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Amstrad

Amstrad was a British consumer electronics company, founded in 1968 by Alan Sugar. During the 1980s, the company was known for its home computers beginning with the Amstrad CPC and later also the ZX Spectrum range after the Sinclair deal, which led it to have a substantial share of the PC market in Britain. In the following decade it shifted focus towards communication technologies, and its main business during the 2000s was the manufacture of satellite television set-top boxes for Sky, which Amstrad had started in 1989 as the then sole supplier of the emerging Sky TV service.

Headquartered in Brentwood, the company was listed on the London Stock Exchange from 1980 to 2008, the year when Sugar stepped down after 40 years. After acquiring Betacom and Viglen, Amstrad was broken up in 1997 but the name was soon revived when successor Betacom plc renamed itself to Amstrad plc. Amstrad was a FTSE 100 Index constituent up until the company was acquired by BSkyB in 2007 for £125 million. In 2010, Sky integrated Amstrad's satellite division as part of Sky so they could make their own set-top boxes in-house.

Early beginnings
Amstrad (also known as AMSTrad) was founded in 1968 by Alan Sugar at the age of 21, the name of the original company being AMS Trading (Amstrad) Limited, derived from its founder's initials (Alan Michael Sugar). Amstrad entered the market in the field of consumer electronics. During the 1970s they were at the forefront of low-priced hi-fi, TV and car stereo cassette technologies. Lower prices were achieved by injection moulding plastic hi-fi turntable covers, undercutting competitors who used the vacuum forming process.

Amstrad expanded to the marketing of low cost amplifiers and tuners, imported from East Asia and badged with the Amstrad name for the UK market. Their first electrical product was the Amstrad 8000 amplifier.

Home computers
In 1980, Amstrad went public trading on the London Stock Exchange, and doubled in size each year during the early '80s. Amstrad began marketing its own home computers in an attempt to capture the market from Commodore and Sinclair, with the Amstrad CPC range in 1984. The CPC 464 was launched in the UK, Ireland, France, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Spain and Italy. It was followed by the CPC 664 and CPC 6128 models. Later "Plus" variants of the 464 and 6128, launched in 1990, increased their functionality slightly.

In 1985, the popular Amstrad PCW range was introduced, which were principally word processors, complete with printer, running the LocoScript word processing program. They were also capable of running the CP/M operating system. The Amsoft division of Amstrad was set up to provide in-house software and consumables.

On 7 April 1986 Amstrad announced it had bought from Sinclair Research "the worldwide rights to sell and manufacture all existing and future Sinclair computers and computer products, together with the Sinclair brand name and those intellectual property rights where they relate to computers and computer related products", which included the ZX Spectrum, for £5 million. This included Sinclair's unsold stock of Sinclair QLs and Spectrums. Amstrad made more than £5 million on selling these surplus machines alone. Amstrad launched two new variants of the Spectrum: the ZX Spectrum +2, based on the ZX Spectrum 128, with a built-in cassette tape drive (like the CPC 464) and, the following year, the ZX Spectrum +3, with a built-in floppy disk drive (similar to the CPC 664 and 6128), taking the 3" disks that many Amstrad machines used.

In 1986 Amstrad entered the IBM PC-compatible arena with the PC1512 system. In standard Amstrad livery and priced at £399 it was a success, capturing more than 25% of the European computer market. It was MS-DOS-based, but with the GEM graphics interface, and later Windows. In 1988 Amstrad attempted to make the first affordable portable personal computer with the PPC512 and 640 models, introduced a year before the Macintosh Portable. They ran MS-DOS on an 8 MHz processor, and the built-in screen could emulate the Monochrome Display Adapter or Color Graphics Adapter. Amstrad's final (and ill-fated) attempts to exploit the Sinclair brand were based on the company's own PCs; a compact desktop PC derived from the PPC 512, branded as the Sinclair PC200, and the PC1512 rebadged as the Sinclair PC500.

Amstrad's second generation of PCs, the PC2000 series, were launched in 1989. However, due to a problem with the Seagate ST277R hard disk shipped with the PC2386 model, these had to be recalled and fitted with Western Digital controllers. Amstrad later successfully sued Seagate, but following bad press over the hard disk problems, Amstrad lost its lead in the European PC market.

Launch of Sky and Astra Satellite
Amstrad had been a major supplier of set top boxes to UK satellite television pay-TV provider Sky since its launch in 1989 following the launch of the SES Astra 1A TV satellite. Amstrad was key to the introduction of Sky, as the company was responsible for finding methods to produce the requisite equipment at an attractive price for the consumer - Alan Sugar famously approached "someone who bashes out dustbin lids", to manufacture mesh satellite dishes cheaply. Ultimately, it was the only manufacturer producing receiver boxes and dishes at the system's launch, and continued to manufacture set top boxes for Sky, from analogue to digital including Sky's Sky+ digital video recorder.

With the addition of the Astra 1B TV satellite in May 1991 even more TV programs were available in Central Europe. In former East Germany as well as in the parts of former West Germany that had no access to cable TV, the affordable Amstrad receiver with the typical black mesh minidish were sold in large numbers.

Restructuring in the 1990s
In the early 1990s, Amstrad began to focus on portable computers rather than desktop computers. In 1990, Amstrad tried to enter the video game console market with the Amstrad GX4000, similar to what Commodore did at the same time with the C64 GS. The console, based on the Amstrad 464 Plus hardware, was a commercial failure, because it used outdated technology, and most games available for it were straight ports of CPC games that could be purchased for much less in their original format.

In 1993, Amstrad was licensed by Sega to produce a system which was similar to the Sega TeraDrive, going by the name of the Amstrad Mega PC, to try to regain their image in the gaming market. The system didn't succeed as well as expected, mostly due to its high initial retail price of £999. In that same year, Amstrad released the PenPad, a PDA similar to the Apple Newton, and released only weeks before it. It was a commercial failure, and had several technical and usability problems. It lacked most features that the Apple Newton included, but had a lower price at $450.

As Amstrad began to concentrate less on computers and more in communication, they purchased several telecommunications businesses including Betacom, Dancall Telecom, Viglen Computers, and modem manufacturer Dataflex Design Communications, bought out of liquidation, during the early 1990s. The company also established a direct marketing channel, Amstrad Direct, in late 1994 and announced 486- and Pentium-based products including an "All-in-One Multimedia PC" with built-in television tuner, infra-red remote control, amplifier and speakers. A pen-based personal digital assistant with support for a PCMCIA-based modem, the InfoPad, was also unveiled with a September 1995 launch scheduled.

By 1996, Alan Sugar was reported as having been looking for a buyer for Amstrad "for some time". Amongst the group's assets, cumulatively valued at £200 million, the Dancall subsidiary was of particular interest to potential acquirer Psion, producer of handheld computer products, for its expertise in "GSM digital mobile phone functionality" and the potential to integrate such functionality into Psion's own product range. Despite "long drawn out negotiations", the parties failed to agree a price and a strategy to dispose of the group's other assets. In 1997, Amstrad PLC was wound up, its shares being split into Viglen and Betacom instead. Betacom PLC was then renamed Amstrad PLC.

The same year, Amstrad supplied set top boxes to Australian broadcaster Foxtel, and in 2004 to Italian broadcaster Sky Italia.

E-m@iler, Sky boxes, and final years
In 2000, Amstrad released the first of its combined telephony and email devices, called the E-m@iler. This was followed by the E-m@iler Plus in 2002, and the E3 Videophone in 2004. Amstrad's UK E-m@iler business is operated through a separate company, Amserve Ltd which is 89.8% owned by Amstrad and 10.2% owned by DSG International plc (formerly Dixons plc).

Amstrad has also produced a variety of home entertainment products over their history, including hi-fi, televisions, VCRs, and DVD players.

BSkyB takeover
In July 2007, British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) announced a takeover of Amstrad for £125m, a 23.7% premium on its market capitalisation. BSkyB had been a major client of Amstrad, accounting for 75% of sales for its 'set top box' business. Having supplied BSkyB with hardware since its inception in 1988, market analysts had noted the two companies becoming increasingly close. Sky bought Amstrad so they could have their own hardware development division to develop new satellite boxes (Sky Q) made in-house. Under Sky, Amstrad only produced satellite receivers for Sky, as doing so allows them to reduce costs by cutting out the middleman. Its main competitor in this space was Pace plc.

Sugar commented that he wished to play a part in the business, saying: "I turn 60 this year and I have had 40 years of hustling in the business, but now I have to start thinking about my team of loyal staff, many of whom have been with me for many years."

It was announced on 2 July 2008 that Sugar had stepped down as Chairman of Amstrad, which had been planned since BSkyB took over in 2007. Amstrad was taken off the Stock Exchange on 9 October 2008. Amstrad has ceased operations as a trading company, and now exists in name only. Amstrad's former offices are now a Premier Inn Hotel.

Home computers

 * CPC 464 (64 KB RAM, cassette drive)
 * CPC 472 (same as CPC 464 but with 72 KB instead of 64 KB)
 * CPC 664 (3 inch internal disk variant of CPC 464)
 * CPC 6128 (128 KB version of the CPC 664 with 3 inch disk)
 * 464 plus (CPC 464 with enhanced graphics and sound)
 * 6128 plus (CPC 6128 with enhanced graphics and sound)
 * GX4000 (games console based on 464 plus)
 * Sinclair ZX Spectrum +2 (re-engineered ZX Spectrum 128 with tape drive)
 * Sinclair ZX Spectrum +3 (as ZX Spectrum +2 but with 3 inch disk drive instead of tape drive)

Word processors

 * PCW8256 (Z80, 3.5 MHz, 256 KB RAM, single 180 KB 3" floppy drive, dot-matrix printer, green screen)
 * PCW8512 (same as PCW8256 but with 512 KB RAM, 180 KB 3" A: drive, 720 KB 3" B: drive)
 * PCW9512 (Z80, 3.5 MHz, 512 KB RAM, single or dual 720 KB 3" floppy drives, daisywheel printer, "paper white" screen)
 * PcW9256 (Z80, 3.5 MHz, 256 KB RAM, single 720 KB 3.5" floppy drive, dot-matrix printer, "paper white" screen)
 * PcW9512+ (same as PCW9512 but with single 3.5" 720 KB floppy drive)
 * PcW10 (same as PcW9256 but with 512 KB RAM and a built-in parallel port)
 * PcW16 (Z80, 16 MHz, single 1.44 MB 3.5" floppy drive, new machine not directly compatible with old PCWs)

Notepad computers

 * NC100 (Z80, 64 KB RAM, 80×8 character LCD)
 * NC150 (NC100 with 128 KB RAM, floppy disk interface and NC200 firmware — sold in France and Italy)
 * NC200 (Z80, 128 KB RAM, adjustable 80×16 character LCD, 3.5 in floppy disk drive)

PC compatibles

 * PC1512 (Intel 8086, 8 MHz, 512 KB RAM, enhanced CGA graphics up to 640x200x16) - Marketed in the United States as the PC5120
 * PC1640 (Intel 8086, 8 MHz, 640 KB RAM, MDA/Hercules/CGA/EGA colour graphics) - Marketed in the United States as the PC6400
 * PPC512 (Portable using NEC V30 processor, 512 KB RAM, non-backlit supertwist CGA, one or two 720 KB 3.5" floppy drives) - released around the same time as the PC1512.
 * PPC640 (Portable using NEC V30 processor, 640 KB RAM, non-backlit supertwist CGA, one or two 720 KB 3.5" floppy drives, internal modem) - released around the same time as the PC1640.
 * Sinclair PC200 (integral desktop PC for home computer market based on PPC512)
 * PC-20 the Australian and United States version of the Sinclair PC200 except that the United States version does not have a RF modulator.
 * Sinclair PC500 (rebadged PC1512)
 * PC1286
 * PC1386 (Intel 80386SX CPU, 20 MHz, 1 MB RAM)
 * PC2086 (Intel 8086 CPU, 8 MHz, 640 KB RAM, VGA graphics) launched 1989
 * PC2286 (Intel 80286 CPU, 12.5 MHz, 1 MB RAM, VGA graphics) launched 1989
 * PC2386 (Intel 80386DX CPU, 20 MHz, 4 MB RAM, VGA graphics) launched 1989.
 * PC3086 ( 8 MHz 8086 CPU, 640 KB RAM)
 * PC3286 (16 MHz 80286 CPU, 1 MB RAM)
 * PC3386SX (20 MHz 80286SX CPU, 1 MB RAM)
 * PC4386SX (20 MHz 80386SX CPU, 4 MB RAM)
 * PC5086 (8 MHz 8086 CPU, 640 KB RAM)
 * PC5286 (16 MHz 80286 CPU, 1 MB RAM)
 * PC5386SX (20 MHz 80386SX CPU, 2 MB RAM, VGA graphics) launched 1991
 * PC6486SX
 * PC7000 series: PC7286, PC7386SX, PC7486SLC
 * PC8486
 * PC9486 (25 or 33 MHz 80486SX, or 50 MHz 80486DX2)
 * PC9486i (66 MHz 80486DX2 CPU, 4 MB RAM)
 * PC9555i (120 MHz Pentium)
 * Amstrad Mega PC (Intel 80386SX CPU, 25 MHz, Integrated Mega Drive)
 * ALT286 (laptop; 16 MHz 80286 CPU, 1 MB RAM)
 * ALT386SX (laptop; 16 MHz 80386SX CPU, 1 MB RAM)
 * ACL386SX (laptop; 20 MHz 80386SX CPU, 1 MB RAM, colour TFT LCD)
 * ANB386SX (notebook; 80386SX CPU, 1 MB RAM)

PC accessories

 * Amstrad DMP1000 9-pin dot matrix printer
 * Amstrad DMP3000, DMP3160, DMP3250di 9-pin dot matrix printer (different printing speed), the special model 3250di (dual interface) having both serial and parallel ports
 * Amstrad SM2400 2400 baud internal modem (came with Mirror software)

PDA

 * PDA 600 Pen Pad (1993, Z8S180 CPU)

Set-top box

 * Amstrad/Fidelity Satellite Systems  SRX100 (1989), SRX200 (1989), SRD400 (1990)
 * Amstrad Sky box DRX100 (2001), DRX200 (2001), DRX300 (2003), DRX400 (2004), DRX500 (2004), DRX550, (2006)
 * Amstrad Sky+ box DRX180 (2003), DRX280 (2003)
 * Amstrad Sky+HD box DRX780 (2007), DRX890, DRX895 (2009)
 * Amstrad Sky HD Multiroom Receiver DRX595 (2011)

title: Amstrad


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Talk:Bamberg

Bamberg was destroyed during World War II
Although the main article says otherwise in its opening paragraph, Bamberg was in fact severly destroyed by allied air strikes during World War II. Also the damages were not nearly as bad as in (f.e.) Dresden, Cologne, or Hamburg, it nevertheless led to a discussion about the reconstrction of Bamberg: should it be reconstructed the way it was, or should it be rebuild with new, more modern buildings.
 * This needs a citation. AFAIK only two bombs hit Bamberg during WWII, one right next to the train station. 84.57.92.152 (talk) 13:05, 19 July 2009 (UTC)

I belive the statement "Bamberg is one of the few cities in Germany that was not destroyed by World War II bombings because of a nearby Artillery Factory that prevented planes from getting near to Bamberg." is not factual. Although this exact statement is repeated on many web sited refering to Bamberg, I find nothing that collaborates this. In fact, an Artillery Factory would have been a target of the allied forces. It and the nearby communities would have been attaced until the factory was destroyed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.25.35.90 (talk) 22:12, 14 February 2010 (UTC)

The building "Alte Maut" f.e. and several other old houses of the inner city are gone, nearly all houses sufferd damage but bamberg never had a firestorm from bombing

Bamberg was not destroyed during WW2
Google around and you'll find out pretty quick that Bamberg was not destroyed by bombing during WW2. Some cities lucked out just because the RAF and the USAAF never got around to bombing them — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.122.44.118 (talk) 16:44, 5 July 2018 (UTC)

U.S. Army base
Would think it'd be important to note that there is a U.S. Army base in Bamberg. It's rumored to that this base will be closing by 2010, and this will undoubtedly have a rather large impact on the local economy.

Re: U.S. Army base
interesting, but I'm not sure if it really has to appear in an encyclopedia entry.

Another question: does this entry really need those lengthy quotes from other (obviously dated) encyclopedia? Shouldn't the links to those pages be enough?

The Catholic and Jewish encyc. mat'l is hereby moved to the discussion page.

The following texts should be updated, wikified, and incorporated in the above article.

1911 Version
Bamberg is a town and archiepiscopal see of Germany, in the kingdom of Bavaria.

Geography
The upper town is built on seven hills, each crowned by a church, while the lower, still partially surrounded by walls and ditches, is divided by the river and Ludwigskanal into three districts.

Education
The schools include the lyceum for philosophy and Catholic theology (a survival of the university suppressed in 1803), a seminary, two gymnasia, a Realschule, and several technical schools, including one for porcelain painting.

Economy
The industries of the town include cotton spinning and weaving, silk spinning, the manufacture of tobacco, ropes, metal-ware, furniture, &c. The market gardens of the neighborhood are famous, and there is a considerable shipping trade by the river and the Ludwigskanal.

Catholic Encyclopedia
Bamberg The Archdiocese of Bamberg, in the kingdom of Bavaria, embraces almost the whole of the presidency of Upper Franconia, the northern part of Middle Franconia (in particular the cities of Nuremberg, Furth, Ansbach, and Erlangen), parts of Lower Franconia, of the Upper Palatinate, and of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg. According to the census of 1 December, 1900, the archdiocese then contained 379,442 Catholics; in 1907 the Catholics numbered 410,000 and members of other denominations 720,000. Bamberg as an ecclesiastical province includes, besides the Archdiocese of Bamberg, the suffragan dioceses of Würzburg, Eichstatt, and Speyer, all of Bavaria.

History
Up to 1802 the Diocese of Bamberg had been ruled by 63 bishops. The first eight were appointed by the German emperors; after this they were chosen by the clergy and people jointly; still later they were elected by the cathedral chapter. On several occasions, when the election was disputed, the appointment was made by the pope.

 * 1- The first bishop, Eberhard I (1007-1040), chancellor to Henry II, greatly increased the possessions of the diocese
 * 2- Suidger (1040-1046) became pope under the name of Clement II
 * 3- Hartwig (1047-1053) defended the rights of his see against the Bishop of Würzburg and received the pallium from the pope in 1053
 * 4- Adalbero (1053-1057) was followed by
 * 5- Gunther (1057-1065) who held the first synod of Bamberg (1058). Gunther died at Odenburg (Sopron) in Hungary, while on a crusade
 * 6- Hermann (1065-1075) acquired the Principality of Banz; in the struggle between the empire and the papacy he took the side of the empire. He was charged with obtaining his election by simony and deposed
 * 7- Rupert (1075-1102), as partisan of Henry IV, was a member of the pseudo-Synod of Brixen which declared Pope Gregory VII to be deposed; on this account the bishop was excommunicated. During his episcopate Rupert did much for the encouragement of classical learning in the diocese
 * 8- St. Otto I (1102-1039), the Apostle of the Prussians and Pomeranians, had a large share in the reconciliation of the pope and the emperor by the Concordat of Worms; he founded numerous churches and monasteries and during a famine showed large-hearted generosity to his subjects. Otto's immediate successors were men of less distinction:
 * 9- Egilbert (1139-1146), who had been Patriarch of Aquileia
 * 10- Eberhard II of Otelingen (1146-1170) who with great pomp celebrated, in 1147, the canonization of Henry II. Eberhard increased the territory of the diocese, but, being a partisan of Frederick I, he was for a time under sentence of excommunication. He was succeeded by
 * 11- Hermann II, of Aucach (1170-1177)
 * 12- Otto II, of Andechs (1177-1196), rebuilt in 1181 the cathedral, which had been burned. Otto II understood how to remain loyal both to the emperor and the pope
 * 13- Thiemo (1196-1202) obtained in 1200 the canonization of the Empress Kunigunde, joint foundress with the emperor Henry II of the see
 * 14- Conrad, Duke of Silesia (1201-1203), died soon after his election
 * 15- Eckbert, Count of Meran and Andechs (1203-37), was suspected of being privy to the murder of King Philip of Germany in 1208; the ban of the empire was proclaimed against him, and he was removed form his see, but in 1212 he was restored, and in 1217 took part in an unsuccessful crusade to Palestine. In spite of his warlike disposition he was zealous in promoting the spiritual life of his clergy
 * 16- Poppo I, Count of Andechs (1237-1242), soon retired from his office
 * 17- Henry I of Bilberstein (1242-1251) received from the emperor the title of Prince-Bishop for himself and his successors, as well as numerous rights of sovereignty.

Thenceforth the Bishops of Bamberg had ecclesiastical precedence directly after the archbishops. Their power was encroached on, however, from two directions; on the one side by the cathedral canons, the so-called Brothers of St. George, who abandoned the vita communis during the episcopate of

 * 18- Bishop Berthold of Leiningen (1257-1285) and developed gradually into a cathedral chapter. In time the cathedral chapter of Bamberg was chosen, as in other German dioceses, exclusively from the nobility; the chapter, by so-called election pacts (Wahlkapitulationen) forced the bishops to abandon numerous privileges and many of the church livings under their control in favour of the chapter, limited the bishop's disciplinary authority over the clergy as well as his right to levy taxes, and abridged other powers. The episcopal authority was also limited, as in other parts of Germany, by the growing power of the towns which rebelled against the secular jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical princes. Thus the city of Bamberg revolted (1291) against
 * 19- Arnold of Solms (1286-1296), a quarrel which was settled in 1291 by arbitration in favour of the bishop. During this episcopate the finances of the diocese became much involved, and the indebtedness increased under
 * 20- Leopold I of Grundlach (1297-1303)
 * 21- A Dominican appointed by the pope, Wulfing of Stubenberg (1304-18), founded in Bamberg a Dominican monastery and a convent of Dominican nuns.

Several of the succeeding bishops ruled for brief periods:
 * 22- John of Guttingen (1322-1323), afterwards Bishop of Friesing
 * 23- Henry II of Sternberg (1324-1328), a Dominican
 * 24- John, Count of Nassau (1328-1329), who died before consecration
 * 25- Werntho Schenk of Reicheneck (1320-1335)
 * 26- Leopold II of Egloffstein (1335-1343), who maintained ecclesiastical discipline in his diocese and shrewdly kept out of the quarrels between pope and emperor
 * 27- Frederick I of Hohenlohe (1344-1352) did much to establish peace between the imperial and ecclesiastical authorities; in 1348 he had a register (urbarium) drawn up of all the estates and rights belonging to the see
 * 28- Leopold III of Bebenburg (1353-1363) was granted the right of coinage and re-established the disordered finances of the see
 * 29- Frederick II of Truhendingen (1364-1366) was followed by
 * 30- Louis, Margrave of Meissen (1366-1374), who soon became Elector of Mainz
 * 31- Lamprecht of Brunn (1374-98), formerly Bishop of Strasburg, imposed new taxes in order to reduce the indebtedness of the see. This led to a revolt of the citizens of Bamberg, and the bishop was put to flight in 1379; in 1380 he conquered the city and imposed heavy penalties upon it
 * 32- Albert, Count of Wertheim (1399-1421), settled a quarrel of many years' standing with the Burgrave of Nuremberg and protected the Jews living in the diocese
 * 33- Frederick III of Aufsess (1421-1431), one of the most religious princes of his age, convened a synod in order to restore ecclesiastical discipline and to check the avarice and immorality of the clergy; the opposition to these reforms, especially that of the cathedral canons, forced him to resign the see (d. 1440)
 * 34- Anthony of Rotenhan (1432-1459) was unable to improve the bad condition of the episcopal finances of the bishopric; in 1440 the citizens of Bamberg forced him to flee, but he soon afterwards took the city by storm and executed a number of the citizens. The diocese was several times devastated by Hussites. More peaceful times now followed:
 * 35- George I of Schaumberg (1459-1475), an able ruler, restored ecclesiastical discipline among the people, clergy, and monasteries, and encouraged the newly discovered art of printing (the printer Pfister had a press at Bamberg as early as 1460)
 * 36- Philip of Henneberg (1475-1487) continued the labours of his predecessor, redeemed a large number of the estates mortgaged by Anthony of Rotenhan to the Jews, and in 1478 drove the Jews out of the diocese
 * 37- Henry III Gross of Tockau (1487-1501) was an energetic organizer and issued a number of laws; in 1491 he held a synod
 * 38- Veit I Truchsess of Pommersfelden (1501-1503) and
 * 39- George II Marschalk of Ebnet (1503-1505) had very brief reigns

The period of the Reformation was an unfortunate one for the diocese. Luther's doctrines very soon found entrance into its territory.

 * 40- The fortieth bishop, George III Schenk of Limburg (1502-1522), did much to encourage art and the erection of churches, but he showed himself weak in his opposition to the religious innovations and allowed the writings of the Reformers to be printed and spread in the diocese. Luther's doctrines also found friends and well-wishers in the cathedral chapter
 * 41- Weigand of Redwitz (1522-1556) desired to make a stand against the progress of the Reformation, but was prevented by political and social conflicts. In 1524 the peasants, excited by the preaching of evangelical freedom by the adherents of the new teachings, revolted in several places and refused to pay tithes. The city of Bamberg also rebelled against the bishop; the citizens called on the peasants for aid, plundered the episcopal palace, the houses of the canons and clergy, the monasteries, and a large number of estates in the open country which belonged to the nobles and clergy. Geoerge von Truchsess, commander of the army of the Swabian Confederation, restored order; a number of the revolutionary leaders were executed, a heavy punishment was inflicted on the city of Bamberg, and the nobles who had suffered loss received unnecessarily large compensation. In spite of the bishop's zeal for souls, the Reformation spread through the diocese, and Protestantism gained a footing, especially in Nuremberg and in the Franconian possessions of the Electors of Brandenburg. This period was followed by an era of calm during the episcopates of
 * 42- George IV Fuchs von Rugheim (1556-1561)
 * 43- Veit II of Würzburg (1561-1577)
 * 44- John George I Zobel of Giebelstadt (1577-1580)
 * 45- Martin von Eyb (1580-1583)

None of these men, however, were able to correct abuses and reduce the debts of the see. The cathedral chapter was chiefly responsible for the troubles under which the diocese suffered; their nepotism, simony, avoidance of ordination to the priesthood, and, in many cases, their evil lives (concubinage was common) prevented reform.

 * 46- Ernst von Mengersdorf (1583-1591) took energetic measures against the moral decay of clergy and people; in 1585 he founded a seminary in Bamberg for the training of priests; he also did much to improve the material welfare of the people
 * 47- Neithart von Thungen (1591-1598) laboured with great success in behalf of the counter-Reformation; he provided for the education of the clergy, enlarged the ecclesiastical seminary, and re-established the Catholic religion in his territory in accordance with the then accepted principles of law
 * 48- A less successful episcopate was that of John Philip von Gebsattel (1599-1609), during whose reign the pest desolated the diocese
 * 49- John Gottfried von Aschhausen (1609-1622), who, after 1617, was also Bishop of Würzburg, took energetic measures against concubinage among the clergy. In 1612 he called in the Jesuits, to whom he gave the house and church of the Carmelites; he put the Jesuits in charge of the ecclesiastical seminary and made them the cathedral preachers. In this way the bishop insured the reform of his clergy and the spiritual renewal of Catholicism. There is one stain on his memory which also rests on that of his successor: the toleration and encouragement of trials for witchcraft.

Many misfortunes befell the diocese during the Thirty Years War; among those were heavy war imposts, spoliation, and devastation. In 1632 Bamberg was conquered by the Swedes, and in 1633 was obliged to recognize Barnard of Weimar as its ruler.
 * 50- Bishop John George II Fuchs von Dornheim (1623-1633) died in Carinthia far away from his see
 * 51- Franz von Hatzfeld (1633-1642) was not able to enter his diocese until 1635
 * 52- Melchior Otto Voit of Salzburg (1642-1653) changed the gymnasium into a university in 1647; his successors,

 * 53- Philip Valentine Voit von Reineck (1655-1672)
 * 54- Philip von Dernbach (1672-1683)
 * 55- Marquard Sebastian Schenk von Stauffenberg (1683-1693)

followed his example in encouraging the spiritual activity of the Jesuits and other orders, in the improvement of schools, and in reducing the indebtedness of the diocese. A time of great prosperity was the period of the two Counts von Schönborn:
 * 56- Lothair Franz (1693-1729), and
 * 57- Frederick Charles (1729-1746)

After 1695 the former of these two bishops, Lothair Franz, was elected Elector of Mainz; he built the prince-bishop's palace (now a royal residence), a large college for the Jesuits, as well as several castles, and was a great patron of art and learning; the latter, Frederick Charles, added faculties of law and medicine to the university and adorned the city with numerous public buildings. On account of his pulpit eloquence his contemporaries gave him the name of the German Fleury. The reigns of the next bishops,

 * 58- John Philip Anthony von Frankenstein (1746-1753) and
 * 59- Franz Conrad, Count von Stadion (1753-1757), were also peaceful.
 * 60- During the administration of Adam Frederick, Count von Seinsehim (1757-79), the diocese suffered greatly from the Seven Years War; during its progress the Prussians ravaged and plundered the region, levied contributions on the inhabitants, and carried off the church treasures. When pestilence and famine followed the other miseries of war the bishop showed great liberality in providing for his starving subjects
 * 61- Franz Ludwig von Erthal (1779-1795), who was at the same time Bishop of Würzburg, was another prelate who aimed to promote the welfare of the diocese; he issued wise laws, tried to equalize the burdens of taxation, founded charitable institutions (the general hospital at Bamberg among them), and raised the standard of the clergy. But although personally religious, in the political relations of the Church he yielded in a measure to the prevailing tendencies of the Aufklarung (illumination) movement of his day.
 * 62- Christoph Franz von Buseckj (1745-1802) was the last Prince-Bishop of Bamberg. In 1796 he took refuge at Prague from the French invasion, and in 1799 at Saalfeld. He had only just returned, in 1802, when Bavaria seized his prince-bishopric; and in 1803 the delegates of the empire formally enacted the secularization of Bamberg, and allotted it to be a possession of the Elector of Bavaria. All the provostships and monasteries were then suppressed, the university was changed into the still extant lyceum, and the prince-bishop was pensioned.

Upon the death of von Buseck (1805) George Charles von Fechenbach, Bishop of Würzburg, administered the affairs of the diocese until 1808. After this the see remained vacant for ten years; the ecclesiastical government was carried on by a vicariate-general, consisting of a president and eight counsellors. The concordat agreed upon between Bavaria and Rome in 1817 brought in a new era. Bamberg was made an archbishopric with boundaries as given at the beginning of this article. The first archbishop, Count Joseph von Stubenberg, previously Prince-Bishop of Eichstatt, took possession of the archiepiscopal see of Bamberg in 1818 and administered both dioceses until his death in 1824. Bishop von Stubenberg deserves great credit for the manner in which he protected the property of the Catholic Church. He was followed by (1824-52) Joseph Maria, Freiherr von Fraunberg, who had been Bishop of Augsburg, (1842-58) Boniface Caspar von Urban, (1858-75) Michael von Deinlein, who founded a seminary for boys and encouraged Catholic associations and missions among the people, (1875-90) Frederick von Schreiber, and (1890-1904) Joseph von Schork, a noted pulpit orator. Archbishop von Schork promoted missions (Volksmissionen) among the people, as well as charitable and social organizations among clergy and laity. Frederick Philip von Abert (b. at Munnerstadt, 1 May, 1852) was appointed Archbishop, 30 January, 1905.

Ecclesiastical statistics
The Archdiocese of Bamberg is divided into the archiepiscopal commissariat of the city of Bamberg and 20 rural deaneries. The diocesan year-book for 1906 gives: 194 parishes and dependent stations; 35 curacies; 113 chaplaincies; 58 benefices; 583 churches and chapels; 406 secular clergy; 29 regular clergy; 788 Catholic parish schools; 23 Catholic district school inspectors; 202 local school inspectors. The cathedral chapter is composed of 1 provost, 6 deans, 10 canons, 1 honorary canon, and six curates. The secular priests have a clerical association (Faaedus Ottonianum) with 320 members and a home for invalid priests; the association has also a retiring fund (Emeritenfonds) of $92,500. There are 7 houses of male orders, with 90 members, namely: 4 Franciscan with 17 priests and 29 brothers; 1 of Calced Carmelites with 5 priests, 3 clerics, and 7 brothers; 1 of Conventual Minorites, with 5 priests, 5 brothers, and 3 novices; 1 of Brothers of Charity, with 2 priests, 11 brothers, and three novices. The archdiocese contains a large number of houses of the female orders and congregations: 17 houses, in 8 localities, of the English Ladies (Englische Fraulein) with 223 inmates; 13 houses of the Poor School-Sisters, with 1223 inmates; 3 houses of the Franciscan Sisters, with 11 inmates, from the mother-house of Maria-Stern at Augsburg; 8 houses of the Tertiary Sisters of St. Francis, from Mallersdorf, with 35 inmates; 8 houses of the Franciscan Sisters, from the convent of Dillingen with 43 inmates; 5 houses of Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul with 55 inmates; 17 houses in 10 localities containing 107 inmates, of the Sisters of the Most Holy Saviour from the mother-house at Oberbronn, with 107 inmates; 12 houses, with 32 inmates, of the Daughters of the Holy Redeemer from the mother-house at Würzburg; 2 convents, with 11 inmates, of the Sister of Oberzell; making a total of 85 houses with 640 female religious. For the training of the clergy there are an archiepiscopal seminary for priests (50 students) and an archiepiscopal seminary for boys (75 pupils). The students of the seminary (Priesterseminar) are educated at the Royal Lyceum, which has philosophical and theological faculties and 9 clerical professors; the pupils of the seminary for boys' school (Knabenseminar) attend the two gymnasia of Bamberg in each of which an ecclesiastic acts as religious instructor (Religionslehrer). The clergy have also charge of the von Aufsess seminary and home for Catholic students. The Franciscans have at Bamberg a seminary for students at the gymnasia who wish to enter the order after completing their studies. Of the female congregations, the English Ladies conduct 3 Academies and boarding-schools for girls, and 7 primary girls' schools; the other congregations conduct common schools, housekeeping and industrial schools, and creches. The orders and congregations in the diocese have some 90 charitable institutions under their care, among these are: 15 alms-houses and infirmaries; 12 hospitals; 22 creches; 15 centres for obtaining visiting nurses; 1 insane asylum; 4 homes for unemployed servants; 5 poor-houses, etc. Among the Catholic societies in the diocese may be mentioned: 50 Associations for workingmen and Mechanics; 14 Journeymen's Associations (Gesellenvereine); 7 Apprentices' Societies; 1 Workingwomen's and 1 Shopgirls' Association; the Ludwig-Mission Association; the St. Boniface Association; the Christian Family Association; the Society of Christian Mothers; the Catholic Men's Society, the People's Union for Catholic Germany, etc.

Sights
Among other noteworthy churches of the city are the twelfth-century church of the former Benedictine Abbey of St. Michael and the upper parish church, a Gothic building dating from 1387. Among the finest churches of the diocese are those of the Fourteen Martyrs, Gossweinstein, and Mariaweiher — all places of pilgrimage; the Gothic church of Our Lady at Nuremberg, and the churches of the former abbeys of Banz and Ebrach.

Jewish encyclopedia
City in Upper Franconia, Bavaria. As early as the beginning of the eleventh century Jews had settled at Bamberg. In the second half of the twelfth century Benjamin of Tudela, at the end of his "Travels," mentions its large congregation, which included many scholars and rich men. In 1096 Emicho of Leiningen instigated a massacre among the Jews; in 1218 two Jews were martyred; and in 1298 the Jews suffered terribly at the hands of Rindfleisch and his bands, one hundred and thirty-five of them being murdered. They were persecuted so atrociously at the time of the Black Death, in 1349, that they set fire to their own houses and sought death in the flames. The prince-bishop then took possession of such of their houses as were left, and also of the synagogue. Bishop Anton protected them because a rich Jew of Bamberg lent him large sums of money. They were expelled in 1442, but returned in 1453.

In 1451 Johann von Capistrano, the "Scourge of the Hebrews," preached against the Jews in the cathedral of Bamberg. They were forced to listen to the mission sermons of a Dominican monk, and, as they steadfastly refused to be converted, they were once more expelled in 1478. Within twenty-five years, however, they had again returned to Bamberg. In the sixteenth century they were often threatened with expulsion. During the Thirty Years' war they, together with their fellow-citizens, suffered at the hands of the Swedes. Better days came with the second half of the seventeenth century. In 1683 they prevented an expulsion by sacrificing large sums of money. During a commercial crisis in 1699 the populace rose up against the Jews, and one Jew saved himself by throwing prunes from a gable-window down upon the mob. That event, the 29th of Nisan, called "Zwetschgen-Ta'anit" (Prune-Fast), is still commemorated by a fast and a Purim festivity. At that time many communities in the vicinity of Bamberg were plundered. Emperor Leopold ordered an investigation of the affair and had the leaders punished. In 1737 the number of Jews permitted to live at Bamberg was fixed at forty-eight, each of whom must possess 2,000 thalers, a sum that was increased in 1747 to 4,000. Not until 1813 was the Jews' matriculation ("Judenmatrikel") substituted for the letter of protection.

The first synagogue of the community became the "Marienkirche" after the persecution of 1349, and when it fell into decay in 1470 a new church was built on the site. The second synagogue escaped a similar fate after the expulsion of 1478, being bought by Jacob Kerpf, a Jew of Nuremberg. In 1561 the community rented a rear building for its third place of worship, which was changed into a synagogue in 1679. The fourth synagogue was erected on the same site in 1853. Bamberg at all times had a ghetto. The cemetery was outside of the Sandthor until 1478, having been enlarged in 1407. In the sixteenth century the Jews of Bamberg buried their dead in Zeckendorf, and after the middle of the eighteenth century in Walsdorf; but since 1851 they have had a cemetery of their own.

In harmony with the importance of the community the rabbinate was occupied by eminent men. Samuel of Bamberg, well known as halakist, exegete, and piyyuṭ expounder, lived there about 1220. Israel of Bamberg, author of Tosafot (about 1250), succeeded him. Rabbi Feyst is mentioned about 1403. More famous than any of these was David Sprinz (about 1445), who went later to Nuremberg. Moses Minz, the last great representative of Talmudic learning among the German rabbis of the Middle Ages, lived at Bamberg from 1469 to 1474. Rabbi Samuel Meseritz, author of the collection of formulas and documents "Naḥalat Shib'ah" (Amsterdam, 1667-68), was at Bamberg from 1661 to 1665. His successors were: Moses Fürth, 1665-67; Enoch Levi, 1674-78; Mordecai Lipschütz, 1678-85; Mendel Rothschild, 1686-1718; Moses Broda, 1718-33; Nathan Utiz, 1734-42; Joseph Breslau, 1743-52; Abraham Maler, 1752-57; Tewele Scheuer, 1759-67; Judah Katz, 1770-88; Löb Berlin, 1789-94; Uri Feist, 1797-1802; Joseph Gersfeld, 1802-14; Samson Wolf Rosenfeld, Joseph Kobak (b. 1864), and Dr. A. Eckstein (in 1901). The Jews in Bamberg numbered, in 1403, 37; in 1633, 10; in 1664, 10; in 1690, 24; in 1737, 60; in 1763, 69; in 1901, the community numbered 1,350 persons.

Castle Altenburg
The article says "Destroyed in 1553 by Albert, Margrave of Brandenburg". But List of rulers of Brandenburg and Prussia doesn't show any Albert around that time. The margrave of Brandenburg then would have been Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg. Colonies Chris 20:23, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It is actually referring to Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. Olessi 03:38, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Claudia Ciesla
Famous denizens: "Claudia Ciesla" removed not notable see german Articel Bamberg-Germany-Famous denizens 145.253.2.235 10:03, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Lists
THere is absolutely no need to have both a list of famous and not famous people. Articles do not exist to make sure everyone ever born somewhere is listed. Only the most notable should be included. To that end I have combined the lists. Here are the remaining people cut. I suggest that unless they are extremely famous, they not be included and certainly people with red links should not be. Also, there is no need to obfuscate meaning with denizens, when residents is a perfectly serviceable and clear word.

 * Ulrich of Bamberg, religious historian
 * Christopher Clavius, mathematician
 * Hans Pleydenwurff, painter
 * Johann Lukas Schönlein, physician
 * Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger, theologian
 * Theodor Boveri, biologist
 * August von Wassermann, bacteriologist
 * Hans Ehard, politician
 * Karlheinz Deschner, author
 * Günter Faltin, economist
 * Thomas Gottschalk, TV host
 * Bernd Feustel, professional chess player
 * Amber Michaels, porn actress
 * Heynes Arms, pop musician

pschemp | talk 23:37, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

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Notable people
Hi, the list has increased, maybe we should make it separately--Buchbibliothek (talk) 19:07, 4 October 2016 (UTC)

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Gaping Hole
What happened in WWII? Seven Pandas (talk) 01:37, 26 June 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bamberg


text:
Talk:Penguin/Archive 1

Picture
lokiiita:Manypenguins.jpg and if anyone knows what type of penguins these are they can add it to the gallery. Thanks. Will 20:50, 11 December 2006 (UTC)

you forgot a species
The galapagos penguin, add it!

General comment
The article contains so many falsities that I don't know where to begin. It seems that most of the "facts" derive in one way or the other from the popular movie "The march of the penguins". A fundamental revision of this article and the subsequent species pages would be really necessary. Unfortunately I currently have no capacities to do so but my advise to anyone wanting to tackle this issue is to refer to the appropriate literature, i.e. Williams 1995 and Davis & Renner 2003 that are listed in the reference section at the bottom of the article page. Some excerpts and basis information given in the latter book can be found at [|penguinworld.com] which is maintained by the author of that book. C00ch 13:38, May 09, 2006 (NZST)

 * Addition re: WPCD - Although penguins are certainly an essential topic in encyclopedias I think that the current quality of this article does not justify inclusion in the Wikipedia CD project. The article is grossly unbalanced and instead of providing even background information about penguins, highlights details that are often completely out of context (e.g. diving speeds, external genitalia, homosexuality) or wrong (e.g. sense of smell not researched, chromosome testing necessary to determine sex). Other information are dubious at best without giving sources (e.g. excellent hearing) or overweighted (e.g. Evolution). C00ch 13:45, June 20, 2006 (NZST)

 * Eyesight and Hearing - First off, sorry if this is the wrong location for this. I have never added to a discussion, so I'm not very good at it. Now, the issue. This article says that penguins are nearsighted and have excellent hearing. In a study published by Sivak & Howland in 1984 shows that (at least Humboldt) penguins have very good vision both in air and in water. [| The article can be read here.] The other problem is the labeling of penguin hearing as "excellent." As [| www.seaworld.org] says "As in most birds, penguin hearing is probably good, but not as acute as that of marine mammals." Also, in a study published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Blackfooted Penguins showed sensitivity over a range of .1 kHz to 15 kHz. Compare this to a study published by The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America in 1989 on hearing in Beluga Whales. They found that the whales were sensitive over a range of .04 kHz to 120 kHz. I would hardly call the penguin's hearing "excellent" after that. The links to the 2 studies follow. [|Hearing in Blackfooted Penguins] [| Hearing in Beluga Whales] Logan 19:17, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I have added the {fact} tag after those claims in the article to show that they need information if they are to stay.Logan 15:45, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Hearing and Smell Edit - I have changed the statement that Penguins have excellent hearing to they have average hearing for birds. Someone placed my source as support that they have excellent hearing when that is not what it prooved. I have also taken out the statement about their smell not being researched. The information is out there, we are all apparently just to lazy to find it. Logan 21:23, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Meh, I placed that cite there ( I didn't read this page beforehand) and wasn't paying attention, average is certainly a better descriptor of their hearing (although they have impressive capabilities in finding their chicks in crowded colonies, I guess this isn't what they meant. Excellent is a sort of subjective word, perhaps we should look up the range of hearing in the family and include that rather than statements about average or excellent?) As for olfaction I doubt it has been studied, only a few birds have any olfactive abilities (nw vultures, kiwis and procellariids) so it is probably as well out of here. Sabine's Sunbird  talk  21:48, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Trans-equatorial
Do we have citations for trans-equatorial penguins? My reading had said that the reason there are no penguins in the northern hemisphere is that the equatorial currents block them. Vicki Rosenzweig

The Galapagos penguin may cross the equator and even breeds on an island north of the equator. So the passage is not incorrect. See []. Cordyph

Taxobox
This is my opinion - the earlier image on the taxobox was "better" than the latest replacement. Well, this penguin has got too many fancy designs on it, and its difficult to say its really a penguin by looking at it. Maybe a penguin-expert can recognize the bird, but for the common reader, this is probably the close-up of a pigeon. Lets have the simple white-vested black-coated bird, and move the present one to the particular species page to which it belongs. Jay 21:22, Sep 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * You've really got me puzzled, Jay. I took the pic and put it there.
 * Firstly, I'm sure 99.99 percent of the readers would recognise it instantly as penguin, I've no idea why you can't! In any case, it says it's a penguin underneath. To suggest it could be a pigeon is childish and silly. Have you ever seen a pigeon? If not, have a look at birdfeeding.
 * Secondly, there is no species article for the African Penguin, as a look further down the article would have quickly shown you.
 * Thirdly, taxobox pics are usually closeups and in focus, the previous picture was neither of those. It was good enough until a better one came along (like mine).
 * Best Wishes,
 * Adrian Pingstone 08:18, 14 Sep 2003 (UTC)

These would not be racing pigeons, then, I take it? Tannin

 * ahh.. maybe you (refers to Adrian Pingstone) were the penguin-expert I was talking about. I had gone through your image contributions for a vast array of articles, which is why I had expected that a still better penguin would be available in your repertoire.
 * I've added an article for African penguin, and have given a good physical description in the 2nd para. So a penguin standing facing the camera would be better as we can see the black spots. Pls check if you have such a pic.
 * Regarding close-ups I'm not sure. If its a wikipedia image policy its ok. But personally I feel it need not be a close-up but any photo that brings out the context of the subject, which is why I feel a simple black-and-white coloured penguin standing on the ice would go with the context of a penguin better. Even in the pigeon example that you have given, the pigeon occupies just 5% of the photo, and is still appropriate.
 * (my comparion of your penguin to a pigeon meant no disrespect, its the penguin's fault not yours! Your aircraft pics are great! are they original ?)
 * Jay 10:59, Sep 14, 2003 (UTC)

Actually, Jay, you raise a good point. Would it be better to have a sterotypical penguin in the penguin taxobox? (As opposed to the African Penguins pictured, I mean - they really are quite unusual. Better to have the least surprise? Or better to let the reader know that there is more to penguins tan he/she expects? But we might be stretching the ability of even Adrian's extensive collection of pictures to find the exact one we want - especially as most penguins live a long way south of me, and I'm 10,000 miles south of Adrian! I'm off on an extended bird photography trip soon, but heading north not south, so I don't expect to get any penguins! Oh, and Adrian's aircraft pics are all his own work. Tannin 11:07, 14 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I've found this which refers to Royal Penguins (Eudyptes schlegeli) - is this an omission? (I know nothing about penguins). Secretlondon 21:52, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * See first paragraph of Emperor Penguin. Morwen 22:02, Apr 5, 2004 (UTC)

category
Please stop adding category:penguin without consulting the Tree of Life talk pages. This category in particular is pointless, since there are links to penguin and through the family and order scientific names. jimfbleak 16:14, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * In conventional usage of the categories so far, the article the category is named for is included in the category. Where is this apparent act of enclosure detailed? - David Gerard 18:15, 13 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually i am a penguin maniac and the emperor penguin grows to about 4'. the other thing is waht about the king penguin in south america, the adelie penguin of antartica, and why is there no mention of the jackass penguin[yess that is the real name]. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Nuckingfutbar (talk • contribs) 19:34, 10 December 2006 (UTC).

etc.
While on an unrelated edit, I snipped out statements such as (paraphrased) "the line of bubbles behind a diving penguin is due to air being trapped under their feathers" and "penguins can outrun most humans." As to the first, any object, even a fairly streamlined one, will have a trail of bubbles if plunged into water. As to the second, perhaps they can toboggan faster than a running human, but waddline on their two feet? I don't know... --Yath 06:28, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Do we really need links for words such as: weigh, behavior, evidence, tuxedo, spies? They are common english words that are not specifically related to penguins, and can be looked up in a dictionary. --138.217.32.57 12:41, 23 February 2006 (UTC)

Chilly Willy
There was, besides a game Chilly Willy, also a Tex Avery cartoon segment of the same name. Schissel : bowl listen 04:11, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

(Correction - that should be Lantz segment, Avery directed the Lantz studio.) Schissel : bowl listen 21:30, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

External genitalia
I added that penguins have external genitalia in the Anatomy section, after viewing an Animal Planet documentary. This can be backed up with this source.

 * I'm sorry, but you should read the article you cite. It reads "...t since penguins have no external genitalia...". Penguins do not have external genitalia. Their cloaca is the only orifice utilised during copulation. C00ch 13:17, May 09, 2006 (NZST)

Mating habits
I just saw the film March of the Penguins and it asserts that Emperor Penguins mate once per season but not necessarily with the same mate every year. This seems to contradict the "penguins mate for life" notion that this article features. Perhaps penguins in capitivity mate for life? --feitclub July 5, 2005 21:44 (UTC)
 * Penguins do not mate for life per se. In fact, the "divorce rate" (i.e. the percentage of pairs not reuniting in successive breeding seasons) is largely species specific. Emperor and King penguins have the highest divorce rate amongst the penguins (only 15%-19% of pairs reunite, see Davis & Renner 2003), while other species tend to stick with their partners and indeed mate for life. C00ch May 9, 2006 13:49 (NZST)

How does a male penguin fertilise the female's egg? --138.217.32.57 12:28, 23 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Via spermtransfer over the cloaca. C00ch May 9, 2006 13:49 (NZST)

Wrong Danish translation
In Danish, a penguin is called "Pingvin", not "Pengvin". I don't know how to edit this, or if it is editable at all, but if possible, please correct the error, and tell me how to edit those translations :-) --MathiasRav 18:35, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC) Nevermind. Just found out how to edit it :-S --MathiasRav 16:04, 22 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Record diving depth contradiction
This page says: The Emperor Penguin has been recorded reaching a depth of 875 feet (270 metres) and staying submerged for 18 minutes.

However, the Emperor Penguin page itself says: ''The penguins can venture down deeper, the deepest diving on record being 565 metres. The longest they can hold their breath when underwater is 20 minutes.''

I recently saw the film March of the Penguins, and it seems to support the latter view, at least as far as the diving depth is concerned. The film mentions 15 minutes as the duration it can stay underwater. Could someone consult an authoritative source and correct one (or both) of these pages?

--Chipmunk 03:25, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Hmm
Had the dinosaurs not died out, penguins could look like this [1].

Is this really necessary, that page isn't a serious or at least mainstream scientific study, albeit an interesting creation. Opinions?

What exactly is up with the "Penguins of Death" page that follows what penguins would look like if dinosaurs hadn't gone extinct? Is this a joke?

Rant
The following was added to the article by anonymous User:24.159.239.230. I've moved it here because she said "thank you". -Rholton 03:53, 16 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Penguins DO NOT live in the Arctic!!!!! They are not eaten by polar bears. Penguins are not little fluffballs that wear scarves and play all day long for no reason!! They are not the happiest animals on Earth, and they do not live easy lives. Most penguins do not live in the cold!!!!!!!!! Yes, they all live in the southern hemisphere, but most of them spend thier whole lives on the warmer regions, like South Africa, or New Zealand. Thank you for listen ing to my rant. Good day!!!!!

Gender gap
Isn't the gender gap only true of cold weather penguins, like the Emperor? The article currently suggests this is true of all penguins. I'm tempted to revise the article, but this isn't my area of expertise. Gregmg 01:16, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

I agree. That paragraph really sounds as if someone saw March of the Penguins. This obviously isn't true of all penguins, at least the harsh climate bit. I'm going to remove it.

Removing it again, will do so until it comes with some support. --Erik Garrison 20:33, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The support will not come because the gender gap is nonsense. It would require an enormous effort of sexing adult birds of a species across its entire range to statistically substantiate this idea. I furthermore don't see how the evolution of such a gender gap could be explained. And finally, I really would like to know in which species female penguins are supposed to fight for males. I guess I have to watch "March of the Penguins" after all... *sigh*C00ch 17:27, May 09, 2006. (NZST)

Speed
Why isn't there any mention of the top speed of a penguin? I can't seem to find any truly reliable source. This is especially useful when someone doubts Linus Torvalds, which I personally get quite a few of.

 * Much more is known about Pressures produced when penguins pooh Polar Biol (2003) 27: 56–58 (link to pdf paper) http://flow.arrr.net/penguins.pdf. So we can inject a bit of humour. I will try to edit that into a new section when possible.

 * Oh, I heard about it and got me a copy. It's kinda fun, might even go in there. Either under anatomy or under popculture, as the paper won an Ig Nobel Prize. Dysmorodrepanis 02:23, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

blessed by god
No, the subject line isn't a joke. A friend of mine has heard somewhere that it was once thought that penguins were blessed by god because they walk on two legs, as does god's chosen chordate. It sounds feasible, but I'm not going to add something so apocryphal to the article - if anyone can find a source for this I'd be fascinated to read it. I tried searching google, but if the information is out there anywhere then Penguin Books skews the search beyond usefulness. Hughcharlesparker 11:27, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

New penguin genus? + Evolution/systematics
In March 2006, a new genus of fossil penguins was recognized: the stem penguins, or Waimanu manneringi. Should they be in the classification, or otherwise mentioned? Pengwy 02:37, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Updated evolution and classification sections with this and other fossil penguins.Dinoguy2 17:17, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

I came across a paper but forgot where it was from exactly. Seems there has been a good hypothesis based on molecular data and area of occurence of Recent and fossil spp on the evolution. Much new fossil data to put in there, IIRC it was already missing out on distribution of the newer fossil spp. At any rate, at least the picture becomes much clearer... the spheniscines seem to have spread along the Arctic coast (Aptenodytes is the most very ancient lineage IIRC) somewhere eo-mioceneish. The extant subfamily then spread with an expanding ice sheet and separated geographically into its lineages. The Subarctic subfamilies then went north (geographically) and thus south (figuratively). Guess the fact that the contemporary whales were often enough a kind of dolphin on steriods and crack might have something to do with it... If one put all known prehistoric species (groups) into this, the result should be very intersting. At any rate, if you stumble upon this paper (I think some prof hosts a PDF), please be so good and put some stuff in there and reference it, willya? Dysmorodrepanis 02:23, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Did all that, and then some. Now it's time dto kick back n relax. Dysmorodrepanis 21:39, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Pop Culture
The pop culture section is very long. Should this be branched off into its own article? I've seen this done on a number of other entries.Dinoguy2 17:22, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Penguin = Libertarian Symbol?
Are there any sources that verify, or even contend that the penguin is "an unofficial symbol of the United States Libertarian Party." This seems either wholly made up, or some confusion with the open-source/Linux association. Davebug 17:00, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Um, the Statue of Liberty is the Libertarian symbol. --Rory096 06:29, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

Arithmetic: Eudyptula?!

 * There are 17 to 19 known species worldwide, depending on whether the two Eudyptula species are counted as distinct.

The difference between 17 and 19 is two. The difference between 1 and 2 (Eudyptula) is one. Where does the remaining variance come from? - User:Samsara (talk • contribs) 16:08, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

 * 1) Eudyptula might be 2 species = +1. 2) Royal Penguin might be morph (we should have molecular data by now?!) = -1. 3) Rockhopper might be 2 species also = +1. So you get anywhere between 17 and 18 (or indeed, 16, if 1 and 3 are false and 2 is true). Dysmorodrepanis 02:23, 9 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Mol data on rockhoppers available (2 recently diverged spp), on Royal still pending it seems. Dysmorodrepanis 21:40, 4 February 2007 (UTC)

Social Agenda
I detect a lack of neutral, academic tone in the section on gay penguins, particularly in the closing: "Whilst humans don't find this to be normal, there are many gay penguins out there!"

The issue should be presented, but in fairness, it should be noted that the gay-penguin phenomenon appears to present primarily in unnatural environments, i.e., captivity. If neutral tone is maintained, a reader will come away from the section without supposing that this article is intended to bear on homosexual behavior by humans.

 * While I fail to see the relevance of a discussion of penguin homosexuality for the broad summary of penguin biology other than human curiosity, I must point out, that homosexuality is not confined to "unnatural environments". As a matter of fact, it has been observed in many wild bird species ranging from Adelie penguins to raptors. However, I believe that dwelving into such details will just draw the reader's attention from the essentials of penguin biology that should be distributed on this page. Unfortunately, this page features several sections that just highlight a detail instead of giving a full picture (e.g. "Evolution"). C00ch 13:40, June 20, 2006 (NZST)

 * There should be a redirect for some Homosexuality in Nonhumans page or section and more substantial information might go in there. Dysmorodrepanis 02:23, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

I just read this Wikipedia article for the first time (I'm watching Happy Feet). I'm a gay male and just as inclined to the "social agenda" as the next gay, however the whole "section" on Homosexual penguin behavior could be replaced by one sentence -- or omitted altogether. Most species of animals have gay populations, and penguins are simply one among the vast majority. It seems like this article over-documents it as an oddity. I'm going to offer an edit, and this will be the reason why. Funchords 01:47, 3 March 2007 (UTC)

Penguins as a food source for humans?
Is there any info on penguins as a food source for humans?

Added stuff about Argentinian penguins
I just found in the Spanish page information about Argentinian penguins measuring 1.6 meters, so I translated it into English and placed it here.

This is the original text:
 * En 2002 científicos argentinos descubrieron en las costas de la Península Antártica una subespecie de pingüino emperador cuyos ejemplares llegan a medir 1,6 m.

And this is the translated text:
 * In 2002, a group of Argentinian scientists found in the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula a subspecies of the emperor penguin, with a maximum height of 1.6 m.

I also updated the part about their height.

201.129.133.155 05:06, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * But this is somewhat wrong methinks; I have read of a new giant species, but not of a EP ssp. The really large species have been known for 100 years now (Lovecraft knew about them). All the info was in the evoution section, which some vandal deleted. I put it back in, but rephrased the above addition so that it now refers to the enormous extinct species (thanks for discovering the "largest species is the Emperor penguin" - should be largest living species - glitch!).
 * By the way, the Argie scientists are Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche and her co-workers. She's probably the foremost authority on the prehistory of penguins these days, and quite nice. Much of her work is available on-line, and if not, she will be happy to give you a copy. They will over the next years probably piece together a consistent picture of penguin evolution. Most of the subfamily layout is based on her research. Dysmorodrepanis 01:17, 20 September 2006 (UTC)

Cite source for Roy & Silo
Can anyone please cite the source for this commentary? "The couple about whom the book was based, Roy and Silo, would see further interesting developments in their relationship when in September 2005, Silo left Roy for a female penguin, only to come back to Roy in a few weeks." I'm looking all over the net for articles about their reunion, but so far, I've only come across their break-up. Thanks! Kyuu 02:51, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

As nothing has been cited to show the two of them back together again. And everything I've seen on the web ends with Silo being with a female penguin, I'm going to pull the "only to come back to Roy...." part. If anyone can come up with a cite for them being back together, feel free to put it back. Sperril 14:55, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

Merge request
This page was the target of a merge request from Giant Penguin. Redirected that to Palaeeudyptinae where it belongs. Dysmorodrepanis 04:13, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

penquins age?
how old can a penquin live to? and and all different penquins, just watched the march of the penquins and want to know how old can they get to be?? It depends on the penguin. Emperors usually live 10-20 years DPM 22:14, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

why don't penguins feet freeze?
???--Colsmeghead 21:34, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

In essence, see Countercurrent exchange, and consider how it might work in the blood vessels to a bird's legs. But maybe it is worth expanding on in the article? Gnusmas 14:10, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Do penguins sweat?
Its a genuine question. If you put the penguin in a relatively warm location, will it start to sweat? (especially with Global Warming warming the world)

I would doubt it. I have never heard that they don't but I haven't heard that any birds do. Most of them don't even need it so probably not. DPM 22:12, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Nevermind Look in pargraph 3 DPM 22:18, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Penguins lose heat through their feet (which are not covered in feathers.) you can tell if a penguin is hot if its feet are very pink! so no, i dont think it sweats.123.3.48.184 09:18, 20 April 2007 (UTC)zaz

Giant Penguin
Can someone who knows about Giant Penguins and the subfamily Palaeeudyptinae look at the merge request on those pages. I think Giant Penguin was a page for people who edit paranormal articles; I think they've tried to merge the paranormal content and a wee bit of scientific content. I'm not sure if the paranormalists will object to the merge. Yet it seems silly to have both pages. Olin 17:32, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

"Name" Section is a mess - see for instance Merriam Webster and the article on the Great Auk for a better account of the evidence
1) From Merriam Webster Dictionary:

Penguin - Etymology: obsolete English penguin, 'great auk', perhaps from Welsh pen gwyn, 'white head' (applied to the bird in winter plumage)

2) From the Great Auk article:

"One theory connects names for the Great Auk with the origin of the word penguin, which may have come from the Welsh or Breton phrase pen gwyn, meaning "white head", referring originally to the Great Auk (although the head of the Great Auk was not in fact white, there are two white patches on its face). Later, when explorers discovered apparently similar birds in the southern hemisphere, what we now call penguins, the term was supposedly transferred to them.

''It might be of interest to note that in French language, Auks are called "Pingouins" (a word close to Penguin) while Penguins (the southern birds) are called "Manchots" (a word meaning "armless"). Most French people still remain confused, calling Penguins "Pingouins" instead of "Manchots" as the two tyes of birds share many characteristics."''

As for this article, the current "name" section here is little more than a big Original Research dump. Most unsourced statements about an ancient "common origin" from PIE or Germanic are rubbish, to say the least, considering that a) Penguins are Southern Hemisphere animals and were obviously unknown in ancient Europe. The closest thing to a penguin known at the time was the Great Auk, which is by far the most obvious connection (see above); and b) all cited forms in modern Germanic languages are loanwords either from English penguin or from French pingouin (see above).

So it seems that some people didn't even care to look up such accessible materials as dictionary etimologies before adding such nonsense to the article. The most obvious evidence mentioned in the references above are only briefly mentioned, whereas a clutter of wild and OR "theories" is given much more than due weight.

Considering these facts, and if nobody objects, I plan to start a complete rewrite of the "name" section soon. Any suggestions or additions are appreciated.KelilanK 07:38, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think there should be citable references for it. The particular linguistics of this one have been of some interest to ornithologists earlier in the 20th century. You might want to check out Erroll Fuller's Great Auk book for references, or try and search SORA, Springer-Link (which has the complete Journal für Ornithologie archive), etc. Dysmorodrepanis 14:38, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Go for it! Snalwibma 14:43, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

 * A "big Original Research dump"??!! You've got to be kidding!! There is one unsourced statement in that section; all others have citations referring to the entry "Penguin" in the Oxford English Dictionary. What better source do you want? --Śiva 22:50, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

It's because your response came a little late, Śiva ;). The section has already improved a lot since my first comment.KelilanK 21:31, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

Link Spam
This link: "www.pinguins.info : information about all species of penguins" appears on top of the links on basically every penguin related page. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/81.242.187.253 The link is not particularly helpful as it goes to a generic page about penguins, rather than a page particularly important to the page it links from. I am sure this person was well intentioned, but I feel that there are more authoritative websites to link to, such as http://www.penguin.net.nz/ or http://www.penguinworld.com

Penguin gender
I have read articles that raise questions in my mind but do not precisely explain the question of ascertaining penguin gender. Several articles talk about doing blood tests to ascertain the gender of any given penguin. Also, both males and female penguins of some if not all penguin species types have internal genetalia, and similar structures inside the penguin. Is it then true that without blood tests, physical examination cannot ascertain penguin gender? Then, it is worth asking, are penguins capable of reliably knowing the gender of other penguins? All of these questions might be species specific, but the answer to some of them could apply to all penguins, I suppose depending on what the answer is. 128.101.70.98 15:16, 12 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I think they all have internal genitalia, and though a trained veterinarian could possibly make an educated cuess by examining the cloaca (see chicken sexing) the birds themselves can't. HBW indicates that in Eudyptes, males and females should be separable (at least to the birds themselves, which should be considered the foremost experts in penguin sexing ;-) ) with quite some certainty, as males tend to be larger and have markedly heavier bills. In other genera, there are "no" good hints at external sexual dimorphism. I use quotation marks, because it is rather certain that penguins can hear well and have an amazing capability to remember voices of other penguins; they seem to recognize partners, children, parents etc mostly by their voice. So there might be some subtle differences in calls, pitch etc; I don't think this has been properly researched but it might be worth it.
 * All penguins seem to be serially monogamous to truly monogamous, i.e. they mate and once mated, they don't mess aroung with other individuals, though they change partners if it "don't work out". I don't know if there have been studies to determine to what extent if any copulation occurs outside the pair bond; it might be worthwhile to check Marine Ornithology journal and SORA for that. So the minimal thing one can say would be that they just check out "available singles" and see if it works out, with the correct sex being of secondary importance at least initially. And the opposite extreme would be subtle clues of behavior, voice, ... that are opposite to the birds themselves, except in Eudyptes where it is more obvious.
 * There is one penguin species in which even untrained observers can distinguish sexes with some certainty: female Royal Penguin quite often have a grey or grey-patterned face, whereas males rarely do (as per HBW). Given the taxonomic uncertainties about this particular species, Haldane's Rule could give some interesting hints. Dysmorodrepanis 14:34, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

Penguin Video External Link
Please add in external links: Penguin Video Stock Footage from OceanFootage and link to http://www.oceanfootage.com/stock_video/penguin_video.htm Thank youFreeflowfun 21:49, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

Intelligence
I want to ask how are penguins intelligent? They are non-flying birds and can have large brain, but I can't find any information about their brain and intellectual abilities. Til. 29.03.07 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 213.227.194.147 (talk) 09:30, 29 March 2007 (UTC). I hink this a good example of a article about panguines. The penguins rock and are usually found in cold placez!

Convergent evolution with Auks
I've taken out the following short paragraph from the article:

"The Auk of the Northern Hemisphere is superficially similar to penguins, they are not related to the penguins at all, but considered by some to be a product of moderate convergent evolution."

I did so because it uses weasel words, it doesn't cite a source and it seems to be original research. In wikipedia articles we can't say "considered by some...", we need to say "J. Bloggs, in his paper 'Penguins and Auks (2007)', says..." --Hugh Charles Parker (talk - contribs) 13:11, 19 May 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penguin/Archive 1


text: Talk:World

title: Talk:World


text:
Power transmission

Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of generation to a location where it is applied to perform useful work.

Power is defined formally as units of energy per unit time. In SI units:

 * $$\text{watt} = \frac{\text{joule}}{\text{second}} = \frac{\text{newton}\times\text{meter}}{\text{second}}$$

Since the development of technology, transmission and storage systems have been of immense interest to technologists and technology users.

Electrical power

With the widespread establishment of electrical grids, power transmission is usually associated most with electric power transmission. Alternating current is normally preferred as its voltage may be easily stepped up by a transformer in order to minimize resistive loss in the conductors used to transmit power over great distances; another set of transformers is required to step it back down to safer or more usable voltage levels at destination.

Power transmission is usually performed with overhead lines as this is the most economical way to do so. Underground transmission by high-voltage cables is chosen in crowded urban areas and in high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) submarine connections.

Power might also be transmitted by changing electromagnetic fields or by radio waves; microwave energy may be carried efficiently over short distances by a waveguide or in free space via wireless power transfer.

Mechanical power

Electrical power transmission has replaced mechanical power transmission in all but the very shortest distances.

From the 16th century through the industrial revolution to the end of the 19th century, mechanical power transmission was the norm. The oldest long-distance power transmission technology involved systems of push-rods or jerker lines (stängenkunst or feldstängen) connecting waterwheels to distant mine-drainage and brine-well pumps. A surviving example from 1780 exists at Bad Kösen that transmits power approximately 200 meters from a waterwheel to a salt well, and from there, an additional 150 meters to a brine evaporator. This technology survived into the 21st century in a handful of oilfields in the US, transmitting power from a central pumping engine to the numerous pump-jacks in the oil field.

Mechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid structure such as a driveshaft; transmission gears can adjust the amount of torque or force vs. speed in much the same way an electrical transformer adjusts voltage vs current. Factories were fitted with overhead line shafts providing rotary power. Short line-shaft systems were described by Agricola, connecting a waterwheel to numerous ore-processing machines. While the machines described by Agricola used geared connections from the shafts to the machinery, by the 19th century, drivebelts would become the norm for linking individual machines to the line shafts. One mid 19th century factory had 1,948 feet of line shafting with 541 pulleys.

Hydraulic systems use liquid under pressure to transmit power; canals and hydroelectric power generation facilities harness natural water power to lift ships or generate electricity. Pumping water or pushing mass uphill with (windmill pumps) is one possible means of energy storage. London had a hydraulic network powered by five pumping stations operated by the London Hydraulic Power Company, with a total effect of 5 MW.

Pneumatic systems use gasses under pressure to transmit power; compressed air is commonly used to operate pneumatic tools in factories and repair garages. A pneumatic wrench (for instance) is used to remove and install automotive tires far more quickly than could be done with standard manual hand tools. A pneumatic system was proposed by proponents of Edison's direct current as the basis of the power grid. Compressed air generated at Niagara Falls would drive far away generators of DC power. The war of the currents ended with alternating current (AC) as the only means of long distance power transmission.

Thermal power
Thermal power can be transported in pipelines containing a high heat capacity fluid such as oil or water as used in district heating systems, or by physically transporting material items, such as bottle cars, or in the ice trade.

Chemicals and fuels
While not technically power transmission, energy is commonly transported by shipping chemical or nuclear fuels. Possible artificial fuels include radioactive isotopes, wood alcohol, grain alcohol, methane, synthetic gas, hydrogen gas (H2), cryogenic gas, and liquefied natural gas (LNG).

title: Power transmission


text:
Fulda

Fulda (historically in English called Fuld) is a city in Hesse, Germany; it is located on the river Fulda and is the administrative seat of the Fulda district (Kreis). In 1990, the city hosted the 30th Hessentag state festival.

Middle Ages

In 744 Saint Sturm, a disciple of Saint Boniface, founded the Benedictine monastery of Fulda as one of Boniface's outposts in the reorganization of the church in Germany. The initial grant for the abbey was signed by Carloman, Mayor of the Palace in Austrasia (in office 741–47), the son of Charles Martel. The support of the Mayors of the Palace, and later of the early Pippinid and Carolingian rulers, was important to Boniface's success. Fulda also received support from many of the leading families of the Carolingian world. Sturm, whose tenure as abbot lasted from 747 until 779, was most likely related to the Agilolfing dukes of Bavaria.

Fulda also received large and constant donations from the Etichonids, a leading family in Alsace, and from the Conradines, predecessors of the Salian Holy Roman Emperors. Under Sturm, the donations Fulda received from these and other important families helped in the establishment of daughter-houses near Fulda. In 751, Boniface and his disciple and successor Lullus obtained an exemption for Fulda, having it placed directly under the Papal See and making it independent of interference by bishops or worldly princes. The monastery school became a renowned center of learning.

After his martyrdom by the Frisians in 754, the relics of Saint Boniface were brought back to Fulda. Because of the stature this afforded the monastery, the donations increased, and Fulda could establish daughter-houses further away, for example in Hamelin. Meanwhile, Saint Lullus, successor of Boniface as archbishop of Mainz, tried to absorb the abbey into his archbishopric, but failed.

Between 790 and 819 the community rebuilt the main abbey church to more fittingly house the relics. They based their new basilica on the original 4th-century (since demolished) Old St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, using the transept and crypt plan of that great pilgrimage church to frame their own saint as the "Apostle to the Germans".

The crypt of the original abbey church still holds those relics, but the church itself has been subsumed into a Baroque renovation. A small, 9th-century chapel remains standing within walking distance of the church, as do the foundations of a later women's abbey. Rabanus Maurus served as abbot at Fulda from 822 to 842. Fulda Abbey owned such works as the Res Gestae by the fourth-century Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus and the Codex Fuldensis, as well as works by Cicero, Servius, Bede and Sulpicius Severus.

Counter-Reformation
Prince-abbot Balthasar von Dernbach adopted a policy of counter-reformation. In 1571 he called in the Jesuits to found a school and college. He insisted the members of the chapter should return to a monastic form of life. Whereas his predecessors had tolerated Protestantism, resulting in most of the citizenry of Fulda and a large portion of the principality's countryside professing Lutheranism, Balthasar ordered his subjects either to return to the Catholic faith or leave his territories. He also ordered the Fulda witch trials, in which hundreds of people, including a number of crypto-Protestants were arrested on charges of witchcraft alongside others.

18th and 19th centuries
The foundation of the abbey of Fulda and its territory originated with an Imperial grant, and the sovereign principality therefore was subject only to the German emperor. Fulda became a bishopric in 1752 and the prince-abbots were given the additional title of prince-bishop. The prince-abbots (and later prince-bishops) ruled Fulda and the surrounding region until the bishopric was forcibly dissolved by Napoleon I in 1802.

The city went through a baroque building campaign in the 18th century, resulting in the current "Baroque City" status. This included a remodeling of Fulda Cathedral (1704–12) and of the Stadtschloss (Fulda Castle-Palace, 1707–12) by Johann Dientzenhofer. The city parish church, St. Blasius, was built between 1771 and 1785. In 1764 a porcelain factory was started in Fulda under Prince-Bishop, Prince-Abbot Heinrich von Bibra, but shortly after his death it was closed down in 1789 by his successor, Prince-Bishop, Prince-Abbot Adalbert von Harstall.

The city was given to Prince William Frederick of Orange-Nassau (the later King William I of the Netherlands) in 1803 (as part of the short-lived Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda), was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Berg in 1806, and in 1809 to the Principality of Frankfurt. After the Congress of Vienna of 1814–15, most of the territory went to the Electorate of Hesse, which Prussia annexed in 1866.

20th century
From 1938 to 1943, Fulda was the location of a Nazi forced labour camp for Romani people.

Fulda lends its name to the Fulda Gap, a traditional east–west invasion route used by Napoleon I and others. During the Cold War, it was presumed to be an invasion route for any conventional war between NATO and Soviet forces. Downs Barracks in Fulda was the headquarters of the American 14th Armored Cavalry Regiment, later replaced by the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment. The cavalry had as many as 3,000 soldiers from the end of World War II until 1993. Not all those soldiers were in Fulda proper, but scattered over observation posts and in the cities of Bad Kissingen and Bad Hersfeld. The strategic importance of this region, along the border between East and West Germany, led to a large United States and Soviet military presence.

Politics
Fulda has traditionally been a conservative Catholic city, with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda being based in the city cathedral. During the time of the German Empire and Weimar Republic, the city was a stronghold for the Centre Party. After the end of World War II, in addition to all mayors, Fulda's constituency seats have been safe seats for CDU in both the Landtag of Hesse (District X 1946–1950, District 14 1950–1983, Fulda I since 1983) and Bundestag (Fulda electoral district). The CDU has never received less than 42.4 percent of the vote in communal elections since 1946.

Oberbürgermeister (Lord mayor) Department I (head and personnel administration, finance, committee work, culture, business development, city marketing, investments)
 * Cuno Raabe (CDU): 1946–1956
 * Alfred Dregger (CDU): 1956–1970
 * Dr. Wolfgang Hamberger (CDU): 1970–1998
 * Dr. Alois Rhiel (CDU): 1998–2003
 * Gerhard Möller (CDU): 2003–2015
 * Heiko Wingenfeld (CDU): 2015–

Department II (public security and order, family, youth, schools, sports, social affairs, seniors) Landtag (state parliament)
 * Karl Ehser: 1934–1945
 * Karl Schmitt: 1946–1948
 * Heinrich Gellings: 1948–1969
 * Dr. Wolfgang Hamberger: 1969–1970
 * Dr. Tilman Pünder: 1971–1980
 * Lutz von Pufendorf: 1981–1984
 * Dr. Alois Rhiel: 1984–1989
 * Josef H. Mayer: 1990–1995
 * Oda Scheibelhuber: 1995–1999
 * Bernd Woide: 1999–2003
 * Dr. Wolfgang Dippel: 2004–2014
 * Dag Wehner (CDU): 2014–

 * Cuno Raabe (CDU): 1946–1962, elected in 1946, 1950, 1954 and 1958
 * Alfred Dregger (CDU): 1962–1972, elected in 1962, 1966 and 1970, resigned to accept Bundestag mandate
 * Winfried Rippert (CDU): 1972–1999, appointed in 1972, elected in 1974, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1991 and 1995
 * Walter Arnold (CDU): 1999-2004 and again 2009–2018, elected in 1999, 2003; resigned in 2004; elected in 2009 and 2013
 * Margarete Ziegler-Raschdorf (CDU): 2004–2009, appointed in 2004, elected in 2008
 * Thomas Hering (CDU): 2018-, elected in 2018

Bundestag (federal parliament)

 * Anton Sabel (CDU): 1949–1957, elected in 1949 and 1953
 * Hermann Götz (CDU): 1957–1976, elected in 1957, 1961, 1965, 1969 and 1972
 * Alfred Dregger (CDU): 1976–1998, elected in 1976, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1990 and 1994
 * Martin Hohmann (CDU): 1998–2005, elected in 1998 and 2002; expelled from CDU in 2003 for anti-Semitic remarks
 * Michael Brand (CDU): 2005-, elected in 2005, 2009, 2013, 2017 and 2021

Source:

Between 1927 and 1974, Fulda was a district-free city (Kreisfreie Stadt). Since 1974, it has been included in the eponymous district as a city with special status (Stadt mit Sonderstatus), a distinction it shares with six other Hessian cities, meaning that it takes on tasks more usually performed by the district.

Transport
Fulda station is a transport hub and interchange point between local and long-distance traffic of the German railway network, and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category2 station. It is on the Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway; the North–South line (Nord-Süd-Strecke), comprising the Bebra–Fulda line north of Fulda, and the Kinzig Valley Railway and Fulda–Main Railway to the south; the Vogelsberg Railway, which connects to the hills of the Vogelsberg in the west; and the Fulda–Gersfeld Railway (Rhön Railway) to Gersfeld in the Rhön Mountains to the east.

Fulda is on the Bundesautobahn 7 (BAB 7). Bundesautobahn 66 starts at the interchange with the BAB 7, heading south towards Frankfurt. Fulda is also on the Bundesstraße 27.

Twin towns – sister cities
Fulda is twinned with:

 * 🇮🇹 Como, Italy (1960)
 * 🇫🇷 Arles, France (1964)
 * 🇷🇺 Sergiyev Posad, Russia (1991)
 * 🇺🇸 Wilmington, Delaware, United States (1997)
 * 🇨🇿 Litoměřice, Czech Republic (2001)
 * Dokkum, Netherlands (2013)

Pre-1800

 * Adam of Fulda (c. 1445–1505), composer and music theorist
 * Adam Krafft (1493–1558), Protestant church reformer
 * Justus Menius (1499–1558), theologian
 * Franz Kaspar Lieblein (1744–1810), botanist
 * Heinrich von Bibra Prince-Bishop, Prince-Abbot and of Fulda from 1759 to 1788

1801–1850

 * Georg von Adelmann (1811–1888), physician and surgeon
 * Otto Bähr (1817–1895), lawyer and politician
 * Hugo Staehle (1826–1848), composer
 * Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918), physicist, electrical engineer and Nobel laureate in physics

1851–1900

 * Adalbert Ricken (1851–1921), mycologist and priest
 * Ludwig Hupfeld (1864–1949), instrument maker and industrialist
 * Wilhelm Heye (1869–1947), officer
 * Clara Harnack (1877–1962), painter, teacher and mother of the resistance fighters Arvid and Falk Harnack
 * Angela Zigahl (1885–1955), politician
 * Anton Storch (1892–1975), politician
 * Wilm Hosenfeld (1895–1952), officer and Righteous Among the Nations
 * Paul Deichmann (1898–1981), officer of the Luftwaffe
 * Max Stern (1898–1982), businessman, investor and philanthropist

1901–1950

 * Karl Storch (1913–1992), athlete (hammer thrower)
 * Wilhelm Balthasar (1914–1941), Luftwaffe military aviator and wing commander during Spanish Civil War and WWII
 * Martin Hohmann (born 1948), politician (CDU, now AfD)
 * Winfried Michel (born 1948), composer, recorder player and music publisher

1951–present

 * Markus Oestreich (born 1963), racing driver
 * Immanuel Bloch (born 1972), physicist
 * Tobias Sammet (born 1977), musician
 * Sebastian Kehl (born 1980), football player
 * Patrik Sinkewitz (born 1980), professional cyclist
 * Tobias Wolf (born 1988), football player
 * Thorsten Hohmann (born1979), pool player

title: Fulda