text:
1238

Year 1238 (MCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Mongol Empire

 * January 15–20 – Siege of Moscow: The Mongols under Batu Khan and Subutai campaign across the northern heartland of the Kievan Rus', committing numerous atrocities across multiple settlements, including the sacking of an insignificant town known as Moscow. According to the Chronicle of Novgorod, Moscow is a fortified village, a trading post "on a crossroads of four rivers". The village is taken by the Mongols after 5 days of siege.
 * March 4 – Battle of the Sit River: The Mongols defeat a Kievan Rus' army (some 4,000 men) under Grand Prince Yuri II of Vladimir in an engagement at the Sit River (located in the Sonkovsky District). With Yuri's death, so too dies the hope of any united Rus' resistance against the Mongols. Batu Khan splits his forces up into several contingents – ordering each to wreak havoc across the Rus' territories (modern-day Russia and Ukraine).
 * March – Siege of Kozelsk: The 12-year-old Prince Vasily of Chernigov (grandson of Mstislav II Svyatoslavich), manages against all the odds, to hold out in his capital of Kozelsk for nearly two months with only citizen militia. He leads a successful sortie outside of the walls – where the garrison slaughters thousands of Mongols and destroys siege equipment. Finally, Kozelsk is conquered and Vasily is slaughtered alongside the inhabitants.
 * Evpaty Kolovrat, Kievan knight (bogatyr), returns to his hometown of Ryazan, which was burnt to the ground by the Mongols in 1237. He gathers some 1,700 survivors and pursues Batu Khan, attacking his rearguard, and annihilating thousands of Mongols. Finally, Kolovrat is slain from afar by siege-weaponry. Batu Khan shows admiration for his bravery and as a sign of respect, returns his body and allows his soldiers to return home.
 * Autumn – The Mongols under Batu Khan retire, leaving behind the ruined northern Rus' territories. He spends the rest of the year suppressing the last resistance of the Kipchaks, while his cousin Möngke (son of Tolui Khan) conquer the Alans and the northern Caucasian tribes. Later, Möngke makes a raid of reconnaissance as far as Kiev.

Europe

 * June 8 – Treaty of Stensby: The Teutonic Knights sign a agreement with King Valdemar II of Denmark ("the Conqueror"). William of Modena, Italian papal diplomat, meets Grand Master Hermann Balk and Valdemar on a Danish island, settling outstanding disputes with Denmark. The Livonian Brothers of the Sword are merged into the Teutonic Order as an autonomous branch and become known as the Livonian Order.
 * July 11 – Siege of Brescia: Emperor Frederick II begins the siege of Brescia. He rejects the negotiations of the Lombard League and insists on unconditional surrender to the imperial forces in northern Italy. This blocks all possibilities of a peaceful settlement. Milan and five other Lombard cities are attacked. In early October, after a successful sortie by the city's defenders, Frederick is forced to lift the siege.
 * August 21 – Battle of Örlygsstaðir: Chieftain Sighvatr Sturluson and his son, Sturla Sighvatsson, are defeated by Kolbeinn ungi Arnórsson and Gissur Þorvaldsson, for control of Iceland (known as the Age of the Sturlungs).
 * September 28 – King James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia from the Moors, who retreat to Granada. During the campaign, James' cousin, Bernat Guillem de Montpeller, dies from wounds received in action.
 * Autumn – Muhammad I, Almohad ruler of the Emirate of Granada, begins the construction of the Alhambra Complex on the site of a pre-Islamic fortress.

England

 * January – Simon de Montfort marries the 23-year-old Eleanor, sister of King Henry III. While the marriage takes place with the king's approval, the act itself is performed secretly and without consulting the barons. Eleanor has previously been married to William Marshal and has sworn a vow of perpetual chastity upon his death, which she breaks by marrying Montfort. Archbishop Edmund of Abingdon condemns the marriage for this reason.

Middle East

 * March 6 – Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, dies at Damascus and is succeeded by his 18-year-old son Al-Adil II. After Al-Kamil's death, a civil war breaks out, and his elder son As-Salih Ayyub, sets out from Damascus to invade Egypt. But a sudden coup d'état dethrones him in favour of his uncle, As-Salih Ismail.
 * The Nizari Imam Muhammad III and the Abbasid caliph Al-Mustansir send a joint diplomatic mission to the European kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England to forge a Muslim–Christian alliance against the Mongols, but this is unsuccessful.

Births

 * March 12 – Serafina, Italian noblewoman and saint (d. 1253)
 * April 23 – Narathihapate (or Sithu IV), Burmese ruler (d. 1287)
 * May 1 – Magnus VI (the Law-mender), king of Norway (d. 1280)
 * May 3 – Emilia Bicchieri, Italian nun and prioress (d. 1314)
 * July 11 – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, prince of Wales (d. 1283)
 * Al-Bahrani, Arab Shia scholar and philosopher (d. 1280)
 * Guglielmo Agnelli, Italian sculptor and architect (d. 1313)
 * Henry de Montfort, English nobleman and knight (d. 1265)
 * Hōjō Nobutoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1323)
 * Madhva Acharya, Indian Hindu religious leader (d. 1317)
 * Maurice FitzGerald, Irish nobleman and justiciar (d. 1277)
 * Meinhard II, duke of Carinthia (House of Gorizia) (d. 1295)
 * Nicholas Segrave, English nobleman and knight (d. 1295)
 * Nizamuddin Auliya (or Awliya), Indian Sufi scholar (d. 1325)
 * Otto de Grandson, Savoyard nobleman and knight (d. 1328)
 * Pedro Armengol, Spanish nobleman and priest (d. 1304)
 * Rinchen Gyaltsen, Tibetan imperial preceptor (d. 1279)
 * Yang Hui, Chinese mathematician and writer (d. 1298)
 * Yao Sui, Chinese politician, poet and writer (d. 1313)
 * Yunus Emre, Seljuk poet, mystic and writer (d. 1328)
 * Zhang Hongfan, Chinese general and admiral (d. 1280)

Deaths

 * March 4
 * Joan of England, queen consort of Scotland (b. 1210)
 * Vasilko Konstantinovich, Kievan prince (b. 1209)
 * Yuri II of Vladimir, Kievan Grand Prince (b. 1188)
 * March 6 – Al-Kamil, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt (b. 1177)
 * March 16 – Benchō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 1162)
 * March 19 – Henry I (the Bearded), duke of Poland
 * March 21 – Awhad al-Din Kermani, Persian Sufi poet
 * June 9 – Peter des Roches, bishop of Winchester
 * July 9 – William de Malveisin, bishop of St. Andrews
 * July 10 – Sophia of Wittelsbach, German noblewoman
 * September 28 – Jeanne des Roches, French baroness
 * December 26 – Alexander de Stavenby, English bishop
 * Abu abd Allah Muhammad (or Ibn Hud), Almohad ruler
 * Azriel of Gerona, Catalan rabbi and scholar (b. 1160)
 * Evpaty Kolovrat, Kievan warrior and knight (b. 1200)
 * Heinrich I von Müllenark, German archbishop (b. 1190)
 * Hugh le Despenser, English nobleman and high sheriff
 * Hugh of Ibelin (the Strong), Cypriot knight (b. 1213)
 * John I (Axouchos Komnenos), Byzantine emperor
 * John of Béthune, French military leader and knight
 * Matsudono Moroie, Japanese nobleman (b. 1172)

title: 1238


text:
1248

Year 1248 (MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Seventh Crusade

 * August 12 – King Louis IX (the Saint) leaves Paris together with his wife, Queen Margaret of Provence, and her sister Beatrice of Provence. Two of Louis' brothers, Charles of Anjou and Robert of Artois, are also present. He is followed by his cousins, Hugh IV of Burgundy and Peter Mauclerc, both are veterans of the Barons' Crusade.
 * August 25 – Louis IX departs from Aigues-Mortes and Marseilles with a French expeditionary force (some 10,000 men) transported by 100 ships. An English detachment (some 5,000 men) under William Longespée (the Younger), grandson of King Henry III, and his mistress Ida de Tosny follows close behind with 36 transport ships.
 * September 17 – Louis IX arrives at Limassol on the island of Cyprus. He gathers his forces and is well received by King Henry I (the Fat). The Crusaders are supplemented by nobles from Acre, including Grand Masters Jean de Ronay and Guillaume de Sonnac. Louis prepares a plan of campaign, with Egypt as the prime objective.
 * December – Louis IX receives an embassy during his stay in Cyprus from the Mongol general, Eljigidei, who is viceroy in Persia. They bring a letter from Guyuk Khan (who had died by the time his envoys reached Cyprus ) with no demands of submission, but talking in terms about Mongol favouritism for Christianity, and a proposal of a joint invasion against the Ayyubid forces in Syria.
 * December – Louis IX decides to spend the winter on Cyprus to make preparations against Egypt. Meanwhile, the nobles persuade him to start negotiations with Sultan As-Salih Ayyub to intervene in the internal Ayyubid affairs. But Louis rejects this offer and orders the Knights Templar to break off their negotiations with As-Salih.

Europe

 * February 18 – Battle of Parma: Imperial forces (some 6,000 men) under Emperor Frederick II are defeated by the Lombard League at Parma. Much of Frederick's treasure is lost, while he is hunting in the Taro Valley.
 * November 23 – Siege of Seville: Castilian forces under King Ferdinand III (the Saint) recapture the city of Seville from the Almohads, after a 16-month siege. Prince Alfonso of Castile takes the city of Alicante.
 * November 24–25 – In the middle of the night a mass on the north side of Mont Granier suddenly collapses, in one of the largest historical rock slope failures.
 * December – William of Villehardouin, Latin ruler of the Principality of Achaea, captures Monemvasia – last remaining Byzantine outpost on the Peloponnese.
 * December – Ferdinand III issues an edict to expel the Almohads out of Seville. Many Muslims sail to North Africa and others travel to Granada in Al-Andalus.

Cities and Towns

 * August 25 – The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, archbishop of Utrecht, after the town has been pillaged by a local robber baron.

Religion

 * April 26 – The Gothic chapel Sainte-Chapelle (or Holy Chapel) is completed and consecrated in Paris. Louis IX moves the relics of the True Cross and Holy Lance to the chapel with great ceremony.
 * August 15 – The foundation stone of Cologne Cathedral is laid by Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden, after the older cathedral is burned down on April 30 (construction is completed in 1880).
 * Pope Innocent IV grants the Croatians of southern Dalmatia permission to use their own language and script in the Roman Rite liturgy (see Glagolitic alphabet).

Births

 * July 21 – Bogo de Clare, English cleric and writer (d. 1294)
 * December 22 – Ichijō Ietsune, Japanese nobleman (d. 1293)
 * Abu Said Faraj, Andalusian advisor and governor (d. 1320)
 * Angela of Foligno, Italian nun, mystic and writer (d. 1309)
 * Blanche of Artois, queen and regent of Navarre (d. 1302)
 * Gao Kegong (or Fang Shan), Chinese painter (d. 1310)
 * Hōjō Akitoki, Japanese military leader and poet (d. 1301)
 * Isabella of Aragon, queen consort of France (d. 1271)
 * Kujō Tadanori, Japanese nobleman and regent (d. 1332)
 * Peter John Olivi, French monk and theologian (d. 1298)
 * Yeshe Rinchen, Tibetan Imperial Preceptor (d. 1294)
 * Zaynab bint al-Kamal, Syrian female scholar (d. 1339)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Sancho II (the Pious), king of Portugal (b. 1209)
 * January 18 – Fujiwara no Ritsushi, Japanese empress (b. 1192)
 * February 1 – Henry II, Dutch nobleman and knight (b. 1207)
 * February 9 – Al-Adil II, Ayyubid ruler of Egypt and Damascus
 * February 18 – Taddeo da Suessa, Italian jurist and diplomat
 * February 25 – Bolesław I of Masovia, Polish prince (b. 1208)
 * March 27 – Maud Marshal, English noblewoman (b. 1192)
 * April 9 – Hugh I of Châtillon, French nobleman and knight
 * April 20 – Güyük Khan (or Kuyuk), Mongol emperor (b. 1206)
 * June 19 – Otto III of Merania, French nobleman and knight
 * August 7 – Giordano Forzatè, Italian religious leader (b. 1158)
 * September 13 – Kunigunde, Bohemian queen consort (b. 1202)
 * December 26 – Theobald Butler, Irish chief governor (b. 1224)
 * Al-Qifti, Egyptian scholar, historian and biographer (b. 1172)
 * Haraldr Óláfsson, Scottish ruler of the Kingdom of the Isles
 * Hermann von Buxhövden, Livonian prince-bishop (b. 1163)
 * Ibn al-Baitar, Andalusian physician and scientist (b. 1197)
 * John Blund, English archbishop and philosopher (b. 1175)
 * John of Monmouth, Norman nobleman and knight (b. 1182)
 * Koga Michiteru, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. 1187)
 * Richard Fishacre, English theologian and writer (b. 1200)
 * Richard Siward, English adventurer and knight banneret
 * Shams Tabrizi, Persian poet and philosopher (b. 1185)
 * Subutai, Mongol general and military strategist (b. 1175)
 * Walter Mauclerc, English bishop, diplomat and Treasurer
 * Yolande of Dreux, duchess consort of Burgundy (b. 1212)

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title: 1248


text:
661

Year 661 (DCLXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 661 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * King Chlothar III of Neustria and queen regent Balthild found Corbie Abbey in Picardy (northern France), giving it immunity from taxation, and visits from local bishops in exchange for prayer.
 * Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their father Aripert I. They split the kingdom, and establish their capitals in Milan and Pavia (northern Italy).

Britain

 * Battle of Posbury: King Cenwalh of Wessex invades Dumnonia (south-west England). He is victorious over the native Briton tribes near Crediton in Devon, and drives them to the coast.
 * King Wulfhere of Mercia and his army harry the Berkshire Downs (south of Thame) and move south to conquer the Meonwara and the Isle of Wight.
 * Wulfhere appoints Æthelwealh as king of Sussex, and Æthelwealh is baptized in Mercia. He receives the recently-conquered territories in modern-day Hampshire.

Arabian Empire (Islamic Caliphate)

 * January 26 – Assassination of Ali: Ali ibn Abi Talib, first Shia imam and fourth caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, is struck on the head with a poisoned sword by the Khawarij Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam, while at prayer at a shrine at Kufa (modern-day Iraq), dying two days later. His son, Hasan ibn Ali, is chosen by Muslims to succeed him as the next leader. According to the Umayyads, he is succeeded by Muawiyah I as Caliph, age 59, who moves his seat of government to Damascus, and founds the Umayyad Caliphate, ending the Rashidun Caliphate.
 * Approximate date – Muawiya I imprisons patriarch Giwargis I, after his refusal to pay tribute. Christians are persecuted and their churches are destroyed.

Japan

 * Approximate date – The imperial fleet of Japan invades Kyūshū by the order of Empress Saimei. On its way, princess Nukata composes a famous poem at Nikitatsu in Iyo Province.
 * c. May – Empress Saimei builds the palace of Asakura in Kyūshū, from trees cut down from the shrines. Two months later she dies. People say it is because the gods are angry with her for destroying the shrines.
 * July 24 – Emperor Tenji ascends to the throne of Japan after his mother Empress Saimei’s death. He sends an expeditionary force under Abe no Hirafu to Korea, to help the allied kingdom of Baekje.

Korea

 * King Munmu becomes the 30th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla.

Religion

 * Maximus the Confessor, Christian monk, is recalled from exile in Thrace. He is tried, and sentenced to mutilation. His tongue and his right hand are cut off to prevent his further opposition to the Monothelites.
 * Approximate date – In Gaul all Roman bishops are replaced with Frankish bishops. They become increasingly common, as Frankish leaders control the episcopate.

Births

 * February 12 – Ōku, Japanese princess (d. 702)
 * Early June – Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, Arab governor (d. 714)
 * Approximate date – Ælfwine, Northumbrian king of Deira (k. 679)
 * Chen Zi'ang, Chinese poet and official (d. 702)
 * Liu Zhiji, Chinese historian (d. 721)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Benjamin, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria (b. c.590)
 * January 29 – Ali, first Shia Imam and Fourth Rashidun Caliph (b. 601) (martyred)
 * February 17 – Finan of Lindisfarne, Irish-born bishop
 * July 24 – Kōgyoku (also Saimei), twice empress of Japan (b. 594)
 * Aripert I, king of the Lombards
 * Cenberht, West Saxon king in Wessex
 * Cuthred, West Saxon prince in Wessex
 * Approximate date – Landry, bishop of Paris
 * Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, companion of the Muhammad

title: 661


text:
722

Year 722 (DCCXXII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 722 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Summer – Battle of Covadonga: Visigothic nobleman Pelagius (Don Pelayo) defeats the Umayyad forces under Munuza, provincial governor of Asturias, at Picos de Europa (near Covadonga). This marks the beginning of the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He founds the Kingdom of Asturias, and establishes a military base at Cangas de Onís (northwest of Spain) (or 718).

Britain

 * King Ine of Wessex attempts a takeover of Dumnonia, but his armies are crushed, and he is forced to withdraw. Queen Æthelburg, wife of Ine, destroys the royal castle of Taunton, to prevent its seizure by rebels under Ealdbert.
 * The Battle of Allen is fought close by the Hill of Allen (Ireland) between the Laigin, led by King Murchad mac Brain Mut, and the forces of Fergal mac Máele Dúin (High King of Ireland).
 * Battle of Hehil: The West Saxons are defeated by a combined Viking and Cornish army, at Cornovii in Cornwall (approximate date).

Mesoamerica

 * January 3 – King K'inich Ahkal Mo' Naab III takes the throne of the Maya city-state of Palenque (southern Mexico).

Religion

 * November 30 – Wessex-born Boniface is ordained as bishop of Germany by Pope Gregory II. Under the protection of Charles Martel (mayor of the palace), he concentrates his religious work in Hessia and Thuringia.
 * Emperor Leo III enforces the baptism of all Jews and Montanists in the Byzantine Empire.

Births

 * Fruela I, king of Asturias (approximate date)
 * Isma'il ibn Jafar, Shī‘ah Imām and scholar (or 719)

Deaths

 * September 29 – Leudwinus, Frankish bishop
 * Beli II, king of Strathclyde (approximate date)
 * Fergal mac Máele Dúin, High King of Ireland
 * Máel Ruba, Irish abbot (b. 642)
 * Mujahid ibn Jabr, Muslim scholar

title: 722


text:
AD 707

Year 707 (DCCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 707 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: An Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik invades Asia Minor, and lays siege to Tyana (Cappadocia). The fortress city resists, dragging the siege through the winter and into 708.

Arabian Empire

 * The Muslim-Arabs conquer the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea (approximate date).
 * The first Islamic hospital (bimaristan) is founded in Damascus (approximate date).

Asia

 * July 18 – Emperor Monmu dies after a 10-year reign. He is succeeded by his aunt Genmei, who becomes the 43rd empress of Japan. She is the sister of former empress Jitō, and the niece and wife of late emperor Tenmu.

Religion

 * October 18 – Pope John VII dies at Rome after a 19-month reign. A prolonged sede vacante exists, until the ratification of the election of Sisinnius by the Exarch of Ravenna, in early 708.

Births

 * Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i, Muslim scholar (d. 774)
 * Theudoald, mayor of the palace of Austrasia (or 708)

Deaths

 * August 7 – Li Chongjun, crown prince of the Tang dynasty
 * Abbo II, bishop of Metz (approximate date)
 * Hidulf, bishop of Trier (approximate date)
 * John Maron, Syriac monk and patriarch (b. 628)
 * Li Duozuo, general of the Tang dynasty
 * Wu Sansi, official of the Tang dynasty

title: AD 707


text:
701

Year 701 (DCCI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 701st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 701st year of the 1st millennium, the 1st year of the 8th century, and the 2nd year of the 700s decade. The denomination 701 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Raginpert dies, and King Liutpert (succeeded and deposed in 700) returns to the throne of the Lombards. Raginpert's son Aripert captures Liutpert at his capital in Pavia, and will have him strangled in his bath. Aripert becomes new ruler of the Lombard Kingdom in Italy.
 * King Egica dies, possibly assassinated in a plot led by Roderic. He is succeeded by his son Wittiza as king of the Visigoths (approximate date).

Balkans

 * Asparuh, founder of the First Bulgarian Empire, dies after a 20-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Tervel, who becomes ruler (khan) of the Bulgarians.

Arabian Empire

 * Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim: Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan sends Syrian troops to reinforce the Muslim army of Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. He faces a 200,000-man army under Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath near Kufa (modern Iraq). Al-Ash'ath is defeated, and his rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate fails.
 * Arab conquest of Armenia: Umayyad prince Muhammad ibn Marwan invades the Byzantine Armenian provinces east of the Euphrates; local commander Baanes surrenders before a large Arab army, and the population accepts a Muslim governor.
 * Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula destroy the then-Axum-controlled port of Adulis, thus causing the decline of Ethiopian Christianity on the African Red Sea coast (approximate date).
 * Arab merchants introduce Oriental spices into Mediterranean markets. Muslim merchant vessels visit the Maluku Islands (South East Asia) for the first time (approximate date).

Japan

 * The Gagakuryo (Bureau of Court Music) is formed at the Imperial Court in Kyoto. Numerous types of music and dance are performed.
 * Emperor Monmu becomes sole proprietor of all the nation's land, through a codification of political law (Code of Taihō).

Religion

 * September 8 – Pope Sergius I dies at Rome after a 14-year reign. He is succeeded by John VI as the 85th pope of the Catholic Church.

Births

 * May 19 – Li Bai (or Li Po), Chinese poet (d. 762)
 * September 22 – Shōmu, emperor of Japan (d. 756)
 * Kōmyō, empress of Japan (d. 760)
 * Yazid III, Muslim caliph (d. 744)

Deaths

 * September 8 – Pope Sergius I
 * October 8 – Prince Yide (Li Chongrun), prince of the Tang dynasty, probable forced suicide (b. 682)
 * October 9 – Princess Yongtai (Li Xianhui), princess of the Tang dynasty, probable forced suicide (b. 685)
 * Asparuh, ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire
 * Egica, king of the Visigoths (or 703)
 * Raginpert, usurping king of the Lombards
 * Yeon Namsan, military leader of Goguryeo (b. 639)

title: 701


text:
724

Year 724 (DCCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 724th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD)

January – June

 * January 26 – (24 Sha'ban 105 AH) Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, becomes the new Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, which covers most of the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, after his brother Yazid II dies of tuberculosis following a 4-year reign. Hisham reigns for 19 years, during which he appoints Khalid al-Qasri as of Governor of Iraq
 * February – Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah of the Umayyad Caliphate inflicts a crushing defeat on the Khazars of what is now Russia in a battle fought between the Cyrus and Araxes Rivers.
 * March 3 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne, in favor of her 23-year-old nephew, Prince Obiot, who becomes the 45th monarch of Japan as the Emperor Shōmu. He is the son of the late Emperor Monmu, and becomes.
 * March 6 – Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, the son of the Caliph Abd al-Malik, is appointed as the Umayyad Governor of Egypt after Hanzala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi resigns. He serves for only two months.
 * April – Athanasius III becomes the new Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church, six months after the death of Elias I of Antioch]].
 * May 2 – Muhammand ibn Marwan resigns as Governor of Egypt after a difference of opinion on policy, and is replaced by Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf.

July – December

 * July 11 – Prince Æthelbert of the Kingdom of Kent issues a charter that is approved by his father, King Wihtred.
 * August 15 – China's Emperor Xuanzong deposes his wife, the Empress consort Wang.
 * December 29 – K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat becomes king (ajaw) of the Maya city-state of Quiriguá, now in Guatemala), and serves for more than 60 years until his death in 785.

Europe

 * Ragenfrid, ex-mayor of the palace of Neustria, revolts against Charles Martel. He is easily defeated, and Ragenfrid gives up his sons as hostages, in return for being allowed to keep his lands in Anjou.
 * Cináed mac Írgalaig, also known as "the one-eyed", becomes High King of Ireland.

Arabian Empire

 * The Turgesh Khaganate scores a major victory over the Arabs, in the "Day of Thirst" near Khujand (modern Tajikistan).
 * A Muslim fleet raids the Byzantine-ruled Balearic Islands, as well as Byzantine Sardinia and Lombard Corsica.

Architecture

 * Shōmu orders that houses of the Japanese nobility be roofed with green tiles, as in China, and have white walls with red roof poles (approximate date).

Religion

 * Pirmin, Visigothic monk, is appointed abbot of Mittelzell Abbey at Reichenau Island, which he has founded.
 * Hugh of Champagne, grandson of Pepin of Herstal, is appointed bishop of Bayeux.

Births

 * Dong Jin, Chinese official and general
 * Fujiwara no Hamanari, Japanese noble and poet

Deaths

 * January 26 – Yazid II, Muslim caliph (b. 687)
 * Felix, archbishop of Ravenna
 * Fogartach mac Néill, High King of Ireland
 * Hababah, concubine singer of Caliph Yazid II.
 * Rotrude of Treves, wife of Charles Martel
 * Tonyukuk, military leader of the Göktürks (approximate date)

title: 724


text:
AD 737

Year 737 (DCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 737 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming.

Europe

 * Battle of Avignon: Frankish forces under Charles Martel, Merovingian Mayor of the Palace, retake Avignon from the Muslim forces, and destroy the Umayyad stronghold. Charles sends his brother Childebrand I, duke of Burgundy, to besiege the city. After his arrival, Charles leads the Frankish troops by using rope ladders and battering rams to attack the fortified walls, which are burned to the ground following its capture.
 * Battle of Narbonne: Frankish forces under Charles Martel besiege Narbonne, occupied by a Umayyad garrison, but are unable to retake the fortress city. A Lombard army under King Liutprand crosses the Alps, to aid Charles in expelling the Muslims from Septimania. Meanwhile Maurontus, duke or count of Provence, raises a revolt from his unconquered city of Marseille, and threatens the rear of the Franks.
 * Battle of the River Berre: Frankish forces sent by Charles Martel intercept a large Muslim army sent from Al-Andalus, (modern Spain) sent by Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj to relieve the siege of Narbonne. Both sides suffer heavy losses at the battlefield near the mouth of the River Berre (a short distance south of Narbonne). Some of the Muslims rush back to their ships, and some penetrate through the Frankish forces and make it to the city, effectively saving it from the Franks.
 * Following the death of Theuderic IV, king of the Franks, the throne is left vacant for seven years. Charles Martel has his son Childeric III exiled to a monastery, and becomes sole ruler of the Frankish Kingdom.
 * King Pelagius of Asturias dies, and is succeeded by his son Favila. He founds the Church of Santa Cruz, in his capital Cangas de Onís (northwestern Spain).
 * Orso Ipato is murdered at the instigation of Eutychius, exarch of Ravenna. He is succeeded by Domenico Leoni, who is elected magister militum of Venice.
 * King Ongendus of the Danes reinforces the Danevirke fortifications in Schleswig-Holstein. He orders a palisade rampart built on the frontier of Saxony.

Britain

 * King Ceolwulf of Northumbria abdicates in favour of his cousin, Eadberht, and becomes a monk at Lindisfarne Priory.

Africa

 * Egypt: Christians invade from the south, with the aim of protecting the patriarch of Alexandria (approximate date).

Asia

 * Second Arab–Khazar War: The Khazars led by Hazer Tarkhan are defeated by a Muslim force, sent by Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan near the Volga River, which destroyed what remained of the Khazar forces. The Umayyad Caliphate now has full control of the Caucasus after completely destroying the Khazar Empire. After its destruction the Arab-Khazar wars are stopped, Muslim sources indicate the Khazar Khan paid tribute to Marwan and converted to Islam.
 * September 30 – Battle of the Baggage: The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, pursue them south of the River Oxus (northern Afghanistan), and capture their baggage train. In the winter, the Turgesh and their Transoxianan allies launch a major counter-invasion but are halted and their army is destroyed. Khuttal is then conquered by the Arabs.
 * Emperor Xuan Zong discards the policy of conscripting men into the Chinese army to be replaced every three years, replacing them with long-service soldiers who are more battle-hardened and efficient (approximate date).

Catastrophe

 * A major Japanese smallpox epidemic that started in 735 finally runs its course, but only after causing an estimated 25% to 35% mortality among the adult population in the country.

Births

 * Fujiwara no Tanetsugu, Japanese nobleman (d. 785)
 * Hisham ibn al-Kalbi, Muslim historian (d. 819)
 * Huaisu, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 799)
 * Kanmu, emperor of Japan (d. 806)

Deaths

 * Ermin of Lobbes, Frankish abbot
 * Forthhere, Anglo-Saxon bishop (approximate date)
 * Fujiwara no Fusasaki, Japanese counselor (b. 681)
 * Fujiwara no Maro, Japanese politician (b. 695)
 * Fujiwara no Muchimaro, Japanese minister (b. 680)
 * Fujiwara no Umakai, Japanese statesman (b. 694)
 * Mu, king of Balhae (Korea)
 * Mu'awiya ibn Hisham, Muslim general
 * Orso Ipato, doge of Venice
 * Pelagius, king of Asturias (Spain) (b. 685)
 * Song Jing, Chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 663)
 * Theuderic IV, king of the Franks

title: AD 737


text:
718

Year 718 (DCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 718th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 718th year of the 1st millennium, the 18th year of the 8th century, and the 9th year of the 710s decade. The denomination 718 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – A Muslim supply fleet of 760 ships under Sufyan arrives from Egypt and North Africa, concealing itself along the Asiatic shore. The Byzantines learn of the fleet's location from defecting Christian Egyptian sailors. Emperor Leo III sends the Byzantine navy again; his Greek fire ships destroy the enemy vessels in the Sea of Marmara and seize their supplies on shore, denying the sieging army vital provisions. On land the Byzantine troops ambush an advancing Arab army, and destroy it in the hills around Sophon, south of Nicomedia (modern Turkey).   The Arab besiegers are still suffering from hunger and pestilence.
 * August 15 – Siege of Constantinople: A Bulgar relief force attacks the siege lines at Constantinople, on the west side of the Bosporus. Contemporary chroniclers report that at least 22,000–32,000 Arabs are killed during the Bulgarian attacks. Caliph Umar II is forced to lift the siege after 13 months; the Muslim army attempts to withdraw back through Anatolia, while the rest escapes by sea in the remaining vessels. The Arab fleet suffers further casualties to storms, and an eruption of the volcano of Thera. According to Arab sources 150,000 Muslims perish during the campaign.

Western Europe

 * Battle of Soissons: King Chilperic II of Neustria and his mayor of the palace Ragenfrid, allied with Eudes, independent duke of Aquitaine, march on Soissons in Picardy (northern France) but an army of Frankish veterans under Charles Martel defeat the Neustrian allies, who sue for peace. Chilperic flees to the land south of the River Loire and Ragenfrid escapes to Angers. Charles diplomatically chooses not to execute the enemy leaders, and becomes undisputed dux Francorum, ending the Frankish civil war.
 * Summer – Battle of Covadonga: Pelagius (Don Pelayo) is proclaimed king (caudillo), and defeats the Umayyad forces under Munuza, provincial governor of Asturias, at Picos de Europa (near Covadonga). This marks the beginning of the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. He founds the Kingdom of Asturias, and establishes a military base at Cangas de Onís (northwest of Spain) (or 722).
 * King Liutprand of the Lombards builds a close alliance with Charles Martel, and attacks the Bavarian castles on the River Adige, maintaining strategic control of the Alpine passes in the Italian Alps (approximate date).

Britain

 * King Coenred of Northumbria dies after a 2-year reign. The throne is seized by Osric, probably a younger brother, or half-brother, of the late king Osred I.
 * Former queen Cuthburh of Northumbria, abbess of Wimborne, dies at her abbey and is buried there (approximate date).

Religion

 * The Wessex-born missionary Boniface sets out for Frisia a second time. He travels to Rome, where Pope Gregory II sends him on a mission to convert the Saxons in Lower Saxony (modern-day Germany).
 * Hugh of Champagne, cousin of Charles Martel, enters the monastery of Jumièges (Normandy), and embraces the religious life as abbot.

Births

 * Constantine V, Byzantine emperor (d. 775)
 * Kōken, empress of Japan (d. 770)
 * Niall Frossach, High King of Ireland (d. 778)
 * Ōtomo no Yakamochi, Japanese statesman and poet, Shōgun (d. 785)

Deaths

 * Coenred, king of Northumbria
 * Cuthburh, Anglo-Saxon abbess (approximate date)
 * Plectrude, Neustrian regent

title: 718


text:
872

Year 872 (DCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Sancho III Mitarra (or Menditarra) becomes the founder and first 'king' of the independent Duchy of Gascony, with loose ties to the Frankish Kingdom.
 * May 18 – After his successful campaign against the Saracens, Louis II is crowned as Roman Emperor ("Emperor of the Franks") for the second time and converts the Muwalladun, and the Arab elite.
 * 18 July (traditional date) – Battle of Hafrsfjord: Norse chieftain Harald Fairhair wins a great naval victory at Hafrsfjord, outside Stavanger. He becomes (at age 18) the first king of Norway. Harald's conquests and taxation system lead many Viking chiefs and their followers to emigrate to the British Isles, and (later) to Iceland.

Britain

 * Autumn – The Great Heathen Army returns to Northumbria, to put down a rebellion at York. King Ecgberht I and his archbishop, Wulfhere, are expelled by the Northumbrians and flee to Mercia.
 * The Danes, led by Halfdan and Guthrum, establish a winter quarter at Torksey in the Kingdom of Lindsey (now part of Lincolnshire). King Burgred pays tribute (Danegeld) in return for 'peace'.
 * King Artgal of Strathclyde is slain, through the connivance of King Constantine I of Alba (modern Scotland) and his Viking allies. Artgal's son, Run, succeeds to the Strathclyde throne.

Arabian Empire

 * The Zanj Rebellion: The Zanj (black slaves from East Africa) defeat the Abbasid forces, led by caliphal regent Al-Muwaffaq (brother of caliph Al-Mu'tamid). Hostilities in Mesopotamia (Southern Iraq) will preoccupy Al-Muwaffaq, and the Zanj will remain on the offensive over the next several years.
 * In Egypt, the first hospital (bimaristan) is built in Cairo by the Abbasid governor, Ahmad ibn Tulun. Physician licensure becomes mandatory in the Abbasid Caliphate.

Japan

 * Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Japanese regent (sesshō), dies at his native Kyoto, having ruled since 858. He is succeeded as head of the Fujiwara clan by his son Fujiwara no Mototsune.

Religion

 * December 14 – Pope Adrian II dies (at age 80), after a 5-year reign. He is succeeded by John VIII, as the 107th pope of Rome.

Births

 * Abaoji, ruler (khagan) of the Khitan Empire (d. 926)
 * Al-Farabi, Muslim philosopher (approximate date)
 * Huo Yanwei, Chinese general (d. 928)
 * Ibn Durustawayh, Persian grammarian, lexicographer and student of the Quran and hadith (d. 958)
 * Ki no Tsurayuki, Japanese writer and poet (d. 945)
 * Pietro II Candiano, doge of Venice (approximate date)

Deaths

 * April 2 – Muflih al-Turki, Abbasid general
 * December 14 – Adrian II, pope of Rome (b. 792)
 * Artgal, king of Strathclyde (Scotland)
 * Athanasius I, bishop of Naples (b. 830)
 * Cenn Fáelad hua Mugthigirn, king of Munster (Ireland)
 * Chrysocheir, leader of the Paulicians (or 878)
 * Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Japanese regent (b. 804)
 * Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al-Juzajani, Muslim hadith scholar
 * Ivar the Boneless, Viking chief (approximate date)
 * Sargis, patriarch of the Church of the East
 * Zhang Yichao, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 785)

title: 872


text:
1028

Year 1028 (MXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Byzantine Empire

 * November 11 – Emperor Constantine VIII dies at Constantinople after a 3-year reign. On his deathbed, and without a male heir, Constantine arranges that his eldest daughter, Zoë Porphyrogenita, succeeds him and marries the Byzantine nobleman, Romanos III (Argyros).
 * November 15 – Zoë Porphyrogenita takes the throne as empress consort. Her husband, Romanos III (age 60) becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire.

England

 * Cnut the Great sails from England to Norway with a fleet of 50 ships. He defeats Olaf Haraldsson and is crowned king of Norway. Cnut becomes the sole ruler of England, Denmark and part of Sweden (known as the Danish North Sea Empire).

Europe

 * April 14 – The 10-year-old Henry III (the Black), son of Emperor Conrad II (the Elder), is elected and crowned king of Germany in Aachen Cathedral by Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne.
 * King Sancho Garcés III (the Great) conquers Castile (modern Spain) (approximate date).

Births

 * February 17 – Al-Juwayni, Persian scholar and imam (d. 1085)
 * Burchard II (or Bucco), bishop of Halberstadt (approximate date)
 * Nuño Álvarez de Carazo, Spanish nobleman and warrior (d. 1054)
 * Qutb Shah, Persian Sufi religious leader and scholar (d. 1099)
 * Robert of Molesme, founder of the Cistercian Order (d. 1111)
 * William I (the Conqueror), king of England (approximate date) (d. 1087)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Fujiwara no Michinaga, Japanese nobleman (b. 966)
 * August 7 – Alfonso V (the Noble), king of León (Spain) (b. 994)
 * November 11 – Constantine VIII, Byzantine emperor (b. 960)
 * Lin Bu (or Junfu), Chinese poet and calligrapher (b. 967)
 * Liu Wenzhi, Chinese official of the Song Dynasty (b. 964)
 * Lý Công Uẩn, founder of the Vietnamese Lý Dynasty (b. 974)
 * Qawam al-Dawla, Buyid governor and ruler of Kerman (b. 1000)
 * Sayyida Shirin, Bavandid princess and wife of Fakhr al-Dawla
 * William of Bellême, French nobleman (House of Bellême)

title: 1028


text:
1019

Year 1019 (MXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Europe

 * Sviatopolk I dies, and is succeeded by his brother Yaroslav I (the Wise). He becomes the Grand Prince of Kiev with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian (Viking) mercenaries. Yaroslav consolidates the Kievan state, through both cultural and administrative improvements, and military campaigns.

Africa

 * The Azdâji conquest puts an end to the Kingdom of Nekor, in Morocco.

Asia

 * March 10 – Battle of Gwiju: Korean forces, led by General Kang Kam-ch'an, gain a decisive victory over the Khitan Liao Dynasty at modern-day Kusong, ending the Third Goryeo-Khitan War.
 * Toi invasion: Jurchen pirates, from the Khitan Liao Dynasty in modern-day Manchuria, sail with about 50 ships to invade Kyūshū in Japan. They assault the islands Tsushima and Iki. In April the pirates raid Matsuura but are defeated by the Japanese army.
 * Japanese statesman and regent Fujiwara no Michinaga retires from public life, installing his son Yorimichi as regent. Michinaga, however, continues to direct affairs of state from his retirement, and remains the de facto ruler of Japan, until his death in 1028.

Births

 * November 17 – Sima Guang, Chinese politician and writer (d. 1086)
 * December 29 – Munjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1083)
 * Abe no Sadato, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1062)
 * Dominic de la Calzada, Spanish priest and saint (d. 1109)
 * Gundekar II (or Gunzo), bishop of Eichstätt (d. 1075)
 * Mauger (or Malger), archbishop of Rouen (d. 1055)
 * Śrīpati, Indian astronomer and mathematician (d. 1066)
 * Sweyn II (Estridsson), king of Denmark (approximate date)
 * Wang Gui, Chinese official and chancellor (d. 1085)
 * Wen Tong, Chinese painter and calligrapher (d. 1079)
 * Yūsuf Balasaguni, Karakhanid statesman (d. 1085)
 * Zeng Gong, Chinese scholar and historian (d. 1083)

Deaths

 * June 28 – Heimerad (or Heimo), German priest and saint
 * October 6 – Frederick of Luxembourg, count of Moselgau (b. 965)
 * Aldhun (or Ealdhun), bishop of Lindisfarne (or 1018)
 * Sergius II (the Studite), patriarch of Constantinople
 * Sviatopolk I, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 980)

title: 1019


text:
570

Year 570 (DLXX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 570 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Battle of Gwen Ystrad: A British alliance is forged between the kingdoms of Strathclyde, Bryneich and Elmet (approximate date).
 * Spoleto becomes the capital of an independent duchy, under the Lombard chieftain Faroald (approximate date).
 * Leutfred becomes duke of Alemannia (modern Germany).

Persia

 * Ctesiphon, capital of the Sassanid Empire, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Arabia

 * Muhammad, Islamic prophet, is born in Mecca (today's Saudi Arabia). His father Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib dies a few months before his birth, so he and his mother Aminah bint Wahb are protected by Muhammad's paternal grandfather, Abdul Muttalib who is recognized as the leading figure in his tribe the Quraysh.
 * Abraha, Christian ruler of coastal Yemen, who was acting as a general for the Christian kingdom in Abyssinia, begins a military expedition in Arabia against the predominantly pagan Quraysh of Mecca, known as the Year of the Elephant.

Religion

 * A limestone statue of Boddhisattva is created in Henan (approximate date).
 * The first mention is made of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date).
 * The Jews of Clermont-Ferrand are forced to convert to Christianity.
 * Year of the Elephant, according to Islamic tradition.
 * The anonymous Pilgrim of Piacenza travels the Holy Sites of Christianity in Syria, Palestine and Sinai, an experience that he later writes down as a travel report (approximate date).

Births

 * Ammar ibn Yasir, companion of Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 657)
 * Chen Yuan, crown prince of the Chen dynasty (approximate date)
 * Childebert II, king of Austrasia (d. 595)
 * Gao Heng, emperor of Northern Qi (d. 577)
 * Imerius of Immertal, Swiss monk (approximate date)
 * Li Dashi, Chinese official and historian (d. 628)
 * Muhammad, founder of Islam (d. 632) (approximate date)
 * Namri Songtsen, king of Tibet (approximate date)
 * Pei Ji, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 629)
 * Pybba, king of Mercia (approximate date)
 * Rigunth, daughter of Chilperic I (d. 585)
 * Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards (d. 628)

Deaths

 * January 15 – Íte of Killeedy, Irish nun
 * Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, father of Muhammad (b. 545)
 * Abraha, an Aksumite army general, Islamic tradition places his death immediately after his expedition to the Hejaz
 * Antonina, wife of Belisarius (approximate date)
 * Armel, Breton prince and bishop (approximate date)
 * Fei Di, emperor of the Chen dynasty
 * Gildas, British cleric (approximate date)
 * John Philoponus, Aristotelian commentator (b. 490)
 * Soga no Iname, leader of the Soga clan
 * Zhang Yao'er, empress dowager of the Chen dynasty (b. 506)

title: 570


text:
571

Year 571 (DLXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 571 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * The Visigoths under King Liuvigild invade the Byzantine province of Spania (modern Andalusia), and seize the city of Córdoba.  After the death of his brother Liuva I, he becomes sole ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date).
 * Benevento becomes the capital of an independent duchy, under the Lombard chieftain Zotto (approximate date).

Britain

 * Battle of Bedcanford: The Anglo-Saxons under King Cuthwulf fight against the Britons, and conquer the settlements of Aylesbury, Benson, Eynsham and Limbury (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).
 * Wuffa becomes the first king of East Anglia, as recorded in the Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies (approximate date).

Religion

 * The Monophysites again reject the Council of Chalcedon, causing another schism.

Births

 * Muhammad, prophet of Islam (d. 632) – see also 570
 * Li Jing, general and chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 649)
 * Wang Gui, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 639)
 * Yang Jun, prince of the Sui dynasty (d. 600)

Deaths

 * April 15 – Kinmei, emperor of Japan (b. 509)
 * November 29? – Brendan of Birr, Irish monastic saint
 * Fall – killed in dynastic intrigue
 * Gao Yan, prince of Northern Qi (b. 558)
 * He Shikai, high official of Northern Qi (b. 524)
 * Liuva I, king of the Visigoths (or 572)
 * May 20 – Saint Yared, Axumite composer (b. 505)
 * Narses dies at Domitian's palace in Rome.

title: 571


text:
572

Year 572 (DLXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 572 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591: Emperor Justin II refuses to pay the annual tribute to Khosrau I, putting an end to the 50-year peace treaty established ten years earlier. The Armenians are considered allies to the Byzantine Empire, and Justin sends a Byzantine army into Persian territory, besieging the fortress city of Nisibis (modern Turkey).

Europe

 * Siege of Pavia (569–572): King Alboin captures Ticinum (Pavia); after a siege the Byzantine garrison surrenders to the Lombards. The city is of strategic importance, lying at the rivers Po and Ticino, and becomes the capital of the Kingdom of the Lombards.
 * June 28 – Alboin, king of the Lombards, is murdered at Verona in his palace, at the instigation of his wife Rosamund (daughter of the Gepid king Cunimund), and her henchman, Helmechis (the king's squire); both flee to seek Byzantine protection in Ravenna. Alboin is succeeded as king by Cleph, who is not related by blood.

Britain

 * Theodric succeeds his brother Æthelric as king of Bernicia (southeastern Scotland). He rules until 579.

Asia

 * Taspar Qaghan succeeds his brother Muqan Qaghan as ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).
 * Bidatsu succeeds his father Kinmei and ascends to the throne of Japan as the 30th emperor.

Mesoamerica

 * Calakmul defeats Tikal, bringing an end to the First Tikal-Calakmul War.

Births

 * Chen Shuda, Chinese statesman
 * Hovnan Mayravanetsi, Armenian philosopher

Deaths

 * June 28 – Alboin, king of the Lombards
 * Æthelric of Bernicia, Scottish king
 * Báetán mac Muirchertaig, High King of Ireland
 * Corippus, Byzantine epic poet (approximate date)
 * Eochaid mac Domnaill, High King of Ireland
 * Hulü Guang, general of Northern Qi (b. 515)
 * Liuva I, king of the Visigoths (or 571)
 * Muqan Qaghan, ruler of the Göktürks
 * Waldrada, Lombard princess (b. 531)
 * Wei Shou, Chinese author (b. 506)
 * Yuwen Hu, regent of Northern Zhou (b. 515)
 * Sky Witness, ruler of Calakmul

title: 572


text:
379

Year 379 (CCCLXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ausonius and Hermogenianus (or, less frequently, year 1132 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 379 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Roman Empire

 * January 19 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium, giving him the title Augustus with power over all the eastern provinces. Theodosius comes to terms with the Visigoths and settles them in the Balkans as military allies (foederati).
 * Gratian refuses the title of Eastern Emperor.
 * Gratian renounces the title Pontifex Maximus.
 * Britain is forced to endure fierce Barbarian raids.

Europe

 * Niall becomes High King of Ireland.

Persia

 * King Shapur II, ruler of the Persian Empire, age 70, dies after a 69-year reign in which he conquered Armenia and transferred multitudes of people from the western lands to Susiana (Khuzistan). The great town Nishapur in Khorasan (eastern Parthia) is also founded by him. His brother Ardashir II, governor-king of Adiabene, is placed by the nobles on the throne.

China

 * Buddhism is declared to be a state religion.
 * The War of the Feishui is fought in China.

Mesoamerica

 * September 13 – Yax Nuun Ayiin (I) becomes ruler of Tikal.

Religion

 * Gregory Nazianzus becomes Patriarch of Constantinople, and is wounded when he is attacked by a mob of heretics.
 * John Chrysostom writes a book on the Christian education of children.

Births

 * Gunderic, king of the Vandals and Alans (d. 428)
 * Wang Hong, Chinese politician and general (d. 432)

Deaths

 * January 1 – Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea Mazaca (b. 330)
 * July 19 – Macrina the Younger, Christian nun and saint (b. 327)
 * Shapur II (the Great), ruler of the Sasanian Empire (b. 309)

title: 379


text:
Talk:2000s

Renaming of Article
The issue within this article is that it speaks of the 2000s within a the United States perspective, if that is the case then should the article be renamed to "2000s in the United States" or something similar. Connor W (talk) 16:39, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

 * I don't think this is a good way to go. The article may have a US perspective, but it has a huge amount of non-US information, in the Politics and wars, Disasters, Economics, Religion, and other sections. Dan Bloch (talk) 18:17, 18 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Seems like the article is more skewed to a British perspective than a US perspective Oli Wheeler (talk) 20:28, 29 March 2024 (UTC)
 * How? Connor W (talk) 14:27, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

Collage
It appears an RFC on collages on Wikiproject years will be interpreted to also ban collages in decade articles. Users here may wish to participate. Koopinator (talk) 07:16, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Equitable Futures - Internet Cultures and Open Access
— Assignment last updated by Asrogers23 (talk) 04:52, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

Should I restore People section?
2000s in officialy retro and i beleive it could be restored. EditingIsMyHobby (talk) 20:12, 5 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:2000s


text:
1320

Year 1320 (MCCCXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January – March

 * January 5 – Henry III, Count of Gorizia, arrives in Padua as the Imperial Vicar with a large army, promising protection to the Italian city state.
 * January 20 – Duke Władysław I the Short becomes king of a reunited Poland, after receiving the approval from Pope John XXII. He is crowned, along with his wife Jadwiga of Kalisz, at the royal cathedral on Wawel Hill at Kraków. Wladysław's kingdom is surrounded by three hostile neighbors: Brandenburg, the Teutonic Order and Bohemia. Looking for allies, he makes an alliance with Charles I, ruler of Hungary.
 * February 15 – Pope John XXII grants a mandate to the Archbishop of York William Melton to order restitution of confiscated Knights Templar property to the Knights Hospitaller.
 * February 18 – Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter, becomes the new Lord High Treasurer of England.
 * March 1 – Emperor Renzong of China, the Mongol leader Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, dies after a reign of almost nine years. He is succeeded by his son, Gegeen Khan.
 * March 20 – Shepherds' Crusade (Le Pastoureaux): In France, a large group of common people band together in Normandy on Easter Sunday to begin a crusade, after a teenage shepherd says he was visited by the Holy Spirit. They march south to Aquitaine, attacking castles, royal officials, priests and lepers along the way. Jewish communes are attacked at Saintes, Cahors, Verdun-sur-Garonne, Albi and Toulouse. When they finally cross into Spain, Aragon forces under Prince Alfonso halt their advance. In July, many of the followers are arrested and executed. After that, there are no further incidents and the crusade disperses.

April – June

 * April 6 – Declaration of Arbroath: King Robert the Bruce sends a letter to John XXII. He asks him to recognize Scottish sovereignty, and Robert's right to be ruler of Scotland. Hoping that he will lift the excommunication order under which Robert is being held for the death of John Comyn III (John the Red).
 * April 19 – Gegeen Khan (Prince Shidibala) becomes the new Mongol Emperor Yingzong of the Yuan dynasty of China after the death of his father, Emperor Renzong.
 * May 29 – Pope John VIII of Alexandria, leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church, dies in Egypt after a reign of 20 years. He will be succeeded by Pope John IX
 * June 4 – King Edward II of England appoints Lord Pembroke as keeper of the realm before traveling to France.
 * June 18 – Treaty of Baena: Sultan Ismail I signs an 8-year truce with Castile at Baena. King James II, who receives papal authorization and funds for a crusade against Granada refuses to accept the treaty. Both parties promise to aid one another against their respective enemies. Meanwhile, Ismail consolidates the territories formally under his control with the emirate.
 * June 19 – Shepherds' Crusade: Unnerved by the prospect of the arrival of the shepherds at Avignon to begin a crusade, Pope John XXII orders their dispersal.

July – September

 * July 6 –To strengthen the alliance between Hungary and Poland, and with the approval of Pope John XXII, Charles I of Hungary marries Princess Elizabeth of Poland, the 15-year-old daughter King Wladyslaw I.
 * July 9 – In India's Delhi Sultanate, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah is murdered by his favourite, Khusrau Khan, who succeeds him on the throne.
 * August 4 – William II de Soules confesses to treason before the Scottish Parliament at a hearing at the "Black Parliament" session held at Scone. For the crime of conspiring against King Robert, Soules is sentenced to life imprisonment at Dumbarton Castle.
 * September 5 – Delhi's Sultan Khusrau Khan, who betrayed and murdered Qutbuddin Shah in May to become ruler in India, is himself betrayed and murdered by his governor, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founds Delhi's Tughlaq dynasty. Sultan Ghiyath appoints military governors in Punjab and Sindh province, who manage to halt Mongol incursions towards the sultanate.
 * September 9 – Battle of Saint George: Byzantine forces under Andronikos Asen defeat the army of the Principality of Achaea, securing the possession of Arcadia. During the battle, Latin commander Bartholomew II is taken prisoner, along with several high-ranking nobles of the principality, and is sent to Constantinople.
 * September 28 – Pope John IX of Alexandria is elected as the new spiritual leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church, succeeding Pope John VIII.
 * September 1320 - Sripada Sri Vallabha, incarnation of Lord Datta is born in Pithapur, Andhra Pradesh.
 * September 1320 - Sripada Sri Vallabha, incarnation of Lord Datta is born in Pithapur, Andhra Pradesh.
 * September 1320 - Sripada Sri Vallabha, incarnation of Lord Datta is born in Pithapur, Andhra Pradesh.

October – December

 * October 12 – Andronikos II Palaiologos, who was co-ruler of Byzantium, becomes the sole ruler upon the death of his son Michael IX Palaiologos. Michael's son Andronikos begins a rebellion against his grandfather emperor six months later.
 * October 27 – Magnus Birgersson, who had been the crown prince of Sweden until his father, King Birger was forced to flee, was beheaded by order of King Magnus Eriksson. Magnus Birgersson, who had defended the Stegeborg Castle in 1318 to allow his father to flee to safety, was convicted of having participated in the Nyköping Banquet betrayal of 1317.

Date unknown

 * Autumn – Byzantine forces under Andronikos Asen capture the Latin castles of Akova and Karytaina. They secure control over Arcadia and Cynuria in the Peloponnese.
 * Battle of Rhodes: The Knights Hospitaller defeats an attempt by the Turks of Menteshe to capture Rhodes. During the battle, a Turkish invasion fleet (some 80 ships) is destroyed by a smaller Hospitaller-Genoese fleet.
 * The Venetian Arsenal, a dockyard for naval ships, is rebuilt, known as the Arsenale Nuovo.
 * Henri de Mondeville, French surgeon and physician, writes La Chirurgie, the first textbook on surgery by a Frenchmen.

Births

 * February 9 – Catherine of Austria, German noblewoman (d. 1349)
 * April 8 – Peter I the Cruel, king of Portugal (d. 1367)
 * May 25 – Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong), Mongol emperor (d. 1370)
 * October 13 – Perenelle Flamel, French female alchemist (d. 1397)
 * date unknown
 * Adalbertus Ranconis de Ericinio, Czech philosopher (d. 1388)
 * Averardo de Medici, Italian nobleman (d. 1363)
 * Beatrice of Bourbon, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1383)
 * Bertrand du Guesclin, Breton knight and general (d. 1380)
 * Blanka of Namur, queen of Norway and Sweden (d.1363)
 * Chen Youliang, Chinese founder of Chen Han (d. 1363)
 * Constantine Harmenopoulos, Byzantine judge (d. 1385)
 * Gabriele Adorno, Genoese nobleman and doge (d. 1383)
 * Galeazzo II, Italian nobleman (House of Visconti) (d. 1378)
 * Isabella, Scottish noblewoman (House of Stuart) (d. 1389)
 * Jan of Czarnków, Polish nobleman and diplomat (d. 1387)
 * John Mohun V, English nobleman and knight (d. 1376)
 * John Twenge, English preacher, canon and prior (d. 1379)
 * Kitabatake Akinobu, Japanese nobleman (kuge) (d. 1380)
 * Lalleshwari (Lal Ded), Indian mystic and poet (d. 1392)
 * Louis I, king of Naples (Capetian House of Anjou) (d. 1362)
 * Michael Panaretos, Byzantine historian and writer (d. 1390)
 * Neil Loring, English knight and diplomat (d. 1386)
 * Nicholas Szécsi, Hungarian nobleman and knight (d. 1387)
 * Nicodemus of Tismana, Byzantine monk and writer (d. 1406)
 * Nijō Yoshimoto, Japanese nobleman and waka poet (d. 1388)
 * Nissim of Gerona, Spanish talmudist and scholar (d. 1380)
 * Otto the Tarantine, German nobleman and prince (d. 1398)
 * Ragibagh Khan (Tianshun), Mongol emperor (d. 1328)
 * Siemowit III, Polish nobleman (House of Piast) (d. 1381)
 * Ugolino Gonzaga, Italian nobleman and knight (d. 1362)
 * Valdemar IV Atterdag, King of Denmark (d.1375)

Deaths

 * January 12 – John Dalderby, English bishop and chancellor
 * January 21 – Árni Helgason, Icelandic cleric and bishop (b. 1260)
 * February 7 – Jan Muskata, Polish bishop and chancellor (b. 1250)
 * March 1 – Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, Mongol emperor (b. 1285)
 * March 21 – Wernher von Homberg, Swiss nobleman and knight
 * April 13 – Margaret of Castello, Italian nun and teacher (b. 1287)
 * April 24 – Abu Said Faraj, Nasrid advisor and governor (b. 1248)
 * May 2 – Joan Butler (Joan FitzGerald), Irish noblewoman (b. 1281)
 * May 29 – John VIII, Egyptian pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church
 * June 5 – Peter of Aspelt, German priest, chancellor and archbishop
 * July 9 – Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah, Indian ruler of the Delhi Sultanate
 * July 27 – Heinrich von Plötzke, German knight and marshal (b. 1264)
 * October 12 – Michael IX Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (b. 1277)
 * October 31 – Ricold of Monte Croce, Italian missionary and writer
 * date unknown
 * Alessandro Novello, Italian bishop and inquisitor (b. 1250)
 * Anna Palaiologina, Byzantine princess and queen consort
 * Antonius Andreas, Spanish monk and theologian (b. 1280)
 * Arnaud d'Aux, French bishop and cardinal-bishop (b. 1270)
 * Bernard Délicieux, French monk, prior and priest (b. 1260)
 * Chosgi Odsir, Mongol monk, translator and writer (b. 1260)
 * Dominic II Rátót, Hungarian nobleman, knight and palatine
 * Geoffrey of Paris, French monk, chronicler and historian
 * Henri de Mondeville, French surgeon and physician
 * Henry II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal ("Henry the Child"), 12, ruler of Brandenburg
 * Ilbasan, Mongol ruler (House of Borjigin)
 * Li Kan (Zhong Bin), Chinese official and painter
 * Mojs II Ákos, Hungarian nobleman and rebel leader
 * Nicholas de Balscote, English judge and chancellor
 * Olivier III de Clisson, Breton nobleman and co-ruler
 * Radulphus Brito, French grammarian and philosopher
 * Robert de Welles, English nobleman and landowner
 * Roger de Mowbray, Scottish nobleman and landowner
 * William III, Burgundian nobleman and knight (b. 1280)
 * Yasa'ur, Mongol nobleman, prince and general (b. 1289)

title: 1320


text:
1350s

The 1350s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1350, and ended on December 31, 1359.

title: 1350s


text:
Nanosecond

A nanosecond (ns) is a unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one billionth of a second, that is, $1/1 000 000 000$ of a second, or 10$−9$ seconds.

The term combines the SI prefix nano- indicating a 1 billionth submultiple of an SI unit (e.g. nanogram, nanometre, etc.) and second, the primary unit of time in the SI.

A nanosecond is equal to 1000 picoseconds or $1/1000$ microsecond. Time units ranging between 10$−8$ and 10$−7$ seconds are typically expressed as tens or hundreds of nanoseconds.

Time units of this granularity are commonly found in telecommunications, pulsed lasers, and related aspects of electronics.

Common measurements

 * 0.001 nanoseconds – one picosecond
 * 0.96 nanoseconds – 100 Gigabit Ethernet Interpacket gap
 * 1.0 nanosecond – cycle time of an electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 1 GHz (1 hertz).
 * 1.0 nanosecond – electromagnetic wavelength of 1 light-nanosecond. Equivalent to 0.3m radio band.
 * nanoseconds (by definition) – time taken by light to travel 1 foot in a vacuum.
 * nanoseconds (by definition) – time taken by light to travel 1 metre in a vacuum.
 * 8 nanoseconds - typical propagation delay of 74HC series logic chips based on HCMOS technology, commonly used for digital electronics in the mid-1980s.
 * 10 nanoseconds – one "shake", (as in a "shake of a lamb's tail") approximate time of one generation of a nuclear chain reaction with fast neutrons
 * 10 nanoseconds – cycle time for frequency 100 MHz (1 hertz), radio wavelength 3 m (VHF, FM band)
 * 10 nanoseconds – half-life of lithium-12
 * 12 nanoseconds – mean lifetime of a charged K meson
 * 20–40 nanoseconds – time of fusion reaction in a hydrogen bomb
 * 30 nanoseconds – half-life of carbon-21
 * 77 nanoseconds – a sixth (a 60th of a 60th of a 60th of a 60th of a second)
 * 96 nanoseconds – Gigabit Ethernet Interpacket gap
 * 100 nanoseconds – cycle time for frequency 10 MHz, radio wavelength 30 m (shortwave)
 * 294.4 nanoseconds – half-life of polonium-212
 * 333 nanoseconds – cycle time of highest medium wave radio frequency, 3 MHz
 * 500 nanoseconds – T1 time of Josephson phase qubit (see also Qubit) as of May 2005
 * 1,000 nanoseconds – one microsecond

title: Nanosecond


text:
1534

Year 1534 (MDXXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 15 – The Parliament of England passes the Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession, recognising the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne.
 * February 23 – A group of Anabaptists, led by Jan Matthys, seize Münster, Westphalia and declare it The New Jerusalem, begin to exile dissenters, and forcibly baptize all others.
 * March 10 – The Portuguese crown divides Colonial Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies, hereditary titles similar to duchies.
 * March 30 – The Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 becomes law in England, requiring submission of the clergy, that is, churchmen are to submit to the king and the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission is forbidden.

April–June

 * April 5 (Easter Sunday) – Anabaptist Jan Matthys is killed by the Landsknechte, who laid siege to Münster on the day he predicted as the Second Coming of Christ. His follower John of Leiden takes control of the city.
 * April 13 – Sir Thomas More, having been brought before a royal commission to swear his allegiance to the Act of Succession, testifies that he accepts Parliament's right to declare Anne Boleyn the legitimate Queen of England, but denies that the marriage is spiritually valid of the king's second marriage". Holding fast to the Roman Catholic doctrine of papal supremacy, More refuses to take the oath of supremacy toward King Henry VIII. More is confined in the Tower of London. He will be executed by hanging on July 6, 1535.
 * May 10 – Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.

 * June 9 – Jacques Cartier and is crew become the first Europeans to discover the Gulf of St Lawrence.
 * June 23 – Copenhagen opens its gates to Count Christopher of Oldenburg, leading the army of Lübeck (and the Hanseatic League), nominally in the interests of the deposed King Christian II of Denmark. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of Malmö represent the high point of the Count's War for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III as King on July 4.
 * June 29 – Jacques Cartier and discovers Prince Edward Island.

July–September

 * July 4 – The Election of Christian III, as King of Denmark, takes place in the town of Rye.
 * July 7 – The first known exchange between Europeans and the natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence occurs in what is now New Brunswick.
 * July 20 – Cambridge University Press is given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII of England, and becomes the first of the privileged presses.
 * August 15 – Ignatius of Loyola and six others take the vows that lead to the establishment of the Jesuits (the Society of Jesus), in Montmartre, near Paris.
 * August 26 – Piero de Ponte becomes the 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller.
 * September 24– The first of Brazil's capitancias, the Capitancy of Pernambuco, is established for Pernambuco.

October–December

 * October 4 – As the Michaelmas fair opens in Wittenberg, Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German is offered for sale for the first time. The work, printed on 1,824 pages in two volumes by Hans Lufft adds the Old Testament and the Apocrypha to Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament, and includes woodcut illustrations.
 * October 13 – Cardinal Alessandro Farnese is elected as the 220th pope of the Roman Catholic Church after a two-day conclave to find a successor for Pope Clement VII, who had died on September 25. Farnese, the Bishop of Ostia, takes the name Pope Paul III and is crowned on November 3.
 * October 18 – Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction (Affair of the Placards).
 * November 3– The English Reformation Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy, establishing Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England.
 * December 4 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman the Magnificent captures the city of Baghdad from the Safavids without a struggle, beginning almost 400 years of Ottoman rule of what is now Iraq.
 * December 6 – Over 200 Spanish settlers, led by conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar, found what becomes Quito, Ecuador.

Date unknown

 * Manco Inca Yupanqui is crowned as Sapa Inca in Cusco, Peru by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, in succession to his brother Túpac Huallpa (d. October 1533).
 * Gargantua is published by François Rabelais.
 * The first book in Yiddish is printed (in Kraków), Mirkevet ha-Mishneh, a Tanakh concordance by Rabbi Asher Anchel, translating difficult phrases in biblical Hebrew.

Births

 * January 6 – Pavao Skalić, Croatian encyclopedist, Renaissance humanist and adventurer (d. 1575)
 * February 5 – Giovanni de' Bardi, Italian writer, composer and soldier (d. 1612)
 * February 10 – Song Ikpil, Korean scholar (d. 1599)
 * March 19 – José de Anchieta, Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil (d. 1597)
 * April 18 – William Harrison, English clergyman (d. 1593)
 * June 15 – Henri I de Montmorency, Marshal of France (d. 1614)
 * June 23 – Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d. 1582)
 * July 1 – King Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1588)
 * July 3 – Myeongjong of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d. 1567)
 * July 18 – Zacharius Ursinus, German theologian (d. 1583)
 * August 29 – Nicholas Pieck, Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. 1572)
 * September 24 – Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (d. 1581)
 * October 4 – William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen (d. 1597)
 * October 18 – Jean Passerat, French writer (d. 1602)
 * November 2 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d. 1594)
 * November 6 – Joachim Camerarius the Younger, German scientist (d. 1598)
 * November 17 – Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, German prince (d. 1561)
 * November 26 – Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley (d. 1613)
 * December 16 – Lucas Osiander the Elder, German pastor (d. 1604)
 * December 16 – Hans Bol, Flemish artist (d. 1593)
 * date unknown
 * Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (d. 1590)
 * Isaac Luria, Jewish scholar and mystic (d. 1572)
 * Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, statesman of the Elizabethan era (d. 1601)
 * Paul Skalić, Croatian encyclopedist, humanist and adventurer (d. 1573)
 * Joan Waste, English Protestant martyr (d. 1556)
 * Lautaro, Mapuche warrior (d. 1557)

Deaths

 * January 9 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (b. 1477)
 * January 25 – Magdalena of Saxony (b. 1507)
 * February 15 – Barbara Jagiellon, duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (b. 1478)
 * March 5 – Antonio da Correggio, Italian painter (b. 1489)
 * March 17 – Vojtěch I of Pernstein, Bohemian nobleman (b. 1490)
 * March 19 – Michael Weiße, German theologian (b. c. 1488)
 * April 5 – Jan Matthys, German Anabaptist reformer
 * April 20 – Elizabeth Barton, English prophet and nun (executed) (b. 1506)
 * May 3 – Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez, Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (b. 1481)
 * June 14 – Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Bengali mystic (b. 1486)
 * June 27 – Hille Feicken, Dutch Anabaptist
 * August 3 – Andrea della Valle, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1463)
 * August 9 – Thomas Cajetan, Italian theologian and cardinal (b. 1470)
 * August 21 – Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 44th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1464)
 * September 7 – Lazarus Spengler, German hymnwriter (b. 1479)
 * September 24 – Michael Glinski, Lithuanian prince (b. c. 1470)
 * September 25 – Pope Clement VII (b. 1478)
 * October 31 – Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (b. 1476)
 * November 7 – Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso, Portuguese nobleman (b. 1507)
 * November 8 – William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy, scholar and patron (b. c. 1478)
 * November 23 – Beatriz Galindo, Spanish Latinist and scholar (b. 1465)
 * December 9 – Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (b. 1508)
 * December 27 – Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Florentine architect (b. 1453)
 * date unknown
 * István Báthory, Hungarian noble (b. 1477)
 * Edward Guildford, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1474)
 * Cesare Hercolani, Italian soldier, murdered (b. 1499)
 * Humphrey Kynaston, English highwayman (b. 1474)
 * Amago Okihisa, Japanese nobleman (b. 1497)
 * John Taylor, English Master of the Rolls (b. 1480)

title: 1534


text:
1536

Year 1536 (MDXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 6 – The Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, the oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas, is established by Franciscans in Mexico City.
 * January 22 – John of Leiden, Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting are executed in Münster for their roles in the Münster Rebellion.
 * January 24 – King Henry VIII of England is seriously injured when he falls from his horse at a jousting tournament in Greenwich, after which the fully armored horse falls on him. The King is unconscious for two hours, sustaining an injury to an ulcerated leg and a concussion.
 * February 2 – Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires in what is now Argentina.
 * February 18 – A Franco-Ottoman alliance exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports. The compact is confirmed in 1569.
 * February 25 – Tyrolean Anabaptist leader Jacob Hutter, founder of the Hutterites, is burned at the stake in Innsbruck for heresy.
 * March 8 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire since 1523, is executed after faling into disfavor with Hürrem Sultan, the wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. After Hürrem persuades her husband that Pargali Ibrahim has become a threat as his money and power have increased, Suleiman hosts an elaborate dinner with Pargali as his guest. After the dinner ends, Pargali prepares to go to bed but is seized and strangled upon reaching his bedroom.
 * March 14 – Ayas Mehmed Pasha is appointed by the Sultan Suleiman to be the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
 * March
 * The first edition of John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, a seminal work of Protestant systematic theology, is published in Basel.
 * The Italian War of 1536–1538 resumes between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis seizes control of Savoy, and captures Turin. Charles triumphally enters Rome, following the Via Triumphalis, and delivers a speech before the Pope and College of Cardinals, publicly challenging the king of France to a duel.

April–June

 * April 6 – Count's Feud: Malmø surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.
 * April 14 – The Reformation Parliament in England passes an Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Religious houses closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution include: Basingwerk Abbey, Bourne Abbey, Brinkburn Priory, Buildwas Abbey, Cartmel Priory, Dorchester Abbey, Dore Abbey, Haltemprice Priory, Keldholme Priory and Tintern Abbey.
 * April – An Acte for Laws & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme further incorporates the legal system of Wales into that of England.
 * May 2 – Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England, is arrested on the grounds of incest, adultery and treason.
 * May 6 – Incan emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui, having on April 18 escaped from imprisonment in Cuzco, begins his revolt against his captors, when his army begins the 10-month Siege of Cuzco against a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries, led by Hernando Pizarro.
 * May 14 – Thomas Cranmer declares Henry VIII of England's marriage to Anne Boleyn to be null and void.
 * May 19 – Anne Boleyn is beheaded.
 * May 23 – The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal.
 * May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour.
 * June 2 – Pope Paul III announces that he will send three legates to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; to King Ferdinand of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia; and King François of France to prevent an outbreak of war in Europe.
 * June 24 – San Juan Bautista del Teul is founded by Cristóbal de Oñate in New Spain.
 * June 26 – Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta and a few companions arrive in Lisbon from the Maluku Islands, completing a westward circumnavigation which began with the Loaísa expedition of 1525.
 * June 27 – San Pedro Sula is founded by Pedro de Alvarado in Honduras.

July–September

 * July 9 – The papal legation of Cardinals Marino Caracciolo, Francisco Quiñones, and Agostino Trivulzio meets with Emperor Charles V at Savigliano, south of Turin on orders of Pope Paul III.
 * July 21 – The papal legation arrives in France, arriving at Lyon, to meet with King Francois I.
 * July 24 – Three days after the arrival of the peacekeeping team in Lyon, and 15 days after the legation had met with the Holy Roman Emperor to avoid war, troops of the Holy Roman Empire invade France, crossing over the Var river from Nizza in Italy (now Nice in France) as well as invading Picardie with a second force.
 * July 29 – The Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark. On August 6 he marches into the city and on August 12 arrests the country's bishops, thus consolidating the Protestant Reformation in Denmark.
 * August 5 – Guelders Wars: Battle of Heiligerlee – Danish allies of Charles II, Duke of Guelders, under command of Meindert van Ham, are defeated by Habsburg forces under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg in the Low Countries.
 * August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, dies having caught a chill after a game of tennis which had developed into a fever; under torture Sebastiano de Montecuccoli, his Italian secretary, confesses to poisoning him and is brutally executed on October 7. Francis' younger brother, Henry, Duke of Orléans, succeeds as heir to the kingdom.
 * September 1 – King James V of Scotland becomes the first Scottish monarch since 1346 to voluntarily leave his kingdom, leaving six vice-regents— the Lord Chancellor Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow; James Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews; the earls of Huntly, Montrose, and Eglinton, and Lord Maxwell— to govern the nation during his absence. King James sails from Kirkcaldy on the Royal Scots Navy flagship Mary Willoughby, along with 500 men and five other ships, to travel to France to meet his future bride, Princess Madeleine of Valois. The Scottish entourage docks in France at Dieppe one week later.

October–December

 * October 1 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in England against Henry VIII's church reforms, begins in as the Lincolnshire and spreads across the kingdom to most of Yorkshire, and parts of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, and Westmorland.
 * October 6 – English Bible translator William Tyndale is burned at the stake in Vilvoorde, Flanders.
 * October 10 – English barrister Robert Aske becomes the leader of the Pilgrimate of Grace rebels, whose numbers have grown to 9,000 and marches with them to York.
 * October 16 – The three negotiators of Pope Paul III depart France after three months of discussions with representatives of King Francois I.
 * November 4 – Cardinal Agostino Trivulzio, the envoy of Pope Paul III, files his report of his peace mission to negotiate an agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and France.
 * November 13 –
 * On "a great misty morning such as hath seldom been seen", Robert Pakington, a London merchant and a member of the English Parliament, becomes the first person in Britain to be murdered with a handgun, while he is walking across the street from his home at Soper's Lane toward the Mercers' Chapel. His assailant is never caught, despite the offer of a large reward.
 * Robert Aske meets with royal delegates at York, including the Duke of Norfolk and negotiates the return of the homes of Catholic monks and nuns, as well as a safe passage for Aske and several Catholic representatives for a meeting with King Henry VIII.
 * November 26 – At the Château de Blois, the marriage contract between King James V of Scotland and King Francois of France to arrange the marriage of James to Francois' daughter Madeline, is signed despite the reluctance of the French monarch to send his daughter to an unhealthy climate.
 * December 5 – After two months, the Pilgrimage of Grace ends at Pontefract Castle after the Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk promises to present a list of 24 Articles of the pilgrims' demands, "The Commons' Petition", to King Henry VIII. The Duke pledges a reprieve for abbeys from dissolution until Parliament can meet, and to obtain a general pardon for the rebel pilgrims.

Date unknown

 * Battle of Reynogüelén: Spanish conquistadors defeat a group of Mapuches in Chile, during the expedition of Diego de Almagro.
 * Battle of Un no Kuchi: Takeda Family forces defeat Hiraga Genshin.
 * Luis Sarmento is the Imperial ambassador to Portugal.

Births

 * January 22 – Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1569)
 * February 2
 * Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, French poet (d. 1623)
 * Piotr Skarga, Polish writer (d. 1612)
 * February 12 – Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1612)
 * February 24 – Pope Clement VIII (d. 1605)
 * March 6 – Santi di Tito, Italian painter (d. 1603)
 * March 31 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shōgun (d. 1565)
 * April 8 – Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597)
 * May 3 – Stephan Praetorius, German theologian (d. 1603)
 * May 13 – Jacobus Pamelius, Belgian bishop (d. 1587)
 * August 10 – Caspar Olevian, German Protestant theologian (d. 1587)
 * August 14 – René, Marquis of Elbeuf (d. 1566)
 * August 24 – Matthäus Dresser, German humanist, philosopher and historian (d. 1607)
 * October 18 – William Lambarde, English antiquarian, writer on legal subjects, politician (d. 1601)
 * October 21 – Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt (d. 1586)
 * October 28 – Felix Plater, Swiss physician (d. 1614)
 * November 11 – Marcantonio Memmo, Doge of Venice (d. 1615)
 * November 22 – Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1606)
 * December 26 – Yi I, Korean Confucian scholar (d. 1584)
 * December 29 – Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1572)
 * date unknown
 * Jeong Cheol, Korean administrator and poet (d. 1593)
 * Leonor de Cisneros, Spanish Protestant (d. 1568)
 * Juan de Fuca, Greek maritime pilot (d. 1602)
 * Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English statesman and admiral (d. 1624)
 * Roger Marbeck, chief physician to Elizabeth I of England (d. 1604)
 * Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English statesman and poet (d. 1608)
 * Friedrich Sylburg, German classical scholar (d. 1596)
 * Ikeda Tsuneoki, Japanese military commander (d. 1584)
 * Giovanni de' Vecchi, Renaissance painter from Italy (d. 1614)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)
 * January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, First Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1485)
 * January 22
 * John of Leiden, Anabaptist leader from the Dutch city of Leiden (b. 1509)
 * Bernhard Knipperdolling, German religious leader (b. c. 1495)
 * February 25
 * Berchtold Haller, German-born reformer (b. 1492)
 * Jacob Hutter, Tyrolean founder of the Hutterite religious movement (burned at the stake)
 * March 15 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1493)
 * April 4 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1460)
 * May 17 – George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford, English diplomat (executed, with four other men accused of adultery with the queen) (b. 1503)
 * May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England (executed) (b. c. 1501/1507)
 * May 31 – Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (b. 1476)
 * June 29 – Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1474)
 * July 11 or July 12 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (b. 1466)
 * July 23 – Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of Henry VIII of England (b. 1519)
 * June 28 – Richard Pace, English diplomat (b. 1482)
 * August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, brother of Henry II (b. 1518)
 * September 25 – Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (b. 1511)
 * September 26 – Didier de Saint-Jaille, 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller
 * September 27 – Felice della Rovere, also known as Madonna Felice, was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Julius II (b. 1483)
 * October 6 – William Tyndale, English Protestant Bible translator (b. c. 1494)
 * October 14 – Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish poet (b. 1503)
 * December 21 – Sir John Seymour, English courtier (b. 1474)
 * date unknown
 * Hector Boece, Scottish philosopher (b. 1465)
 * Cecilia Gallerani, principal mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1473)
 * Hiraga Genshin, Japanese retainer and samurai
 * John Rastell, English printer and author
 * Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, French theologian and humanist (b. c. 1450)

title: 1536


text:
1323

Year 1323 (MCCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January – March

 * January 3 – Englishman Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, who had recently defeated rebel Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster at the Battle of Boroughbridge, commits treason by signing a peace treaty with Scotland's King Robert the Bruce.
 * January 14 – On behalf of the Fraticelli order of Spiritual Franciscans, Italian lawyer Bonagrazia of Bergamo issues a protest to Pope John XXII of the December 8 papal bull Ad conditorem canonum. Pope John revises the text of the bull and reissues it, but also punishes Bonagrazia for his insolence by having him imprisoned.
 * January 25 – Vilnius, now the capital of Lithuania is first mentioned as a city, when the second of the Letters of Grand Duke Gediminas of the Duchy of Lithuania are sent to German cities inviting German Jews and other Germans to resettle in the city of "Vilna".
 * February 20 – Norway's regency council takes a stand against Ingeborg Haakonsdater, mother of and regent for the 7-year-old King Magnus VII. Ingeborg is removed from her position as chief regent on charges of misuse of her power.
 * February 25 – The Earl of Carlisle is arrested at Carlisle Castle by the Castle's warden, Anthony de Lucy, on charges of treason and turned over to the custody of King Edward II of England.
 * March 3 – The Earl of Carlisle is tried and convicted for treason, then executed later in the day. Carlisle is hanged, drawn and quartered, and parts of his body are sent to various sites in England for public display.
 * March 6 – Treaty of Paris: Count Louis I relinquishes Flemish claims over the County of Zeeland. He acknowledges William II the Good as count of Avesnes, Holland, and Zeeland as a state within the Holy Roman Empire. William occupies most of the Bishopric of Utrecht and tries to conquer Friesland (or Frisia) but is repelled by Governor Hessel Martena.
 * March 13 – Siege of Warangal: Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq sends an expeditionary army led by his son, Muhammad bin Tughluq, to the Kakatiya capital Warangal – after ruler Prataparudra has refused to make tribute payments. He besieges the city and finally, after a campaign of 8 months, Prataparudra surrenders on November 9.

April – June

 * April 11 – Hugh II, the self-styled King of Arborea (on the Italian island of Sardinia, with a capital at Oristano, becomes a vassal of Spain's King James II of Aragon in exchange for maintenance of the dynastic rights over his Judicate, and begins a war on the Italian mainland against the Republic of Pisa, winning a battle at Villanovaforru.
 * April 23 – Elizabeth of Carinthia marries Peter, Crown Prince of Sicily, co-ruler (with his father Frederick II) of the Kingdom of Sicily.
 * April 25 – Nicolò Pistorino becomes the new Grand Chancellor of the Republic of Venice, succeeding Jacopo Bertoldi, who held the office for almost nine years.
 * May 15 – Marie of Luxembourg is formally crowned as Queen consort of France at Sainte-Chapelle after her September 21 marriage to King Charles IV.
 * May 21 – The German ruler Henry II, Lord of Mecklenburg, signs a peace treaty with King Christopher II of Denmark confirming his conquest of the Lordship of Rostock.
 * May 26 – Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, sends his third, fourth and fifth letters to German cities to advocate that residents relocate to his the Duchy of Lithuania.
 * May 30 – King Edward II of England makes a 13-year truce with Scotland at York. Despite the truce, Edward refuses to accept Robert the Bruce as ruler of an independent Scottish kingdom.
 * May 31 – Zhao Xian, who had been the Song dynasty Emperor of China from 1274 to 1276, commits suicide as an alternative to being executed, after being viewed as a threat by the Yuan dynasty Mongol Emperor Yingzong.
 * June 11 – Bertrand du Pouget, French papal legate, commanding a military campaign against the Ghibellines besieges Milan – but abandons the siege when Louis IV of Bavaria, King of the Romans, sends a relief army to Italy to aid the city and to protect his domains against the Kingdom of Naples, which is together with France the strongest ally of the Papal States.
 * June 28 – Siege of Villa di Chiesa: Aragonese forces under Prince Alfonso IV the Kind begin the siege at Villa di Chiesa. The fortified town is founded by Count Ugolino della Gherardesca, but is now under the control of the Republic of Pisa. Alfonso attacks the town with some 1,000 men and several siege engines, while the citizens are starved to death.

July – September

 * July 18 – Thomas Aquinas, Italian priest and theologian, is canonized by Pope John XXII at the Avignon Cathedral and canonized as a saint.
 * August 12 – Treaty of Nöteborg: Sweden signs a peace treaty with the Novgorod Republic, regulating the border (known as Finland today) for the first time. The treaty is negotiated with the help of the Hanseatic League in order to conclude the conflict over the control of the Gulf of Finland during the Swedish-Novgorodian Wars.
 * September 4 – Gegeen Khan, the Mongol Emperor Yingzong of China is assassinated in a coup d'etat on orders of Yesün Temür, who becomes the new Emperor
 * September 28 – In southern Burma (now Myanmar), Saw Zein becomes the new monarch of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom (or Martaban) upon the death of his older brother, Saw O.

October – December

 * October 8 – John XXII claims the right to confirm imperial elections and demands that Louis IV of Bavarian surrender his claim to be King of the Romans.
 * October 15 – Hostilities that will lead to the War of Saint-Sardos between England and France begin when King Charles IV of France has a royal sergeant place a stake claiming to claim the French town of Saint-Sardos, territory within the jurisdiction of King Edward II of England (who is also the ruler of the Duchy of Aquitaine in southeastern France).
 * October 16 – Lord Raymond-Bernard, of the Aquitaine town of Montpezat, burns the village of Saint-Sardos to the ground and hangs the French royal sergeant who acted as agent for King Charles IV. France's government blames the England's Baron Basset of the Duchy of Gascony, for hiring Lord Raymond-Bernard.
 * November 12 – Pope John XXII issues the papal bull Cum inter nonnullos as an addendum to the December 8 bull Ad conditorem canonum, declaring that the assertion of the Fraticelli that Christ and the Apostles possessed no property (and advocated poverty as a Christian virtue) is a heresy.
 * November – Flemish Revolt: A uprising in Flanders is caused by both excessive taxation levied by Louis I, and by his pro-French policies. The revolt is led by landowning farmers under Nicolaas Zannekin. Members of the local gentry join and William Deken, mayor of Bruges, becomes the leader of the revolt.
 * December 7 – John of Nottingham and Robert of Coventry, two Englishmen believed by Coventry residents to be expert on necromancy, begin the process of casting a spell to kill King Edward II, Sir Hugh le Despenser of Winchester, as well as the prior of Coventry. John allegedly accepted 20 pounds sterling, and starts his necromancy by making wax figurines of the targets of elimination and then using them for the next six months. The two men will later be prosecuted for sorcery after one of the designated victims allegedly dies after a pin is driven into his figurine.
 * December 21 – In further retaliation by the King Charles of France against King Edward of England for the Saint-Sardos incident, Edward's chief advocate in France's parliament, Pons Tournemire, is arrested and imprisoned in the Grand Châtelet.

Deaths

 * January 18 – Catherine of Austria, German noblewoman (b. 1295)
 * March 3 – Andrew Harclay, English nobleman and knight (b. 1270)
 * March 25 – Mary of Hungary, Hungarian princess and queen (b. 1257)
 * April 13 – Joan of Lusignan, French noblewoman and ruler (b. 1260)
 * June 11 – Berengar Fredol the Elder, French cardinal and writer
 * June 19 – Mechthild of Nassau, German noblewoman and princess
 * July 14 – Ralph Greystoke, English nobleman and knight (b. 1299)
 * August 2 – Hōjō Nobutoki, Japanese nobleman and regent (b. 1238)
 * August 3 – Augustin Kažotić, Croatian prelate and bishop (b. 1260)
 * September 4 – Gegeen Khan, Emperor Yingzong of China and Mongol ruler (b. 1302)
 * September 22 – Kosmas the Zographite, Bulgarian monk and saint
 * October 11 – Henry II the Younger, German nobleman (b. 1292)
 * October 16 – Amadeus V, Savoyan nobleman and regent (b. 1252)
 * October 28 – John Grey, English nobleman, knight and politician
 * November 16 – Frederick the Brave, German nobleman (b. 1257)
 * date unknown
 * Benvenuto Campesani, Italian poet, notary and writer (b. 1250)
 * Bernhard II, German nobleman and prince (House of Ascania)
 * Blanche of France, French princess (House of Capet) (b. 1253)
 * Enrique Enríquez the Elder, Castilian nobleman (b. 1246)
 * George II, Bulgarian nobleman and co-ruler (House of Terter)
 * Gerhard IV, German nobleman, knight and co-ruler (b. 1277)
 * Giorgi I, Georgian nobleman and co-ruler (House of Dadiani)
 * Gong of Song, Chinese emperor (House of Zhao) (b. 1271)
 * Guy Ferre the Younger, English nobleman and seneschal
 * Henry III, German nobleman and co-ruler (House of Gorizia)
 * Hervaeus Natalis, French scholar and theologian (b. 1260)
 * Ibn Adjurrum, Moroccan scholar and grammarian (b. 1273)
 * Ibn al-Fuwati, Persian librarian, historian and writer (b. 1244)
 * Isabella of Burgundy, queen consort of Germany (b. 1270)
 * Joan of Taranto, queen consort of Cilician Armenia (b. 1297)
 * John of Monmouth, English bishop and chancellor (b. 1270)
 * Maria dalle Carceri, Italian noblewoman (House of Cornaro)
 * Nicholas Orsini, Italian nobleman, count palatine and ruler
 * Niklot I, Count of Schwerin, German nobleman and ruler (b. 1250)
 * Nisshō, Japanese Buddhist disciple and teacher (b. 1221)
 * Zhongfeng Mingben, Chinese Buddhist master (b. 1263)

title: 1323