hmm... perhaps 20% of the articles I started or wrote most. Given the vagaries of time, a lot of them probably no longer contain anything of mine.

* This refers to a time when each software update introduced major changes in appearance and editing. Ahh, CamelCase, how we miss you.

** This was a software update. One which wiped out every existing user account (imagine that now!). At the time the update occurred I was logged in, and was kicked off. After some WTF chat I was the eighth person to recreate their account. I am not the eighth person ever on Wikipedia and, despite what the page history shows, I did not create the Main Page.

wikitruth.info. A waste of time, but bless 'em for trying.

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

Politics
Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin, Katsura Taro, George Villiers, Ne Win, John Pym, Jean Pierre Boyer, Alexandre Pétion, Harold Macmillan, William Pitt the Younger, Charles James Fox, Henrietta Maria, George IV of the United Kingdom, William IV of the United Kingdom, Kerensky, Mohammad Najibullah, Babrak Karmal, Hafizullah Amin, Saddam Hussein, Fidel Castro, Pope Innocent III, Pope Formosus, Pope Theodore II, Pope Paul V, Pope Pius IX, Pope Theodore I, Pope Pius VII, Pope Sixtus IV, Pope Benedict IX, Engelbert Dollfuss, Malcolm X, Bashir Gemayel, Gerry Adams, François Mitterrand, Enoch Powell, Erich Honecker, Walter F. Mondale, Juan Domingo Peron, Marien Ngouabi, Pascal Lissouba, Patrice Lumumba, Denis Sassou-Nguesso, Laurent-Desire Kabila, Robert Mugabe, Alexander Dubcek, Willy Brandt, Koizumi Junichiro, Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov, Ito Hirobumi, Fulgencio Batista, Simon Bolivar, Zeljko Raznatovic, Solon, Messalina, Sam Houston, Stephen Fuller Austin, Joseph Mobutu, Norman Tebbit, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Aneurin Bevan, Oswald Mosley, Manuel Noriega, Omar Torrijos, Billy Wright (terrorist), Dean Rusk, Tam Dalyell, Herbert Henry Asquith, Robert Guei, Jean-Bedel Bokassa, Kenneth Clarke, Huey Long, Jean-Francois Darlan, Canaan Banana, Michael Portillo

Military
Edward Hawke, William Sholto Douglas, Joseph Kittinger, Caius Suetonius Paulinus, Kornilov, David Beatty, John Jellicoe, Leopold Samuel Marks, Andrei Sakharov, Edward Teller, Gary Powers, Isoroku Yamamoto, Claude Auchinleck, Harold Alexander, Georgi Konstantinovich Zhukov, Omar Bradley, Douglas MacArthur, Leslie Groves, Curtis LeMay, George Wade, Maxime Weygand, Jean-Andoche Junot, Andre Massena, Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak, Hilmi Özkök, Frederick Stanley Maude, Edmund Allenby, John Gort, Charles George Gordon

JAFN
Roland Freisler, Karl Brandt, Alfred Meyer, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Robert Ley, Hans Frank, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Konstantin von Neurath, Fritz Todt, Alfred Rosenberg, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Keitel

Entertainment
Darryl F. Zanuck, Joe Orton, Blake Edwards, Don Siegel, John Huston, Otto Preminger, Sergio Leone, Theo Angelopoulos, John Peel the DJ, James Whale, Kon Ichikawa, Chris Marker, George Cukor, Frank Capra, Lindsay Anderson, John and Roy Boulting, John Frankenheimer, Rex Ingram, Clarence Brown, Franklin Schaffner, Robert Siodmak, Vincent Ward, Auguste and Louis Lumiere, Robbie Coltrane, Lee Marvin, Eli Wallach, Arnold Schwarzenegger, P.J. O'Rourke, Ronald William Kirby, Kenneth Williams, Tony Hancock, Norman Rockwell, Howard K. Smith, Bloomsbury group, Virginia Woolf, Pedro Almodovar, Henri Matisse, Jean-Luc Godard, Peter O'Toole, Paul Verhoeven, Evel Knievel, Frankie Howerd, Marilyn Chambers, Douglas Sirk, Vincent Price, Grandmaster Flash, Edward G. Robinson, Gene Autry, Bret Easton Ellis, Steven Bochco, Joe Meek, Horst Buchholz, Eiji Tsuburaya, John Dryden

Science
Alfred Adler, Warren Sturgis McCulloch, William Harvey, Seymour Cray, Jokichi Takamine, Vannevar Bush, Frank Whittle, George Gamow, Christiaan Barnard, Anthony Stafford Beer, Giordano Bruno, Gerhard Armauer Hansen

History
History of British newspapers, History of House Music, History of medicine, Reform Act of 1832, Rotten borough, Concordat of Worms, First Vatican Council, First Council of the Lateran, Third Council of the Lateran, Fourth Council of the Lateran, Diet of Nuremberg, Ultramontanism, Bank of England, Montoneros, Central Committee of the Communist Party, Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee, Supreme Soviet, Oneida Community, Industrial Workers of the World, Kingsbury Commitment, White Australia policy, Aryan Nations, Trial of the Twenty One, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, Papal States, Royal Ulster Constabulary, Greater London Council, tael, Roe v. Wade, Parliament Act, 1979 UK general election, 1987 UK general election, 1992 UK general election, 1983 UK general election, South Sea Bubble, Waldensians, London Corresponding Society, Society for Psychical Research, Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, McNaghten rules

Conflict
Operation Chastise, Operation Chariot, Dieppe Raid, Antiballistic Missile Treaty, Cuban missile crisis, Relief of Mafeking, Trinity site, World War II/Battle of Britain, World War II/Dresden, Russian Revolution, Roman legion, Battle of Jutland, Yom Kippur War, Iron Curtain, Government Communications Headquarters, Smiling Buddha, Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti, Aircraft hijacking, Strategic Defense Initiative, Falklands War, Birmingham Small Arms Company, First Battle of El Alamein, Second Battle of El Alamein, Monte Cassino, United States National Guard, Long Kesh, Berlin Wall, Use of poison gas in World War I, Battle of Culloden, Paris Commune, Treaty of Shimonoseki, Maginot Line, Ulster Volunteer Force, Knights Hospitaller, Albigensian Crusade, Treaty of Amiens, Walcheren Expedition, Peninsular War, Jameson Raid, Operation Goodwood, Sword Beach, Battle of Cambrai, Battle of Omdurman, Battle of Dunkirk, Swiss Guard, Achille Lauro, Russian Revolution of 1905, Bastille, Revolt in the Vendée

Medicine/Biology
Organ transplant, Hypnosis, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Corticosteroid, Illusion, Optical illusion, Marburg virus, Psychopharmacology, Suicide, Tuberculosis, pandemic, psychosurgery, Dimethyltryptamine, DXM, GHB, Scopolamine, Sodium thiopental, thujone, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Bubonic plague, Rift Valley fever, Von Hippel-Lindau Disease, Cirrhosis, Coxsackie A, Dengue fever, Epinephrine, Valproic Acid, Succinylcholine chloride, Cephalopod, Mosquito, Pheasant, Black rat, Teratogenesis, Mescaline, Larynx, Thalidomide, Mantoux test, superbug, Brown rat, Q fever, Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Methionine, Amanita phalloides, Amanita muscaria, lethal injection, Blood letting, Cushing's syndrome, Nautilus, Hormone Replacement Therapy, atropine, calcium oxide, Chlorpromazine, Sertraline, Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, Tetanospasmin, Electric shock, Mifepristone, Hammerhead Shark, Grapefruit, Bookworm

Sport
UEFA, Luton Town F.C., Italian Football League - league history, A.S. Roma, Chievo Verona, Hellas Verona A.C., Internazionale, S.S. Lazio, Juventus, A.C. Milan, A.C. Fiorentina, A.C. Torino, Parma A.C., Bologna F.C. 1909, Udinese Calcio Atalanta B.C., Celtic F.C., Rangers F.C., Walter Winterbottom, West Ham United F.C., Liverpool F.C., Juan Manuel Fangio, Marco van Basten, Curtly Ambrose, Georges Carpentier, Jack Johnson, Roberto Duran, Chris Waddle, Franz Beckenbauer, Mick McCarthy, Martina Navratilova, Jack Brabham, Donald Campbell, John Sholto Douglas

Technology
ALICE, Centrifugal governor, Jet engine, Lift (force), Propeller, Aeronautics, Film history (general intro), Scaffolding, Tupolev Tu-144, Convair 880, ASCII Drawing Interchange file format, AutoCAD, Telstar, Cray-1, JANET, HOTOL, Hoover Dam, Bathyscaphe Trieste, Ford GT40, TAT-1 (a chuck of which has been moved to Transatlantic telephone cable), Tesla coil, Davy lamp, Lead, Red Book, System/360, OS/360, Mustard gas, Computed axial tomography, Deep Blue, Wood router, GLONASS, Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung, pig iron, Peltier cooler, Match, Digital audio tape, arc lamp, Thames Barrier, IMAX, Acorn Atom, Aswan Dam, Cinemascope, OLAP, Osiraq, Tevatron, Geophysical survey, Cementation process, Flight data recorder

Militaria
Gatling gun, Avro Lancaster, Mil Mi-24, Elefant, Mitsubishi Zero, Enigma and Ultra, Typex, Thermobaric weapon, Nuclear artillery, Polaris ballistic missile, Resolution Class Ballistic Missile Submarines, Redoutable class submarine, HMS Resolution, Blue Streak missile, Blue Steel missile, Little Boy, NORAD, Avro Vulcan, Explosive material, Semtex, Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine, Lead azide, C-4, Hawker Siddeley Harrier, V1 rocket, Atomic_bomb and Hydrogen bomb (vanished into Nuclear weapon), Gloster Meteor, ARA General Belgrano, USS Missouri (BB-63), HMS Hampshire, HMS Endurance, HMS Glorious, Type 23 frigate, Invincible class aircraft carrier, Congreve rocket, Tabun, Soman, SEPECAT, E-6 Mercury, Corona (satellite), Rubber bullet, Plastic bullet, Wheellock, SS-N-19, Heckler und Koch G36, .50 Action Express, RPG-7, Brown Bess, human torpedo, ZSU-23-4

Commercial
The Guardian, Airbus, RAND Corporation, Imperial Chemical Industries, Imperial Airways, United Airlines, British Petroleum, Air France, Cathay Pacific, Novell, Long-Term Capital Management, Cahiers du cinema, Voluntary Services Overseas, The Times, NVIDIA Corporation, NCR Corporation, NTL, Bank of Credit and Commerce International, Thameslink, The Independent newspaper, McDonnell Douglas, Jamaican Free Zones

Geography/Places
Fog, Mountain, Liverpool, Torino Scale, Mercalli Intensity Scale, Volcanic Explosivity Index, added to Richter Magnitude Scale, Wookey Hole, Mohs scale of mineral hardness, Mumbai, Megacity, Riyadh, Reading, England, Honshu, London Millennium Footbridge, South China Sea, Sea of Azov, Languedoc, York Minster, Yalu River, Memphis, Egypt, Oxfordshire, Basutoland, St Paul's Cathedral, Three Mile Island, Uffington White Horse, Salvador, Brazil, Carnegie Hall, Lake Geneva, Lake Tanganyika, Challenger Deep, Mount Everest

Not Yet
George Metesky, Comparative military ranks, Frank Lloyd Wright, Mario Botta, Norman Foster, Rem Koolhaas, Renzo Piano, Minoru Yamasaki, Law of Infernal Dynamics, small part of New World Order, Film directors, John Dee, Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits, Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny, The War Game, Threads, Nuremberg Code, James Norris Memorial Trophy, Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, John Von Neumann Theory Prize, mystery play, Ununnilium, Unununium, Death duty, UNIKOM, Schneider Trophy, Red dwarf, Enzo Ferrari, Airline Deregulation Act, Alger Hiss, Eliot Ness, Ilich Ramirez Sanchez, Get Carter, William Knox D'Arcy, Batu Khan, United Kingdom prison population, The Parallax View, Tony O'Reilly, Warren Buffett, Lord Darcy, Nostromo (spaceship), The Last of the Mohicans, Zigzag method, Single Integrated Operational Plan

K's
K56flex -- Ka-bar -- Kabaddi -- Kabbalah -- Kaber -- Kabir Bedi -- Kabuki -- Kadiogo -- Kagoshima -- Kaifu Toshiki -- Kaiser Wilhelm Geschutz -- Kainite -- KAIST -- Kaj Harald Leininger Munk -- Kajang -- Kalahari Desert -- Kaleidoscope -- Kali -- Kalmia latifolia -- Kalohi Channel -- Kalsilite -- Kamacite -- Kamagraphy -- Kamchatka -- Kanaris -- Kanchenjunga -- Kandahar -- Kanem-Bornu Empire -- Kangaroo -- Kansas-Nebraska Act -- Kansas City -- Kaohsiung -- Kaolinite -- Kapok -- Kaposi's Sarcoma -- Kara Sea -- Kara-Kum -- Kara-Su -- Karachi -- Kareem Abdul-Jabbar -- Karel Hynek Macha -- Kariba Dam -- Karl Benz -- Karl Bernhardovich Radek -- Karl Ernst von Baer -- Karl Ferdinand Braun -- Karl Gustav Ahlefeldt -- Karst -- Kaspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig -- Katanga -- Katers pendulum -- Katharometer -- Katherine Hepburn -- Katina Paxinou -- Kawasaki Ki-56 -- Kazimir Malevich -- KCMG -- Kellogg-Briand Pact -- Kemo-Gribingui -- Kemp Town -- Kendo -- Kenilworth Castle -- Kennelly-Heaviside Layer -- Kerberos -- Keflavik -- Kerguelen Islands -- Kekule von Stradonitz -- Kermit -- Jerome David Kern -- Kern County -- Kernite -- Kerosene -- Kenneth Kaunda -- Kenny Dalglish -- Kesgrave -- Kestrel -- Ketamine -- KGB -- KHAD -- Khios -- Khyber Pass -- Khmer Rouge -- Kickapoo -- Kidney -- Kidney Stone -- Kiel Canal -- Killer whale -- Kilt -- Kim Il Sung -- Kim Philby -- Kingfisher -- Kings Royal Rifle Corps -- Kingsley Amis -- Kipchoge Keino -- Kirlian photography -- Kissing Bug -- Kitasato Shibasaburo -- Kitt Peak National Observatory -- Kittiwake Gull -- Kitty Hawk -- Kiwi Fruit -- Kiyoshi Atsumi -- Klaus Barbie -- Klaus Fuchs -- Klaus Maria Brandauer -- Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov -- Klinefelters Syndrome -- Knights of Labor -- Knout -- Know-Nothing movement -- Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen -- Knute Kenneth Rockne -- Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser Theorem -- Komodo dragon -- Konoe Fumimaro -- Konrad Emil Bloch -- Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky -- Konstantin Stanislavski -- Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko -- Kowtow -- Krugerrand -- Krupp -- Krzysztof Penderecki -- Kublai Khan -- Kumquat -- Kundalini -- Kunzite -- Kurt Georg Kiesinger -- Kurt Waldheim -- Kuomintang -- Kvass -- Kwame Nkrumah -- KwaZulu-Natal -- Kyanite -- Kyushu and a few others.

Naval Space Surveillance System from Kickapoo -> Lake Kickapoo -> NAVSPASUR. Adrenal gland from kidney. John Ambrose Fleming from Kenotron. Catharine of Aragon from Katherine of Aragon. Christopher Houston from Kit Carson. Chagas disease from Kissing Bug. Great Rift Valley from Kenya. USS Kitty Hawk and Curtiss P-40 from Kitty Hawk. Laparoscopic surgery from Keyhole Surgery.

Sandbox
User:TwoOneTwo/Sandbox

To Finish

 * Organization of the Communist Party of the USSR
 * Russian Civil War and links
 * Russian Revolution and links
 * Modern Naval tactics
 * Film directors - all that I've added

title: User:TwoOneTwo


text:
User:RjLesch

Database developer and project manager, Des Moines, Iowa, United States of America.

Baseball fan, member of the Society for American Baseball Research (http://www.sabr.org) since 1998. Avidly interested in all the baseball pages (with partner-in-crime Gareth Owen and others). I also resumed fencing recently.

 * Wikimail is always welcome!

Some tools to help focus:
 * The perfect article
 * Perfect stub article

My To-Do list:

 * National Football League add notes on history of franchises (see also WikiProject Sports Team Listing)
 * Major League Baseball: add notes on history of franchises (see also WikiProject Sports Team Listing)
 * Baseball/World Series: Add some highlights.  Ditto for Baseball/American League Championship Series, Baseball/National League Championship Series.
 * Space exploration - add some material on unmanned space missions, particularly the Ranger program, Surveyor program and Orbiter program (preparatory to lunar landing)
 * Apollo program - keep fleshing out the missions, the astronauts, the engineers, etc.
 * Des Moines - add brief history of city
 * Fighter aircraft - add to list of WWI-era craft
 * "area rule" (under Aeronautics). Also Skunk Works, which would make a fascinating article.
 * a biography for Richard Whitcomb, aeronautical engineer extraordinaire
 * Fictional guidebook - develop this article further

title: User:RjLesch


text:
User:Matthew Woodcraft

20030122 Wow faster than me to add GNAT to GCC :) -- Laurent

Hi Matthew, welcome to Wikipedia. Thanks for your work on OE poetry, I was meaning to get back to it at some point! sjc

Thanks for catching the bug on Monty Hall problem. --AxelBoldt

/Sandbox

title: User:Matthew Woodcraft


text:
User:Trelvis

I am a plasma physicist at Columbia University in New York City

topics of interest include:
 * plasma physics
 * nuclear fission
 * nuclear reactor
 * nuclear fusion
 * cold fusion
 * bubble fusion
 * tokamak

 * nuclear weapons
 * nuclear weapon design
 * history of nuclear weapons
 * nuclear explosion
 * nuclear proliferation
 * Manhattan Project

 * baseball (New York Yankees fan)

Most of my contributions have been to include content from a public domain source and then organize and edit into a format more appropriate for wikipedia.

Links to a few sites I work on

 * Personal Home Page
 * Plasma Primer
 * Columbia University's HBT-EP Tokamak
 * hand drawn personalized stationery (stationary) A store for decorative stationery and calligraphy.

title: User:Trelvis


text:
User:MichaelTinkler

Some notes toward a style-sheet:

Book:
 * Title. Author name. Publisher, Year.

Article:
 * "Title." Author name. Periodical Name, Issue information (dates are best), page range (NOT a single number for start of article).

Style guide for non-typists:

Always hit the space key after you type a period ( . ), semi-colon, or comma.

Never hit the space key before you type a period, semi-colon, or comma - that is, unless your period is a three-period figure called 'ellipsis'. In that case, space before and after.

From old userpage:

 * 1) stick very narrowly to writing about what I care about:
 * 2) the ancient world
 * 3) the first half of the middle ages
 * 4) edit bad work without explanation unless it is requested
 * 5) forget about trying to teach people how to write history entries - which is hard for me to resist
 * 6) write a few 'tools' entries, which will be 'teaching', but which I think we need.

1/24/02
 * I thought I could resist reading and editing user:H.J.'s messy entries, but when she went into the Pope Pius II entry and linkified his birth-name, then went and created an entry there mentioning that he was secretary in Vienna to someone, archbishop of Warmia, and then later pope (without even the courtesy of linking back to an entry she KNEW existed), I - ahem - vented. Pardon me, gentle wikipedians.

ToDo

title: User:MichaelTinkler


text: User:Pingos~enwiki

title: User:Pingos~enwiki


text:
User:Peter Winnberg

I'm a Wikipedian from Sweden.

title: User:Peter Winnberg


text:
User:SteveSmith

Writer, editor, and web developer, born 30 December 1950 in Mobile, Alabama.

Articles I have initiated:

 * Dauphin Island
 * Fire ant
 * Giuseppe Garibaldi
 * Gulf of Mexico
 * Jubilee
 * Little Ice Age
 * Maunder Minimum
 * Medieval Warm Period
 * Mobile Bay
 * Mobilian language
 * Mobile magazine explosion

Articles I have worked on (including minor editing):

 * 1865
 * 1900
 * Artificial language
 * Geoffrey Chaucer
 * gulf
 * Memetics
 * Mobile, Alabama
 * Tom Lehrer
 * Taxol

Welcome to the 'pedia Steve! I like the contributions you made to the above entries. Keep up the good work! --User:maveric149

Hey, Steve - even reading about fire ants makes me shivver! Welcome to wikipedia. --MichaelTinkler, displaced Tennessean

Thanks, maveric149! Thanks, MichaelTinkler! I am very glad I stumbled across the Wikipedia. I can see that it will be eating up great chunks of my time in the coming weeks and months. -- Steve

Welcome to wikipedia! --Koyaanis Qatsi

title: User:SteveSmith


text:
User:Goran~enwiki

Hi, I am 33 years old, living in Canada, coming from former Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina), and will try to make contribution in several areas of Wikipedia, but am mainly interested in starting and maintaining serbocroatian Wikipedia. [Serbocroatian wikipedia]

title: User:Goran~enwiki


text:
User:Luis Oliveira

Hi, I am Luís and I'm busy discovering the beautiful world of wikipedia! :)

My webpage (in Portuguese): http://student.dei.uc.pt/~lmoliv/

Talk

title: User:Luis Oliveira


text:
User:Carey Evans

I am Carey Evans, of Christchurch, New Zealand; a New Zealand Wikipedian. I have a typically irregularly maintained home page at http://carey.geek.nz/, and email sent to [mailto:carey%2Eevans%40gmail%2Ec%6Fm my Gmail address] will reach me eventually.

I discovered Wikipedia on 26 September 2001, when it was running at www.wikipedia.com on the UseModWiki software, and there were only about 12 500 articles. I tend to contribute in short bursts, mostly cleaning up pages on topics that interest me.

The pronunciation of my given name is /ˈkɛərɪ/ in IPA, that is, to rhyme with Mary.

Contributions
So far, I've made contributions beyond just copyediting to at least the following pages, most recent first:

 * List of trees of New Zealand: Rimu and others
 * Fluoride (moved from Fluorine after some discussion)
 * Tequila and Martini
 * Islands of New Zealand: Arapawa Island, D'Urville Island, Great Barrier Island
 * Food additive and list of food additives
 * CNO cycle and proton-proton chain
 * Insertion sort
 * University of Canterbury
 * New Zealand English
 * Christchurch, New Zealand
 * God Defend New Zealand, NZ's national anthem
 * Fluorine

I made a list a while ago of pages that I thought I should work on:
 * Treaty of Waitangi
 * Mount Cook
 * Articles about Bic Runga, The Feelers, Zed, Salmonella Dub, Stellar, Weta (band) (and about the Weta too, actually), Tadpole (band), Fur Patrol, and smaller bands like Seven Tongues, She's Insane, etc.
 * Most of the links on New Zealand English.
 * Christchurch, New Zealand and other New Zealand cities; see city listing and WikiProject U.S. States.
 * Canterbury, New Zealand
 * Colleges and universities: University of Canterbury, Lincoln University, New Zealand, Victoria University of Wellington, etc.
 * Islands of the world: Fill in NZ islands especially, also Line Islands, Marshall Islands. See http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/, among others.

title: User:Carey Evans