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The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas

"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" is a 1973 short work of philosophical fiction by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. With deliberately both vague and vivid descriptions, the narrator depicts a summer festival in the utopian city of Omelas, whose prosperity depends on the perpetual misery of a single child. "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" was nominated for the Locus Award for Best Short Fiction in 1974 and won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1974.

Plot
The only chronological element of the work is that it begins by describing the first day of summer in Omelas, a shimmering city of unbelievable happiness and delight. In Omelas, the summer solstice is celebrated with a glorious festival and a race featuring young people on horseback. The vibrant festival atmosphere, however, seems to be an everyday characteristic of the blissful community, whose citizens, though limited in their technology and resources, are still intelligent, sophisticated, and cultured. Omelas has no kings, soldiers, priests, or slaves. The specific socio-politico-economic setup of the community is not mentioned; the narrator merely claims not to be sure of every particular.

The narrator reflects that, "Omelas sounds in my words like a city in a fairy tale, long ago and far away, once upon a time. Perhaps it would be best if you imagined it as your own fancy bids, assuming it will rise to the occasion, for certainly I cannot suit you all." Everything about Omelas is so abundantly pleasing that the narrator decides the reader is not yet truly convinced of its existence and so elaborates upon the final element of the city: its one atrocity. The city's constant state of serenity and splendor requires that a single unfortunate child be kept in perpetual filth, darkness, and misery.

Once citizens are old enough to know the truth, most, though initially shocked and disgusted, ultimately acquiesce to this one injustice that secures the happiness of the rest of the city. However, some citizens, young and old, walk away from the city after seeing the child. Each is alone, and no one knows where they go, but none come back. The story ends by stating, "The place they go towards is a place even less imaginable to most of us than the city of happiness. I cannot describe it at all. It is possible it does not exist. But they seem to know where they are going, the ones who walk away from Omelas."

Inspiration and themes
Le Guin’s short story explores the ideas of utilitarianism. Le Guin stated that the city's name is pronounced "OH-meh-lahss". Le Guin hit upon the name of the town on seeing a road sign for Salem, Oregon, in a car mirror. "[… People ask me] 'Where do you get your ideas from, Ms. Le Guin?' From forgetting Dostoyevsky and reading road signs backwards, naturally. Where else?"

"The central idea of this psychomyth, the scapegoat", writes Le Guin, "turns up in Dostoyevsky's Brothers Karamazov, and several people have asked me, rather suspiciously, why I gave the credit to William James. The fact is, I haven't been able to re-read Dostoyevsky, much as I loved him, since I was twenty-five, and I'd simply forgotten he used the idea. But when I met it in James' 'The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life', it was with a shock of recognition."

The quote from William James is:

"Or if the hypothesis were offered us of a world in which Messrs. Fourier's and Bellamy's and Morris's utopias should all be outdone, and millions kept permanently happy on the one simple condition that a certain lost soul on the far-off edge of things should lead a life of lonely torture, what except a sceptical and independent sort of emotion can it be which would make us immediately feel, even though an impulse arose within us to clutch at the happiness so offered, how hideous a thing would be its enjoyment when deliberately accepted as the fruit of such a bargain?"

As for the original Dostoyevsky quote, Charlie Jane Anders of Gizmodo notes that

"In Karamazov, Dovstoevsky [sic] poses the problem of the Tortured Child:

'Tell me yourself — I challenge you: let’s assume that you were called upon to build the edifice of human destiny so that men would finally be happy and would find peace and tranquility. If you knew that, in order to attain this, you would have to torture just one single creature, let’s say the little girl who beat her chest so desperately in the outhouse, and that on her unavenged tears you could build that edifice, would you agree to do it? Tell me and don’t lie!”

'No I would not,' Alyosha said softly."

Dostoyevsky's original description of the dilemma refers to the doctrine of salvation through the crucifixion of Jesus.

Publication history
Le Guin's piece was originally published in New Dimensions 3, a hardcover science fiction anthology edited by Robert Silverberg, in October 1973. It was reprinted in Le Guin's The Wind's Twelve Quarters in 1975, and has been frequently anthologized elsewhere. It has also appeared as an independently published, 31-page hardcover book for young adults in 1993.

It was republished in the second volume of the short-story anthology The Unreal and the Real in 2014. Introducing the short work in her 2012 collection The Unreal and the Real, Volume Two, Le Guin noted that "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" "has a long and happy career of being used by teachers to upset students and make them argue fiercely about morality."

Cultural legacy
Game designers Ricardo Bare and Harvey Smith drew upon "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" as inspiration for the supernatural being of the Outsider, an omnipotent immortal who is reviled as an avatar of evil, in the Dishonored video game series.

In Plotted: A Literary Atlas, artist and author Andrew DeGraff illustrated a map visualizing Le Guin's story. DeGraff wrote that: "Le Guin provides us with the building blocks to construct the city of Omelas, but if we want to forsake it afterward, then we too have to strike out alone."

The 2017 music video for "Spring Day" by South Korean band BTS references Le Guin's short story, both thematically and in displaying a hotel named 'Omelas'.

Also in 2017, the music project led by Lou Diamond "fail better, heal faster" references the book in the title of the song "My Omelias," and the lyric "You're only ten feet away, and I can't even ask if you're doing okay."

N. K. Jemisin's 2018 collection How Long 'til Black Future Month? opens with a piece titled "The Ones Who Stay and Fight", which is a direct response to Le Guin's story. In an interview with The Paris Review, the writer stated that many readers misunderstand Le Guin as arguing that the only way to create a better society is to leave, and that in fact Le Guin was arguing that one has to "fix" their society, "especially when there's nowhere to walk away to." Jemisin's 2022 novel The World We Make makes allusion to the story as well, using the descriptor "Omelasian" in reference to children being captive in a basement.

In a 2019 Tor.com article, Joe George argued that the 2019 film Us was influenced by both Le Guin's short story as well as Octavia E. Butler's "Speech Sounds".

Catherine Lacey's 2020 novel Pew begins with an epigraph from "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas", quoting the last paragraph of the story. The novel itself is heavily tied to Le Guin's work, with several key similarities present.

Executive producers and co-showrunners Michelle Paradise and Alex Kurtzman cited Le Guin's short story as inspiration for the plot line of the third season of Star Trek: Discovery, with Kurtzman noting that both creators were interested in the central dilemma being solely caused by a child. Several reviewers also noted a strong similarity between the story and the episode "Lift Us Where Suffering Cannot Reach" of Star Trek: Strange New Worlds first season. One such was Anthony Pascale, who called the episode "almost a beat-for-beat recreation" of Le Guin's work. On the satirical website Cracked, JM McNab pointed out the long history of Le Guin's influence on the Star Trek franchise and that while the writers of Star Trek: Discovery did name a ship after her, the honor is "still not as good as being credited".

The 2022 fantasy novel The Golden Enclaves by Naomi Novik features a dilemma similar to the one presented in "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas."

Isabel J. Kim's short story "Why Don't We Just Kill the Kid In the Omelas Hole", published in Clarkesworld Magazine #209 (February 2024), is set in the same fictional universe, some time after the events of Le Guin's story. It discusses a third option besides staying in Omelas or walking away: killing the suffering child (described by one of the murderers as a form of accelerationism).

title: The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas


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Nutmeg

Nutmeg is the seed, or the ground spice derived from that seed, of several tree species of the genus Myristica; fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg (M. fragrans) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, and mace, from the seed covering. It is also a commercial source of nutmeg essential oil and nutmeg butter. Indonesia is the main producer of nutmeg and mace, and the true nutmeg tree is native to its islands.

If consumed in amounts exceeding its typical use as a spice, nutmeg powder may produce allergic reactions, cause contact dermatitis, or have psychoactive effects. Although used in traditional medicine for treating various disorders, nutmeg has no scientifically confirmed medicinal value.

Conifers of the genus Torreya, commonly known as the nutmeg yews, have edible seeds of similar appearance, but are not closely related to M. fragrans, and are not used as a spice.

Common nutmeg
Nutmeg is the spice made by grinding the seed of the fragrant nutmeg tree (Myristica fragrans) into powder. The spice has a distinctive pungent fragrance and a warm, slightly sweet taste; it is used to flavor many kinds of baked goods, confections, puddings, potatoes, meats, sausages, sauces, vegetables, and such beverages as eggnog.

The seeds are dried gradually in the sun over a period of 15 to 30 weeks. During this time, the nutmeg shrinks away from its hard seed coat until the kernels rattle in their shells when shaken. The shell is then broken with a wooden club and the nutmegs are picked out. Dried nutmegs are greenish brown ovoids with furrowed surfaces. The nutmegs are roughly egg-shaped, about 20.5-30 mm long and 15-18 mm wide, weighing 5-10 g dried.

Two other species of genus Myristica with different flavors, M. malabarica and M. argentea, are sometimes used to adulterate nutmeg as a spice.

Mace
Mace is the spice made from the reddish seed covering (aril) of the nutmeg seed. Its flavour is similar to that of nutmeg but more delicate; it is used to flavour baked goods, meat, fish, and vegetables, and in preserving and pickling.

In the processing of mace, the crimson-colored aril is removed from the nutmeg seed that it envelops and is flattened out and dried for 10 to 14 days. Its color changes to pale yellow, orange, or tan. Whole dry mace consists of flat pieces—smooth, horn-like, and brittle—about 40 mm long.

Botany and cultivation
The most important commercial species is the common, true or fragrant nutmeg, M. fragrans (Myristicaceae), native to the Moluccas (or Spice Islands) of Indonesia. It is also cultivated on Penang Island in Malaysia, in the Caribbean, especially in Grenada, and in Kerala, a state formerly known as Malabar in ancient writings as the hub of spice trading, in southern India. In the 17th-century work Hortus Botanicus Malabaricus, Hendrik van Rheede records that Indians learned the usage of nutmeg from the Indonesians through ancient trade routes.

Nutmeg trees are dioecious plants (individual plants are either male or female), which are propagated sexually from seeds and asexually from cuttings or grafting. Sexual propagation yields 50% male seedlings, which are unproductive. Because no reliable method has been found for determining plant sex before flowering in the sixth to eighth year, and sexual reproduction bears inconsistent yields, grafting is the preferred method of propagation. Epicotyl grafting (a variation of cleft grafting using seedlings), approach grafting, and patch budding have proved successful, with epicotyl grafting being the most widely adopted standard. Air layering is an alternative though not preferred method because of its low (35–40%) success rate.

The first harvest of nutmeg trees takes place 7–9 years after planting, and the trees reach full production after 20 years.

Spice
Nutmeg and mace have similar sensory qualities, with nutmeg having a slightly sweeter and mace a more delicate flavour. Mace is often preferred in light dishes for the bright orange, saffron-like hue it imparts. Nutmeg is used for flavouring many dishes. Whole nutmeg can also be ground at home using a grater specifically designed for nutmeg or a multi-purpose grating tool.

In Indonesian cuisine, nutmeg is used in dishes, such as spicy soups including variants of soto, konro, oxtail soup, sup iga (ribs soup), bakso, and sup kambing. It is also used in gravy for meat dishes, such as semur, beef stew, ribs with tomato, and European derived dishes such as bistik (beef steak), rolade (minced meat roll), and bistik lidah (beef tongue steak).

In Indian cuisine, nutmeg is used in many sweet, as well as savoury, dishes. In Kerala Malabar region, grated nutmeg is used in meat preparations and also sparingly added to desserts for the flavour. It may also be used in small quantities in garam masala.

In traditional European cuisine, nutmeg and mace are used especially in potato and spinach dishes and in processed meat products; they are also used in soups, sauces, and baked goods. It is also commonly used in rice pudding. In Dutch cuisine, nutmeg is added to vegetables such as Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, and string beans. Nutmeg is a traditional ingredient in mulled cider, mulled wine, junket and eggnog. In Scotland, mace and nutmeg are usually both ingredients in haggis. In Italian cuisine, nutmeg is used as part of the stuffing for many regional meat-filled dumplings like tortellini, as well as for the traditional meatloaf. Nutmeg is a common spice for pumpkin pie and in recipes for other winter squashes, such as baked acorn squash. In the Caribbean, nutmeg is often used in drinks, such as the Bushwacker, Painkiller, and Barbados rum punch. Typically, it is a sprinkle on top of the drink.

Fruit

The pericarp (fruit covering) is used to make jam, or is finely sliced, cooked with sugar, and crystallised to make a fragrant candy. Sliced nutmeg fruit flesh is made as manisan (sweets), either wet, which is seasoned in sugary syrup liquid, or dry coated with sugar, a dessert called manisan pala in Indonesia. In Penang cuisine, dried, shredded nutmeg rind with sugar coating is used as toppings on the uniquely Penang ais kacang. The flesh of the nutmeg fruit is also blended, in the fresh state, into a type of smoothie (white in colour and having a fresh, ‘green’, tangy taste); or boiled, resulting in a brown liquid, much sweeter in taste, which is used in the preparation of iced drinks. In Kerala Malabar region of India, it is used for juice, pickles and chutney.

Essential oil
The essential oil obtained by steam distillation of ground nutmeg is used in the perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The volatile fraction contains dozens of terpenes and phenylpropanoids, including -pinene, limonene, -borneol, -terpineol, geraniol, safrol, and myristicin. In its pure form, myristicin is a toxin, and consumption of excessive amounts of nutmeg can result in myristicin poisoning.

The oil is colorless or light yellow, and smells and tastes of nutmeg. It is used as a natural food flavoring in baked goods, syrups, beverages, and sweets. It is used to replace ground nutmeg, as it leaves no particles in the food. The essential oil is also used in the manufacturing of toothpaste and cough syrups.

Nutmeg butter
Nutmeg butter is obtained from the nut by expression. It is semisolid, reddish-brown in colour, and has the taste and smell of nutmeg itself. About 75% (by weight) of nutmeg butter is trimyristin, which can be turned into myristic acid, a 14-carbon fatty acid, which can be used as a replacement for cocoa butter, can be mixed with other fats like cottonseed oil or palm oil, and has applications as an industrial lubricant.

History

The earliest evidence of use of nutmeg comes in the form of 3,500-year-old potsherd residues from the island of Pulau Ai, one of the Banda Islands in eastern Indonesia. The Banda Islands consist of eleven small volcanic islands, and are part of the larger Maluku Islands group. These islands were the only source of nutmeg and mace production until the mid-19th century. It was one of the spices traded over the Austronesian maritime spice trade network since at least 1500 BCE.

In the sixth century AD, nutmeg use spread to India, then further west to Constantinople. By the 13th century, Arab traders had pinpointed the origin of nutmeg to the Banda Islands, but kept this location a secret from European traders.

Colonial era
The Banda Islands became the scene of the earliest European ventures in Asia, to get a grip on the spice trade. In August 1511, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Malacca, which at the time was the hub of Asian trade, on behalf of the king of Portugal. In November of the same year, after having secured Malacca and learning of Banda's location, Albuquerque sent an expedition of three ships led by his friend António de Abreu to find it. Malay pilots guided them via Java, the Lesser Sundas, and Ambon to the Banda Islands, arriving in early 1512. The first Europeans to reach the Banda Islands, the expedition remained for about a month, buying and filling their ships with Banda's nutmeg and mace, and with cloves in which Banda had a thriving entrepôt trade. An early account of Banda is in Suma Oriental, a book written by the Portuguese apothecary Tomé Pires, based in Malacca from 1512 to 1515. Full control of this trade by the Portuguese was not possible, and they remained participants without a foothold in the islands.

In order to obtain a monopoly on the production and trade of nutmeg, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) waged a bloody battle with the Bandanese in 1621. Historian Willard Hanna estimated that before this struggle the islands were populated by approximately 15,000 people, and only 1,000 were left (the Bandanese were killed, starved while fleeing, exiled, or sold as slaves). The Company constructed a comprehensive nutmeg plantation system on the islands during the 17th century.

As a result of the Dutch interregnum during the Napoleonic Wars, the British invaded and temporarily took control of the Banda Islands from the Dutch and transplanted nutmeg trees, complete with soil, to Sri Lanka, Penang, Bencoolen, and Singapore. From these locations they were transplanted to their other colonial holdings elsewhere, notably Zanzibar and Grenada. The national flag of Grenada, adopted in 1974, shows a stylised split-open nutmeg fruit. The Dutch retained control of the Spice Islands until World War II.

Connecticut may have received its nickname ("the Nutmeg State", "Nutmegger") from the claim that some unscrupulous Connecticut traders would whittle "nutmeg" out of wood, creating a "wooden nutmeg", a term which later came to mean any type of fraud. This narrative may have to do with the issue that one has to grate to obtain the spice powder, not crack a nutmeg, and this may not have been widely known by some purchasers of the product.

Production
In 2019, global production of nutmeg was 142,000 tonnes, led by Indonesia, Guatemala, and India, having 38,000 to 43,000 tonnes each and a combined 85% of the world total.

Psychoactivity and toxicity
Although used as a folk treatment for some ailments, nutmeg has no proven medicinal value.

Effects
Ingested in small amounts as a spice, nutmeg produces no noticeable physiological or neurological response, but in large doses, both raw nutmeg freshly ground from kernels and nutmeg oil have psychoactive effects. Such effects appear to derive from anticholinergic-like hallucinogenic mechanisms attributed to myristicin and elemicin. Myristicin—a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and psychoactive substance —can cause convulsions, palpitations, nausea, eventual dehydration, and generalized body pain when consumed in large amounts. Nutmeg may interact with anxiolytic drugs, produce allergic reactions, cause contact dermatitis, and evoke acute episodes of psychosis.

Varying considerably from person to person, nutmeg intoxication may occur with side effects, such as delirium, anxiety, confusion, headaches, nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, eye irritation, and amnesia. Intoxication takes several hours to reach maximum effect, and may last for several days. Incidents of fatal poisoning from nutmeg and myristicin individually are uncommon.

Nutmeg poisonings occur by accidental consumption in children and by intentional recreational use. It is used recreationally with the intention of achieving a low-cost high resembling psychedelics, particularly by adolescents, drug users, college students, and prisoners. Relatively large doses of nutmeg are required to produce effects; a majority of reported nutmeg intoxication cases appear to result from recreational use.

Toxicity during pregnancy
Nutmeg was once considered an abortifacient, but may be safe during pregnancy if used only in flavoring amounts. If consumed in large amounts, nutmeg could cause premature labor and miscarriage. Nutmeg may also interact with pain relievers such as pethidine, so avoiding it during pregnancy is recommended.

Toxicity to pets
The scent of nutmeg may attract pets, but it can be poisonous if consumed in excess.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nutmeg


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Talk:Bayesian probability

Bayesian Methodology
One point says: "For the frequentist a hypothesis is a proposition (which must be either true or false), so that the frequentist probability of a hypothesis is either one or zero. In Bayesian statistics, a probability can be assigned to a hypothesis that can differ from 0 or 1 if the truth value is uncertain." However, also the Bayesian approach is inherently aristotelian, i.e. an hypothesis is necessarily true or false, but we have a distribution over these truth values. This point probably mixes up Bayesianism with fuzzy concepts. Furthermore, in frequentist statistics we have a p-value, which is an error-probability of the hypothesis under test, so it generally does not assign 0/1-probabilities to hypotheses. User:193.170.104.110

 * "in frequentist statistics we have a p-value, which is an error-probability of the hypothesis under test, so it generally does not assign 0/1-probabilities to hypotheses." - please note that the p-value is not the probability of the hypothesis that is being tested, nor it is the probability that the hypothesis does not hold.
 * "However, also the Bayesian approach is inherently aristotelian, i.e. an hypothesis is necessarily true or false, but we have a distribution over these truth values." - yes, but that does not contradict the claim in the article. Ladislav Mecir (talk) 11:51, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

 * Then this point should not say that "frequentist probability of a hypothesis is either one or zero". Rather a frequentist does not assign a probability at all to hypotheses.
 * Maybe it's not wrong, but the phrasing of the point suggest that this would be a difference between Frequentism and Bayesianism.
 * Furthermore, I don't see why this point should specify an ingredience of "Bayesian Methodology". It is actually redundant to point one, "use of random variables for unknown quantities", e.g. truth values of hypotheses. User:193.170.104.110

 * "the phrasing of the point suggest that this would be a difference between Frequentism and Bayesianism" - yes, the phrasing reflects what independent reliable sources state. In fact, e.g. E. T. Jaynes, or other Bayesians are against the use of the term "random variable", which they see as a frequentist notion. They call them "unknown values" without thinking they are "variables". Please consult the Bayesian literature if you want to know more. Ladislav Mecir (talk) 11:51, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

 * In your first post you agreed with me that both Freuentism and Bayesianism are inherently Aristotelian; in your latter post you state that this view is a difference between these two approaches. I don't see what the discussion about random variables has to do with this discussion, since random variables are a preciseley defined notion in measure-theoretic based probability theory, which is the formal basis of both Frequentism and Bayesianism and free of any interpretation. Furthermore, telling people to read some literature in a discussion is snotty. I hold a PhD in proabilistic modeling, so I think my arguments can be taken seriously. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.170.104.110 (talk • contribs)

 * As mentioned in the article and in the cited sources, Bayesians assign probabilities in the 0 to 1 range to hypotheses, while frequentists don't. That is a difference between the approaches. Your note that both approaches are "inherently Aristotelian" does not contradict this. Ladislav Mecir (talk) 16:55, 9 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Quick note on something that caught my eye: you speak of measure-theoretic based probability theory, which is the formal basis of both Frequentism and Bayesianism. Measure theory is not the formal basis of Bayesianism. A weaker version of Kolmogorov's axioms is derived from the basic assumptions; that's it. The two approaches are very distinct. Dixit Jaynes (Appendix A of Proba Theory, the Logic of Science): [The] Kolmogorov approach to probability theory [...] could hardly be more different from ours in general viewpoint and motivation; yet the final results are identical in several respects.. — Gamall Wednesday Ida (t · c) 17:54, 9 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Wait. Ladislav Mecir, did you realise that the unsigned comment you reacted to today was from April 2015?  — Gamall Wednesday Ida (t · c) 19:39, 9 February 2017 (UTC)
 * You are right,, I did not realize that. Nevermind, I do not think it is an error to respond. Ladislav Mecir (talk) 21:56, 9 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Nor do I, I was just a bit taken aback when I noticed, after dropping the IP a welcome package in the hope they would learn to sign their messages properly. Anyway, cheers — Gamall Wednesday Ida (t · c) 22:50, 9 February 2017 (UTC)

“assigned [a probability]”
Please forgive, on one hand, and weigh, on the other, my limited but perhaps more formal (than that of those now encountering Bayes’s approach for the first time) instruction on this relatively subjective reasoning tool. Full disclosure: my imperfect-but-hardly-gonzo relevant background was as a BA physics graduate at one of the premier midwestern lib-arts undergrad institutions. Technically I was a just a physics major, but the math I did take was substantial, and (IIRC correctly) I chose to take even more of it than ‘’either’’ physics or maybe even math majors had to. The course (perhaps just Introduction to ...) “Probability and Statistics” probably was a physics-major requirement, was taught by a math prof, and included a intro to Bayes’s work. Our article may, or not, cover it as well as what my recollection of my course does, but I came away with a crucial recollection perhaps worth repeat ’’’shar‘’’ing, now that Bayesian statistics is ’’’at least‘’’ a candidate for epidemiology: formal math is something you can reduce to cold logic, including even formal statistics. But I was taught that Bayesian statistics uses rigorous math, and applies it to gaining ‘’mathematically’’ rigorous results, whose validity, usefulness, and value is based on its likely usefulness ’’’in‘’’ making important decisions that are outside the realms where mathematical logic can *prove* anything of the kind that we usually hope for, in using ‘’’when we use’’’ it. My perhaps gonzo picture is that Bayesian methods are a more powerful tool than flipping a coin, when you’ve admitted you most likely have to make up your mind what to do, and your educated ’’best guesses’’ about the “known unknowns” seem at least mildly likely to be worth being “weighed in’’’to that decision’’’”. We were offered only a passing ‘’’description’’’, but that educated introduction to the subject, in that half-ancient ‘’’but educated’’’ introduction may be valid in supporting ‘’’my’’’ confidence that the experts are doing ‘’what is’’, in the face of the inacessibility of detailed knowledge, the next best thing to our unachievable wish. —JerzyA (talk) 21:09 ‘’’& :50’’’, 21 February 2020 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure this comment is suggesting a change to this article? The article epidemiology does mention that probability is used in the field. -- Beland (talk) 15:08, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Metaprobability
Metaprobability redirects here, but isn't explained in the article. -- Beland (talk) 14:56, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

"Degree of belief" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Degree_of_belief&redirect=no Degree of belief] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Hildeoc (talk) 00:44, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

Dutch book
I have difficulty understanding the section "Dutch book approach". A good first step may be to explain why it is sometimes used in support of bayesianism, before explaining that some non-bayesian approaches avoid Dutch Book as well. The given quote from Ian Hocking is also a bit hard to understand, since it introduces new terms such as "dynamic assumption" and "personalist". Alenoach (talk) 10:52, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

Objective criteria for priors
The statement, ‘Unfortunately, it is not clear how to assess the relative "objectivity" of the priors proposed under these methods’ is both unsupported by any references and hyperbolic. It is certainly possible to assess whether a prior respects a symmetry such as a transformation group (e.g., translation invariance), one of the methods specifically listed. Whether this is “unfortunate” or not, it is at least clear. I have weakened the hyperbole slightly. Jmacwiki (talk) 03:32, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bayesian probability


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1714

January–March

 * January 21 – After being tricked into deserting a battle against India's Mughal Empire by the rebel Sayyid brothers, Prince Azz-ud-din Mirza is blinded on orders of the Emperor Farrukhsiyar as punishment.
 * February 7 – The Siege of Tönning (a fortress of the Swedish Empire and now located in Germany in the state of Schleswig-Holstein) ends after almost a year, as Danish forces force the surrender of the remaining 1,600 defenders. The fortress is then leveled by the Danes.
 * February 28 – (February 17 old style) Russia's Tsar Peter the Great issues a decree requiring compulsory education in mathematics for children of government officials and nobility, applying to children between the ages of 10 and 15 years old.
 * March 2 – (February 19 old style) The Battle of Storkyro is fought between troops of the Swedish Empire and the Russian Empire, near what is now the village of Napue in Finland. The outnumbered Swedish forces, under the command of General Carl Gustaf Armfeldt, suffer 1,600 troops killed in action while the Russians led by General Mikhail Golitsyn lose 400 men.
 * March 7 – The Treaty of Rastatt is signed between Austria and France, concluding the War of the Spanish Succession between them. Austria receives the Spanish territories in Italy (the Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Milan and Kingdom of Sardinia), as well as the Southern Netherlands; and from France, Freiburg and Landau. The Austrian Habsburg Empire reaches its largest territorial extent yet, with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor succeeding Philip V of Spain, as ruler in the ceded territories.

April–June

 * April 11 – France signs five separate treaties— with Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Prussia and Savoy— to end hostilities in the War of the Spanish Succession following the negotiations of the Peace of Utrecht.
 * April 12 – Italian Jesuit missionary Niccolò Gianpriamo is dispatched from Portugal on an evangelical trip to Asia starting with the Portuguese Indian colony of Goa, where he arrives after five months.
 * May 19 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain, refuses to allow members of the House of Hanover to settle in Britain during her lifetime.
 * May 20 – Johann Sebastian Bach leads the first performance of his cantata for Pentecost, Erschallet, ihr Lieder, BWV 172, at the chapel of Schloss Weimar.
 * June 3 – The city of Kassel in Germany inaugurates the summer tradition of the "water stairs" or "great cascades" (Grossen Kaskaden) emptying from the base of the Hercules monument down to the Wilhelmshöhe castle.
 * June 20 – In France, Henri-Charles du Cambout de Coislin, the Roman Catholic Bishop of Metz, condemns the papal bull Unigenitus, issued by Pope Clement XI against the 1671 commentary by Pasquier Quesnel of the four Gospels and inflaming the Jansenist controversy.
 * June 26 – Spain and the Netherlands sign a peace treaty to end hostilities between those two nations in the War of the Spanish Succession.

July–September

 * July 8 – Longitude prize: The Parliament of Great Britain votes "to offer a reward for such person or persons as shall discover the Longitude" (£10,000 for any method capable of determining a ship's longitude within 1 degree; £15,000, within 40 minutes, and £20,000 within ½ a degree).
 * July 27 – The Imperial Russian Navy gains its first important victory against the Swedish Navy in the Battle of Gangut.
 * August 1 – Georg Ludwig von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, Elector of Hanover, becomes King George I of Great Britain and Ireland, on the death of Queen Anne. Anne's death brings an end to the reign of the House of Stuart, in that her half-brother James Francis Edward Stuart, the eldest son of James II of England, has been ineligible for the British throne based on the Act of Settlement 1701 had barred members of the Roman Catholic church from becoming monarchs. George of Hanover, as great-grandson of James I of England and a second cousin to Anne, is deemed the eldest living Protestant descendant of James I.
 * September 11 – War of the Spanish Succession: Barcelona is taken after a year's siege, and Catalonia surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies.
 * September 18 – George I, the new King of Great Britain and Ireland, arrives in Britain for the first time in his life, after having departed Hannover and sailing from the Netherlands.
 * September 29 – The Great Hatred: the Cossacks of the Russian Empire kill about 800 people overnight on the Finnish island of Hailuoto.

October–December

 * October 20 – The coronation of George I of Great Britain and Ireland takes place in Westminster Abbey, a little less than three months after George became the new British monarch.
 * October 24 – Four Dutch investors, led by brothers Nicolaas and Hendrik van Hoorn, purchase the South American colony of Berbice from French mercenary Jacques Cassard, who had captured the colony from the Van Peere family. A century later, in 1815, the land is ceded to Great Britain and later merged with neighboring colonies to form what is now Guyana.
 * November 30 – King Philip V of Spain issues a decree reorganizing the Spanish government to create four ministries, with the Secretary of State being the chief minister, predecessor to the office of Prime Minister of Spain. José de Grimaldo becomes the first  person to have the chief ministry.
 * December 9 – Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–1718): The Ottoman Empire declares war on the Republic of Venice.

Date unknown

 * Archbishop Tenison's School, the world's earliest surviving mixed gender school, is established by Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury, in Croydon, south of London, England.
 * Louis Juchereau de St. Denis establishes Fort St. Jean Baptiste, at the site of present day Natchitoches, Louisiana (the first permanent European settlement in the Louisiana Territory, after Biloxi (1699) and Mobile, Alabama (1702) were separated).
 * Worcester College, University of Oxford is founded (formerly Gloucester College, closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries).
 * Stockholm County is founded.
 * The river Kander (Switzerland) is redirected into Lake Thun.

Births

 * January 1
 * Kristijonas Donelaitis, Prussian-Lithuanian Lutheran pastor, poet, author of The Seasons (d. 1780)
 * Giovanni Battista Mancini, Italian soprano castrato, voice teacher and author of books on singing (d. 1800)
 * January 6
 * John Christopher Hartwick, Lutheran minister in Colonial America, founder of Hartwick College (d. 1796)
 * Percivall Pott, English surgeon (d. 1788)
 * January 9 – Elisabeth Stierncrona, Swedish noble (d. 1769)
 * January 10 – Johann Georg Dominicus von Linprun, German scientist (d. 1787)
 * January 16
 * Francis V de Beauharnais, French nobleman, soldier, politician, colonial governor and admiral (d. 1800)
 * Carl Jesper Benzelius, Swedish bishop (d. 1793)
 * January 20 – Hugh Farmer, British theologian (d. 1787)
 * January 21 – Anna Morandi Manzolini, internationally known Italian anatomist and anatomical wax modeler (d. 1774)
 * January 24 – Henri Joseph Bouchard d'Esparbès de Lussan d'Aubeterre, Marshal of France (d. 1788)
 * January 26 – Jean-Baptiste Pigalle, French sculptor (d. 1785)
 * February 1
 * Nicolaus Christian Friis, Norwegian priest and writer (d. 1777)
 * Ralph Verney, 2nd Earl Verney of Ireland (d. 1791)
 * February 2 – Gottfried August Homilius, German composer, cantor and organist (d. 1785)
 * February 5 – Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch, German botanist (d. 1786)
 * February 11 – Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein, German-Prussian diplomat and later Prime Minister of Prussia (d. 1800)
 * February 12 – Sebastian Sailer, German Premonstratensian preacher, writer (d. 1777)
 * February 14 – William Vane, 2nd Viscount Vane of Ireland (d. 1789)
 * February 18 – John Howe, 2nd Baron Chedworth of England, eldest son of John Howe (d. 1762)
 * February 22
 * Louis-Georges de Bréquigny, French scholar (d. 1795)
 * Sarah Osborn, American writer (d. 1796)
 * February 25
 * René Nicolas Charles Augustin de Maupeou, Chancellor of France (d. 1792)
 * Sir Hyde Parker, 5th Baronet, Royal Navy vice admiral (d. 1782)
 * February 26 – James Hervey, English clergyman and writer (d. 1758)
 * February 28 – Gioacchino Conti, Italian opera singer (d. 1761)
 * March 1 – Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Menshikov, Russian army officer (d. 1764)
 * March 2 – John Hamilton, Royal Navy officer (d. 1755)
 * March 6 – Jean-Baptiste Marie Pierre, French painter (d. 1789)
 * March 7 – Charles Thomas, Prince of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort, German nobleman, head of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort (d. 1789)
 * March 8 – Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, German Classical composer (d. 1788)
 * March 11 – Cornelis Elout, Dutch regent (d. 1779)
 * March 17 – Maximilian Reichsgraf von Hamilton, German-born Czech Catholic bishop (d. 1776)
 * March 19 – Aymar Joseph de Roquefeuil et du Bousquet, French admiral (d. 1782)
 * March 21 – Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, British judge (d. 1794)
 * March 25
 * Friedrich Christian Glume, German artist (d. 1752)
 * Matthew Griswold (governor), 17th Governor of Connecticut (1784–1786) (d. 1799)
 * March 27 – Francesco Antonio Zaccaria, Italian theologian (d. 1795)
 * March 29 – Mahadhammaraza Dipadi, last Toungoo Dynasty king of Burma (Myanmar) (1733–1752) (d. 1754)
 * April 1 – Jean-François de Neufforge, Flemish architect and engraver (d. 1791)
 * April 7 – John Elwes (politician), British politician (d. 1789)
 * April 14 – Adam Gib, Scottish religious leader (d. 1788)
 * April 15 – Claude Yvon, French encyclopedist (d. 1791)
 * April 16 – Pedro António Avondano, Italian composer (d. 1782)
 * April 18 – Jacques-Nompar III de Caumont, duc de La Force, French nobleman (d. 1755)
 * April 25 – Emer de Vattel, Swiss philosopher (d. 1767)
 * May 6
 * Anton Raaff, German opera tenor (d. 1797)
 * James Townley, British dramatist (d. 1778)
 * May 10 – Sophie Charlotte Ackermann, German actress from Berlin (d. 1792)
 * May 12 – Johan Daniel Berlin, Norwegian composer and organist (d. 1787)
 * May 14 – William Whitmore, British general (d. 1771)
 * May 17 – Princess Anne Charlotte of Lorraine, French royal (d. 1773)
 * May 20 – Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst, British lawyer and politician (d. 1794)
 * June 6 – Joseph I of Portugal, Prince of Brazil (d. 1777)
 * June 17 – César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer and cartographer (d. 1784)
 * June 23 – Giovanni Sarnelli, Italian painter (d. 1793)
 * July 1 – Michael Lally (brigadier-general), Irish-born French brigadier-general (d. 1773)
 * July 2 – Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (d. 1787)
 * July 8
 * Friedrich Gottfried Abel, German physician (d. 1794)
 * Pieter van Reede van Oudtshoorn, Dutch administrator of the Cape Colony (d. 1773)
 * July 12 – Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov, Russian noble, politician (d. 1767)
 * July 16 – Marc René, marquis de Montalembert, French military engineer and writer (d. 1800)
 * July 17
 * Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher (d. 1762)
 * John Forbes (Royal Navy officer), British admiral of the fleet (d. 1796)
 * July 21 – Grand Duchess Natalya Alexeyevna of Russia (1714–1728), Russian grand duchess (d. 1728)
 * August 1
 * Edward Penny, British painter (d. 1791)
 * Richard Wilson (painter), Welsh landscape painter (d. 1782)
 * August 14 – Claude Joseph Vernet, French painter (d. 1789)
 * August 15 – Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl Stanhope of Great Britain (d. 1786)
 * August 18 – Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg, German noble (d. 1741)
 * August 23 – Hans Jacob Scheel, Norwegian general (d. 1774)
 * August 28
 * Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick, Russian general (d. 1774)
 * Jean-Baptiste Descamps, Flemish painter and art historian (d. 1791)
 * August 29 – Princess Friederike Luise of Prussia, Prussian princess (d. 1784)
 * September 1 – Samuel Martin (Secretary to the Treasury), British politician (d. 1788)
 * September 10 – Niccolò Jommelli, Italian composer (d. 1774)
 * September 17 – Gottlieb Rabener, German writer of prose satires (d. 1771)
 * September 19 – Charles Humphreys, miller and statesman from Haverford Township, Pennsylvania (d. 1786)
 * September 23 – Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons, Prince of Savoy (d. 1734)
 * September 24 – Alaungpaya, King of Burma (d. 1760)
 * September 29
 * Petrus Albertus van der Parra, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1775)
 * Johann Joachim Schwabe, German poet (d. 1784)
 * September 30 – Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, French academic (d. 1780)
 * October 1
 * Georg David Anthon, Danish architect (d. 1781)
 * António of Braganza, Child of Palhavã, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1800)
 * October 3 – Joseph Spencer, American general (d. 1789)
 * October 14 – Christoph Anton Migazzi, Austrian Catholic bishop (d. 1803)
 * October 16 – Giovanni Arduino (geologist), Italian geologist (d. 1795)
 * October 19 – Joseph von Petrasch, German philologist (d. 1772)
 * October 25 – James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, Scottish judge, scholar of language evolution and philosopher (d. 1799)
 * October 26 – Princess Marie Victoire d'Arenberg, Margravine of Baden-Baden as consort of Augustus George (d. 1793)
 * October 27 – Fernando de Silva, 12th Duke of Alba, Spanish duke (d. 1776)
 * October 31 – Hedvig Taube, Swedish courtier (d. 1744)
 * November 1 – Johann Joachim Spalding, German theologian (d. 1804)
 * November 2 – Camillo Almici, Italian priest (d. 1779)
 * November 3 – Anica Bošković, Ragusan writer (d. 1804)
 * November 4 – John Boyle, 3rd Earl of Glasgow, Scottish nobleman (d. 1775)
 * November 10 – Mathieu Tillet, French botanist (d. 1791)
 * November 18 – William Shenstone, English poet and landscape gardener (d. 1763)
 * November 24 – Thomas Zebrowski, Lithuanian Jesuit scientist (d. 1758)
 * November 26 – Pierre-François Brice, French artist (d. 1794)
 * November 27 – Jean Philippe Goujon de Grondel, French general (d. 1807)
 * December 1 – Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye, French-Canadian explorer (d. 1755)
 * December 3 – Edward Pickard, British minister (d. 1778)
 * December 4 – Israel Acrelius, Swedish missionary and clergyman (d. 1800)
 * December 14 – Leonard Lispenard, American politician (d. 1790)
 * December 15 – Étienne Mignot de Montigny, French engineer, geographer (d. 1782)
 * December 16 – George Whitefield, English Anglican priest (d. 1770)
 * December 18
 * Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1734)
 * Nikolaus I, Prince Esterházy, Hungarian prince (d. 1790)
 * December 19 – John Winthrop (educator), 2nd Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Harvard College (d. 1779)
 * December 21
 * John Bradstreet, British Army officer during King George's War (d. 1774)
 * Paschen von Cossel, German lawyer (d. 1805)
 * December 23
 * Ranieri de' Calzabigi, Italian poet and librettist (d. 1795)
 * William Howard, Viscount Andover, British MP (d. 1756)
 * December 31
 * Michel Ferdinand d'Albert d'Ailly, French astronomer (d. 1769)
 * Arima Yoriyuki, Japanese daimyō (d. 1783)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Atto Melani, Italian opera singer (b. 1626)
 * January 5 – Mamia III Gurieli, Prince of Guria
 * January 10 – Constantin Ranst de Jonge, son of Hieronimus Rans(t) (1607–1660) (b. 1635)
 * January 17 – Gabriel Álvarez de Toledo, Royal Librarian of King Felipe V of Spain (b. 1662)
 * February 2 – John Sharp, English Archbishop of Yorkshire (b. 1643)
 * February 21 – Eugen Alexander Franz, 1st Prince of Thurn and Taxis (b. 1652)
 * February 24 – Edmund Andros, English governor in North America (b. 1637)
 * March 3 – Hans Carl von Carlowitz, German forester (b. 1645)
 * March 13 – John Talbot of Lacock, British politician and general (b. 1630)
 * March 27
 * Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen Consort of Denmark (1670–1699) (b. 1650)
 * Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. 1633)
 * April 10 – Samuel Carpenter, Deputy Governor of colonial Pennsylvania (b. 1649)
 * April 15 – Esther Liebmann, German banker (b. 1649)
 * April 17
 * Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (b. 1657)
 * Haquin Spegel, Swedish bishop (b. 1645)
 * May 5 – Charles, Duke of Berry, grandson of Louis XIV of France (b. 1686)
 * May 15 – Roger Elliott, British general and Governor of Gibraltar (b. c. 1665)
 * May 18 – Ivan Botsis, Russian admiral of Greek origin (unknown birth date)
 * May 24 – Henry Somerset, 2nd Duke of Beaufort (b. 1684)
 * May 27 – George Saunderson, 5th Viscount Castleton, English Member of Parliament (b. 1631)
 * May 30 – Gottfried Arnold, German church historian (b. 1666)
 * June 8 – Electress Sophia of Hanover, heir to the throne of Great Britain (b. 1630)
 * June 22 – Matthew Henry, English non-conformist minister (b. 1662)
 * June 28 – Daniel Papebroch, Flemish Jesuit hagiographer (b. 1628)
 * July 4 – Antonio Magliabechi, Italian librarian (b. 1633)
 * August 1 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain (b. 1665)
 * August 11 – Christoffel Pierson, Dutch painter (b. 1631)
 * August 26 – Constantin Brâncoveanu, Prince of Wallachia (b. 1654)
 * August 26 – Edward Fowler, English Bishop of Gloucester (b. 1632)
 * September 20 – Anna Waser, Swiss painter (b. 1678)
 * September 27 – Thomas Britton, English concert promoter (b. 1644)
 * October – Raja Sitaram Ray, autonomous king, vassal of the Mughal Empire (b. 1658)
 * October 3 – Jeanne Le Ber, religious recluse in New France (b. 1662)
 * October 5 – Kaibara Ekiken, Japanese philosopher (b. 1630)
 * October 10 – Pierre Le Pesant, sieur de Boisguilbert, French economist (b. 1646)
 * October 25 – Sébastien Leclerc, French painter (b. 1637)
 * October 29 – Pedro, Prince of Brazil, second child of John V of Portugal and Maria Ana of Austria (b. 1712)
 * November 5 – Bernardino Ramazzini, Italian physician (b. 1633)
 * November 7 – Charles Davenant, English economist, politician and pamphleteer (b. 1656)
 * November 8 – Filippo II Colonna, Italian noble (b. 1663)
 * November 29 – Jerolim Kavanjin, Croatian poet (b. 1641)
 * December 10 – Anthony Günther, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (b. 1653)
 * December 29 – Charles Churchill, British general (b. 1656)
 * December 30 – François Adhémar de Monteil, Comte de Grignan, French aristocrat (b. 1632)
 * date unknown – Julianna Géczy, Hungarian heroine (b. 1680)

title: 1714


text:
Dotdash Meredith

Dotdash Meredith (formerly The Mining Company, About.com and Dotdash) is an American digital media company based in New York City. The company publishes online articles and videos about various subjects across categories including health, home, food, finance, tech, beauty, lifestyle, travel, and education. It operates brands including Verywell, Investopedia, People, The Balance, Byrdie, MyDomaine, Brides, The Spruce, Simply Recipes, Serious Eats, Liquor.com, Lifewire, TripSavvy, TreeHugger, and ThoughtCo. In August 2012, About.com became a property of IAC, owner of Ask.com and numerous other online brands, and its revenue is generated by advertising. In addition to its Manhattan headquarters, Dotdash Meredith maintains offices elsewhere in the New York metropolitan area, as well as in Des Moines, Iowa, and Birmingham, Alabama.

1997–2005: Launch, renaming, Primedia acquisition
Founded in 1996 as The Mining Company, the site was launched on April 21, 1997, by Scott Kurnit, owner of General Internet, Bill Day, and a group of other entrepreneurs in New York City. The original goal was to maintain 1,800 topic areas, but after five years of operation, this number was reduced to around 700.

In May 1999, the company changed its name to "About Inc." and the website name from "miningco.com" to "about.com". The company was acquired by Primedia, Inc., in 2000 through a deal valued at US$690 million, whereby Primedia swapped 45.2 million shares for About, Inc.'s 18.1 million shares. At the time of the acquisition announcement, About Inc. was measured at US$133 million in cash and no debt (Sept. 30, 2000), while the Media Metrix company tallied 21 million unique monthly visitors—making it the seventh-most-visited "network of sites" at the time—a network of over 700 topic sites, sorted into 36 areas and 50,000 subjects, and approximately 4,000 advertisers. Following the purchase, which was finalized in the first quarter of 2001, the combined company was called "Primedia" and Kurnit remained chief executive officer (CEO).

2005–2012: Times Co. acquisition, Abang.com, About en Español
In February 2005, The New York Times Company (Times Co.) announced it was buying About.com, a purchase that was completed in the first half of the year for US$410 million. Google and Yahoo! were reportedly among the other bidders. Following the Times Co. acquisition, Peter C. Horan was appointed as About Inc.'s president and CEO, but he was soon replaced by Scott Meyer in May 2005.

In March 2007, About.com's patronage was measured at 33.5 million unique visitors. On May 7, 2007, About Inc. acquired ConsumerSearch.com—a site that generated 3 million unique monthly visitors during the first quarter of 2007—for US$33 million in cash following two other purchases that were made in the preceding eight-month period: UCompareHealthCare.com and Calorie-Count.com.

Initially conceived of in January 2007, About.com's first fully owned foreign venture, the China-based Abang.com, debuted in December 2007. At the time of the launch, the company had a Japan-based online entity, Allabout.co.jp, but it functioned under a licensing agreement. By January 2008, the China site consisted of around 25 employees, as well as 80 guides who were responsible for article production within seven categories: Fashion, Food, Health, Hobbies, Pets, Digital, and Travel. As part of the localization process, the China initiative—led by Matt Roberts, who became the CEO of Abang.com, and Wen-Wei Wang, the vice president of technology for the launch—was named "Abang" because the Chinese character "bang" refers to the concept of a group or community.

The About Group generated US$102.7 million in 2007, which represented a 135-percent increase from the time of the Times Co. acquisition. Meyer stepped down from the chief executive role in March 2008 and was replaced by Cella Irvine, who previously worked for Hearst Corp. and Microsoft Corp. In April 2011, Irvine launched the About en Español website, which was About's first-ever Spanish-language channel and initially featured nine topics, including movies and makeup, that were to be expanded by around 100 by the start of 2012. The launch was part of an overall strategy that included a redesigned About.com homepage, a doubling of the number of "how-to" and do-it-yourself videos on About.com's 24 channels, and new outlets on About.com for advertisers.

The significant impact of the global financial crisis upon online advertising was experienced shortly after Irvine's appointment and she was removed from the CEO role after three years and three consecutive quarters in which revenue decreased. Martin Nisenholtz, SVP of digital operations, temporarily replaced Irvine following her departure in May 2011.

In July 2011, Darline Jean was named CEO of the About Group, after the company's second-quarter revenues totaled US$27.8 million. Jean previously served as About's chief financial officer (CFO) and was promoted on September 1, 2011.

2012–2017: IAC acquisition, Neil Vogel appointment, relaunch
A media report published in August 2012 indicated that Answers.com had reached a preliminary agreement to acquire About.com for US$270 million. However, on August 26, Barry Diller's IAC announced that it would acquire About.com instead for US$300 million in cash. A source for TechCrunch later confirmed that Answers.com's offer was reportedly valued at US$270 million, but consisted of debt and equity in Answers.com.

In the corresponding press release, IAC explained that the acquisition would help bolster and accompany its existing properties, such as the Ask.com web search engine. Jean fulfilled her role as chief executive during the transition period, while ownership was transferred to IAC, and then left About.com shortly after the sale was finalized. At the time of the IAC acquisition, which was signed on August 26, 2012, About.com consisted of nearly 1,000 topic sites and over three million unique articles, while, in traffic terms, Alexa Internet ranked the site as number 37 in the U.S. and 80 in the global context.

On April 2, 2013, Neil Vogel became the new CEO of About.com. Up until March 2003, Vogel was a key executive member of the marketing and media company Alloy Inc., a role that he left to cofound the Recognition Media marketing business that is responsible for producing the annual Webby Awards event, as well as the Internet Week NY and Europe events. Vogel was selected by Business Insider for its 2012 "The Coolest People In New York Tech This Year" list, for his work as a venture partner of FirstMark Capital. , About.com was receiving about 84 million unique monthly visitors.

Following his appointment, Vogel's overall plan for About focused on social, mobile, and user experience, with an emphasis on increasing the amount of time that users remain on the site, rather than attracting people in the first instance. Vogel also stressed the importance of monetization in his numerous post-appointment interviews and he included a summary of About's revenue model as part of his discussion of the future with Bloomberg:

"[We make money] one way, in general: we're advertising-supported. And that's monetized two ways: we do a lot of display advertising, and we do a lot of people clicking on links that we get paid for from Google and others ... If we have all this traffic, and we have all this content, if we can make people engage content more, and spend more time here [About.com], and do more things, we're going to have more page views and much more of an opportunity to monetize About."

Vogel further explained that IAC has been able to create "compelling" content that manages to successfully engage Internet users, while About's content, in particular, is favored by the Google search engine. Furthermore, Vogel stated that native advertising is a marketing initiative that he would like to explore with caution, as "it's a really big opportunity to let marketers talk to our audience in the voice that they're already comfortable with."

In April 2014, Vogel revealed to the media that the About.com team had grown from 100 employees to 176, and the number of site contributors had increased by 20 percent. The company's developers updated the website's backend to be capable of handling a greater degree of interactivity at the front end, while a major emphasis was placed on responsive web design, as the traffic from mobile devices and tablets was measured at nearly 40 percent.

The About.com website was relaunched in September 2014, following a significant redesign that expanded upon the new homepage that debuted in July 2014. Based on an analysis of the needs of both users and advertisers, the redesign sought to create an improved user experience and facilitate social sharing, including the addition of social media buttons that were not featured at the time of Vogel's appointment.

2017–present: rebranding to Dotdash and merger with Meredith
On May 2, 2017, IAC announced the completed rebranding of About.com to Dotdash, after about a year of transition. CEO Neil Vogel said that the company had lost mind share and needed to change their marketing strategy. According to Wired, the About.com branding was retired, despite its profitability, to make way for a new business model. The company refocused on vertical markets through its niche websites: The Balance (personal finance), Lifewire (tech), The Spruce (home and food), VeryWell (health), TripSavvy (travel), and ThoughtCo (education).

On March 29, 2018, Dotdash won Digiday's Publisher of the Year. In July of the same year, Dotdash acquired Investopedia. On October 15, TripSavvy launched the Editors' Choice Awards.

On January 8, 2019, Dotdash announced the acquisition of Byrdie (beauty) and MyDomaine (women's lifestyle) from Clique Brands. On May 15, Dotdash announced the acquisition of Brides from Conde Nast. In the spring of 2019, Dotdash's home site, The Spruce, announced the launch of their first-ever paint collection, The Spruce Best Home, in partnership with KILZ and sold exclusively on Amazon. On October 1, Dotdash announced the acquisition of Liquor.com.

On February 4, 2020, Dotdash announced the acquisition of TreeHugger and Mother Nature Network. In June, Dotdash was named Digiday's Publisher of the Year in Digiday's Media Awards 2020. The Spruce won for Best User Experience and CEO Neil Vogel won Executive of the Year. On September 22, Dotdash announced that it acquired Simply Recipes and Serious Eats from Fexy Media.

On October 6, 2021, Dotdash announced the acquisition of Meredith's magazine and other non-broadcast assets (including the former Time Inc. assets) for $2.7 billion, forming a new entity called Dotdash Meredith. The transaction was finalized on December 1. On February 9, 2022, Dotdash CEO Neil Vogel issued a memo revealing that six former Meredith Corporation magazines (Entertainment Weekly, InStyle, EatingWell, Health, Parents, and People en Español) would cease print circulation and switch to a digital-only format.

Offices
Dotdash Meredith currently has offices at 3 locations in the USA including New York, Des Monies, and Birmingham.

title: Dotdash Meredith


text:
List of Swedish monarchs

This list records the monarchs of Sweden, from the late Viking Age to the present day. Sweden has continuously been a monarchy since the country's consolidation in the Viking Age and early Middle Ages, for over a thousand years. The incumbent royal dynasty of Sweden is the House of Bernadotte, established on the throne in 1818.

History
There were organized political structures in Sweden before the kingdom was unified; based on archaelogical evidence, early tribal societies are believed to have transitioned into organized chiefdoms in the first few centuries AD, perhaps spurred by contacts with the Roman Empire and the rest of Europe. In the period AD 500–800, Scandinavian societies began adopting cultural elements from the newly established Germanic kingdoms in Europe, transitioning further into petty kingdoms.

Archaeological evidence suggests that were numerous petty kingdoms throughout modern-day Sweden. Foreign sources and later native sources describe the later medieval kingdom as being composed of two main regions: Svealand (particularly around Lake Mälaren) and Götaland. Sources from as early as the Roman author Tacitus (c. 56–126) mention two main peoples or tribes in modern Sweden: the Svear (Swedes) and Götar (Geats); the Svear are mentioned in more foreign sources than the Götar, credited with military activities at sea. The securely attested Swedish rulers in the Viking Age, predecessors of the later line of Swedish kings, ruled from the religious and political center of Old Uppsala; though its history before the Viking Age is poorly attested, it is probable that Old Uppsala had been a political and religious center since the Migration Period. The earliest historically attested Swedish rulers are 9th-century petty kings from the Vita Ansgarii, an account written c. 870 by Rimbert partly concerning Saint Ansgar's visit to Svealand. Some kings of Old Uppsala are also mentioned in later Icelandic texts and sagas. The line of legendary Swedish kings from Icelandic tradition, called sagokungar in Swedish, are not generally treated as historical figures, though some may be based on actual chieftains or petty kings. Some later king-lists deliberately extended the sequence of kings for nationalistic purposes, such as Johannes Magnus's Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus (1554); supposed ancient kings mentioned in such sources are clearly fictional.

The petty kingdoms eventually gave rise to more complex political structures and what is today considered the beginning of the Swedish kingdom developed over the course of the Viking Age and the subsequent Middle Ages. For a consecutive list from then, the first Swedish king of whom anything definite is known is the 10th-century Eric the Victorious, though the information reported about him in different sources is scarce. Eric's son Olof Skötkonung was the first king to be baptized in Sweden and is credited with founding a Christian kingdom. The early and then medieval Swedish kingdom was an elective monarchy, with kings being elected from particularly prominent families; this practice did however often result in de facto dynastic succession and the formation of royal dynasties, such as those of Eric (intermittently c.  1157–1250) and Bjelbo (1250–1364) as well as infighting between rival families.

From 1389 to 1523, Sweden was often united with Denmark and Norway under the kings of the Kalmar Union. Sweden's full independence was restored under Gustav I in 1523. He is often credited as the founder of modern Sweden, and in 1544 he formally abandoned the previous elective monarchy in favor of hereditary succession. Initially adopting the medieval "King of Swedes and Geats", Gustav I later adopted the lengthier title rex Svecorum Gothorum Vandalorumque ("king of the Swedes, Geats and Wends"). The last monarch to be titled as king of the Swedes, Geats and Wends was Gustaf VI Adolf ((r. 1950 – 1973)) since his successor, the present king Carl XVI Gustaf, upon his accession adopted the shortened title "King of Sweden".

In 1980, the rule of succession was changed from agnatic to absolute primogeniture, to the benefit of Princess Victoria (born 1977), the current heir apparent.

House of Munsö (970–1060)
{{legend|#FFE5C3|Munsö dynasty}}

House of Stenkil (1060–1125/1130)
{{legend|#cfffde|Stenkil dynasty}} {{legend|#FFE5C3|Munsö dynasty}}

Houses of Sverker and Eric (1125/1130–1250)
{{legend|#DBCFC9|Estridsen dynasty}} {{legend|#e3e4ff|Sverker dynasty}} {{legend|#fcdfdc|Eric dynasty}} {{legend|#e5edad|Bjelbo dynasty}}

House of Bjelbo (1250–1364)
{{legend|#e5edad|Bjelbo dynasty}} {{legend|#DBCFC9|Estridsen dynasty}} {{legend|#c7d9c1|Wittelsbach dynasty}}

Monarchs and regents during the Kalmar Union (1389–1523)
{{legend|#DBCFC9|Estridsen dynasty}} {{legend|#c7d9c1|Wittelsbach dynasty}} {{legend|#ffe3f9|Oldenburg dynasty}} {{legend|#e5edad|Bjelbo dynasty}} {{legend|#dce6e8|Vasa dynasty}}

House of Vasa (1523–1654)
{{legend|#dce6e8|Vasa dynasty}} {{legend|#c7d9c1|Wittelsbach dynasty}} {{legend|#ffe3f9|Oldenburg dynasty}}

House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (1654–1720)
{{legend|#c7d9c1|Wittelsbach dynasty}} {{legend|#ffe3f9|Oldenburg dynasty}}

House of Hesse (1720–1751)
{{legend|#c7d9c1|Wittelsbach dynasty}}

House of Holstein-Gottorp (1751–1818)
{{legend|#ffe3f9|Oldenburg dynasty}}

House of Bernadotte (1818–present)
{{legend|#eef0d5|Bernadotte dynasty}}

title: List of Swedish monarchs


text:
Outpatient commitment

Outpatient commitment—also called assisted outpatient treatment (AOT) or community treatment orders (CTO)—refers to a civil court procedure wherein a legal process orders an individual diagnosed with a severe mental disorder to adhere to an outpatient treatment plan designed to prevent further deterioration or recurrence that is harmful to themselves or others.

This form of involuntary treatment is distinct from involuntary commitment in that the individual subject to the order continues to live in their home community rather than being detained in hospital or incarcerated. The individual may be subject to rapid recall to hospital, including medication over objections, if the conditions of the order are broken, and the person's mental health deteriorates. This generally means taking psychiatric medication as directed and may also include attending appointments with a mental health professional, and sometimes even not to take non-prescribed illicit drugs and not associate with certain people or in certain places deemed to have been linked to a deterioration in mental health in that individual.

The criteria and process for outpatient commitment are established by law, which vary among nations and, in the U.S. and Canada, among states or provinces. Some jurisdictions require court hearings, where a judge will make a court order, and others require that treating psychiatrists comply with a set of requirements before compulsory treatment is instituted. When a court process is not required, there is usually a form of appeal to the courts or appeal to or scrutiny by tribunals set up for that purpose. Community treatment laws have generally followed the worldwide trend of community treatment. See mental health law for details of countries which do not have laws that regulate compulsory treatment.

Terminology
In the United States the term "assisted outpatient treatment" (AOT) is often used and refers to a process whereby a judge orders a qualifying person with symptoms of severe untreated mental illness to adhere to a mental health treatment plan while living in the community. The plan typically includes medication and may include other forms of treatment as well. Patients are often monitored and assigned to case managers or a community dedicated to treating mental health known as assertive community treatment (ACT).

Australia, Canada, England, and New Zealand use the term "community treatment order" (CTO).

Comparison to inpatient commitment
The terminology, "outpatient commitment", and legal construction often equate outpatient commitment with inpatient commitment but providing the patient more freedom. In practice, outpatient commitment may be used in situations where commitment would not be used because it is cheaper than inpatient commitment; seen as less draconian; and protects mental health professionals from moral, civil or criminal liability.

Preventive use
Outpatient commitment is used in some countries to prevent relapse of mental disorders, as many mental disorders are episodic in nature (for example bipolar disorder or schizophrenia) and it can be difficult to predict whether a mental disorder will reoccur. Some countries use outpatient commitment for first episode psychosis (FEP).

Implementation
Discussions of "outpatient commitment" began in the psychiatry community in the 1980s following deinstitutionalization, a trend that led to the widespread closure of public psychiatric hospitals and resulted in the discharge of large numbers of people with mental illness to the community.

Denmark
Denmark introduced outpatient commitment in 2010 with the Mental Health Act (Lov om anvendelse af tvang i psykiatrien).

Germany
In Germany, CTOs were resumed in 2015 (formerly only for forensic psychiatry ). Laws regarding implementations are distincts between lander.

France
The CTOs are renewed every month. They were introduced under Nicolas Sarkozy presidency. Persons committed are registered on a national file accessible by police, even if they are not suspected of breaking the law.

The Netherlands
Dutch law provides for community treatment orders, and an individual who does not comply with the terms of their CTO may be subject to immediate involuntary commitment.

Norway
When Norway introduced outpatient commitment in the 1961 Mental Health Act, it could only be mandated for individuals who had previously been admitted for inpatient treatment. Revisions in 1999 and 2006 provided for outpatient commitment without previous inpatient treatment, but this provision is seldom used.

Sweden
In Sweden, the Compulsory Psychiatric Care Act (Lag om psykiatrisk tvångsvård) provides for an administrative court to mandate psychiatric treatment to prevent harm to the individual or others. The law was created in 1991 and revised in 2008.

England and Wales
Changes in service provision and amendments to the Mental Health Act in England and Wales have increased the scope for compulsion in the community. The Mental Health Act 2007 introduced community treatment orders (CTOs). CTOs are legally defined as a form of outpatient leave for individuals detained under section 3 of the Mental Health Act. As such, only members of the medical community are involved in issuing a CTO, though both the section 3 detention underlying the CTO and the CTO itself can be appealed to the Mental Health Tribunal where a panel consisting of medical doctors and a judge will make a decision.The legislation in the UK specifically allows CTOs to be issued after a single admission to hospital for treatment. However, the Royal College of Psychiatrists suggested limiting CTOs to patients with a history of noncompliance and hospitalization, when it reviewed the current mental health legislation.

John Mayer Chamberlain argues that this legislation was triggered by the Killing of Jonathan Zito by an individual who had interactions with mental health services prior this event, which led the then conservative government to argue for CTOs.

A review of patient data in London found that the average duration of a CTO in the UK was 3 years. Black people in the UK are more than ten times as likely to be under a CTO as white people. Concerns have been raised about the inability of Independent mental health advocates (IHMAs) to provide services to those under CTOs, since IMHAs cannot make contact with service users under CTOs and case workers could act as gatekeepers not providing referrals.

In a 2021 paper reviewing the mental health act, the UK government proposed a new form of indefinite outpatient commitment allowing for deprivation of liberties an continuous supervision termed supervised discharge. This discharge would be reviewed yearly, and only apply to individuals who would not benefit from treatment in a hospital setting and would be based on risk. Further, this legislation would only apply to restricted patients who have been diverted to the mental health care system from courts.

Scotland
Scotland has a different community commitment regime from England and Wales introduced in the 2003 Mental Health Act. There is ongoing debate in the UK on the place of coercion and compulsion in community mental health care.

Luxembourg
Patients may be recalled if they don't abide to conditions on residence or medical supervision decided by a psychiatrist on discharge for 3 months after having been released from an involuntary commitment.

North America
In the last decade of the 20th century and the first of the 21st, "outpatient commitment" laws were passed in a number of U.S. states and jurisdictions in Canada.

Canada
In the mid-1990s, Saskatchewan became the first Canadian province to implement community treatment orders, and Ontario followed in 2000. New Brunswick was the only province without legislation that provided for either CTOs or extended leave.

United States
44 U.S. states had enacted some version of an outpatient commitment law. In some cases, passage of the laws followed widely publicized tragedies, such as the murders of Laura Wilcox and Kendra Webdale.

Oceania
Australia and New Zealand introduced community treatment orders in the 1980s and 1990s.

Australia
In the Australian state of Victoria, community treatment orders last for a maximum of twelve months but can be renewed after review by a tribunal.

Controversy
Proponents have argued that outpatient commitment improves mental health, increases the effectiveness of treatment, lowers incidence of homelessness, arrest, incarceration and hospitalization and reduces costs. Opponents of outpatient commitment laws argue that they unnecessarily limit freedom, force people to ingest dangerous medications, impead on their human rights, or are applied with racial and socioeconomic biases.

Arguments for and proponents
While many outpatient commitment laws have been passed in response to violent acts committed by people with mental illness, most proponents involved in the outpatient commitment debate also make arguments based on the quality of life and cost associated with untreated mental illness and "revolving door patients" who experience a cycle of hospitalization, treatment and stabilization, release, and decompensation. While the cost of repeated hospitalizations is indisputable, quality-of-life arguments rest on an understanding of mental illness as an undesirable and dangerous state of being. Outpatient commitment proponents point to studies performed in North Carolina and New York that have found some positive impact of court-ordered outpatient treatment. Proponents include: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Justice, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), U. S Department of Health and Human Services, American Psychiatric Association, National Alliance on Mental Illness, International Association of Chiefs of Police. SAMHSA included Assisted Outpatient Treatment in their National Registry of Evidence Based Program and Practices. Crime Solutions: Management Strategies to Reduce Psychiatric Readmissions. The Treatment Advocacy Center are an advocacy group that campaign for the use of outpatient commitment.

A systematic review in 2016 that looked at around 200 papers investigating effectiveness of CTOs for patient outcomes. It found that non-randomized trials had dramatically varying results and found that no randomized controlled trials showed any benefits to the patient for outpatient commitment apart from a reduction in the risk of being the victim of crime.

The same interventions can have different effects in different countries due to legal, bureaucratic and social factors.

Cost
Research published in 2013 showed that Kendra's Law in New York, which served about 2,500 patients at a cost of $32 million, had positive results in terms of net cost, reduced arrests. About $125 million is also spent annually on improved outpatient treatment for patients who are not subject to the law. In contrast to New York, despite wide adoption of outpatient commitment, the programs were generally not adequately funded.

"Although numerous AOT programs currently operate across the United States, it is clear that the intervention is vastly underutilized."

Arrests, danger, and violence
The National Institute of Justice considers assisted outpatient treatment an effective crime prevention program. Some studies in the US have found that AOT programs have reduced the chances of arrest. Kendra's Law has lowered risk of violent behaviors, reduced thoughts about suicide.

Outcomes and hospital admissions
AOT "programs improve adherence with outpatient treatment and have been shown to lead to significantly fewer emergency commitments, hospital admissions, and hospital days as well as a reduction in arrests and violent behavior."

"'The likelihood of psychiatric hospital admission was significantly reduced by approximately 25% during the initial six-month court order…and by over one-third during a subsequent six-month renewal of the order.... Similar significant reductions in days of hospitalization were evident during initial court orders and subsequent renewals.... Improvements were also evident in receipt of psychotropic medications and intensive case management services. Analysis of data from case manager reports showed similar reductions in hospital admissions and improved engagement in services.'"

74% fewer participants experienced homelessness. 77% fewer experienced psychiatric hospitalization. 56% reduction in length of hospitalization. 83% fewer experienced arrest. 87% fewer experienced incarceration. 49% fewer abused alcohol. 48% fewer abused drugs. Consumer participation and medication compliance improved. The number of individuals exhibiting good adherence to meds increased 51%. The number of individuals exhibiting good service engagement increased 103%. Consumer perceptions were positive. 75% reported that AOT helped them gain control over their lives. 81% said AOT helped them get and stay well. 90% said AOT made them more likely to keep appointments and take meds. 87% of participants said they were confident in their case manager's ability. 88% said they and their case manager agreed on what was important to work on.

In Nevada County, CA, AOT ("Laura's Law") decreased the number of psychiatric hospital days 46.7%, the number of incarceration days 65.1%, the number of homeless days 61.9%, and the number of emergency interventions 44.1%. Laura's Law implementation saved $1.81–$2.52 for every dollar spent, and receiving services under Laura's Law caused a "reduction in actual hospital costs of $213,300" and a "reduction in actual incarceration costs of $75,600."

In New Jersey, Kim Veith, director of clinical services at Ocean Mental Health Services, noted the AOT pilot program performed "beyond wildest dreams." AOT reduced hospitalizations, shortened inpatient stays, reduced crime and incarceration, stabilized housing, and reduced homelessness. Of clients who were homeless, 20% are now in supportive housing, 40% are in boarding homes, and 20% are living successfully with family members.

Writing in the British Journal of Psychiatry in 2013, Jorun Rugkåsa and John Dawson stated, "The current evidence from RCTs suggests that CTOs do not reduce readmission rates over 12 months."

"We find that New York State's AOT Program improves a range of important outcomes for its recipients, apparently without feared negative consequences to recipients."

"The increased services available under AOT clearly improve recipient outcomes, however, the AOT court order, itself, and its monitoring do appear to offer additional benefits in improving outcomes."

Access to services
"'AOT has been instrumental in increasing accountability at all system levels regarding delivery of services to high need individuals. Community awareness of AOT has resulted in increased outreach to individuals who had previously presented engagement challenges to mental health service providers.'"

"'Improved treatment plan development, discharge planning, and coordination of service planning. Processes and structures developed for AOT have resulted in improvements to treatment plans that more appropriately match the needs of individuals who have had difficulties using mental health services in the past.'"

"'Improved collaboration between mental health and court systems. As AOT processes have matured, professionals from the two systems have improved their working relationships, resulting in greater efficiencies, and ultimately, the conservation of judicial, clinical, and administrative resources. There is now an organized process to prioritize and monitor individuals with the greatest need; AOT ensures greater access to services for individuals whom providers have previously been reluctant to serve; There is now increased collaboration between inpatient and community-based providers.'"

In New York City net costs declined 50% in the first year after assisted outpatient treatment began and an additional 13% in the second year. In non-NYC counties, costs declined 62% in the first year and an additional 27% in the second year. This was in spite of the fact that psychotropic drug costs increased during the first year after initiation of assisted outpatient treatment, by 40% and 44% in the city and five-county samples, respectively. The increased community-based mental health costs were more than offset by the reduction in inpatient and incarceration costs. Cost declines associated with assisted outpatient treatment were about twice as large as those seen for voluntary services.

"'In all three regions, for all three groups, the predicted probability of an MPR ≥80% improved over time (AOT improved by 31–40 percentage points, followed by enhanced services, which improved by 15–22 points, and 'neither treatment,' improving 8–19 points). Some regional differences in MPR trajectories were observed.'"

"'In tandem with New York's AOT program, enhanced services increased among involuntary recipients, whereas no corresponding increase was initially seen for voluntary recipients. In the long run, however, overall service capacity was increased, and the focus on enhanced services for AOT participants appears to have led to greater access to enhanced services for both voluntary and involuntary recipients.'"

"'It is also important to recognize that the AOT order exerts a critical effect on service providers stimulating their efforts to prioritize care for AOT recipients.'"

Race
"'We find no evidence that the AOT Program is disproportionately selecting African Americans for court orders, nor is there evidence of a disproportionate effect on other minority populations. Our interviews with key stakeholders across the state corroborate these findings.'"

"'We found no evidence of racial bias. Defining the target population as public-system clients with multiple hospitalizations, the rate of application to white and black clients approaches parity.'"

Service engagement
"'After 12 months or more on AOT, service engagement increased such that AOT recipients were judged to be more engaged than voluntary patients. This suggests that after 12 months or more, when combined with intensive services, AOT increases service engagement compared to voluntary treatment alone.'" Consumers approve. Despite being under a court order to participate in treatment, current AOT recipients feel neither more positive nor more negative about their treatment experiences than comparable individuals who are not under AOT."

"'When the court order was for seven months or more, improved medication possession rates and reduced hospitalization outcomes were sustained even when the former AOT recipients were no longer receiving intensive case coordination services.'"

In Los Angeles, CA, the AOT pilot program reduced incarceration 78%, hospitalization 86%, hospitalization after discharge from the program 77%, and cut taxpayer costs 40%.

In North Carolina, AOT reduced the percentage of persons refusing medications to 30%, compared to 66% of patients not under AOT.

In Ohio, AOT increased attendance at outpatient psychiatric appointments from 5.7 to 13.0 per year. It increased attendance at day treatment sessions from 23 to 60 per year. "During the first 12 months of outpatient commitment, patients experienced significant reductions in visits to the psychiatric emergency service, hospital admissions, and lengths of stay compared with the 12 months before commitment."

In Arizona, "71% [of AOT patients] ... voluntarily maintained treatment contacts six months after their orders expired" compared with "almost no patients" who were not court-ordered to outpatient treatment.

In Iowa, "it appears as though outpatient commitment promotes treatment compliance in about 80% of patients... After commitment is terminated, about ¾ of that group remain in treatment on a voluntary basis."

Arguments against and opponents
Human rights advocate considers it a violation of freedom of thought or opinion, or views the use of neuroleptic as degrading treatment that can also impede on their right to work due to sometimes handicapping side effects. Other argue for a right of self-determination or self ownership, considering it a paternalistic approach that can be wrongly applied considering psychiatry criteria for diagnosis are very subjective backed by some studies questioning diagnosis (see Rosenhan experiment), the unlimited duration with often lack or no foresight to an end from the patient is also criticised. Some opponents dispute the effects of compulsory treatment as positive, questioning the methodology of studies that show effectiveness. Some point to disparities in the way these laws are applied.

Opponents claim they are giving medication to the patient, but there are no brain chemical imbalances to correct in "mental illness". Our ability to control ourselves and reason comes from the mind, and the brain is being reduced in size from the psychiatric medications.

The slippery slope argument of "If government bodies are given power, they will use it in excess." was proven when 350–450 CTOs were expected to be issued in 2008 and more than five times that number were issued in the first few months. Every year there are increasing numbers of people subject to CTO's.

The psychiatric survivors movement opposes compulsory treatment on the basis that the ordered drugs often have serious or unpleasant side-effects such as tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, akathisia, excessive weight gain leading to diabetes, addiction, sexual side effects, increased risk of suicide and QT prolongation. The New York Civil Liberties Union has denounced what they see as racial and socioeconomic biases in the issuing of outpatient commitment orders. The main opponents to any kind of coercion, including the outpatient commitment and any other form of involuntary commitment, are Giorgio Antonucci and Thomas Szasz.

title: Outpatient commitment


text:
Talk:Seizure

"🫨" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%F0%9F%AB%A8&redirect=no 🫨] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Duckmather (talk) 23:11, 8 February 2024 (UTC)

Management section
Compare
 * Epilepsy
 * Seizure

This seems like a WP:FORK. I propose to shorten the management section here in seizure and point to the main epilepsy article.  Bluerasberry  (talk)  21:23, 8 March 2024 (UTC)

"Any animal that has a brain can have a seizure"
This is a very broad claim, and the source only links to a veterinary page focused on cats and dogs. Can an ant have a seizure? Unless all species of animals with brains have been observed having seizures, this cannot possibly be a known fact. User GogoLion seems adamant on keeping this statement in the article, but I think it should be removed. CAustin582 (talk) 02:17, 10 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seizure


text:
Talk:Brain

Tot kto dumaet ..
што думать - только время терять - тот так и думает. 85.140.24.121 (talk) 22:15, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brain


text:
Eileen Heckart

Anna Eileen Heckart ( Herbert; March 29, 1919 – December 31, 2001) was an American stage and screen actress whose career spanned nearly 60 years.

Early life
Heckart was born Anna Eileen Herbert in Columbus, Ohio. Her mother Esther (Stark) wed Leo Herbert (not the child's father) at her own mother's insistence so her child would not be born with the stigma of illegitimacy. Eileen was soon after legally adopted by her maternal grandmother's wealthy second husband, J.W. Heckart, providing her with the surname by which she would be known throughout the remainder of her life. She had two stepsisters, Anne and Marilyn. She graduated from Ohio State University with a B.A. in drama. She additionally studied drama at HB Studio in New York City.

Stage
Heckart began her Broadway career as the assistant stage manager and an understudy for The Voice of the Turtle in 1943. Her many credits include Picnic, The Bad Seed, A View from the Bridge, A Memory of Two Mondays, The Dark at the Top of the Stairs, A Family Affair, And Things That Go Bump in the Night, Barefoot in the Park, Butterflies Are Free, You Know I Can't Hear You When the Water's Running, and The Cemetery Club.

Heckart won the 1953 Theatre World Award for Picnic. Her nominations include Tony Award nominations for Butterflies Are Free, Invitation to a March, and The Dark at the Top of the Stairs.

In 2000, at age 81, she appeared off-Broadway in Kenneth Lonergan's The Waverly Gallery. For this performance, she won several awards, including the Drama Desk Award, the Lucille Lortel Award, the Drama League Award and the Outer Critics Circle Award. That same year, she was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame and received an honorary Tony Award for lifetime achievement.

She was granted three honorary doctorates by Sacred Heart University, Niagara University, and Ohio State University.

Film and television
Heckart won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her work in the 1972 movie adaptation of Butterflies Are Free and was nominated in 1956 for her performance as the bereaved, besotted Mrs. Daigle in The Bad Seed (1956), both of which were roles Heckart originated on Broadway. Heckart appeared in The Hiding Place (1976) as nurse, "Katje", working inside "Kamp Vught", the Dutch Concentration Camp. In 1977, Heckart played Bertha Hayden, mother of Sam Hayden in NBC's made for TV Christmas movie, "Sunshine Christmas". 1n 1978, Heckart appeared in the Resorts International Atlantic City New Jersey Christmas production, "Jackie Gleason Presents The Honeymooners", as Alice's mother, Mrs Gibson. She later appeared as a Vietnam War widow in the Clint Eastwood film Heartbreak Ridge (1986). She played Diane Keaton's meddling mother in the 1996 comedy film The First Wives Club.

On television, Heckart had starring roles in The 5 Mrs. Buchanans, Out of the Blue, Partners in Crime, and Backstairs at the White House (Emmy nomination as Eleanor Roosevelt). In 1994, she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series for her appearance as Rose Stein on Love & War. In 1988, she appeared as Ruth in the Tales from the Darkside episode "Do Not Open This Box". Her other guest roles included The Fugitive (where she appeared in three episodes as a nun, "Sister Veronica"), The Mary Tyler Moore Show (two Emmy nominations as journalist Flo Meredith, a role she carried over to a guest appearance on MTM's spinoff Lou Grant), Love Story, Rhoda, Alice, Murder One, Hawaii Five-O, Gunsmoke, Cybill, The Cosby Show (one Emmy nomination as Mrs. Hickson), and many others.

She appeared on two episodes of Gunsmoke. In 1965, Heckart appeared as Hattie Silks on the episode "The Lady." In 1969, Heckart appeared as Athena Partridge Royce on the episode "The Innocent".

Heckart played two unrelated characters on the daytime soap opera One Life to Live. During the 1980s, she played Ruth Perkins, the mother of Allison Perkins, who had kidnapped the newborn baby of heroine Viki Lord Buchanan under orders from phony evangelist and mastermind criminal Mitch Laurence. During the early 1990s, she played the role of Wilma Bern, mother of upstate Pennsylvania mob boss Carlo Hesser and his meek twin, Mortimer Bern. She appeared in the 1954 legal drama Justice, based on case files of New York's Legal Aid Society. She appeared in an episode of the medical drama The Eleventh Hour, titled "There Should Be an Outfit Called 'Families Anonymous!'" (1963), and an episode of Home Improvement, titled "Losing My Religion". She also played the role of Amanda Cooper on the Little House on the Prairie episode "Dance With Me".

Heckart has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6162 Hollywood Blvd.

Personal life
In 1942, Heckart married insurance broker John Harrison Yankee Jr., her college sweetheart. They had three sons. Her son Luke Yankee is the author of her 2006 biography Just Outside the Spotlight: Growing Up with Eileen Heckart. In February 2024, Luke Yankee's play, “Marilyn, Mom, and Me” debuted at the International City Theater in Long Beach, CA

Heckart was a Democrat. She met President Lyndon B. Johnson at The White House in 1967.

Heckart was a Roman Catholic.

Death
On December 31, 2001, Heckart died of lung cancer at her home in Norwalk, Connecticut, at the age of 82. She was cremated with her ashes scattered outside the Music Box Theatre in Manhattan, New York.

Selected Television Appearances

 * Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1961) (Season 6 Episode 26: "Coming, Mama") as Lucy Baldwin
 * Hawaii Five-O (1975) (Season 8 Episode 12: "Honor is an Unmarked Grave") as Agatha Henderson
 * Sunshine Christmas (NBC, December 12, 1977) as "Bertha Hayden", Sam Hayden's mother
 * Jackie Gleason's Honeymooner's Christmas (December 10, 1978) as "Mrs. Gibson", Alice's mother
 * Out of the Blue (1979) (12 episodes) as The Boss Angel
 * Little House on the Prairie (1979) (Season 5 Episode 17: Dance with Me") as Amanda Cooper

title: Eileen Heckart


text:
User:Eob

Eamonn O'Brien-Strain

/Talk

title: User:Eob