text:
1621

January–March

 * January 12 – Şehzade Mehmed, the 15-year old half-brother of Ottoman Sultan Osman II, is put to death by hanging on Osman's orders. Before dying, Mehmed prays aloud that Osman's reign as Sultan be ruined.
 * January 18 – The Dutch East India Company formally names its fortress at Jayakarta in Indonesia, calling it Batavia. Upon the independence of the Dutch East Indies as Indonesia in 1945, Batavia will be renamed Jakarta.
 * January 22 – The Tianqi era begins in Ming Dynasty China, six months after Zhu Changluo becomes the Taichang Emperor.
 * January 24 – Twelve days after the murder of Prince Mehmed on orders of Sultan Osman II, Constantinople is hit by bitter winter weather, leading to rioting by persons who believe that the punishment of Osman is the will of Allah.
 * January 28 – Pope Paul V (Camillo Borghese) dies at the age of 70 after 15 years as Pontiff.
 * January 29 – Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares the Elector of the Palatinate, Frederick V, to be a traitor to the Empire.
 * February 9 – Papal Conclave of 1621: Pope Gregory XV succeeds Pope Paul V, as the 234th pope.
 * February 17 – Myles Standish is appointed as the first commander of Plymouth Colony.
 * March 16 – Samoset, a Mohegan, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them: "Welcome, Englishmen! My name is Samoset."
 * March 22 – The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.
 * March 31 – King Philip IV of Spain begins his 44-year rule.

April–June

 * April 1 – The Plymouth, Massachusetts colonists create the first treaty with native Americans.
 * April 5 – The Mayflower sets sail from Plymouth, on a return trip to England.
 * April 9 – The Twelve Years' Truce between the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire expires, and both sides prepare to resume the Eighty Years' War.
 * May 2 – The Panama earthquake affects the Isthmus of Panama, with an estimated magnitude of 6.9, and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VII.
 * May 12 – The city of Tornio in Lapland is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, becoming the northernmost city in the world at the time.
 * May 24 – The Protestant Union is formally dissolved.
 * June 3 – The Dutch West India Company is founded.
 * June 21 – Thirty Years' War: Twenty-seven Czech lords are executed on the Old Town Square in Prague, as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.
 * June 24 – Huguenot rebellions: Saint-Jean-d'Angély is taken, after a 26-day siege by Royal forces.

July–September

 * July 25 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Neu Titschein: Remnants of the Bohemian army temporarily hold off the Imperial advance in Silesia.
 * August 8 – Huguenot rebellions: The French Protestant city of La Rochelle joins in the revolt by Benjamin, Duke of Soubise.
 * August 22 – Huguenot rebellions: Louis XIII of France besieges the city of Montauban, but is forced to abandon the battle by November 9.
 * September 2 – The Battle of Khotyn begins as a force of more than 120,000 Ottoman troops attacks the Moldavian city of Khotyn. Despite the Ottomans' numerical superiority, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth wins the battle and forces a surrender five weeks later.

October–December

 * October 9 – The Treaty of Khotyn is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, ending the First Polish-Ottoman War.
 * October 9 (September 29 O.S.) – The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony and Wampanoags celebrate a harvest feast (three days), later regarded as the First Thanksgiving, noted for the temporary peace between the English and the local Indians. The celebration is believed by later historians to have coincided with Michaelmas, observed on September 29 by the Anglican Communion on the calendar used in England at the time.
 * November 11 – The ship Fortune arrives at Plymouth Colony, with 35 more settlers.
 * December 31 – Thirty Years' War: The Peace of Nikolsburg is signed between Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Gabor Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania. Bethlen agrees to renounce his claims to Hungary. In return Bethlen receives several counties and lands along the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, and Moravia is granted religious freedom.
 * December – The Dutch mathematician and astronomer, Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580–1626), reveals he has rediscovered the law of refraction, also known as Snellius' law.

Date unknown

 * The Venezuelan city of Petare is founded by Spanish conquistadors, as San Jose de Guanarito.
 * The Swedish city of Gothenburg is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. The king also grants city rights to Luleå, Piteå and Torneå (Tornio).  Riga falls under the rule of Sweden.
 * Tamblot rallies an unknown, large number of people in Bohol, Captaincy General of the Philippines to revolt against the Spanish Empire.
 * The Dutch East India Company sends 2,000 soldiers, under the command of Jan Pieterszoon Coen, to the Banda Islands, in order to force the local inhabitants to accept the Dutch trade monopoly on the lucrative nutmeg, grown almost exclusively on those islands. The soldiers proceed to massacre most of the 15,000 indigenous inhabitants.

January–March

 * January 16 – Magnus Celsius, Swedish astronomer and mathematician (d. 1679)
 * January 27 – Thomas Willis, English doctor who played an important part in the history of anatomy (d. 1675)
 * January 30 – George II Rákóczi, Hungarian nobleman (d. 1660)
 * February 2 – Johannes Schefferus, Alsatian-born humanist (d. 1679)
 * February 4 – Frederick, Burgrave of Dohna, Dutch officer, and governor of Orange (d. 1688)
 * February 14 – Sibylla Schwarz, German poet (d. 1638)
 * February 20 – Erzsébet Thurzó, Hungarian noblewoman (d. 1642)
 * February 21 – Rebecca Nurse, Massachusetts colonist, executed as a witch (d. 1692)
 * February – Lamoral II Claudius Franz, Count of Thurn and Taxis, Postmaster General of the Holy Roman Empire (1646–1676) (d. 1676)
 * March 1 – John Alleyn, Cornish barrister (d. 1663)
 * March 2 – Louis Günther II, Count of Schwarzburg-Ebeleben (1642–1681) (d. 1681)
 * March 9 – Egbert van der Poel, Dutch painter (d. 1664)
 * March 16 – Georg Neumark, German poet and composer of hymns (d. 1681)
 * March 24 – John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1621–1667) (d. 1667)
 * March 26 (bapt.) – Jacob van der Ulft, Dutch painter (d. 1689)
 * March 27 – Margrave Charles Magnus of Baden-Durlach (d. 1658)
 * March 28 – Heinrich Schwemmer, German music teacher and composer (d. 1696)
 * March 31 – Andrew Marvell, English metaphysical poet and politician (d. 1678)

April–June

 * April 1 – Guru Tegh Bahadur, 9th Sikh Guru (d. 1675)
 * April 7 – Crato, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1640–1642) (d. 1642)
 * April 17
 * Henry Vaughan, Welsh author (d. 1695)
 * Thomas Vaughan, Welsh philosopher (d. 1666)
 * April 23
 * Georg Arnold, Austrian musician (d. 1676)
 * William Penn, English admiral and politician (d. 1670)
 * April 25 – Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Anglo-Irish soldier, statesman and dramatist (d. 1679)
 * May 25 – David Beck, Dutch portrait painter (d. 1656)
 * June 2
 * Rutger von Ascheberg, Courland-born soldier in Swedish service (d. 1693)
 * Jørgen Bjelke, Norwegian officer and nobleman (d. 1696)
 * Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter (d. 1649)
 * June 6 – Petar Zrinski, Croatian viceroy (executed 1671)
 * June 16 – Edward Proger, Member of Parliament for Brecknockshire (d. 1713)
 * June 29 – Willem van der Zaan, Dutch admiral (d. 1669)

July–September

 * July 1 – Cornelis de Man, Dutch painter (d. 1706)
 * July 8
 * Jean de La Fontaine, French writer (d. 1695)
 * Leonora Christina Ulfeldt, Danish countess and author (d. 1698)
 * July 13
 * Last baby beaver born on Exmoor until July 13, 2021
 * July 22
 * Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, English politician (d. 1683)
 * Thomas Hanford, New England settler, Puritan minister (d. 1693)
 * Kinoshita Jun'an, Japanese philosopher and Confucian scholar (d. 1699)
 * July 24 – Jan Andrzej Morsztyn, Polish poet (d. 1693)
 * August 12 – Albert d'Orville, Jesuit priest and missionary, cartographer (d. 1662)
 * August 13
 * Sir John Pakington, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1680)
 * Israel Silvestre, French topographical etcher (d. 1691)
 * August 19 – Gerbrand van den Eeckhout, Dutch painter (d. 1674)
 * August 22 – Adriaen van Gaesbeeck, Dutch painter of genre subjects and portraits (d. 1650)
 * August 28 – Sir Richard Grobham Howe, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1703)
 * September 8 – Louis, Grand Condé, French general (d. 1686)
 * September 9 – Henry X, Count of Reuss-Lobenstein, Rector of the University of Leipzig (d. 1671)

October–December

 * October 3
 * Claude Maltret, French Jesuit (d. 1674)
 * Friedrich Werner, German musician (d. 1660)
 * October 8 – Maximilian Henry of Bavaria, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1688)
 * October 18 – Michael Angelo Immenraet, Flemish painter (d. 1683)
 * October 20 – Şehzade Ömer, Ottoman prince (d. 1622)
 * October 21
 * Nicholas Barré, French Minim friar, priest and founder (d. 1686)
 * Richard Standish, English politician (d. 1662)
 * October 23 – Lord John Stewart, Scottish aristocrat, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (d. 1644)
 * October 24 – Serafina of God, founder of seven Carmelite monasteries of nuns in southern Italy (d. 1699)
 * October 29 – The London Pageant of 1621 celebrates the inauguration of Edward Barkham (Lord Mayor).
 * November 11 – Israel Tonge, English churchman and anti-Catholic conspirator (d. 1680)
 * November 15
 * Cornelis Geelvinck, Dutch mayor (d. 1689)
 * Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough, English diplomat (d. 1697)
 * December 3 – Bohuslav Balbín, Czech writer and Jesuit (d. 1688)
 * December 10 – Christian Albert, Burgrave and Count of Dohna, German nobleman and general in the army of Brandenburg (d. 1677)
 * December 12 – Gerard Pietersz Hulft, Dutch general (d. 1656)
 * December 23
 * Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English politician (d. 1682)
 * Edmund Berry Godfrey, English magistrate whose mysterious death caused anti-Catholic uproar in England (d. 1678)

Approximate date

 * Richard Allestree, English churchman and provost of Eton College (d. 1681)

January–March

 * January 15 – Christopher Pickering, British politician (b. 1556)
 * January 28 – Pope Paul V (b. 1552)
 * January 29 – Francis Taylor, Mayor of Dublin, Ireland (b. c. 1550)
 * February 10 – Pietro Aldobrandini, Italian cardinal, patron of the arts (b. 1571)
 * February 15 – Michael Praetorius, German composer (b. 1571)
 * February 16 – Sir Thomas Gerard, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (b. 1560)
 * February 28 – Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1590)
 * March 4 – Ana de Jesús, Spanish Discalced Carmelite nun, spiritual writer and Servant of God (b. 1545)
 * March 8 – Enevold Kruse, Danish noble (b. 1554)
 * March 27 – Benedetto Giustiniani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1554)
 * March 28 – Ottavio Rinuccini, Italian composer (b. 1562)
 * March 31 – King Philip III of Spain, (Philip II of Portugal) (b. 1578)

April–June

 * April 1 – Cristofano Allori, Italian painter (b. 1577)
 * April 6
 * Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria (b. 1574)
 * Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (b. 1539)
 * April 18 – Bridget Chaworth, English noble (b. 1542)
 * April 21 – Anne of Ostfriesland, German noblewoman (b. 1562)
 * April – John Carver, first governor of Plymouth Colony
 * May 3 – Elizabeth Bacon, English Tudor gentlewoman (b. 1541)
 * May 11 – Johann Arndt, German theologian (b. 1555)
 * May 15 – Hendrick de Keyser, Dutch architect and sculptor (b. 1565)
 * June 2
 * Dorothea of Lorraine (b. 1545)
 * Eilhard Lubinus, German theologian (b. 1565)
 * June 8 – Anne de Xainctonge, French Roman Catholic nun (b. 1567)
 * June 21
 * Kryštof Harant z Polžic a Bezdružic, Bohemian composer, soldier and author (executed) (b. 1564)
 * Maxmilián Hošťálek, Czech noble and politician (executed) (b. 1564)
 * Joachim Andreas von Schlick, Czech leader (executed) (b. 1569)
 * Jan Jesenius, Slovak physician (executed) (b. 1566)
 * June 23 – Zsigmond Forgách, Hungarian noble and soldier (b. 1559)
 * June 26 – Christence Kruckow, Danish noble (b. 1558)

July–September

 * July 2 – Thomas Harriot, English astronomer and mathematician (b. c. 1560)
 * July 4 – Jean de Bonsi, Catholic cardinal (b. 1554)
 * July 10 – Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy, soldier in Habsburg service (b. 1571)
 * July 13 – Albert VII, Archduke of Austria for a few months in 1619 and (b. 1559)
 * July 19 – Don Giovanni de' Medici, Italian military commander and diplomat (b. 1567)
 * July 30 – Rudolph, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1576)
 * August 3
 * Guillaume du Vair, French author and lawyer (b. 1556)
 * Anna Juliana Gonzaga, Archduchess of Austria and nun (b. 1566)
 * August 7 – Count Jobst of Limburg (b. 1560)
 * August 13 – John Berchmans, Belgian Jesuit scholastic and saint (b. 1599)
 * August 15 – John Barclay, Scottish writer (b. 1582)
 * August 23 – Antonio il Verso, Italian composer (b. 1565)
 * August 30 – Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, one of the main co-founders of Isfahan School of Islamic Philosophy (b. 1547)
 * September 7 – Peter Warburton, English Justice of the Common Plea (b. 1540)
 * September 17 – Robert Bellarmine, Italian Roman Catholic bishop, saint, proponent of futurism (b. 1542)
 * September 20 – Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, French noble (b. 1578)
 * September 24 – Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, Polish military commander (b. 1560)
 * September 25 – Mary Sidney, English writer, patroness and translator (b. 1561)

October–December

 * October 8 – Antoine de Montchrestien, French dramatist and economist (b. c. 1575)
 * October 11 – Andrzej Sapieha, Polish nobleman (b. 1539)
 * October 16 – Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch composer (b. 1562)
 * October 19 – Imre Thurzó, Hungarian noble (b. 1598)
 * October 21 – Paul Phélypeaux de Pontchartrain, French politician (b. 1569)
 * November 26 – Ralph Agas, English surveyor (b. c. 1540)
 * December 4 – Andrew Willet, English theologian (b. 1562)
 * December 13 – Katarina Stenbock, queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1535)
 * December 15 – Charles d'Albert, duc de Luynes, Constable of France (b. 1578)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1621


text:
843

Year 843 (DCCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * August – Treaty of Verdun: The Frankish Empire is divided into three kingdoms, between the three surviving sons of the late emperor Louis the Pious. King Louis the German receives the eastern portion (everything east of the River Rhine), called the Eastern Frankish Realm, which is the precursor to modern-day Germany. Emperor Lothair I receives the central portion (Low Countries, Alsace, Lorraine, Burgundy and the northern half of Italy), called the Central Frankish Realm. King Charles the Bald receives the western portion (everything west of the River Rhône), called the Western Frankish Realm, which later becomes France.
 * Battle of Blain: Breton forces under Erispoe, count of Vannes, defeat the Franks led by Renaud d'Herbauges, near the town of Messac, at the River Vilaine. This battle marks a Breton war between Charles the Bald and Nominoe, duke of Brittany.
 * Summer – Viking raiders attack Nantes, located on the River Loire; they kill the town's bishop along with many of the clergy, and murder men, women and children. They plunder the western parts of Aquitaine and reach an island north of the mouth of the River Garonne, near what later will be La Rochelle. There the Vikings bring materials from the mainland and build houses to spend the winter.

British Isles

 * King Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín) of the Scots also becomes king of the Picts; he is crowned (on the Stone of Destiny) as first monarch of the new nation of Scotland. The Alpin Dynasty of Scottish kings begins to reign.

Arabian Empire

 * Summer – A Byzantine expedition, led by Theoktistos, conquers Crete from the Saracens. After initial success, he is forced to abandon his army, due to political intrigues in Constantinople. The troops are left behind and slaughtered by the Arabs.
 * Al-Andalus: The city of Zaragossa rises against the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba in modern-day Spain.

Asia

 * In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, a large fire consumes 4,000 homes, warehouses and other buildings in the East Market, yet the rest of the city is at a safe distance from the blaze which is largely quarantined in East Central Chang'an, thanks to the large width of roads in Chang'an that produce fire breaks.

Religion

 * March 11 – Feast of Orthodoxy – Official end of Iconoclasm: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire.
 * Theodora II orders a persecution against the Paulicians throughout Anatolia; about 100,000 followers in the Byzantine theme of Armenia are massacred.

Births

 * Judith of Flanders, queen of Wessex and countess of Flanders (approximate date)

Deaths

 * April 19 – Judith of Bavaria, Frankish empress
 * 2 November – Anthony the Confessor, Byzantine bishop of Thessalinike
 * Al-Mada'ini, Muslim scholar and historian (b. 752)
 * Ardo Smaragdus, Frankish abbot and hagiographer
 * Bridei VI, king of the Picts (Scotland)
 * Fergus mac Fothaid, king of Connacht (Ireland)
 * Fujiwara no Otsugu, Japanese statesman (b. 773)
 * Jia Dao, Chinese poet and Buddhist monk (b. 779)
 * Landulf I, gastald (or count) of Capua (Italy)
 * Liu Congjian, Chinese governor (jiedushi) (b. 803)
 * Qiu Shiliang, Chinese eunuch official
 * Renaud d'Herbauges, Frankish nobleman (b. 795)

title: 843


text:
752

Year 752 (DCCLII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 752nd year of Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 752nd year of the 1st millennium, the 52nd year of 8th century, and the 3rd year of the 750s decade. The denomination 752 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * King Pepin III ("the Short") begins a Frankish military expedition down the Rhône Valley, and receives the submission of eastern Septimania (i.e. Nîmes, Melguelh, Agde and Béziers), after securing Count Ansemund's allegiance.
 * Siege of Narbonne: Pepin III lays siege to the fortress city of Narbonne, occupied by Gothic-Muslim forces. The garrison and residents are able to withstand the attacks, thanks to the supplies provided by sea by the Arab fleet.

Britain

 * Battle of Burford: King Cuthred of Wessex clashes with King Æthelbald of Mercia, and takes the standard (a golden dragon). He manages to throw off his claim to Mercian overlordship.
 * King Teudebur of Alt Clut dies. His son, Dumnagual III, succeeds to the throne and loses Kyle to a joint invasion, by kings Óengus I of the Picts and Eadberht of Northumbria.

Africa

 * Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, ruler of Ifriqiya (North Africa), dispatches a Muslim army and reconquers Tripolitania from the Ibadites (a puritanical Khaijite sect), driving their remnants south into the Nafusa Mountains (northwestern Libya).
 * Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri launches an assault on the island of Sardinia, perhaps the beginning of the occupation of the island by the Muslim Arabs that lasts until 1005. He also attempts to invade Sicily, but finds the defenses too strong.

Mesoamerica

 * Yaxun B'alam IV becomes king (ajaw) of the Maya city of Yaxchilan (modern Mexico), after a 10-year struggle for the throne.

Religion

 * March 22 – Pope Zachary dies at Rome after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by Stephen, but he dies four days after, and is not considered legitimate because he was not consecrated.
 * March 26 – Pope Stephen II (sometimes referred to as Stephen III) succeeds Zachary as the 92nd pope of the Catholic Church. He marks the end of the Byzantine Papacy.
 * June – Stephen II recognizes the Carolingian dynasty as legitimate rulers of the Frankish Kingdom. He travels to Paris and appeals for Frankish support against the Lombards.
 * Emperor Shōmu (retired since 749) takes part in the dedication ceremony of the Great Buddha, (15 metres) at Tōdai-ji in Nara (Japan), and declares himself a Buddhist.

Births

 * Al-Mada'ini, Muslim scholar and historian (d. 843)
 * Irene of Athens, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
 * Joannicius the Great, Byzantine theologian (d. 846)
 * Zheng Yin, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 829)

Deaths

 * March 15 – Zachary, pope of the Catholic Church
 * March 26 – Stephen, pope of the Catholic Church
 * Lupus, duke of Spoleto (Italy)
 * Teudebur, king of Alt Clut (Scotland)

title: 752


text:
AD 757

Year 757 (DCCLVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 757 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria, recognizes the supremacy of King Pepin III ("the Short") at an assembly held at Compiègne (Northern France), and becomes a vassal of the Frankish Kingdom. He swears an oath (commendatio) to Pepin, and promises his allegiance.
 * King Alfonso I ("the Catholic") dies at Cangas (modern Spain), after an 18-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Fruela I as ruler of Asturias.

Britain

 * King Æthelbald of Mercia is murdered by his own household in a palace coup. He is succeeded briefly by Beornred, but he is, in turn, ousted by Æthelbald's distant cousin, Offa. In the meantime, Mercian supremacy over Southern England is lost.
 * King Sigeberht of Wessex acts unjustly and is removed from power by a council of nobles, in favor of Cynewulf. Sigeberht is given control of Hampshire, probably as ealdorman, but he murders one of his own men and is driven out.

Africa

 * The city of Sijilmasa (modern Morocco) is founded by the Miknasa, a Zenata Berber tribe. They adopt Kharijism-Islam, and establish the Emirate of Sijilmasa in the northern Sahara. It becomes a wealthy trading center as the western end-point of the Trans-Saharan trade.

China

 * January 29 – An Lushan, leader of a revolt and emperor of Yan, is murdered by his own son An Qingxu at Luoyang. He succeeds his father, and appoints Shi Siming as his deputy. The military leaders of the Tang Dynasty are able to retake both of the capitals at Chang'an and at Luoyang. The rebel army is forced to retreat east.
 * Battle of Suiyang: A Tang garrison (7,000 men) under Zhang Xun defend their fortress against the rebel army at Suiyang. Zhang makes multiple attempts to get food from nearby fortresses, but this is refused. After a desperate 10-month siege, Suiyang is overrun by rebel forces who take the city. Because of famine an estimated 20,000 to 30,000 citizens are cannibalized, only 400 people are left.
 * December 8 – Du Fu, Chinese poet, returns to Chang'an as a member of Emperor Xuan Zong's court, after having escaped the city during the An Lushan Rebellion.

Catastrophe

 * March 9 – A major earthquake strikes Palestine and Syria.

Religion

 * April 26 – Pope Stephen II dies at Rome after a 5-year reign, in which he has freed the papacy from Byzantine rule. Stephen allies with Pepin III against the Lombards, and becomes the first temporal sovereign of the Papal States. He is succeeded by his brother Paul I, as the 93rd pope of the Catholic Church.

Births

 * April 26 – Hisham I, Muslim emir (d. 796)
 * Gisela, Frankish abbess (d. 810)
 * Liu Ji, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 810)
 * Yeshe Tsogyal, consort of Trisong Detsen (d. 817)

Deaths

 * March 14 – Li Lin, prince of the Tang Dynasty
 * April 26 – Stephen II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * Æthelbald, king of Mercia
 * Alfonso I, king of Asturias
 * An Lushan, Chinese rebel leader
 * Baldred of Tyninghame, Anglo-Saxon abbot
 * Bertha of Bingen, German saint
 * Crimhthann mac Reachtghal, Irish abbot
 * Cummascach mac Flainn, king of Uí Failghe (Ireland)
 * Geshu Han, general of the Tang Dynasty
 * Habib ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, Arab noble
 * Li Tan, prince of the Tang Dynasty
 * Ono no Azumabito, Japanese official
 * Sigeberht, king of Wessex
 * Suibhne of Clonfert, Irish abbot
 * Tachibana no Moroe, Japanese prince (b. 684)
 * Tachibana no Naramaro, Japanese statesman (b. 721)
 * Zhang Xun, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 709)

title: AD 757


text:
710

Year 710 (DCCX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 710 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * The Byzantine outpost of Cherson (Crimea) rebels (with Khazar assistance) against Emperor Justinian II. He sends a fleet under the patrikios Stephen, which retakes the city and restores Byzantine control. The fleet, however, is struck by a storm on its way back and loses many ships, while the Chersonites, again with the aid of the Khazars, rebel anew.
 * The Byzantine general Leo (future emperor Leo III) recovers the Abkhazia (Caucasus) for the Byzantine Empire, from the Arabs.

Europe

 * Roderick becomes king of the Visigoths, but the Visigothic nobles in Septimania rebel, and proclaim the previous ruler's son Akhila king. The Visigothic Kingdom is divided into two sub-kingdoms, suffering the first Muslim raid expedition against the southern Iberian Peninsula.
 * An Arab army is invited into Ceuta by its governor, Julian, who is an opponent of Roderick. He encourages them to invade the Iberian Peninsula. Tariq ibn Ziyad is appointed governor of Tangier (Morocco), and establishes a Moorish garrison of 1,700 men.
 * Lupus I, duke of Gascony, is assassinated in his attempt to seize Limoges (France). Eudes becomes ruler over both Gascony and Aquitaine.
 * The Madara Rider, an early medieval rock relief, is carved on the Madara Plateau east of Shumen in Bulgaria (approximate date).

Britain

 * Kings Ine of Wessex and Nothhelm of Sussex fight against King Geraint of Dumnonia, who dies in battle. Ine's advance brings him control of what is now Devon; he establishes a fortress at Taunton.
 * Beorhtfrith fights against the Picts between Haefe and Caere (assumed to be between the rivers Avon and Carron, which flow into the Firth of Forth in Scotland).

Africa

 * Salih I ibn Mansur founds the Muslim Kingdom of Nekor (Morocco). He converts the local Berber tribes to Islam.

Asia

 * April 5 – Emperor Zhong Zong of the Tang dynasty has his chief ministers of court, sons-in-law, and high-ranking military officers engage (during the Cold Food Festival) in the festive game of tug of war, within a palace of Chang'an.
 * July 3 – Zhong Zong is assassinated, allegedly poisoned by Empress Wei, who fails to install her daughter Li Guo'er as heir to the throne. Princess Taiping and her nephew Li Longji launch a coup, and restore Rui Zong as emperor.
 * The Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period, ends, and the Nara period begins; Heijō-kyō (Nara) becomes the capital of Japan.

Religion

 * October 5 – Pope Constantine departs for a year-long visit to Constantinople. He will be the last pontiff to visit the capital for more than a thousand years.
 * The first (wooden) Al-Aqsa Mosque is finished.

Births

 * Fulrad, Frankish abbot (d. 784)
 * Hnabi, duke of the Alemanni (approximate date)
 * Leoba, Anglo-Saxon nun (approximate date)
 * Lullus, archbishop of Mainz (approximate date)
 * Walpurga, Anglo-Saxon missionary (d. 779)

Deaths

 * January 9 – Adrian of Canterbury, abbot and scholar
 * March 27 – Rupert, bishop of Salzburg
 * June 30 – Erentrude, Frankish abbess
 * July 3 – Zhong Zong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (b. 656)
 * July 21
 * Li Guo'er, princess of the Tang dynasty
 * Shangguan Wan'er, Chinese poet (b. 664)
 * Empress Wei, empress of the Tang dynasty
 * September 10 – Li Chongfu, imperial prince of the Chinese Tang dynasty (b. c. 680)
 * Al-Akhtal, Arab poet
 * Arikesari Maravarman, king of the Pandyan Empire (India)
 * Bahram VII, son of Yazdegerd III
 * Congal Cennmagair, High King of Ireland
 * Emebert, bishop of Cambrai
 * Geraint, king of Dumnonia (England)
 * Giles, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
 * Kakinomoto no Hitomaro, Japanese poet
 * Lupus I, duke of Gascony
 * Wilfred, Anglo-Saxon bishop (or 709)
 * Wittiza, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)

title: 710


text:
410

Year 410 (CDX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year after the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius (or, less frequently, year 1163 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 410 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Spring – Constantine III crosses the Alps into Liguria (Northern Italy), but retreats to Gaul after Gerontius revolts in Spain against his son Constans II.
 * Raiders from Ireland, such as the Uí Liatháin and Laigin, harry the coasts of Wales. They plunder towns and capture slaves but later colonise large areas of what is called Gwynedd, in particular Llŷn, the coasts of Arllechwedd, Arfon and the Isle of Mona (approximate date).
 * Flavius Constantius, Roman general and politician, is promoted to the rank of magister militum. He becomes the imperial adviser of Honorius, and the power behind the throne in the Western Roman Empire.
 * The Eastern Roman Empire sends six legions (6,000 men) to aid Honorius at Ravenna. He negotiates with King Alaric I, who ceremonially deposes Priscus Attalus as co-emperor.
 * August 24 – The Visigoths under Alaric I sack Rome after a third siege. Slaves open the Salarian Gate and Goths loot the city for three days; according to Augustine in The City of God and others, comparatively few Roman men are killed and women raped. Only two churches are burned, and people who took refuge in churches are usually spared. Many Romans who survived the Sack flee to Africa, or to the Eastern Empire (see Saint Jerome). It is the first time since 390 BC that Rome has fallen to an enemy. This marks the decline of the Roman Empire. Only 45 years later, in 455 AD, Rome will again be sacked, this time by the Vandals who will kill, burn, and loot much more ferociously than the Visigoths in 410 AD.
 * Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius I, is captured by the Visigoths and becomes a hostage during their move from the Italian Peninsula to Gaul.
 * Alaric I marches southwards into Calabria and makes plans to invade Africa. But a storm destroys his Gothic fleet and many of his soldiers drown. Alaric dies in Cosenza, probably of fever, and his body is buried along with his treasure under the riverbed of the Busento. He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulf, who becomes king of the Visigoths.
 * According to Zosimus, this is the year when Emperor Honorius sends his Rescript (diplomatic letters) to the Romano-British magistrates, ending Roman rule in Great Britain. However this is likely an example of scribal error. Most recently, David Woods has argued that the account refers instead to Raetia, a Roman province north of Italy.

Britain

 * At around this time, one of the first Anglo-Saxon settlements in Britain, Mucking, is established by the mouth of the Thames River. (approximate date)

Europe

 * The city of Aléria on the island of Corsica is devastated by a huge fire, destroying its port and most of its inhabitants.

Asia

 * Prithivisena becomes king of the Vakataka in the Deccan (India).

Religion

 * Council of Seleucia: Persian Christians create a national church and adopt the Nicene Creed.
 * Honoratus founds the Monastery of Lérins on the île Saint-Honorat (France), and forms a monastic community.

Births

 * Pope Gelasius I, Pope in Catholic church (d. 496)
 * Severinus of Noricum, monk and saint (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Alaric I, king of the Visigoths
 * Hanzei, emperor of Japan (approximate date)
 * Maron, Syriac Christian monk
 * Murong Chao, emperor of Southern Yan (b. 385)
 * Yujiulü Shelun, khagan (emperor) of Xianbei

title: 410


text:
1470s

The 1470s decade ran from January 1, 1470, to December 31, 1479.

title: 1470s


text:
1480s

The 1480s decade ran from January 1, 1480, to December 31, 1489.

Significant people

 * Robert Henryson

title: 1480s


text:
1450s

The 1450s decade ran from January 1, 1450, to December 31, 1459.

title: 1450s


text:
1150s

The 1150s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1150, and ended on December 31, 1159.

Significant people

 * Pope Eugene III
 * Pope Adrian IV
 * Al-Muqtafi

title: 1150s


text:
842

Year 842 (DCCCXLII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 842nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 842nd year of the 1st millennium, the 42nd year of the 9th century, and the 3rd year of the 840s decade.

Byzantine Empire

 * January 20 – Emperor Theophilos dies of dysentery at Constantinople, after a 12-year reign in which he expended much effort defending the eastern frontier against the invading Muslim Arabs. Theophilos is succeeded by his 2-year-old son Michael III, with his mother Theodora as regent and the 'temporary' sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.
 * February 19 – The Medieval Iconoclastic Controversy ends, as a council in Constantinople formally reinstates the veneration of icons in the churches.

Europe

 * February 14 – Oaths of Strasbourg: King Louis the German, ruler of East Francia, and his half-brother Charles the Bald, ruler of West Francia, meet with their armies at Strasbourg. They agree to swear allegiance (recorded in vernacular languages) to each other, and to support each other against their brother Lothair I (nominal emperor of all the Frankish kingdoms and the Holy Roman Empire).
 * March 20 – King Alfonso II of Asturias (Northern Spain) dies after a 50-year reign, in which he undertook numerous campaigns against the Muslim armies of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba, and allied himself with the late Charlemagne. The childless Alfonso chooses Ramiro I, son of former king Bermudo I, as his successor.

Britain

 * Uurad of the Picts dies after a 3-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Bridei VI, who contests his power with rival groups, led by Bruide son of Fokel and Kenneth MacAlpin.
 * Vikings attack the Irish monastery at Clonmacnoise from bases in Ireland.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * January 5 – Caliph Al-Mu'tasim dies at Samarra (modern Iraq), after an eight year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Wathiq, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.
 * Abbasid caliph Al-Wathiq appointed his brother, Jaʽfar ibn Muhammad al-Mutasim (future al-Mutawakkil) as Leader of Hajj in 842.

Births

 * Al-Mundhir, Muslim emir (approximate date)
 * Al-Muwaffaq, Muslim prince and regent (d. 891)
 * Li Hanzhi, Chinese warlord (d. 899)
 * Pietro I Candiano, doge of Venice (approximate date)
 * Yang Fuguang, Chinese general (d. 883)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Al-Mu'tasim, Muslim caliph (b. 796)
 * January 20 – Theophilus, Byzantine emperor (b. 813)
 * March 9 – Humbert, bishop of Würzburg
 * March 16 – Xiao Mian, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
 * August 16 – Death of Qaratis also known as Umm Harun, was the mother of Abbasid caliph al-Wathiq (r. 842–847). She died during her Hajj pilgrimage journey.
 * August 24 – Saga, emperor of Japan (b. 786)
 * October 22 – Abo, Japanese prince (b. 792)
 * Alfonso II, king of Asturias (b. 759)
 * Bernard of Vienne, Frankish bishop (b. 778)
 * Dúngal mac Fergaile, king of Osraige (Ireland)
 * Li Cheng, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty
 * Liu Yuxi, Chinese poet and philosopher (b. 772)
 * Sugawara no Kiyotomo, Japanese nobleman (b. 770)
 * Uurad, king of the Picts (approximate date)
 * We Gyaltore Taknye, Tibetan nobleman
 * Zheng Tan, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty

title: 842


text:
754

Year 754 (DCCLIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 754th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 754th year of the 1st millennium, the 54th year of the 8th century, and the 5th year of the 750s decade. The denomination 754 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * July – Stephen II anoints Pepin's sons, Charles (later known as Charlemagne) and Carloman, consecrating them as patricians. At Quierzy he proclaims the Carolingian dynasty holy, and appeals for help against the Lombards. Finally, the Frankish nobles give their consent to a campaign in Lombardy.
 * July 28 – Pope Stephen II re-consecrates Pepin III (the Short) as king of the Franks, at the Basilica of Saint-Denis outside Paris, bestowing upon him the additional title of Patricius of the Romans. This marks the first recorded crowning of a civil ruler by a pope. Pepin assumes the role of ordained protector of the Catholic Church.

 * Summer – The Franks under Pepin III invade Italy, and defeat the Lombards under King Aistulf, in the Susa Valley (Piedmont). He enforces the terms, including cession of the Exarchate of Ravenna to Rome.
 * The oldest document mentioning the city of Ferrara (Northern Italy) is from this year (approximate date).

Abbasid Caliphate

 * June 10 – Caliph as-Saffah dies of smallpox after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his nominated heir and brother al-Mansur, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate.
 * November – Abdallah ibn Ali, governor of Syria and uncle of as-Saffah, launches a claim for the caliphate, but is defeated by forces loyal to al-Mansur, under Abu Muslim, at Nisibis (modern Turkey).

Asia

 * Jianzhen, Chinese Buddhist monk, arrives in Nara, where he is welcomed by former emperor Shōmu and empress Kōmyō. During his visit Jianzhen introduces sugar to the Japanese court, using it to mask the flavors of foul-tasting herbal tea.
 * A Tang census shows that 75% of the Chinese live north of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River. The capital of Chang'an has a population of 2 million and more than 25 other cities have well over 500,000 citizens (approximate date).

Religion

 * February – Council of Hieria: Emperor Constantine V summons a Christian council in the palace of Hieria in Constantinople. The council, under the presidency of Bishop Theodosius of Ephesus, supports the policy of Iconoclasm and condemning the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire. Constantine increases the persecution of the monasteries; hundreds of monks and nuns are mutilated or put to death.
 * June 5 – Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary, is killed by a band of pagans at Dokkum in Frisia, while reading the Scriptures to Christian converts. He is later buried in the Abbey of Fulda, entrusted to his Bavarian disciple Sturm.

Births

 * Hildegard of the Vinzgau, Frankish queen and wife of Charlemagne (d. 783)
 * Li Fan, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 811)

Deaths

 * June 5
 * Boniface, Anglo-Saxon missionary
 * Eoban, bishop of Utrecht
 * June 10 – Abul Abbas al-Saffah, Muslim caliph
 * August 17 – Carloman mayor of the palace of Austrasia and brother of Pepin III (The Short)
 * Ansemund, Visigothic count
 * Burchard, bishop of Würzburg (approximate date)
 * Childeric III, king of the Franks (approximate date)
 * Cui Hao, Chinese poet
 * Hiltrud, duchess regent of Bavaria (b. 716)
 * Li Linfu, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
 * Rhodri Molwynog, king of Gwynedd (Wales)

title: 754


text:
772

Year 772 (DCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 772 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Saxon Wars: King Charlemagne leads a Frankish expedition from the Middle Rhine into disputed territory lost by the Franks in 695. He starts a campaign against the Saxons and seizes Eresburg, destroying the Irminsul (Saxon sacred tree) near Paderborn. Charlemagne devastates several major Saxon strongholds, and forces them to retreat beyond the Weser River. After negotiating with some Saxon nobles and obtaining hostages, he installs a number of garrisons.
 * King Desiderius of the Lombards, enraged by the repudiation by Charlemagne of his daughter Desiderata, proclaims Gerberga's sons lawful heirs to the Frankish throne. He attacks Pope Adrian I for refusing to crown them, and invades the Duchy of the Pentapolis. Desiderius marches on Rome, and Adrian turns to the Franks for military support.
 * In England, King Offa of Mercia attempts to rule Kent directly, possibly to depose his rival Egbert II (approximate date).

Asia

 * Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur completes construction of the garrison city of al-Rāfiqah adjacent to Raqqa.

Religion

 * February 1 – Pope Stephen III dies after a 3½-year reign, in which he has approved the acceptable reverence of icons in the Eastern Church. He is succeeded by Adrian I (also referred to as Hadrian) as the 95th pope of Rome.

Births

 * Bai Ju Yi, Chinese poet and official (d. 846)
 * Cui Qun, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 832)
 * Cui Zhi, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 829)
 * Li Ao, Chinese philosopher and prose writer (d. 841)
 * Liu Yuxi, Chinese poet and philosopher (d. 842)
 * probable
 * Charles the Younger, son of Charlemagne (d. 811)

Deaths

 * February 1 – Pope Stephen III
 * May 13 – Dōkyō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 700)
 * July 10 – Amalberga of Temse, Lotharingian nun and saint (b. 741)
 * date unknown
 * Dúngal mac Cellaig, king of Osraige (Ireland)
 * Yuan Jie, Chinese poet
 * Zhu Xicai, general of the Tang Dynasty

title: 772


text:
AD 787

Year 787 (DCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 787 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Empress Irene sends a Byzantine expeditionary army to invade southern Italy, but it is defeated and driven out (at Pope Adrian I's urging) by the Frankish army, allied with the forces of Benevento. She breaks off the engagement (see 782) between her son Constantine VI and the Frankish princess Rotrude, daughter of King Charlemagne.

Europe

 * August 26 – Arechis II, autonomous prince (or duke) of Benevento, dies. Grimoald III, taken hostage by the Franks, succeeds his father as ruler of Benevento.
 * Maurizio Galbaio, doge of Venice, dies after a 22-year reign and is succeeded by his son Giovanni. He begins a vendetta against the patriarch of Grado (Italy).

Britain

 * Kings Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex call the Synod of Chelsea in Kent, which is attended by the Papal legates. There, Offa persuades the Papacy to grant Archepiscopal status to the Mercian See of Lichfield. In order to secure the royal succession, he has Hygeberht crown his son Ecgfrith king of Mercia at Brixworth.

Religion

 * Second Council of Nicaea: Empress Irene restores the veneration of icons (images of Christ and saints). This is a major victory of the monks, who will advance extensive claims to complete freedom for the Eastern Orthodox Church in religious matters. This ends the iconoclastic period in the Byzantine Empire.

Births

 * Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Muslim scholar and astrologer (approximate date)
 * Li Deyu, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 850)
 * Muhammad ibn Harun al-Amin, Muslim caliph (d. 813)

Deaths

 * August 26 – Arechis II, duke of Benevento
 * December 13 – Agilfride, bishop of Liège
 * Hyecho, Korean Buddhist monk (b. 704)
 * Maurizio Galbaio, doge of Venice
 * Willibald, bishop of Eichstätt (approximate date)

title: AD 787


text:
795

Year 795 (DCCXCV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 795 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Saxon War: The Slav Obodrites, under their ruler Witzan, attack the northern Saxons in Liuni. He is killed in an ambush and succeeded by his son Drożko (Thrasco), who becomes a Carolingian dux. King Charlemagne leads a Frankish expeditionary force north from Mainz, and marches to the Elbe, where eastern Saxon rebels again surrender.
 * Charlemagne creates the Hispanic Marches, a buffer zone beyond the former province of Septimania. A group of Iberian lordships form a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and the Frankish Kingdom.
 * In the earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland, they attack the monasteries at Iona (Inner Hebrides), Inishbofin and Inishmurray (approximate date).

Britain

 * Quarrels between the kings Cynan Dindaethwy and Hywel leave the way open for Caradog ap Meirion (the House of Rhos) to usurp the throne of Gwynedd (modern Wales).
 * King Offa of Mercia receives diplomatic gifts from Charlemagne. He re-founds St. Albans Abbey, supposedly in thanks for overrunning East Anglia (approximate date).

Religion

 * December 25 – Pope Adrian I, age 95, dies after a 23-year reign, and is succeeded by Leo III as the 96th pope of Rome.
 * December 26 – Leo III is elected to serve as Pope on the day his predecessor Adrian I was buried and is consecrated the following day
 * Paul the Deacon, a Benedictine monk at Monte Cassino, completes the History of the Lombards (approximate date).

Births

 * Æthelwulf, king of Wessex (approximate date)
 * Babak Khorramdin, Persian military leader (or 798)
 * Bernard of Septimania, Frankish duke (d. 844)
 * Gregory IV, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 844)
 * Judith of Bavaria, Frankish queen (or 797/805)
 * Landulf I, gastald (or count) of Capua (approximate date)
 * Lothair I, king and emperor of the Franks (d. 855)
 * Mu Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 824)
 * Nithard, Frankish historian (d. 844)
 * Renaud d'Herbauges, Frankish nobleman (d. 843)

Deaths

 * December 25 – Adrian I, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 700)
 * Ælfthryth of Crowland, Anglo-Saxon princess
 * Bran Ardchenn, king of Leinster (Ireland)
 * Malik ibn Anas, founder of the Maliki School (b. 711)
 * Witzan, Obodrite prince

title: 795


text:
755

Year 755 (DCCLV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 755 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * September – Abd al-Rahman I, a member of the Umayyad Dynasty, lands at Almuñécar in al-Andalus (modern Spain), where over the next years he will establish the Emirate of Córdoba.
 * Teodato Ipato is deposed and blinded, after a 13-year reign. He is succeeded by Galla Gaulo, who usurps the ducal throne of Venice.

Britain

 * The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle's description under this date (now dated 757), of King Sigeberht of Wessex being deposed by Cynewulf, is notably fuller than earlier entries.

Asia

 * December 16 – General An Lushan begins the Anshi Rebellion against Emperor Xuan Zong of the Tang Dynasty (China). His army surges down from Fanyang (near modern Beijing), and moves rapidly along the Grand Canal. Meanwhile, Xuan Zong sends Feng Changqing, governor of Fanyang, to build up defenses at the eastern capital of Luoyang.
 * Trisong Detsen becomes emperor of Tibet. During his reign he plays a pivotal role in the introduction of Buddhism, and the establishment of the Nyingma or "Ancient" school of Tibetan Buddhism.
 * Empress Kōken introduces the Tanabata festival to Japan.

Central America

 * November 8 – K'ahk' Ukalaw Chan Chaak is installed as the new ruler of the Mayan city state of Naranjo in Guatemala and reigns until his death in 780.
 * Alliances and trade between Mayan city-states have begun to break down. Malnutrition is on the rise. A diminishing of the food supply creates social upheaval and war (approximate date).

Births

 * Bello of Carcassonne, Frankish noble (approximate date)
 * Wala of Corbie, Frankish noble (approximate date)
 * William of Gellone, Frankish noble (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri, Arab noble
 * Abu Muslim Khorasani, Persian general
 * Elisedd ap Gwylog, king of Powys (Wales)
 * Sunpadh, Persian rebel leader
 * Zhang Xuan, Chinese painter (b. 713)

title: 755


text:
325

Year 325 (CCCXXV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Proculus and Paulinus (or, less frequently, year 1078 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 325 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Constantine I personally assures the security of the Danube frontier by defeating the Goths, the Vandals, and the Sarmatians.
 * Licinius is executed in Thessalonica, on a charge of conspiring and raising troops against Constantine I.
 * Gladiatorial combat is outlawed in the Roman Empire.

China

 * April 1 – Crown Prince Cheng of Jin, age 4, succeeds his father Ming of Jin as emperor of the Eastern Jin dynasty. During his reign, he is largely advised by regents, his uncle Yu Liang and high-level officials.

Art

 * Constantine the Great, from the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome, is started to be made. It is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome.

Religion

 * May 20 – First Council of Nicaea: Constantine I summons an ecumenical council of bishops in Nicaea (Turkey). The Nicene Creed, adopted on June 19, declares that the members of the Trinity (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) are equal. The council decides that Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox. Arius is exiled to Illyria; his works are confiscated and consigned to the flames.
 * The Church of the Nativity is built in Bethlehem.

Births

 * Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman historian (approximate date)
 * Procopius, Roman general and usurper (approximate date)
 * Wang Meng (or Jinglüe), Chinese prime minister (d. 375)

Deaths

 * October 18 – Ming of Jin, Chinese emperor (b. 299)
 * Iamblichus, Syrian philosopher and writer (b. 245)
 * Licinius, Roman consul and emperor (executed)
 * Li Ju (or Shihui), Chinese general and warlord
 * Sextus Martinianus, Roman Emperor (executed)
 * Tuoba Heru, Chinese prince of the Tuoba Dai

title: 325


text:
380s

The 380s decade ran from January 1, 380, to December 31, 389.

title: 380s


text:
381

Year 377 (CCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Syagrius and Eucherius (or, less frequently, year 1134 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 381 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * Emperor Gratian moves the capital to Mediolanum (modern-day Milan). Because of his Christian beliefs, he eliminates Pontifex Maximus as Imperial title. Gratian also refuses the robe of office, insulting the pagan aristocrats of Rome.
 * The Gallic city of Cularo is renamed Gratianopolis (later Grenoble), in honor of Gratian having created a bishopric.

Europe

 * The Visigothic chieftain Athanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople. He negotiates a peace treaty with emperor Theodosius I that makes his people foederati as "one body within the imperial soldiery". Athanaric dies 2 weeks later after an 18-year reign in which he has been undisputed king of all the Goths for just 1 year. The peace will continue until Theodosius's death in 395.
 * The Sciri together with the Huns attack along Rome's lower Danubian frontier.

Religion

 * First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 383): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism. Most trinitarian churches consider this an Ecumenical council.
 * Council of Aquileia: Ambrose and the council depose the Arian bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum.
 * Flavian succeeds Meletius as Patriarch of Antioch.
 * Timothy succeeds Peter II as Patriarch of Alexandria.
 * Nectarius succeeds Gregory Nazianzus as Archbishop of Constantinople.
 * John Chrysostom becomes a deacon.

Births

 * Helian Bobo, Chinese emperor of the Xiongnu state Xia (d. 425)

Deaths

 * February 15 – Faustinus of Brescia, Roman Catholic bishop and saint
 * February 27 – Peter II, Patriarch of Alexandria
 * June 29 – Saint Syrus, Bishop of Genoa

Date unknown

 * Athanaric, king of the Visigoths
 * Saint Meletius, Patriarch of Antioch

title: 381


text:
640s

The 640s decade ran from January 1, 640, to December 31, 649.

title: 640s


text:
650s

The 650s decade ran from January 1, 650, to December 31, 659.

Significant people

 * Popes: Martin I, Eugene I, Vitalian
 * Byzantine Emperor: Constans II

title: 650s


text:
660s

The 660s decade ran from January 1, 660, to December 31, 669.

Significant people
Ahsusjuseshsshs

title: 660s


text:
670s

The 670s decade ran from January 1, 670, to December 31, 679.

Significant people
、

title: 670s


text:
680s

The 680s decade ran from January 1, 680, to December 31, 689.

Significant people

 * Mu'awiya I caliph
 * Yazid I
 * Mu'awiya II
 * Marwan
 * Abd al-Malik
 * Constans II

title: 680s


text:
690s

The 690s decade ran from January 1, 690, to December 31, 699.

Significant people

 * Abd al-Malik caliph
 * Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan famous governor of Egypt
 * Justinian II Byzantine emperor
 * Pope Conon of Rome

title: 690s


text:
741

Year 741 (DCCXLI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 741 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * June 18 – Emperor Leo III ("the Isaurian") dies of dropsy at Constantinople, after a 24-year reign that has saved the Byzantine Empire and delivered Eastern Europe from the threat of an Arab conquest. He is succeeded by his son Constantine V.
 * Artabasdos, Byzantine general (strategos) of the Armeniac theme, defeats Constantine V and advances on Constantinople, where he is crowned emperor. He secures the support of the themes of Thrace and Opsikion, and abandons Leo's religious policy of iconoclasm. Constantine seeks the support of the Anatolic theme.

Central America

 * February 11 – Wak Chanil Ajaw (Lady Six Sky), queen of the Mayan city state of Naranjo in Guatemala, dies after a reign of more than 47 years and is succeeded by her son, Yax Mayuy Chan Chaak, who reigns until his own death in 744.
 * June 23 – Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city state at Dos Pilas in Guatemala after the death of Ucha'an K'in B'alam and reigns until 761 when he is forced to flee during an uprising by rebels from Tamarindito.

Europe

 * October 22 – Charles Martel, Merovingian mayor of the palace, dies in his palace at Quirzy-sur-Oise (modern-day Picardy). His territories are divided between his adult sons Carloman and Pepin the Short, although the Frankish Kingdom has had no true king since the death of Theuderic IV (see 737). Lands to the east, including Austrasia and Alemannia (with Bavaria as a vassal) go to Carloman, while Pepin receives Neustria and Burgundy (with Aquitaine as a vassal). Grifo, youngest son of Charles, succeeds him as mayor of the palace, and probably receives a strip of land between Neustria and Austrasia.
 * Pepin the Short marries Bertrada of Laon, daughter of Count Charibert of Laon.

Switzerland

 * In 741 and 744, documents in the archives of St. Gallen Abbey describe the village of Kempraten as Centoprato, another document in 863 as Centiprata, inspired by the Latin name Centum Prata.
 * A nunnery given by the Alamannic noblewoman Beata on Lützelau island is first mentioned. In 744, the nunnery is sold to Einsiedeln Abbey.
 * Ufenau island in Switzerland is first mentioned in 741 as "Hupinauia", and in 744 as "Ubinauvia" — island of Huppan of Huphan.

Africa

 * The Great Berber Revolt: Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik appoints Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi as governor (wali) of Ifriqiya (North Africa). A fourth expedition is sent from Syria by the Umayyad Caliphate to crush the rebellion in the Atlas region, but is defeated at the Battle of Bagdoura, in the plain of the Ghrab (modern Morocco). The counter-attack of the Kharijite rebels to the East is successful, but fails to conquer Kairouan from the loyalists. A more radical branch of the Tunisian Kharijites, (the Sufrists) however, manages to take the city soon after.

Religion

 * November 28 – Pope Gregory III dies at Rome, after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by Zachary, as the 91st pope of the Catholic Church.
 * April 23 – A fire destroys the English city of York Minster, including its Church. The church is later rebuilt as a more impressive structure, containing thirty altars.
 * Japanese authorities decree that Buddhist temples should be established throughout the country (approximate date).

Births

 * Amalberga of Temse, Lotharingian nun and saint (d. 772)
 * Sugano no Mamichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 814)
 * Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 10 or 11 - Lady Six Sky, Maya queen of Naranjo
 * March 28 – Hatsusebe, Japanese princess
 * June 18 – Leo III, emperor of the Byzantine Empire
 * October 22 – Charles Martel, Frankish statesman and founder of the Carolingian dynasty
 * November 28 – Gregory III, pope of the Catholic Church
 * Habib ibn Abi Obeida al-Fihri, Arab general
 * Hedan II, duke of Thuringia (approximate date)
 * Kulthum ibn Iyad al-Qasi, Arab governor
 * Theodoald, mayor of the palace of Austrasia

title: 741


text:
688

Year 688 (DCLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 688 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II carries out a Balkan campaign and marches through Thrace, where he restores Byzantine rule. He establishes a theme administration, and migrates many Bulgars and Slavs to the Opsician Theme (Asia Minor).
 * Justinian II reestablishes Byzantine settlement on Cyprus, signing a treaty with Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik (and paying an annual tribute) for joint occupation of the island.

Europe

 * King Perctarit of the Lombards is assassinated by a conspiracy, after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Cunipert, who is crowned ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy.
 * Alahis, duke of Brescia, starts a civil war in Northern Italy. He besieges Cunipert on an island in Lake Como (Lombardy), who breaks out with Piedmontese troops.

Britain

 * King Caedwalla of Wessex abdicates the throne and departs on a pilgrimage to Rome, possibly because of the wounds he suffered while fighting on the Isle of Wight. The power vacuum is filled by Ine, son of his second cousin, sub-king Coenred of Dorset.
 * King Æthelred of Mercia establishes Mercian dominance over most of Southern England. He installs Oswine, minor member of the Kentish royal family (second cousin of king Eadric), as king of Kent. Prince Swæfheard of Essex is given West Kent.

Religion

 * Eadberht is appointed bishop of Lindisfarne (Northumbria). He founds the holy shrine to his predecessor Cuthbert, a place that becomes a centre of great pilgrimage in later years.

Births

 * Charles Martel, Frankish statesman and founder of the Carolingian dynasty (d. 741)
 * Jianzhen, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 763)
 * Wang Zhihuan, Chinese poet (d. 742)

Deaths

 * May 24 – Ségéne, bishop of Armagh (b. c. 610)
 * Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali, Muslim scholar (or 689)
 * Máel Dúin mac Conaill, king of Dál Riata (Scotland)
 * Perctarit, king of the Lombards
 * Rictrude, Frankish abbess

title: 688


text:
774

Year 774 (DCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 774 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Battle of Berzitia: The Bulgarian ruler (khagan) Telerig sends a small raiding army (12,000 men) to strike into the southwest of Macedonia, and capture Berzitia. Emperor Constantine V is informed about this raid by his spies in Pliska, and assembles an enormous force (80,000 men). He surprises the Bulgarians, who did not expect to find a Byzantine army there, and defeats them decisively. The Bulgars suffer heavy losses.
 * Telerig sends a message to Constantine V, stating that he is going to flee in exile to Constantinople. In exchange, he asks the emperor to reveal the spies to his associates in Pliska for their own safety. Constantine sends the Bulgarian government a list of the spies; however, Telerig executes them all, and eliminates the Byzantine spy network within his government.

Europe

 * King Charlemagne conquers the Lombard Kingdom, and establishes Frankish rule in Pavia, Venetia, Istria, Emilia, Tuscany, and Corsica. Charlemagne visits Rome; he confirms the Donation of Pepin (see 756) while insisting on his own sovereignty. Pope Adrian I grants him the title of patrician. Charlemagne puts down immediate insurrections in Friuli.
 * June – King Desiderius surrenders the independence of the Lombards to the Franks, and is exiled to Corbie Abbey (Picardy). Charlemagne annexes northern Italy as a sub-kingdom, and takes the title of Rex Langobardorum. Some Lombards flee south to Benevento, which remains independent; Duke Arechis II retitles himself "Prince of Benevento".
 * Saxon Wars: Saxon raiders ravage much of northern Hesse (modern Germany), and burn the abbey at Fritzlar, putting the abbot and monks to the sword. Charlemagne hurriedly returns to Austrasia, assembles local troops, and recaptures Eresburg, before the approach of winter halts further operations.
 * King Aurelius dies after a 6-year reign, and is succeeded by his cousin-in-law Silo, as ruler of Asturias (Northern Spain).

Britain

 * Unrest in the Northumbrian Church appears to lead to the expulsion of King Alhred, who is driven from his capital York. He sails from Bamburgh into exile amongst the Picts, where he is received by King Ciniod I. He is replaced by Æthelred I, the 11-year-old son of the late king Æthelwald Moll.
 * King Offa of Mercia subdues the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Kent and Wessex (approximate date).

Astronomy

 * A 1.2% growth of carbon-14 concentration recorded in tree rings, along with corresponding spikes of Chlorine-36 and Beryllium-10 recorded in ice cores, suggests that a very strong solar storm may have hit Earth in either 774 or 775.

Births

 * Kūkai, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 835)

Deaths

 * date unknown
 * Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i, Muslim scholar (b. 707)
 * Abu Mikhnaf, Muslim historian (approximate date)
 * Amoghavajra, Chinese translator (b. 705)
 * Kim Daeseong, Korean minister (b. 700)
 * Aurelius, king of Asturias (Spain)
 * Lady K'awiil Yopaat, queen regnant of the Maya city of Toniná between 762 and 774.
 * probable
 * Gummarus, Frankish nobleman and saint (b. 717)
 * Krishna I, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Empire

title: 774


text:
568

Year 568 (DLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 568 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Spring – The Lombards, led by King Alboin, cross the Julian Alps. Their invasion of Northern Italy is almost unopposed; withered Byzantine forces, that remain in the Po Valley and are based at Ravenna, are no match for the overwhelming Lombard incursion. Residents of the Italian countryside flee at the Lombards' approach. Some retreat to the barrier islands along the shore of the Northern Adriatic Sea, where they establish permanent settlements: the nascent city of Venice.
 * The Byzantines abandon present-day Lombardy and Tuscany, to establish a frontier march in the hills south of Ravenna (still known as Le Marche). Bavarians, Sarmatians, Saxons and Taifali, join the invasion en route. As they advance, the vacuum left behind them on the Balkan Peninsula is filled by Avars, Bulgars and Slavs.
 * Sigebert I, king of Austrasia, repels a second attack from the Avars. His half brother Chilperic I strangles his wife Galswintha at the instigation of his mistress Fredegund.
 * Liuvigild is declared co-king and heir after the second year of the reign of his brother Liuva I. He becomes ruler over the Visigoths in Hispania Citerior (Eastern Spain).
 * Mummolus, Gallo-Roman prefect, defeats the Lombards at Embrun and expels them from Provence (Southern Gaul).
 * The Avar Khaganate attempts to expel Kutrigurs who had fled the Göktürks, ordering them to go south of the Sava River; those who leave generally fall under rule of the Turks.

Britain

 * Æthelric succeeds his brother Adda as king of Bernicia (modern Scotland). He rules from 568–572 (approximate date).
 * Battle of Wibbandun: Ceawlin of Wessex defeats Æthelberht of Kent (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).

Asia

 * The Turks and Sassanids succeed in destroying the Hepthalites on the eastern frontier (approximate date).
 * A Turkish khan sends emissaries to the Byzantine Empire (approximate date).

Religion

 * Emperor Justin II and his wife Sophia send the Cross of Justin II ("Vatican Cross") to Rome, to improve the relations with the Byzantine Empire.
 * Paulinus I, patriarch of Aquileia, flees with the treasures of his church and transfers them to the island of Grado.

Births

 * Feng Deyi, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 627)
 * Ingund, princess, spouse of Visigoth prince Hermenegild (d. 584)
 * Liu Wenjing, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 619)

Deaths

 * Adda, king of Bernicia (approximate date)
 * Galswintha, queen consort of Neustria, married to Chilperic I (b. 540)

title: 568


text:
470s

The 470s decade ran from January 1, 470, to December 31, 479.

title: 470s


text:
1625

January–March

 * January 17 – Led by the Duke of Soubise, the Huguenots launch a second rebellion against King Louis XIII, with a surprise naval assault on a French fleet being prepared in Blavet.
 * February 3 – Francesca Caccini's opera La liberazione di Ruggiero has its premiere, stated in Florence in Italy. The opera will continue to be staged almost 400 years later, as late as the year 2018.
 * February 6 – Bogislaw XIV becomes the final Duke of Pomerania, an office that becomes extinct after his death in 1637.
 * February 8 – Hafız Ahmed Pasha is designated as the new grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Sultan Murad IV, 11 days after the death of Çerkes Mehmed Pasha.
 * February 11 – Dutch–Portuguese War: One of the largest naval battles ever fought in the Persian Gulf takes place in the Straits of Hormuz as fleets of the Dutch East India Company and the English East India Company defend Persia against an attack by ships from the colony of Portuguese India.
 * February – Huguenot forces under the Duke of Soubise capture the Island of Ré.
 * March 21 – James Ussher is appointed Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland) and Primate of All Ireland.
 * March 28–April 24 – First Savoine War – Relief of Genoa: The Spanish fleet aids the Republic of Genoa, by overcoming the Franco-Savoyard occupation of the city of Genoa.
 * March 25 – Battle of Martqopi: The Safavids are defeated in Georgia.
 * March 27 – Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland succeeds to the throne on the death of his father, King James VI and I.

April–June

 * April 4 – Frederick Henry of Nassau marries Amalia, Countess von Solms-Braunfels.
 * April 7 – Albrecht von Wallenstein is appointed German supreme commander.
 * April 23 – Stadtholder Maurice of Nassau of the Dutch Republic dies, and is succeeded by his younger brother, Frederick Henry.
 * May 1 – A Portuguese-Spanish expedition recaptures Salvador, Bahia (Bahia) from the Dutch.
 * May 15–16 – Rebellious farmers are hanged in Vocklamarkt, Upper Austria.
 * June 2 – Prince Frederick Henry is sworn in as the stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland.
 * June 5 – Eighty Years' War: Spanish troops under Ambrogio Spinola conquer Breda, after a nine-month siege.
 * June 13 – King Charles I of England marries Catholic princess Henrietta Maria of France and Navarre, at Canterbury.
 * June 18 – The English Parliament refuses to vote Charles I the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead.

July–September

 * July 1 – The Safavid Empire in Iran defeats an invasion from the Kingdom of Georgia in the Battle of Marabda with heavy losses on both sides, including the Georgian commander, Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani. when the Iranian Safavid army defeated a Georgian force.
 * July – The Barbary pirates first attack south-western England. In August they enslave about 60 people from Mount's Bay in Cornwall.
 * August 6 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed as stadtholder of Groningen.
 * August 16 – Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed stadtholder of Drenthe.
 * September 8 – The Treaty of Southampton makes an alliance between England and the Dutch Republic, against Spain.
 * September 13 – A total of 16 rabbis (including Isaiah Horowitz) are imprisoned in Jerusalem.
 * September 15 – After several skirmishes in the preceding days, troops under the Marquis of Toiras successfully recapture the island of Ré, forcing the Duke of Soubise to flee to England, and ending the second Huguenot rebellion.
 * September 24 – A Dutch fleet attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico.

October–December

 * October 25 – A Dutch fleet attacks the Portuguese garrison at Elmina castle at modern-day Elmina, Ghana, but is defeated with heavy casualties. This defeat, along with the defeats at Bahia and Puerto Rico, causes a five-year-long lull in Dutch attacks on Spanish and Portuguese colonies.
 * November 1–7 – Cádiz Expedition: English forces commanded by Admiral George Villiers (which set out from Plymouth on October 8) are decisively defeated by the Spanish at Cádiz.
 * December 9 – Thirty Years' War: The Netherlands and England sign the Treaty of The Hague, a military peace treaty for providing economical aid to King Christian IV of Denmark-Norway, during his military campaigns in Germany.

Date unknown

 * The Dutch settle Manhattan, founding the town of New Amsterdam. The town will transform into a piece of New York City.
 * The capital of Madagascar, Antananarivo, is founded by King Andrianjaka.
 * In England, a very high tide occurs, the highest ever known in the Thames, and the sea walls in Kent, Essex, and Lincolnshire are overthrown, thus great desolation is caused to the lands near the sea.
 * An English colony is established in Barbados.
 * The first members of the Society of Jesus move to Quebec, Canada.
 * Approximate date – Shyaam a-Mbul begins to unify the Kuba Kingdom in Central Africa.

Births

January–March

 * January 29 – Thieleman J. van Braght, Dutch Anabaptist author (d. 1664)
 * February 1 – Leopold Louis, Count Palatine of Veldenz, German noble (d. 1694)
 * February 9 – Jobst Herman, Count of Lippe, Sternberg and Schwalenberg (d. 1678)
 * February 14 – Countess Palatine Maria Eufrosyne of Zweibrücken, Swedish princess (d. 1687)
 * February 18 – Giovanni Giuseppe Cosattini, Italian painter (d. 1699)
 * February 21 – Joan Huydecoper II, Dutch mayor (d. 1704)
 * March 1 – William Gregory, English politician and judge (d. 1696)
 * March 14 – Daniel Gittard, French architect (d. 1686)
 * March 25
 * Ann, Lady Fanshawe, English memoirist (d. 1680)
 * John Collins, English mathematician (d. 1683)

April–June

 * April 4 – Sir John Drake, 1st Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1669)
 * April 5 – Domenico Maria Canuti, Italian painter of the Baroque period (d. 1684)
 * April 18 – Sir John Baber, English physician to Charles II (d. 1704)
 * April 25 – John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Brunswick-Calenberg (1665–1679) (d. 1679)
 * May 9 – George Pitt, English politician (d. 1694)
 * May 11 – Elisabeth Marie, Duchess of Oels, Regent of Oels (1664–1672) (d. 1686)
 * May 13 – Carlo Maratta, Italian painter (d. 1713)
 * May 23 – John Louis, Count of Nassau-Ottweiler (d. 1690)
 * May 25
 * John Davies, Welsh translator and writer (d. 1693)
 * Gaspar Téllez-Girón, 5th Duke de Osuna, Spanish duke (d. 1694)
 * June 8 – Giovanni Domenico Cassini, Italian astronomer and engineer (d. 1712)
 * June 10 – János Apáczai Csere, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1659)
 * June 16 – Samuel Chappuzeau, French scholar (d. 1701)
 * June 17 – Peder Hansen Resen, Danish historian (d. 1688)
 * June 22 – Henry Cromwell-Williams, English politician (d. 1673)
 * June 23 – John Fell, English churchman and influential academic (d. 1686)

July–September

 * July 9 – Sarah Rapelje, first white European Christian female born in New Netherland (d. 1685)
 * July 10 – Jean Herauld Gourville, French adventurer (d. 1703)
 * July 27 – Edward Montagu, 1st Earl of Sandwich (d. 1672)
 * July 30 – Philippe François, 1st Duke of Arenberg (d. 1674)
 * August 9 – Hans Rosing, Norwegian bishop (d. 1699)
 * August 10
 * Johann Deutschmann, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1706)
 * Augustine Reding, Swiss abbot and theologian (d. 1692)
 * August 13 – Rasmus Bartholin, Danish physician and scientist (d. 1698)
 * August 14 – François de Harlay de Champvallon, Archbishop of Paris (d. 1695)
 * August 20 – Thomas Corneille, French dramatist (d. 1709)
 * August 21 – John Claypole, English politician (d. 1688)
 * September 2 – Federico Baldeschi Colonna, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1691)
 * September 4 – Johan van Rensselaer, Dutch noble (d. 1663)
 * September 5 – Charles II Otto, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (1669–1671) (d. 1671)
 * September 7 – Henry Frederick, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1628–1699) (d. 1699)
 * September 8 – William Bond, first Speaker of the Massachusetts Province House of Representatives (d. 1695)
 * September 13 – Thomas Reynell, English politician (d. 1698)
 * September 16 – Gregorio Barbarigo, Italian Catholic saint (d. 1697)
 * September 23 – Ferdinand Maximilian, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Baden, father of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1669)
 * September 24 – Johan de Witt, Dutch politician (d. 1672)

October–December

 * October 2 – Vere Essex Cromwell, 4th Earl of Ardglass, English noble (d. 1687)
 * October 4 – Jacqueline Pascal, French child prodigy and sister of Blaise Pascal (d. 1661)
 * October 5 – Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern (d. 1663)
 * October 6 – Francis Small, English trader and landowner residing primarily in Kittery, Maine (d. 1714)
 * October 9 – Jacques Henri de Durfort de Duras, French noble (d. 1704)
 * October 10 – Erik Dahlbergh, Swedish engineer, soldier and field marshal (d. 1703)
 * October 19 – Pierre Nicole, French Jansenist (d. 1695)
 * October 23 – Charles Cheyne, 1st Viscount Newhaven, English Member of Parliament (d. 1698)
 * October 26 – Michał Kazimierz Radziwiłł, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1680)
 * October 31 – Christen Jensen Lodberg, Danish bishop (d. 1693)
 * November 1 – Oliver Plunkett, Irish archbishop, martyr and saint (d. 1681)
 * November 7 – Henri II, Duke of Nemours, 7th Duc de Nemours (1652–59) (d. 1659)
 * November 8 – Mary Rich, Countess of Warwick, 7th daughter of Richard Boyle (d. 1678)
 * November 12 – Sir Edward Dering, 2nd Baronet, Irish politician (d. 1684)
 * November 13 – William Christoph, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, Germany (d. 1681)
 * November 20
 * Tønne Huitfeldt, Norwegian landowner and military officer (d. 1677)
 * Paulus Potter, Dutch painter (d. 1654)
 * November 30 – Jean Domat, French jurist (d. 1696)
 * December 8 – Margaret Mostyn, English Carmelite nun (d. 1679)
 * December 10 – Melchior Barthel, German sculptor (d. 1672)
 * December 14 – Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville, French orientalist (d. 1695)
 * December 16 – Erhard Weigel, German mathematician, astronomer and philosopher (d. 1699)
 * December 20
 * Tamás Esterházy, Hungarian noble (d. 1652)
 * David Gregory, Scottish physician and inventor (d. 1720)
 * December 24 – Johann Rudolph Ahle, German composer and organist (d. 1673)

Date unknown

 * Margareta Beijer, director of the Swedish royal post office (d. 1675)

January–March

 * January/February – Robert Cushman, English Plymouth Colony settler (b. 1577)
 * January 5 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (b. 1573)
 * January 7 – Ruggiero Giovannelli, Italian composer (b. c. 1560)
 * January 17 – Maria Dolgorukova, first spouse of Tsar Michael I of Russia (b. c. 1601)
 * January 18 – John Pakington, English noble (b. 1549)
 * January 23 – Count John III of Rietberg (b. 1566)
 * January 27 – Adrianus Valerius, Dutch National Anthem writer (b. c. 1575)
 * January 29 – Jacob Gretser, German Jesuit writer (b. 1562)
 * February 6 – Philipp Julius, Duke of Pomerania (b. 1584)
 * February 19 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester, English peer (b. 1563)
 * February 26
 * Anna Vasa of Sweden, Polish and Swedish princess (b. 1568)
 * Jeremiah of Wallachia, Romanian-born Capuchin lay brother, who spent his entire adult life serving as an infirmarian of the Order in Italy (b. 1556)
 * March 2 – James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess of Hamilton (b. 1589)
 * March 7
 * Johann Bayer, German lawyer and uranographer (celestial cartographer) (b. 1572)
 * Joachim Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1603–1625) (b. 1583)
 * March 26 – Giambattista Marino, Italian poet (b. 1569)
 * March 27 – King James VI of Scotland/James I of England and Ireland (b. 1566)
 * March 28 or March 29 – Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, Spanish historian (b. 1549)

April–June

 * April 5 – Andres de Soto, Franciscan preacher and spiritual writer (b. 1552)
 * April 7 – Adriaan van den Spiegel, Flemish physician, anatomist (b. 1578)
 * April 10 – Michael de Sanctis, Spanish Trinitarian priest (b. 1591)
 * April 15 – Thomas Field, Irish Jesuit (b. 1546)
 * April 16 – Nicholas Assheton, English country squire, writer (b. 1590)
 * April 23 – Maurice, Prince of Orange (b. 1567)
 * April 30
 * Marco Passionei, Italian Catholic, member of the Order of Friars Minor (b. 1560)
 * Lawrence Tanfield, British politician (b. 1551)
 * May 7 – John Garrard, Lord Mayor of London (1601-1602) (b. 1550)
 * May 25 – William Barlow, British scientist (b. 1603)
 * June 1 – Honoré d'Urfé, French writer (b. 1568)
 * June 2 – Mōri Terumoto, Japanese warrior (b. 1553)
 * June 5 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer and organist (b. 1583)

July–September

 * July 1 – Teimuraz I, Prince of Mukhrani, Georgian prince (b. 1572)
 * July 19 – Samuel Besler, Polish composer (b. 1574)
 * July 26 – Johannes Piscator, German theologian (b. 1546)
 * August 3 – Ludovico Bertonio, Italian missionary (b. 1552)
 * August 14 – Hans Rottenhammer, German artist (b. 1564)
 * August 15 – Mary Cholmondeley, English medieval lady, litigant over her inheritance (b. 1563)
 * August 18 – Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche, English diplomat (b. 1556)
 * August 19 – Enno III, Count of East Frisia, Count of Ostfriesland (1599-1625) from the Cirksena Family (b. 1563)
 * August 29 – John Fletcher, English writer (b. 1579)
 * August 30 – Duchess Anna of Prussia, daughter of Albert Frederick (b. 1576)
 * September 4 – Thomas Smythe, English diplomat (b. 1558)
 * September 6 – Thomas Dempster, Scottish historian (b. 1579)
 * September 11 – Charles Montagu, English politician (b. 1564)
 * September 14
 * Pieter Isaacsz, Dutch painter (b. 1569)
 * Edward Mayhew, English priest (b. 1569)
 * September 19 – Eitel Frederick von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, German Catholic cardinal (b. 1582)
 * September 20 – Heinrich Meibom, German historian and poet (b. 1555)
 * September 26 – Edward Stafford, 4th Baron Stafford of England (b. 1572)

October–December

 * October 1 – César Oudin, French translator (b. 1560)
 * October 6 – Anthony Irby, English politician (b. 1547)
 * October 22 – Kikkawa Hiroie, Japanese politician (b. 1561)
 * October 24
 * Duke Friedrich of Saxe-Altenburg, Third son of Duke Friedrich Wilhelm I of Saxe-Weimar (b. 1599)
 * Abraham Scultetus, German theologian (b. 1566)
 * October 25 – Hans Michael Elias von Obentraut, Palatinate cavalry general in the Thirty Years' War (b. 1574)
 * November 3 – Adam Gumpelzhaimer, German composer (b. 1559)
 * November 16 – Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian painter (b. c. 1532)
 * November 19 – Johann Reinhard I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1569)
 * December 8 – Christina of Holstein-Gottorp, queen consort of King Charles IX of Sweden (b. 1573)
 * December 9 – Ubbo Emmius, Dutch historian and geographer (b. 1547)
 * December 16 – Elizabeth of Hesse-Kassel, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Gütsrow (b. 1596)
 * December 27 – Charles Baillie, Flemish-born Scottish papal agent (b. 1542)

Date unknown

 * Richard Fowns, English divine (b. 1560?)
 * Willem Schouten, Dutch navigator (died at sea) (b. c. 1567)
 * Juan de las Roelas, Spanish artist (b. 1558)

title: 1625


text:
1627

January–March

 * January 26 – The Dutch ship 't Gulden Zeepaert, skippered by François Thijssen, makes the first recorded sighting of the coast of South Australia.
 * February 15 – The administrative rural parish of Iisalmi (Idensalmi) is established in Savonia, by order of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
 * February 17 – England lands the first European settlers on Barbados.
 * March 3 – After the First Manchu invasion of Korea, the Joseon Dynasty of Korea becomes a tributary state of the Manchus, but still pays respects to the Ming Dynasty of China. After rejecting a Manchu alteration to the original diplomatic terms in 1636, the Manchus invade again in 1637.
 * March 17 – Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, is forced to abdicate after his spending brings Hesse-Kassel to bankruptcy. His son takes over as William V and cedes much of the landgravate in September to bring peace in its war against Hesse-Darmstadt.

April–June

 * April 10 – The 't Gulden Zeepaert reaches Batavia in the Dutch East Indies.
 * April 17 – The States of Friesland agree on the 28-point Appeal about Abuses after allowing the citizens to voice their complaints.
 * May 10 – The Kingdom of England reaches an agreement with Sidi Al-Ayyashi, a Moroccan Mujahidin leader to obtain his help in releasing English captives seized by the Barbary pirates.
 * May 13 – France and England sign an agreement on dividing the island of Saint Kitts.
 * May 23 – Ngarolamo becomes the new Sultan of Tidore in the Maluku Islands in what is now Indonesia.
 * June 15 – The States of Friesland promulgate the Resolution on the April 17 appeal about abuses.
 * June 20 – Hinchingbrooke House is sold by Sir Oliver Cromwell, to Sidney Montagu.

July–September

 * July 4 – Turkish Abductions: The Barbary pirates begin raiding Iceland in attacks that last until July 19.
 * July 20 – Eighty Years' War: Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, begins the Siege of Grol, the last Spanish stronghold in the eastern Netherlands, and captures it after 30 days.
 * July 22 – The English, under the Duke of Buckingham, invade Ré Island in support of the Huguenots in La Rochelle; the invasion fails.
 * July 27 – An earthquake destroys the cities of San Severo and Torremaggiore in southern Italy.
 * August 16 – In a persecution of Christians in Japan, 14 Franciscan missionaries and converts are killed.
 * August 19 – Eighty Years' War: Grol, in the Spanish Netherlands, is captured after the siege started on July 20 by Prince Frederick Henry.
 * September 10 – The Siege of La Rochelle begins as the Roman Catholic nations of France and Spain move to suppress the revolt of Protestant Huguenots in the western French city.
 * September 12 – Mohammed Adil Shah begins his reign as the new Sultan of Bijapur in south India, after the death of his father, Ibrahim Adil Shah II.
 * September 24 – William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, landgrave of the German state Hesse-Kassel, signs the Hauptakkord with George II of Hesse-Darmstadt, ceding much of its territory.
 * September 30 – The reign of China's 21-year old ruler, the Ming dynasty Tianqi Emperor, Zhu Youjiao, ends after seven years.

October–December

 * October 2 – The Tianqi Emperor's 16-year-old brother, Zhu Youjian, is enthroned as the Chongzhen Emperor.
 * October 28 – The Mughal Emperor Jahangir dies of a respiratory illness near Bhimber while attempting to return to his palace at Lahore.
 * November 7 – Shahryar Mirza, the 22-year-old son of Jahangir and son-in-law of Jahangir's widow Nur Jahan, is installed as the new Mughal Emperor at Lahore.
 * November 20 – Thirty Years' War: Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, signs the Capitulation of Franzburg, in which Pomerania is forced to pay for the Imperial army that Wallenstein sent to occupy it. Nonetheless, despite the treaty, Pomerania is devastated by the Imperial troops.
 * November 28 – Polish-Swedish War – Battle of Oliwa: A Polish-Lithuanian fleet defeats a Swedish fleet.
 * December 18 – La selva sin amor (The Forest without Love), written by Lope de Vega and with music by Alessandro Piccinini, premieres as the first Spanish opera.
 * December 25 – Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, dies of poor health at the age of 33. Charles I Gonzaga becomes the Duke over the objections of Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy, leading to the War of the Mantuan Succession.
 * December 27 – In Madrid, ministers of King Philip IV of Spain, draw up proposals for a "Kingdom and Republic of Ireland" that would break with England, to have two Captains General to be executives of the Republic.
 * December 30 – (Jumada-l awwal 2, 1037 AH) Shihab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram, son of the later Emperor Jahangir, enters Lahore after defeating his brother Shahryar Mirza. He is proclaimed as Shah Jahan.

Date unknown

 * Habsburg Spain suffers an economic collapse.
 * The last recorded aurochs die in the Jaktorów Forest of Poland.
 * Rock blasting is invented: Black gunpowder is first used in mining, in a mineshaft under Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia.

January–March

 * January 25 – Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish scientist (d. 1691)
 * February 2 – Sir Robert Kemp, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1710)
 * February 10 – Cornelis de Bie, Flemish poet, jurist (d. 1715)
 * February 15 – Charles Morton, Cornish nonconformist minister (d. 1698)
 * February 21 – Philips Augustijn Immenraet, Flemish painter (d. 1679)
 * February 28 – Aubrey de Vere, 20th Earl of Oxford (d. 1703)
 * March 9
 * Thomas Howard, 5th Duke of Norfolk, English noble (d. 1677)
 * Walter Moyle, English politician (d. 1701)
 * March 14 – Roelant Roghman, Dutch Golden Age painter (d. 1692)
 * March 27 – Sir Stephen Fox, English politician (d. 1716)

April–June

 * April 9 – Johann Caspar Kerll, German baroque composer and organist (d. 1693)
 * April 22 – Tsarevna Irina Mikhailovna of Russia (d. 1679)
 * May 4 – Giuseppe Francesco Borri, Italian alchemist (d. 1695)
 * May 16
 * Willem van Aelst, Dutch artist (d. 1683)
 * Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1704)
 * May 17 – Hector d'Andigné de Grandfontaine, Governor of Acadia from 1670 to 1673 (d. 1696)
 * May 29
 * Anne, Duchess of Montpensier, French princess and duchess (d. 1693)
 * Nikolaj Nissen, Danish judge (d. 1684)
 * June 4 – Eiler Holck, Danish military officer (d. 1696)
 * June 14 – Johann Abraham Ihle, German amateur astronomer (d. 1699)
 * June 19 – Thomas Richardson, 2nd Lord Cramond, English Member of Parliament (d. 1674)

July–September

 * July 1 – Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, consort of Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (d. 1669)
 * July 3 – Juan Ortega y Montañés, Spanish Catholic bishop, colonial administrator in Guatemala and New Spain (d. 1708)
 * July 18 – Henry Howard, 5th Earl of Suffolk, youngest son of Theophilus Howard (d. 1709)
 * July 20 – Thomas Wynne, English personal physician of William Penn (d. 1691)
 * July 28 – John Francis Desideratus, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1652–1699) (d. 1699)
 * August 1 – Princess Louise of Savoy, Hereditary Princess of Baden-Baden (d. 1689)
 * August 2 – Samuel Dirksz van Hoogstraten, Dutch painter of the Golden Age (d. 1678)
 * August 8
 * Bartolomé Garcia de Escañuela, Spanish Catholic prelate, Bishop of Durango (1676–1684), Bishop of Puerto Rico (1670–1676) (d. 1684)
 * Joseph Moxon, English printer (d. 1691)
 * August 21
 * Louis Cousin, French translator (d. 1707)
 * August of Legnica, Silesian nobleman (d. 1679)
 * August 26 – Philipp Jakob Sachs, German physician (d. 1672)
 * August 30
 * Margaretha van Godewijk, Dutch Golden Age poet and painter (d. 1677)
 * Itō Jinsai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1705)
 * September 11 – John Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (1662–1683) (d. 1683)
 * September 12 – Humbertus Guilielmus de Precipiano, Belgian Catholic archbishop (d. 1711)
 * September 27 – Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, French bishop and theologian (d. 1704)

October–December

 * October 1 – Galeazzo Marescotti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1726)
 * October 3 – William Crispin, one of five English Commissioners appointed by William Penn for settling Pennsylvania (d. 1681)
 * October 4
 * Sir John Fagg, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1701)
 * Francisco Varo, Spanish linguist (d. 1687)
 * November 5 – Herman Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg, High Chamberlain of the Elector of Bavaria (d. 1674)
 * November 12 – Diego Luis de San Vitores, Spanish Jesuit missionary to Guam (d. 1672)
 * November 14 – Marie Jonas de la Motte, Dutch prostitute (d. 1683)
 * November 16 – Erasmus Finx, German polymath (d. 1694)
 * November 17 – John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1660–1693) (d. 1693)
 * November 20 – Charlotte, Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel, German noble (d. 1686)
 * November 24 – Theophil Großgebauer, German theologian (d. 1661)
 * November 29 – John Ray, English biologist (d. 1705)
 * December 3 – St John Brodrick, Irish Member of Parliament (d. 1711)
 * December 7 – Countess Louise Henriette of Nassau, Electress Consort of Brandenburg (1646–1667) (d. 1667)
 * December 10 – Jean Baptiste de Champaigne, Flemish painter (d. 1681)
 * December 24 – Daniel Pawłowski, Polish writer (d. 1673)
 * December 28 – Alessandro Rosi, Italian artist (d. 1697)

Date unknown

 * Maria Sofia De la Gardie, Swedish countess and industrialist (d. 1694)
 * Sir John Flavel, English dissenter and writer (d. 1691)
 * Philip Fruytiers, Flemish painter (d. 1666)
 * Turhan Hatice, regent of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1683)

Approximate date

 * Ariana Nozeman, Dutch actress (d. 1661)

Deaths

 * January 14 – John Casimir, Count of Erbach-Breuberg (1606–1627) (b. 1584)
 * January 27 – Princess Cecilia of Sweden (b. 1540)
 * February 18 – Edmund Bowyer, English politician (b. 1552)
 * February 12 – Karl I, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1569)
 * February 22 – Olivier van Noort, Dutch navigator (b. 1558)
 * March 26 – Simon VII, Count of Lippe-Detmold (1613–1627) (b. 1587)
 * March 6 – Krzysztof Zbaraski, Polish statesman (b. 1580)
 * March 10 – Elizabeth de Vere, Countess of Derby, British businessman (b. 1575)
 * March 20 – Johann Jacob Grasser, Swiss poet, historian and theologian (b. 1579)
 * March 23 – Lodovico Zacconi, Italian composer and music theorist (b. 1555)
 * March 27 – Sir John Suckling, English politician (b. 1569).
 * April 22 – Ahmad Baba al Massufi, Malian academic (b. 1556)
 * May 2 – Lodovico Grossi da Viadana, Italian composer (b. 1560)
 * May 3 – Edward Russell, 3rd Earl of Bedford, son of Sir Francis Russell (b. 1572)
 * May 13 – Alexander, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg (b. 1573)
 * May 18 – Valerius Herberger, German theologian (b. 1562)
 * May 19 – Katharina Henot, German General Postmaster, alleged witch (b. 1570)
 * May 24 – Luis de Góngora, Spanish poet (b. 1561)
 * June 4 – Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Montpensier, French princess (b. 1605)
 * June 27 – Sir John Hayward, English historian (b. c. 1560)
 * July 4 (bur.) – Thomas Middleton, English playwright (b. 1580)
 * July 17 – Pedro Álvarez de Toledo, 5th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and politician (b. 1546)
 * August 21 – Jacques Mauduit, French composer (b. 1557)
 * August 27 – Francesco Maria del Monte, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1549)
 * September 20 – Jan Gruter, Dutch scholar (b. 1560)
 * October 28 – Jahangir, Mughal Emperor of India (b. 1569)
 * November 5 – John Ratcliffe, English politician and soldier (b. 1582)
 * November 8 – Louis II, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (b. 1565)
 * December – Madame Ke, influential nanny of the Tianqi Emperor of China (b. c. 1588)
 * December 25 – Vincenzo II Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Italian duke and Catholic cardinal (b. 1594)
 * date unknown
 * Hendrick Lucifer, Dutch pirate and buccaneer (b. 1583)
 * Marie Vernier, French actress (b. 1590)

title: 1627