text:
1504

Year 1504 (MDIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 1 – French troops of King Louis XII surrender Gaeta to the Spanish, under Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba.
 * January 21 – After the death of Sten Sture the Elder on December 14 the year before, Svante Nilsson is elected the new Regent of Sweden.
 * January 31 – Treaty of Lyon: France cedes Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon, who becomes King of Naples as Ferdinand III.
 * February 14 – King Ferdinand V of Castile contracts with Juan de la Cosa to finance an independent expedition to the Pearl Islands and the Gulf of Urabá.
 * February 18 – The investiture of Prince Henry of England as Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester takes place.
 * February 29 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse this night, to convince the indigenous Jamaican people to provide him with supplies (in Europe, the eclipse is in the early morning of March 1).
 * March 11 – King James IV of Scotland opens the Scottish Parliament for the first time since 1496.
 * March 16 – In what is now India's Kerala state, a second invasion of the Portuguese-supported Kingdom of Cochin by the Zamorin of Calicut takes place, beginning a war that lasts until July 3.
 * March 30 – The Eisho era begins in Japan during the reign of Emperor Go-Kashiwabara as the Bunki era ends.

April–June

 * April 1 – English guilds become subject to state control.
 * April 23 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor grants the Landshut inheritance to Albert IV during the War of the Succession of Landshut. Maximilian would pronounce an imperial ban on Ruprecht on May 4, who Albert contested for the territory.
 * May 24 – Le Hien Tong, Emperor of Vietnam, dies after a reign of six years and is succeeded by his 15-year-old son Le Tuc Tong.
 * June 17 – Rao Bika Rathore, ruler of the Kingdom of Bikaner in India, dies after a reign of 32 years. For a brief time Bika is succeeded by his elder son Nara, but Nara quickly dies and Nara is succeeded by his brother Lunkaran.
 * June 28 – After being marooned in Jamaica for six months, Christopher Columbus and his men are rescued by a Spanish ship.

July–September

 * July 2 – Bogdan III the One-Eyed becomes the new Prince of Moldavia upon the death of his father Stephen the Great.
 * July 3 – The siege of Cochin in India by the invading forces of Calicut ends as the Portuguese and Cochin defenders defeat the invaders. Calicut loses 5,000 dead in battle and another 13,000 to disease, while Cochin and Portugal sustain minimal losses.
 * July 7 – At the age of 16, Lê Túc Tông becomes the new Emperor of Vietnam (Dai Viet) after the death of his father, Lê Hiến Tông, but serves for only six months before dying.
 * July 20 – Pope Julius II issues an order reforming the official coinage of the Papal States, raising the silver content of the carlino coin to four grams. In that the Pope was formerly Giuliano della Rovere, the new coin is called the giulio in his honor and features the coat of arms of the della Rovere family.
 * August 19 – The Battle of Knockdoe is fought in Ireland's County Galway as 6,000 troops led by the English Lord Deputy of Ireland, Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare assist Maelsechlainn mac Tadhg Ó Cellaigh, King of Uí Mháine, against 4,000 troops of Irish chieftain Ulick Fionn Burke, Lord of the Clanricarde lands. Burke had previously attacked and destroyed Ó Cellaigh's castles at Monivea, Castleblakeney and Garbally and sought Kildare's help. Kildare's forces win the battle.
 * September 8 – Michelangelo's sculpture of David is unveiled in Florence.
 * September 13 – Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand issue a Royal Warrant for the construction of Capilla Real, a Royal Chapel, to be built in Granada.
 * September 22 – Treaty of Blois: Philip I of Castile, Maximilian I and Louis XII agree to terms.

October–December

 * October 12 – Isabella I of Castile signs her will and testament.
 * November 7 – Christopher Columbus returns to Spain from his fourth voyage, during which he and his younger son, Ferdinand, explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama.
 * November 26 – On the death of Isabella I of Castile, Catholic Queen of Castile and Aragon, the Crown of Castile passes to her daughter Joanna.
 * December 8
 * (approximate date) Islamic scholar Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah issues the Oran fatwa for Muslims in Spain (1 Rajab 910 AH in Islamic calendar, Gregorian date is approximate).
 * Lê Túc Tông dies after a reign of only six months as Emperor of Vietnam.
 * December 24 – Nils Ravaldsson, the leader of the rebellion after Knut Alvsson's death, is attacked and his resistance crushed at Olsborg Castle in Båhuslen.

Date unknown

 * Babur besieges and captures Kabul.
 * Islamization of the Sudan region: A Funj leader, Amara Dunqas, founds the Sultanate of Sennar.
 * Sheikh Ahmed, the final leader of the Great Horde, is last heard of as a Lithuanian prisoner at Vilnius until 1527 when he was released, after which he came to rule over the Astrakhan Khanate.
 * In Florence, Leonardo da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli become involved in a scheme to divert the Arno River, cutting the water supply to Pisa to force its surrender: Colombino, the project foreman, fails to follow da Vinci's design, and the project is a major failure.
 * The Council of Ten discusses the advisability of proposing a scheme of a Suez Canal to the Sultan of Egypt, at the time Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, but the discussion is eventually abandoned.
 * Aldus Manutius publishes his edition of Demosthenes in Venice.
 * The Signoria of Florence commissions both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to paint the walls of the Grand Council Chamber in the Palazzo Vecchio.
 * Raphael paints The Marriage of the Virgin, which exemplifies some major principles of High Renaissance art.

Births

 * January 1 – Caspar Creuziger, German humanist (d. 1548)
 * January 17 – Pope Pius V (d. 1572)
 * January 28 – Anna II, Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg, German noblewoman, reigning from 1516 until her death (d. 1574)
 * February 3 – Scipione Rebiba, Italian cardinal (d. 1577)
 * March 31 – Guru Angad, Indian religious leader (d. 1552)
 * April 12 – Alessandro Campeggio, Italian cardinal (d. 1554)
 * April 30 – Francesco Primaticcio, Italian painter (d. 1570)
 * May 5 – Stanislaus Hosius, Polish cardinal (d. 1579)
 * May 29 – Antun Vrančić, Croatian archbishop (d. 1573)
 * June 24 – Johannes Mathesius, German theologian (d. 1565)
 * July 18 – Heinrich Bullinger, Swiss religious reformer (d. 1575)
 * August 1 – Dorothea of Denmark, Duchess of Prussia, Danish princess (d. 1547)
 * August 6 – Matthew Parker, English Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1574)
 * September 4 – John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, Prince of Anahlt-Dessau (1516–1544) and Anhalt-Zerbst (1544–1551) (d. 1551)
 * September 20 – Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1559)
 * October 29 – Shin Saimdang, Korean calligraphist and noted poet (d. 1551)
 * November – Giovanni Battista Giraldi, Italian novelist and poet (d. 1573)
 * November 13 – Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse (d. 1567)
 * December – Nicholas Udall, English playwright and schoolmaster (d. 1556)
 * December 31 – Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (d. 1538)
 * date unknown
 * John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English Tudor nobleman and politician (executed 1553)
 * Patrick Hamilton, Scottish churchman and Reformer (burned at the stake 1528)
 * Dirk Philips, early Dutch Anabaptist writer and theologian (d. 1568)

Deaths

 * January 9 – Gaspare Nadi, Italian builder (b. 1418)
 * January 27 – Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1438)
 * February 17 – Eberhard II, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1447)
 * April 15 – Filippino Lippi, Italian painter (b. 1457)
 * May 31 – Engelbert II of Nassau (b. 1451)
 * June – Lê Hiến Tông, Emperor of the Lê Dynasty
 * June 19 – Bernhard Walther, German astronomer and humanist (b. 1430)
 * July 2 – Stephen the Great, Prince of Moldova (b. 1434)
 * July 29 – Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby (b. 1435)
 * August 15 or August 18 – Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer (b. 1454)
 * August 20 – Ruprecht of the Palatinate (Bishop of Freising) (b. 1481)
 * August 22 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (1489–1503) (b. 1462)
 * August 28 – John Paston, English gentleman known from the Paston Letters (b. 1444)
 * September 10 – Philibert II, Duke of Savoy (b. 1480)
 * September 15 – Elisabeth of Bavaria (b. 1478)
 * September 22 – Jan II the Mad, Duke of Żagań (1439–1449 and 1461–1468 and again in 1472) (b. 1435)
 * September 24 – Bartolomeo della Rocca ("Cocles"), Italian astrologer (b. 1467)
 * October 12 – John Corvinus, Hungarian noble (b. 1473)
 * November 9 – King Frederick IV of Naples (b. 1452)
 * November 26 – Queen Isabella I of Castile (b. 1451)
 * December – Lê Túc Tông, Emperor of the Lê Dynasty
 * December 21 – Berthold von Henneberg, German archbishop and elector (b. 1442)
 * date unknown
 * Abdal-Karim Khan Astrakhani, Khan of Astrakhan
 * Abu Abdallah IV, Sultan of Tlemcen
 * Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya, first Wattasid Sultan of Morocco and King of Fez
 * Éamonn Mág Samhradháin, Lord of Tullyhaw
 * Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk, Indian-born founder of the Berar Sultanate
 * Qasim Barid I, founder of the Bidar Sultanate
 * Vira Ravi Ravi Varma, Raja of Venad
 * Choe Bu, Korean official and venturer to China (b. 1454)

title: 1504


text:
1502

Year 1502 (MDII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 1 – Portuguese explorers, led by Gonçalo Coelho, sail into Guanabara Bay, Brazil, mistaking it for the mouth of a river, which they name Rio de Janeiro.
 * January 24 – Commissioners from Scotland and England meet at Richmond Palace in London to finalize an agreement on the marriage between Scotland's King James IV to the daughter of England's King Henry VII, the princess Margaret Tudor, with a dowry of 35,000 Scottish Punnds and an agreement for a "treaty of perpetual peace". The marriage will be completed by proxy on January 25, 1503.
 * February 12 – Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity.
 * February 13 – The new Viceroy of the New World, Nicolás de Ovando, departs Spain with a fleet of 30 ships and orders to replace Viceroy Francisco de Bobadilla at Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola, and arrives in April.
 * March 14 – Christopher Columbus begins preparation for his fourth and final voyage, with a goal of finding a westward passage in the New World to link the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean.
 * March 26 – The first recorded earthquake in what is now Croatia strikes at Medvednica with a Mercalli scale intensity estimated at VIII. (2000).

April–June

 * April 2 – Arthur, Prince of Wales, the 15-year-old Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Chester, heir to the English throne as eldest son of King Henry VII, dies of a long illness less than five months after marrying Catherine of Aragon. Arthur's 10-year-old brother, Henry, Duke of York, becomes the new heir to the throne and will later succeed his father as King Henry VIII.
 * April 11 – Dmitry Ivanovich Vnuk, who had been the teenage co-ruler of the Grand Duchy of Moscow since 1498 with his grandfather Ivan III, is arrested along with his mother, Elena of Moldavia on suspicion of conspiracy. Ivan designates his son (and Dmitry's uncle) Vasili Ivanovich as the new heir to the throne of Moscow.
 * April 14 – The formal coronation of Ivan the Great as Grand Prince of Moscow (encompassing most of the Russian people's territory) to reflect that he is the nation's sole ruler. Ivan had been co-ruler of Moscow from 1449 to 1462, ruler from 1462 to 1471 and 1490 to 1498, and co-ruler with his eldest son (Ivan the Young, 1471-1490) and his grandson, Dmitry Ivanovich from 1498 onward.
 * May 3 – Portuguese navigator João da Nova discovers the uninhabited island of Saint Helena.
 * May 9 – Christopher Columbus leaves Cadiz in Spain for his fourth and final trip to the New World, taking with him 147 men on his flagship, Capitana and the companion ships Gallega, Vizcaína, and Santiago de Palos. He explores Central America, and discovers the Isthmus of Panama and the land now occupied by Honduras, and Costa Rica, and possibly the island of St. Lucia as well
 * May 26 – Columbus and his men complete the rescue of stranded Portuguese soldiers in Morocco, then depart Asilah for a crossing of the Atlantic in 20 days.
 * June 15 – Columbus and his crew land on the island of Martinique and land at Le Carbet.
 * June 29 – Columbus and his crew attempt to land at Santo Domingo in order to avoid being caught in a hurricane, despite being ordered not to return to Hispaniola. Nicolás de Ovando, the Spanish Viceroy, refuses to let Columbus sail into harbor and does not believe the warnings of the hurricane, which strikes two days later.

July–September

 * July 1 – A powerful hurricane sweeps through the Caribbean Sea near Puerto Rico and the island of Hispaniola, two days after Christopher Columbus was denied permission to land at Santo Domingo. An estimated 500 people are killed when the winds wreck 20 of the 31 ships brought from Spain by the new Viceroy, Nicolás de Ovando, including Ovando's flagship, El Dorado. Former Viceroy Francisco de Bobadilla and administrator Francisco Roldán are among the people killed. A ship provided by Bobadilla for Columbus to transport the gold owed to him, the Aguja, is one of the 11 to survive the hurricane and accusations are made that Columbus magically invoked the storm as an act of vengeance.
 * July 28 – At Augsburg, Maximilian I, Germany's King of the Romans signs a treaty with representatives of King Henry VII of England, agreeing not to provide assistance to English rebels.
 * July 30 – The first encounter between Europeans and the Maya people of Central America takes place when the Columbus brothers anchor at Guanaja, one of the Bay Islands off of the coast of what is now the nation of Honduras. An unfortunate group of Mayan traders happens to arrive at Guanaja at the same time, and its cargo is looted by Bartolomeo Columbus and his crew.
 * August 14 – Christopher Columbus and his crew land at Puerto Castilla in what is now the mainland of the nation of Honduras, becoming the first Europeans to visit.
 * September 18 – Christopher Columbus lands at Central America at what is now Costa Rica.
 * September 29 – Anne of Foix-Candale is proclaimed Queen of Hungary upon her marriage to Vladislaus II, King of Hungary and Bohemia, at a ceremony in Székesfehérvár.

October–December

 * October 1 – An annular solar eclipse occurs.
 * October 16 – Columbus and his crew arrive at Almirante Bay in Panama.
 * November 7 – Ismail I founds the Safavid dynasty and proclaims himself the Shah of Iran after defeating tribes of the Aq Qoyunlu confederation.
 * November 19 – The "Cantino planisphere", a precise copy for an Italian spy of Portugal's secret Padrão Real map of the New World, is acquired by Alberto Cantino, agent for Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, at a cost of 12 golden ducats.
 * December 26 – Cesare Borgia kills Ramiro d'Orco; this incident is referenced in Machiavelli's The Prince
 * December 31 – Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) occupies Urbino, where he imprisons two potentially treacherous allies, Vitellozzo and Oliveretto; he executes them the next morning.

Date unknown

 * The first African slaves brought to the New World arrive at the island of Hispaniola (modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic).
 * Bristol merchants return from Newfoundland (first so named this year from a letter) to England, carrying three native people and cod from the Grand Banks.
 * Moctezuma II is elected emperor of the Aztecs, following the death of Ahuitzotl.
 * Meñli I Giray defeats the Golden Horde and sacks their capital, Sarai.
 * Wittenberg University is founded.
 * In Germany, Peter Henlein of Nuremberg uses iron parts and coiled springs to build a portable timepiece.
 * In Italy, Asher Lämmlein declares that the Jewish Messiah will arrive in the next 6 months, resulting in the year of penance.
 * The King's School, Macclesfield, England, is founded by Sir John Percyvale.
 * Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa receives the degree of magister artium from the University of Cologne.
 * Wilhelm Bombast moves to Villach with his son, Paracelsus.

Births

 * January 3 – Yi Hwang, Korean Neo-Confucian scholar (d.1571)
 * January 7 (Julian) (January 17 Gregorian)– Pope Gregory XIII, born Ugo Boncompagni, Bolognese-born pontiff (d. 1585)
 * January 20 – Sebastian de Aparicio, Spanish colonial industrialist and saint in Mexico (d. 1600)
 * February 2 – Damião de Góis, Portuguese philosopher (d. 1574)
 * March 4 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony (d. 1557)
 * March 18 – Philibert of Chalon, French nobleman (d. 1530)
 * March 20 – Pierino Belli, Italian soldier and jurist (d. 1575)
 * April 2 – Susanna of Bavaria, German noble of the House of Wittelsbach (d. 1543)
 * April 10 – Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Neuburg (1505–1559) and Elector Palatine (1556–1559) (d. 1559)
 * April 25 – Georg Major, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1574)
 * June 2 – Guillaume Bigot, French writer (d. 1550)
 * June 6 – King John III of Portugal (d. 1557)
 * July 26 – Christian Egenolff, German printer (d. 1555)
 * July 27 – Francesco Corteccia, Italian composer (d. 1571)
 * August 14 – Pieter Coecke van Aelst, Flemish painter (d. 1550)
 * September 14 – Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532 (d. 1532)
 * December 6 – Anna of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess consort of Pomerania (d. 1568)
 * December 13 – George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg (d. 1555)
 * date unknown
 * Takeno Jōō, Japanese Sengoku period master of the tea ceremony and merchant (d. 1555)
 * Miguel López de Legazpi, Spanish conquistador (d. 1572)
 * Pedro Nunes, Portuguese mathematician (d. 1578)
 * Francesco Spiera, Italian Protestant jurist (d. 1543)
 * Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Cremonese founder of the Barnabite Order and saint (d. 1539)
 * probable
 * Elizabeth Blount, English courtier, mistress of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1540)
 * Cuauhtémoc, last Aztec ruler (Tlatoani) of Tenochtitlán and the last "Aztec Emperor" (d. 1525)
 * Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc, marshal of France (approximate date; d. 1577)
 * Hurrem Sultan, Ruthenian-born Haseki sultan of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1558)
 * Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland, English courtier (d. 1537)

January–June

 * February 18 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Duchess of Bavaria (b. 1457)
 * March – Francesco Laurana, Dalmatian-born sculptor (b. c. 1430)
 * March 2 – Jan I Carondelet, Burgundian jurist and politician (b. 1428)
 * April 2 – Arthur, Prince of Wales, English prince, eldest son of Henry VII of England (b. 1486)
 * April 15 – John IV of Chalon-Arlay, Prince of Orange (1475–1502) (b. 1443)
 * April 20 – Mary of Looz-Heinsberg, Dutch noble (b. 1424)
 * May 4 – Berthold II of Landsberg, Bishop of Verden (1470–1502) and Hildesheim (1481–1502) (b. 1464)
 * May 6 – James Tyrrell, English knight, alleged murderer of the princes in the Tower (executed) (b. c. 1450)
 * June 9 – Astorre III Manfredi, Italian noble (b. 1485)

July–December

 * July 15 – Luka Radovanović, Catholic priest (b. 1425)
 * August 18 – Knut Alvsson, Norwegian nobleman and politician (b. 1455)
 * August 31 – Thomas Wode, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas
 * September 1 – Sōgi, Japanese Buddhist priest and poet (b. 1421)
 * October 14 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza y Quiñones, Spanish noble (b. 1444)
 * November 10 – George I of Münsterberg, Imperial Prince, Duke of Münsterberg and Oels, Graf von Glatz (b. 1470)
 * November 13 – Annio da Viterbo, Italian Dominican friar and scholar (b. 1432)
 * December 31
 * Oliverotto Euffreducci, Italian politician (b. 1475)
 * Vitellozzo Vitelli, Italian condottiero (b. c. 1458)
 * date unknown
 * Ahuitzotl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
 * Giustina Rocca, Italian Renaissance lawyer, judge and diplomat
 * Octavien de Saint-Gelais, French churchman, poet and translator (b. 1468)
 * Gwerful Mechain, Welsh erotic poet (b. c. 1460?)

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title: 1502


text:
1501

Year 1501 (MDI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 17 – Cesar Borgia returns triumphantly to Rome, from Romagna.
 * February 1 – The Duchy of Bavaria-Dachau, created in Germany in 1467 after Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria was granted his own state following his resignation from the throne of the Duchy of Bavaria-Munich, reverts to Bavaria-Munich's control upon Sigismund's death.
 * March 4 – Minkhaung II becomes the sole King of Burma upon the death of his son Thihathura II, with whom he was co-ruler for 15 years. Minkhaung's reign ends five weeks later when he dies on April 7.
 * March 25 – Portuguese navigator João da Nova discovers Ascension Island. It is definitely sighted and named on May 20, 1503 (Feast of the Ascension) by Afonso de Albuquerque.

April–June

 * April 7 – Shwenankyawshin Narapati begins an almost 26-year reign as King of Burma upon the death of his father, King Minkhaung II.
 * April 11 – The Rebellion in the Alpujarras ends in southern Spain with a treaty of surrender of the last Muslim insurgents in the Alpujarra Mountains in Andalusia on the Mediterranean Sea. The Muslims are given the choice of expulsion or conversion to Christianity.
 * May 10 – The formal coronation of King Shwenankyawshin of Burma takes place at his capital in Inwa in the Mandalay Region on the 9th waning of Kason, 863 ME.
 * May 13 – The Venetian Republic signs a treaty with the Kingdom of Hungary and Pope Alexander VI for troops to protect Venetian Dalmatia during the Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503).
 * May 15 – Harmonice Musices Odhecaton, the first printed collection of polyphonic music, is published by Ottaviano Petrucci in Venice.
 * June 9 – The semi-independent city of Basel joins the Swiss Confederation as the eleventh canton of Switzerland.
 * June 17 – Alexander Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania since 1492, becomes the new King of Poland upon the sudden death of his older brother, Jan I Olbracht.
 * June 23 – Nicolau Coelho, part of Pedro Cabral's Portuguese expedition to India, returns home with one ship, having left ahead of Cabral.
 * June 24 – Cesare Borgia's French troops storm and overtake the fortress at Capua in the Kingdom of Naples, overcoming the defense of Fabrizio Colonna in the occupation of the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon in southern Italy.

July–September

 * July 21 – Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral and his surviving crew return to Lisbon at the end of a 15-month expedition to India, with only seven of their original fleet of 13 ships. The cargo from India, however, returns a profit to the Portuguese crown of nine times its investment.
 * July 25 – The Kingdom of Naples, led by King Federico I, surrenders to Cesare Borgia's French and Aragonese troops.
 * July 27 – Copernicus is formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral.
 * August 1 – Hans, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden is deposed from the Swedish throne after fleeing the country following the victory of Swedish rebels at Örebro during the War of Deposition against King Hans. His wife, Christina of Saxony, is left behind at Stockholm as his regent of Sweden, to command a royal garrison at Tre Kronor ("Three Crowns"), the royal castle. Returning to Denmark, King Hans then organizes Danish troops to attempt to retake Sweden in the Dano-Swedish War (1501–1512).
 * August 2 – King Federico of Naples abdicates upon the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples by France, and France's King Louis XII becomes the nominal monarch as Luigi II, re di Napoli. King Louis appoints Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours as France's Viceroy of Naples.
 * August 27 – Battle of the Siritsa River: The Livonian Order, supporting the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War, and commanded by Wolter von Plettenberg, defeats an army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Pskov Republic.
 * September 3 – On complaints from Christopher Columbus, who had been replaced as Viceroy of the New World and arrested in 1500 by Francisco de Bobadilla, Queen Isabella of Spain orders that Bobadilla be recalled from Santo Domingo. Declining to allow Columbus to resume his brutal rule of the New World, the Queen appoints a friend, Nicolás de Ovando, as the new Viceroy. Although Bobadilla receives news of his firing several weeks later, he declines to step aside. Ovando will assemble a fleet of 30 ships and depart Spain on February 13 for Santo Domingo.
 * September 12 – Maximilian I, Archduke of Austria, issues a decree making firearms safety tests mandatory.
 * September 18 – Aleksandras Jogailaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania, issues a decree requiring all Roman Catholic priests in the Duchy to become fluent in the Lithuanian language.
 * September 27 – Queen Isabella orders New World Governor Bobadilla to return the assets confiscated from Christopher Columbus and the two other Columbus brothers.

October–December

 * October 2
 * Leonardo Loredan is elected 75th doge of the Venetian Republic, taking office on October 13, and serves for almost 20 years.
 * Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon arrives in England and arrives at Plymouth. Although she will later become the wife of King Henry VIII in 1509, she initially arrives to marry Henry's older brother, Prince Arthur.
 * October 13 – Maximilian of Austria and Louis XII of France sign the Treaty of Trente with Austria recognizing all French conquests in the northern territories of Italy.
 * October 30 – The Banquet of Chestnuts is purportedly held by Cesare Borgia, in the Papal Palace of Rome (this account is not historical fact, and could be attributed to enemies of Alexander VI).
 * November 1 (All Saints) – Amerigo Vespucci discovers and names Baía de Todos os Santos, in Brazil.
 * November 4
 * Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War: At the Battle of Mstislavl, Grand Prince Ivan's Southern Muscovite army defeats the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
 * Philip and Joanna of Castile leave for Spain.
 * November 12 – Sten Sture the Elder is elected Regent of Sweden for the second time, becoming the Scandinavian nation's chief executive after King Hans of Denmark is deposed. No replacement of the monarchy is planned by the rebel Swedish nobles.
 * November 14 – Arthur, Prince of Wales, marries the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon.
 * November 24 – A large army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow overruns Livonia during the Second Muscovite–Lithuanian War.
 * December 12 – Grand Duke Aleksandras Jogailaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania becomes the King of Poland as Aleksander I Jagiellończyk.
 * December 22 – (1 Jumada al-Thani 907 AH) Ismail I is enthroned as the first Shah of Iran, choosing Tabriz as his capital, founding the Safavid dynasty in northern Iran. He declares Shi'ism the official and compulsory religion, under penalty of death.
 * December 31 – First Battle of Cannanore: João da Nova fleet engaged the fleet of the Zamorin in a battle outside of the Cannanore harbor, the first Portuguese naval battle in the Indian Ocean.

Date unknown

 * The Swiss cantons of Basel and Schaffhausen join the Old Swiss Confederacy.
 * Gaspar Corte-Real, Portuguese navigator, makes the first documented European landing in North America since c. 1000 A.D.
 * Rodrigo de Bastidas, sailing westward from Venezuela in search of gold, becomes the first European to explore the Isthmus of Panama.
 * Amerigo Vespucci maps the two stars Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri, as well as the stars of the constellation Crux, which are below the horizon in Europe.
 * Dhaulpur is taken by Sikandar Lodi.
 * Michelangelo returns to his native Florence, to begin work on the statue David.
 * Italic type (cut by Francesco Griffo) is first used by Aldus Manutius at the Aldine Press in Venice, in an edition of Virgil.
 * Martin Luther enters the University of Erfurt.

Births

 * January 16 – Anthony Denny, confidant of Henry VIII of England (d. 1559)
 * January 17 – Leonhart Fuchs, German physician and botanist (d. 1566)
 * January 24 – Jacob Milich, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1559)
 * February 24 – Sixt Birck, German humanist (d. 1554)
 * March 21 – Anne Brooke, Baroness Cobham, English noble (d. 1558)
 * March 12 – Pietro Andrea Mattioli, Italian scientist (d. 1577)
 * May 6 – Pope Marcellus II (d. 1555)
 * May 17 – Stanisław of Masovia, Polish duke (d. 1524)
 * July 10 – Cho Shik, Korean Confucian scholar and politician (d. 1572)
 * July 18 – Isabella of Burgundy, queen of Christian II of Denmark (d. 1526)
 * August 17 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1529)
 * September 18 – Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford, English baron (d. 1563)
 * September 24 – Gerolamo Cardano, Italian mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler (d. 1576)
 * September 26 – Gian Gabriele I of Saluzzo, Italian abbot, Marquess of Saluzzo (d. 1548)
 * November 14 – Anna of Oldenburg, Regent of East Frisia from 1540 to 1561 (d. 1575)
 * December 2 – Queen Munjeong, Korean queen (d. 1565)
 * date unknown
 * Girolamo da Carpi, Italian painter (d. 1556)
 * Dawit II of Ethiopia (d. 1540)
 * Bauck Poppema, Dutch noble and heroine
 * Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England (b. this year or 1507; d. 1536)
 * Murakami Yoshikiyo, Japanese nobleman (d. 1573)
 * probable
 * Nicholas Heath, archbishop of York and Lord Chancellor (d. 1578)
 * Garcia de Orta, Portuguese physician (d. 1568)
 * Hilaire Penet, French composer

January–June

 * January 3 – Ali-Shir Nava'i, Central Asian poet, politician and writer (b. 1441)
 * January 5 – John Dynham, 1st Baron Dynham, English baron and Lord High Treasurer (b. 1433)
 * January 25 – Margaret of Bavaria, Electress Palatine, Princess of Bavaria-Landshut (b. 1456)
 * February 1 – Sigismund, Duke of Bavaria, German noble (b. 1439)
 * March 4 – Thihathura II of Ava (b. 1474)
 * April – John Doget, English diplomat
 * April 7 – Minkhaung II, king of Ava (b. 1446)
 * April 23 – Domenico della Rovere, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1442)
 * May 3 – John Devereux, 9th Baron Ferrers of Chartley, English baron (b. 1463)
 * May 7 – Giovanni Battista Zeno, Italian Catholic cardinal
 * May 20 – Columba of Rieti, Italian Dominican tertiary Religious Sister and blessed (b. 1467)
 * June 8 – George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly, Earl of Huntly and Lord Chancellor of Scotland (b. 1440)
 * June 17 – John I Albert of Poland (b. 1459)

July–December

 * August 15 – Constantine Lascaris, Greek scholar and grammarian
 * September 20
 * Agostino Barbarigo, Doge of Venice
 * Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, stepson of Edward IV of England (b. 1457)
 * September 26 – Džore Držić, Croatian poet and playwright (b. 1461)
 * September 29 – Andrew Stewart, Scottish bishop (b. 1442)
 * November 19 – Amalia of Saxony, Duchess of Bavaria-Landshut (b. 1436)
 * probable – Gaspar Corte-Real, Portuguese explorer (b. 1450)

title: 1501


text:
Perpignan

Perpignan (,, ; Perpinyà, ; Perpinhan, ) is the prefecture of the Pyrénées-Orientales department in Southern France, in the heart of the plain of Roussillon, at the foot of the Pyrenees a few kilometres from the Mediterranean Sea and the scrublands of the Corbières massif. It is the centre of the Perpignan Méditerranée Métropole metropolitan area.

In 2016, Perpignan had a population of 121,875 in the commune proper, and the metropolitan area had a total population of 268,577, making it the last major French city before the Spanish border. Perpignan is sometimes seen as the "entrance" to the Iberian Peninsula.

Perpignan was the capital of the former province and County of Roussillon (Rosselló in Catalan) and continental capital of the Kingdom of Majorca in the 13th and 14th centuries. It has preserved an extensive old centre with its bodegas in the historic centre, coloured houses in a series of picturesque streets and alleys stretching between the banks of the Têt and its tributary, the Basse.

The city is also known for its International Festival of Photojournalism, the medieval Trobades festival and its centuries-old garnet industry.

Location
Perpignan is located in the center of the Roussillon plain, 13 km west of the Mediterranean coast. It is the southernmost city of metropolitan France.

Hydrography
Perpignan is crossed by the largest river in Roussillon, the Têt, and by one of its tributaries, the Basse. Floods have occurred, as in 1892 when the rising of the Têt in Perpignan destroyed 39 houses, leaving more than 60 families homeless.

Climate
Perpignan has a typical hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa), similar to much of the Mediterranean coastline of France. One might expect rain to be rare in the city, but the annual precipitation levels are similar to the national average. However, the city is known for its patchy rains, with weeks or even months of rain falling in a matter of hours, followed by several weeks without a drop of water. Perpignan experiences very hot summers and fairly mild winters. Temperatures can reach 40 °C (104 °F), while there has been little snow for decades. Most precipitation occurs in the cold season, with summers being extremely dry. A fresh north-westerly wind often blows, the Tramontana (French: Tramontane, pronounced [tʁamɔ̃tan]), keeping the sky clear much of the time and resulting in high annual sunshine. But the presence of this wind makes winters colder than would be expected from the geographical position of the city.

Transport
The A9 motorway connects Perpignan with Barcelona and Montpellier.
 * Roads

Perpignan is served by the Gare de Perpignan railway station, which offers connections to Paris, Barcelona, Toulouse, and several regional destinations. Salvador Dalí proclaimed the station to be the "Cosmic Centre of the Universe" after experiencing a vision there in 1963.
 * Trains

The nearest airport is Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport.
 * Airport

Toponymy
The name of Perpignan appears in 927 as Perpinianum, followed in 959 by Villa Perpiniano, Pirpinianum in the 11th century, and Perpiniani in 1176. Perpenyà, which appears in the 13th century, was the most common form until the 15th century, and was still used in the 17th century. It probably derives from the Roman name Perpennius.

History
Though settlement in the area goes back to Roman times, the medieval town of Perpignan seems to have been founded around the beginning of the 10th century. Shortly afterwards, Perpignan became the capital of the counts of Roussillon. Historically, it was part of the region known as Septimania. In 1172 Count Girard II bequeathed his lands to the Counts of Barcelona. Perpignan acquired the institutions of a partly self-governing commune in 1197. French feudal rights over Roussillon were given up by Louis IX in the Treaty of Corbeil.

When James I the Conqueror, king of Aragon and count of Barcelona, founded the Kingdom of Majorca in 1276, Perpignan became the capital of the mainland territories of the new state. The subsequent decades are considered the city's historical golden age. It prospered as a centre of cloth manufacture, leatherwork, goldsmithery, and other luxury crafts. King Philippe III of France died there in 1285, as he was returning from his unsuccessful crusade against the Aragonese Crown. In 1344 Peter IV of Aragon annexed the Kingdom of Majorca and Perpignan once more became part of the Principality of Catalonia. A few years later it lost approximately half of its population to the Black Death. It was attacked and occupied by Louis XI of France in 1463; a violent uprising against French rule in 1473 was harshly put down after a long siege, but in 1493 Charles VIII of France, wishing to conciliate Castile in order to free himself to invade Italy, restored it to Ferdinand II of Aragon.

Again besieged and captured by the French during the Thirty Years' War in September 1642, Perpignan was formally ceded by Spain 17 years later in the Treaty of the Pyrenees, and thereafter remained a French possession.

In June 2020, Louis Aliot of the National Rally was elected mayor of Perpignan. This was the first time since 1995 that the far-right party had won a city of more than 100,000 people.

International relations
Perpignan is twinned with:
 * Twin towns – sister cities

 * Partner towns

Education
More than 10,000 students between the ages of 2 and 12 attend 61 preschools and primary schools in the city. Perpignan also has 26 high schools.

Culture
Since 2004, the free three-day Guitares au Palais has been held each year in the last weekend of August in the Palace of the Kings of Majorca. The festival has a broad mainstream focus with pop-related music as well as traditional acoustic guitar music and alternative music. The festival has attracted international guests like Caetano Veloso (2007), Rumberos Catalans, Pedro Soler, Bernardo Sandoval, Peter Finger, and Aaron and Bryce Dessner (2008).

Each September, Perpignan hosts the internationally renowned Visa pour l'Image festival of photojournalism. Free exhibitions are mounted in the Couvent des Minimes, Chapelle des Dominicaines and other buildings in the old town.

In 2008, Perpignan became Capital of Catalan Culture. Many street name signs in the city are in both French and Catalan.

Sport

Like the rest of the south of France, Perpignan is a rugby stronghold. Their rugby union side, USA Perpignan, are regular competitors in the European Rugby Champions Cup and have been champions of the French Top 14 seven times (most recently in 2009). They play at the Stade Aimé Giral.

Their rugby league team Catalans Dragons plays in the British Super League. The Dragons' games in Perpignan against the Northern English-based sides are usually very popular with British rugby fans, with thousands descending on the city on the day of the game, including many holidaying fans travelling up from the Spanish Costa Brava to join those who came directly from the UK. The club was founded in 2000 as a merger of XIII Catalan with the nearby team AS Saint Estève to form Union Treiziste Catalane in 2000 who changed their name to Catalans Dragons upon transfer from the French to British rugby league system. The Dragons became the first non-English team to win the Challenge Cup when they defeated Warrington Wolves in the 2018 final. They are based at Stade Gilbert Brutus. AS Saint Estève's youth teams still operates as Saint-Estève XIII Mavericks in the National Division 2, while a new Elite One Championship club was formed in 2000 under the name Saint-Estève XIII Catalan which is in effect Catalans Dragons reserves; both play at the Stade Municipal in the suburb of Saint-Estève.

The local association football team is Canet Roussillon FC.

There is also an Australian rules football club, Perpignan Tigers, and American football club Grizzlys Catalans.

The Roussillon Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor racing event that was held between 1946 and 1949 in the streets of Perpignan.

Economy
Traditional commerce was in wine, olive oil, corks (the cork oak Quercus suber grows in Perpignan's mild climate), wool, leather, and iron. In May 1907 it was a seat of agitation by southern producers for government enforcement of wine quality following a collapse in prices. JOB rolling papers are currently manufactured in Perpignan.

Sites of interest
Construction work on Perpignan Cathedral began in 1324 and finished in 1509.

The 13th century Palace of the Kings of Majorca sits on the high citadel, surrounded by ramparts, reinforced for Louis XI and Charles V, which were updated in the 17th century by Louis XIV's military engineer Vauban.

The walls surrounding the town, which had likewise been designed by Vauban, were razed in 1904 to accommodate urban development. The main city gate, the Castillet is a small fortress built in the 14th century, which has been preserved. It was also used as a prison until the end of the 19th century.

The Hôtel Pams is a lavishly-decorated mansion designed for Jules Pams that illustrates the artistic tastes of the wealthy bourgeois at the turn of the 20th century.

Les Halles de Vauban are a new addition to the banks of the city's canal. Opened in November 2017, the indoor markets are privately owned and cost €1.5 million. Split into two locations, vendors offer fresh fruit and vegetables, bread, flowers, cheese, and other items. There is a bar and central eating court with a range of tapas, burgers, omelettes and food from around the world.

Notable people linked to Perpignan

 * Paul Alday (c.1763–1835), violinist, composer, and music publisher
 * Christian Andreu (born 1976), guitarist
 * Anna Maria Antigó (1602–1676), abbess
 * François Arago (1786–1853), physicist, astronomer, and liberal politician
 * Alexandre Artus (1821–1911), composer and conductor
 * Amédée Artus (1815–1892), composer and conductor
 * Frédérick Bousquet (born 1981), freestyle and butterfly swimmer
 * Robert Brasillach (1909–1945), fascist author and journalist
 * Eugène Collache (1847–1883), French Navy officer who fought in Japan
 * Mary Elmes (1908–2002), Irish aid worker
 * Jean-Luc Escayol (born 1972), footballer
 * François de Fossa (1775–1849), classical guitarist and composer
 * Jacques-François Gallay (1795–1864), French horn player and composer
 * Philippe Georget (born 1962), novelist
 * Louise Labé (1524–1566), Lyons poet of the Renaissance
 * Aristide Maillol (1861–1944), sculptor and painter
 * André Marty (1886–1956), communist leader
 * Menachem Meiri (1249–c.1310), Catalan rabbi, Talmudist, and Maimonidean
 * Isabelle Pasco (born 1966), actress
 * Hyacinthe Rigaud (1659–1743), painter

Following a visit in 1963, the Catalan surrealist artist Salvador Dalí declared the city's railway station the centre of the Universe, claiming that he always had his best ideas sitting in its waiting room. Dalí's painting La Gare de Perpignan commemorates his vision of "cosmogonic ecstasy" there on 19 September 1963. He followed that up some years later by declaring that the Iberian Peninsula rotated precisely at Perpignan station 132 million years ago – an event the artist invoked in his 1983 painting Topological Abduction of Europe – Homage to René Thom. Above the station is a monument in Dali's honour, and across the surface of one of the main platforms is painted, in large letters, « perpignan centre du monde » (French for " perpignan centre of the world ").

title: Perpignan


text:
1250

Year 1250 (MCCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

World

 * The world population is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals.
 * World climate transitions from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age.
 * Medieval music: The Notre Dame school of polyphony ends.

Europe

 * February 2 – King Eric XI (Eriksson) dies and is succeeded by the 10-year-old Valdemar I, who is the eldest son of Birger jarl. He is elected as ruler of Sweden, and becomes the first Swedish king of the House of Folkung.
 * October 12 – A great storm shifts the mouth of the River Rother in England 12 miles (20 km) to the west; a battering series of strong storms significantly alters other coastal geography around Romney Marsh.
 * December 13 – Emperor Frederick II dies, beginning the 23-year-long "Great Interregnum". Frederick is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty; after the interregnum, the empire passes to the Habsburgs.
 * The Lombard League dissolves upon the death of its member states' nemesis, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.
 * King Afonso III (the Boulonnais) captures the Algarve from the Moors, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal.
 * Albertus Magnus isolates the element arsenic, as the 8th discovered metal. He also first uses the word "oriole" to describe a type of bird (most likely the golden oriole).
 * The Rialto Bridge in Venice (in modern-day Italy) is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden structure.
 * The Ponts Couverts fortified bridges of Strasbourg (in modern-day France) are completed.
 * Vincent of Beauvais completes his proto-encyclopedic work Speculum Maius ("Greater mirror").
 * The first of the Parlements of Ancien Régime France is established.
 * Villard de Honnecourt draws the first known image of a sawmill.
 * The first usage is made of the English word "cuckold", according to the Oxford English Dictionary.

Asia

 * July 9 – The Qaymariyya tribe engineers a coup d'état to hand over Damascus to An-Nasir Yusuf. The garrison in the citadel surrenders later to him.
 * A kurultai is called by Batu Khan in Siberia as part of maneuverings which will elect Möngke Khan as khan of the Mongol Empire in 1251.
 * Starting in this year and ending in 1275, the Muslim Shougeng Pu, likely a Persian or an Arab, serves as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for the Song dynasty Chinese seaport at Quanzhou, due to his effort in defeating pirates.

Africa

 * April 8 – Battle of Fariskur: Louis IX (the Saint) is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army while he is in Egypt conducting the Seventh Crusade; he later has to ransom himself.
 * April 30 – King Louis IX (the Saint) is released by his Egyptian captors after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta.
 * May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, is murdered, ending effective Ayyubid Dynasty rule in the country. He is briefly succeeded by his widow, Sultana Shajar al-Durr.
 * July 21 – Aybak becomes ruler of Egypt, beginning the Bahri Dynasty of the Mamluk Sultanate. After 5 days he stands down and the 6-year-old Al-Ashraf Musa is nominally proclaimed sultan.
 * The Welayta state is founded in modern-day Ethiopia.
 * In Tunis, a popular rebellion against newly arrived, wealthy and influential Andalusian refugees breaks out, and is violently put down.

Oceania

 * Samoa frees itself from Tongan rule, which begins the Malietoa dynasty in Samoa (approximate date).

Markets

 * The Flemish town of Douai emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe, confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt started in 1218, in Rheims.
 * The Sienese bankers belonging to the firm known as the Gran Tavola, under the steering of the Bonsignori Brothers, become the main financiers of the Papacy.

Births

 * April 8 – John Tristan, son of Louis IX (d. 1270)
 * Adolf II of Waldeck, prince-bishop of Liège (d. 1302)
 * Agnes of Baden, German noblewoman (d. 1295)
 * Albert II of Saxony, German nobleman (d. 1298)
 * Albert III, German nobleman and knight (d. 1300)
 * Albertus de Chiavari, Italian Master General (d. 1300)
 * Allamah al-Hilli, Persian Shia theologian (d. 1325)
 * Asher ben Jehiel, German Jewish rabbi (d. 1327)
 * Beatrice of Savoy, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1292)
 * Bonconte I da Montefeltro, Italian general (d. 1289)
 * Diether of Nassau, archbishop of Trier (d. 1307)
 * Dmitry of Pereslavl, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1294)
 * Esclaramunda of Foix, queen of Majorca (d. 1315)
 * Fra Dolcino, Italian priest and reformist (d. 1307)
 * Grigorije II of Ras, Serbian monk-scribe (d. 1321)
 * Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet and writer (d. 1300)
 * Jeanne de Montfort, Swiss noblewoman (d. 1300)
 * John IV (Laskaris), emperor of Nicaea (d. 1305)
 * Konrad II of Masovia, Polish nobleman (d. 1294)
 * Margaret of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1308)
 * Matteo I Visconti, Italian imperial vicar (d. 1322)
 * Mordechai ben Hillel, German scholar (d. 1298)
 * Nijō Tameyo, Japanese official and poet (d. 1338)
 * Niklot I, German nobleman and knight (d. 1323)
 * Rhys ap Maredudd, Welsh nobleman (d. 1292)
 * Robert II, French nobleman and knight (d. 1302)
 * Sancho of Aragon, Spanish archbishop (d. 1275)
 * Theodoric of Freiberg, German physicist (d. 1311)
 * Záviš of Falkenstein, Bohemian nobleman (d. 1290)

Deaths

 * February 2 – Eric XI (Eriksson), king of Sweden (b. 1216)
 * February 6 – Geoffrey VI, French nobleman and knight
 * February 8
 * Andrew III, French nobleman and knight (b. 1200)
 * Fakhr ad-Din, Egyptian ruler and military leader
 * Robert I (the Good), French nobleman (b. 1216)
 * William Longespée (the Younger), English knight
 * February 11 – Jean de Ronay, French Grand Master
 * March 29 – Ludolph of Ratzeburg, German bishop
 * April 6
 * Guillaume de Sonnac, French Grand Master
 * Hugh XI of Lusignan, French nobleman (b. 1221)
 * May 2 – Al-Muazzam Turanshah, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt
 * May 21 – Humbert V, French nobleman and knight (b. 1198)
 * May 26 – Peter I (Mauclerc), French nobleman (b. 1187)
 * May 27 – Raniero Capocci, Italian priest and cardinal
 * June 7 – Vitslav I, Danish nobleman and knight (b. 1180)
 * June 18 – Theresa of Portugal, queen of León (b. 1176)
 * August 10 – Eric IV (Ploughpenny), king of Denmark
 * October 4 – Herman VI, German nobleman and knight
 * October 12 – Richard Wendene, English bishop (b. 1219)
 * December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1194)
 * Alice of Schaerbeek, Flemish Cistercian lay sister (b. 1220)
 * Gilbertus Anglicus, English physician and writer (b. 1180)
 * Julian of Speyer, German Franciscan composer and poet
 * Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathematician and writer (b. 1170)
 * Romée de Villeneuve, French nobleman and seneschal
 * Shihab al-Din Muhammad al-Nasawi, Persian biographer
 * Walter of Serviliano, Italian Benedictine hermit and abbot
 * Yang Miaozhen, Chinese female military leader (b. 1193)

title: 1250


text:
1251

Year 1251 (MCCLI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * April – The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.
 * May – English governor Simon de Montfort suppresses a revolt in Gascony.
 * December 26 – King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England, precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs.
 * Andrew de Longjumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, meets the king in Palestine, with reports from the Mongols and Tartary; his mission is considered a failure.
 * Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized, in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253.
 * Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.
 * King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV.
 * Ottokar II of Bohemia, later to become King of Bohemia, is elected Duke of Austria.
 * The earliest known manuscript of The Proverbs of Alfred, a collection of sayings of England's Alfred the Great, is written.

Asia

 * April 21 – City of Launggyet in Arakan (modern-day Burma) is founded according to some sources.
 * July 1 – Möngke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
 * The carving of the Tripitaka Koreana, a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed.

Births

 * June 5 – Hōjō Tokimune, 8th regent of the Kamakura shogunate (d. 1284)
 * September 2 – Francis of Fabriano, Italian writer (d. 1322)
 * November 1 – Leopold III, Duke of Austria (d. 1386)
 * Adelaide, Countess of Auxerre, French countess (d. 1290)

Deaths

 * January – Bohemund V of Antioch
 * February 9 – Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine
 * March 6 – Rose of Viterbo, Italian saint (b. 1235)
 * March 31 – William of Modena, Bishop of Modena
 * June 6 – William III of Dampierre, Count of Flanders
 * date unknown
 * Winter 1251–52 – Eljigidei, Mongol commander of Persia, killed
 * Isobel of Huntingdon, Scots noblewoman (b. 1199)
 * Oghul Qaimish, 3rd regent of the Mongol Empire, following her husband's death

title: 1251


text:
Stockholm, Wisconsin

Stockholm is a village in Pepin County, Wisconsin, United States, founded in 1854 by immigrants from Karlskoga, Sweden, who named it after their country's capital. The population was 78 at the 2020 census. The village is located within the Town of Stockholm.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 66 people, 36 households, and 21 families residing in the village. The population density was 73.3 PD/sqmi. There were 88 housing units at an average density of 97.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.

There were 36 households, of which 11.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.8% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 38.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.83 and the average family size was 2.33.

The median age in the village was 59.3 years. 9.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 0% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.6% were from 25 to 44; 45.5% were from 45 to 64; and 28.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.0% male and 47.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 97 people, 48 households, and 30 families residing in the village. The population density was 104.0 PD/sqmi. There were 89 housing units at an average density of 95.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% white.

There were 48 households, out of which 16.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.53.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 15.5% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 14.4% from 25 to 44, 42.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 121.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $41,250, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $26,667 for females. The per-capita income for the village was $55,006, and 8.6% of the population is below the poverty line.

title: Stockholm, Wisconsin