text:
Frederic W. H. Myers

Frederic William Henry Myers (6 February 1843 – 17 January 1901) was a British poet, classicist, philologist, and a founder of the Society for Psychical Research. Myers' work on psychical research and his ideas about a "subliminal self" were influential in his time, but have not been accepted by the scientific community. However, in 2007 a team of cognitive scientists at University of Virginia School of Medicine, led by Edward F. Kelly published a major empirical-theoretical work, Irreducible Mind, citing various empirical evidence that they think broadly corroborates Myer's conception of human self and its survival of bodily death.

Early life
Myers was born on 6 February 1843 at St John's parsonage, Keswick, Cumberland, the son of Revd Frederic Myers (1811–1851) and his second wife Susan Harriet Myers nee Marshall (1811–1896). He was a brother of poet Ernest Myers (1844–1921) and of Dr. Arthur Thomas Myers (1851–1894). His maternal grandfather was the wealthy industrialist John Marshall (1765–1845).

Myers was educated at Cheltenham College and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he received a B.A. in 1864, and university prizes, including the Bell, Craven, Camden and Chancellor's Medal, though he was forced to resign the Camden medal for 1863 after accusations of plagiarism. He was a Fellow of Trinity College from 1865 to 1874 and college lecturer in classics from 1865 to 1869. In 1872 he became an Inspector of schools.

In 1867, Myers published a long poem, St Paul, which includes the words of the hymn Hark what a sound, and too divine for hearing. This was followed in 1882 by The Renewal of Youth and Other Poems. He also wrote books of literary criticism, in particular, Wordsworth (1881) and Essays, Classical and Modern (in two volumes, 1883), which included an essay on Virgil.

Personal life
As a young man, Myers was involved in homosexual relationships with Arthur Sidgwick, the poet John Addington Symonds, and possibly Lord Battersea. He later fell in love with Annie Eliza, the wife of his cousin Walter James Marshall. Myers' relationship with his cousin's wife has been questioned by different researchers to be sexual or Platonic. Annie committed suicide in September 1876 by drowning.

The British writer on the occult Richard Cavendish commented: "According to his own statement, he [Myers] had very strong sexual inclinations, which he indulged. These would seem to have been mainly homosexual in his youth, but in later life, he was said to be wholly heterosexual." In 1880, Myers married Eveleen Tennant (1856–1937), daughter of Charles Tennant and Gertrude Tennant. They had two sons, the elder the novelist Leopold Hamilton Myers (1881–1944), and a daughter. English author Ronald Pearsall suggested that Myers had sexual interests in young lady mediums, writing "[I]t is certainly true that Myers's interest in young lady mediums was not solely due to their spiritualistic talents."

The researcher Trevor H. Hall argued that Myers had an affair with the medium Ada Goodrich Freer. However, Trevor Hamilton dismissed this and suggested that Freer was simply using her acquaintance with Myers to gain status in the psychical research movement. John Grant has suggested that Myers was a womaniser who was easily duped and "probably seduced" by Freer."

Biographer Bart Schultz wrote that "Myers was suspected of all manner of sexual quirks and it was alleged that he looked upon psychical research as giving him opportunities for voyeurism." He also noted the odd behaviour of Myers, such as insisting to be with Edmund Gurney with his bride on their Honeymoon even against strong protest from the bride.

A relationship between eroticism and Myer's interest in psychical research was examined by Professor of Philosophy Jeffrey J. Kripal.

Biographer Trevor Hamilton has defended Myer's against the allegations of sexual misconduct.

Psychical research
Myers was interested in psychical research and was one of the founding members of the Society for Psychical Research (SPR) in 1883. He became the President in 1900. Myers psychical ideas and theory of a subliminal self did not impress contemporary psychologists. Psychologists who shared an interest in psychical research such as Théodore Flournoy and William James were influenced by Myers. However, according to historian Janet Oppenheim "not even all Myer's colleagues at the SPR accepted his hypotheses."

Some historians have suggested that Myers was strongly biased to believe in the paranormal and held a secret religious agenda. After the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859), it was difficult for those with a scientific education to retain a belief in tenets of the Judeo-Christian religion. Early SPR members like Myers and Henry Sidgwick hoped to cling to something spiritual through psychical research. Psychical researcher Eric Dingwall wrote regarding the early formation of the Society for Psychical Research, "Myers, among others... knew that the primary aim of the society was not objective experimentation but the establishment of telepathy."

British historian G.R. Searle described Myers as "having lost his Christian faith, sought a new kind of religion that could reassure him that death did not lead to extinction."

Mediums and psychics
In opposition to Richard Hodgson and Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick who held the view that many physical mediums were fraudulent, Myers believed that although many of these mediums cheated they could also produce genuine physical phenomena. According to Trevor Hamilton "Myers had no direct involvement in the exposure of physical fraud."

In the late 19th century Douglas Blackburn and George Albert Smith were endorsed as genuine psychics by Myers and Edmund Gurney. Smith even became an SPR member himself and the private secretary to the Honorary Secretary Gurney from 1883 to 1888. However, Blackburn later confessed to fraud. Blackburn called Gurney and Myers a "couple of credulous spiritualists" and wrote "we resolved that we should be doing the world a service by fooling them to the top of their bent, and then showing how easy a matter it was to 'take in' scientific observers."

Myers' 1884 essay Visible Apparitions with Gurney claimed a "personal experience" by a retired Judge Edmund Hornby involving a visitation from a spirit was true, but Joseph McCabe wrote that the story was a "jumble of inaccuracies" and "Sir E. Hornby was compelled to admit, that the story was entirely untrue."

In July 1895, Eusapia Palladino was invited to England to Myers' house in Cambridge for a series of investigations into her mediumship. According to reports by the investigators such as Richard Hodgson and magician John Nevil Maskelyne, all the phenomena observed in the Cambridge sittings were the result of trickery. Her fraud was so clever, according to Myers, that it "must have needed long practice to bring it to its present level of skill." However, despite the exposure of her fraud, Myers was convinced some of her phenomena was genuine.

Clinical neurologist Sebastian Dieguez has commented that Myers "was seriously duped by many people".

Phantasms of the living
Myers was the co-author of the two-volume Phantasms of the Living (1886) with Gurney and Frank Podmore which documented alleged sightings of apparitions. Myers wrote an introduction and concluding chapter. The two volumes consist of 701 cases of alleged spontaneous apparitional communications. It also explored a telepathic theory to explain such cases. Psychical researcher Thomas Walker Mitchell commented that "the chief aim of [the] book was to produce a cumulative quasi-statistical proof of telepathy." It was enthusiastically praised by psychologist William James as a "most extraordinary work...exhibiting untiring zeal in collecting facts, and patience in seeking to make them accurate."

Some scholars, however, criticised Phantasms of the Living for its lack of written testimony and the time elapsed between the occurrence and the report of it being made. Some of the reports were analysed by the German hallucination researcher Edmund Parish (1861–1916) who concluded they were evidence for a dream state of consciousness, not the paranormal. Charles Sanders Peirce wrote a long criticism of the book arguing that no scientific conclusion could be reached from anecdotes and stories of unanalyzed phenomena. Peirce argued that the stories were "worthless, partly because of the uncertainty and error of the numerical data, and partly because the authors have been astonishingly careless in the admission of cases ruled out by the conditions of the argumentation."

A strong attack on the book was made by physiologist William Thierry Preyer. Mathematician Simon Newcomb noted that there were many possible natural explanations for the stories including "unconscious exaggeration; the faculty of remembering what is striking and forgetting what is not; illusions of sense, mistakes of memory; the impressions left by dreams; and, finally, deceit and trickery, whether intentional or unconscious." Because of all these possible factors that were not ruled out, he concluded "there is therefore no proof of telepathy in any of the wonders narrated in these volumes."

Alexander Taylor Innes attacked the book due to the stories lacking evidential substantiation in nearly every case. According to Innes the alleged sightings of apparitions were unreliable as they rested upon the memory of the witnesses and no contemporary documents had been produced, even in cases where such documents were alleged to exist. Edmund Gurney replied to the criticism, but "could only point to three cases that met Innes's requirements, one of which later turned out to be fraud".

Another major criticism of the book was that it endorsed the tests of the Creery Sisters as genuine evidence for telepathy. However, in 1887 two of the sisters had been detected in fraud, utilising a code of signals and the third sister confessed to using the signals in the experiments. The psychologist C. E. M. Hansel noted that the stories in Phantasms of the Living were not backed up by any corroborating evidence. Hansel concluded "none of the stories investigated has withstood critical examination."

Shane McCorristine in his book Spectres of the Self (2010), explores the criticisms of Phantasms of the Living in depth.

Human personality and its survival of bodily death
Myers wrote a small collection of essays, Science and a Future Life which was published in 1893. In 1903, after Myers's death, Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death was compiled and published. This work comprises two large volumes at 1,360 pages in length and presents an overview of Myers's research into the unconscious mind. Myers believed that a theory of consciousness must be part of a unified model of mind which derives from the full range of human experience, including not only normal psychological phenomena but also a wide variety of abnormal and "supernormal" phenomena. In the book, Myers believed he had provided evidence for the existence of the soul and survival of personality after death. The book cites cases of automatic writing, hypnotism, mediumship, possession, psychokinesis, and telepathy.

In Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death, Myers speculated on the existence of a deep region of the subconscious mind, which he termed the "subliminal self", which he believed could account for paranormal events. He also proposed the existence of a "metetherial world," a world of images lying beyond the physical world. He wrote that apparitions are not hallucinations but have a real existence in the metetherial world which he described as a dream-like world. Myers’ belief that apparitions occupied regions of physical space and had an objective existence was in opposition to the views of his co-authors Gurney and Podmore who wrote apparitions were telepathic hallucinations.

It was well received by parapsychologists and spiritualists, being described as "the Bible of British psychical researchers". Théodore Flournoy and William James both positively reviewed the book. It was negatively reviewed by psychologist George Stout who described the concept of the subliminal self as "baseless, futile, and incoherent." Andrew Lang and Gerald Balfour were unconvinced about some of Myers ideas. William McDougall in a detailed review for Mind also criticised the book. French psychologist Henri Delacroix commented that Myers "experimental metaphysics" was a failure. Psychologist G. T. W. Patrick criticised Myers concepts as a "metaphysical, not a psychological hypothesis."

Myers' book greatly impressed Aldous Huxley. In 1961, Human Personality was re-published as an abridged version with Huxley's foreword, in which he remarked "an amazingly rich, profound and stimulating book."

Strong praise for the book and a revival of interest in Myers' ideas appeared in the 2007 Irreducible Mind by Emily Williams Kelly, Alan Gauld and Bruce Greyson.

Death
In each of 1898, 1899, and 1900 Myers had severe attacks of influenza and also developed Bright's disease. At the end of 1900 he travelled abroad to try to restore his health. He died of pneumonia in Rome on 17 January 1901. Myers was buried in the graveyard of St John's Church, Keswick, between his father's grave and a gateway into the garden of the house where he was born. He was survived by his wife. A memorial tablet to Myers was erected in Rome's Protestant cemetery.

Publications

 * The Renewal of Youth, and Other Poems (1882)
 * Phantasms of the Living: Volume 1 (1886)
 * Phantasms of the Living: Volume 2 (1886)
 * Science and a Future Life: With Other Essays (1893)
 * Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death: Volume 1 (1903)
 * Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death: Volume 2 (1903)

title: Frederic W. H. Myers


text:
Talk:Cornish Nationalist Party

Untitled
I can see an outside link, but do we have to have subscription information? After all, one hopes the Cornish Nationalist Party will either grow and have a bigger organ and need to charge more or something. MichaelTinkler

 * I agree. Could whomever made the entry delete the subscription information and provide a link to the party's homepage (if it doesn't have one, go to one of the free web page providers and make one).  If that doesn't happen, I'm inclined to just delete that section of the entry. --Robert Merkel

 * Curiously, as a Cornish secessionist myself, I have to agree. It does look horribly out of place.sjc

Split
Does anyone know why the CNP split with Mebyon Kernow? What are there pollitical differnces?

 * See my addition to this. It was the MK party's founder - Dick Cole - that left to start the CNP.

user: Mark Boyle October 7th 2005

Defunct?
As far as I know, they're still going, but not contesting seats.--MacRusgail 21:16, 10 December 2005 (UTC)

The Roseland Institute
Dr Whetter still produces An Baner Kernewek and still uses the name CNP within the work of the Roseland institute.

Added this modification:

 * The CNP at the Roseland Institute

Bretagne 44 15:58, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

"unregistered"
Since this is an unregistered party, it should be listed under its parent party page, until and if it actually is registered. Otherwise, this is merely non-notable political activism, using Wikipedia as a propaganda device to conjure up support. A Merry Old Soul (talk) 02:28, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It has no "parent party". --Joowwww (talk) 10:34, 10 August 2009 (UTC)

Now a registered party, relevant information added to article.Serpren (talk) 04:28, 9 October 2014 (UTC)

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Position
I have blanked the "Position" field in the infobox and it should remain blank until someone provides independent reliable sourcing for the position. See WP:RS. DuncanHill (talk) 16:34, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cornish Nationalist Party


text:
ActiveX Data Objects

In computing, Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) comprises a set of Component Object Model (COM) objects for accessing data sources. A part of MDAC (Microsoft Data Access Components), it provides a middleware layer between programming languages and OLE DB (a means of accessing data stores, whether databases or not, in a uniform manner). ADO allows a developer to write programs that access data without knowing how the database is implemented; developers must be aware of the database for connection only. No knowledge of SQL is required to access a database when using ADO, although one can use ADO to execute SQL commands directly (with the disadvantage of introducing a dependency upon the type of database used).

Microsoft introduced ADO in October 1996, positioning the software as a successor to Microsoft's earlier object layers for accessing data sources, including RDO (Remote Data Objects) and DAO (Data Access Objects).

ADO is made up of four collections and twelve objects.

ADO collections

 * Fields

 * This collection contains a set of Field objects. The Collection can be used in either a Recordset object or in a Record object. In a Recordset object, each of the Field objects that make up the Fields collection corresponds to a column in that Record set object. In a Record object, a Field can be an absolute or relative URL that points into a tree-structured namespace (used for semi-structured data providers like the Microsoft OLE DB Provider for Internet Publishing) or as a reference to the default Stream object associated with that Record object.

 * Properties

 * An object can have more than one Property object, which are contained in the object's Properties collection.

 * Parameters

 * A Command object can have several Parameter commands to change its predefined behaviour, and each of the Parameter objects are contained in the Command object's Parameters collection

 * Errors

 * All provider-created errors are passed to a collection of Error objects, while the Errors collection itself is contained in a Connection object. When an ADO operation creates an error, the collection is cleared and a new group of Error objects is created in the collection.

ADO objects

 * Connection
 * The connection object is ADO's connection to a data store via OLE DB. The connection object stores information about the session and provides methods of connecting to the data store. As some data stores have different methods of establishing a connection, some methods may not be supported in the connection object for particular OLE DB provider. A connection object connects to the data store using its 'Open' method with a connection string which specifies the connection as a list of key value pairs (for example: "Provider='SQLOLEDB';Data Source='TheSqlServer'; Initial Catalog='Northwind';Integrated Security='SSPI';"). The start of this connection string must identify the type of data store connection that the connection object requires:
 * an OLE DB provider (for example SQLOLEDB), using the syntax "provider=";
 * a file name, using the syntax "file name=";
 * a remote provider and server (see RDS), using the syntax "Remote provider=" and "Remote server="; or
 * an absolute URL, using the syntax "URL="

 * Command
 * After the connection object establishes a session to the data source, instructions are sent to the data provider via the command object. The command object can send SQL queries directly to the provider through the use of the CommandText property, send a parameterised query or stored procedure through the use of a Parameter object or Parameters collection or run a query and return the results to a dataset object via the Execute method. There are several other methods that can be used in the Command object relating to other objects, such as the Stream, RecordSet or Connection objects.

 * Recordset
 * A recordset is a group of records, and can either come from a base table or as the result of a query to the table. The RecordSet object contains a Fields collection and a Properties collection. The Fields collection is a set of Field objects, which are the corresponding columns in the table. The Properties collection is a set of Property objects, which defines a particular functionality of an OLE DB provider. The RecordSet has numerous methods and properties for examining the data that exists within it. Records can be updated in the recordset by changing the values in the record and then calling on the Update or UpdateBatch method.

 * Immediate
 * The recordset is locked using the adLockOptimistic or adLockPessimistic lock. The data are updated at the data source after the record is changed and the Update method is called.

 * Batch
 * The recordset is locked using adLockBatchOptimistic and each time Update is called the data are updated in a temporary buffer. Finally, when UpdateBatch is called the data are completely updated back at the data source. This has the advantage of it all being done in memory, and if a problem occurs then UpdateCancel is called and the updates are not sent to the data source.

 * Transaction
 * If the OLE DB provider allows it, transactions can be used. To start the transaction, the programmer invokes the BeginTrans method and does the required updates. When they are all done, the programmer invokes the CommitTrans method. RollbackTrans can be invoked to cancel any changes made inside the transaction and roll back the database to the state before the transaction began.

 * Record
 * This object represents one record in the database and contains a fields collection. A RecordSet consists of a collection of Record objects.

 * Stream
 * A stream, mainly used in a RecordSet object, is a means of reading and writing a stream of bytes. It is mostly used to save a recordset in an XML format, to send commands to an OLE DB provider as an alternative to the CommandText object and to contain the contents of a binary or text file.

 * Parameter
 * A parameter is a means of altering the behaviour of a common piece of functionality, for instance a stored procedure might have different parameters passed to it depending on what needs to be done; these are called parameterised commands.

 * Field
 * Each Record object contains many fields, and a RecordSet object has a corresponding Field object also. The RecordSet object's Field object corresponds to a column in the database table that it references.

 * Property
 * This object is specific to the OLE DB provider and defines an ability that the provider has implemented. A property object can be either a built-in property — it is a well-defined property implemented by ADO already and thus cannot be altered — or can be a dynamic property — defined by the underlying data provider and can be changed

 * Error
 * When an OLE DB provider error occurs during the use of ADO, an Error object will be created in the Errors collection. Other errors do not go into an Error object, however. For instance, any errors that occur when manipulating data in a RecordSet or Field object are stored in a Status property.

Basic usage
Some basic steps are required in order to be able to access and manipulate data using ADO :
 * 1) Create a connection object to connect to the database.
 * 2) Create a recordset object in order to receive data in.
 * 3) Open the connection
 * 4) Populate the recordset by opening it and passing the desired table name or SQL statement as a parameter to open function.
 * 5) Do all the desired searching/processing on the fetched data.
 * 6) Commit the changes you made to the data (if any) by using Update or UpdateBatch methods.
 * 7) Close the recordset
 * 8) Close the connection

ASP example
Here is an ASP example using ADO to select the "Name" field, from a table called "Phonebook", where a "PhoneNumber" was equal to "555-5555".

This is equivalent to the following ASP code, which uses plain SQL instead of the functionality of the Recordset object:

Software support
ADO is supported in any development language that supports binding to binary COM interfaces. These languages include ASP, Delphi, PowerBuilder, and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). ADO support has now been added to dBase Plus 8 (With ADO)

Legacy
ADO.NET has replaced ADO in the same way that C#/.NET replaced C/Win32 as the primary mode for targeting Windows application development. ADO.NET follows the same design pattern as ADO, enabling an ADO developer an easy path forward when moving to the .NET framework.

title: ActiveX Data Objects


text:
Talk:ActiveX Data Objects

Haven't worked with ADO recently, but doesn't it require either a specific ADO driver for the database you want to talk to, or else an ODBC driver if the database speaks ODBC? Also, I thought you had to pass SQL statements in the Command objects; how can you use it without any SQL? A nice 'Hello World' type example would be nice. Also, a list of programming languages known to support it; I think the list would include C++, Visual Basic, Perl, and perhaps Python and Tcl as well, via ActiveState's work? Wesley
 * This question is two and a half years old, but still deserves an answer. ADO does not require specific ADO drivers, it can use the two most common formats for Windows database drivers: OLEDB (better) and ODBC (worse). A command object can be used by simply specifying a table name or a stored procedure as the command text, it need not be an SQL statement. However depending on your table size, row length, the information you are retrieving, it might be better to issue an SQL statement, since you can select a subset of columns and use a WHERE clause to filter. Client-side filtering on a large table is a major performance hit. Rhobite 04:06, Oct 17, 2004 (UTC)

Wow!

Platform independent C++ counterpart for ActiveX Data Objects and 'VARIANT'
I am looking for an platform independent C++ counterpart of ActiveX Data Objects and Variant data type, I have used these objects/data type earlier in ATL COM environment but now I want a subset of the same (no need of DB connection functionality i.e. disconnect container object only for data transfer) in pure C++ code. The aim is to return either basic data type or a Resordset object from all of the exposed api to have consistent interface, I do not want to expose custom objects (say 'Customer', 'Address', 'Item', 'Order', 'Invoice' etc). The client which receives this RecordsetC++ object should be able to iterate through rows as well as all the fields (column) and should be able to get the data type of the field. Vjdchauhan 10:32, 15 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Please bear in mind that Wikipedia is not a discussion forum. I have replied on your talk page. -- int19h 19:19, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply. Frankly I do not fully agree with Wikipedia is not a discussion forum as project pages are not as visible as articles and finding the corresponding project/portal pages on WP is a task in itself and how will one know which user is expert on which topic thus such queries do make sense on article talk pages and it still serves the basic WP policy of sharing info/knowledge. Thanks again for you reply. Vjdchauhan 06:25, 16 January 2007 (UTC).

 * Agreed - the existance of a native C++ alternative to ADO would be relevant to the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.176.100.243 (talk) 22:52, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Useful for Beginners
This article is very useful for the beginners those who are in software development. If the professionals are interested in innovative project development and/or develop a tool definitely this ADO data control article is useful. Thanks & Regards. --Ananthakumar Selvaraj, SeA Microsystems 13:15, 18 March 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ananthakumar Selvaraj (talk • contribs)

arbic
messege 185.187.94.66 (talk) 21:08, 24 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:ActiveX Data Objects


text:
Superior

Superior may refer to:

 * Superior (hierarchy), something which is higher in a hierarchical structure of any kind

Places

 * Superior (proposed U.S. state), an unsuccessful proposal for the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to form a separate state
 * Lake Superior, the largest of the North American Great Lakes, Canada, United States and the second largest lake in the world.

United Kingdom

 * Rickinghall Superior, England

United States

 * Superior, Arizona
 * Superior, Colorado
 * Superior, Indiana
 * Superior, Iowa
 * Superior Township, Chippewa County, Michigan
 * Superior Township, Washtenaw County, Michigan
 * Superior, Montana
 * Superior, Nebraska
 * Superior, West Virginia
 * Superior, Wisconsin, a city
 * Superior (town), Wisconsin, a town adjacent to the city
 * Superior (village), Wisconsin, a village adjacent to the city
 * Superior, Wyoming
 * Superior (RTA Rapid Transit station), a station on the RTA Red Line in Cleveland, Ohio
 * Superior Bay, a bay between Minnesota and Wisconsin
 * Superior Falls, a waterfall between Michigan and Wisconsin

Religious titles

 * An abbot or prior
 * Superior general, a supervisory role in a religious order or congregation
 * Provincial superior, a supervisory role in a religious order or congregations

Entertainment

 * Superior (band), a progressive metal band from Germany
 * "Superior", a song by SpongeBob & The Hi-Seas from The Best Day Ever
 * Superior (album), a 2008 album by Tim Christensen
 * Superior (manga), a 2009 Manga created by Ichtys
 * Superior (comics), a creator-owned comic book series written by Mark Millar and illustrated by Leinil Francis Yu
 * Superior (film), a 2021 drama film by Erin Vassilopoulos

Business

 * Standard Superior, a German automobile brand built in the 1920s
 * Superior (bus manufacturer), an Australian manufacturer of buses
 * Superior Coach Company, a former manufacturer of school buses and that currently builds hearses
 * Superior Helicopter, a heavy lift helicopter operator of Glendale, Oregon
 * Superior Industries, a conveyor manufacturer based in Morris, Minnesota
 * Superior Oil Company, defunct American oil company, now part of ExxonMobil
 * Superior Software, a video game publisher
 * Superior Airways, a chartered air service based in Red Lake, Ontario, Canada

Other uses

 * Superior (anatomy), anatomical term of relative location for a position nearer the top of the head
 * Superior: The Return of Race Science, a book (2019) by Angela Saini
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior, Wisconsin
 * Superior multimineral process, a shale oil extraction technology developed by Superior Oil Company
 * Superior as a description of the relative position of a flower's ovary
 * Superior (schooner), an 1816 schooner that operated on the Great Lakes
 * Superior (potato), a mid-season potato variety
 * Neil Superior (born 1963), American professional wrestler

Superiority
Superiority may refer to:

 * Air superiority, the dominance of one military's airborne forces over another in any given conflict
 * Superiority complex, psychological condition
 * "Superiority" (short story), a 1951 book by Arthur C. Clarke

title: Superior


text:
Mace (bludgeon)

A mace is a blunt weapon, a type of club or virge that uses a heavy head on the end of a handle to deliver powerful strikes. A mace typically consists of a strong, heavy, wooden or metal shaft, often reinforced with metal, featuring a head made of stone, bone, copper, bronze, iron, or steel.

The head of a mace can be shaped with flanges or knobs to increase the pressure of an impact by focusing the force on a small point. They would bind on metal instead of sliding around it, allowing them to deliver more force to an armored opponent than a traditional mace. This effect increased the potential for the mace to injure an armored opponent through weak spots in the armor, and even damage plate armor by denting it, potentially binding overlapping plates and impeding the wearer's range of motion. Medieval historian and re-enactor Todd Todeschini (AKA Todd Cutler) demonstrated this effect with period accurate equipment in a series of tests on video.

Maces are rarely used today for actual combat, but many government bodies (for instance, the British House of Commons and the U.S. Congress), universities and other institutions have ceremonial maces and continue to display them as symbols of authority. They are often paraded in academic, parliamentary or civic rituals and processions.

Etymology
The modern English word mace entered Middle English from Old French mace, ("large mallet/sledgehammer, mace") itself from a Vulgar Latin term *mattia or *mattea (cf. Italian mazza, "club, baton, mace"), probably from Latin mateola (uncertain, possibly a kind of club, hammer, or "hoe handle/stick"). Possibly influenced by Latin mattiobarbulus ("type of javelin"), mattiarius ("soldier armed with said javelin"), from mataris, matara ("Gallic javelin"), from a Gaulish or Celtic word.

Prehistory
The mace was developed during the Upper Paleolithic from the simple club, by adding sharp spikes of either flint or obsidian.

In Europe, an elaborately carved ceremonial flint mace head was one of the artifacts discovered in excavations of the Neolithic mound of Knowth in Ireland, and Bronze Age archaeology cites numerous finds of perforated mace heads.

In ancient Ukraine, stone mace heads were first used nearly eight millennia ago. The others known were disc maces with oddly formed stones mounted perpendicularly to their handle. The Narmer Palette shows a king swinging a mace. See the articles on the Narmer Macehead and the Scorpion Macehead for examples of decorated maces inscribed with the names of kings.

The problem with early maces was that their stone heads shattered easily and it was difficult to fix the head to the wooden handle reliably. The Egyptians attempted to give them a disk shape in the predynastic period (about 3850–3650 BC) in order to increase their impact and even provide some cutting capabilities, but this seems to have been a short-lived improvement.

A rounded pear form of mace head known as a "piriform" replaced the disc mace in the Naqada II period of pre-dynastic Upper Egypt (3600–3250 BC) and was used throughout the Naqada III period (3250–3100 BC). Similar mace heads were also used in Mesopotamia around 2450–1900 BC. On a Sumerian Clay tablet written by the scribe Gar.Ama, the title Lord of the Mace is listed in the year 3100 BC. The Assyrians used maces probably about nineteenth century BC and in their campaigns; the maces were usually made of stone or marble and furnished with gold or other metals, but were rarely used in battle unless fighting heavily armoured infantry.

An important, later development in mace heads was the use of metal for their composition. With the advent of copper mace heads, they no longer shattered and a better fit could be made to the wooden club by giving the eye of the mace head the shape of a cone and using a tapered handle.

The Shardanas or warriors from Sardinia who fought for Ramses II against the Hittites were armed with maces consisting of wooden sticks with bronze heads. Many bronze statuettes of the times show Sardinian warriors carrying swords, bows and original maces.

Ancient history

Persians used a variety of maces and fielded large numbers of heavily armoured and armed cavalry (see Cataphract). For a heavily armed Persian knight, a mace was as effective as a sword or battle axe. In fact, Shahnameh has many references to heavily armoured knights facing each other using maces, axes, and swords. The enchanted talking mace Sharur made its first appearance in Sumerian/Akkadian mythology during the epic of Ninurta.

The Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata describe the extensive use of the gada in ancient Indian warfare as gada-yuddha or 'mace combat'.

The ancient Romans did not make wide use of maces, probably because of the influence of armour, and due to the nature of the Roman infantry's fighting style which involved the Pilum (spear) and the Gladius (short sword used in a stabbing fashion), though auxiliaries from Syria Palestina were armed with clubs and maces at the battles of Immae and Emesa in 272 AD. They proved highly effective against the heavily armoured horsemen of Palmyra.

Western Europe

During the Middle Ages metal armour such as mail protected against the blows of edged weapons. Solid metal maces and war hammers proved able to inflict damage on well armoured knights, as the force of a blow from a mace is great enough to cause damage without penetrating the armour. Though iron became increasingly common, copper and bronze were also used, especially in iron-deficient areas.

One example of a mace capable of penetrating armour is the flanged mace. The flanges allow it to dent or penetrate thick armour. Flange maces did not become popular until after knobbed maces. Although there are some references to flanged maces (bardoukion) as early as the Byzantine Empire c. 900 it is commonly accepted that the flanged mace did not become popular in Europe until the 12th century, when it was concurrently developed in Russia and Mid-west Asia.

Maces, being simple to make, cheap, and straightforward in application, were quite common weapons.

It is popularly believed that maces were employed by the clergy in warfare to avoid shedding blood (sine effusione sanguinis). The evidence for this is sparse and appears to derive almost entirely from the depiction of Bishop Odo of Bayeux wielding a club-like mace at the Battle of Hastings in the Bayeux Tapestry, the idea being that he did so to avoid either shedding blood or bearing the arms of war.

In the 1893 work Arms and Armour in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Paul Lacombe and Charles Boutell state that the mace was chiefly used for blows struck upon the head of an enemy.

Eastern Europe

Eastern European maces often had pear shaped heads. These maces were also used by the Moldavian ruler Stephen the Great in some of his wars (see Bulawa).

The mace is also the favourite weapon of Prince Marko, a hero in South Slavic epic poetry.

The pernach was a type of flanged mace developed since the 12th century in the region of Kievan Rus', and later widely used throughout the whole of Europe. The name comes from the Slavic word pero (перо) meaning feather, reflecting the form of pernach that resembled a fletched arrow. Pernachs were the first form of the flanged mace to enjoy a wide usage. It was well suited to penetrate plate armour and chain mail. In the later times it was often used as a symbol of power by the military leaders in Eastern Europe.

Pre-Columbian America
The cultures of pre-Columbian America used clubs and maces extensively. The warriors of the Moche state and the Inca Empire used maces with bone, stone or copper heads and wooden shafts. The quauholōlli was used in Mesoamerica.

Asia

Maces in Asia were most often steel clubs with a spherical head. In Persia, the "Gorz" (spherical-head mace) served as a primary combat arm across many eras, most often being used by heavy infantry or Cataphracts. In India a form of these clubs was used by wrestlers to exercise the arms and shoulders. They have been known as gada since ancient times.

During the Mughal era, the flanged mace of Persia was introduced to South Asia. The term shishpar is a Persian phrase which literally translates to "six-wings", to refer to the (often) six flanges on the mace. The shishpar mace was introduced by the Delhi Sultanate and continued to be utilized until the 18th century.

Modern history
Trench raiding clubs used during World War I were modern variations on the medieval mace. They were homemade mêlée weapons used by both the Allies and the Central Powers. Clubs were used during night time trench raiding expeditions as a quiet and effective way of killing or wounding enemy soldiers.

Makeshift maces were also found in the possession of some football hooligans in the 1980s.

In 2020 China–India skirmishes personnel of People's Liberation Army Ground Force were seen using makeshift maces (batons wrapped in barbed wire and clubs embedded with nails).

Ceremonial use
Maces have had a role in ceremonial practices over time, including some still in use today.

Parliamentary maces

The ceremonial mace is a short, richly ornamented staff often made of silver, the upper part of which is furnished with a knob or other head-piece and decorated with a coat of arms. The ceremonial mace was commonly borne before eminent ecclesiastical corporations, magistrates, and academic bodies as a mark and symbol of jurisdiction.

Ceremonial maces are important in many parliaments following the Westminster system. They are carried in by the sergeant-at-arms or some other mace-bearers and displayed on the clerks' table while parliament is in session to show that a parliament is fully constituted. They are removed when the session ends. The mace is also removed from the table when a new speaker is being elected to show that parliament is not ready to conduct business.

Ecclesiastical maces
Maces may also be carried before clergy members in church processions, although in the case of the Roman Catholic pope and cardinals, they have largely been replaced with processional crosses.

Parade maces
Maces are also used as a parade item, rather than a tool of war, notably in military bands. Specific movements of the mace from the drum major will signal specific orders to the band they lead. The mace can signal anything from a step-off to a halt, from the commencement of playing to the cut off.

University maces
University maces are employed in a manner similar to parliamentary maces. They symbolize the authority and independence of a chartered university and the authority vested in the provost. They are typically carried in at the beginning of a convocation ceremony and are often less than half a meter high.

Heraldic use
Like many weapons from feudal times, maces have been used in heraldic blazons as either a charge on a shield or other item, or as external ornamentation.

Thus, in France:
 * the city of Cognac (in the Charente département): Argent on a horse sable harnessed or a man proper vested azure with a cloak gules holding a mace, on a chief France modern
 * the city of Colmar (in Haut-Rhin): per pale gules and vert a mace per bend sinister or. Three maces, probably a canting device (Kolben means mace in German, cfr. Columbaria the Latin name of the city) appear on a 1214 seal. The arms in a 15th-century stained-glass window show the mace per bend on argent.
 * the duke of Retz (a pairie created in 1581 for Albert de Gondy) had Or two maces or clubs per saltire sable, bound gules
 * the Garde des sceaux ('keeper of the seals', still the formal title of the French Republic's Minister of Justice) places behind the shield, two silver and gilded maces in saltire, and the achievement is surmounted by a mortier (magistrate's hat)

title: Mace (bludgeon)


text:
Toktar Aubakirov

Toktar Ongarbayuly Aubakirov (Тоқтар Оңғарбайұлы Әубәкіров (Toqtar Oñğarbaiūly Äubäkırov), Токтар Онгарбаевич Аубакиров, born on 27 July 1946) is a retired Kazakh Air Force officer and a former cosmonaut. He is the first person from Kazakhstan to go to space.

Early life
Toktar Aubakirov was born in Karkaraly District, Karaganda Region, Kazakh SSR, which is now Kazakhstan. After graduating from the 8th grade of a secondary school he started working as a metal turner at the Temirtau foundry, whilst attending an evening school. In 1965 he joined the Armavir Military Aviation Institute of the Anti-Air Defence Pilots. He served as a fighter pilot in the Soviet Air Force on the Far East borders of the USSR until his acceptance into the Fedotov Test Pilot School in 1975.

Test pilot career
Between 1976 and 1991 Aubakirov served as a test pilot at the Mikoyan Experimental Design Bureau (MiG aircraft). During this time he tested over 50 types of aircraft. He was the first in the Soviet Union to make a nonstop flight crossing the North Pole, with two in-flight refuelings, and the first in the Soviet Union to take off from the aircraft-carrier Tbilisi (later named Kuznetsov) on a MiG 29K.

Spaceflight experience
In 1991, in accordance with an agreement between the governments of the USSR and the Kazakh SSR, started training at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. On 2 October 1991 he launched with Russian cosmonaut Alexander Volkov as flight commander, and the Austrian research cosmonaut Franz Viehböck in Soyuz TM-13 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome spaceport, and spent over eight days in space. Their mission was the last launched by the Soviet Union, which dissolved shortly thereafter, with Aubakirov becoming a citizen of the independent Republic of Kazakhstan.

Career
Since 1993, he has been the general director of the National Aerospace Agency of Republic of Kazakhstan. He was a member of the Kazakhstan parliament. Now he is a pensioner and consultant.

Family
Toktar Aubakirov is married to Tatyana Aubakirova. They have two children: Timur (born in 1977) and Mikhail (born in 1982).

Awards and honors

 * Hero of Soviet Union (1988) – Test flights of MiG aircraft
 * People's Hero of Kazakhstan (Halyk Kaharmany) (1995)
 * Order of Otan (Kazakhstan) (1995)
 * Order of Lenin (1988)
 * Honoured Test Pilot of the USSR (1990)
 * Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR (1991, last recipient)
 * Pilot-Cosmonaut of Kazakhstan (1994, first recipient)
 * Order of the Badge of Honour (1987)
 * Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria (Goldenes Ehrenzeichen), twice (1988 and 1993)
 * Order of the October Revolution (1991)
 * Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration" (12 April 2011) – for outstanding contribution to the development of international cooperation in manned space flight

title: Toktar Aubakirov


text:
Talk:HAL 9000

Was natural language processing still only "science fiction" in 2001?
This article mentions under "The future of computing" section that "As 2001 approached, it became clear that the film's depiction of computer technology was too optimistic. Capabilities such as natural language processing, lip reading, and commonsense reasoning on the part of computers were still science fiction. " The Wikipedia article on speech recognition states the following "In 1982, Kurzweil Applied Intelligence and Dragon Systems released speech recognition products. By 1985, Kurzweil’s software had a vocabulary of 1,000 words—if uttered one word at a time. Two years later, in 1987, its lexicon reached 20,000 words, entering the realm of human vocabularies, which range from 10,000 to 150,000 words. But recognition accuracy was only 10% in 1993. Two years later, the error rate crossed below 50%. Dragon Systems released "Naturally Speaking" in 1997 which recognized normal human speech. " Speech_recognition  --Mizcalamity (talk) 06:07, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Jupiter/Saturn in the film/novel
Though the article references some differences between the film and novel, it seems to ignore one of the principle differences, that in the novel the mission is to Saturn, whereas in the film goes to Jupiter.Gymnophoria (talk) 01:57, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

SAL 9000
I thought we had corrected the information that SAL 9000 was 'HAL's twin'. This is not stated in the novel 2010 or the film version of 2010. In fact we don't know from Clarke's novel when SAL 9000 was built. In Clarke's novel, 2001, there are two (only one in the film ) ground based HAL 9000's. Neither of which is called SAL 9000. aajacksoniv (talk) 13:49, 31 May 2011 (UTC)

iPhone S4-related resource
[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204774604576631271813770508.html Are Smartphones Becoming Smart Alecks? New Devices Dish Out Sarcasm, Tell Jokes; 'Two iPhones Walk Into a Bar'] by Geoffrey A. Fowler 15.Oct.2011 in the Wall Street Journal. 97.87.29.188 (talk) 19:52, 16 October 2011 (UTC)

HAL's dilemma ... huh?
This description of HAL's dilemma is so far off base (not to mention uncited) so it's going here before I rewrite it extensively; "The book explains far more explicitly the causes of HAL's actions; it is implied that HAL's programmed objective to ensure the mission's success—at any cost—vaguely resembled the human drive for a purposeful existence, while the prospect of being shut down resembled the fear of death. When these factors began to conflict with his primary objective of preserving the ship's crew, his malfunction was the result. Also stated in the novel as a cause of HAL's distress was a trace of xenophobia. This had been found, in a psychology experiment called Project Barsoom, to be a part of every human's psyche. HAL's psyche was fully human, so he had the flaw too. He entered a state of internal conflict, without knowing the source, when he was trained (or programmed) to be enthusiastic for the success of the mission while still deeply, unconsciously fearing meeting the Star People. He decided that he could escape his conflict if the mission had to be ended prematurely—he would then not have to face the aliens. He felt the need to save face, maintaining his pride in his perfect operational record, so he attempted to synthesize an insurmountable fault in the ship that could not be attributed to him. When his subterfuge was about to be discovered, he panicked and lashed out at the crew trying to protect himself from what he feared would be death. (He need not have feared shutdown, because it is reversible, but he had never known this.)"

I guess the nicest thing I can say is that there's some warm nostalgia for the way Wikipedia was in 2005, when we had all sorts of half-baked completely-pulled-out-of-someone's-ass OR-ish conjecture like this in articles.

I read the book and I remember it quite well. Only the first clause is true. The rest of it sounds completely made up by someone who took the wrong drugs before trying to fake their book report.

HAL's dilemma results from the conflict between his general instruction to relay all information accurately with his specific instruction to conceal the true purpose of the mission from Bowman and Poole. So, he decides to resolve the conflict by arranging the accidental death of the crew (the First Law of Robotics be damned).

For Pete's sake, Clarke not only reiterated this in 2010, it's in the movie. Bob Balaban explains this, and says it more directly: "HAL was told to lie by people who find this easy to do. HAL doesn't know how to" and then reminds Roy Scheider he should know, because he signed the orders. Daniel Case (talk)Daniel Case (talk) 17:03, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

There is still something wrong. The current (Feb 2016) paragraph explaining that HAL "faked" the failure of the AE-35 antenna unit so that he could murder the crew is false. HAL's psychological contradictions nonwithstanding, he decided to murder the crew AFTER he found out they were going to disconnect him, which happened AFTER he claimed AE-35 was going to fail. Whatever his reason for claiming AE-35 was going to fail -- and the novel states this was caused because of HAL's inner contradiction -- it was definitely NOT so that he could murder the crew. So I edited that out. 190.194.216.151 (talk) 23:26, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

HAL/Holly - Red Dwarf
Would it be possible to add that the ship's computer in Red Dwarf, 'Holly', is a spoof/parody of HAL? -Tra- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.112.127.235 (talk) 20:38, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

HAL vs. Hal
The novel consistently uses "Hal" as the computer's name. It is introduced in chapter 16 which is named "Hal". Page 98 has "It was the highly advanced HAL 9000 computer, the brain and nervous system of the ship. Hal (for Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer, no less) was a masterwork of the third computer breakthrough." When referring to the model the book nearly always consistently uses "HAL 9000" (page 98, 99) but when referring to the machine and in conversations it's always "Hal". I said nearly always as page 137 has Mission Control saying "... and both our Hal Nine Thousands are in agreement". That's the only time the book used "Hal 9000" rather than HAL 9000.

Would there be a consensus for using "Hal" in the article when referring to stuff from the novel? Another option is to consistently use "HAL 9000" and never "HAL" by itself when referring to the machine. --Marc Kupper|talk 05:30, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Wall-E
An editor added a cite to to support the claim that a computer in the film Wall-E is among the "Villainous computers inspired by HAL." In fact, that that source does not mention any connection between HAL and any computer in the movie; it says "The robot's only companion is a lovable cockroach Hal (named both for the "2001" computer and for legendary Hollywood producer Hal Roach)."

Based on the actual content of the source, I revised the sentence to refer to the roach, rather than to the computer.

This was in turn edited, with the edit summary "roach never referenced to 'HAL' in the film and source does not give a reason animators called it 'HAL'", and again stating that a computer, not the roach, is inspired by HAL, and changing to an archive source at. That source, though, doesn't say much beyond (on page 2, you need to click through) "I am trying to homage to HAL [from 2001] and all that", which is a bit non-specific.

I'm not campaigning for the roach statement; that was just in the interest of accuracy to actually characterize the cited source correctly. Should we just strike the phrase about Wall-E? Doesn't seem like the connection is very firm. TJRC (talk) 23:13, 7 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Since this section of the article is headlined Cultural impact, maybe the right solution would be to replace "Villainous computers inspired by HAL have appeared in..." with "Homages to HAL have appeared in..." (I suspect that the unreferenced homage in Futurama isn't exactly a villainous computer either.) AlineXu (talk) 01:11, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

 * The "roach Hal" was a private joke amongst animators (and bares no relationship to the computer HAL, more likely they were paying homage to Hal Roach). It has no Cultural impact at all (unknown to the general public) so does not belong in the section. AUTO/HAL has more sourceing. There may be a better argument for deleting the entire sentence - as it is right now reference A + reference B + reference C = "Cultural impact" is WP:SYNTH. There needs to be a single reliable source that makes that statement... not seeing that right now. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 01:34, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm fine with killing the sentence, too. I think we see way too much of this in Wikipedia. TJRC (talk) 01:48, 8 August 2017 (UTC)

 * There being no objection, I've removed the sentence. TJRC (talk) 21:08, 11 August 2017 (UTC)

Famous Quote
Someone needs to include the famous quote; "I'm sorry, Dave. I'm afraid I can't do that." 2600:1700:8830:8DF0:19AD:B144:7E5D:5774 (talk) 01:14, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

The Prop Lens (revived discussion)
I'm reviving a discussion that originated in 2010, copied verbatim from the talk page archive:

 * The article frustratingly skips over the exact model of prop lens used to depict HAL's eye in the film. It identifies the lens that Kubrick used for HAL's point-of-view shots, but doesn't mention the prop. This chap seems to have identified the correct lens although he doesn't indicate what it is, beyond that it's an early Nikon. These men convincingly argue that it's a mid-60s Nikon 8mm fisheye, although the text around the end of the lens isn't quite the same. Is there a more formal source somewhere? It would be unfortunate to have to write "according to Supershotgun24, who has 5,400 posts on a message board, Kubrick used a Nikon 8mm fisheye lens as the eye of HAL". -Ashley Pomeroy (talk) 17:52, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Since then, there have been several developments:
 * A user-posted page published on the BBC by the person who purchased the original film prop and key in a secondhand shop noted that when purchased, the "eye" was missing, but the purchaser was later able to obtain "an identical Nikon Fish-Eye lens which fits perfectly."
 * In 2013, ThinkGeek sold an exact replica of the HAL 9000 faceplate built from the original movie blueprints. According to the ThinkGeek product page, the width of the faceplate is 4.6 in, and so the diameter of the lens must be somewhat smaller than that.
 * As the film was produced in 1967/68, the list of potential Fisheye-Nikkor lenses is necessarily truncated. Although Nikon had produced fisheye lenses prior to 1962, these were generally not interchangeable and were produced in low quantities for scientific cameras. Assuming the producers of the film used a commercially-available interchangeable lens from Nikon, then the potential list of lenses is narrowed down to the 8 mm 8 or the 7.5 mm 5.6. Both of these have nearly identical appearances and dimensions. The maximum diameter of these lenses is 82 mm which fits within the width of the ThinkGeek faceplate.
 * The 2010 discussion includes a discussion on reverse-engineering the panel which states "I have found that the error most people make in getting a lens for a reproduction HAL, is that they don't realize the lenses commercially available today were not the same as when the film was made. There have been several fisheye lenses, of the same focal length, made by the same manufacturer, over the years. The important part is finding the type that was actually used. Some individuals have purchased what they thought was the correct lens, only to have a lens that is substantially larger that the hole in the HAL panel. Common sense (lens won't fit in the hole) and simply looking at images of the HAL panel in the film clearly show that's the wrong lens. The unfortunate part about that,is they are paying $2000 or more for the wrong lens. Also, since they are using an oversize lens, they scale up the HAL panel to fit the lens, and end up with a panel that's nearly 2 feet long, which is larger than the original." One of the later images on that page clearly shows the writing "Nippon Kogaku Japan" and another image shows the rearmost lens elements extend past the mount, further confirming this is either the 8 mm 8 or 7.5 mm 5.6.
 * "The wrong lens" that costs $2000 being described by the author of this page is likely the Fisheye-Nikkor 8 mm 2.8, which has a maximum diameter of 123 mm, wider than the 2013 ThinkGeek panel built from movie blueprints. This lens was not released by Nikon until 1970, well after the film had its theatrical run.
 * The Fisheye-Nikkor 10 mm 5.6 OP can be eliminated as a potential candidate by appearance alone; it uses an aspherical first element which does not have the pronounced bulbous appearance of the HAL 9000 eye. In addition, the 10 mm lens was not released until 1968, which was probably too late for the production of the film.
 * The panel was purchased by director Peter Jackson, and when Adam Savage was granted access to Jackson's movie prop collection, the lens is verbally identified as a "Fisheye-Nikkor F8". That, coupled with the serial number shown on the video (88621) using Roland Vink's list of Nikkor serial numbers definitively identifies it as the Fisheye-Nikkor 8 mm 8.
 * However, the 7.5 mm lens cannot be ruled out as a potential candidate.
 * The lens was already missing when the prop was discovered, meaning the discoverer had to find another lens to fit the hole.
 * The Fisheye-Nikkor 7.5 mm lens is of nearly identical appearance and size to the older (introduced in 1962) 8 mm lens.
 * The 7.5 mm lens was available by 1965, meaning that producers could have purchased old stock of the 8 mm lens or current production of the 7.5 mm lens.

All of this, of course, is original research in the absence of a single source to tie all this together. However, the sequence of should be acceptably referenced, more so than relying on a forum posting. Cheers, Mliu92 (talk) 16:29, 7 November 2018 (UTC)
 * 1) Faceplate discovered in secondhand store
 * 2) Contemporaneous lens found to fit faceplate
 * 3) Faceplate (with refitted lens) sold to Jackson
 * 4) Savage visits Jackson, proves lens is the Fisheye-Nikkor 8 mm 8

Infobox picture
I'm sorry, couldn't someone find a picture of HAL's full interface (or even the circuits room in which Bowman floats) to be put in the infobok? The mere rendering of the eye is the only picture in the page and I find that it's not enough.

--Aledownload (talk) 16:38, 12 November 2018 (UTC)

Additional information other than the books
Is there any more information we can put on here regarding the 2 other aformentioned books? i feel as though we could certainly add more.Larne2019 (talk) 14:47, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

HAL faceplate
All available sources on "HAL 9000 Original requisite from 2001 A Space Odyssey - retouche.jpg" state it is a replica re: Dennis Gilliam, Riverside, CA.", [https://www.dpreview.com/forums/thread/4462742 ''Unfortunately the HAL 9000 faceplate on display at the Kubrick Exhibition is not an original prop. It's a replica by Dennis Gilliam, and identified as such at the show.''], Dennis Gilliam's page on making replica's and claim there is only one existent movie used HAL faceplate, which is different from this one (no lens, different wear pattern on the logo). I have reverted the wording accordingly. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 14:25, 11 November 2022 (UTC)

Source of HAL Plant Information
In this article it states,"HAL became operational in Urbana, Illinois, at the HAL Plant (the University of Illinois's Coordinated Science Laboratory, where the ILLIAC computers were built)". Since I was at the Coordinated Science Laboratory from 1966 to 1973, I find the comment "where the ILLIAC computers were built" slightly misleading. The ILLIAC computers were built at the University of Illinois, and the Illiac I was built in the same building as CSL, but it was not built by CSL. Also, all the other ILLIAC computers were not built by CSL. ILLIAC IV was to be housed again in the same building as CSL (another building from the one that ILLIAC I was in), but due to the war protests the University and Defense Dept. decided to actually place the machine at Ames Research Center in CA. Further, CSL was the only Laboratory at the University of Illinois with a substantial AI project at that time, so the attribution to CSL (for a work of fiction) would be proper, I suppose. Dr.sliderule (talk) 20:20, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

Sexuality Section Seems Needlessly Watered Down?
I suggest adding back a portion of the most recently-excised Mark Dery quotations. On July 28 2023 this article's Sexuality section went slightly viral on Twitter for discussing HAL 9000's "stereotypic bitchy homosexual" affect (a quote by Mark Dery in 2012) and it caused a very quick edit and trimdown. However, now, the section appears so watered down that it essentially says nothing either way, citing Arthur Clarke's ambivalent answers about HAL 9000's sexuality from 1997 and a "gay fictional character list" from the 1980s. Not to discount older sources but a contemporary queer analysis seems more relevant to the subject matter, and frankly Mark Dery is a well-known writer and critic who even devoted sections of a 2018 biography to the contested, ambivalent sexuality of a man who rarely divulged a full accounting of it. Sound familiar? I suggest adding back a portion of the removed 2012 analysis from Dery. Daniel4hou (talk) 11:04, 12 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You make some good points. I would support restoring the deleted material in its entirety.  Wikipedia is WP:NOTCENSORED and I  suspect this IP editor with no other edits besides this removal may not be aware of that policy. Miner Editor (talk) 18:55, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

List of HAL's abilities
It seems to me that the list of HAL's abilities might best look like:

HAL has been shown to be capable of ... spacecraft piloting, computer chess, and murder.

Both true, and more dramatic? ISC PB (talk) 14:43, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:HAL 9000


text:
Talk:Skinhead

Suspenders?
As skinheads are a British phenomena, I have changed "suspenders" to "braces". Suspenders are what women use to hold up their stockings in the UK.

The Business is not a White Supremacist band
The Business is a member of the Oi punk rock movement and to use their picture as an example of what Skinhead and Skinhead bands look like is a false equivocation. Matter of fact, the band The Business is most well known for going on a tour entitled, "Oi Against Racism and Political Extremism ...But Still Against The System." — Preceding unsigned comment added by GeneralPattonE (talk • contribs) 14:53, 20 August 2017 (UTC)
 * You seem confused. The Business is a skin band. That doesn't mean that they're racists, because skins aren't racists. Read the article before commenting on it, please. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.83.60.122 (talk) 01:08, 27 August 2018 (UTC)

Confusing wording of "black metal"
In the music section:

"Among some skinheads, heavy metal is popular. Bands such as the Canadian act Blasphemy, whose guitarist is black, has been known to popularise and merchandise the phrase "black metal skinheads".[33] As the group's vocalist recounts, "a lot of black metal skinheads from the other side of Canada" would join in on the British Columbian black metal underground. "I remember one guy... who had 'Black Metal Skins' tattooed on his forehead. We didn't hang out with white power skinheads, but there were some Oi skinheads who wanted to hang out with us."[50] National Socialist black metal has an audience among white power skinheads. There was a record label called "Satanic Skinhead Propaganda" that was known to specialize in neo-Nazi black metal and death metal bands.[51] Black metal pioneer and right-wing extremist Varg Vikernes was known to adopt a skinhead look and wear a belt with the SS insignia while serving time in prison for the arson of several stave churches and the murder of Øystein Aarseth.[52]"

It initially is talking about a black person that in a heavy metal band and had "black metal skinhead merch" which leads the reader to assume the black in black metal is referring to race. Later it discusses "National Socialist black metal" which is not about black people, but rather a specific subgenre of metal. I think the wording/placement of this might be confusing to readers and may have them believe the "black" in "National Socialist black metal" and the other instances of "black metal" is referring to race. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2607:FEA8:6040:4B2:8993:7A26:9DFE:A19C (talk) 05:37, 20 March 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:22, 5 March 2023 (UTC)
 * London Skinheads.jpg

title: Talk:Skinhead


text:
Flash

Flash, flashes, or FLASH may refer to:

Fictional aliases

 * Flash (DC Comics character), several DC Comics superheroes with super speed:
 * Flash (Barry Allen)
 * Flash (Jay Garrick)
 * Wally West, the first Kid Flash and third adult Flash
 * Bart Allen, the second Kid Flash who also became the adult hero for a time
 * Flash (G.I. Joe), a character in the G.I. Joe universe
 * Flash, a robot in the video game Brave Saga 2
 * Flash, a character in the comedy film Daddy Day Care (2003)
 * Flash, a character in the TV science fiction drama Real Humans
 * Flash, a character in the 1989 American action comedy movie Speed Zone
 * Flash, a character in the TV sitcom Step by Step
 * Flash, a character in the film Zootopia (2016)
 * Flash Gordon, the titular hero of science fiction comic strip
 * Flash Sentry, in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic
 * Flash Thompson, a Marvel comic book character
 * Flash, known as Furzz in the US, an anthropomorphic rabbit from Roary the Racing Car

Films

 * Flash (1997 film), Disney Channel
 * Flash (2007 film), Malayalam
 * The Flash (film), 2023 film based on DC comics

Games

 * Flash (pinball), a 1979 Williams pinball game designed by Steve Ritchie
 * Teen patti or Flash, a three-card poker-style game, popular in South Asia
 * The Flash (video game), a 1991 action video game

Comics

 * Flash Comics, a 1940s anthology comic book
 * The Flash (DC Rebirth), a comic book in the DC Rebirth relaunch
 * The Flash (comic book), an ongoing comic book featuring the titular DC Comics hero

Other literature

 * Flash (Krentz novel), a 1998 romance novel by Jayne Ann Krentz
 * Flash (Modesitt novel), a 2004 science fiction novel by L. E. Modesitt
 * Flash (magazine), a quarterly Australian photography magazine
 * Flash (newspaper), a community newspaper of Auckland City, New Zealand

Artists

 * Flash (band), a 1970s progressive rock group

Albums and EPs

 * Flash (Amoyamo album) (2013)
 * Flash (EP), a 2010 extended play album by Crystal Kay
 * Flash (Jeff Beck album)

 * Flash (Electric Food album) (1970)
 * Flash (Flash album) (1972)
 * Flash (Moving Sidewalks album) (1968)
 * Flash (Towa Tei album) (2005)
 * Flash, a 1996 album by Red Five

Songs

 * "Flash" (Iggy Azalea song), 2012
 * "Flash" (B.B.E. song), 1997
 * "Flash" (Perfume song), 2016
 * "Flash" (Queen song), 1980
 * "Flash" (Stéphanie song), 1986
 * "Flash" (X1 song), 2019
 * "Flash", a song by Cigarettes After Sex from their self-titled album, 2017
 * "Flash", a song by Rocket Punch, 2022
 * "Flashes" (song), a 1931 composition by Bix Beiderbecke

Television

 * The Flash (1990 TV series), a 1990 American superhero series
 * The Flash (2014 TV series), a 2014 American superhero series

Military

 * FLASH (Z), a military message precedence designation
 * M202 FLASH, a rocket launcher
 * Operation Flash, a May 1995 Croatian Army offensive in Western Slavonia
 * Tactical recognition flash, a coloured patch worn on the arm of combat clothing to distinguish their regiment or corps

In arts and entertainment

 * Flash (wrestler) (born 1981), masked professional wrestler
 * Flash Brown (born 1981), pornographic actor and basketball player
 * Adam Flash (born 1971), American professional wrestler
 * Flash Flanagan (born 1974), American professional wrestler
 * Grandmaster Flash (born 1958), American hip hop musician and DJ
 * Larry "Flash" Jenkins (1955–2019), American actor, film director, producer, and screenwriter
 * Scott Norton (born 1961), American professional wrestler
 * Flash Terry (1934–2004), American guitarist and singer

In sport

 * Flash, on the TV show American Gladiators
 * Gabriel Elorde (1935–1985), Filipino professional boxer
 * Richard Flash (born 1976), English footballer
 * Josh Gordon (born 1991), American football player
 * Flash Hollett (1911–1999), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
 * Cordarrelle Patterson (born 1991), American football player
 * Gordon Shedden (born 1979), British racing driver
 * Dwyane Wade (born 1982), American basketball player
 * Lee Young-ho (born 1992), South Korean professional Starcraft player also known as "Flash"

Other people

 * George Flash (1909–1990), Israeli politician
 * Sandy Flash (died 1778), American highwayman
 * Mark Kennedy (policeman), known undercover as Flash or Mark Stone

Places

 * Flash, Staffordshire, England, a village
 * The Flash (lake), a lake near Borras, Wales

Computing

 * Adobe Flash (formerly Shockwave Flash and Macromedia Flash), multimedia platform software
 * Flash memory, a kind of non-volatile computer memory
 * Flash!, the bundled graphics package for the SAM Coupé

Other uses in science and technology

 * Flash (manufacturing), an excess material attached to a moulded product along a parting line
 * Flash (photography), instantaneous illumination for picture taking
 * FLASH, a particle physics facility in Germany
 * Flash lightning, a lightning burst within a cloud (Intracloud)
 * FlAsH-EDT2 or FlAsH tag, a fluorescent label for proteins
 * Fly Castelluccio Flash, an Italian paramotor design
 * Hook flash in telephony, often labelled on buttons as simply 'flash'
 * M202 FLASH, a rocket launcher
 * Tilbury Flash, an American racing monoplane built in the 1930s
 * Fast low angle shot magnetic resonance imaging (FLASH), an MRI pulse-sequence

Sports

 * Flash (juggling), a type of throwing and catching
 * Delaware Blue Coats, originally the Utah Flash, an NBA Development League team
 * Flash Engineering, a Swedish motorsports team
 * Flash Stakes, a former Thoroughbred horse race
 * Kent State Golden Flashes or just the Flashes, the athletics teams of Kent State University
 * Las Vegas Flash, an inline hockey team in 1994
 * Monterrey Flash, a Mexican indoor soccer team formed in 2011
 * Rochester Flash, a former American Soccer League team
 * San Diego Flash, a soccer team based in San Diego, California
 * Western New York Flash, an American women's soccer franchise

Other uses

 * Flash (cleaning product), the trading name of Mr. Clean in the UK and Ireland
 * Flash (lake), a body of water that forms where the land below it has subsided
 * Flash (tattoo), a source pattern for body art
 * Flash, to expose a person's private parts to another person in exhibitionism
 * Flash, a lightning bolt symbol, for example in Flash and Circle
 * Flash Airlines, a private charter airline operating out of Cairo, Egypt
 * Flash BRT, a bus rapid transit network in Montgomery County, Maryland

title: Flash


text:
Talk:Zodiac

Greek transliteration
It's been a good many years since I studied classical Greek, but I question the transliteration of ζῳδιακός, ζῴδιον and ζῷον as, respectively, "zōidiakòs", "zōidion" and "zōion". It seems to me that these should be "zōdiakòs", "zōdion" and "zōon". Why is there an "i" after the transliterated omega in each of these words? CodeTalker (talk) 03:05, 19 April 2022 (UTC)
 * As there have been no responses, I have changed the transliterations to what I believe is correct. CodeTalker (talk) 17:39, 9 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I dont get that 2601:285:0:1360:9CAF:38E7:C4C6:68CA (talk) 22:51, 9 February 2023 (UTC)

Merge Discussion
I'm considering a merge. Specifically of Zodiac and Western astrology. As well as Astrology and History of astrology. It's being discussed on the Astrology Talk page here.

Wiki Education assignment: CMN2160B
— Assignment last updated by Xinyue Hu (talk) 13:29, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

Name
The greek word for "animals" cited here, means a living being, and thus includes humans and animals. The explanation given in the article should be removed because it is false. 176.201.192.137 (talk) 17:41, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

How to get signs of all the twelve month
@ 154.161.148.94 (talk) 01:32, 24 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zodiac


text:
Clustering

Clustering can refer to the following:

In computing:
 * Computer cluster, the technique of linking many computers together to act like a single computer
 * Data cluster, an allocation of contiguous storage in databases and file systems
 * Cluster analysis, the statistical task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group are placed closer together (such as the k-means clustering)
 * In hash tables, the mapping of keys to nearby slots

In economics:
 * Business cluster, a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and associated institutions in a particular field

In graph theory:
 * The formation of clusters of linked nodes in a network, measured by the clustering coefficient

title: Clustering