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UNCF

UNCF, the United Negro College Fund, also known as the United Fund, is an American philanthropic organization that funds scholarships for black students and general scholarship funds for 37 private historically black colleges and universities. UNCF was incorporated on April 25, 1944, by Frederick D. Patterson (then president of what is now Tuskegee University), Mary McLeod Bethune, and others. UNCF is headquartered at 1805 7th Street, NW in Washington, D.C. In 2005, UNCF supported approximately 65,000 students at over 900 colleges and universities with approximately $113 million in grants and scholarships. About 60% of these students are the first in their families to attend college, and 62% have annual family incomes of less than $25,000. UNCF also administers over 450 named scholarships.

UNCF's president and chief executive officer is Michael Lomax. Past presidents of the UNCF included William H. Gray and Vernon Jordan.

Scholarships
Though founded to address funding inequities in education resources for African Americans, UNCF-administered scholarships are open to all ethnicities; the great majority of recipients are still African-American. It provides scholarships to students attending its member colleges as well as to those going elsewhere.

Graduates of UNCF member institutions and scholarships have included many Black people in the fields of business, politics, health care and the arts. Some prominent UNCF alumni include: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a Nobel Peace Prize laureate and leader in the civil rights movement; Alexis Herman, former U.S. Secretary of Labor; movie director Spike Lee; actor Samuel L. Jackson; General Chappie James, the U.S. Air Force’s first black four-star general; and Dr. David Satcher, a former U.S. Surgeon General and director of the Centers for Disease Control.

History
In 1944 William J. Trent, a long-time activist for education for black people, joined with Tuskegee Institute President Frederick D. Patterson and Mary McLeod Bethune to found the UNCF, a nonprofit that united college presidents to raise money collectively through an "appeal to the national conscience". As the first executive director from the organization's start in 1944 until 1964, Trent raised $78 million for historically Black colleges so they could become "strong citadels of learning, carriers of the American dream, seedbeds of social evolution and revolution". In 2008, reflecting shifting attitudes toward the word Negro in its name, the UNCF shifted from using its full name to using only its initials, releasing a new logo with the initials alone and featuring their slogan more prominently.

Fundraising and the Lou Rawls Parade of Stars
The UNCF has received charitable donations for its scholarship programs. One of the more high-profile donations made was by then-senator and future U.S. President John F. Kennedy who donated the money from the Pulitzer Prize for his book Profiles in Courage to the Fund. Another significant donation was made in 1990 by Walter Annenberg, who donated $50 million to the fund.

Beginning in 1980, singer Lou Rawls began the "Lou Rawls Parade of Stars" telethon to benefit the UNCF. The annual event, now known as "An Evening of Stars", consists of stories of successful African-American students who have graduated or benefited from one of the many historically black colleges and universities and who received support from the UNCF. The telethon featured comedy and musical performances from various artists in support of the UNCF's and Rawls' efforts. The event has raised over $200 million in 27 shows for the fund through 2006.

In January 2004, Rawls was honored by the United Negro College Fund for his more than 25 years of charity work with the organization. Instead of Rawls' hosting and performing, he was given the seat of honor and celebrated by his performing colleagues, including Stevie Wonder, The O'Jays, Gerald Levert, Ashanti, and several others. Before his death in January 2006, Rawls' last performance was a taping for the 2006 telethon that honored Wonder, months before entering the hospital after being diagnosed with cancer earlier in the year.

In addition to the telethon, there are a number of other fundraising activities, including the "Walk for Education" held annually in Los Angeles, California, which includes a five kilometer walk/run. In Houston, Texas, the Cypresswood Golf Club hosts an annual golf tournament in April.

In 2014, Koch Industries Inc. and the Charles Koch Foundation made a $25 million grant to UNCF. In protest of the Kochs, the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees, a major labor union, ended its yearly $50,000–60,000 support for UNCF.

In June 2020, Netflix founder Reed Hastings donated $120 million to the UNCF to be used as scholarship funds for students enrolled at UNCF institutions. His donation was the largest in UNCF history.

The UNCF motto
In 1972, the UNCF adopted as its motto the maxim "A mind is a terrible thing to waste." This maxim has become one of the most widely recognized slogans in advertising history. The motto was notably mangled in a 1989 address to the organization by then–Vice President of the United States Dan Quayle, who stated: "And you take the U.N.C.F. model that what a waste it is to lose one's mind or not to have a mind is being very wasteful. How true that is." The motto, which has been used in numerous award-winning UNCF ad campaigns, was created by Forest Long, of the advertising agency Young & Rubicam, in partnership with the Ad Council.

A lesser-known slogan the UNCF also uses, in reference to its intended beneficiaries, points out that they're "not asking for a handout, just a hand."

Alabama

 * Miles College, Birmingham, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/miles-college
 * Oakwood University, Huntsville, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/oakwood-university
 * Stillman College, Tuscaloosa, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/stillman-college
 * Talladega College, Talladega, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/talladega-college
 * Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/tuskegee-university

Arkansas

 * Philander Smith College, Little Rock, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/philander-smith-college

Florida

 * Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/bethune-cookman-university
 * Edward Waters College, Jacksonville, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/edward-waters-college
 * Florida Memorial University, Miami Gardens, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/florida-memorial-university

Georgia

 * Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/clark-atlanta
 * Interdenominational Theological Center, Atlanta, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/interdenominational-theological-center
 * Morehouse College, Atlanta, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/morehouse-college
 * Paine College, Augusta, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/paine-college
 * Spelman College, Atlanta, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/spelman-college

Louisiana

 * Dillard University, New Orleans, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/dillard-university
 * Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/xavier-university

Mississippi

 * Rust College, Holly Springs, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/rust-college
 * Tougaloo College, Tougaloo, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/tougaloo-college

North Carolina

 * Bennett College, Greensboro, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/bennett-college
 * Johnson C. Smith University, Charlotte, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/johnson-c-smith-university
 * Livingstone College, Salisbury, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/livingstone-college
 * Saint Augustine's University, Raleigh, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/saint-augustines-university
 * Shaw University, Raleigh, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/shaw-university

Ohio

 * Wilberforce University, Wilberforce, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/wilberforce-university

South Carolina

 * Allen University, Columbia, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/allen-university
 * Benedict College, Columbia, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/benedict-college
 * Claflin University, Orangeburg, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/claflin-university
 * Morris College, Sumter, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/morris-college
 * Voorhees College, Denmark, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/voorhees-college

Tennessee

 * Fisk University, Nashville, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/fisk-university
 * Lane College, Jackson, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/lane-college
 * LeMoyne-Owen College, Memphis, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/lemoyne-owen-college

Texas

 * Huston–Tillotson University, Austin, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/huston-tillotson
 * Jarvis Christian College, Hawkins, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/jarvis-christian-college
 * Texas College, Tyler, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/texas-college
 * Wiley College, Marshall, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/wiley-college

Virginia

 * Virginia Union University, Richmond, https://uncf.org/member-colleges/virginia-union-university

title: UNCF


text:
Talk:Coelacanth

Naming
When I first heard of this fish it was referenced to as Sealicanth. I typed that in to learn more about it but obviously coelacanth came up. I soon realized they were the same thing but the name Sealicanth is never mentioned at all. Should it be added? 75.132.243.204 23:51, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm a greek and its Κοιλάκανθος (Coelacanthos), meaning hollow spine or belly spine, not Sealacanthos (Greeklish for sea spine). Alternatively for "Sealacanth" more appropriate would be "Thallassacanthus/Thallattacanthus" or "Pelagacanthus" for Greek or "Marinacanthus" for a mixed latin-greek classical compound.--92.118.191.48 (talk) 14:52, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * 'Sealicanth' is an approximate phonetic spelling of Coelacanth, in which the 'oe' is 'œ'. i.e. 'cœl' sounds like 'seel' rather than 'co-ell' (at least in english). 150.203.123.59 (talk) 04:12, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Sealocanth is incorrect spelling. It's coelacanth(us) (cause it comes from Latin Cœlacanthus which came from Greek Κοιλάκανθος. Notice the "k"?). And coelacanth should really be read as "koelacanth" not "seelocanth". "Coe" is naturally pronounced "co", right? So why isn't "coel" pronounced as "koel" or col"? It makes no sense, and to add to this, "coel" being pronounced "koal" follows English phonetic pronunciations perfectly fine. They should have respelled it as "cohlacanthus" or "koilacanthos" to prevent different pronounciation.

 * So, I suggest anyone who notices this irregularity to follow the natural pronunciation, which is "(k)oelacanth". - M0rphzone (talk) 21:49, 24 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The correct pronunciation of Julius Ceaser is YOO-lee-oos KAI-ser. But nobody says it that way in English. Similarly, dinosaurs like coelurosaurs (usually pronounced see-lure-o-saurs rather than koi-lure-oos-aurs). Pronunciations evolve and language is about communication, not what's most correct in terms of etymology. MMartyniuk (talk) 15:02, 25 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Yup, which is why English spelling is kinda hard and also obsolete cause of all the sound changes. - M0rphzone (talk) 21:22, 26 January 2012 (UTC)

(Sp.: Menado or Manado?)
A Google search turns up a lot more "Manado Tua" (1210) than "Menado Tua" (58).
 * I'm Indonesian, and it's 'Manado'

request
I'd like to see more information on the phisical and evolutionary features of the coelacanth. --65.41.115.80 14:41, 26 May 2004 (UTC)

 * http: slash slash www.for-children.com slash evolution06.html For Children —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.82.63.2 (talk) 21:00, 9 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Caution: it appears that creationists don't want their children to know about lungfish and mudskippers. Shhhh...... dave souza, talk 22:04, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

203.82.63.2 belongs to a man in Pakistan —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.244.62.75 (talk) 23:10, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

questions
"They are believed to be the ancestors of many modern day amphibians due to the lobed fins and location of the fish." - Is this really true? And are these fish really pregnant? Burschik 15:56, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

No, this isn't true. They're RELATIVES of the ancestors of all tetrapods and of the concestor with lobefinned fish. The distinction should be obvious to any student of evolution and/or genetics. I recommend The Ancestor's Tale by Richard Dawkins which deals with the subject. ThomasWinwood 19:02, Apr 8, 2005 (UTC)

Marjorie knew
From the accounts I've read and interviews with her on TV, Marjorie knew _exactly_ what she had seen in the fish market and didn't need Smith to identify the fish in any way. However, being a female scientist at the time, it required the "confirmation" of a respected male biologist before the rest of the community sat up and noticed.

 * Her lack of academic credentials was more significant than her gender.p (talk)

Conservation status
An anonymous user has changed the conservation status to "Critical". The article doesn't seem to suggest that this is true, and no source is given. I've reverted it for now, but can anyone confirm either way? Agentsoo 10:57, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Cites lists it as endangered, I'm not entirely sure whether it should be "critical" by Wiki terms, so just put endangered. See http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/CITES/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?displaylanguage=eng&Genus=Latimeria&Species=chalumnae&source=animals&Country=&tabname=all~main Vicki Rosenzweig 21:39, 24 August 2005 (UTC)

photo?
Where did the photo come from? I was under the impression these things could not be kept in captivity alive for long and that there weren't any at aquariums; who took this photo? --csloat 09:28, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * There are a couple pickled ones on display in museums, photo looks like one of those (they are supposed to be blue in life, not gray). Stan 11:59, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

article in the guardian
Someone should take a squiz at this article from the guardian about new fears of the Coelacanth's extinction. The bellman 23:49, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

meaning "hollow spine" in Greek
This is erroneous, it means thorny abdomen, i have corrected this.

Weren't coelacanths named after Marjorie Courteney-Latimer? So it seems a bit pointless to have to meaning on the page.

Coelacanths were named as such long before MCL re-found it. The specimen she observed and the subsequent related species from Indonesia was named partly in her honor: Latimeria chalumnae and L. menadoensis. 2603:6010:6000:E4A0:4C1C:1966:799C:2C28 (talk) 19:42, 17 May 2022 (UTC)

Species
It is worth noting that the Sulawesi coelacanth is a different species. I have to check my source. Bibliomaniac15 21:01, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Just to add some info: the species found in Sulawesi have thrived about (if I am correct. I don't remember the details and it is 4 AM right now) 3-8 million years longer than the other species and is distinctly bigger in size.

Already known
Weren't the natives aware of this fish...and didn't they call it a gombassa? Meaning a useless or mistake or inedible fish.

Seperate Article?
Much of this article seems to deal specifically with the modern species of coelocanth (the biology, discovery, etc). I've tried to modify it to reflect that coelocanths constitute an entire order of fish, not just the one that happens to still be alive, but maybe it would be better if the info on Latimeria was branched off into an article like Modern coelocanth or something?Dinoguy2 20:49, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Our rule is typically to give precedence to modern forms and let the fossils shift for themselves, as in ginkgo for instance. But the article seems a bit awkward in shifting back and forth. Since common usage is invariably to say "coelacanth" even when only Latimeria is meant, I think we're stuck with putting the bulk of modern species info here. What I'd like to see now is a more careful split of the article into modern vs fossil, but within the same article. Then if the two parts seem sufficiently decoupled, and the article is getting long, put general/fossil info into what are now redirs, such as Coelacanthiformes. Stan 21:33, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Biological characteristics
80 kg average? So the 25 kg Indonesian example is way below average?
 * Quite right, 80 kg is very large. The largest I'm aware of was a female of 98 kg (216 lb), measuring 179 cm (5 ft 10½ in) long, caught in Mozambique 1991. This article mentiones the specimen under "reproduction". The longest measured specimen was 186 cm (6 ft 1¼ in), i believe. Anshelm '77

WHAT??? I'm confused. How come there's this thing about Indonesian species weighs only about 25 kg? It's 120! At least the latest founding of coelacanth in June 2006 at Sulawesi weighs something like that.

Taxonomy for the possible South African species
This article suggests that the fish found near South Africa are a separate species than in the Comoros, with scientific names of Latimeria sp., and L. chalumnae given respectively. However, I doubt this would be the case, if the South African population would be given full species status. Note that the first specimen was found on the coasts of South Africa, meaning that the name Latimeria chalumnae would really belong to the South African type. And this article gives a hint for a scientific name for the Comoros type, as it was initially described as Malania anjounae, so placing it in the same genus with the two other species would make it Latimeria anjounae. Anshelm '77

Poss new image
Is this any good for the article? (taken at Natural History Museum, London) - Ballista 05:28, 7 July 2006 (UTC)

The picture in the article of the one at Oxford, I feel, is the best. It does justice to the size of the creature, it's vibrant colour and you can make out a lot of detail. --AmyRoxYourSox 15:27, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I've seen the Natural History Museum specimen. Its pickled in formaldehyde and its in a pretty bad shape (no eyes, skin and scales peeling). --Eqdoktor 10:31, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

Keeping a Coelacanth in Captivity
I'm under the impression that bringing a coelacanth to the surface and keeping it alive faces the complication that the coelacanth has obviously adapted to the pressure and is unable to survive under the surface pressure. I'm sure light factors and the stress of being bought to the surface also contributes to the problem. I don't pretend to be a coelacanth expert, but surely a specialy adapted pressurised cell would solve these problems. What is preventing experts from doing this? Is it lack of funding? --AmyRoxYourSox 13:28, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Derivation
The name Coelacanth does indeed mean 'hollow spine'. The Ancient Greek derivation can mean either 'thorn' or 'spine' (and thence the 'backbone' of an animal) (Liddell & Scott's Greek-English Lexicon). I have therefore reverted, as well as doing some incidental tidy-editing. - Ballista 18:16, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Derivation update
The etymology is correct in terms of the meaning, but I've just corrected the interpretation, since according to Forey's excellent book (ref 1 in this article), when Agassiz described the first fossil coelacanth, what he noted was that the fin rays of the tail were hollow, and that is what the name alludes to. Argentine Biologist, 30 May 2011

Poisonous
I'm a young student from the U.S. and am reading the book entitled "Mysterious Monsters and Great Sea creatures". Can anyone tell me if these fish are poisonous or deadly?

 * Not. Apparently edible, since the first findings of both populations turned up in fish markets. --Wetman 02:57, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

But if the Coelacanths are endangered, why would they put them in fish markets? Wouldn't it make them more endangered?W00tPerson 15:53, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

They were being seld in fish markets in third-world African countries who obviously were misinformed about everything concerning the fish's population. 75.132.243.204 23:48, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

Or more likely just didn't realise they were endangered...not misinformed...they were thought extinct 86.152.106.181 21:51, 3 December 2007 (UTC)ClimberDave 21:52, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

 * They are edible, just a laxative oil in the spine makes it...unpleasant. Sometimes it's consumed dry, but it's not a big delicacy.  bibliomaniac 1  5  22:02, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Past tense v. Present tense
Since the Coelacanth is still alive, I'm assuming that the entire article should be in the present tense. The following sentences are in the past tense:
 * Toothlike spines called denticles covered the upper half of each scale, making it rough and scratchy. The smooth lower half of each scale was protected by the denticles of the two scales that overlapped it. These rough, layered scales provided amrmorlike protection against predators and the rough edges of rocks.

The only possible reason I could imagine for putting part of the article in the past tense is if these features of Coelacanths have changed over the millennia so that these statements would no longer be true of present-day Coelacanths. I do not believe this is the case for the features in this paragraph, so I will change them to be in the present tense like the rest of the article.

If there are in fact parts of the article which should be in the past tense, discuss it here and change them. Otherwise fix everything to be in the present tense like I am doing. -- Skyfaller 22:15, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Location or depth
In 1988, National Geographic photographer Hans Fricke was the first to photograph the species in its natural habitat, 180 m (590 ft 7 in) off Grand Comore's west coast.

Is that "180 m off the coast", or "off the coast, at a depth of 180 m?" —Michael Z. 2007-01-22 02:02 Z

 * This (scroll down to 1986/1987 in the chronology) seems to associate the target of those dives at a 180m depth. Will keep trying to dig up something more clear.  Kuru  talk  03:30, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Spine
I heard the coelacanth's spine is made of a tube filled with a liquide. Is this true and what type of liquide is it called? Did the scientists make a name for it yet?

 * Yes, it does contain a liquid in this spine. I'm not sure if scientists have given it a name, but it's what gives coelacanths their laxative properties.  bibliomaniac 1  5  22:42, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Thanks alot. I can really use it for my project W00tPerson 22:42, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

Power
How much force can a coelacanth push in pounds?W00tPerson 22:40, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Latimeria
A lot of information in the article seems to be specific to the modern coelocanth species, and doesn't necissarily apply to the dozens of extinct coelocanths. I created the article Latimeria to refer specifically to the living types. Ideally, this page should probably discuss the group as a whole, with the info on modern forms split off into Latimeria (or Modern Coelocanth). Any thoughts? Dinoguy2 05:03, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * For 99.99% of our audience, the modern species is what is of primary interest, we should be careful not to lose sight of that. I think the right split for this article is about 50-50 modern vs extinct, with Latimeria as a good home for expanded/extended technical points about the living genus. For instance, behavioral bits, conservation efforts, etc, should be summarized here and more extensive there. The initial discovery deserves 1-2 paragraphs here, but later discoveries need only a sentence, with the details under Latimeria. Stan 15:25, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * As a split, I don't think this is workable as it is now. The Latimeria page is a near carbon copy of the Coelacanth page down to the typo errors. One or the other page needs a rewrite to remove the egregious redundancies. Latimeria = just modern living Coelocanth, Coelacanth = overall view of order. People are updating Latimeria sightings/captures on the Coelacanth page. As has been pointed out, when people think of the modern fish, its Coelacanth not Latimeria. Perhaps a merge back until a serious and complete rewrite of the either of the 2 articles is done? --Eqdoktor 09:45, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Merge done. --Eqdoktor 09:40, 18 June 2007 (UTC)

"Coelacanths have modified cosmoid scales, which are thinner than true cosmoid scales, which can only be found on extinct fish." Is this reffering to Latimeria or coelacanths as a clade?

Wikipedia is so unreliable. Coelacanth is the same fish as its ancestors yet the article says it has changed and then doesn't even give any information about Latimera. They are trying to make it sound like it doesn't even remotely resemble the fish, and its all an outright lie. That needs to be changed.

Technically (and obviously) coelacanth isn't english for Coelacanthus? Since the whole group of actinistia is sometimes named after the Coelacanthus genus should not that be mentioned? I think there should be more links or even a merge with Coelacanthus as a genus since Latimeria is also merged. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.118.191.48 (talk) 15:24, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

I stand by Dinoguy 100%. The Latimeria and coelocanths-as-an-order info should be split. My personal preference would be to have the Coelocanth article be about the order with a tag at the top saying something to the effect of "Coelocanths are a mostly extinct group of fish, for the sole surviving member and popular 'living fossil' see Latimeria." Or whatever your preference is, but for Wiki's sake, this article needs to be split bad. Abyssal (talk) 11:46, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I agree, as it is, it confuses more than anything. Better have a nearly identical, but separate article on the genus and for the species than a big, undecipherable lump. Even extinct coelacanths have their own articles, why not the modern ones? FunkMonk (talk) 20:31, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Anbiguous phrase
"... scientists infer that individual coelacanths may live as long as 80 to 100 years" makes no sense.
 * Why not? Are you unsure of the meaning of "infer"?--203.129.39.91 (talk) 10:05, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

New find in Zanzibar
See. -Mardus 23:35, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Zanzibar is part of Tanzania, Tanzanian catches has been discussed in some detail in the article - news item has been integrated into the timeline.--Eqdoktor 06:30, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

new coelacanth fossil find
this story is from livescience.com:

A 400 million-year-old fossilized fin from a strange-looking, primitive fish is shedding light on how fins evolved into limbs that enabled animals to walk on land.

The fossil fin comes from a coelacanth, a type of lobe-finned fish, and provides the only skeletal fin remains to date from the extinct relatives of today's living coelacanths. Scientists spotted the four-inch-long (10 centimeter-long) specimen at Beartooth Butte in northern Wyoming and have dubbed the fish Shoshinia arctopteryx after the Shoshine people and the Shoshone National Forest. When alive, the fish would have been about 18 to 24 inches (46 to 62 centimeters) in length.

The finding, detailed in the July/August issue of the journal Evolution & Development, shows the arrangement of bones within the fossil fin match the fin patterns found in primitive, living ray-finned fishes, such as sturgeons, paddlefishes and sharks.

Surprisingly, however, the patterns don't match the lobe-finned fish's living relative. Until now, scientists had assumed the living coelacanths and their relatives, the lungfish, served as accurate models of their ancestors dating back hundreds of millions of years ago.

"Two living fossils, coelacanths and lungfishes, are in fact not primitive," said lead author Matt Friedman of the University of Chicago. "They are specialized, and they are not particularly good models for understanding the origin of limbs."

read the other half here: http://www.livescience.com/animals/070801_fin_fossil.html Metanoid (talk, email) 01:04, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Oldest living lineage: what does this mean
I'm not sure this is correct, or at least well worded enough to be clear. Coelacanths are not any older than any other species on the planet, nor are they the only living lineage of jawed fishes: all living jawed fishes are by taxonomic definition living lineages of the first jawed fishes, and all equally old (since they are all still here in the present). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.189.206.11 (talk) 03:26, 8 December 2007 (UTC)
 * D'you think it might mean something about it being a direct link? I know nothing about this, but it's all I could think it means, otherwise yeah, it needs rewording. --Scareth (talk) 22:10, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
 * This seems like the influence of the "living fossil" fallacy. Not only is it not the oldest living lineage, it's really among the most derived of all fish, as it's closer to tetrapods than anything else. Even if it weren't so misleading, sharks and rays would be the "oldest" (most basal) living lineage of jawed vertebrates. Dinoguy2 (talk) 22:49, 26 March 2008 (UTC)

Whiteia
The genus Whiteia is here listed as "still extant", while other pages indicate it is extinct (Lists of Sarcopterygii and Prehistoric bony fish). As far as I can tell, Latimeria is the only extant genus. Rolf Schmidt (talk) 02:26, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Crudely I resolved this contradiction by simply removing (still extant) and (extinct) on Whiteia and Family Whiteiidae. So (extinct) should be reinserted, by one who know something more than me. Said: Rursus (☻) 10:09, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Extinct according to "Professor Paul's Guide to Fish". Inserted. Said: Rursus (☻) 10:30, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Someone here is discussing Wikipedia as being a primary source, and so believing Whiteia still being alive! However clever we editors are, one cannot use Wikipedia as a primary source. Anyone can edit Wikipedia, and while most errors are short lived, some may survive for a long time. Those who want reliable source shall consult our list of references and external links, if they refer to academical sites. Encyclopedias should not be used as sources, even if it is Wikipedia. Said: Rursus (☻) 10:40, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Suggestion on article split
Got a suggestion. Since we can safely assume that when people search for "coelacanth", they actually mean the living members of the clade, maybe we can have Coelacanth as an article specifically pertaining to the members of the genus Latimeria. Then we can have a separate article, Coelacanthiformes, Actinistia or Coelacanthimorpha for the actual taxon containing all known "coelacanth-types" extant and otherwise. Might be worth cleaning the article up over. I'll see what I can do over the next few days. Shrumster (talk) 12:46, 15 December 2008 (UTC)
 * I'm not too picky about how we split this, but we definitely need to do something. Abyssal (talk) 21:14, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Sounds like a reasonable split. Just make sure that the other topics are well linked, I'm sure they would be anyway. Sillyfolkboy (talk) 23:26, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. Both extant species need their own articles, separated entirely from this order article. In fact, each non monotypic taxon should technically have its own article. Bob the Wikipedian (talk • contribs) 00:16, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

This is getting ridiculous, every minor extinct coelacanth genus now has it's own stub article, but Latimeria can't have one? FunkMonk (talk) 00:46, 31 July 2009 (UTC)

It is finished.Bob the Wikipedian (talk • contribs) 21:04, 12 August 2009 (UTC)

Actinistia
Actinistia redirects here, but the definition is somewhere very far down on the page and doesn't even contain an etymology. Shinobu (talk) 06:34, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

Popular culture
I read this section, and it doesn't tell me anything about coelacanths. It contains no useful information. I'm deleting it, and we'll see if anyone objects. Cadwaladr (talk) 18:44, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

The Flintstones Film, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flintstones_(film), shows a coelacanth in a fish tank... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Wikimvn1 (talk • contribs) 13:18, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Sounds trivial to me. Bob the WikipediaN (talk • contribs) 17:52, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Whether or not something is trivial is objective: is their an external source discussing the coelocanth in Flintstones and the ways it impacted the culture? Or is it somebody watching a movie and saying "hey isn't that a coelocanth?" The latter is original research, not to mention too trivial for inclusion in an encyclopedia. MMartyniuk (talk) 18:06, 17 October 2011 (UTC)

Readd the Pop Culture section?
There's more than the flintstones. A manga, Animal Crossing, deadmau5... etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.250.188.80 (talk) 12:24, 27 July 2014 (UTC)

This humble evolutionary throwback plays a pivotal role in the 1950s film Monster on the Campus. --The_Iconoclast (talk) 20:22, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

Notochord
Could some kind knowledgeable individual please add to the "Description" section some information on the notochord. Construction, composition and function. Is the Coelacanth notochord unique in sea fishes? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.148.37.143 (talk) 22:58, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Have you any reason to believe it's unique? Bob the WikipediaN (talk • contribs) 01:48, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

No reason other than related lungfish species which possess a notochord are perhaps all freshwater fish? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.241.218.16 (talk) 15:08, 19 April 2011 (UTC)
 * This isn't a lungfish-- it's an actinistian. Bob the WikipediaN (talk • contribs) 20:12, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

Actually I did not call the coelacanth a lungfish, I used the word "related" just as it does in the article. I found what I needed in "Old Fourlegs" by J L B Smith and also "The Biology of Latimeria Chalumnae and the Evolution of Coelacanths" by John A Musick and Michael N Bruton. However I still think the Notochord should feature under the Description section. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.96.220 (talk) 23:04, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Article cleanup
Just to notify any who are interested. I gave the article a big cleanup in line with Wiki guidelines, correcting the many formatting errors and issues that the article had. Mabuska (talk) 22:39, 3 May 2011 (UTC)

Timeline of genera, scale
Can someone who knows how please alter the staring point of the timeline to a 25 year boundary, I would do it but not sure exactly why the strange starting point was selected. All the dates are funny, it would make sense if they were on round numbers so people could compare them with other numbers they remember or even gain insight onto the regularity of the scale, now it just looks like a weird index and the origin (present day) is not even labelled. Idyllic press (talk) 19:07, 7 September 2011 (UTC)
 * The timeline starts at the beginning of the Paleozoic. Are you saying we should arbitrarily exclude a chunk of geologic time to produce a round number? Abyssal (talk) 18:36, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, any reason Latimeria isn't on the timeline? MMartyniuk (talk) 19:12, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I didn't want to add it without being sure if any fossils were known. I didn't think there were, but I didn't want to OR. Abyssal (talk) 02:35, 18 October 2011 (UTC)
 * If no fossils are known that far back, you can cite a source and add the earliest parameter. Bob the WikipediaN (talk • contribs) 17:48, 19 October 2011 (UTC)
 * No fossil Latimeria are known, but it says "time line of genera" not "timeline of genera known from fossils" :) MMartyniuk (talk) 19:04, 19 October 2011 (UTC)
 * True, but if fossils were known me just adding it to the late Holocene would show a misleadingly short duration. I'll add it now, though. Abyssal (talk) 15:42, 20 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I think this is just something we have to deal with. These charts can't be very precise. The bar for a critter known from only a single fossil, for example, would be invisible. Better to give it a couple million year window and treat it as a 'point'. MMartyniuk (talk) 16:29, 20 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Also, can we have the chart start at Devonian so all that space on the left isn't wasted? MMartyniuk (talk) 16:33, 20 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, it'd be interesting to see how many (and which) articles need updating now that we've changed "fossil range" to say the more inclusive "temporal range". Bob the WikipediaN (talk • contribs) 17:47, 20 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't think this would change anything for fossil taxa, are we meant to include inferred ghost lineages or molecular clock inferences or something? But any modern animal would need Holocene or Recent or something. Actually "Recent" is a fossil range term... should e.g. Bird say "Late Jurasic - Holocene" instead? Or - Present? MMartyniuk (talk) 19:34, 20 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I just realized this discussion isn't about the timescale in the taxobox! Oops! Bob the WikipediaN (talk • contribs) 18:06, 20 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I was mainly referring to lineages which we assume existed based on molecular divergence calculations, yes. Most modern animals have "recent" listed anyway. Bob the WikipediaN (talk • contribs) 04:18, 22 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm tickled to see that my query got such a lot of comment. My request was to have 8 million years of white space added at the start of the line instead of 20 at the end, not to change any of the data just so the numbers on the scale will be recognizable and have one of the tics land up on the origin. This would allow non-mathematicians to get some benefit from the scale, it took me a while to puzzle out where the origin was because not having seen one of these time lines before I did not realise one must infer that the end of the bar is the present day. Having the time line stop at 0 would make the most sense but may play havoc with the new Latimeria legend (and similar legends on other charts close to the present) unless they can be placed before the bar. Idyllic press (talk) 07:15, 24 October 2011 (UTC)
 * It would make sense for all the timelines on Wikipedia to have the 0 origin automatically placed by the time line template, it is the only common point in all of them really and would automatically place any scale ticks in meaningful places (at what ever spacing is selected) even if this or other timelines were changed to start at different places like the Devonian instead of the Cambrian as suggested above. Idyllic press (talk) 07:21, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

Where to see a coelacanth
I'm aware that this doesn't have anything to do with improving the article, but does anyone know a zoo or aquarium displaying coelacanths. I've always wanted to see a live specimen, as to me the coelacanth is a link to the ancient past, which I've always found quite fascinating. Sorry if this comment is stupid or a waste of your time. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.36.130.109 (talk) 22:24, 22 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Good question. An international treaty forbids the moving around of the two remaining species of these fish, making it illegal to display in zoos (or even to send to a museum!). However, extinct coelacanths may be moved around. Bob the WikipediaN (talk • contribs) 18:45, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

They live in deep water (180m), so whether a caught specimen could even be kept alive whilst it was decompressed, and then whether it would continue to live in a tank, etc, etc .... you see the difficulty. However, if you would settle for videos of them filmed in their natural habitat, there are many many of those online, in the external links. Old_Wombat (talk) 08:42, 23 December 2011 (UTC)
 * They move to shallower water at night, and in the book "Search for a Living Fossil" one was caught alive in the Comoro Islands and kept alive in an improvised tank but with the coming of daylight, the heat and light killed it - today, medium deep-water fishes have special aquariums and kept alive in public institutions and a coelacanth could be maintained - however, as stated above, international treaty forbids this. And some point if the preservation of the species required it, that may change for a special grant to a research group. HammerFilmFan (talk) 18:01, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

Human consumption section
In the human consumption section it is stated that, on the topic of consumption of coelacanth, medical accounts report that "It was difficult to contain the oil that was pooling in substantial quantities in the lower rectum." This being quite a catchy phrase, I googled it (beyond the 'straight dope' reference given in the wiki-article) and it seems to be traceable back to an article in a book (or journal?) titled 'Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, Volume 57' and further to a study discussed in the article by Berman et al from 1981. It seems however that the phrase describes the effects of eating oilfish or escolar and no specific mention is made of the coelacanth. Although it does seem probable that eating coelocanth should have similar effects (I think the latin name of the fish is given in a 'similar fish' table in the AFNR article), I think it's misleading to quote the phrase in question as 'medical acount' on the 'consumption of coelacanth'. I'm certainly not relevant with the subject so if I have understood something wrong pls say so..Otherwise, it sure is a catchy phrase but in my view it is definitely a false statement and is also misleading and should be removed or at least changed to acknowledge that such symptoms would be expected based on research on fish with similarly high oil content. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.93.177 (talk) 01:17, 31 March 2012 (UTC)

Extinct
Please mark extinct lineages and sublineages with a dagger (†). I find it confusing otherwise.--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 08:31, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

 * The first sentence in the "General description" section: "Latimeria chalumnae and L. menadoensis are the only two known living coelacanth species." -- Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 08:41, 10 May 2013 (UTC)

Timeline of Genera, most of the genera aren't coelacanths?
Why is this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.111.185.4 (talk) 17:00, 14 May 2013 (UTC)

AGREED. Panderichthys is not a coelacanth, neither is Eusthenopteron, etc. The article does not reflect current paleontological thinking... this desperately needs to be fixed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 138.38.170.107 (talk) 20:40, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

Human Consumption section
I really don't think this section is necessary. The reference isn't very reliable, either. Why not just mention that coelacanth catches aren't usually for the food market? In other fish articles where fish aren't typically consumed we don't have a section for that; so why in this article? These facts aren't important. Thanks for feedback, Ensignricky (talk) 21:51, 17 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, that's just your viewpoint. This fish is a "living fossil," and in an endangered state, so the concern about human consumption is not only sourced, but is an interesting fact.  If the statement had not been in the article, I and others would have investigated and contributed something along the same lines.  We're not talking about a tuna here ... HammerFilmFan (talk) 17:50, 23 December 2013 (UTC)

Thanks for the response. I do believe that facts on human consumption should be mentioned, but I still question this section. You stated that we're not talking about tuna here, but actually an entire section regarding the consumption is more fitting in a tuna article, a major species targeted by commercial fishermen. The reference mentions field reports, but gives no further detail, and lacks any direct statements from any given expert. There is no dire need to rework the section, and I would be content if it stays the way it is. I will throw out the suggestion that human consumption be covered in a section that discusses other interactions with fishermen, like is done in the frilled shark article. Regards, Ensignricky  Talk  21:48, 12 January 2014 (UTC)
 * You missed the point entirely - "tuna" - as in, this is not a populous commercial harvest fish - this is a living fossil, and rare, and eating them by the locals should be pointed out and also strongly discouraged. HammerFilmFan (talk) 14:01, 18 February 2015 (UTC)

Oldest extant order?
Not sure if anyone's asked yet, but at an age of almost 400 million years, this order seems like it would be the oldest with any living members. Is it, and if not, what is? 96.18.103.164 (talk) 01:12, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, Xiphosurida is older by a good 50 million years, and that's just the first thing I checked. Within vertebrates, lampreys are almost as old.  It's a bit artificial though, since orders aren't "real" in any biological sense - it's an entirely human grouping which often translates poorly across very different taxa (e.g. Order monotremata vs Order Coleoptera]]). HCA (talk) 02:18, 18 January 2015 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I've resurrected a merge proposal to make this Coelacanth article the primary article for the living species' details, and redirect to Coelacanth from the existing Family article and Species stubs. Please feel free to discuss this potential merge at Talk:Latimeria. Mamyles (talk) 18:08, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

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Even younger than the Swedish remains?
https://books.google.com/books?id=kTsgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA340&lpg=PA340&dq=Coelacanthid+in+Israel%27s+Early+Miocene?+Latimeria+tests+Schaeffer%27s+theory&source=bl&ots=y1oN0nghW2&sig=ACfU3U0oVZt8sr7yLLw72f2LUsazMww2FQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwius8DCtL_lAhWNup4KHU-iAzMQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=snippet&q=Coelacanthid%20in%20&f=false, a few months ago I was trotting a Neogene celocanth. I was disproved till I read a part of this book and a few papers from paleontologist darren naish. Has the Neogene Lobe fin returned to our discussions?--Bubblesorg (talk) 16:57, 28 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Not based on this material - there's nothing referenced in this book that is not already used at Post Cretaceous Coelacanth fossils (i.e., Goldsmith, Ørvig). Speaking of which, could we bring the merge discussion to a close? I really think this ought to be merged to the main article - it's a rather pointless split. -- Elmidae (talk · contribs) 17:21, 28 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Actually, why not--Bubblesorg (talk) 19:05, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Article of interest
https://phys.org/news/2021-02-fossil-coelacanth-evolved-dozens-genes.html

Expansion to footnote 6
This refers to the book "Old Fourlegs" by J L R Smith, and says ("page needed"). The required page is page number 24 in my copy of Dr. Smith's book. Jack in NB.CAN (talk) 15:19, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I have added the page number to the citation and removed the "page needed" tag. ~Anachronist (talk) 16:37, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Coelacanth


text:
World peace

World peace is the concept of an ideal state of peace within and among all people and nations on Planet Earth. Different cultures, religions, philosophies, and organizations have varying concepts on how such a state would come about.

Various religious and secular organizations have the stated aim of achieving world peace through addressing human rights, technology, education, engineering, medicine, or diplomacy used as an end to all forms of fighting. Since 1945, the United Nations and the five permanent members of its Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) have operated under the aim to resolve conflicts without war. Nonetheless, nations have entered numerous military conflicts since then.

Theories
Many theories as to how world peace could be achieved have been proposed. Several of these are listed below.

Capitalism peace theory
Capitalist, or commercial peace, forms one of the three planks of Kantian peace, together with democratic peace theory and institutionalist arguments for peace. Although the evidence is inconclusive, various scholars have argued for capitalist peace. For instance, in her essay "The Roots of War", Ayn Rand held that the major wars of history were started by the more controlled economies of the time against the freer ones and that capitalism gave mankind the longest period of peace in history—a period during which there were no wars involving the entire civilized world—from the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, with the exceptions of the Franco-Prussian War (1870), the Spanish–American War (1898), and the American Civil War (1861–1865).

Cobdenism
Proponents of Cobdenism claim that by removing tariffs and creating international free trade, wars would become impossible because free trade prevents a nation from becoming self-sufficient, which is a requirement for long wars.

However, free trade does not prevent a nation from establishing some sort of emergency plan to become temporarily self-sufficient in case of war or that a nation could simply acquire what it needs from a different nation. A good example of this is World War I, during which both Britain and Germany became partially self-sufficient. This is particularly important because Germany had no plan for creating a war economy.

Democratic peace theory
Proponents of democratic peace theory, developed mainly in the 1960s but relying in part on eighteenth century Kantian theory, and frequently espoused by Western politicians, claim that strong empirical evidence exists that democracies never or rarely wage war against each other. However, several wars between democracies have taken place, historically, such as the Kargil War. Relevant issues of debate include whether sufficient data is available to statistically prove the theory and whether peace results in democracy (territorial peace theory) or vice versa.

Economic norms theory
Michael Mousseau's economic norms theory links economic conditions with institutions of governance and conflict, distinguishing personal clientelist economies from impersonal market-oriented ones, identifying the latter with permanent peace within and between nations.

Throughout most of human history, societies have been based on personal relations: individuals in groups know each other and exchange favours. Today in most lower-income societies hierarchies of groups distribute wealth based on personal relationships among group leaders, a process often linked with clientelism and corruption. Michael Mousseau argues that in this kind of socio-economy conflict is always present, latent or overt, because individuals depend on their groups for physical and economic security and are thus loyal to their groups rather than their states, and because groups are in a constant state of conflict over access to state coffers. Through processes of bounded rationality, people are conditioned towards strong in-group identities and are easily swayed to fear outsiders, psychological predispositions that make possible sectarian violence, genocide, and terrorism.

Market-oriented socio-economics are integrated not with personal ties but the impersonal force of the market where most individuals are economically dependent on trusting strangers in contracts enforced by the state. This creates loyalty to a state that enforces the rule of law and contracts impartially and reliably and provides equal protection in the freedom to contract – that is, liberal democracy. Wars cannot happen within or between nations with market-integrated economies because war requires the harming of others, and in these kinds of economies, everyone is always economically better off when others in the market are also better off, not worse off. Rather than fight, citizens in market-oriented socio-economies care deeply about everyone's rights and welfare, so they demand economic growth at home and economic cooperation and human rights abroad. Nations with market-oriented socio-economies tend to agree on global issues and not a single fatality has occurred in any dispute between them.

Economic norms theory should not be confused with classical liberal theory. The latter assumes that markets are natural and that freer markets promote wealth. In contrast, Economic norms theory shows how market-contracting is a learned norm, and state spending, regulation, and redistribution are necessary to ensure that almost everyone can participate in the "social market" economy, which is in everyone's interests.

Marxism: World peace via world revolution
According to the dialectical materialist theory of Karl Marx, humanity under capitalism is divided into just two classes: the proletariat—who do not possess the means of production, and the bourgeoisie—who do possess the means of production. Once the communist revolution occurs and consequently abolishes the private propriety of the means of production, humanity will not be divided and the tension created between these two classes will cease.

Mutual assured destruction
Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy based on rational deterrence in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both belligerents. Proponents of the policy of MAD, which as a term was coined in 1962 during the Cold War, attributed this to the increase in the lethality of war to the point where it no longer offers the possibility of a net gain for either side (a form of Nash equilibrium), thereby making wars pointless.

Peace through strength
The term is traced back to the Roman Emperor Hadrian (reigned CE 117 – 138), but the concept is older. In the Indian epic Ramayana (7th to 4th centuries BCE) Lord Rama is quoted as saying "Bhay Bin Hoye na Preet", meaning once prayers for peace fail, one may need to instill fear to bring peace. In 1943, at the peak of World War II, the founder of the Paneuropean Union, Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, argued that after the war the United States (U.S.) was bound to take "command of the skies" to ensure the lasting world peace: "But the inauguration of such a glorious century of peace demands from us abandonment of old conceptions of peace. The new Angel of Peace must no longer be pictured as a charming but helpless lady with an olive branch in her hand, but like the Goddess of Justice with a balance in her left and a sword in her right; or like the Archangel Michael, with a fiery sword and wings of steel, fighting the devil to restore and protect the peace of heaven." In fact, near the entrance to the headquarters of the U.S. Strategic Air Command at Offutt Air Force Base stands a large sign with a SAC emblem and its motto: "Peace is our profession." The motto "was a staggering paradox that was also completely accurate". One SAC Bomber—Convair B-36—is called Peacemaker and one inter-continental missile-LGM-118-Peacekeeper.

In 2016, former U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter envisaged that the re-balance to the Asia-Pacific will make the region "peaceful" through "strength":

"You, and your fellow soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines will solidify the rebalance, you will make this network work, and you will help the Asia-Pacific... realize a principled and peaceful and prosperous future. And play the role only America can play... You'll do so with strength."

Introduction to US National Security and Defense Strategies of 2018 states: The US force posture combined with the allies will "preserve peace through strength". The document proceeds to detail what "achieving peace through strength requires".

Territorial peace theory
Proponents of the territorial peace theory claim that countries with stable borders are likely to develop democracy, while wars and territorial threats foster authoritarian attitudes and a disregard for democracy. Increasing attention has been paid to the theory since the early 2000s, and it has increasingly informed democratic peace theory and been espoused in the cause of peacebuilding and international relations. Proponents of democratic peace theory counter argue that stable borders resulting from dispute arbitration or negotiation rather than force via autocracy are more likely to be obtained by democratic states. Efforts are underway to synthesize the two theories.

United Nations Charter and international law
After World War II, the United Nations was established by the United Nations Charter to "save successive generations from the scourge of war which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind" (Preamble). The Preamble to the United Nations Charter also aims to further the adoption of fundamental human rights, to respect obligations to sources of international law as well as to unite the strength of independent countries to maintain international peace and security. All treaties on international human rights law refer to or consider "the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and "peace in the world".

International Day of Peace
The United Nations International Day of Peace, sometimes called World Peace Day, is observed annually on 21 September. It is dedicated to peace, and specifically the absence of war and violence, and can be celebrated by a temporary ceasefire in a combat zone. The International Day of Peace was established in 1981 by the United Nations General Assembly. Two decades later, in 2001, the General Assembly unanimously voted to designate the day as a day of preventing violence and a cease-fire. The celebration of this day is recognized by many nations and people. In 2013, for the first time, the day has been dedicated to peace education, i.e. by the key preventive means to reduce war sustainably.

Constitution for the Federation of Earth
Considering the UN's design as a forum and its lack of direct power or authority over nations, it has received a fair amount of criticism and since its foundation, prominent world figures have expressed their concerns and called for the establishment of a democratic federal world government. It is in that response, in early 1960s, the most comprehensive effort was made to draft a world constitution. Thane Read and Philip Isely drafted a form of agreement that aimed to admit delegates from both national governments and the people of all countries for a world constitutional convention. A worldwide call for a World Constitutional Convention was sent, and thousands of world figures and five national governments signed the call. In result of that, the World Constitutional Convention and the Peoples World Parliament were held in Interlaken, Switzerland, and Wolfach, Germany, in 1968. Over 200 participants from 27 countries attended these sessions, where the drafting of a constitution for a global federal world government began. The second session of the World Constituent Assembly took place in Innsbruck, Austria, in 1977. And after extensive discussions and amendments, the draft constitution was unanimously adopted as the Constitution for the Federation of Earth (also known as "Earth Constitution"). It was further amended in the 3rd Constituent Assembly, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1978-79 and the 4th World Constituent Assembly, Troia, Portugal, in 1991.

This Earth Constitution outlines a detailed plan for a world federalist government and awaits ratification by the people and nations of the world. The Earth Constitution includes the protection of universal human rights, prevention of war, secure disarmament, social development, protection of the environment, and addresses many more global challenges.

A Provisional World Parliament (PWP), a transitional international legislative body, operates under the framework of the Constitution for the Federation of Earth. It convenes to work on global issues, gathering delegates from different countries.

Religious views
Many religions and religious leaders have expressed a desire for an end to violence.

Baháʼí Faith
The central aim of the Baháʼí Faith is the establishment of the unity of the peoples of the world. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, stated in no uncertain terms, "the fundamental purpose animating the Faith of God and His Religion is to safeguard the interests and promote the unity of the human race ...". In his writings, Bahá'u'lláh described two distinct stages of world peace – a lesser peace and a sense of most great peace.

The lesser peace is essentially a collective security agreement between the nations of the world. In this arrangement, nations agree to protect one another by rising up against an aggressor nation, should it seek the usurpation of territory or the destruction of its neighbors. The lesser peace is limited in scope and is concerned with the establishment of basic order and the universal recognition of national borders and the sovereignty of nations. Baháʼís believe that the lesser peace is taking place largely through the operation of the Divine Will and that Baháʼí influence on the process is relatively minor.

The greatest peace is the eventual end goal of the lesser peace and is envisioned as a time of spiritual and social unity – a time when the peoples of the world genuinely identify with and care for one another, rather than simply tolerating one other's existence. The Baháʼís view this process as taking place largely as a result of the spread of Baháʼí teachings, principles, and practices throughout the world. The larger world peace process and its foundational elements are addressed in the document The Promise of World Peace, written by the Universal House of Justice.

Buddhism
Many Buddhists believe that world peace can only be achieved if individuals establish peace within their minds first. The Buddha's teachings emphasize that anger and other negative states of mind are the cause of wars and conflict. Buddhists believe people can live in peace and harmony only if they abandon negative emotions such as anger and cultivate positive emotions such as loving-kindness and compassion. As with all Dharmic religions (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), ahimsa (avoidance of violence) is a central concept.

"Hatred is never appeased by hatred in this world. By non-hatred alone is hatred appeased. This is a law eternal."

Peace pagodas are monuments that are built to symbolize and inspire world peace and have been central to the peace movement throughout the years. These are typical of Buddhist origin, being built by the Japanese Buddhist organization Nipponzan Myohoji. They exist around the world in cities such as London, Vienna, New Delhi, Tokyo, and Lumbini.

Christianity
The basic Christian ideal specifies that peace can only come by the Word and love of God, which is perfectly demonstrated in the life of Christ:

"Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid."

As christologically interpreted from, whereupon the "Word of the Lord" is established on the earth, the material human-political result will be 'nation not taking up sword against nation; nor will they train for war anymore'. Christian world peace necessitates the living of a proactive life replete with all good works indirect light of the Word of God. The details of such a life can be observed in the Gospels, especially the historically renowned Sermon on the Mount, where forgiving those who do wrong things against oneself is advocated among other pious precepts.

However, not all Christians expect a lasting world peace on this earth:

"Do not suppose that I have come to bring peace to the earth. I did not come to bring peace, but a sword. For I have come to turn a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law—a man's enemies will be the members of his own household."

Many Christians believe that world peace is expected to be manifest upon the "new earth" that is promised in Christian scripture such as.

The Roman Catholic religious conception of "Consecration of Russia", related to the Church's high-priority Fátima Marian apparitions, promises a temporary world peace as a result of this process being fulfilled, though before the coming of the Antichrist. This period of temporary peace is called the triumph of the Immaculate Heart.

Pacifist religious groups that are related to Christianity include Quakers, the Amish, and Mennonites. These groups are known for advocating religious nonviolence, and their adherents are often conscientious objectors.

Hinduism
Traditionally, Hinduism has adopted an ancient Sanskrit phrase Vasudhaiva kutumbakam, which translates as "The world is one family". The essence of this concept is the observation that only base minds see dichotomies and divisions. The more we seek wisdom, the more we become inclusive and free our internal spirit from worldly illusions or Maya. World peace is hence only achieved through internal means—by liberating ourselves from artificial boundaries that separate us all. As with all Dharmic Religions, (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), ahimsa (avoidance of violence) is a central concept.

Islam
According to Islamic eschatology, the whole world will be united under the leadership of imam Mahdi. At that time love, justice and peace will be so abundant that the world will be in the likeness of paradise.

Judaism
Judaism is not a pacifist religion. However, the concept of Tikkun olam (Repairing the World) is central to modern Rabbinic Judaism. Tikkun Olam is accomplished through various means, such as ritualistically performing God's commandments, charity, and social justice, as well as through example persuading the rest of the world to behave morally. According to some views, Tikkun Olam would result at the beginning of the Messianic Age. It has been said that in every generation, a person is born with the potential to be the spiritual Messiah. If the time is right for the Messianic Age within that person's lifetime, then that person will be the Mashiach. But if that person dies before he completes the mission of the Messiah, then that person is not the Messiah (Mashiach).

Specifically, in Jewish messianism it is considered that at some future time a Messiah (literally "an anointed King appointed by God") will rise up to bring all Jews back to the Land of Israel, and to establish God's Torah, followed by everlasting global peace and prosperity. This idea originates from passages in the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud. "For Torah will go forth from Zion and the Word of HaShem from Jerusalem. And He will judge between the nations and decide disputes for many peoples, and they will beat their swords into plowshares and their spears into pruning hooks; nation will not lift the sword against nation, neither will they learn war anymore."

Jainism
Compassion for all life, human and non-human, is central to Jainism. They have adopted the wordings of Lord Mahavira Jiyo our Jeeno Do. Human life is valued as a unique, rare opportunity to reach enlightenment; to kill any person, no matter what crime he may have committed, is considered unimaginably abhorrent. It is a religion that requires monks and laity, from all its sects and traditions, to be vegetarian. Some Indian regions, such as Gujarat, have been strongly influenced by Jains and often the majority of the local Hindus of every denomination have also become vegetarian. Famous quote on world peace as per Jainism by a 19th-century Indian legend, Virchand Gandhi: "May peace rule the universe; may peace rule in kingdoms and empires; may peace rule in states and in the lands of the potentates; may peace rule in the house of friends and may peace also rule in the house of enemies." As with all Dharmic religions (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), ahimsa (avoidance of violence) is a central concept.

Sikhism
The Sikh religion preaches that peace comes from God. However, pacifism is not absolute in Sikh religion, and Sikhs have taken military action against oppression.

Sikh people believe that meditation, the means of communicating with God, is unfruitful without the noble character of a devotee, as there can be no worship without performing good deeds. Guru Nanak stressed now kirat karō: that a Sikh should balance work, worship, and charity, and should defend the rights of all creatures, and in particular, fellow human beings. They are encouraged to have a chaṛdī kalā, or optimistic – resilience, view of life. Sikh teachings also stress the concept of sharing—vaṇḍ chakkō—through the distribution of free food at Sikh gurdwaras (langar), giving charitable donations, and working for the good of the community and others (sēvā). Sikhs believe that no matter what race, sex, or religion one is, all are equal in God's eyes. Men and women are equal and share the same rights, and women can lead prayers. As with all Dharmic religions (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), ahimsa (avoidance of violence) is a central concept.

title: World peace


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Talk:World peace

Has it ever been achieved?
Has world wide peace ever existed, for a year, or even a day? Seems a worthy angle for the article. TessT (talk) 18:40, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

World peace existed during the golden age. There was world peace for a long period of time. The longest era too I think. It’s when ancient Egypt was prominent Lalalela3 (talk) 19:11, 5 January 2019 (UTC)

 * NO PORQIE SIN EMBARGO NO QUISIERON LA PAS ALO QUE SE DESIDIO SEGUIR CON LA GUERRA DEJANDO MUCHAS PERSONAS ERIDAS 190.87.165.252 (talk) 00:21, 10 August 2023 (UTC)

topic about Educatoin and time
ma 197.220.89.63 (talk) 09:33, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:World peace