text:
Geneva Protocol

The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. It was signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925 and entered into force on 8 February 1928. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 7 September 1929. The Geneva Protocol is a protocol to the Convention for the Supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition and in Implements of War signed on the same date, and followed the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907.

It prohibits the use of "asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices" and "bacteriological methods of warfare". This is now understood to be a general prohibition on chemical weapons and biological weapons between state parties, but has nothing to say about production, storage or transfer. Later treaties did cover these aspects – the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).

A number of countries submitted reservations when becoming parties to the Geneva Protocol, declaring that they only regarded the non-use obligations as applying to other parties and that these obligations would cease to apply if the prohibited weapons were used against them.

Negotiation history
In the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, the use of dangerous chemical agents was outlawed. In spite of this, the First World War saw large-scale chemical warfare. France used tear gas in 1914, but the first large-scale successful deployment of chemical weapons was by the German Empire in Ypres, Belgium in 1915, when chlorine gas was released as part of a German attack at the Battle of Gravenstafel. Following this, a chemical arms race began, with the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria-Hungary, the United States, and Italy joining France and Germany in the use of chemical weapons.

This resulted in the development of a range of horrific chemicals affecting lungs, skin, or eyes. Some were intended to be lethal on the battlefield, like hydrogen cyanide, and efficient methods of deploying agents were invented. At least 124,000 tons were produced during the war. In 1918, about one grenade out of three was filled with dangerous chemical agents. Around 1.3 million casualties of the conflict were attributed to the use of gas, and the psychological effect on troops may have had a much greater effect.

As protective equipment developed, the technology to destroy such equipment became a part of the arms race. The use of deadly poison gas was not only limited to combatants in the front but also civilians, as nearby civilian towns were at risk from winds blowing the poison gases through. Civilians living in towns rarely had any warning systems about the dangers of poison gas, as well as not having access to effective gas masks. The use of chemical weapons employed by both sides had inflicted an estimated 100,000-260,000 civilian casualties during the conflict. Tens of thousands or more, along with military personnel, died from scarring of the lungs, skin damage, and cerebral damage in the years after the conflict ended. In 1920 alone, over 40,000 civilians and 20,000 military personnel died from the chemical weapons effects.

The Treaty of Versailles included some provisions that banned Germany from either manufacturing or importing chemical weapons. Similar treaties banned the First Austrian Republic, the Kingdom of Bulgaria, and the Kingdom of Hungary from chemical weapons, all belonging to the losing side, the Central powers. Russian bolsheviks and Britain continued the use of chemical weapons in the Russian Civil War and possibly in the Middle East in 1920.

Three years after World War I, the Allies wanted to reaffirm the Treaty of Versailles, and in 1922 the United States introduced the Treaty relating to the Use of Submarines and Noxious Gases in Warfare at the Washington Naval Conference. Four of the war victors, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Japan, gave consent for ratification, but it failed to enter into force as the French Third Republic objected to the submarine provisions of the treaty.

At the 1925 Geneva Conference for the Supervision of the International Traffic in Arms the French suggested a protocol for non-use of poisonous gases. The Second Polish Republic suggested the addition of bacteriological weapons. It was signed on 17 June.

Historical assessment
Eric Croddy, assessing the Protocol in 2005, took the view that the historic record showed it had been largely ineffectual. Specifically it does not prohibit:

In light of these shortcomings, Jack Beard notes that "the Protocol (...) resulted in a legal framework that allowed states to conduct [biological weapons] research, develop new biological weapons, and ultimately engage in [biological weapons] arms races".
 * use against not-ratifying parties
 * retaliation using such weapons, so effectively making it a no-first-use agreement
 * use within a state's own borders in a civil conflict
 * research and development of such weapons, or stockpiling them

As such, the use of chemical weapons inside the nation's own territory against its citizens or subjects employed by Spain in the Rif War until 1927, Japan against Seediq indigenous rebels in Taiwan (then part of the Japanese colonial empire) in 1930 during the Musha Incident, Iraq against ethnic Kurdish civilians in the 1988 attack on Halabja during the Iran–Iraq War, and Syria or Syrian opposition forces during the Syrian civil war did not breach the Geneva Protocol.

Despite the U.S. having been a proponent of the protocol, the U.S. military and American Chemical Society lobbied against it, causing the U.S. Senate not to ratify the protocol until 1975, the same year when the United States ratified the Biological Weapons Convention.

Violations
Several state parties have deployed chemical weapons for combat in spite of the treaty. Italy used mustard gas against the Ethiopian Empire in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. In World War II, Germany employed chemical weapons in combat on several occasions along the Black Sea, notably in Sevastopol, where they used toxic smoke to force Russian resistance fighters out of caverns below the city. They also used asphyxiating gas in the catacombs of Odesa in November 1941, following their capture of the city, and in late May 1942 during the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula in eastern Crimea, perpetrated by the Wehrmacht's Chemical Forces and organized by a special detail of SS troops with the help of a field engineer battalion. After the battle in mid-May 1942, the Germans gassed and killed almost 3,000 of the besieged and non-evacuated Red Army soldiers and Soviet civilians hiding in a series of caves and tunnels in the nearby Adzhimushkay quarry.

During the 1980-1988 Iran-Iraq War, Iraq is known to have employed a variety of chemical weapons against Iranian forces. Some 100,000 Iranian troops were casualties of Iraqi chemical weapons during the war.

Subsequent interpretation of the protocol
In 1966, United Nations General Assembly resolution 2162B called for, without any dissent, all states to strictly observe the protocol. In 1969, United Nations General Assembly resolution 2603 (XXIV) declared that the prohibition on use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts, as embodied in the protocol (though restated in a more general form), were generally recognized rules of international law. Following this, there was discussion of whether the main elements of the protocol now form part of customary international law, and now this is widely accepted to be the case.

There have been differing interpretations over whether the protocol covers the use of harassing agents, such as adamsite and tear gas, and defoliants and herbicides, such as Agent Orange, in warfare. The 1977 Environmental Modification Convention prohibits the military use of environmental modification techniques having widespread, long-lasting or severe effects. Many states do not regard this as a complete ban on the use of herbicides in warfare, but it does require case-by-case consideration. The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention effectively banned riot control agents from being used as a method of warfare, though still permitting it for riot control.

In recent times, the protocol had been interpreted to cover non-international armed conflicts as well international ones. In 1995, an appellate chamber in the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia stated that "there had undisputedly emerged a general consensus in the international community on the principle that the use of chemical weapons is also prohibited in internal armed conflicts." In 2005, the International Committee of the Red Cross concluded that customary international law includes a ban on the use of chemical weapons in internal as well as international conflicts.

However, such views drew general criticism from legal authors. They noted that much of the chemical arms control agreements stems from the context of international conflicts. Furthermore, the application of customary international law to banning chemical warfare in non-international conflicts fails to meet two requirements: state practice and opinio juris. Jillian Blake & Aqsa Mahmud cited the periodic use of chemical weapons in non-international conflicts since the end of WWI (as stated above) as well as the lack of existing international humanitarian law (such as the Geneva Conventions) and national legislation and manuals prohibiting using them in such conflicts. Anne Lorenzat stated the 2005 ICRC study was rooted in "'political and operational issues rather than legal ones".

State parties

To become party to the Protocol, states must deposit an instrument with the government of France (the depositary power). Thirty-eight states originally signed the Protocol. France was the first signatory to ratify the Protocol on 10 May 1926. El Salvador, the final signatory to ratify the Protocol, did so on 26 February 2008. As of April 2021, 146 states have ratified, acceded to, or succeeded to the Protocol, most recently Colombia on 24 November 2015.

Reservations
A number of countries submitted reservations when becoming parties to the Geneva Protocol, declaring that they only regarded the non-use obligations as applying with respect to other parties to the Protocol and/or that these obligations would cease to apply with respect to any state, or its allies, which used the prohibited weapons. Several Arab states also declared that their ratification did not constitute recognition of, or diplomatic relations with, Israel, or that the provision of the Protocol were not binding with respect to Israel.

Generally, reservations not only modify treaty provisions for the reserving party, but also symmetrically modify the provisions for previously ratifying parties in dealing with the reserving party. Subsequently, numerous states have withdrawn their reservations, including the former Czechoslovakia in 1990 prior to its dissolution, or the Russian reservation on biological weapons that "preserved the right to retaliate in kind if attacked" with them, which was dissolved by President Yeltsin.

According to the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties, states which succeed to a treaty after gaining independence from a state party "shall be considered as maintaining any reservation to that treaty which was applicable at the date of the succession of States in respect of the territory to which the succession of States relates unless, when making the notification of succession, it expresses a contrary intention or formulates a reservation which relates to the same subject matter as that reservation." While some states have explicitly either retained or renounced their reservations inherited on succession, states which have not clarified their position on their inherited reservations are listed as "implicit" reservations.

{| class="wikitable sortable" !Party !Signed !Deposited ! class="unsortable" style="text-size: small" | Reservations ! class="unsortable" | Notes
 * 🇦🇫 Afghanistan
 * 2 September 1986
 * 🇦🇱 Albania
 * 12 December 1989
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇩🇿 Algeria
 * 14 January 1992
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇦🇴 Angola
 * 30 October 1990
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda
 * 1 February 1989
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina
 * 8 May 1969
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia
 * 13 March 2018
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * 22 January 1930
 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * 17 June 1925
 * 9 May 1928
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain
 * 9 November 1988
 * 1 February 1989
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina
 * 8 May 1969
 * 🇦🇲 Armenia
 * 13 March 2018
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * 22 January 1930
 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * 17 June 1925
 * 9 May 1928
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain
 * 9 November 1988
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇦🇺 Australia
 * 22 January 1930
 * 🇦🇹 Austria
 * 17 June 1925
 * 9 May 1928
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain
 * 9 November 1988
 * 9 May 1928
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain
 * 9 November 1988
 * 🇧🇭 Bahrain
 * 9 November 1988
 * 9 November 1988

 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇧🇩 Bangladesh
 * 20 May 1989
 * 20 May 1989
 * 20 May 1989

 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇧🇧 Barbados
 * 16 July 1976
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium
 * 17 June 1925
 * 4 December 1928
 * 🇧🇯 Benin
 * 4 December 1986
 * 🇧🇹 Bhutan
 * 12 June 1978
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia
 * 14 January 1985
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil
 * 17 June 1925
 * 28 August 1970
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
 * 17 June 1925
 * 7 March 1934
 * 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso
 * 1 March 1971
 * Ratified as the Republic of Upper Volta.
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇰🇭 Cambodia
 * 15 March 1983
 * The Protocol was ratified by the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea in exile in 1983. 13 states (including the depositary France) objected to their ratification, and considered it legally invalid. In 1993, the Kingdom of Cambodia stated in a note verbale that it considered itself bound by the provisions of the Protocol.
 * 🇨🇲 Cameroon
 * 21 April 1989
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 17 June 1925
 * 6 May 1930
 * 🇨🇻 Cape Verde
 * 20 May 1991
 * 🇨🇫 Central African Republic
 * 30 July 1970
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * 17 June 1925
 * 2 July 1935
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇨🇳 China
 * 7 August 1929
 * Ratified as the Republic of China, from which the People's Republic of China succeeded on 13 July 1952.
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * 24 November 2015
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
 * 17 June 2009
 * 🇨🇮 Côte d'Ivoire
 * 27 July 1970
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * 25 September 2006
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * 24 May 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 29 November 1966
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇨🇦 Canada
 * 17 June 1925
 * 6 May 1930
 * 🇨🇻 Cape Verde
 * 20 May 1991
 * 🇨🇫 Central African Republic
 * 30 July 1970
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * 17 June 1925
 * 2 July 1935
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇨🇳 China
 * 7 August 1929
 * Ratified as the Republic of China, from which the People's Republic of China succeeded on 13 July 1952.
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * 24 November 2015
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
 * 17 June 2009
 * 🇨🇮 Côte d'Ivoire
 * 27 July 1970
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * 25 September 2006
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * 24 May 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 29 November 1966
 * 7 August 1929
 * Ratified as the Republic of China, from which the People's Republic of China succeeded on 13 July 1952.
 * 🇨🇴 Colombia
 * 24 November 2015
 * 🇨🇷 Costa Rica
 * 17 June 2009
 * 🇨🇮 Côte d'Ivoire
 * 27 July 1970
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * 25 September 2006
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * 24 May 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 29 November 1966
 * 🇨🇮 Côte d'Ivoire
 * 27 July 1970
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia
 * 25 September 2006
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * 24 May 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 29 November 1966
 * 25 September 2006
 * 🇨🇺 Cuba
 * 24 May 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 29 November 1966
 * 24 May 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 29 November 1966
 * 🇨🇾 Cyprus
 * 29 November 1966
 * 29 November 1966

 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇨🇿 Czech Republic
 * 19 September 1993
 * Succeeded from Czechoslovakia, which ratified the protocol on 16 August 1938.
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark
 * 17 June 1925
 * 5 May 1930
 * 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic
 * 4 December 1970
 * 🇪🇨 Ecuador
 * 10 September 1970
 * 🇪🇬 Egypt
 * 17 June 1925
 * 6 December 1928
 * 🇸🇻 El Salvador
 * 17 June 1925
 * 12 January 2010
 * 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea
 * 16 May 1989
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia
 * 17 June 1925
 * 28 August 1931
 * Eswatini
 * 10 July 1991
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * 17 June 1925
 * 7 October 1935
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇫🇯 Fiji
 * 21 March 1973
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇫🇮 Finland
 * 17 June 1925
 * 26 June 1929
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * 17 June 1925
 * 10 May 1926
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇬🇲 Gambia
 * 5 November 1966
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * 17 June 1925
 * 25 April 1929
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana
 * 2 May 1967
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 17 June 1925
 * 30 May 1931
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 3 January 1989
 * 🇪🇹 Ethiopia
 * 17 June 1925
 * 7 October 1935
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇫🇯 Fiji
 * 21 March 1973
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇫🇮 Finland
 * 17 June 1925
 * 26 June 1929
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * 17 June 1925
 * 10 May 1926
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇬🇲 Gambia
 * 5 November 1966
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * 17 June 1925
 * 25 April 1929
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana
 * 2 May 1967
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 17 June 1925
 * 30 May 1931
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 3 January 1989
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * 17 June 1925
 * 25 April 1929
 * 🇬🇭 Ghana
 * 2 May 1967
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 17 June 1925
 * 30 May 1931
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 3 January 1989
 * 🇬🇷 Greece
 * 17 June 1925
 * 30 May 1931
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 3 January 1989
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 3 January 1989
 * 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 3 January 1989
 * 3 January 1989

 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇬🇹 Guatemala
 * 3 May 1983
 * 🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau
 * 20 May 1989
 * Holy See
 * 12 October 1966
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary
 * 17 June 1925
 * 11 October 1952
 * 🇮🇸 Iceland
 * 19 December 1966
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * 17 June 1925
 * 9 April 1930
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * 14 January 1971
 * Succeeded from the Netherlands.
 * 🇮🇷 Iran
 * 4 July 1929
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * 18 August 1931
 * 🇮🇸 Iceland
 * 19 December 1966
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇮🇳 India
 * 17 June 1925
 * 9 April 1930
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * 14 January 1971
 * Succeeded from the Netherlands.
 * 🇮🇷 Iran
 * 4 July 1929
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * 18 August 1931
 * 14 January 1971
 * Succeeded from the Netherlands.
 * 🇮🇷 Iran
 * 4 July 1929
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * 18 August 1931
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * 18 August 1931
 * 🇮🇶 Iraq
 * 18 August 1931
 * 18 August 1931

 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇮🇪 Ireland
 * 18 August 1930
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇮🇱 Israel
 * 10 February 1969
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * 17 June 1925
 * 3 April 1928
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇯🇲 Jamaica
 * 28 July 1970
 * 🇮🇹 Italy
 * 17 June 1925
 * 3 April 1928
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇯🇲 Jamaica
 * 28 July 1970
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇯🇲 Jamaica
 * 28 July 1970
 * 28 July 1970
 * 28 July 1970

 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇯🇵 Japan
 * 17 June 1925
 * 21 May 1970
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan
 * 20 January 1977
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
 * 20 April 2020
 * 🇰🇪 Kenya
 * 17 June 1970
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea
 * 22 December 1988
 * 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan
 * 20 April 2020
 * 🇰🇪 Kenya
 * 17 June 1970
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea
 * 22 December 1988
 * 17 June 1970
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea
 * 22 December 1988
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇰🇵 North Korea
 * 22 December 1988
 * 22 December 1988

 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea
 * 29 December 1988
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇰🇼 Kuwait
 * 15 December 1971
 * 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan
 * 29 June 2020
 * Laos
 * 16 January 1989
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia
 * 17 June 1925
 * 3 June 1931
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon
 * 15 April 1969
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇱🇸 Lesotho
 * 10 March 1972
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇱🇷 Liberia
 * 2 April 1927
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 21 December 1971
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia
 * 17 June 1925
 * 3 June 1931
 * 🇱🇧 Lebanon
 * 15 April 1969
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇱🇸 Lesotho
 * 10 March 1972
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇱🇷 Liberia
 * 2 April 1927
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 21 December 1971
 * 🇱🇸 Lesotho
 * 10 March 1972
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇱🇷 Liberia
 * 2 April 1927
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 21 December 1971
 * 2 April 1927
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 21 December 1971
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 21 December 1971
 * 21 December 1971

 * 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein
 * 16 May 1991
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania
 * 17 June 1925
 * 15 June 1933
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg
 * 17 June 1925
 * 1 September 1936
 * North Macedonia
 * 20 August 2015
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar
 * 2 August 1967
 * 🇲🇼 Malawi
 * 4 September 1970
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia
 * 7 December 1970
 * 🇲🇻 Maldives
 * 27 December 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇲🇹 Malta
 * 9 October 1970
 * 20 August 2015
 * 🇲🇬 Madagascar
 * 2 August 1967
 * 🇲🇼 Malawi
 * 4 September 1970
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia
 * 7 December 1970
 * 🇲🇻 Maldives
 * 27 December 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇲🇹 Malta
 * 9 October 1970
 * 4 September 1970
 * 🇲🇾 Malaysia
 * 7 December 1970
 * 🇲🇻 Maldives
 * 27 December 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇲🇹 Malta
 * 9 October 1970
 * 🇲🇻 Maldives
 * 27 December 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇲🇹 Malta
 * 9 October 1970
 * 27 December 1966
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇲🇹 Malta
 * 9 October 1970
 * 🇲🇹 Malta
 * 9 October 1970
 * 9 October 1970

 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇲🇺 Mauritius
 * 23 December 1970
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * 28 March 1932
 * 🇲🇩 Moldova
 * 14 January 2011
 * 🇲🇨 Monaco
 * 15 December 1966
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇲🇳 Mongolia
 * 18 November 1968
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco
 * 7 October 1970
 * 🇳🇵 Nepal
 * 7 May 1969
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * 17 June 1925
 * 31 October 1930
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * 22 January 1930
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * 17 June 1925
 * 5 October 1990
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 5 April 1967
 * 🇲🇦 Morocco
 * 7 October 1970
 * 🇳🇵 Nepal
 * 7 May 1969
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands
 * 17 June 1925
 * 31 October 1930
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * 22 January 1930
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * 17 June 1925
 * 5 October 1990
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 5 April 1967
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand
 * 22 January 1930
 * 🇳🇮 Nicaragua
 * 17 June 1925
 * 5 October 1990
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 5 April 1967
 * 17 June 1925
 * 5 October 1990
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 5 April 1967
 * 🇳🇪 Niger
 * 5 April 1967
 * 5 April 1967

 * Succeeded from France.
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇳🇬 Nigeria
 * 9 October 1968
 * 9 October 1968

 * 🇳🇴 Norway
 * 17 June 1925
 * 27 July 1932
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇵🇰 Pakistan
 * 15 April 1960
 * Succeeded from India.
 * Palestine
 * 19 January 2018
 * 🇵🇦 Panama
 * 26 November 1970
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea
 * 2 September 1980
 * Succeeded from Australia.
 * 🇵🇾 Paraguay
 * 22 October 1933
 * 🇵🇪 Peru
 * 5 June 1985
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * 29 May 1973
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * 17 June 1925
 * 4 February 1929
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 17 June 1925
 * 1 July 1930
 * 🇶🇦 Qatar
 * 16 September 1976
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * 17 June 1925
 * 23 August 1929
 * 22 October 1933
 * 🇵🇪 Peru
 * 5 June 1985
 * 🇵🇭 Philippines
 * 29 May 1973
 * 🇵🇱 Poland
 * 17 June 1925
 * 4 February 1929
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 17 June 1925
 * 1 July 1930
 * 🇶🇦 Qatar
 * 16 September 1976
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * 17 June 1925
 * 23 August 1929
 * 4 February 1929
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal
 * 17 June 1925
 * 1 July 1930
 * 🇶🇦 Qatar
 * 16 September 1976
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * 17 June 1925
 * 23 August 1929
 * 16 September 1976
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * 17 June 1925
 * 23 August 1929
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * 17 June 1925
 * 23 August 1929

 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇷🇺 Russia
 * 17 June 1925
 * 5 April 1928
 * Ratified as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda
 * 21 March 1964
 * 🇷🇼 Rwanda
 * 21 March 1964
 * 21 March 1964

 * Succeeded from Belgium.
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * 26 October 1989
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇱🇨 Saint Lucia
 * 21 December 1988
 * 🇱🇨 Saint Lucia
 * 21 December 1988
 * 21 December 1988

 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇻🇨 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * 23 April 1999
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia
 * 27 January 1971
 * 🇸🇳 Senegal
 * 15 June 1977
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia
 * 20 January 2003
 * Succeeded as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which had ratified the protocol as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 12 April 1929.
 * 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone
 * 20 February 1967
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * 1 July 1997
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇷🇸 Serbia
 * 20 January 2003
 * Succeeded as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which had ratified the protocol as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes on 12 April 1929.
 * 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone
 * 20 February 1967
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * 1 July 1997
 * 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone
 * 20 February 1967
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * 1 July 1997
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * 1 July 1997
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia
 * 1 July 1997
 * 1 July 1997
 * 1 July 1997

 * Succeeded from Czechoslovakia, which ratified the protocol on 16 August 1938.
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia
 * 8 April 2008
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands
 * 1 June 1981
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands
 * 1 June 1981
 * 1 June 1981
 * 1 June 1981

 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇿🇦 South Africa
 * 24 May 1930
 * 24 May 1930

 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇪🇸 Spain
 * 17 June 1925
 * 22 August 1929
 * 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka
 * 20 January 1954
 * Ratified as the Dominion of Ceylon.
 * 🇸🇩 Sudan
 * 17 December 1980
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * 17 June 1925
 * 25 April 1930
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland
 * 17 June 1925
 * 12 July 1932
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * Syria
 * 17 December 1968
 * 🇹🇯 Tajikistan
 * 15 November 2019
 * 🇹🇿 Tanzania
 * 28 February 1963
 * Ratified as the Republic of Tanganyika.
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 17 June 1925
 * 6 June 1931
 * Ratified as Siam.
 * 🇹🇬 Togo
 * 18 November 1970
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga
 * 19 July 1971
 * Syria
 * 17 December 1968
 * 🇹🇯 Tajikistan
 * 15 November 2019
 * 🇹🇿 Tanzania
 * 28 February 1963
 * Ratified as the Republic of Tanganyika.
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 17 June 1925
 * 6 June 1931
 * Ratified as Siam.
 * 🇹🇬 Togo
 * 18 November 1970
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga
 * 19 July 1971
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 17 June 1925
 * 6 June 1931
 * Ratified as Siam.
 * 🇹🇬 Togo
 * 18 November 1970
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga
 * 19 July 1971
 * 18 November 1970
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga
 * 19 July 1971
 * 🇹🇴 Tonga
 * 19 July 1971
 * 19 July 1971

 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago
 * 24 November 1970
 * Succeeded from the United Kingdom.
 * 🇹🇳 Tunisia
 * 12 July 1967
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * 17 June 1925
 * 5 October 1929
 * 🇺🇬 Uganda
 * 2 April 1965
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * 7 August 2003
 * 17 June 1925
 * 5 October 1929
 * 🇺🇬 Uganda
 * 2 April 1965
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * 7 August 2003
 * 2 April 1965
 * -style="background:#EEEE00;"
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * 7 August 2003
 * 🇺🇦 Ukraine
 * 7 August 2003
 * 7 August 2003

 * Succeeded from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
 * -style="background:#6495ED;"
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
 * 17 June 1925
 * 9 April 1930
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * United States of America
 * 17 June 1925
 * 10 April 1975
 * 17 June 1925
 * 10 April 1975

{{legend|#6495ED|Parties with withdrawn reservations}} {{legend|#EEEE00|Parties with implicit reservations}} {{legend|orange|Parties with unwithdrawn reservations limiting the applicability of provisions of the Protocol}}
 * 🇺🇾 Uruguay
 * 17 June 1925
 * 12 April 1977
 * 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan
 * 5 October 2020
 * 🇻🇪 Venezuela
 * 17 June 1925
 * 8 February 1928
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * Vietnam
 * 15 December 1980
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇾🇪 Yemen
 * 11 March 1971
 * Ratified as the Yemen Arab Republic. Also ratified by the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 20 October 1986, prior to Yemeni unification in 1990.
 * }
 * 8 February 1928
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * Vietnam
 * 15 December 1980
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇾🇪 Yemen
 * 11 March 1971
 * Ratified as the Yemen Arab Republic. Also ratified by the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 20 October 1986, prior to Yemeni unification in 1990.
 * }
 * -style="background:orange;"
 * 🇾🇪 Yemen
 * 11 March 1971
 * Ratified as the Yemen Arab Republic. Also ratified by the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 20 October 1986, prior to Yemeni unification in 1990.
 * }
 * Ratified as the Yemen Arab Republic. Also ratified by the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen on 20 October 1986, prior to Yemeni unification in 1990.
 * }

 * Reservations

 * Notes

Non-signatory states
The remaining UN member states and UN observers that have not acceded or succeeded to the Protocol are:

 * 🇦🇩 Andorra
 * 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan
 * 🇧🇸 Bahamas
 * 🇧🇾 Belarus
 * 🇧🇿 Belize
 * Bosnia
 * 🇧🇼 Botswana
 * Brunei
 * 🇧🇮 Burundi
 * 🇹🇩 Chad
 * 🇰🇲 Comoros
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Republic of the Congo
 * 🇩🇯 Djibouti
 * 🇩🇲 Dominica
 * 🇪🇷 Eritrea
 * 🇬🇦 Gabon
 * Georgia
 * 🇬🇳 Guinea
 * 🇬🇾 Guyana
 * 🇭🇹 Haiti
 * 🇭🇳 Honduras
 * 🇰🇮 Kiribati
 * 🇲🇱 Mali
 * 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands
 * 🇲🇷 Mauritania
 * Federated States of Micronesia
 * 🇲🇪 Montenegro
 * 🇲🇿 Mozambique
 * 🇲🇲 Myanmar
 * 🇳🇦 Namibia
 * 🇳🇷 Nauru
 * 🇴🇲 Oman
 * 🇵🇼 Palau
 * 🇼🇸 Samoa
 * 🇸🇲 San Marino
 * São Tomé and Príncipe
 * 🇸🇨 Seychelles
 * 🇸🇬 Singapore
 * 🇸🇴 Somalia
 * 🇸🇸 South Sudan
 * 🇸🇷 Suriname
 * Timor-Leste
 * 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan
 * 🇹🇻 Tuvalu
 * 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates
 * 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan
 * 🇻🇺 Vanuatu
 * 🇿🇲 Zambia
 * 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe

title: Geneva Protocol


text:
Chemical Weapons Convention

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), officially the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, is an arms control treaty administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), an intergovernmental organization based in The Hague, The Netherlands. The treaty entered into force on 29 April 1997. It prohibits the use of chemical weapons, and also prohibits large-scale development, production, stockpiling, or transfer of chemical weapons or their precursors, except for very limited purposes (research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective). The main obligation of member states under the convention is to effect this prohibition, as well as the destruction of all current chemical weapons. All destruction activities must take place under OPCW verification.

193 states have become parties to the CWC and accept its obligations. Israel has signed but not ratified the agreement, while three other UN member states (Egypt, North Korea and South Sudan) have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty. Most recently, the State of Palestine deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC on 17 May 2018. In September 2013, Syria acceded to the convention as part of an agreement for the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons.

As of February 2021, 98.39% of the world's declared chemical weapons stockpiles had been destroyed. The convention has provisions for systematic evaluation of chemical production facilities, as well as for investigations of allegations of use and production of chemical weapons based on the intelligence of other state parties.

Some chemicals which have been used extensively in warfare but have numerous large-scale industrial uses (such as phosgene) are highly regulated; however, certain notable exceptions exist. Chlorine gas is highly toxic, but being a pure element and widely used for peaceful purposes, is not officially listed as a chemical weapon. Certain state powers (e.g. the Assad regime of Syria) continue to regularly manufacture and implement such chemicals in combat munitions. Although these chemicals are not specifically listed as controlled by the CWC, the use of any toxic chemical as a weapon (when used to produce fatalities solely or mainly through its toxic action) is in-and-of itself forbidden by the treaty. Other chemicals, such as white phosphorus, are highly toxic but are legal under the CWC when they are used by military forces for reasons other than their toxicity.

History
The CWC augments the Geneva Protocol of 1925, which bans the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts, but not their development or possession. The CWC also includes extensive verification measures such as on-site inspections, in stark contrast to the 1975 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), which lacks a verification regime.

After several changes of name and composition, the ENDC evolved into the Conference on Disarmament (CD) in 1984. On 3 September 1992 the CD submitted to the U.N. General Assembly its annual report, which contained the text of the Chemical Weapons Convention. The General Assembly approved the convention on 30 November 1992, and the U.N. Secretary-General then opened the convention for signature in Paris on 13 January 1993. The CWC remained open for signature until its entry into force on 29 April 1997, 180 days after the deposit at the UN by Hungary of the 65th instrument of ratification.

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

The convention is administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which acts as the legal platform for specification of the CWC provisions. The Conference of the States Parties is mandated to change the CWC and pass regulations on the implementation of CWC requirements. The Technical Secretariat of the organization conducts inspections to ensure compliance of member states. These inspections target destruction facilities (where constant monitoring takes place during destruction), chemical weapons production facilities which have been dismantled or converted for civil use, as well as inspections of the chemical industry. The Secretariat may furthermore conduct "investigations of alleged use" of chemical weapons and give assistance after use of chemical weapons.

The 2013 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the organization because it had, with the Chemical Weapons Convention, "defined the use of chemical weapons as a taboo under international law" according to Thorbjørn Jagland, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

Key points of the Convention

 * Prohibition of production and use of chemical weapons
 * Destruction (or monitored conversion to other functions) of chemical weapons production facilities
 * Destruction of all chemical weapons (including chemical weapons abandoned outside the state parties territory)
 * Assistance between State Parties and the OPCW in the case of use of chemical weapons
 * An OPCW inspection regime for the production of chemicals which might be converted to chemical weapons
 * International cooperation in the peaceful use of chemistry in relevant areas

Controlled substances
The convention distinguishes three classes of controlled substance, chemicals that can either be used as weapons themselves or used in the manufacture of weapons. The classification is based on the quantities of the substance produced commercially for legitimate purposes. Each class is split into Part A, which are chemicals that can be used directly as weapons, and Part B, which are chemicals useful in the manufacture of chemical weapons. Separate from the precursors, the convention defines toxic chemicals as "[a]ny chemical which through its chemical action on life processes can cause death, temporary incapacitation or permanent harm to humans or animals. This includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of their method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere."

 * Schedule 1 chemicals have few, or no uses outside chemical weapons. These may be produced or used for research, medical, pharmaceutical or chemical weapon defence testing purposes but production at sites producing more than 100 grams per year must be declared to the OPCW. A country is limited to possessing a maximum of 1 tonne of these materials. Examples are sulfur mustard and nerve agents, and substances which are solely used as precursor chemicals in their manufacture. A few of these chemicals have very small scale non-military applications, for example, milligram quantities of nitrogen mustard are used to treat certain cancers.
 * Schedule 2 chemicals have legitimate small-scale applications. Manufacture must be declared and there are restrictions on export to countries that are not CWC signatories. An example is thiodiglycol which can be used in the manufacture of mustard agents, but is also used as a solvent in inks.
 * Schedule 3 chemicals have large-scale uses apart from chemical weapons. Plants which manufacture more than 30 tonnes per year must be declared and can be inspected, and there are restrictions on export to countries which are not CWC signatories. Examples of these substances are phosgene (the most lethal chemical weapon employed in WWI), which has been used as a chemical weapon but which is also a precursor in the manufacture of many legitimate organic compounds (e.g. pharmaceutical agents and many common pesticides), and triethanolamine, used in the manufacture of nitrogen mustard but also commonly used in toiletries and detergents.

Many of the chemicals named in the schedules are simply examples from a wider class, defined with Markush like language. For example, all chemicals in the class "O-Alkyl (<=C10, incl. cycloalkyl) alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)- phosphonofluoridates chemicals" are controlled, despite only a few named examples being given, such as Soman.

This can make it more challenging for companies to identify if chemicals they handle are subject to the CWC, especially Schedule 2 and 3 chemicals (such as Alkylphosphorus chemicals). For example, Amgard 1045 is a flame retardant, but falls within Schedule 2B as part of Alkylphosphorus chemical class. This approach is also used in controlled drug legislation in many countries and are often termed "class wide controls" or "generic statements".

Due to the added complexity these statements bring in identifying regulated chemicals, many companies choose to carry out these assessments computationally, examining the chemicals structure using in silico tools which compare them to the legislation statements, either with in house systems maintained a company or by the use commercial compliance software solutions.

A treaty party may declare a "single small-scale facility" that produces up to 1 tonne of Schedule 1 chemicals for research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective purposes each year, and also another facility may produce 10 kg per year for protective testing purposes. An unlimited number of other facilities may produce Schedule 1 chemicals, subject to a total 10 kg annual limit, for research, medical or pharmaceutical purposes, but any facility producing more than 100 grams must be declared.

The treaty also deals with carbon compounds called in the treaty "discrete organic chemicals", the majority of which exhibit moderate-high direct toxicity or can be readily converted into compounds with toxicity sufficient for practical use as a chemical weapon. These are any carbon compounds apart from long chain polymers, oxides, sulfides and metal carbonates, such as organophosphates. The OPCW must be informed of, and can inspect, any plant producing (or expecting to produce) more than 200 tonnes per year, or 30 tonnes if the chemical contains phosphorus, sulfur or fluorine, unless the plant solely produces explosives or hydrocarbons.

Category definitions
Chemical weapons are divided into three categories:
 * Category 1 - based on Schedule 1 substances
 * Category 2 - based on non-Schedule 1 substances
 * Category 3 - devices and equipment designed to use chemical weapons, without the substances themselves

Member states
Before the CWC came into force in 1997, 165 states signed the convention, allowing them to ratify the agreement after obtaining domestic approval. Following the treaty's entry into force, it was closed for signature and the only method for non-signatory states to become a party was through accession. As of March 2021, 193 states, representing over 98 percent of the world's population, are party to the CWC. Of the four United Nations member states that are not parties to the treaty, Israel has signed but not ratified the treaty, while Egypt, North Korea, and South Sudan have neither signed nor acceded to the convention. Taiwan, though not a member state, has confirmed that it complies with the treaty.

Key organizations of member states
Member states are represented at the OPCW by their Permanent Representative. This function is generally combined with the function of Ambassador. For the preparation of OPCW inspections and preparation of declarations, member states have to constitute a National Authority.

World stockpile of chemical weapons
A total of 72,304 metric tonnes of chemical agent, and 97 production facilities have been declared to OPCW.

Treaty deadlines
The treaty set up several steps with deadlines toward complete destruction of chemical weapons, with a procedure for requesting deadline extensions. No country reached total elimination by the original treaty date although several have finished under allowed extensions.

Progress of destruction
At the end of 2019, 70,545 of 72,304 (97.51%) metric tonnes of chemical agent have been verifiably destroyed. More than 57% (4.97 million) of chemical munitions and containers have been destroyed.

Seven state parties have completed the destruction of their declared stockpiles: Albania, India, Iraq, Libya, Syria, the United States, and an unspecified state party (believed to be South Korea). Russia also completed the destruction of its declared stockpile, but the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in 2018 and the poisoning of Alexei Navalny in 2020 revealed that the country maintained an illicit chemical weapons program.

Japan and China in October 2010 began the destruction of World War II era chemical weapons abandoned by Japan in China by means of mobile destruction units and reported destruction of 35,203 chemical weapons (75% of the Nanjing stockpile).

Iraqi stockpile
The U.N. Security Council ordered the dismantling of Iraq's chemical weapon stockpile in 1991. By 1998, UNSCOM inspectors had accounted for the destruction of 88,000 filled and unfilled chemical munitions, over 690 metric tons of weaponized and bulk chemical agents, approximately 4,000 tonnes of precursor chemicals, and 980 pieces of key production equipment. The UNSCOM inspectors left in 1998.

In 2009, before Iraq joined the CWC, the OPCW reported that the United States military had destroyed almost 5,000 old chemical weapons in open-air detonations since 2004. These weapons, produced before the 1991 Gulf War, contained sarin and mustard agents but were so badly corroded that they could not have been used as originally intended.

When Iraq joined the CWC in 2009, it declared "two bunkers with filled and unfilled chemical weapons munitions, some precursors, as well as five former chemical weapons production facilities" according to OPCW Director General Rogelio Pfirter. The bunker entrances were sealed with 1.5 meters of reinforced concrete in 1994 under UNSCOM supervision. As of 2012, the plan to destroy the chemical weapons was still being developed, in the face of significant difficulties. In 2014, ISIS took control of the site.

On 13 March 2018, the Director-General of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Ambassador Ahmet Üzümcü, congratulated the Government of Iraq on the completion of the destruction of the country's chemical weapons remnants.

Syrian destruction
Following the August 2013 Ghouta chemical attack, Syria, which had long been suspected of possessing chemical weapons, acknowledged them in September 2013 and agreed to put them under international supervision. On 14 September Syria deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC with the United Nations as the depositary and agreed to its provisional application pending entry into force effective 14 October. An accelerated destruction schedule was devised by Russia and the United States on 14 September, and was endorsed by United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118 and the OPCW Executive Council Decision EC-M-33/DEC.1. Their deadline for destruction was the first half of 2014. Syria gave the OPCW an inventory of its chemical weapons arsenal and began its destruction in October 2013, 2 weeks before its formal entry into force, while applying the convention provisionally. All declared Category 1 materials were destroyed by August 2014. However, the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack in April 2017 indicated that undeclared stockpiles probably remained in the country. A chemical attack on Douma occurred on 7 April 2018 that killed at least 49 civilians with scores injured, and which has been blamed on the Assad government.

Controversy arose in November 2019 over the OPCW's finding on the Douma chemical weapons attack when Wikileaks published emails by an OPCW staff member saying a report on this incident "misrepresents the facts" and contains "unintended bias". The OPCW staff member questioned the report's finding that OPCW's inspectors had "sufficient evidence at this time to determine that chlorine, or another reactive chlorine-containing chemical, was likely released from cylinders". The staff member alleged this finding was "highly misleading and not supported by the facts" and said he would attach his own differing observations if this version of the report was released. On 25 November 2019, OPCW Director General Fernando Arias, in a speech to the OPCW's annual conference in The Hague, defended the Organization's report on the Douma incident, stating "While some of these diverse views continue to circulate in some public discussion forums, I would like to reiterate that I stand by the independent, professional conclusion" of the probe.

Financial support for destruction
Financial support for the Albanian and Libyan stockpile destruction programmes was provided by the United States. Russia received support from a number of countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy and Canada; with some $2 billion given by 2004. Costs for Albania's program were approximately US$48 million. The United States has spent $20 billion and expected to spend a further $40 billion.

Known chemical weapons production facilities
Fourteen states parties declared chemical weapons production facilities (CWPFs):

 * {|width=100% style="background:transparent"

 * - valign=top
 * style="width:25%;"|
 * 🇧🇦 bosnia and herzegovina
 * 🇨🇳 china
 * 🇫🇷 france
 * 🇮🇳 india
 * style="width:25%;"|
 * 🇮🇷 iran
 * 🇮🇶 iraq
 * 🇯🇵 japan
 * style="width:25%;"|
 * 🇱🇾 libya
 * 🇷🇺 russia
 * 🇷🇸 serbia
 * style="width:25%;"|
 * undefined
 * 🇬🇧 united kingdom
 * 🇺🇸 united states
 * }
 * 1 non-disclosed state party (referred to as "A State Party" in OPCW-communications; said to be South Korea)

Currently all 97 declared production facilities have been deactivated and certified as either destroyed (74) or converted (23) to civilian use.

Related international law

 * Australia Group of countries and the European Commission that helps member nations identify exports which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to the spread of chemical and biological weapons
 * 1990 US-Soviet Arms Control Agreement
 * General-purpose criterion, a concept in international law that broadly governs international agreements with respect to chemical weapons
 * Geneva Protocol, a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons among signatory states in international armed conflicts

Worldwide treaties for other types of weapons of mass destruction

 * Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) (states parties)
 * Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (states parties)
 * Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) (states parties)

Chemical weapons

 * Chemical warfare
 * Weapons of mass destruction
 * Tear gas

Related remembrance day

 * Day of Remembrance for all Victims of Chemical Warfare

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chemical Weapons Convention


text:
Acme Corporation

The Acme Corporation is a fictional corporation that features prominently in the Road Runner/Wile E. Coyote animated shorts as a running gag. The company manufactures outlandish products that fail or backfire catastrophically at the worst possible times. The name is also used as a generic title in many cartoons, especially those made by Warner Bros. and films, TV series, commercials and comic strips.

Origin
The name Acme comes from the Greek (ἀκμή, English transliteration: akmē), meaning summit, highest point, extremity or peak. It has been falsely claimed to be an acronym, either for "A Company Making Everything", "American Companies Make Everything", or "American Company that Manufactures Everything". During the 1920s, the word was commonly used in the names of businesses in order to be listed toward the beginning of alphabetized telephone directories like the Yellow Pages, and implied being the best. It is used in an ironic sense in cartoons, because the products are often failure-prone or explosive.

The name Acme began being depicted in film starting in the silent era, such as the 1920 Neighbors with Buster Keaton and the 1922 Grandma's Boy with Harold Lloyd, continuing with TV series, such as in early episodes of I Love Lucy and The Andy Griffith Show, comic strips and cartoons, especially those made by Warner Bros., and commercials. It briefly appeared in the Walt Disney Donald Duck episodes Cured Duck released in 1945 and Three for Breakfast released in 1948. It also appears as the ACME Mining company owned by the villain Rod Lacy in the 1952 Western The Duel at Silver Creek and in a 1938 short Violent Is the Word for Curly where The Three Stooges appear as gas station attendants at an Acme Service Station. It was also used in The Pink Panther Show, where the name Acme was used on several episodes of the show's first installment in 1969, one of them being "Pink Pest Control".

Warner Brothers animator Chuck Jones described the reason 'Acme' was used in cartoons at the time:

"Since we had to search out our own entertainment, we devised our own fairy stories. If you wanted a bow and arrow you got a stick. If you wanted to conduct an orchestra you got a stick. If you wanted a duel you used a stick. You couldn't go and buy one; that's where the terms Acme came from. Whenever we played a game where we had a grocery store or something we called it the ACME corporation. Why? Because in the yellow pages if you looked, say, under drugstores, you'd find the first one would be Acme Drugs. Why? Because 'AC' was about as high as you could go; it means the best; the superlative."

Whistles and traffic lights
A whistle named 'Acme City', made from mid-1870s onwards by J Hudson & Co, followed by the "Acme Thunderer", and "Acme siren" in 1895, were the early brand names bearing the names with the word 'Acme'. At the time the Acme Traffic Signal Company produced the traffic lights in Los Angeles, the city where Warner Bros. was making its cartoons. Instead of today's amber/yellow traffic light, bells rang as the small red and green lights with "Stop" and "Go" semaphore arms changed — a process that took five seconds.

In film and TV

Examples which specifically reference the Wile E. Coyote cartoon character include:

 * Films, shows and cartoons based on Looney Tunes characters often deal with Acme Corporation.
 * The 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit attempted to explain Acme's inner workings in detail. The plot is centered on the murder of the corporation's owner, Marvin Acme (Stubby Kaye). Many of the film's scenes involve Acme products and its final scenes are set in an Acme warehouse.
 * The Tiny Toon Adventures series expanded on Acme's influence, with the entire setting of the show taking place in a city called "Acme Acres". The show's young protagonists attended "Acme Looniversity". In one episode, the coyote sues Acme, accusing it of making products that are unsafe.
 * The corporation appears as the antagonistic force of Looney Tunes: Back in Action. The head offices of Acme are depicted, revealing it to be a multinational corporation whose executive officers are led by the film's main antagonist, Mr. Chairman, portrayed by Steve Martin.
 * The 2015 direct-to-video animated film Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run portrays Acme as a department store.
 * In August 2018, Warner Bros. announced they were developing a Coyote vs. Acme animated movie, with Chris McKay producing and Jon and Josh Silberman writing the script. By December 2019, the project was reportedly looking for a writer, though Jon and Josh Silberman remained as producers, while Dave Green signed on to direct. A year later, James Gunn was announced as both producer and writer on the project with a release date of July 21, 2023.  In February 2022, it was announced that John Cena would star as Acme's lawyer. The film was removed from the release schedule in April 2022, and officially cancelled in November 2023.  However, public backlash from fans, filmmakers and other creatives in the entertainment industry forced Warner Bros. to reverse that decision and allow the filmmakers to shop the film to other distributors. In February 2024 it was announced that Warner would be going through with cancelling the film after all. On March 10, 2024, Writer of the film, Samy Burch has said that conversations ongoing to release the film.

 * The cartoon series Loonatics Unleashed is set in Acmetropolis.
 * The corporation is mentioned in Animaniacs, such as the Acme song from Cookies for Einstein, and Pinky and the Brain's home in Acme Labs. In Wakko's Wish, the Animaniacs feature film, characters live in the village of Acme Falls.
 * External World, a short film by David OReilly, features Acme Retirement Castle, a dystopian retirement facility for disabled cartoon characters.
 * In the 1998 Spanish film The Miracle of P. Tinto, Acme is referenced along a equally fictional competing spanish business, Mikasa, a pun on E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. When a Mikasa product appears on screen, it is announced in the same tone acme products are in the spanish dubbing of Looney Tunes.
 * In the 1978 animated special Raggedy Ann and Andy in The Great Santa Claus Caper (written, directed, and co-produced by Chuck Jones), Acme is credited as making Gloopstick, touted as a clear indestructible compound to perfectly preserve toys. Gloopstick is brought to Santa Claus' workshop by "inefficiency expert" Alexander Graham Wolf, who strongly resembles Wile E. Coyote in appearance & voice.

Music

 * Bell X1's song "One Stringed Harp" includes the lyric "Like Wile E. Coyote/As if the fall wasn't enough/Those bastards from Acme/They got more nasty stuff".
 * The Brazilian thrash metal band Chakal has a song titled "Acme Dead End Road" from its 1990 album, The Man Is His Own Jackal. The song begins with the Road Runner signature sound "beep, beep".

Legal humor

 * Joey Green wrote "Cliff-hanger Justice", a fictional account of a product liability lawsuit by Wile E. Coyote against Acme, which appeared in three parts in the August, September, and October 1982 issues of National Lampoon magazine.
 * Ian Frazier wrote a fictional legal complaint "Coyote v. Acme", which was published in The New Yorker in 1990 and later became the title piece of a short fiction collection. The story would have been the inspiration for the film Coyote vs. Acme, but there have been problems that caused the delay and the presumed cancellation of the movie.

Other

 * The Comprehensive Perl Archive Network provides an "Acme::" namespace which contains many humorous, useless and abstract modules for the Perl programming language. It was named "in homage to that greatest of all absurd system creators: Wile E. Coyote."
 * ACME Communications was a former U.S. broadcasting company established by former Fox Broadcasting Company executive Jamie Kellner. The stations were affiliated with Warner Bros' broadcast television network The WB, for which he was also a founding executive, and the Acme name was a reference to the cartoon.
 * ACME Night is a Cartoon Network block.
 * Acme Tools is an online and in store retailer.

title: Acme Corporation


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Hans Dürer

Hans Dürer (born 21 February 1490 in Nuremberg – c. 1534-38 in Kraków), was a German Renaissance painter, illustrator, and engraver.

Life
Hans Dürer was born Nuremberg, Germany in 1490. He was the son of Albrecht Dürer the Elder and the younger brother of Albrecht Dürer. He was a pupil of his older brother, and also worked in the workshop of Michael Wolgemut in his youth. Hans Dürer was last known to have lived in Nuremberg in 1510. At some point he settled in Kraków, Poland. He was one of the artists hired by King Sigismund I to decorate the rooms of Wawel Castle, and in 1529 he was appointed court painter. His death is recorded as having occurred in 1534, however there is a record of payment for work at the royal castle the following year.

title: Hans Dürer


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Ritchie Valens

Richard Steven Valenzuela (May 13, 1941 – February 3, 1959), better known by his stage name Ritchie Valens, was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. A rock and roll pioneer and a forefather of the Chicano rock movement, Valens died in a plane crash just eight months after his breakthrough.

Valens had several hits, most notably "La Bamba", which he had adapted from a Mexican folk song. Valens transformed the song into one with a rock rhythm and beat, and it became a hit in 1958, making Valens a pioneer of the Spanish-speaking rock and roll movement. He also had an American number-two hit with "Donna".

On February 3, 1959, on what has become known as "The Day the Music Died", Valens died in a plane crash in Iowa, an accident that also claimed the lives of fellow musicians Buddy Holly and J. P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, as well as pilot Roger Peterson. Valens was 17 years old at the time of his death. He was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, the Rockabilly Hall of Fame, the Native American Music Awards Hall of Fame, the California Hall of Fame, and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Early life
Valens was born as Richard Steven Valenzuela on May 13, 1941, in Pacoima, a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles. The son of Joseph Steven Valenzuela (1896–1952) and Concepción "Concha" Reyes (1915–1987), he had two half-brothers, Robert "Bob" Morales (1937–2018) and Mario Ramirez, and two younger sisters, Connie and Irma.

Valenzuela was brought up hearing traditional Mexican mariachi music, as well as flamenco guitar, R&B, and jump blues. He expressed an interest in making music of his own by the age of five. Valenzuela was encouraged by his father to take up guitar and trumpet, and later taught himself the drums. Though Valenzuela was left-handed, he was so eager to learn the guitar that he mastered the traditional right-handed version of the instrument.

Valenzuela was a 15-year-old student at Pacoima Junior High School at the time of the 1957 Pacoima mid-air collision. He was not at school that day since he was attending his grandfather's funeral. Recurring nightmares of the disaster led to Valens's fear of flying.

By the time Valenzuela was attending Pacoima Junior High School (now Pacoima Middle School), he would bring his guitar to school and sing and play songs to his friends on the bleachers.

When Valenzuela was 16 years old, he was invited to join a local band, The Silhouettes (not to be confused with the group of the same name famous for its hit song "Get a Job"). Valenzuela began as a guitarist, and when the main vocalist left the group, he assumed the position. On June 19, 1957, Valenzuela made his performing debut with The Silhouettes.

Valenzuela also attended San Fernando High School.

Career
A self-taught musician, Valenzuela was an accomplished singer and guitarist. At his appearances, Valenzuela often improvised new lyrics and added new riffs to popular songs while he was playing.

Bob Keane, the owner and president of small record label Del-Fi Records in Hollywood, was given a tip in May 1958 by San Fernando High School student Doug Macchia about a young performer from Pacoima by the name of Richard Valenzuela. Kids knew the performer as "the Little Richard of San Fernando". Swayed by the Little Richard comparison, Keane went to see Valenzuela play a Saturday-morning matinée at a movie theater in San Fernando. Impressed by the performance, he invited Valenzuela to audition at his home in the Silver Lake area of Los Angeles, where he had a small recording studio in his basement. His recording equipment comprised an early stereo recorder (a two-track Ampex 601-2 portable) and a pair of Neumann U-47 condenser microphones. After this first audition, Keane signed Valenzuela to Del-Fi on May 14, 1958. At this point, the musician took the name "Ritchie" because, as Keane said, "There were a bunch of 'Richards' around at that time, and I wanted it to be different." Similarly, Keane recommended shortening his surname to "Valens" from Valenzuela to widen his appeal beyond any obvious ethnic group. Valens was ready to enter the studio with a full band backing him. The musicians included René Hall, Carol Kaye, and Earl Palmer. The first songs recorded at Gold Star Studios, at a single studio session one afternoon in May 1958, were "Come On, Let's Go", an original, credited to Valens/Kuhn (Keane's real name), and "Framed", a Leiber and Stoller tune. Pressed and released within days of the recording session, the record was a success. Valens' next record, a double A-side, had the song "Donna" (written about a real girlfriend Donna Ludwig ) coupled with "La Bamba". It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of America.

By the autumn of 1958, the demands of Valens's career forced him to drop out of high school. Keane booked appearances at venues across the United States and performances on television programs.

Concerts and appearances (late 1958–early 1959)
On October 6, 1958, Valens made his first appearance on Dick Clark's American Bandstand singing "Come On, Let's Go". Soon after, Valens traveled to Honolulu, Hawaii, to perform under the banner of the "11th Show of Stars". On December 10, 1958, after his trip to Honolulu, Valens made an appearance back at Pacoima Junior High School (now Pacoima Middle School). This concert was posthumously released as Ritchie Valens in Concert at Pacoima Jr. High; it was Valens' only live performance ever recorded. Mid-December Valens left New York City. Keane had managed to book him as a late addition to "Alan Freed's Christmas Jubilee Show" where Valens performed with The Everly Brothers, Bo Diddley, Chuck Berry, Jackie Wilson, Eddie Cochran and others. On December 27, Valens performed "Donna" on The Dick Clark Show. He played a few more shows in New York, including his only performance at the famous Apollo Theater. On January 17, 1959, he appeared at West Covina High School with Sam Cooke for a student organized fundraiser called "The Teen Canteen Foundation".

Personal life
Valens was in a relationship with Donna Ludwig, his high school sweetheart, from 1957 until his death. Ludwig's parents disapproved of her dating a Hispanic man. Valens's song "Donna" was written for her. Their relationship became strained due to Valens' increasing popularity and touring. After his death, Elvis Presley had one of his bodyguards arrange a date with Ludwig so that he could know all about Valens. In 1987, she attended the premiere of La Bamba, a biopic featuring the life and career of Valens.

Winter Dance Party tour and death (1959)
Valens was one of the five acts billed for the Winter Dance Party tour, performing with Buddy Holly, "The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson, Dion and the Belmonts, and Frankie Sardo beginning on January 23, 1959, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The tour was plagued by subzero temperatures and numerous logistical problems. The unheated tour buses twice broke down in freezing weather, with Valens and Richardson experiencing flu-like symptoms throughout the tour. After the bus stalled in Duluth, Minnesota on January 31, conditions were so bad that Holly's drummer, Carl Bunch, was hospitalized for severe frostbite sustained on the bus. To fill in for Bunch, Holly, Valens, and Dion all took turns drumming for one another.

After the February 2, 1959, performance in Clear Lake, Iowa (which ended around midnight), Holly, Richardson, and Valens flew out of the Mason City airport in a small plane that Holly had chartered. Valens was on the plane since he won a coin toss with Holly's backup guitarist Tommy Allsup. Bob Hale, a disc jockey with Mason City's KRIB-AM, was emceeing the concert that night and flipped the coin in the ballroom's side-stage room shortly before the musicians departed for the airport. Valens is apocryphally said to have remarked, "That's the first time I've ever won anything in my life." Holly's bassist, Waylon Jennings, voluntarily gave up his seat on the plane to J.P. Richardson, who was ill with the flu.

At around 12:55 a.m. on February 3, 1959, the four-passenger Beechcraft Bonanza, (N3794N), departed for Fargo, North Dakota, and crashed a few minutes after takeoff. The cause was apparently loss of control by the pilot Roger Peterson, who was not qualified for the deteriorating weather. The crash killed all the four men instantly upon impact. As with Holly, Richardson and Peterson, Valens suffered massive fatal head injuries along with blunt-force trauma to the chest. As a 17 year old, Valens was the youngest to die in the crash.

The tragedy inspired singer Don McLean to write his 1971 hit "American Pie", immortalizing February 3 as "The Day the Music Died". Valens' remains were buried at San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Mission Hills, Los Angeles, California.

Legacy
Valens was a pioneer of Chicano rock and Latin rock, inspiring many musicians of Mexican heritage. He influenced the likes of Los Lobos, Los Lonely Boys, and Carlos Santana, as Valens had become nationally successful at a time when very few Latinos were in American rock and pop music. He is considered the first Latino to successfully cross over into mainstream rock.

"La Bamba" proved to be his most influential recording, not only by becoming a pop chart hit sung entirely in Spanish, but also because of its successful blending of traditional Latin American music with rock. Valens was the first to capitalize on this formula, which was later adopted by such varied artists as Carlos Santana, Selena, Caifanes, Café Tacuba, Circo, El Gran Silencio, Aterciopelados, Gustavo Santaolalla, and many others in the Latin alternative scene. The Valenzuela family spoke only English at home, and he knew very little Spanish. Valens learned the lyrics phonetically to record "La Bamba" in Spanish. In 2019, the Valens version of "La Bamba" was selected by the U.S. Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry as "culturally, historically, and aesthetically significant".

Valens was nominated for a Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1988 for La Bamba.

In 2015, Billboard magazine listed Valens on its list of the 30 most influential Latino artists in history, citing "the influence of the Rock and Roll Hall of Famer lives on in today's Latin alternative artists" and also citing "the pioneering Latino artists's enduring crossover hit "La Bamba" proved early on that Mexican-rooted music and Spanish lyrics appealed to the mainstream".

"Come On, Let's Go" has been recorded by Los Lobos, the Ramones and the Paley Brothers (the Ramones on guitar, bass, and drums and the Paley Brothers on vocals), Tommy Steele, the Huntingtons, Girl in a Coma, and the McCoys. Johnny Rebb and his Rebels recorded the song for Leedon/Canetoad Records in Australia. "Donna" has been recorded by artists as diverse as MxPx, Marty Wilde, the Youngbloods, Clem Snide, Cappadonna, and Misfits.

Robert Quine has cited Valens's guitar playing as an early influence on his style. Valens also inspired Jimi Hendrix, Chan Romero, Carlos Santana, The Beatles, Chris Montez, Keith O'Conner Murphy, The Beach Boys and Led Zeppelin, among others.

Valens's mother, Concha, who died in 1987, is buried alongside him.

Representation in other media

 * Valens has been the subject of several biopic films, including the 1987 film La Bamba. Primarily set in 1957–1959, it depicted Valens from age 16 to 17. It introduced Lou Diamond Phillips as Valens. Los Lobos performed most of the music in the film.
 * Valens was portrayed by Gilbert Melgar in the final scene of The Buddy Holly Story.
 * Lil' Libros has an upcoming book based on Valens' life. (2019)

Tributes
In 1989, Ken Paquette, a Wisconsin fan of the 1950s era, erected a stainless-steel monument depicting a guitar and a set of three records bearing the names of each of the three performers killed in the accident. It is located on private farmland, about 1.25 mi west of the intersection of 315th Street and Gull Avenue, about 8 mi north of Clear Lake. He also created a similar stainless-steel monument to the three musicians that was installed near the Riverside Ballroom in Green Bay, Wisconsin. That memorial was unveiled on July 17, 2003.

Paxton Park in Pacoima was renamed Ritchie Valens Recreation Center in memory of Valens in the 1990s. There is also a pool nearby named the Ritchie Valens Pool. At the recreation center, there is also a skatepark named Ritchie Valens Skate Plaza. A city council member representing Pacoima proposed the renaming to honor Valens so residents would "remember his humble background and emulate his accomplishments."

Musician Tommy Allsup started a club, "Tommy's Heads Up Saloon", in Dallas in 1979. The club was named for the fateful coin toss between Valens and him twenty years prior.

"Boogie with Stu" from Led Zeppelin's Physical Graffiti album was inspired by Valens' song "Ooh, My Head". It did not credit Valens or Bob Keane, instead crediting Valens' mother. Eventually, a lawsuit was filed by Keane, and half of the award went to Valens' mother, although she was not part of the suit.

On May 11, 1990, a star bearing Valens' name was unveiled on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star cost $3,500, which was paid for with money raised in his name by family and friends. His star permanently resides at 6733 Hollywood Boulevard in front of Artisan's Patio mini mall.

On February 2, 2009, Surf Ballroom held a 50th anniversary honoring the last concert of Buddy Holly, J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, and Valens. The event lasted one week and had performances that honored the memories of the three men. Family members and friends of the stars made appearances.

Many murals have been painted around Pacoima in honor of the late Valens. In 1985, artist Manuel Velasquez (assisted by 25 students) created a 12- by 20-ft (3.6- by 6.1 meters) mural, which was painted on the side of a classroom building at the former Pacoima Junior High (now Pacoima Middle School) depicting Valens's image, records labeled with some of his greatest hits, and the newspaper article about the plane crash that took his life. Another mural went up in 2012 at the intersection of Van Nuys Boulevard and Amboy Avenue, which was painted by Hector Ponce. A second one was painted in 2012 by Levi Ponce and is located on Van Nuys Boulevard and Telfair Avenue. A monument has also been built as a tribute. It was put on display in 2013, and is located at Ritchie Valens Park at 10731 Laurel Canyon Boulevard.

On May 13, 2016, the 75th anniversary of Valens' birthday, the Los Angeles City Council declared May 13 "Ritchie Valens Day".

A section of the Interstate 5 Freeway in the northeast San Fernando Valley has been named after Valens. The Ritchie Valens Memorial Highway is located between the 170 and 118 freeways. On August 25, 2018, a celebration was held in his honor to commemorate his legacy. The unveiling ceremony was held at Ritchie Valens Park, located at 10731 Laurel Canyon Boulevard in Pacoima. Replicas of the freeway sign were revealed at the celebration. The event was open to the public and free to attend. A few relatives of Valens played live performances as a tribute to the late singer. Leaders from the community and state gathered for the festivities.

In May 2022, the United States Post Office in Pacoima, California was renamed the Ritchie Valens Post Office in honor of Valens.

Main compilation albums

 * Note: There are numerous Valens compilation albums.

Filmography and TV appearances

 * Go, Johnny, Go! (1959), was his only film appearance. He plays in a scene, after being introduced by Chuck Berry, singing "Ooh My Head". Valens died shortly after filming it.
 * American Bandstand (6 October 1958), TV show hosted by Dick Clark.
 * The Dick Clark Show (27 December 1958), TV show hosted by Dick Clark.

title: Ritchie Valens


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User:Beeswax~enwiki

Beeswax is an IT system designer with a little bit of knowledge about pretty much everything. If she doesn't know something, she'll just ask her dog.

title: User:Beeswax~enwiki


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Daffy Duck

Daffy Duck is a fictional character created by animators Tex Avery and Bob Clampett for Leon Schlesinger Productions. Styled as an anthropomorphic black duck, he has appeared in cartoon series such as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, in which he is usually depicted as a foil for either Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig or Speedy Gonzales. He was one of the first of the new "screwball" characters that emerged in the late 1930s to replace traditional everyman characters who were more popular earlier in the decade, such as Mickey Mouse, Porky Pig, and Popeye.

Daffy starred in 130 shorts in the golden age, making him the third-most frequent character in the Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies cartoons, behind Bugs Bunny's 167 appearances and Porky Pig's 153 appearances. Virtually every Warner Bros. cartoon director, most notably Bob Clampett, Robert McKimson, and Chuck Jones, put his own spin on the Daffy Duck character.

He was ranked number 14 on TV Guides list of top 50 greatest cartoon characters.

Origin
Daffy first appeared in Porky's Duck Hunt, released on April 17, 1937. The cartoon was directed by Tex Avery and animated by Bob Clampett. Porky's Duck Hunt is a standard hunter/prey pairing, but Daffy (barely more than an unnamed bit player in this short) was something new to moviegoers: an assertive, completely unrestrained, combative protagonist. Clampett later recalled:
 * "At that time, audiences weren't accustomed to seeing a cartoon character do these things. And so, when it hit the theaters it was an explosion. People would leave the theaters talking about this daffy duck."

This early Daffy is less anthropomorphic and resembles a normal black duck. In fact, the only aspects of the character that have remained consistent through the years are his voice characterization by Mel Blanc; and his black feathers with a white neck ring. Blanc's characterization of Daffy once held the world record for the longest characterization of one animated character by their original actor: 52 years.

The origin of Daffy's voice, with its lateral lisp, is a matter of some debate. One often-repeated "official" story is that it was modeled after producer Leon Schlesinger's tendency to lisp. However, in Mel Blanc's autobiography, That's Not All Folks!, he contradicts that conventional belief, writing, "It seemed to me that such an extended mandible would hinder his speech, particularly on words containing an s sound. Thus 'despicable' became 'desth-picable.'"

Daffy's slobbery, exaggerated lisp was developed over time, and it is barely noticeable in the early cartoons. In Daffy Duck & Egghead, Daffy does not lisp at all except in the separately drawn set-piece of Daffy singing "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down" in which just a slight lisp can be heard.

In The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950), Daffy has a middle name, Dumas as the writer of a swashbuckling script, a nod to Alexandre Dumas. Also, in the Baby Looney Tunes episode "The Tattletale", Granny addresses Daffy as "Daffy Horatio Tiberius Duck". In The Looney Tunes Show (2011), the joke middle names "Armando" and "Sheldon" are used.

Daffy's early years, 1937–1940
Tex Avery and Bob Clampett created the original version of Daffy in 1937. Daffy established his status by jumping into the water, hopping around, and yelling, "Woo-hoo!" Animator Bob Clampett immediately seized upon the Daffy Duck character and cast him in a series of cartoons in the 1930s and 1940s. The early Daffy is a wild and zany screwball, perpetually bouncing around the screen with cries of "Hoo-hoo! Hoo-hoo!" (In his autobiography, Mel Blanc stated that the zany demeanor was inspired by Hugh Herbert's catchphrase, which was taken to a wild extreme for Daffy.)

World War II Daffy, 1941–1945
Daffy would also feature in several war-themed shorts during World War II, remaining true to his unbridled nature. He battles a Nazi goat intent on eating Daffy's scrap metal in Scrap Happy Daffy (1943), hits Adolf Hitler's head with a giant mallet in Daffy the Commando (1943) and outwits Hitler, Goebbels and Goering in Plane Daffy (1944). Oddly enough, it was only after these wartime escapades that Daffy is actually subject to conscription into military service, in the form of "the little man from the draft board", whom he tries to dodge in Draftee Daffy (1945).

Evolving "Earlier" Daffy 1946–1952
For Daffy Doodles (his first Looney Tunes cartoon as a director), Robert McKimson tamed Daffy a bit, redesigning him yet again to be rounder and less elastic. The studio also instilled some of Bugs Bunny's savvy into the duck, making him as brilliant with his mouth as he was with his battiness. Daffy was teamed up with Porky Pig; the duck's one-time rival became his straight man. Arthur Davis, who directed Warner Bros. cartoon shorts for a few years in the late 1940s until upper management decreed there should be only three units (McKimson, Friz Freleng, and Jones), presented a Daffy similar to McKimson's. McKimson is noted as the last of the three units to make his Daffy uniform with Jones's, with even late shorts, such as Don't Axe Me (1958), featuring traits of the "screwball" Daffy. Starting in You Were Never Duckier, Daffy's personality evolved to be from being less loony and more greedy.

Experimenting with Daffy 1953–1964
While Daffy's looney days were over, McKimson continued to make him as bad or good as his various roles required him to be. McKimson would use this Daffy from 1946 to 1961. Although, even McKimson would follow in Jones' footsteps in many aspects with cartoons like People Are Bunny (1959) and Ducking the Devil (1957). Friz Freleng's version took a hint from Chuck Jones to make the duck more sympathetic, as in the 1957 Show Biz Bugs. Here, Daffy is overemotional and jealous of Bugs, yet he has real talent that is ignored by the theater manager and the crowd. This cartoon finishes with a sequence in which Daffy attempts to wow the Bugs-besotted audience with an act in which he drinks gasoline and swallows nitroglycerine, gunpowder, and uranium-238 (in a greenish solution), jumps up and down to "shake well" and finally swallows a lit match that detonates the whole improbable mixture. When Bugs tells Daffy that the audience loves the act and wants more, Daffy, now a ghost floating upward (presumably to Heaven), says that he can only do the act once. Some TV stations, and in the 1990s the cable network TNT, edited out the dangerous act, afraid of imitation by young children.

Pairing of Daffy and Porky in parodies of popular movies, 1951–1965
While Bugs Bunny became Warner Bros.' most popular character, the directors still found ample use for Daffy. Several cartoons place him in parodies of popular movies and radio serials; Porky Pig was usually a comic relief sidekick. For example, Daffy in The Great Piggy Bank Robbery (1946) as "Duck Twacy" (Dick Tracy) by Bob Clampett; in The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950), Daffy was the hero and Porky Pig was the villain. In Drip-Along Daffy (1951), named after the Hopalong Cassidy character, throws Daffy into a Western with him labeled "Western-Type Hero" and Porky Pig labeled "Comedy Relief". In Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century (1953), a parody of Buck Rogers, Daffy trades barbs (and bullets) with Marvin the Martian, with Porky Pig retaining the role of Daffy's sidekick. In Rocket Squad (1956), a parody of Dragnet and Racket Squad, Daffy and Porky Pig pair up once again. Daffy also played Stupor Duck, a parody of the Adventures of Superman television series. Robin Hood Daffy (1958) casts the duck in the role of the legendary outlaw Robin Hood with Porky Pig as Friar Tuck. Besides being playing parodies, Daffy also played a salesman-who continually annoys a potential customer into buying something: in Fool Coverage, Daffy actually succeeds into selling Porky Pig a $1,000,000 accident policy which only works under impossible conditions. Unfortunately for Daffy, all the conditions happen.

Pairing of Bugs and Daffy, 1951–1964
Bugs's ascension to stardom also prompted the Warner Bros. animators to recast Daffy as the rabbit's rival, intensely jealous, insecure and determined to steal back the spotlight, while Bugs either remained cool headed but mildly amused and/or indifferent to the duck's jealousy and/or used it to his advantage. Daffy's desire to achieve stardom at almost any cost was explored as early as 1940 in Freleng's You Ought to Be in Pictures, but the idea was most successfully used by Chuck Jones, who redesigned the duck once again, making him scrawnier and scruffier. In Jones' "Hunting Trilogy" (or "Duck Season/Rabbit Season Trilogy") of Rabbit Fire, Rabbit Seasoning and Duck! Rabbit, Duck! (each respectively launched in 1951, 1952, and 1953), Daffy's attention-grabbing ways and excitability provide Bugs Bunny the perfect opportunity to fool the hapless Elmer Fudd into repeatedly shooting the duck's bill off. Also, these cartoons reveal Daffy's catchphrase, "Youuu're deththpicable!" Jones' Daffy sees himself as self-preservationist, not selfish. However, this Daffy can do nothing that does not backfire on him, more likely to singe his tail feathers as well as his ego and pride than anything. It is thought that Chuck Jones based Daffy Duck's new personality on his fellow animator Bob Clampett, who, like Daffy, was known as a loud self-promoter. In Beanstalk Bunny Daffy, Bugs and Elmer are once again teamed up in a parody of Jack and the Beanstalk (with Elmer as the giant); in A Star Is Bored Daffy tries to upstage Bugs Bunny; while in the spoofs of the TV shows The Millionaire and This Is Your Life, The Million Hare Daffy tries to defeat his arch-rival Bugs Bunny for a $1,000,000.00 prize given out by his favorite TV show and This Is a Life? Daffy tries to upstage Bugs Bunny in order to be the guest of honor on the show; in all four of these cartoons Daffy ends up a loser because of his own overemotional personality (which impairs Daffy's common sense and reasoning ability) and his craving for attention.

Solo Daffy
Film critic Steve Schneider calls Jones' version of Daffy "a kind of unleashed id." Jones said that his version of the character "expresses all of the things we're afraid to express." This is evident in Jones' Duck Amuck (1953), "one of the few unarguable masterpieces of American animation" according to Schneider. In the episode, Daffy is plagued by a godlike animator whose malicious paintbrush alters the setting, soundtrack, and even Daffy. When Daffy demands to know who is responsible for the changes, the camera pulls back to reveal none other than Bugs Bunny. Duck Amuck is widely heralded as a classic of filmmaking for its illustration that a character's personality can be recognized independently of appearance, setting, voice, and plot. In 1999, the short was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

Daffy's pairing with Speedy in 1965–1968
When the Warner Bros. animation studio briefly outsourced cartoon production to DePatie-Freleng Enterprises (DFE) in the 1960s, Daffy Duck became an antagonist in several cartoons opposite Speedy Gonzales, who refers to Daffy as "the loco duck." In Well Worn Daffy (1965), Daffy is determined to keep the mice away from a desperately needed well seemingly for no other motive than pure maliciousness. Furthermore, when he draws all the water he wants, Daffy then attempts to destroy the well in spite of the vicious pointlessness of the act, forcing Speedy to stop him. The Warner Bros. studio was entering its twilight years, and even Daffy had to stretch for humor in the period. In many of the later DFE cartoons, such as Feather Finger and Daffy's Diner, Daffy is portrayed as a more sympathetic character (often forced to turn against Speedy at the behest of a common enemy) rather than the full-blown villain he is in cartoons like Well Worn Daffy and Assault and Peppered. The last cartoon featuring Daffy and Speedy is See Ya Later Gladiator, in what animation fans call the worst cartoon made by Warner Bros.

The Daffy Duck Show
In light of the longstanding popularity of The Bugs Bunny Show and its various incarnations on CBS and ABC, NBC commissioned their own half-hour series, The Daffy Duck Show, which began airing in the fall of 1978. While some well-known titles were included in the program, most of the cartoons featured on the series were from the late '60s Depatie-Freleng run. The program ran on NBC for two years, then in 1981 was rechristened The Daffy/Speedy Show and ran for another two years. Eventually, NBC canceled the series, and many of the cartoons were reintegrated into the lineups for the respective CBS and ABC Bugs Bunny shows.

More recent years
Daffy appeared in later cartoons. He was one of many Looney Tunes characters allowed by Warner Bros. to appear in the 1988 Disney/Amblin film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. In the film, Daffy (utilizing his original, wacky characterization) shares a scene with his Disney counterpart Donald Duck whilst performing in a piano duel. In 1987, to celebrate Daffy's 50th anniversary, Warner Bros. released "The Duxorcist" as its first theatrical Looney Tunes short in two decades. Daffy Duck also appeared in several feature-film compilations, including two films centering on Daffy. The first was released in 1983, Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island; the second came in 1988, Daffy Duck's Quackbusters, which is considered one of the Looney Tunes' best compilation films and featured another new theatrical short, "The Night of the Living Duck". Daffy has also had major roles in films such as Space Jam in 1996 and Looney Tunes: Back in Action in 2003. The latter film does much to flesh out his character, even going so far as to cast a sympathetic light on Daffy's glory-seeking ways in one scene, where he complains that he works tirelessly without achieving what Bugs does without even trying. That same year, Warner Bros. cast him in a brand-new Duck Dodgers series. (It should be stressed that in this show, Duck Dodgers actually is Daffy Duck due to him being frozen in suspended animation in some unknown incident.) He had a cameo appearance in The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries episode "When Granny Ruled the Earth", first airing on March 27, 1999. Daffy has also been featured in several webtoons, which can be viewed online.

Daffy has also made appearances on numerous television series. In Tiny Toon Adventures, Daffy is a teacher at Acme Looniversity, where he is the hero and mentor of student Plucky Duck. He is shown as a baby in Baby Looney Tunes, and appears to have a similar personality to some of his earlier years with him being a rival of Bugs and saying, "Woo-hoo!" a lot in the show. He made occasional cameo appearances on Animaniacs and Histeria!. In Loonatics Unleashed, his descendant is Danger Duck (voiced by Jason Marsden), who is also lame and unpopular to his teammates. A majority of these appearances try to emulate Chuck Jones' incarnation of the character.

Daffy has also been given larger roles in more recent Looney Tunes films and series. Following Looney Tunes: Back in Action, Warner Bros. has slowly moved the spotlight away from Bugs and more towards Daffy, as shown in the 2006 direct-to-video movie Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas, where Daffy plays the lead, while Bugs appears in a minor supporting role.

However, more recent merchandise of the duck, as well as that featured on the official website, have been shown to incorporate elements of the zanier, more light-hearted Daffy of the 1930s and 1940s. Producer Larry Doyle noted that recent theatrical cartoons were planned that would portray a more diverse Daffy closer to that of Robert McKimson's design; however, due to the box office bomb of Looney Tunes: Back in Action, these new films ceased production.

Daffy returned to Cartoon Network in The Looney Tunes Show, voiced by Jeff Bergman. In the show, he has moved out of the forest and shares Bugs' house with him. Unlike Bugs and their neighbors, Daffy has no way of earning money and relies on Bugs for food and shelter. He tried on numerous occasions to get rich quick, but ended up failing repeatedly. Daffy's one possession he is proud of is his paper-mache parade float, constructed on top of a flatbed truck, which is his main means of transportation. While Daffy's greed and jealousy of Bugs remains, he appears to be less antagonistic in this show, as Bugs even tells Daffy in spite of his faults, he is Bugs' best friend and vice versa. Daffy serves as a sort of mentor to Gossamer. Daffy has difficulty telling fiction from reality; he often confuses television shows for his own life, believes Bugs is Superman, and at one point hallucinates he is a wizard.

Daffy starred in the 3-D short Daffy's Rhapsody with Elmer Fudd that was originally set to premiere before Happy Feet Two but instead debuted prior to Journey 2: The Mysterious Island. The short features Daffy and Elmer in the first CG or 3-D depiction of these specific Looney Tunes characters. According to Matthew O'Callaghan, who directed the short, the audio comes from a 1950s recording for a children's album. Daffy is performing in a hunting musical, when Elmer, who is in the audience, pursues him. Daffy is initially unaware of the danger, but quickly realizes the threat Elmer poses and outwits him by using the props against him.

Daffy appeared in the 2015 DTV movie Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run.

Daffy appears in the Cartoon Network series New Looney Tunes where he is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. Daffy is often paired with Porky where Daffy will annoy and bedevil the pig, though occasionally Porky one ups Daffy.

Daffy appears in Looney Tunes Cartoons, where he is voiced by Eric Bauza.

Daffy appears in the preschool series Bugs Bunny Builders which currently airs on Cartoon Network's Cartoonito block and HBO Max. Eric Bauza reprises his role.

Comics
Dell Comics published several Daffy Duck comic books, beginning in Four Color Comics #457, #536, and #615 and then continuing as Daffy #4-17 (1956–59), then as Daffy Duck #18-30 (1959–62). The comic book series was subsequently continued in Gold Key Comics Daffy Duck #31-127 (1962–79). This run was in turn continued under the Whitman Comics imprint until the company completely ceased comic book publication in 1984. In 1994, corporate cousin DC Comics became the publisher for comics featuring all the classic Warner Bros. cartoon characters, and while not getting his own title, Daffy has appeared in many issues of Looney Tunes.

Voice actors

 * Mel Blanc (1937–1989, Bugs Bunny: Lost in Time; archive audio, Daffy's Rhapsody; archive audio)
 * Bob Clampett (vocal effects in A Corny Concerto)
 * Richard Bickenbach (imitating Bing Crosby in Hollywood Daffy)
 * Gilbert Mack (Golden Records records, Bugs Bunny Songfest)
 * Dave Barry (Golden Records records, Bugs Bunny Songfest)
 * Ginny Tyler ("singing" in Daffy's Inn Trouble)
 * Richard Andrews (Bugs Bunny Exercise and Adventure Album)
 * Noel Blanc (The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie promotion, You Rang? answering machine messages, saying, "Happy Birthday Bugs!" in Bugs Bunny's Birthday Ball, Chevrolet Monte Carlo 400 with the Looney Tunes)
 * Dave Spafford ("woo-hoos" in Who Framed Roger Rabbit)
 * Bob Bergen (ABC Family Fun Fair, Kids' WB bumper)
 * Mel Tormé (singing voice in Daffy Duck's Quackbusters)
 * Jeff Bergman (1989 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue, Gremlins 2: The New Batch, Happy Birthday, Bugs!: 50 Looney Years, Tiny Toon Adventures, Tyson Foods commercials, Box Office Bunny, Bugs Bunny's Overtures to Disaster, (Blooper) Bunny, Invasion of the Bunny Snatchers, The Plucky Duck Show, Special Delivery Symphony, Cartoon Network bumpers, Boomerang bumpers, Ad Council commercial, The Looney Tunes Show, Mad, Scooby Doo and Looney Tunes: Cartoon Universe, Looney Tunes Dash, Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run, Wun Wabbit Wun, Daffy Duck Dance Off, Ani-Mayhem, Meet Bugs (and Daffy) )
 * Joe Alaskey (Tiny Toon Adventures, Bugs Bunny's Lunar Tunes, Looney Tunes River Ride, Yosemite Sam and the Gold River Adventure!, Have Yourself a Looney Tunes Christmas, 67th Academy Awards, Carrotblanca, Bugs & Daffy Sing the Beatles, Bugs 'n' Daffy intro, Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension, Bugs & Friends Sing Elvis, Bugs Bunny's Learning Adventures, The Drew Carey Show, Warner Bros. Sing-Along: Quest for Camelot, The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries, Warner Bros. Sing-Along: Looney Tunes, Crash! Bang! Boom! The Best of WB Sound FX, Tweety's High-Flying Adventure, The Looney Tunes Kwazy Christmas, Duck Dodgers, Looney Tunes: Back in Action, Daffy Duck for President, Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas, Looney Tunes: Laff Riot pilot, TomTom Looney Tunes GPS, Looney Tunes ClickN READ Phonics, Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, various video games, webtoons, live shows, and commercials)
 * Greg Burson (Bugs Bunny's Birthday Ball, Tiny Toon Adventures, Daffy Duck: The Marvin Missions, Animaniacs, Bugs Bunny: Rabbit Rampage, Acme Animation Factory, Looney Tunes B-Ball, Warner Bros. Kids Club, Quest for Camelot promotion, Looney Tunes: Back in Action animation test )
 * Keith Scott (Looney Tunes Musical Revue, The Christmas Loone Tunes Classic Collection, Spectacular Light and Sound Show Illuminanza, Looney Tunes: We Got the Beat!, Looney Tunes: What's Up Rock?!, Looney Tunes on Ice, Looney Tunes LIVE! Classroom Capers, The Looney Tunes Radio Show, Looney Rock, Looney Tunes Christmas Carols,  various commercials)
 * Marcus Deon Thomas ("Party Zone", "Dynamite")
 * Maurice LaMarche (Taz-Mania)
 * Frank Gorshin (Superior Duck)
 * Dee Bradley Baker (Space Jam, Boomerang bumpers, New Looney Tunes, Converse commercials )
 * Billy West (Histeria!)
 * Samuel Vincent (Baby Looney Tunes, Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure)
 * Jeff Bennett ("woo-hoos" in Looney Tunes: Back in Action, speaking voice in Sprint commercial, Wendy's commercial, Attack of the Drones, A Looney Tunes Sing-A-Long Christmas )
 * Tom Jones (speaking and singing in Jones' voice in the Duck Dodgers episode "Talent Show A Go-Go")
 * Bill Farmer (Robot Chicken)
 * Kevin Shinick (Mad)
 * Gary Martin (Looney Tunes Take-Over Weekend promotion)
 * Eric Bauza (Looney Tunes: World of Mayhem, Looney Tunes Cartoons, Animaniacs, Bugs Bunny in The Golden Carrot,   Space Jam: A New Legacy, Bugs and Daffy's Thanksgiving Road Trip, Bugs Bunny Builders, Acme Fools,  Lights, Camera, Action: A WB100th Anniversary Celebration, Tiny Toons Looniversity,  Teen Titans Go!, Looney Tunes pinball machine )
 * Roger Black (Paradise PD)
 * Kenny Pittenger (opera voice in the Looney Tunes Cartoons short "Eyes Wide Fudd")

Other media

 * In 1991, Daffy Duck had a number 58 hit in the UK charts with a house/dance record called "Party Zone", a record which featured songwriters/producers Giorgio and Martin Koppehele under one of their aliases, The Groove Gang (other aliases have included G. + M. Cope and Cymurai), and singers Marcus Deon Thomas and Aimee McCoy from Splash. The record was issued by Warner's eastwest label and spent three weeks in the UK charts. Its release was followed by "Dynamite" in 1992.
 * In 1999, the United States Postal Service issued a 33 cent stamp, designed and illustrated by Ed Wleczyk of Warner Bros., featuring Daffy leaning against a rural mailbox with a "that's despicable" look directed at two letters in the mailbox that bear Bugs Bunny stamps.
 * Daffy makes a vocal cameo appearance in the 2020 Animaniacs revival segment "Suffragette City", with Eric Bauza reprising his role.

title: Daffy Duck