text:
2005

2005 was designated as the International Year for Sport and Physical Education and the International Year of Microcredit. The beginning of 2005 also marked the end of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous People (1995–2005).

January

 * January 1 – Jeanna Giese from Wisconsin, United States, comes home from the hospital and officially becomes the first person to ever survive rabies without a vaccination.
 * January 5 – Eris, the most massive known dwarf planet in the Solar System, is discovered by a team led by Michael E. Brown using images originally taken on October 21, 2003, at the Palomar Observatory.
 * January 9 – The Second Sudanese Civil War ends in Sudan.
 * January 12 – Deep Impact is launched from Cape Canaveral with the purpose of studying the comet Tempel 1.
 * January 14 – The Huygens spacecraft lands on Titan, the largest moon of Saturn.
 * January 20
 * George W. Bush is inaugurated for a second term as President of the United States.
 * The most intense solar particle event in recorded history is observed.

February

 * February 10 – North Korea announces that it possesses nuclear weapons as a protection against the hostility it says it perceives from the United States.
 * February 14
 * Former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri is assassinated, along with 21 others, by a suicide bomber in Beirut.
 * YouTube, an American online video sharing and social media platform was launched by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim headquartered in San Bruno, California.
 * February 16 – The Kyoto Protocol officially goes into effect.

March

 * March 14 – China ratifies an anti-secession law, aimed at preventing Taiwan from declaring independence.
 * March 24 – The President of Kyrgyzstan, Askar Akayev, is deposed following mass anti-government demonstrations and flees the country.
 * March 28 – The 8.6 Nias–Simeulue earthquake shakes northern Sumatra with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VI (Strong), leaving 915–1,314 people dead and 340–1,146 injured.
 * March 31 – The dwarf planet Makemake is discovered by a team led by Michael E. Brown at the Palomar Observatory.

April

 * April 2 – Pope John Paul II dies; over four million people travel to the Vatican to mourn him.  Pope Benedict XVI succeeds him on April 19, becoming the 265th pope.
 * April 8 – The first solar eclipse of the year was a rare hybrid event, occurring at ascending node in Aries. This was 4.4 days after the Moon reached perigee. Gamma had a value of -0.34733. A hybrid solar eclipse was visible from south Pacific, Panama, Colombia and Venezuela, and was the 51st solar eclipse of Solar Saros 129.
 * April 9 – Charles, Prince of Wales marries Camilla Parker Bowles in a civil ceremony at Windsor's Guildhall. Camilla receives the title Duchess of Cornwall.
 * April 23 – The first ever YouTube video is uploaded, titled Me at the zoo.
 * April 24 – The first lunar eclipse of the year was a penumbral event, occurring at descending node in Virgo. This was 5 days before the Moon reached perigee. Gamma had a value of -1.08851. A penumbral lunar eclipse was visible in eastern Asia, Australia, Pacific and Americas, and was the 23rd lunar eclipse of Lunar Saros 141.
 * April 26 – Syria withdraws the last of its military garrison from Lebanon, ending its 29-year military occupation of the country.
 * April 27 – The Superjumbo jet aircraft Airbus A380 makes its first flight from Toulouse.

May

 * May 13 – Uzbek Interior Ministry and National Security Service troops massacre at least 200 protesters in the city of Andijan.
 * May 18 – English whisky is re-established in England.
 * May 19–21 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2005 takes place in Kyiv, Ukraine, and is won by Greek entrant Helena Paparizou with the song "My Number One".
 * May 21 – Kingda Ka is opened for the first time to the public at Six Flags: Great Adventure, becoming the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster at the time.

June

 * June 4 – The Civic Forum of the Romanians of Covasna, Harghita and Mureș is founded.

July

 * July 2 – Live 8, a set of 10 simultaneous concerts, takes place throughout the world, raising interest in the Make Poverty History campaign.
 * July 6
 * The European Parliament rejects the proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions in its second reading.
 * The International Olympic Committee awards London the right to host the 2012 Summer Olympics.
 * July 7 – Four coordinated suicide bombings hit central London, killing 52 people and injuring over 700.
 * July 23 – A series of bombings hit the resort city of Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, killing over 80 people.
 * July 28 – As a result of the Good Friday Agreement signed in 1998, the Provisional Irish Republican Army ends its armed campaign and decommissions their weapons, by ordering all its units to drop their arms under the supervision of the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning.

August

 * August 12 – The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is launched from Cape Canaveral, designed to explore Mars.
 * August 14 – Helios Airways Flight 522, en route from Larnaca, Cyprus to Prague, Czech Republic via Athens, crashes in the hills near Grammatiko, Greece, killing 121 passengers and crew.
 * August 16 – West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 crashes into a mountain in Venezuela, killing 160 passengers and crew.
 * August 18 – Peace Mission 2005, the first joint China–Russia military exercise, begins its eight-day training on the Shandong Peninsula.
 * August 26 – The Constitution of Chile is heavily amended, eliminating senators for life, reducing the presidential terms from six to four years, giving the president exclusive rights to summon the National Security Council, and removes legal obstacles for the creation of new regions.
 * August 29 – Hurricane Katrina makes landfall along the U.S. Gulf Coast, causing severe damage, killing over a thousand people and dealing an estimated $108 billion in damage.
 * August 31 – The Al-Aimmah bridge disaster in Baghdad, Iraq kills 953 Shia Muslim pilgrims who were celebrating a religious festival.

September

 * September 7 – Egypt holds its first ever multi-party presidential election, which is marred with allegations of fraud.
 * September 12 – Israel demolishes multiple settlements and withdraws its army from the Gaza Strip.
 * September 19 – North Korea agrees to stop building nuclear weapons in exchange for aid and cooperation.
 * September 30 – Controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten, sparking outrage and violent riots by Muslims around the world.

October

 * October 3 – The second solar eclipse of 2005 was an annular event, occurring at descending node in Virgo. This was 4.8 days after the Moon reached apogee. Gamma had a value of 0.33058. An annular solar eclipse was visible in Portugal, Spain, Libya, Sudan and Kenya, and was the 43rd solar eclipse of Solar Saros 134.
 * October 8 – The 7.6 Kashmir earthquake strikes Azad Kashmir, Pakistan and nearby areas with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), killing more than 86,000 people and displacing several million more.
 * October 12 – The second crewed Chinese spacecraft, Shenzhou 6, is launched.
 * October 17 – The final eclipse of 2005 was a partial lunar eclipse event, occurring at ascending node in Aries. This was 2.9 days after the Moon reached perigee. Gamma had a value of 0.97960. A partial lunar eclipse was visible in Asia, Australia, Pacific and North America, and was the 10th lunar eclipse of Lunar Saros 146.
 * October 19 – The trial of Saddam Hussein begins.
 * October 20 – The general conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) passes the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions.
 * October 24 – Hurricane Wilma makes landfall near Cape Romano.

November

 * November 9 – At least 60 people are killed and 115 more are wounded in a series of coordinated suicide bombings in Amman, Jordan.
 * November 11 – In Kazakhstan, Zamanbek Nurkadilov, former mayor of Almaty, government minister and a political opponent of Nursultan Nazarbayev is found dead at his family compound.
 * November 13 – Andrew Stimpson, a 25-year-old Scottish man, is reported as the first person proven to have been 'cured' of HIV.
 * November 22
 * Angela Merkel assumes office as the first female Chancellor of Germany.
 * Microsoft releases the Xbox 360.
 * November 23 – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf wins the Liberian general election, making her the first democratically elected female head of state in Africa.
 * November 28 – The United Nations Climate Change Conference is held in Montreal.
 * November 30 – Surgeons in France carry out the first human face transplant with Isabelle Dinoire becoming the first person to undergo it.

December

 * December 12 – Scientists announce that they have created mice with small numbers of human neurons in an effort to make realistic models of neurological disorders.
 * December 16 – Find-a-drug medical distributed computing project is concluded.
 * December 18 – Chad descends into civil war after various rebel forces, with support from Sudan, attack the capital, N'Djamena.
 * December 25 – An express train bound for the city of Niigata, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, is derailed by strong winds in Shonai, Yamagata Prefecture. Five people are killed and at least 33 injured.
 * December 31 – Another second is added, 23:59:60, to end the year 2005, the first time since 1998.

Births and deaths

 * January 2 – Robbie Lee, British diver
 * January 4 – Dafne Keen, British and Spanish actress
 * January 11 – Roksana Węgiel, Polish singer, winner of Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018
 * January 13 – Eva Brezalieva, Bulgarian rhythmic gymnast
 * April 29 – Prince Dipangkorn Rasmijoti of Thailand, grandson of Bhumibol Adulyadej, son of King Maha Vajiralongkorn, Rama X of Thailand and his wife Srirasmi Suwadee
 * June 17 – Funa Nakayama, Japanese skateboarder
 * June 26 – Princess Alexia of the Netherlands, daughter of Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands and his wife Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
 * July 25 – Pierce Gagnon, American actor
 * August 8 – Alysa Liu, American figure skater
 * October 4 – Prince Emmanuel of Belgium, younger son and third child of King Philippe and Queen Mathilde of Belgium
 * October 15 – Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark, son of Frederik X and his wife Queen Mary of Denmark
 * October 20 – Edelyne Mia Martanegara, Indonesian model
 * October 31 – Leonor, Princess of Asturias, daughter of Felipe VI of Spain and his wife Queen Letizia of Spain
 * November 16 – Mariam Mamadashvili, Georgian singer, winner of Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2016
 * December 3 – Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway, son of Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway and his wife Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway, grandson of King Harald V of Norway
 * December 27
 * Kristina Pimenova, Russian model
 * C. William Doody, Canadian senator representing Newfoundland and Labrador.

Nobel Prizes

 * Chemistry – Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock, and Yves Chauvin
 * Economics – Robert J. Aumann, and Thomas Schelling
 * Literature – Harold Pinter
 * Peace – Mohamed ElBaradei
 * Physics – Roy J. Glauber, John L. Hall, and Theodor W. Hänsch
 * Physiology or Medicine – Robin Warren, and Barry Marshall

New English words and terms

 * didymo
 * functional calculus
 * glamping
 * locavore
 * microblogging
 * pre-exposure prophylaxis
 * ransomware
 * rock snot
 * sexting
 * truther
 * vodcast

title: 2005


text:
Talk:1 E+1 m²

Most one or two bedroom apartments are ~100 sq. ft.? Are you really saying this, or do I misunderstand the entry? --Alex Kennedy

Also, wouldn't it be clearer to title these entries e.g. 1 x 10^1 m^2, rather than 1e1 m2, which I initially thought meant 1^1 m2

''What I wanted to say is that most such apartments are in the range 107-1070 sq.ft. I should try to explain that better. The names of these entries are discussed on User talk:Eob. Please contribute your comments. This is very much an experiment.''--LA2

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:1 E+1 m²


text:
1307

Year 1307 (MCCCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January – March

 * January 13 – (11th waxing of Tabodwe 668 ME, Burmese calendar) After a reign of almost 20 years, King Wareru, who founded the Martaban Kingdom in what is now southern Myanmar, is stabbed to death by two of his grandsons, Shin Gyi and Shin Nge, who were avenging the execution by Wareru (in 1296 of their father, Tarabya of Pegu. Hkun Law, younger brother of Wareru, becomes the new King of Martaban.
 * January 18 – The Tokuji era begins in Japan in the fourth year of Kagen.
 * February 9 – Battle of Loch Ryan: Thomas de Brus and Alexander de Brus sail with an invasion force of 1,000 men and 18 galleys, into the harbor at Loch Ryan. But they are defeated by rival Scots under Dungal MacDouall. During the attack, only two galleys escape and all the leaders are captured.
 * February 10 – Temür Khan (or Chengzong), the sixth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (as well as the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan-dynasty China) dies at the age of 41 after a reign of 12 years. He is succeeded by his nephew, Külüg Khan.
 * February 17 – Eight days after their capture at Loch Ryan, Thomas de Brus, and Alexander de Brus, Reginald Crawford are all executed. Thomas and Alexander are taken to Carlisle, where hanged, drawn and quartered.
 * March 23 – Fra Dolcino of Novara, Margaret of Trent and Longino da Bergamo, leaders of the New Apostles movement in Italy, are captured at Val Sesia and tried for heresy on orders of Pope Clement V. They will be executed on June 1.

April – June

 * April 9 – King Edward I of England dismisses the Parliaments of Ireland. A new Parliament will not be assembled until February 9, 1310.
 * April 14 – Persian historian Rashid al-Din Hamadani completes his comprehensive chronicle of Persian history, the Jami' al-tawarikh, inscribing the Persian calendar date "24th day of Farvardin 686"
 * April 21 – Ralph Baldock, Bishop of London, becomes the new Lord Chancellor of England upon the death of William Hamilton, but serves for less than four months.
 * April – Battle of Glen Trool: Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce defeat the English army at Glen Trool, Galloway. During the battle, Robert gives the order to push down several boulders to ambush the English, who are approaching through a narrow glen (called the "Steps of Trool"). Scottish forces charge down an extremely steep 700-meter sloop, the narrowness of the defile prevents support from either the front or the rear. Without any room to maneuver, many of the English are killed and routed.
 * May 10 – Battle of Loudoun Hill: Scottish forces under Robert the Bruce defeat the English army (some 3,000 men) at Loudoun Hill. During the battle, a frontal charge by the English knights led by Aymer de Valence is halted by Robert's spearmen militia, who effectively slaughtered them as they are on marshy ground. Aymer manages to escape the carnage and flees to the safety of Bothwell Castle. The battle marks the turning point in Robert's struggle to reclaim the independence of Scotland.
 * May 13 – Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr, Marinid ruler of Morocco is assassinated.
 * June 21 – The coronation of Külüg Khan as Khan of the Mongol Empire and as Emperor Wuzong of Yuan dynasty China, takes place in Khanbaliq in what is now Beijing.

July – September

 * July 4 – Rudolf I, king of Bohemia, dies.
 * July 7 – King Edward I of England, known as Edward Longshanks, dies at Burgh by Sands after a 34-year reign. He is succeeded by his son 23-year-old Edward II, who becomes new ruler of England. After his death Edward's body is embalmed and transported to Waltham Abbey in Essex. Here it lay unburied for several weeks so that people can come and see the body lying in state. After this, Edward is taken to Westminster Abbey for a proper burial on October 28.
 * July 20 – King Edward II travels from London, after he is proclaimed king and continues north into Scotland, where he receives homage from his Scottish supporters at Dumfries.
 * August 2 – In the first reorganization of the English government by the new King, Edward II, Gilbert Segrave replaces Ralph Baldock as Lord Chancellor
 * August 4 – King Edward II abandons the campaign against Scotland and returns home. He recalls his friend and favourite, Piers Gaveston, who is in exile, and makes him Earl of Cornwall, before arranging his marriage to the wealthy 13-year-old Margaret de Clare.
 * August 18 – On the question of whether a prayer to the English Bishop Thomas de Cantilupe led to the miracle of the resurrection of William Cragh the day after Cragh's execution by hanging on November 27, 1290, Cragh himself testifies before a papal commission at a hearing in Hereford. Of 38 miracles alleged to have been the result of intercession by Cantilupe, the papal commission finds 12 of them doubtful, but accepts another 26 and recommends canonization. Pope John XXII will formally canonize Bishop Cantilupe on April 17, 1320.
 * August 20 – John de Benstede, the English Chancellor of the Exchequer since 1305 when he was appointed by the late King Edward I, is dismissed as by the new and replaced by John Sandale.
 * August 22 – Walter Reynolds, Bishop of Worcester, becomes the new Lord High Treasurer for Edward II, replacing Walter Langton, Bishop of Coventry. The next day, Henry Ludgershall is made the new Chamberlain of the Exchequer.
 * August 26 – After the restructuring of his government, King Edward II summons his first Parliament, directing members to be elected and to assemble at Northampton on October 13.
 * September 5 – Pope Clement V issues a papal bull confirming that the island of Rhodes, now one of the Dodecanese islands of Greece, will be the property of the Knights Hospitaller.
 * September 23 – A marriage contract is concluded between the Otto IV, Count of Burgundy and King Philip IV of France for the marriage of Otto's 11-year-old daughter Blanche to the King's 13-year-old son, Prince Charles. The marriage takes place on February 2, 1308, but will be annulled on May 19, 1322, shortly after Prince Charles assumes the throne as King Charles IV.

October – December

 * October 13 – King Philip IV of France orders the arrest of all members of the Knights Templar in France. The Templars, together with their Grand Master Jacques de Molay, are imprisoned, interrogated, and tortured into confessing heresy. In Paris, the king's inquisitors torture some 140 Templars, most of whom eventually make confessions. Many are subjected to "fire torture": their legs are fastened in an iron frame and the soles of their feet are greased with fat or butter. Unable to withstand these tortures, many Templars eventually confess.
 * November 17 – The Mongol General Bilarghu hosts the Armenian Kings Hethum II and Leo III at a banquet at his in castle at Anazarbus (now in ruins near the Turkish village of Dilekkaya). After the guests complete the banquet, Bilarghu massacres all of the Armenian royalty and nobles.
 * November 18 – William Tell, Swiss mountain climber and marksman, shoots (according to legend) an apple off his son's head with a crossbow at Altdorf, Switzerland.
 * November 22 – Following the example of France's King Philip the Fair, Pope Clement V issues a papal decree directing all monarchs of the Christian faith to arrest the Knights Templar and to confiscate their lands as property of the Church.
 * December 10 – Theodoric IV, the ruler of the semi-independent states of Lusatia, Osterland and Thuringia, is murdered at Leipzig by Philip of Nassau. Theodoric is succeeded by Frederick the Brave as ruler of Thuringia and by Otto IV of Brandenburg as ruler of Lusatia. The areas are now part of eastern Germany.
 * December 25 – On Christmas Day, the 3-day Battle of Slioch begins in Scotland, with King Robert the Bruce and his men turning back the forces of John Comyn.

Europe

 * Januli I da Corogna seizes the Aegean Island of Sifnos and becomes an autonomous lord, by renouncing his allegiance to the Knights Hospitaller.

Britain

 * Spring – King Robert the Bruce, King of Scots crosses with a small force (some 600 men) from the Isle of Arran in the Firth of Clyde to his earldom of Carrick in Ayrshire. He attacks the English garrison at Turnberry Castle, plundering and destroying the stronghold. Meanwhile, The Black Douglas attacks the English garrison in Douglas Castle at Palm Sunday – while they are slaughtered during a church mass (known as the "Douglas Larder").

Asia

 * Duwa Khan, Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate, dies after a 25-year reign and is succeeded by his son Könchek (until 1308).

Cities and Towns

 * The village of Heerle in North Brabant is proclaimed an independent parish (modern Netherlands).

Births

 * unknown dates
 * Alessandra Giliani, Italian female anatomist and scientist (d. 1326)
 * William II (or IV), Count of Hainaut, Dutch nobleman (House of Avesnes) (d. 1345)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Wareru, founder of the Martaban Kingdom, assassinated (b. 1253)
 * February 10 – Temür Khan (or Chengzong), Mongol emperor
 * February 17 – executed:
 * Alexander de Brus (or Bruse), Scottish nobleman (b. 1285)
 * Reginald Crawford, Scottish nobleman, knight and sheriff
 * Thomas de Brus (or Bruse), Scottish nobleman and Dean of Glasgow (b. 1284)
 * April 23 – Joan of Acre (or Johanna), English princess (b. 1272)
 * May 13 – Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr, Marinid ruler of Morocco
 * July 4 – Rudolf I, German nobleman, knight and king (b. 1282)
 * July 7 – Edward I ("Longshanks"), king of England (b. 1239)
 * September 21 – Thomas Bitton (or Bytton), English bishop His brother was William of Bitton II, Bishop of Bath from 1267 to 1274.
 * October 11 – Catherine I, Latin empress consort (b. 1274)
 * November 23 – Diether III, German archbishop (b. 1250)

title: 1307


text:
1016

Year 1016 (MXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * March 25 – Battle of Nesjar (off the coast of Norway): Olaf Haraldsson is victorious over former co-regent Sweyn Haakonsson, confirming his status as king of Norway.
 * April 23 – Æthelred the Unready, king of England, dies after a 38-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Edmund II "Ironside".
 * Summer – Battle of Brentford (near London): Edmund II defeats the Danes under King Cnut the Great.
 * July 6 – Battle of Pontlevoy: French forces of Fulk III and Herbert I defeat Odo II which determines the balance of power in the Loire Valley.
 * October 18 – Battle of Assandun: Cnut the Great defeats Edmund II, leaving the latter as king of Wessex.
 * November 30 – Edmund II dies and Cnut the Great takes control of the whole of the Kingdom of England.
 * The Pisan and the Genoese republics launch a naval offensive against the Muslim strongholds of Sardinia, in particular Porto Torres, and defeat the fleet of the taifa king of Dénia, Mujāhid al-ʿĀmirī.
 * Melus of Bari makes a second attempt against Byzantine-held Southern Italy. To support his cause, he hires Norman mercenaries, unwittingly triggering the rise of Norman rule over southern Italy.
 * Georgius Tzul, ruler of Khazaria, is captured by a combined Byzantine Empire–Kievan Rus' force, which effectively ends Khazaria's existence.

Arabian Empire

 * January 7 – Fath al-Qal'i, governor of the Citadel of Aleppo, revolts against Emir Mansur ibn Lu'lu', forcing him to flee. Fath accepts an agreement with Salih ibn Mirdas and takes control of Aleppo.

Asia

 * March 10 – Emperor Sanjō of Japan abdicates the throne after a 5-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old cousin Go-Ichijō as the 68th emperor of Japan. Fujiwara no Michinaga is appointed regent.
 * Japanese poet Koshikibu no Naishi (lady-in-waiting to Dowager Empress Shōshi) and her husband Fujiwara no Kiminari (son of Michinaga) have a son, but the couple is not accepted because of the social gap between them.

Births

 * April 3 – Xing Zong, emperor of the Liao dynasty (d. 1055)
 * June 9 – Deokjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1034)
 * July 25 – Casimir I the Restorer, duke of Poland (d. 1058)
 * August 24 – Fujiwara no Genshi, Japanese empress (d. 1039)
 * October 28 – Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1056)
 * Cao, empress and regent of Song dynasty China (d. 1079)
 * Edward the Exile, son of Edmund II of England (d. 1057)
 * Không Lộ, Vietnamese Zen master (approximate date)
 * Minamoto no Tsunenobu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1097)
 * Svein Knutsson, king of Norway (d. 1035)
 * Yan Vyshatich, Kievan nobleman (d. 1106)

Deaths

 * April 23 – Æthelred the Unready, king of England
 * May 22 – Jovan Vladimir, Serbian prince (b. 990)
 * September 6 – Fujiwara no Bokushi, great-grandmother of the Emperor of Japan
 * October 18
 * Ælfric of Hampshire, English nobleman
 * Eadnoth the Younger, bishop of Dorchester in England
 * Ulfcytel Snillingr, English nobleman
 * November 30 – Edmund II "Ironside", king of England
 * Badis ibn Mansur, Muslim emir of the Zirid dynasty
 * Henry II "the Good", count of Stade (b. 946)
 * Liu Chenggui, official of Song dynasty China (b. 951)
 * Simeon of Mantua, Armenian Benedictine monk
 * Sulayman ibn al-Hakam, caliph of Córdoba
 * Uhtred the Bold, English nobleman
 * Wulfgar of Abingdon, English abbot

title: 1016


text:
1026

Year 1026 (MXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Spring – King Conrad II, "the Elder", assembles an army of thousands of armored knights for an expedition into Italy. He besieges Pavia and marches to Milan, where he is crowned with the Iron Crown by Archbishop Aribert as king of the Lombards. Duke William V ("the Great") of Aquitaine, who is already en route for Italy, decides to renounce his claim to the Lombard throne and turns back.
 * April – Conrad II punishes the citizens of Pavia with starvation, with the help of Milanese troops, for burning down the Royal Palace. He appoints Aribert as his viceroy ("imperial vicar") in Italy and charges him to ensure that the order is complied with.
 * Summer – Conrad II leaves the bulk of his army at the siege of Pavia, and marches to Ravenna. The Ravennan militias close the town gates and assault the imperial train. Conrad rallies his troops and takes Ravenna, taking bloody revenge.
 * 1 June – The Basilica of Saint Maternus in Walcourt, present-day Belgium, is consecrated by Bishop Réginhard of Liège.
 * Conrad II proceeds to Pesaro, but a malarian outbreak forces him to withdraw back up north to the Po Valley. He subdues the March of Turin, where Count Ulric Manfred II opposes the election of Conrad.
 * Autumn – Pavia falls to the imperial forces. Only the intervention of Odilo of Cluny persuades Conrad to have mercy on the city and the defeated rebels.
 * Battle of Helgeå (off the coast of Sweden): Naval forces of King Cnut the Great's North Sea Empire defeat the combined Swedish and Norwegian royal fleets.
 * 9-year-old Henry "the Black" is made duke of Bavaria by his father, Conrad II, after the death of his predecessor Henry V.
 * Pietro Barbolano becomes 28th doge of Venice.

Asia

 * A Zubu revolt against the Liao dynasty is suppressed, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute of horses, camels and furs.

Births

 * Lidanus, Lombard Benedictine abbot (d. 1118)
 * Tostig Godwinson, earl of Northumbria (approximate date)
 * Pope Victor III, born Dauferio, Lombard churchman (approximate date)
 * William Firmatus, Norman hermit and pilgrim (d. 1103)

Deaths

 * June 10 – Hugh II, French viscount and archbishop
 * August 28 – Richard II, "the Good", duke of Normandy
 * August 30 – Bononio, Lombard hermit and abbot
 * September 21 – Otto-William, count of Burgundy
 * November 27 – Adalbold II, bishop of Utrecht
 * Adelaide-Blanche of Anjou, French queen and regent
 * Frederick II, duke of Upper Lorraine (Lotharingia)
 * Henry V, duke of Bavaria (House of Luxembourg)
 * Hugh IV, lord of Lusignan (approximate date)
 * Leo of Vercelli, German archdeacon and bishop

title: 1026


text:
1061

Year 1061 (MLXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Spring – Robert de Grandmesnil, his nephew Berengar, half-sister Judith (future wife of Roger I), and eleven monks of the Abbey of Saint-Evroul, are banished by Duke William II (the Bastard) of Normandy for violence, and travel to Southern Italy.
 * Summer – Norman forces led by Duke Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger I invade Sicily. They land unseen during the night and surprise the Saracen army. Guiscard conquers Messina and marches into central Sicily.
 * June 28 – Count Floris I is ambushed on a retreat from Zaltbommel and killed by German troops at Nederhemert. Most of West Frisia (later part of the County of Holland) is conquered and annexed by the Holy Roman Empire.
 * Sosols (a tribe in Estonia) destroy the Kievan Rus' fortification of Yuryev in Tartu, and carry out a raid on Pskov.

Africa

 * Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin succeeds to the throne of Morocco, following the Almoravid conquest.

Religion

 * July 27 – Pope Nicholas II dies after a 2-year pontificate at Florence. He is succeeded by Alexander II as the 156th pope of the Catholic Church in Rome.
 * The Speyer Cathedral is consecrated in Speyer (modern Germany).

Births

 * Al-Maziri, Zirid imam, jurist and scholar (d. 1141)
 * Al-Tughrai, Persian poet and alchemist (d. 1121)
 * Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia and Calabria (or 1060)
 * William II (the German), count of Burgundy (d. 1125)
 * Wuyashu, chieftain of the Wanyan tribe (d. 1113)

Deaths

 * January 28 – Spytihněv II, duke of Bohemia (b. 1031)
 * May 5 – Humbert of Moyenmoutier, French cardinal
 * June 28 – Floris I, count of Friesland (west of the Vlie)
 * July 13 – Beatrice I, German abbess of Quedlinburg (b. 1037)
 * July 27 – Nicholas II, pope of the Catholic Church
 * Abu Sa'id Gardezi, Persian geographer and historian
 * Adelmann, bishop of Brescia (approximate date)
 * Ali ibn Ridwan, Arab physician and astronomer
 * Burgheard, English nobleman
 * Burkhard I (or Burchardus), German nobleman
 * Conrad III (or Konrad III), German nobleman
 * Henry I (or Heinrich I), German count palatine
 * Rajaraja Narendra, Indian ruler (b. 1022)
 * Rúaidhri Ua Flaithbheartaigh, king of Iar Connacht
 * Song Qi, Chinese statesman and historian (b. 998)

title: 1061


text:
1078

Year 1078 (MLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Nikephoros Botaneiates, a Byzantine general (strategos) of the Theme of the Anatolics, revolts against Emperor Michael VII (Doukas). With the support of the Seljuk Turks who provide him with troops, Nikephoros marches upon Nicaea (modern Turkey). He defeats the imperial army and proclaims himself emperor.
 * March 24 – Nikephoros Botaneiates enters Constantinople in triumph and is crowned by Patriarch Cosmas I as emperor Nikephoros III of the Byzantine Empire. Michael VII resigns his throne after a 7-year reign and retires into the Monastery of Stoudios.
 * Battle of Kalavrye: The imperial forces of General Alexios Komnenos are victorious over the rebellious army (12,000 men) under Nikephoros Bryennios (the Elder), governor (doux) of the Theme of Dyrrhachium. Bryennios is captured and later blinded.
 * Philaretos Brachamios abandons his claim to the Byzantine throne, on being appointed governor of Antioch, a foundation of the later Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.

Europe

 * August 7 – Battle of Mellrichstadt: Emperor Henry IV defeats the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia, near Mellrichstadt (modern Germany).
 * October 3 – Grand Prince Iziaslav I dies, and is succeeded by Vsevolod I, who unites the principalities – Kiev, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl – in Kievan Rus'.

England

 * The White Tower of the Tower of London is begun, under the direction of Gundulf (or Gundulph), bishop of Rochester (approximate date).

Africa

 * The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, besieges Ceuta. Since the city can receive help from the sea, the siege will last until 1083.

China

 * By this year, the iron industry in the Song Dynasty is producing a total weight of 127,000,000 kg (125,000 t) of iron product per year.

Religion

 * July 11 – The Romanesque tympanum of Santiago de Compostela Cathedral in Galicia (modern Spain) is constructed.
 * Anselm is elected abbot of Bec Abbey, in Normandy.
 * A church council in Poitiers deposes Bishop Sylvester of Rennes who had bought his office in 1076. This leads also to the flight of Robert of Arbrissel to Paris where he begins his studies.

Births

 * March 17 – Abdul Qadir Gilani, Persian preacher (d. 1166)
 * Alexander I (the Fierce), king of Scotland (d. 1124)
 * Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid caliph in Baghdad (d. 1118)
 * Constance of France, princess of Antioch (d. 1125)
 * Ermengol V, count of Urgell (Catalonia) (d. 1102)
 * Fujiwara no Tadazane, Japanese nobleman (d. 1162)
 * Ibn Quzman, Moorish poet and writer (d. 1160)
 * Reishi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1144)

Deaths

 * February 20 – Herman, bishop of Salisbury
 * May 30 – Gleb Svyatoslavich, Kievan prince
 * August 9 – Peter I, Italian nobleman
 * August 26 – Herluin, founder of Bec Abbey
 * October 3
 * Boris Vyacheslavich, prince of Chernigov
 * Iziaslav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1024)
 * November 6 – Berthold II, duke of Carinthia
 * November 11 – Udo, archbishop of Trier
 * Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani, Persian scholar
 * Andreas (or Andrew), archbishop of Bari
 * Atsiz ibn Uvaq, Turkish emir of Damascus (or 1079)
 * Immilla of Turin, Italian noblewoman
 * Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi, Fatimid scholar (b. 1000)
 * Nikephoritzes, Byzantine governor
 * Rhys ab Owain, king of Deheubarth
 * Richard I (Drengot), prince of Capua
 * Tunka Manin, ruler of the Ghana Empire (b. 1010)
 * Zeng Gongliang, Chinese scholar and writer (b. 998)
 * Zhang Xian, Chinese poet and writer (b. 990)

title: 1078


text:
1080

Year 1080 (MLXXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Autumn – Nikephoros Melissenos, a Byzantine general and aristocrat, seizes control of what remains of Byzantine Asia Minor (modern Turkey), and proclaims himself emperor against Nikephoros III. Melissenos makes an alliance with Sultan Suleiman ibn Qutulmish and recruits many Turkish mercenaries to his army.

Europe

 * January 27 – Battle of Flarchheim: Emperor Henry IV defeats the forces led by the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia, near the town of Flarchheim (modern Germany).
 * April 17 – King Harald III dies after a 4-year reign and is buried at Dalby Church in Scania (modern Sweden). He is succeeded by his brother Canute IV (the Holy) as ruler of Denmark.
 * October 14 – Battle on the Elster: Rudolf of Rheinfelden defeats the imperial forces led by Henry IV at the Elster River. Rudolf dies the following day at Merseburg of wounds received.

Britain

 * May 14 – Walcher, bishop of Durham, is killed by rebel Northumbrians. King William I (the Conqueror) sends a punitive expedition led by his half-brother Odo of Bayeux to pacify Northumbria.
 * Autumn – Robert Curthose, a son of William I, is sent to invade Scotland. He reaches as far as Falkirk and forces King Malcolm III to agree to terms while building fortifications at Newcastle-on-Tyne.
 * Osmund, bishop of Salisbury, builds Devizes Castle in Wiltshire.

Armenia

 * The Rubenid Principality of Cilicia gains independence after its founder, Ruben I, succeeds in establishing his authority in the mountainous regions of Cilicia.

Africa

 * The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, conquers Tangier, Badis and Hunayn.

China

 * Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath scientist and statesman, begins his defensive military campaign against the Tanguts of the Western Xia. He successfully defends the invasion route to Yanzhou (Shaanxi province).

Religion

 * June 25 – Wibert of Ravenna is elected as anti-pope Clement III during the pro-imperial Synod of Brixen. Pope Gregory VII is deposed, signed in a decree by Henry IV.
 * King Alfonso VI (the Brave) of León and Castile establishes Latin liturgy in the Catholic Church, in place of the Hispanic Rite.
 * Benno II, bishop of Osnabrück, founds the Benedictine abby of Iburg Castle (modern Germany).

Births

 * Adelard of Bath, English philosopher (d. 1152)
 * Adolf III, German count of Berg and Hövel (d. 1152)
 * Alberic of Ostia, French cardinal-bishop (d. 1148)
 * Barthélemy de Jur, French bishop (approximate date)
 * Cellach of Armagh (or Celsus), Irish archbishop (d. 1129)
 * Egas Moniz o Aio, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1146)
 * Eilika of Saxony, German noblewoman (d. 1142)
 * Ermesinde of Luxembourg, countess of Namur (d. 1143)
 * Guarinus of Palestrina, Italian cardinal-bishop (d. 1158)
 * Harald Kesja (the Spear), king of Denmark (d. 1135)
 * Helie of Burgundy, countess of Toulouse (d. 1141)
 * Henry I, archbishop of Mainz (approximate date)
 * Honorius Augustodunensis, French theologian (d. 1154)
 * Ibn Tumart, Almoravid political leader (approximate date)
 * Leo I, prince of Cilician Armenia (approximate date)
 * Lhachen Utpala, Indian king of Ladakh (d. 1110)
 * Magnus Erlendsson, Norse earl of Orkney (d. 1115)
 * María Rodríguez, countess of Barcelona (d. 1105)
 * Matilda of Scotland, queen of England (d. 1118)
 * Piotr Włostowic, Polish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Reginald I (the One-Eyed), count of Bar (d. 1149)
 * Richard Fitz Pons, Norman nobleman (d. 1129)
 * Robert Pullen, English cardinal (approximate date)
 * Rotrou III (the Great), French nobleman (d. 1144)
 * Theresa, Portuguese queen and regent (d. 1130)
 * Wanyan Zonghan, Chinese nobleman (d. 1136)
 * Wulfric of Haselbury, English wonderworker (d. 1154)

Deaths

 * January 26 – Amadeus II, count of Savoy (b. 1050)
 * April 17 – Harald III, king of Denmark (b. 1040)
 * May 14 – Walcher, bishop of Durham
 * July 5 – Ísleifur Gissurarson, Icelandic bishop (b. 1006)
 * October 15 – Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Swabia
 * Abraham, bishop of St. David's (approximate date)
 * Aristakes Lastivertsi, Armenian historian (b. 1002)
 * Bertha of Blois, duchess of Brittany (approximate date)
 * Haakon Ivarsson, Norwegian jarl (b. 1027)
 * Lhachen Gyalpo, Indian king of Ladakh (b. 1050)
 * Michael Attaleiates, Byzantine historian and writer
 * Muhammad ibn Abbas, ruler of the Ghurid Dynasty

title: 1080


text:
1084

Year 1084 (MLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * March 31 – Emperor Henry IV besieges Rome and enters the city. He is crowned emperor by Antipope Clement III at Rome and receives the patrician authority.
 * May – Sack of Rome: Duke Robert Guiscard leads a Norman army (36,000 men) north and enters Rome; the city is sacked, and Henry IV is forced to retreat.
 * Robert Guiscard returns with 150 warships in Illyria (modern Albania), and occupies Corfu and Kefalonia with the support of Ragusa and the Dalmatian city-states.
 * King Halsten Stenkilsson is killed and his brother Inge the Elder is deposed in Svealand (modern Sweden). Inge is replaced by his brother-in-law Blot-Sweyn.

Seljuk Empire

 * The Seljuk Turks under Sultan Malik-Shah I conquer Byzantine Antioch, held by Philaretos Brachamios, an Armenian general, who seize power as a usurper.

Asia

 * Sima Guang, Chinese chancellor and historian, with a group of scholars, completes the Zizhi Tongjian, a chronicle of the universal history of China.
 * April 21 – King Kyansittha begins his reign as ruler of the Pagan Kingdom in Burma (modern Myanmar).

Religion

 * Pope Gregory VII, who is imprisoned by Henry IV in Castel Sant'Angelo, is freed by Robert Guiscard. He restores papal authority in Rome.
 * Bruno of Cologne founds the Carthusian Order which includes both monks and nuns. He builds an hermitage in the French Alps.
 * Building work starts on Worcester Cathedral. Orchestrated by Bishop Wulfstan.

Births

 * August 1 – Heonjong, Korean king of Goryeo (d. 1097)
 * Alan I (le Noir), viscount of Rohan (d. 1147)
 * Ali ibn Yusuf, ruler of the Almoravids (d. 1143)
 * Bahram-Shah, ruler of the Ghaznavids (d. 1157)
 * Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders (d. 1127)
 * David I, king of Scotland (approximate date)
 * Li Qingzhao, Chinese female poet and writer
 * Rainier, margrave of Montferrat (approximate date)
 * Rechungpa, Tibetan founder of the Kagyu school (d. 1161)
 * Wang, Chinese empress of the Song Dynasty (d. 1108)

Deaths

 * February 16 – Siegfried I, archbishop of Mainz
 * June 28 – Ekkehard of Huysburg, German abbot
 * October 10 – Gilla Pátraic, bishop of Dublin
 * November 20 – Otto II, margrave of Montferrat
 * Aghsartan I, Georgian king of Kakheti and Hereti
 * Fujiwara no Kenshi, Japanese empress (b. 1057)
 * Halsten Stenkilsson, king of Sweden (approximate date)
 * Herfast (or Arfast), Norman Lord Chancellor
 * Hoël II, duke of Brittany (House of Cornouaille)
 * Saw Lu, king of the Pagan Kingdom (b. 1049)

title: 1084


text:
1095

Year 1095 (MXCV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * March – Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos) send envoys to Pope Urban II, at the Council of Piacenza, and appeals to the Christian states of Western Europe for military aid against the Seljuk Turks. Urban responds favourably, hoping to heal the Great Schism of 40 years earlier, and to reunite the Catholic Church under papal primacy by helping the Eastern churches.
 * Summer – The nomadic Cumans cross the Danube River and invade Thrace, to support the pretender Constantine Diogenes (son of the late Emperor Romanos IV). The Cumans occupy the province of Paristrion (located in the Lower Danube). Emperor Alexios I places Byzantine detachments to guard the passes over the Balkan Mountains, but they are bypassed.

Europe

 * The Second County of Portugal is established by Count Henry of Burgundy. The Almoravids start pushing back the forces of King Alfonso VI (the Brave) to the positions they occupied a decade earlier. This offensive begins with the re-conquest of Lisbon, which had been given away to Castile (see 1091).
 * July – Coloman (the Learned) begins to establish himself as ruler of Hungary, following the death of his uncle, King Ladislaus I (until 1116).
 * August 18 – King Olaf I (Hunger) dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Eric I (the Good) as ruler of Denmark.

England

 * After attacking four Norwegian merchant ships (lying in the River Tyne), Robert Mowbray, earl of Northumberland, is called for by King William II (the Red) to explain his actions. Instead, Mowbray rises up in rebellion against William along with other Norman nobles. William leads an army and besieges Bamburgh Castle, Mowbray is captured after fleeing the stronghold.

Fatimid Empire

 * The rebellion of Nizar is squashed by al-Afdal. Nizar is immured and his death results in a schism of Ismaili Shia. While Shiites in Egypt, Yemen and parts of Syria remain loyal to the new caliph, Al-Musta'li, the Persian and many other Eastern Shiites under Hasan-i Sabbah break of in the newly formed Nizari Ismaili state.

Religion

 * November 18 – The Council of Clermont begins. The synod is called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land.
 * November 27 – Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont; Peter the Hermit begins to preach throughout France.
 * November 28 – Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV (Saint-Gilles), to lead the First Crusade.
 * The Valence Cathedral is consecrated in Valence (approximate date).
 * The Ismaili Shia split into the Musta'li and Nizari branch.

Births

 * July 4 – Usama ibn Munqidh, Arabian diplomat and poet (d. 1188)
 * December 22 – Roger II, king of Sicily (d. 1154)
 * Amadeus III, count of Savoy and Maurienne (d. 1148)
 * Fujiwara no Taishi, Japanese empress (d. 1156)
 * Geoffrey of Monmouth, English historian (d. 1155)
 * Hériman of Tournai, French chronicler (d. 1147)
 * Hugh Bigod, English nobleman and advisor (d. 1177)
 * Hugh Candidus, English monk and historian (d. 1160)
 * Kōgyō-Daishi, Japanese Buddhist priest (d. 1143)
 * Robert Fitzharding, English nobleman (d. 1170)
 * Ulvhild Håkansdotter, Swedish queen (d. 1148)
 * Victor IV (Octavian), antipope of Rome (d. 1164)
 * William II, duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1127)
 * William of Malmesbury, English historian (d. 1143)
 * Zishou Miaozong, Chinese Zen master (d. 1170)

Deaths

 * January 20 – Wulfstan, bishop of Worcester
 * March 5 – Judith of Flanders, duchess of Bavaria
 * June 18 – Sophia of Hungary, duchess of Saxony
 * June 26 – Robert the Lotharingian, bishop of Hereford
 * July 29 – Ladislaus I, king of Hungary
 * August 18 – Olaf I (Hunger), king of Denmark
 * October 12 – Leopold II, margrave of Austria (b. 1050)
 * November 22 – Donngus Ua hAingliu, Irish bishop
 * Agapetus of Pechersk, Kievan monk and doctor
 * Al-Humaydī, Andalusian scholar and writer (b. 1029)
 * Ali ibn Faramurz, Kakuyid emir of Yazd and Abarkuh
 * Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, Abbadid emir of Seville (b. 1040)
 * Gerald of Sauve-Majeure, French Benedictine abbot
 * Godred Crovan, Norse-Gaelic king of Dublin
 * Henry of Laach, German count palatine of the Rhine
 * Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, Fatimid prince (b. September 26 1045)
 * Robert, 2nd Earl of Cornwall (approximate date)
 * Ruben I (or Rupen), prince of Armenia (b. 1025)
 * Shen Kuo, Chinese polymath scientist and engineer (b. 1031)
 * Tutush I, Seljuk emir of Damascus and Aleppo
 * Vitale Faliero (or Falier de' Doni), doge of Venice
 * William I, count of Cerdanya and Berga

title: 1095


text:
1122

Year 1122 (MCXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * Battle of Beroia: Emperor John II Komnenos transfers the Byzantine field army from Asia Minor (where it has been engaged against the Seljuk Turks) to the Balkans. The Pechenegs who have set up their camp (defended by a circular formation of wagons) near Beroia (modern Bulgaria) are defeated. John orders the Varangian Guard (some 480 men), the elite Palace Guard to hack their way through the Pecheneg circle of wagons, causing a general rout in their camp. Pecheneg survivors are taken captive and enlisted into the Byzantine army.

Egypt

 * February 13 – Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi is formally proclaimed vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate by Caliph al-Amir.

Levant

 * September 13 – Count Joscelin I and Waleran of Le Puiset are taken prisoner by Turkish forces led by Belek Ghazi near Saruj in northern Syria. Belek offers Joscelin liberty in return for the cession of Edessa. He refuses to accept these terms; Joscelin and Waleran and 60 other Crusaders are taken to the castle at Kharput.

Europe

 * August 8 – A Venetian fleet under Doge Domenico Michiel with well over a hundred ships sets sail from Venice, carrying an army of around 15,000 men and siege-material on the Venetian Crusade. The fleet departs for Palestine – but the Venetians pause to attack Corfu (this in retaliation for the refusal of John II to renew exclusive trading privileges). For six months, throughout the winter of 1122–23, the Venetians lay siege to the Byzantine island.
 * King Alfonso the Battler of Aragon creates the lay community of knights known as the Confraternity of Belchite. It is the first local attempt to imitate the Order of the Knights Templar created in Palestine.
 * The Almoravid fleet attacks Sicily to suppress the Italo-Norman raiders. The same year (related?), the Muslim population of Malta rebels against the Normans.

Eurasia

 * Siege of Tbilisi: The Georgians led by King David IV ('the Builder') re-conquer the city of Tbilisi from the Emirate of Tbilisi after a 1-year siege. David makes it his capital and unifies the Georgian State.

Religion

 * September 23 – The Concordat of Worms: Emperor Henry V recognizes freedom of election of the clergy and promises to restore all Church property. This brings an end to the power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire, known as the Investiture Controversy. In the aftermath, Cappenberg Abbey is founded by Count Gottfried II for the new order of Premonstratensians.

Births

 * February 24 – Wanyan Liang, Chinese emperor (d. 1161)
 * date unknown
 * Frederick I (Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1190)
 * Fujiwara no Kiyoko, Japanese empress consort (d. 1182)
 * Ibn Hubal, Arab physician and scientist (approximate date)
 * Isaac ben Abba Mari, French Jewish rabbi (approximate date)
 * Jayavarman VII, Cambodian ruler of the Khmer Empire (d. 1218))

Deaths

 * January 18 – Christina Ingesdotter, Kievan princess
 * March 12 – Giso IV, count of Gudensberg (b. 1070)
 * August 9 – Cuno of Praeneste, German cardinal
 * September 9 – Al-Hariri of Basra, Abbasid poet (b. 1054)
 * September 16 – Vitalis of Savigny, Catholic French Saint and itinerant preacher (b. 1060)
 * October 20 – Ralph d'Escures, English archbishop
 * November 8 – Ilghazi, Artuqid ruler of Mardin
 * November 28 – Ottokar II, margrave of Styria
 * December 3 – Berthold III, duke of Zähringen
 * December 4 – Henry III, duke of Carinthia
 * date unknown
 * Al-Baghawi, Persian hadith scholar and writer
 * Alberada of Buonalbergo, duchess of Apulia
 * John of Tours, Bishop of Wells
 * Sybilla of Normandy, queen of Scotland
 * Yejong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (b. 1079)
 * Wang Cha-ji, Korean general (b. 1066)

title: 1122


text:
1120s

The 1120s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1120, and ended on December 31, 1129.

Significant people

 * Al-Mustarshid
 * Pope Honorius II

title: 1120s


text:
1130s

The 1130s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1130, and ended on December 31, 1139.

Significant people

 * Al-Mustarshid
 * Pope Innocent II
 * Al-Rashid Billah
 * Al-Muqtafi

title: 1130s


text:
1123

Year 1123 (MCXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 29 – Frederick I, Archbishop of Bremen since 1104, dies after a reign of more than 18 years, and is succeeded by Adalbert II.
 * February 25 – Japan's Emperor Toba abdicates in favor of his 3-year-old son Sutoku after a 16-year reign. The retired Emperor Shirakawa rules as regent during Toba's minority.
 * March 18 –
 * The First Council of the Lateran convenes in Rome; it confirms the 1122 Concordat of Worms and demands clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church.
 * The coronation of Japan's Emperor Sutoku takes place.
 * March 25 – St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London, commonly known as Barts, is founded by Rahere, a favourite courtier of King Henry I; it is now the oldest hospital in the United Kingdom operating on its original site.

April–June

 * April 18 – King Baldwin II of Jerusalem is captured by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – while preparing to practice falconry near Gargar on the Euphrates. Most of the Crusader army is massacred, and Baldwin is taken to the castle at Kharput. To save the situation the Venetians are asked to help. Doge Domenico Michiel lifts the siege of Corfu (see 1122) and takes his fleet to Acre, arriving at the port in the end of May.
 * May 9 – A fire in the city of Lincoln nearly destroys the Lincolnshire town; it is memorialized 600 years later by historian Paul de Rapin.
 * May 29 – Battle of Yibneh: A Crusader army led by Eustace Grenier defeats the Fatimid forces (16,000 men) near Ibelin. Despite the numerical superiority, Vizier Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi is forced to withdraw to Egypt while his camp is plundered by the Crusaders. Eustace returns to Jerusalem in triumph, but later dies on June 15.
 * May 30 – The Venetian fleet arrives at Ascalon and instantly sets about attacking the Fatimid fleet. The Egyptians fall into a trap, caught between two Venetian squadrons, and are destroyed or captured. While sailing back to Acre, the Venetians capture a merchant-fleet of ten richly laden vessels.
 * May – Baldwin II and Joscelin I are rescued by 50 Armenian soldiers (disguised as monks and merchants) at Kharput. They kill the guards, and infiltrate the castle where the prisoners are kept. Joscelin escapes to seek help. However, the castle is soon besieged by Turkish forces under Belek Ghazi – and is after some time recaptured. Baldwin and Waleran of Le Puiset are moved for greater safety to the castle of Harran.
 * June – King David IV of Georgia, nicknamed "Davit IV Aghmashenebeli" ("David the Builder") by his subjects, defeats the Sultan Mahmud II of the Seljuk Empire (encompassing much of what is now Iraq and Iran).

July–September

 * July 22 – William de Corbeil is installed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury, the highest-ranking cleric in England, after his February 4 election is approved by Pope Callixtus II.
 * August 9 – Battle of Al-Dimas: An Italo-Norman campaign in North Africa ends with their troops being massacred by Zirid forces near Mahdia (modern Tunisia).
 * August 29 – King Eystein I (Magnusson) dies during a feast at Hustad after a 20-year reign, leaving his brother Sigurd the Crusader to rule over Norway.
 * September 27 – Prince Wuqimai of the House of Wanyan becomes the new Emperor of China after the death, on September 19, of his elder brother, the Emperor Taizu, founder of the Jin dynasty. Wuqimai is proclaimed the Emperor Taizong.

October–December

 * October 7 – Pope Calixtus II issues the papal bull Aequitatis et justitiae, placing the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tricarico in Italy under the protection of the papacy.
 * November 12 – In Spain, Queen Urraca of León and Castile, the self-proclaimed Imperator totius Hispaniae ("Empress of All Spain"), formally acknowledges 8-year-old Fernando Pérez de Lara as her son and an heir, after he was born out of wedlock from her relationship with Count Pedro González de Lara.
 * December 12 – At Sankt Veit an der Glan, Engelbert II of the House of Sponheim becomes the new Duke of Carinthia and the Margrave of Verona (an area encompassing parts of Austria, Slovenia and Italy) upon the death of his older brother Henry IV.

Middle East

 * The Pactum Warmundi: A treaty of alliance, is established between the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Republic of Venice at Acre. The Venetians receive a street, with a church, baths and a bakery, free of all obligations, in every town of the kingdom. They are also excused of all tolls and taxes.

Europe

 * Sigurd I performs a Crusade, the Kalmare ledung, to Christianize the Swedish province of Småland. He makes a pact with King Niels of Denmark.

Religion

 * Diego Gelmírez, archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, declares a Crusade in Al-Andalus (modern Spain) against the Almoravids.
 * Furness Abbey (or St Mary of Furness) is founded in England by Stephen, count of Boulogne, for the Order of Savigny.

Births

 * March 29 – Shi Zong (or Wulu), Chinese emperor (d. 1189)
 * Minamoto no Yoshitomo, Japanese general (d. 1160)
 * Osbern of Gloucester, English lexicographer (d. 1200)
 * Parakramabahu I, Sri Lankan king of Polonnaruwa (d. 1186)
 * Robert I (the Great), count of Dreux (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 9 – Otto (the Rich), count of Ballenstedt (b. 1070)
 * March 4 – Peter of Pappacarbone, Italian abbot and bishop
 * May 3 – Felicia of Roucy, queen of Aragon and Navarre
 * June 15 – Eustace Grenier, French constable and regent
 * July 18 – Bruno di Segni, Italian prelate and bishop
 * August 29 – Eystein I (Magnusson), king of Norway
 * September 11 – Marbodius of Rennes, French archdeacon
 * September 19 – Taizu, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 1068)
 * September 27 – Fujiwara no Akisue, Japanese nobleman (b. 1055)
 * December 14 – Henry IV, duke of Carinthia (House of Sponheim)
 * Davyd Sviatoslavich, Kievan prince of Murom and Chernigov
 * Henry II, margrave of Meissen and the Saxon Ostmark (b. 1103)
 * Langri Tangpa, Tibetan Buddhist monk and master (b. 1054)
 * Louis the Springer (or Leaper), German nobleman (b. 1042)

title: 1123


text:
1139

Year 1139 (MCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Asia

 * July 8 or August 21 – Jin–Song Wars – Battle of Yancheng: Song Dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin Dynasty general Wuzhu.
 * September 30 – A magnitude 7.7 earthquake strikes the Caucasus mountains in the Seljuk Empire, causing great devastation and killing 300,000 people.

Europe

 * January 25 – Godfrey II, Count of Louvain becomes Duke of Lower Lorraine.
 * April 8 – Second Council of the Lateran: Roger II of Sicily is excommunicated by Pope Innocent II.
 * April 9 – The Treaty of Durham is signed, between King Stephen of England and David I of Scotland.
 * July 22 – Pope Innocent II, invading the Kingdom of Sicily, is ambushed at Galluccio and taken prisoner.
 * July 25
 * By the Treaty of Mignano, Pope Innocent II proclaims Roger II of Sicily as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia and Prince of Capua.
 * Battle of Ourique: The independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of León is declared after the Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques. He then becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal, after calling the first assembly of the Estates-General of Portugal at Lamego, where he is given the Crown from the Bishop of Bragança, to confirm the independence.

Education

 * King's School, Pontefract, in England is founded.

Religion

 * April – Second Council of the Lateran: The Anacletus schism is settled, and priestly celibacy is made mandatory within the Catholic Church.
 * November – Alberic of Ostia, papal legate to Outremer, convenes a legatine council in the cathedral of Antioch to examine the conduct of the Latin patriarch. The council is also attended by the Armenian Catholicos Gregory III and marks a symbolic beginning for Armenian-Latin ecclesiastic high-level contacts.

Births

 * June 16 – Emperor Konoe of Japan (d. 1155)
 * Agnes II – abbess and artist (d. 1203)
 * Conon of Naso, Basilian abbot (d. 1236)

Deaths

 * January 25 – Godfrey I, Count of Louvain and Duke of Lower Lorraine (as Godfrey VI)
 * February 18 – Prince Yaropolk II of Kiev (b. 1082)
 * October 20 – Henry X, Duke of Bavaria
 * December – Roger of Salisbury, English bishop
 * Empress Xing of China (b. 1106)

title: 1139


text:
1140s

The 1140s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1140, and ended on December 31, 1149.

Significant people

 * Al-Muqtafi
 * Pope Celestine II
 * Pope Lucius II
 * Pope Eugene III
 * Al-Hafiz

title: 1140s


text:
1146

Year 1146 (MCXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * March 31 – Bernard of Clairvaux, commissioned by Pope Eugene III, preaches the Second Crusade at Vézelay, in Burgundy. King Louis VII of France and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, take up the cross. In a repeat of the events of 1096, Crusaders attack and massacre Jewish communities along the Rhine. Encouraged by his success, Bernard undertakes a tour in Burgundy, Lorraine and Flanders – preaching the Crusade as he goes.
 * Władysław II (the Exiled), High Duke of Poland, suffers a defeat against the coalition forces under his brother Bolesław IV (the Curly). Władysław and his family escape across the border to Bohemia and later seek refuge in Germany. Bolesław captures Silesia and the Senioral territories, and becomes the new ruler of Greater Poland.
 * The Republic of Genoa raids the Muslim-held Balearic Islands. The Republic of Pisa protests officially – seeing the islands as rightfully theirs. The Genoese then proceed to lay siege to Almería, in vain.
 * The Republic of Genoa reaches a commercial agreement with Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona, granting privileges to merchants of both nations in the Catalan and Ligurian ports.
 * December 25 – Diet of Speyer: King Conrad III takes the cross and secures the election of his 10-year-old son Henry as his successor in Germany.
 * The city of Bryansk (modern Russia) is first mentioned in the Hypatian Codex.

Levant

 * Autumn – Siege of Edessa: The Crusaders under Joscelin II recapture Edessa (Northern Syria) from Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus. After not receiving support from the other Crusader states, Nur ad-Din counter-raids the territory of Antioch but withdraws his forces to retake Edessa in November.

Seljuk Empire

 * Eldiguz, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Azerbaijan, founds the Eldiguzid Dynasty and establishes an independent state within the Seljuk Empire.

Africa

 * Summer – King Roger II launches a full scale invasion into North Africa, seizing lands from Emir Abu'l-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali in what is now parts of Algeria, Tunisia and Libya – thereby opening up more of the mercantile wealth of the Muslim world to Sicilian merchants. On June 18, George of Antioch conquers Tripoli and establishes more Sicilian authority.
 * The Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min conquers most of Morocco from the Almoravids.

Climate

 * A rainy year causes the harvest to fail in Europe; one of the worst famines of the century ensues.

Religion

 * March 1 – Eugene III reissues the bull Quantum praedecessores (see 1145), proclaiming the Second Crusade.

Births

 * Abd al-Ghani al-Maqdisi, Arab scholar and jurist (d. 1203)
 * Abu Musa al-Jazuli, Almohad philologian and writer (d. 1211)
 * Fujiwara no Ikushi, Japanese empress and nun (d. 1173)
 * Gerald of Wales, Welsh clergyman and chronicler (d. 1223)
 * Walram I, German nobleman (House of Nassau) (d. 1198)

Deaths

 * February 5 – Zafadola, Arab ruler of the Hudid Dynasty
 * February 26 – Geoffrey de Gorham, Norman scholar
 * April 14 – Gertrude of Sulzbach, German queen (b. 1110)
 * June 1 – Ermengarde of Anjou, French duchess and regent
 * August 1 – Vsevolod II, Grand Prince of Kiev (Rurik Dynasty)
 * August 27 – Eric III, king of Denmark (House of Estridsen)
 * September 14 – Imad ad-Din Zengi, Seljuk ruler of Syria
 * September 15 – Alan (the Black), 1st Earl of Richmond
 * Adam of Saint Victor, French Latin poet and composer
 * Izz al-Din Husayn, Persian ruler of the Ghurid Dynasty
 * Robert Pullen, English theologian (approximate date)
 * Rodrigo Gómez, Castilian nobleman and military leader

title: 1146


text:
1147

Year 1147 (MCXLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Second Crusade

 * Late spring – An expedition of Crusaders, Englishmen together with forces from Flanders, Frisia, Scotland and some German polities, leaves from Dartmouth in England for the Holy Land. Leadership is provided by Hervey de Glanvill, a Norman nobleman and constable of Suffolk, who leads a fleet of some 200 ships. Bad weather forces them to take refuge at the mouth of the Douro River, on the Portuguese coast, on June 16.
 * May – July – A German expeditionary force (some 20,000 men) under King Conrad III leaves Regensburg and passes into Hungary. The German nobility is headed by Conrad's nephew and heir, Frederick I, duke of Swabia. On July 20, Conrad crosses into the Byzantine Empire, and reaches Sofia – where Michael Palaiologos (a nephew of Emperor Manuel I) gives Conrad an official welcome and provides the Crusaders with food.
 * June – A French expeditionary force (some 18,000 men) led by King Louis VII departs from Metz and travels through Bavaria. Louis is accompanied by the French nobility and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine, heiress of France. At Regensburg, where the force arrives on June 29, the Crusaders journey peaceably for fifteen days through Hungary and reach the Byzantine frontier at the end of August.
 * July 1–October 25 – Siege of Lisbon: King Afonso I of Portugal conquers Lisbon from the Taifa of Badajoz after a four-month siege, with support of English, Flemish and German Crusaders. The garrison surrenders on the guarantee that their lives will be spared. The Crusaders break the terms and take part in a bloody massacre. Afonso rules from his capital at Coimbra, takes Sintra and Santarém, and sacks Palmela.
 * September 7 – The German crusaders suffer a natural disaster near Constantinople, when part of their encampment is swept away by a flash flood with considerable loss of life. Emperor Manuel I Komnenos orders the Crusaders to cross to Asia Minor by the Hellespont. Conrad III ignores the advice of Manuel and after some minor clashes with the Byzantines, pushes towards Constantinople.
 * September 10 – The German crusaders under Conrad III reach Constantinople, where there is a frosty exchange of letters between Conrad and Manuel I. The German forces make camp at Galata on the northern shore of the Golden Horn. Manuel orders that a full-scale effort must be made to transport the Germans, who are causing troubles by sacking the Philopatium, across the Bosporus.
 * Autumn – Conrad III decides not to wait for the French and crosses the Bosporus into Asia Minor. He leads the German crusader army to Nicomedia, and divides his forces into two divisions. Conrad takes the knights and his professional soldiers across Seljuk central territory while the baggage train, pilgrims and a defending force under Bishop Otto of Freising travel along the Aegean coast.
 * October 4–5 – Louis VII arrives at Constantinople and joins with forces from Savoy under Amadeus III (his uncle) – who have taken the land route through Italy. Louis crosses the Bosporus, and leads the French crusader army into Asia Minor – where he hears in Nicaea of Conrad's defeat at the end of October. Louis sends a military escort for Conrad and agrees to rendezvous at Lopardium. The German crusaders under Otto of Freising follow the coastal road before turning inland, up the Gediz River valley to Philadelphia. Otto's force is ambushed by the Seljuk Turks, just outside Laodicea, losing many men killed or taken prisoner. Otto and the survivors struggle on to Adalia, from where they sail for the Holy Land. Others attempt to continue along the southern coast of Anatolia.
 * October 25 – Battle of Dorylaeum: The German crusaders under Conrad III are defeated by the Seljuk Turks led by Sultan Mesud I. Conrad is forced to turn back and is wounded by arrows during the retreat to Nicaea. In Seljuk territory the Crusaders are harassed all the way and demoralised by the intensified attacks. Many of the weakest people fall behind and are captured by the Muslims.
 * November – The combined forces of Louis VII and Conrad III meet at Lopardium and march along the coastal road via Pergamon and Smyrna to Ephesus, where they celebrate Christmas. Conrad, still suffering from his wounds, sails back to Constantinople to be placed under the care of Manuel's own physicians. Meanwhile, the Crusader camp is attacked by Turkish raiders near Ephesus.
 * December 24 – Battle of Ephesus: The French crusaders under Louis VII leave Ephesus, and ascend the Meander Valley. Louis is warned by messengers of Manuel that Seljuk and Danishmendid forces are assembling west of Adalia. Louis ignores the advice and successfully fends off an ambush just outside Ephesus.

Europe

 * April 13 – Pope Eugene III issues a bull (known as the Divina dispensatione), permitting Conrad III to attack the Polabian Slavs (or Wends) under the spiritual guidance of Bishop Anselm of Havelberg. The Crusaders are allowed to wear sacred crosses, and Bernard of Clairvaux instructs the Germans how to treat the Slavs under their control. "With God's help", says the abbot, "they shall be either converted or slaughtered".
 * June – The Wendish Crusade: A expedition of Crusaders – composed of Germans, Saxons and Danes – expels the Obotrites from Wagria (Schleswig-Holstein). Two Danish fleets led by King Canute V in alliance with co-ruler Sweyn III, ravage the northern coast. The countryside of Mecklenburg and Pommerania is plundered and depopulated with much bloodshed, especially by German forces under Henry the Lion.
 * July 17 – King Alfonso VII of León and Castile, leads a campaign at the head of mixed armies of Catalonia, Genoa, Pisa and France. He besieges Almería in southern Al-Andalus (modern Spain); a Genoese fleet of 63 galleys and 163 other vessels, blockade the Almoravid-held port, which is captured after a 2-month siege on October 17.
 * A Sicilian fleet (some 70 ships) under George of Antioch attacks Corfu, the island surrenders and welcomes the Normans as their liberators. Leaving a garrison of 1,000 men, George sails to the Peloponnesus. He pillages the cities of Corinth, Athens and Thebes. King Roger II begins an 11-year war between Sicily and the Byzantine Empire.
 * The first known reference to Moscow as a meeting place of Rurikid princes Yuri Dolgoruky and Sviatoslav Olgovich.

Levant

 * May–June – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, signs a peace treaty with Mu'in al-Din Unur. As part of the agreement, he marries Mu'in al-Din's daughter Ismat al-Din Khatun. Together Mu'in al-Din and Nur al-Din besiege the fortresses of Bosra and Salkhad, which has been captured by rebellious Muslim forces.
 * Battle of Bosra: A Crusader force under King Baldwin III fights an inconclusive battle against Seljuk forces from Damascus led by Mu'in al-Din aided by Nur al-Din's contingents from Aleppo and Mosul. Baldwin retreats to Jerusalem, while the Seljuk Turks attack his rearguard and stragglers underway back to Palestine.

Africa

 * Spring – The Almohads under Abd al-Mu'min destroy the Almoravid Empire. They capture Marrakech and kill the last emir, Ishaq ibn Ali. Abd al-Mu'min orders the elimination of 30,000 Almoravids in a purge.
 * The Siculo-Normans take control of Gabes (modern Tunisia).

Religion

 * Spring – Eugene III leaves Viterbo and travels to France. At the start of April he meets Louis VII at Dijon. It is agreed that Abbot Suger, Louis' adviser, governs France while Louis is away.
 * Congregation of Savigny is affiliated to the Cistercians.

Births

 * May 9 – Minamoto no Yoritomo, Japanese shogun (d. 1199)
 * September 30 – Guang Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1200)
 * Abd al-Haqq I, ruler of the Marinid Sultanate (d. 1217)
 * Garnier de Nablus, Syrian Grand Master (d. 1192)
 * Haakon II Sigurdsson, king of Norway (d. 1162)
 * Hugh de Kevilioc, 5th Earl of Chester (d. 1181)
 * Ibn Qudamah, Umayyad theologian (d. 1223)
 * Jetsun Dragpa Gyaltsen, Tibetan spiritual leader (d. 1216)
 * Nicholas of Amiens, French theologian (d. 1200)
 * Raimbaut d'Aurenga, French troubadour (d. 1173)
 * Stephen III, king of Hungary and Croatia (d. 1172)
 * Sukeko, Japanese princess and empress (d. 1216)
 * Taira no Munemori, Japanese samurai (d. 1185)
 * Wada Yoshimori, Japanese samurai (d. 1213)
 * William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (d. 1219)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Robert de Craon, French Grand Master
 * April 6 – Frederick II, German nobleman (b. 1090)
 * April 9 – Conrad I, archbishop of Salzburg (b. 1075)
 * July 31 – Hugh of Crécy, French nobleman
 * September 19 – Igor II Olgovich, Kievan prince
 * September – Fatimah Khatun, wife of caliph al-Muqtafi.
 * October 31 – Robert FitzRoy, English nobleman
 * December 25 – Guy II, French nobleman
 * Agatha of Lorraine, French noblewoman
 * Alan I, Viscount of Rohan (Alain le Noir), French nobleman (b. 1084)
 * Comita II (or III), Italian ruler of Arborea
 * Eleanor of Blois, French noblewoman
 * Fannu, Almoravid princess and warrior
 * Guido de Castro Ficeclo, Italian cardinal
 * Hériman of Tournai, French chronicler
 * Ibn Bassam, Andalusian poet and historian
 * Ibrahim ibn Tashfin, Almoravid sultan
 * John Capellanus, Scottish chancellor
 * Martim Moniz, Portuguese nobleman
 * Satake Masayoshi, Japanese samurai (b. 1081)
 * William Fitz Duncan, Scottish prince

title: 1147


text:
1152

Year 1152 (MCLII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Levant

 * Spring – King Baldwin III and his mother, Queen Melisende, are called to intervene in a dispute between Baldwin's aunt Hodierna and her husband Raymond II, count of Tripoli. Hodierna decides to take a long holiday, and travels to Jerusalem, while Raymond escorts her out on the road southwards. On the way back to Tripoli, a group of Assassins stabs him to death at the southern gate of the city. The garrison rushes to arms and pours into the streets, slaying every Muslim in their way, but the Assassins manage to escape; the motive of their act is never known.
 * Baldwin III demands more authority and blames Manasses, ruler of Ramla, for interfering with his legal succession as ruler of Jerusalem. He demands a second coronation from Patriarch Fulcher separated from Melisende. Fulcher refuses, and as a kind of self-coronation Baldwin parades through the city streets with laurel wreaths on his head. Before the High Court (Haute Cour) the decision is made to divide the kingdom into two districts.
 * Baldwin III begins a civil war against Melisende and launches an invasion in the south. He captures the castle of Mirabel, which is defended by Manasses. Baldwin spares his life and is exiled, Nablus thereupon surrenders soon after. Melisende seeks refuge in the Tower of David with her younger son, the 16-year-old Amalric. Baldwin enters Jerusalem, he allows his mother to retain Nablus and the neighbourhood as her dower.
 * Summer – Nur al-Din, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, re-captures most of Crusader territory in the Orontes Valley – reducing the Principality of Antioch to little more than a narrow coastal strip along the Mediterranean. The County of Tripoli remains unchanged and Jerusalem remains a potential threat with ambitions to expand eastward, while also striving to dominate the Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt.

Europe

 * February 15 – King Conrad III dies after a 14-year reign at Bamberg. He is succeeded by his 29-year-old nephew Frederick I (Barbarossa), duke of Swabia, who is crowned as King of the Germans at Aachen several days later, on March 9. Frederick becomes sole ruler of Germany and receives the royal insignia, despite the fact that Conrad has a 6-year-old son, Frederick IV, who becomes duke of Swabia.
 * March 21 – King Louis VII repudiates his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine and has it annulled on grounds of misconduct and consanguinity – returning her lands and titles. Within 6 weeks, Eleanor re-marries Henry of Anjou, who had claimed the counties of Anjou and Maine, and the province of Touraine upon the death of his father Geoffrey Plantagenet (the Fair), the previous year. With the addition of Eleanor's lands, he now controls territory stretching unbroken, from Cherbourg to Bayonne.
 * The town of Gorodets, located on the banks of the Volga River, is founded by Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev.

England

 * April 6 – King Stephen has his nobles swear fealty to his son Eustace, as the rightful heir of the English throne. Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, and other bishops refuse to crown Eustace favouring Henry of Anjou to claim the throne instead. Stephen confiscates their property and Theobald is forced into exile in Flanders.
 * Stephen besieges Newbury Castle and holds the young William as a hostage to ensure that his father, John Marshal, keeps his promise to surrender the castle. When John refuses to comply, Stephen threatened to have the young boy catapulted over the walls. After this, William remains a crown hostage for many months.

Africa

 * The Almohad Caliphate conquers the Maghrib al-Awsat (modern Algeria). The city of Béjaïa becomes one of the main naval bases of the Almohads.

Mesoamerica

 * Matlacohuatl becomes ruler of the city-state Azcapotzalco located in the Valley of Mexico (until 1222).

Religion

 * Synod of Kells-Mellifont: The present diocesan system of Ireland is established (with later modifications), and the primacy of Armagh is recognized.
 * The Archbishopric of Nidaros in the city of Nidaros (modern-day Trondheim) in Norway is established.

Births

 * May 4 – Peter of Aragon, Spanish nobleman (d. 1164)
 * May 10 – Gangjong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1213)
 * David of Scotland, Scottish prince (d. 1219)
 * Diego López II, Spanish nobleman (d. 1214)
 * Geoffrey, illegitimate son of Henry II (d. 1212)
 * Han Tuozhou, Chinese statesman (d. 1207)
 * Imai Kanehira, Japanese general (d. 1184)
 * James of Avesnes, French nobleman (d. 1191)
 * Maria Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1182)
 * Patrick I, Scottish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Roger IV, duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1161)
 * Roman Mstislavich, Kievan prince (d. 1205)
 * Taira no Tomomori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1185)

Deaths

 * January 8 – Conrad I, German nobleman (b. 1090)
 * January 18 – Albero de Montreuil, German archbishop
 * February 15 – Conrad III, king of Italy and Germany
 * May 3 – Matilda of Boulogne, queen of England
 * June 12 – Henry of Scotland, heir apparent to the throne of Scotland
 * August 1 – Albrecht I, German bishop of Meissen
 * September 13 – Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud, Seljuk sultan
 * October 12 – Adolf III, count Berg and Hövel (b. 1080)
 * October 14 – Ralph I (or Raoul), French nobleman
 * October 24 – Jocelin of Soissons, French theologian
 * November 13 – William of St. Barbe, Norman bishop
 * Adelard of Bath, English philosopher (b. 1080)
 * Gilbert FitzRichard de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford
 * Nicholas IV, patriarch of Constantinople (b. 1070)
 * Raymond II (or Raimundus), count of Tripoli
 * Robert of Selby, English governor and chancellor
 * Theobald II (the Great), French nobleman (b. 1090)
 * Theophanes Kerameus, Italian bishop (b. 1129)
 * Thethmar (or Theodemar), German missionary
 * Volodymyrko Volodarovych, Galician prince (b. 1104)

title: 1152


text:
1156

Year 1156 (MCLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Levant

 * Spring – Raynald of Châtillon, prince of Antioch, makes an alliance with Thoros II (the Great), ruler of Armenian Cilicia. He invades Cyprus and conducts a widespread plundering of the Byzantine island. The Crusaders and the Armenian forces march up and down the island robbing and pillaging every building, church and convent as well as shops and private houses. The crops are burnt; the herds are rounded up – together with all the population – and driven down to the coast. The massacre lasts about three weeks; on the rumor of a Byzantine fleet in the offing, Raynald gives the order for embarkation. The Crusader ships are loaded with booty, and every Cypriot is forced to ransom himself.

Europe

 * January 20 – Freeholder Lalli slays the English missionary-bishop Henry with an axe, on the ice of Lake Köyliönjärvi in Finland (according to legend).
 * February – Domenico Morosini, doge of Venice (House of Morosini), dies after an 8-year reign. He is succeeded by Vitale II Michiel as ruler of Venice.
 * May 28 – King William I (the Bad) lands with a Sicilian expeditionary force in Apulia. He defeats the Byzantine army at Brindisi and recaptures Bari.
 * June 9 – Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) marries Beatrice I, daughter of Reginald III, adding the County of Burgundy to the Holy Roman Empire.
 * June 18 – Pope Adrian IV comes to terms, and signs the Treaty of Benevento. He recognises the suzerainty of William I as ruler of Sicily and Italy.
 * September 17 – Frederick I makes the Margraviate of Austria a duchy and gives the Babenberg Dynasty special privileges (the Privilegium Minus).
 * Yuri Dolgorukiy, Grand Prince of Kiev, founds and fortifies the town of Moscow and erects a wooden Kremlin within the settlement (approximate date).
 * December 25 – King Sverker I (the Elder) is murdered on his way to church. He is succeeded by his rival, Eric IX (the Holy), as ruler of Sweden.

Africa

 * The independent city-state Sfax revolts against Norman occupation. Almohad forces conquer the city and massacre the Christian citizens.

Asia

 * July 28 – The Hōgen rebellion, a dispute between Emperor Go-Shirakawa and his half-brother retired-Emperor Sutoku, erupts in Japan.

Art and Science

 * Mosan artists create the Stavelot Triptych, a masterpiece of Goldsmithing, as a reliquary to house purported pieces of the True Cross.

Births

 * January 6 – Matilda of England, daughter of Henry II (d. 1189)
 * October 27 – Raymond VI, French nobleman (d. 1222)
 * Abu Said al-Baji, Almohad Sufi scholar (d. 1231)
 * Gaucelm Faidit, French troubadour (d. 1209)
 * Hōjō Masako, Japanese noblewoman (d. 1225)
 * Isaac II Angelos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1204)
 * Magnus V Erlingsson, king of Norway (d. 1184)
 * Robert of Auxerre, French chronicler (d. 1212)
 * Sayf al-Din al-Amidi, Ayyubid jurist (d. 1233)
 * Zhang Congzheng, Chinese physician (d. 1228)

Deaths

 * January 17 – André de Montbard, French nobleman
 * January 20 – Henry, English bishop and missionary
 * January 31 – Herman van Horne, bishop of Utrecht
 * July 20 – Toba, Japanese emperor (b. 1103)
 * August 4 – Otto IV, German nobleman (b. 1083)
 * August 12 – Blanca of Navarre, queen of Castile
 * November 20 – Henry I, German nobleman (b. 1115)
 * December 2 – William IX, count of Poitiers (b. 1153)
 * December 25
 * Peter the Venerable, French monk and abbot
 * Sverker I (the Elder), king of Sweden
 * Atsiz, Persian ruler of the Khwarazmian Empire
 * Domenico Morosini, doge of Venice (House of Morosini)
 * Fujiwara no Sadanobu, Japanese calligrapher (b. 1088)
 * Fujiwara no Taishi, Japanese empress (b. 1095)
 * Fujiwara no Yorinaga, Japanese statesman (b. 1120)
 * Gilbert de Gant, English nobleman (b. 1126)
 * Li Qingzhao, Chinese female poet (b. 1084)
 * Mas'ud I, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum
 * Minamoto no Tameyoshi, Japanese general (b. 1096)
 * Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, Irish king (b. 1088)

title: 1156


text:
1173

Year 1173 (MCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * January 5 – Bolesław IV (the Curly), High Duke of Poland, dies after a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his half-brother Mieszko III (the Old), and as duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland by Casimir II (the Just).
 * King Canute I (Knut Eriksson) extends his rule after the death of co-ruler Kol – which includes also Östergötland. He becomes the unopposed sole-ruler of Sweden. Canute is supported by Earl Birger Brosa.
 * Abu Yaqub Yusuf, caliph of the Almohad Caliphate, re-populates the western Andalusian city of Beja. But it is rapidly abandoned, a sign of the quick demographic weakening of the Muslims in the peninsula.

England

 * Spring – Henry the Young King withdraws to the French court, marking the beginning of the Revolt of 1173–74, in which former Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons rebel against her ex-husband King Henry II.
 * October 17 – Battle of Fornham: Rebel forces are defeated while fording the River Lark. Flemish mercenaries are driven into the nearby swamps by the English royalists under Lord Richard de Luci (or Lucy).

Egypt

 * Summer – Saladin leads an expeditionary army against the Bedouin tribes in Oultrejordain to secure a route between Egypt and Syria. He raids the region at Kerak Castle.
 * Pro-Fatimid rising in Upper Egypt led by Kanz al-Dawla, governor of Aswan, is crushed by Saladin's brother Al-Adil.

China
South India
 * The Qiandao era ends and the Chunxi era begins during the reign of Emperor Xiao Zong of the Song Dynasty.

 * Sinhalese king Parakramabahu the Great gains a decisive victory by invading the Chola Empire as an ally of the Pandyas, capturing Tondi and Pasi regions.

Art and Leisure

 * August 8 – The construction of a campanile, which will become the Leaning Tower of Pisa, begins.
 * Algebraic chess notation is first recorded.

Agriculture

 * King Béla III invites Cistercian and Premonstratensian monks to Hungary. They introduce advanced agricultural methods in the realm (approximate date).

Religion

 * February 21 – Thomas Becket is canonized by Pope Alexander III. His tomb in Canterbury Cathedral becomes a shrine and a popular pilgrimage destination.
 * Peter Waldo, French spiritual leader, is converted to Christianity and founds the Waldensians.
 * The Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul is completed (approximate date).

Births

 * May 21 – Shinran, founder of Shin Buddhism (d. 1263)
 * October 31 – Kujō Ninshi, Japanese empress (d. 1239)
 * December 23 – Louis I, duke of Bavaria (d. 1231)
 * Diya al-Din al-Maqdisi, Arab Sunni scholar (d. 1145)
 * Frederick I, count of Berg-Altena (approximate date)
 * Isabella, countess of Gloucester (approximate date)
 * Kamal al-Din Isfahani, Persian poet and writer (d. 1237)
 * Kolbeinn Tumason, Icelandic chieftain (d. 1208)
 * Llywelyn the Great, king of Gwynedd (d. 1240)
 * Louis IV (the Young), French nobleman (d. 1226)
 * Rostislav II, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1214)
 * Tankei, Japanese Buddhist sculptor (d. 1256)
 * Walter Devereux, Norman nobleman (d. 1197)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Bolesław IV (the Curly), duke of Poland
 * February 10 – Muiredach Ua Cobthaig, Irish bishop
 * March 10 – Richard of Saint Victor, Scottish theologian
 * May 25 – Euphrosyne of Polotsk, Belarusian granddaughter
 * August 9 – Najm ad-Din Ayyub, father of Saladin
 * August 13 – Nerses IV, Catholicos of Armenia (b. 1102)
 * October 15 – Petronilla, queen of Aragon (b. 1136)
 * November 7 – Uijong, Korean ruler Goryeo (b. 1127)
 * Benjamin of Tudela, Spanish Jewish traveler (b. 1130)
 * Benoît de Sainte-Maure, French poet and writer
 * Fujiwara no Ikushi, Japanese empress (b. 1146)
 * Hemachandra, Indian poet and polymath (b. 1088)
 * Kol of Sweden, Swedish ruler of Östergötland
 * Narasimha I, Indian ruler of the Hoysala Empire
 * Raimbaut d'Aurenga, French troubadour (b. 1147)
 * Rajaraja II, Indian ruler of the Chola Dynasty
 * Reginald Fitzurse, English nobleman (b. 1145)
 * Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford (b. 1116)
 * Vladimir III, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1132)

title: 1173


text:
1179

Year 1179 (MCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Levant

 * April 10 – A Crusader army led by King Baldwin IV (the Leper) is ambushed by Muslim forces in a narrow valley in the forest of Banyas. Baldwin is only able to extricate his forces owing to the heroism of Humphrey II, lord of Toron, who holds up the Muslims with his bodyguard till Baldwin and his army escape. Humphrey suffers mortal wounds and dies on April 22. He is succeeded by his 13-year-old grandson Humphrey IV.
 * June 10 – Battle of Marj Ayyun: A Crusader army (some 10,000 men) led by Baldwin IV is defeated by Muslim forces under Saladin near the Litani River (modern Lebanon). The Knights Templar join the battle, but they are driven back in confusion. Baldwin narrowly escapes being captured in the route. Amongst Saladin's prisoners are Odo de St. Amand, Grand Master of the Templars, and Lord Baldwin of Ibelin.
 * August 30 – Siege of Jacob's Ford: Muslim forces led by Saladin conquer and destroy the unfinished Castle of Chastellet at Jacob's Ford, killing 80 knights and taking 700 civilians captive.

Europe

 * June 18 – Battle of Kalvskinnet: Norwegian forces led by King Sverre Sigurdsson defeat and kill Earl Erling Skakke, outside Nidaros in Norway. The battle changes the tide of the civil wars.
 * June 24 – Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, is put under the ban of the empire when he refuses to appear before Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) to answer charges of misgovernment.
 * Summer – Afonso I (the Conqueror) is recognized as King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III – bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Leonese monarchy.
 * Mieszko III (the Old), duke of Poland, travels to Germany and ask Frederick I to offer help in his restoration of the Polish throne. But Frederick demands a payment of 10,000 silver.
 * November 1 – The 14-year-old Philip II is crowned at Rheims by Archbishop William of the White Hands. He becomes joint ruler of France, together with his father King Louis VII.
 * King William I (the Lion) establishes two castles at the Beauly Firth and the Cromarty Firth in northern Scotland. On his return, the city of Aberdeen is chartered by Wiliam.

England

 * Summer – Richard de Luci (or Lucy), High Sheriff of Essex, resigns his judicial office. He enters Lesnes Abbey (near London) that he founded in Kent, as penance for his part in the events leading to the murder of Thomas Becket (see 1170). Richard dies there on July 14.

Africa

 * September 17 – A large offensive, by the Almohad army led by Yusuf I in southern Portugal, aims at the reconquest of the Alentejo. Further north, an Almohad fleet sails to attack Lisbon, but is repelled by the Portuguese, near the Cape Espichel. The Portuguese fleet later manages to enter in the harbour of Ceuta, and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between the Almohads and Portuguese.

Asia

 * Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader, confines the former Emperor Go-Shirakawa to his quarters after discovering that he has tried to confiscate the estates of Kiyomori's deceased children.

Mesoamerica

 * The Maya city Chichen Itza is sacked and burned by Hunac Ceel, ruler of Mayapan (approximate date).

Religion

 * March – Third Council of the Lateran: The Council condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics. It further institutes a reformation of clerical life and regulates that in order to prevent future schisms, the pope must receive $2/3$ of the cardinals' votes to be elected.
 * September 17 – Hildegard of Bingen, German abbess and polymath, dies at Rupertsberg. Having founded two monasteries, she has also written theological, botanical, and medicinal texts.
 * Westminster School is founded by Benedictine monks of Westminster Abbey (by papal command) in England.
 * A synod of thirty-three Armenian bishops in Hromkla discusses the conditions for union with the Byzantine Church and sends a profession of faith to emperor Manuel I Komnenos who dies before receiving it.
 * The Drigung Kagyu school of Kagyu Buddhism is founded (approximate date).

Births

 * April 4 – Fariduddin Ganjshakar, Indian preacher (d. 1266)
 * May 13 – Theobald III, count of Champagne (d. 1201)
 * May 17 – Ogasawara Nagatsune, Japanese warrior (d. 1247)
 * Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1222)
 * Donatus of Ripacandida, Italian monk and saint (d. 1198)
 * John of Ibelin, constable and lord of Beirut (d. 1236)
 * Konoe Iezane, Japanese nobleman and monk (d. 1243)
 * Serapion of Algiers, English priest and martyr (d. 1240)
 * Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic historian and poet (d. 1241)
 * William IV (Talvas), Norman nobleman (d. 1221)
 * Yaqut al-Hamawi, Arab geographer and writer (d. 1229)

Deaths

 * February 25 – Adelelm, English Lord High Treasurer
 * April 22 – Humphrey II, constable and lord of Toron (b. 1117)
 * June 18 – Erling Skakke, Norwegian nobleman (b. 1115)
 * July 14 – Richard de Luci, Norman High Sheriff (b. 1089)
 * July 27 – Mudzaffar Shah I, ruler of the Kedah Sultanate
 * August 9 – Roger of Worcester, English bishop (b. 1118)
 * August 20 – William le Gros (la Gras), English nobleman
 * September 2 – Taira no Shigemori, Japanese nobleman (b. 1138)
 * September 17 – Hildegard of Bingen, German abbess (b. 1098)
 * October 9 – Odo de St. Amand, French Grand Master (b. 1110)
 * October 18 – Chŏng Chung-bu, Korean military leader (b. 1106)
 * December 25 – Roger de Bailleul, French monk and abbot
 * Fujiwara no Atsuyori (or Dōin), Japanese waka poet (b. 1090)
 * Guihomar IV (or Guidomar), Breton nobleman (b. 1130)
 * Reginald de Warenne (or Rainald), Norman nobleman
 * Urraca of Castile (Alfonso), queen of Navarre (b. 1133)

title: 1179