text:
1356

Year 1356 (MCCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 20 – Edward Balliol surrenders his title as King of Scotland, to Edward III of England.
 * ca. February – Burnt Candlemas: Edward III of England burns down every town and village in Lothian, Scotland.
 * June 17 – The city of Lwów is granted Magdeburg rights by Casimir III of Poland. The advantages of the rights were not only economic, but also political.
 * September 19 – Hundred Years' War – Battle of Poitiers: The English, commanded by Edward, the Black Prince, defeat the French. The greatly outnumbered English forces not only rout the French, but capture the French king John II of France and his youngest son, the future Philip II of Burgundy.
 * October 17 – Erik XII proclaims himself king of Sweden, in opposition to his father, King Magnus IV. Thus begins a civil war in Sweden between father and son, which will last until Erik's death in 1359.
 * October 18 (St Luke's Day) – The Basel earthquake affects northern Switzerland, with a maximum MSK intensity of IX–X (Destructive–Devastating), leaving around 1,000 dead. It is the most damaging intraplate earthquake known to have occurred in central Europe.
 * December 25 – Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, promulgates the Golden Bull, a constitution for his empire.

Date unknown

 * The Hanseatic League, a trading alliance between many cities in northern Europe, first meets.
 * Sweden's first guild privileges (for tailors) are issued in Stockholm.
 * Ghazan II replaces Anushirwan as ruler of the Ilkhanate in Persia.
 * Zhu Yuanzhang, one of the leaders in the Red Turban Rebellion, captures the city of Nanjing from the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in China; from then on it becomes his base of power, and the capital of a new dynasty he would establish in 1368, the Ming dynasty.
 * The majority of the Great Pyramid of Giza's limestone casing stones are removed by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Hasan, to build fortresses and mosques in the nearby city of Cairo, leaving the first of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World in the step-stone condition in which it remains into modern times.
 * The Castelvecchio Bridge in Verona is probably completed this year; its main span of 48.7 m is the world's longest arch at this time.

Births

 * July 29 – Martin of Aragon (d. 1410)
 * date unknown
 * Ingegerd Knutsdotter, Swedish abbess (d. 1412)
 * Robert IV of Artois, Count of Eu (d. 1387)

Deaths

 * June 23 – Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut (b. 1311)
 * September 19 (killed at the Battle of Poitiers):
 * Peter I, Duke of Bourbon (b. 1311)
 * Walter VI, Count of Brienne, Constable of France (b. 1304)
 * date unknown
 * Harihara I, founder of the Vijayanagara Empire
 * Zheng Yunduan, Chinese poet (b. c. 1327)

title: 1356


text:
1357

Year 1357 (MCCCLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February 3 – The Estates General in France meets and passes Étienne Marcel's Great Ordinance in an attempt to impose limits on the monarchy, in particular in fiscal and monetary matters.
 * April 28 – Erik Magnusson is recognized as king of most of Sweden, in opposition to his father, King Magnus.
 * May 28 – Peter I becomes King of Portugal, after the death of his father, Alfonso IV.
 * July 9 – Formal start of construction on Charles Bridge in Prague.
 * July 22 – On the death of Jani Beg, he is succeeded as Khan of the Blue Horde by his son Berdi Beg who orders the death of at least 12 of his close kinsmen to secure his position.
 * October 3 – The Treaty of Berwick ends the Second War of Scottish Independence and King David II of Scotland is released by the English in return for a ransom.

Date unknown

 * The Blue Horde unseats Ghazan II as the ruler of the Il-Khanate, and appoints their own governor.
 * Battle of Bubat: The Sundanese royal family is massacred by the Majapahit Army on the orders of Gajah Mada; the death toll includes Sundanese King Lingga Buana and Princess Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, who commits suicide.
 * Rao Kanhadev becomes Rathore ruler of Marwar (part of modern-day India).
 * Influenza is first identified as a disease.
 * The first public exhibition of the Shroud of Turin is recorded.
 * The Wat Phra Si Rattana Mahathat (Famous Wat Yai) Temple is constructed in Phitsanulok, Thailand.

Births

 * April 11 – King John I of Portugal (d. 1433)
 * date unknown
 * Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (d. 1417)
 * Hugo von Montfort, Austrian minstrel (d. 1423)
 * Anna of Trebizond, Queen of Georgia (d. 1406)
 * Fang Xiaoru, Confucian scholar (d. 1402)
 * Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (d. 1419)

Deaths

 * January 18 – Maria of Portugal, infanta (b. 1313)
 * May 28 – King Afonso IV of Portugal (b. 1291)
 * July 13 – Bartolus de Saxoferrato, Italian jurist (b. 1313)
 * date unknown
 * Usman Serajuddin, court scholar of the Bengal Sultanate (b. 1258)
 * Ziauddin Barani, historian and political thinker of the Delhi Sultanate (b. 1285)
 * Jani Beg, Khan of the Blue Horde
 * Kazerouni, Masoud, Persian physician
 * Rao Tida, Rathore ruler of Marwar

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1357


text:
1358

Year 1358 (MCCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 10 – Muhammad II as Said becomes ruler of the Marinid dynasty in modern-day Morocco after the assassination of Abu Inan Faris.
 * February 11 – Mohammed Shah I becomes Bahmani Sultan of Deccan (part of modern-day southern India) after the death of Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah.
 * February 18 – Treaty of Zadar, between Louis I of Hungary/Croatia and the Republic of Venice: The Venetians lose influence over their former Dalmatian holdings.
 * March 16 – King Haakon VI of Norway designates the city of Skien as a city with trading privileges, making it the sixth town with city status in Norway.
 * May 28 – Hundred Years' War: The Jacquerie – A peasant rebellion begins in France, which consumes the Beauvais, and allies with Étienne Marcel's seizure of Paris.
 * June 27 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded, after being freed from the Republic of Venice.
 * July 10 – Battle of Mello: The Jacquerie rebellion is defeated by a coalition of nobles, led by Charles II of Navarre.

Date unknown

 * Mubariz al-Din Muhammad, leader of the Arab Muzaffarid tribe, expels the Blue Horde from Ilkhanate territory in Persia. The Muzaffarid then release control of the Il-Khanate, after being marched on by the Mongol Jalayirid tribe, ruled by Shaikh Uvais. Shaikh Uvais becomes the new Il-Khan. The Ilkhanate is effectively now disbanded, and replaced by the Jalayirid dynasty of Persia.
 * Shah Shuja overthrows his father, Mubarazuddin Muhammad, as leader of the Muzaffarid tribe.
 * Estimation: Nanjing in Yuan China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Yuan China.

Births

 * February 20 – Eleanor of Aragon, queen of John I of Castile (d. 1382)
 * August 24 – King John I of Castile (d. 1390)
 * September 25 – Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shōgun (d. 1408)
 * date unknown
 * Ide Pedersdatter Falk, Danish noblewoman (d. 1399)
 * Anne of Auvergne, Sovereign Dauphine of Auvergne and Countess of Forez (d. 1417)

Deaths

 * January 6 – Gertrude van der Oosten, Dutch beguine
 * January 10 – Abu Inan Faris, Marinid ruler of Morocco (b. 1329)
 * February 11 – Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, first Bahmani Sultan of Deccan
 * June 7 – Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese shōgun (b. 1305)
 * July 31 – Étienne Marcel, Provost of the merchants of Paris
 * August 16 – Albert II, Duke of Austria (b. 1298)
 * August 22 – Isabella of France, queen of Edward II of England (b. 1295)
 * November – Gregory of Rimini, Italian philosopher
 * December 29 – Niels Bugge, Danish magnate and rebel leader. Murdered. (b. 1300)
 * date unknown
 * Brian MacCathmhaoil, Irish Bishop of Clogher
 * Guillaume Cale, French peasant revolutionary (executed)

title: 1358


text:
1361

Year 1361 (MCCCLXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * March 17 – An-Nasir Hasan, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, is killed by one of his own mamluks, Yalbugha al-Umari, who, with the senior Mamluk emirs, has al-Mansur Muhammad installed as the new sultan.
 * April 13 – The University of Pavia is founded, on the Italian Peninsula.
 * May 1 – King Magnus IV Eriksson warns the inhabitants of Visby in a letter, of an upcoming Danish invasion.
 * July 27 – Battle of Visby: King Valdemar IV of Denmark conquers the city of Visby by defeating the defending Gutnish country yeomen, and takes Gotland.
 * October 10 – Edward, the Black Prince marries Joan of Kent at Windsor Castle.

Date unknown

 * In the Marinid Empire in modern-day Morocco, Abu Salim Ibrahim is overthrown by Abu Umar, who is in turn overthrown by Abu Zayyan.
 * Great Troubles: the Blue Horde descends into anarchy. Between 1361 and 1378, over 20 khans succeed each other in different parts of the Blue Horde's territory.
 * Chinese rebels capture the Goryeo capital.
 * The earliest known musical keyboard instrument is built, with the layout of black and white keys that becomes standard.

Births

 * February 26 – Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (d. 1419)
 * date unknown
 * John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont, Constable of Dover Castle (d. 1396)
 * Isabella, Countess of Foix, vassal ruler (d. 1428)
 * King Charles III of Navarre (d. 1425)
 * She Xiang, Chinese tribute chieftain (d. 1396)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Gerlach I of Nassau-Wiesbaden
 * March 17 – An-Nasir Hasan, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt (b. 1334/35)
 * March 23 – Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster, English soldier and diplomat
 * May 21 – Orhan Ghazi, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1274)
 * June 9 – Philippe de Vitry, French composer (b. 1291)
 * June 15 – Johannes Tauler, German mystic theologian
 * June 17 – Ingeborg of Norway, princess consort and regent of Sweden (b. 1301)
 * September 18 – Louis V, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1315)
 * October 4 – John de Mowbray, 3rd Baron Mowbray, English baron (b. 1310)
 * October 8 – John Beauchamp, 3rd Baron Beauchamp, Warden of the Cinque Ports
 * November 21 – Philip I, Duke of Burgundy (plague) (b. 1346)
 * date unknown
 * Giovanni, son of Francesco Petrarch (plague)
 * Richard Badew, Chancellor of the University of Cambridge
 * Reynold Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham of Sterborough, English knight and diplomat (b. 1295)
 * Hajji Beg, Barlas leader
 * c. 1362 Blanche of Bourbon

title: 1361


text:
1362

Year 1362 (MCCCLXII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 1 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania switches New Year to January 1, before any other country does.
 * January 16 – The "Grote Mandrenke" storm tide strikes the Netherlands, England, Germany and Denmark, destroying the Danish settlement of Rungholt in the Duchy of Schleswig, and the Humber estuary port of Ravenser Odd in England. The East Frisian island of Buise is broken into two by North Sea floods.
 * February 15 – King Haakon VI of Norway, son of Magnus IV of Sweden, proclaims himself king of Sweden in opposition to his father. However, later in the year, father and son are reconciled and rule Sweden together.
 * March – Murad I succeeds his father Orhan as sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
 * April – Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada, returns to the throne after the murder of the usurper Muhammed VI.
 * April 6
 * Battle of Brignais: The Free Companies defeat a French army.
 * A fire destroys much of St Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.
 * April 17 – Kaunas Castle in Lithuania falls to the Teutonic Order, after a month-long siege.
 * June – Under the terms of the will of Sir John de Wingfield (died 1361), the church of St. Andrew and a college of priests are founded in Wingfield, Suffolk, England.
 * June 22 – An alliance is formed between England and Castile.
 * July 8 – Valdemar IV of Denmark defeats the Hanseatic League in the naval Battle of Helsingborg.
 * September 28 – Pope Urban V succeeds Pope Innocent VI, as the 200th pope.
 * October 13 – The Chancellor of England for the first time opens Parliament with a speech in English.  Under Edward III of England, the Pleading in English Act makes English rather than Law French the official language in law courts.
 * November – Lionel of Antwerp, son of King Edward III of England, is created Duke of Clarence.
 * December 21 – Constantine IV succeeds his cousin, Constantine III, as King of Armenia.

Date unknown

 * Autumn 1362 or 1363 – Battle of Blue Waters: Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas defeats the Tatars, and takes over Kiev.
 * Red Turban Rebellions: Hu Dahai, aide to Zhu Yuanzhang, is killed by Miao chieftains in Yanzhou (part of modern-day Jinhua and Hangzhou). Chaghan Temur is killed and succeeded by his nephew Köke Temür.
 * The Ottomans capture Philippopolis (or in 1364, 1371) and Adrianopole (the modern-day city of Edirne, or in 1369) from the Byzantine Empire, reducing its territory to the city of Constantinople, part of the Peloponessus, and some islands.
 * The Öræfajökull volcano erupts in Iceland, resulting in the destruction of the district of Litlahérað by flood and tephra fall.
 * The English Hospice of the Most Holy Trinity and St Thomas is founded in Rome. It goes on to become the English College, a centre for training English priests in Rome.
 * Purported date of the inscription of the Kensington Runestone, at Solem, Minnesota.

Births

 * January 16 – Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland (d. 1392)
 * Empress Xu (Ming dynasty) of China (d. 1407)
 * probable – Wang Fu, Chinese painter (d. 1416)
 * date unknown
 * Adolf I, Count of Nassau-Siegen (d. 1420)
 * Murdoch Stewart, 2nd Duke of Albany (d. 1425)

Deaths

 * March – Orhan, Ottoman sultan (b. 1281)
 * April 6 – James I, Count of La Marche, French soldier (b. 1319)
 * April 10 – Maud, Countess of Leicester (b. 1339)
 * May 26 – Louis of Taranto (b. 1320)
 * July 11 – Anna von Schweidnitz, empress of Charles IV (b. 1339) (childbirth)
 * July 22 – Louis of Durazzo, Italian soldier (poisoned) (b. 1324)
 * September 7 – Joan of The Tower, Queen consort of king David II of Scotland (b. 1321)
 * September 12 – Pope Innocent VI (b. 1282 or 1295)
 * December 10 – Frederick III, Duke of Austria, second son of Duke Albert II of Austria (b. 1347)
 * December 21 – Constantine III, King of Armenia (b. 1313)
 * date unknown
 * Hu Dahai, Chinese general
 * Emperor John III of Trebizond

title: 1362


text:
1363

Year 1363 (MCCCLXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * April 9 – Haakon VI of Norway marries Margaret I of Denmark.
 * August – The Revolt of Saint Titus, against the rule of the Republic of Venice in the Kingdom of Candia (island of Crete), begins.
 * August 30–October 4 – Battle of Lake Poyang: The Dahan rebel forces of Chen Youliang are defeated by the Red Turban Rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang, during the final decade of Yuan Dynasty control over China. Zhu's naval forces of 200,000 are pitted against Chen's naval forces of 650,000 troops, in what is not only the largest naval battle of the medieval age, but also one of the largest naval battles in history.

Date unknown

 * Ottoman Turks seize Filibe (Philippopolis) in Thrace in the Byzantine–Ottoman wars.
 * Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, dethrones Dmitry of Suzdal to become Grand Prince of Vladimir.
 * Philip the Bold becomes duke of Burgundy.
 * Al-Afdal al-Abbas succeeds Al-Mujahid Ali as Rasulid Sultan of Yemen.
 * The Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan is completed in Cairo, Egypt.

Births

 * July 2 – Maria, Queen of Sicily (d. 1401)
 * December 13 – Jean Gerson, chancellor of the University of Paris (d. 1429)
 * date unknown
 * Margaret of Bavaria, Burgundian regent (d. 1423)
 * Thomas Langley, bishop of Durham and lord chancellor of England (d. 1437)
 * probable – Zeami Motokiyo, Japanese actor and playwright (d. 1443)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Meinhard III, Count of Tyrol
 * March 3 – Simone Boccanegra, first doge of Genoa (approximate date)
 * c. April – Blanche of Namur, queen consort of Sweden (b. 1320)
 * July 29 – John Bardolf, 3rd Baron Bardolf (b. 1314)
 * August 23 – Chen Youliang, founder of the Dahan regime (b. 1320)
 * October 7 – Eleanor de Bohun, Countess of Ormonde (b. 1304)
 * date unknown
 * Adil-Sultan, khan of the Chagatai Khanate
 * Jean Buridan, French philosopher (b. 1295)
 * probable – Ranulf Higdon, English chronicler (b. c. 1299)

title: 1363


text:
1992 United States presidential election

The 1992 United States presidential election was the 52nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1992. Democratic Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas defeated incumbent Republican President George H. W. Bush and independent businessman Ross Perot of Texas. The election marked the end of a period of Republican dominance in American presidential politics that began in 1968 (with 1976 being the sole exception), and also marked the end of 12 years of Republican rule of the White House, as well as the end of the Greatest Generation's 32-year American rule and the beginning of the baby boomers' 28-year dominance until 2020. It was the last time the incumbent president failed to win a second term until Donald Trump in 2020.

Bush had alienated many of the conservatives in his party by breaking his 1988 campaign pledge against raising taxes, but he fended off a primary challenge from paleoconservative commentator Pat Buchanan. Bush's popularity following his success in the Gulf War dissuaded high-profile Democratic candidates like Mario Cuomo from entering the 1992 Democratic primaries. Clinton, a leader of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council, established himself as the front-runner for the Democratic nomination by sweeping the Super Tuesday primaries. He defeated former Governor of California Jerry Brown, former Massachusetts Senator Paul Tsongas, and other candidates to win his party's nomination, and chose Tennessee Senator Al Gore as his running mate. Billionaire Ross Perot launched an independent campaign, emphasizing his opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement and his plan to reduce the national debt.

The economy had recovered from a recession in the spring of 1991, followed by 19 consecutive months of economic growth, but perceptions of the economy's slow growth harmed Bush, for he had inherited a substantial economic boom from his predecessor Ronald Reagan. Bush's greatest strength, foreign policy, was regarded as much less important following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, as well as the relatively peaceful climate in the Middle East after the Gulf War. Perot led in several polls taken in June 1992, but severely damaged his candidacy by temporarily dropping out of the race in July. The Bush campaign criticized Clinton's character and emphasized Bush's foreign policy successes, while Clinton focused on the economy.

Clinton won a plurality in the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote, breaking a streak of three consecutive Republican victories. He won states in every region of the country; he swept the Northeast and the West Coast, marking the start of Democratic dominance in both regions in both presidential and statewide elections. Clinton also performed well in the eastern Midwest, the Mountain West, Appalachia, and parts of the South. This election was the first time a Democrat had won the presidency without Texas since its statehood and North Carolina since 1844. This was also the last time to date that the state of Montana voted Democratic in a presidential election, and the last time until 2020 that Georgia did so. This was also the last time Colorado voted Democratic until 2008. Clinton flipped a total of 22 states that had voted Republican in the election of 1988. Clinton would win with the smallest vote share of the national vote since Woodrow Wilson in 1912, when the Republican Party experienced a drastic split.

Perot won 18.9% of the popular vote, the highest share of the vote won by a candidate outside of the two major parties since 1912. Although he failed to win any electoral votes, he finished second in two states (behind Bush in Utah and behind Clinton in Maine) and found significant support in every state, resulting in no state giving an absolute majority to any candidate except Clinton's home state of Arkansas. As such, this is the final election to date in which the Democratic nominee won less than 50% of the vote in California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont; and in which the Republican nominee won less than 50% in Alabama, Alaska, Idaho, Kansas, and Nebraska. It is also the third and final election since the Civil War in which a Republican or Democratic nominee failed to break 50% in a single state (with the exception of Arkansas), the first two being 1912 for William Howard Taft and 1984 for Walter Mondale. As of 2023, this is the last time that either a Democratic or Republican candidate received less than 40% of the popular vote.

Democratic Party nomination
Democratic candidates:

Overview
Following the successful performance by U.S. and coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War, President George H. W. Bush's approval ratings were 89%. His re-election was considered very likely; several high-profile candidates, such as Mario Cuomo and Jesse Jackson refused to seek the Democratic nomination. Senator Al Gore refused to seek the nomination due to the fact his son had been struck by a car and was undergoing surgery and physical therapy. However, Tom Harkin, Paul Tsongas, Jerry Brown, Larry Agran, Bob Kerrey, Douglas Wilder and Bill Clinton chose to run as candidates.

U.S. Senator Tom Harkin (Iowa) ran as a populist liberal with labor union support. Former U.S. Senator Paul Tsongas (Mass.) highlighted his political independence and fiscal conservatism. Former California Governor Jerry Brown, who had run for the Democratic nomination in 1976 and 1980, declared a significant reform agenda, including Congressional term limits, campaign finance reform, and the adoption of a flat income tax. Nebraska Senator Bob Kerrey was an attractive candidate based on his business and military background, but made several gaffes on the campaign trail. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton positioned himself as a centrist, or New Democrat. He was relatively unknown nationally before the primary season. That quickly changed however, when Gennifer Flowers alleged an extramarital affair. Clinton denied the story, appearing on 60 Minutes with his wife, Hillary Clinton; in 1998, he admitted the affair.

The primary began with Harkin winning his native Iowa as expected. Tsongas won the New Hampshire primary on February 18, but Clinton's second-place finish, helped by his speech labeling himself "The Comeback Kid," energized his campaign. Brown won the Maine caucus and Kerrey won South Dakota. Clinton won his first primary in Georgia. Tsongas won the Utah and Maryland primaries and a caucus in Washington. Harkin won caucuses in Idaho and Minnesota while Jerry Brown won Colorado. Kerrey dropped out two days later. Clinton won the South Carolina and Wyoming primaries and Tsongas won Arizona. Harkin dropped out. Brown won the Nevada caucus. Clinton swept nearly all of the Super Tuesday primaries on March 10 making him the solid front runner. Clinton won the Michigan and Illinois primaries. Tsongas dropped out after finishing 3rd in Michigan. Brown, however, began to pick up steam, aided by using a phone number to receive funding from small donors. Brown scored surprising wins in Connecticut, Vermont and Alaska. As the race moved to the primaries in New York and Wisconsin, Brown had taken the lead in polls in both states. Then he made a serious gaffe by announcing to an audience of New York City's Jewish community that he would consider Reverend Jesse Jackson as a vice presidential candidate; Jackson had offended many Jewish people with remarks he had made during his own presidential campaigns. Clinton won dramatically in New York (41%–26%) and closely in Wisconsin (37%–34%). Clinton then proceeded to win a long streak of primaries leading up to Brown's home state of California. Clinton won this state 48% to 41% and secured the delegates needed to lock the nomination.

The convention met in New York City, and the official tally was:
 * Bill J. Clinton 3,372
 * Jerry Brown 596
 * Paul Tsongas 289
 * Robert P. Casey 10
 * Pat Schroeder 5
 * Larry Agran 3
 * Al Gore 1

Clinton chose U.S. Senator Al Gore (D-Tennessee) to be his running mate on July 9, 1992. Choosing fellow Southerner Gore went against the popular strategy of balancing a Southern candidate with a Northern partner. Gore served to balance the ticket in other ways, as he was perceived as strong on family values and environmental issues, while Clinton was not. Also, Gore's similarities to Clinton allowed him to push some of his key campaign themes, such as centrism and generational change.

Republican Party nomination
Republican candidates:

Paleoconservative journalist Pat Buchanan was the primary opponent of President Bush; Ron Paul, the Libertarian Party's presidential nominee in 1988, had planned to run against the President, but dropped out shortly after Buchanan's entry in December. Buchanan's best showing was in the New Hampshire primary on February 18, 1992—where Bush won by a 53–38% margin. President Bush won 73% of all primary votes, with 9,199,463 votes. Buchanan won 2,899,488 votes; unpledged delegates won 287,383 votes, and David Duke, Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan, won 119,115 votes. Just over 100,000 votes were cast for all other candidates, half of which were write-in votes for H. Ross Perot. Former Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen, who had run for President 9 times since 1944, also mounted his final campaign.

President George H. W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle easily won renomination by the Republican Party. However, the success of the opposition forced the moderate Bush to move further to the right than in the previous election, and to incorporate many socially conservative planks in the party platform. Bush allowed Buchanan to give a prime time address at the Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas, and his "Culture War" speech alienated Liberal Republicans.

With intense pressure on the Buchanan delegates to relent, the tally for president went as follows:
 * George H. W. Bush 2166
 * Pat Buchanan 18
 * former ambassador Alan Keyes 1

Vice President Dan Quayle was renominated by voice vote.

Ross Perot candidacy

The public's concern about the federal budget deficit and fears of professional politicians allowed the independent candidacy of billionaire Texan Ross Perot to explode on the scene in dramatic fashion—at one point Perot was leading the major party candidates in the polls. Perot crusaded against the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and internal and external national debt, tapping into voters' potential fear of the deficit. His volunteers succeeded in collecting enough signatures to get his name on the ballot in all 50 states. In June, Perot led the national public opinion polls with support from 39% of the voters (versus 31% for Bush and 25% for Clinton). Perot severely damaged his credibility by dropping out of the presidential contest in July and remaining out of the race for several weeks before re-entering. He compounded this damage by eventually claiming, without evidence, that his withdrawal was due to Republican operatives attempting to disrupt his daughter's wedding.

Perot and retired Vice Admiral James Stockdale drew 19,743,821 votes (19% of the popular vote).

Libertarian Party nomination
Libertarian candidates:
 * Andre Marrou, former Alaska State Representative and 1988 vice presidential nominee
 * Richard B. Boddie, political science professor from California

The 6th Libertarian Party National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois. There, the Libertarian Party nominated Andre Marrou, former Alaska State Representative and the Party's 1988 vice presidential candidate, for president. Nancy Lord was his running mate.

Marrou and Lord drew 291,627 votes (0.28% of the popular vote).

New Alliance Party nomination
New Alliance candidate:
 * Lenora Fulani, Psychotherapist and political activist from New Jersey, and the 1988 Presidential nominee

Lenora Fulani, who was the 1988 presidential nominee of the New Alliance Party, received a second consecutive nomination from the Party in 1992. Unlike in 1988, Fulani failed to gain ballot access in every state, deciding to concentrate some of that campaign funding towards exposure of her candidacy and the Party to the national public.

Fulani also sought the endorsement of the Peace and Freedom Party of California, but despite winning a majority in that party's primary, she would lose the nomination to Ronald Daniels, the former Director the National Rainbow Coalition. Rather than pursuing a ballot space of her own, Fulani would endorse Daniels's candidacy in California.

Fulani and her running mate Maria Elizabeth Muñoz received 73,622 votes (0.1% of the popular vote).

Natural Law Party nomination

The newly formed Natural Law Party nominated scientist and researcher John Hagelin for president and Mike Tompkins for vice president. The Natural Law Party had been founded in 1992 by Hagelin and 12 others who felt that governmental problems could be solved more effectively by following "Natural Laws". The party platform included preventive health care, sustainable agriculture and renewable energy technologies. During this and future campaigns, Hagelin favored abortion rights without public financing, campaign finance law reform, improved gun control, a flat tax, the eradication of PACs, a ban on soft money contributions, and school vouchers.

The party's first presidential ticket appeared on the ballot in 28 states and drew 37,137 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote).

U.S. Taxpayers' Party nomination
U.S. Taxpayers' candidates:
 * Howard Phillips, conservative political activist from Virginia
 * Pat Buchanan, conservative columnist from Virginia (declined interest)
 * Gordon J. Humphrey, former Senator from New Hampshire (declined interest)

The U.S. Taxpayers Party ran its first presidential ticket in 1992, having only been formed the prior year. Initially Howard Phillips had hoped to successfully entice a prominent conservative politician, such as the former Senator Gordon J. Humphrey from New Hampshire, or even Patrick Buchanan who at the time had only been mulling over running against President Bush (he would officially declare in December 1991).

No one, however, announced any intention to seek the Taxpayers Party nomination; Buchanan himself in the end endorsed President Bush at the Republican National Convention in Houston. Phillips had been unofficially nominated earlier in the year so as to allow the Party to be able to seek ballot access properly. While initially a temporary post, it was made permanent at the party's national convention, which was held in New Orleans on September 4 and 5. At the convention, which was attended by delegates from thirty-two states and Washington, D.C., Phillips received 264 votes on the first ballot, while Albion Knight was approved as his running mate by acclamation.

Earlier that year, in the June 2 California primary, Phillips had received 15,456 votes in the American Independent Party primary. On August 30, the American Independent Party voted to affiliate with the U.S. Taxpayers Party, an affiliation which continued until 2008.

Phillips and Knight drew 43,369 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote).

Populist Party nomination
Populist candidate:
 * Bo Gritz, Former United States Army Special Forces officer and Vietnam veteran

Former United States Army Special Forces officer and Vietnam veteran Bo Gritz was the nominee of the Populist Party, facing virtually no opposition. Under the campaign slogan "God, Guns and Gritz" and publishing his political manifesto "The Bill of Gritz" (playing on his last name rhyming with "rights"), he called for staunch opposition to what he called "global government" and "The New World Order", ending all foreign aid, abolishing federal income tax, and abolishing the Federal Reserve System. During the campaign, Gritz openly proclaimed the United States to be a "Christian Nation", stating that the country's legal statutes "should reflect unashamed acceptance of Almighty God and His Laws". His run on the America First/Populist Party ticket was prompted by his association with another far-right political Christian talk radio host, Tom Valentine. During his campaign, part of Gritz's standard stump speech was an idea to pay off the national debt by minting a coin at the Treasury and sending it to the Federal Reserve. This predates the 2012 trillion-dollar coin concept.

During August 1992, Gritz attracted national attention as mediator during the government standoff with Randy Weaver at Ruby Ridge, Idaho.

He received 106,152 votes nationwide (0.1% of the popular vote). In two states he had a respectable showing for a minor third-party candidate: Utah, where he received 3.8% of the vote and Idaho, where he received 2.1% of the vote. In some counties, his support topped 10%, and in Franklin County, Idaho, was only a few votes away from pushing Bill Clinton into fourth place in the county.

Lyndon LaRouche's candidacy

While officially running for the Democratic presidential nomination, Lyndon LaRouche also decided to run as an Independent in the general election, standing as the National Economic Recovery candidate. LaRouche was in jail at the time, having been convicted of conspiracy to commit mail fraud in December 1988; it was only the second time in history that the presidency was sought from a prison cell (after Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs, while imprisoned for his opposition to U.S. involvement in World War I, ran in 1920). His running-mate was James Bevel, a civil rights activist who had represented the LaRouche movement in its pursuit of the Franklin child prostitution ring allegations.

In addition to the displayed states, LaRouche had nearly made the ballot in the states of New York and Mississippi. In the case of New York, while his petition was valid and had enough signatures, none of his electors filed declarations of candidacy; in the cases of Mississippi a sore-loser law was in place, and because he ran in that state's Democratic presidential primary he was ineligible to run as an Independent in the general. Ohio also had a sore-loser law, but it was ruled in Brown vs. Taft that it did not apply to presidential candidates. LaRouche and Beval drew 22,863 votes. (<0.1% of the popular vote).

Socialist Workers' Party nomination

Socialist Workers candidate:
 * James Warren, journalist and steel worker from Illinois, and the 1988 Presidential nominee

James Warren, who was the 1988 presidential nominee of the Socialist Workers Party, received a second consecutive nomination from the Party on the first of November 1991. Warren had two running mates that varied from state to state; Estelle DeBates and Willie Mae Reid, the latter also a resident of Illinois.

Warren received 22,882 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote).

Ron Daniels candidacy

 * Ronald Daniels, former director of the National Rainbow Coalition

Ronald Daniels was the former executive director for the Center for Constitutional Rights, the former director of the National Rainbow Coalition, and the worked on both of Jesse Jackson's campaigns for the Democratic presidential nomination. Asiba Tupahache, a Native American activist from New York was his running-mate.

Though running an Independent campaign under the label "Campaign for a Better Tomorrow", Daniels was endorsed by a number of third parties across the states, most notably the Peace and Freedom Party of California; though he had lost that party's presidential primary to Lenora Fulani, the nominee of the New Alliance Party, the delegates at its convention voted in favor of his candidacy 110–91, the only time it has ever nominated someone other than the winner of the primary.

Daniels and Tupachache drew 27,396 votes (<0.1% of the popular vote).

Other nominations
The 1992 campaign also marked the entry of Ralph Nader into presidential politics as a candidate. Despite the advice of several liberal and environmental groups, Nader did not formally run. Rather, he tried to make an impact in the New Hampshire primaries, urging members of both parties to write-in his name. As a result, several thousand Democrats and Republicans wrote-in Nader's name. Despite supporting mostly liberal legislation during his career as a consumer advocate, Nader received more votes from Republicans than Democrats.

The Worker's League nominated Helen Halyard for president; she was the party's nominee for vice president in 1984 and 1988. Fred Mazelis was nominated for vice president. Halyard and Mazelis drew 3,050 votes.

John Viamouyiannis candidacy
Ballot access: Michigan, New Jersey (33 Electoral)

John Yiamouyiannis, a major opponent of water fluoridation, ran as an Independent under the label "Take Back America". Allen C. McCone was his running-mate. Yiamouyiannis and McCone drew 2,199 votes.

Socialist Party nomination
Ballot access: Arkansas, Iowa, Louisiana, Tennessee (33 Electoral)

The Socialist Party nominated J. Quinn Brisben for president and Barbara Garson for vice president. Brisben and Garson drew 2,909 votes.

Grassroots Party nomination
Ballot access: DC, Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin (30 Electoral)

The Grassroots Party nominated Jack Herer, a noted cannabis activist for president and Derrick Grimmer for vice president. Herer and Grimmer drew 3,875 votes.

Prohibition Party nomination
Ballot access: Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin (28 Electoral)

The Prohibition Party nominated Earl Dodge, the party's chairman for president and George Ormsby for vice president. Dodge and Ormsby drew 935 votes.

Drew Bradford candidacy
Ballot access: Arkansas, New Mexico, Tennessee (22 Electoral)

Drew Bradford was an Independent candidate for the Presidency; he did not have a running-mate. Bradford drew 4,749 votes.

Delbert Ehlers candidacy
Ballot access: Wisconsin (11 Electoral)

Delbert Ehlers was an Independent candidate for the Presidency. His running-mate was Rick Wendt. Ehlers and Wendt drew 1,149 votes.

Campaign
After Bill Clinton secured the Democratic Party's nomination in the spring of 1992, polls showed Ross Perot leading the race, followed by President Bush and Clinton in third place after a grueling nomination process. Two-way trial heats between Bush and Clinton in early 1992 showed Bush in the lead. As the economy continued to sour and the President's approval rating continued to slide, the Democrats began to rally around their nominee. On July 9, 1992, Clinton chose Tennessee senator and former 1988 presidential candidate Al Gore to be his running mate. As Governor Clinton's nomination acceptance speech approached, Ross Perot dropped out of the race, convinced that staying in the race with a "revitalized Democratic Party" would cause the race to be decided by the United States House of Representatives. Clinton gave his acceptance speech on July 16, 1992, promising to bring a "new covenant" to America, and to work to heal the gap that had developed between the rich and the poor during the Reagan/Bush years. The Clinton campaign received the biggest convention "bounce" in history which brought him from 25 percent in the spring, behind Bush and Perot, to 55 percent versus Bush's 31 percent.

After the convention, Clinton and Gore began a bus tour around the United States, while the Bush/Quayle campaign began to criticize Clinton's character, highlighting accusations of infidelity and draft dodging. The Bush campaign emphasized its foreign policy successes such as Desert Storm, and the end of the Cold War. Bush also contrasted his military service to Clinton's lack thereof, and criticized Clinton's lack of foreign policy expertise. However, as the economy was the main issue, Bush's campaign floundered across the nation, even in strongly Republican areas, and Clinton maintained leads with over 50 percent of the vote nationwide consistently, while Bush typically saw numbers in the upper 30s. As Bush's economic edge had evaporated, his campaign looked to energize its socially conservative base at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas. At the convention, Bush's primary campaign opponent Pat Buchanan gave his famous "culture war" speech, criticizing Clinton's and Gore's social progressiveness, and voicing skepticism on his "New Democrat" brand. After President Bush accepted his renomination, his campaign saw a small bounce in the polls, but this was short-lived, as Clinton maintained his lead. The campaign continued with a lopsided lead for Clinton through September, until Ross Perot decided to re-enter the race. Ross Perot's re-entry in the race was welcomed by the Bush campaign, as Fred Steeper, a poll taker for Bush, said, "He'll be important if we accomplish our goal, which is to draw even with Clinton." Initially, Perot's return saw the Texas billionaire's numbers stay low, until he was given the opportunity to participate in a trio of unprecedented three-man debates. The race narrowed, as Perot's numbers significantly improved as Clinton's numbers declined, while Bush's numbers remained more or less the same from earlier in the race as Perot and Bush began to hammer at Clinton on character issues once again.

Presidential debates
The Commission on Presidential Debates organised four presidential debates

Character issues
Many character issues were raised during the campaign, including allegations that Clinton had dodged the draft during the Vietnam War, and had used marijuana, which Clinton claimed he had pretended to smoke, but "didn't inhale." Bush also accused Clinton of meeting with communists on a trip to Russia he took as a student. Clinton was often accused of being a philanderer by political opponents.

Allegations were also made that Bill Clinton had engaged in a long-term extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers. Clinton denied ever having an affair with Flowers.

Results
On November 3, Bill Clinton won the election to serve as the 42nd president of the United States by a wide margin in the Electoral College, receiving 43% of the popular vote against Bush's 37.4% and Perot's 18.9%. It was the first time since 1968 that a candidate won the White House with under 50% of the popular vote. Only Washington, D.C., and Clinton's home state of Arkansas gave the majority of their votes to a single candidate in the entire country; the rest were won by pluralities of the vote. Clinton was the first Democrat since 1964 to win a majority of states.

Even though Clinton received roughly 3,100,815 more votes than Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis had four years earlier, the Democrats recorded a 2.7 percentage point decrease in their share of the popular vote compared to 1988 due to the higher turnout. His 43% share of the popular vote was the second-lowest for any winning candidate in the 20th century after Woodrow Wilson in 1912 (41.8%). President Bush's 37.4% was the lowest percentage total for a sitting president seeking re-election since William Howard Taft, also in 1912 (23.2%). 1992 was, as the 1912 election was, a three-way race (that time between Taft, Wilson, and Theodore Roosevelt). It was also the lowest percentage for a major-party candidate since Alf Landon received 36.5% of the vote in 1936. Bush had a lower percentage of the popular vote than even Herbert Hoover, who was defeated in 1932 (39.7%). However, none of these races included a major third-party candidate.

Independent candidate Ross Perot received 19,743,821 with 18.9% of the popular vote. The billionaire used his own money to advertise extensively, and is the only non-major party candidate and the only non-party affiliated candidate ever allowed into the nationally televised presidential debates with both major party candidates (independent John Anderson debated Republican Ronald Reagan in 1980, but without Democrat Jimmy Carter, who had refused to appear in a three-man debate). Speaking about the North American Free Trade Agreement, Perot described its effect on American jobs as causing a "giant sucking sound". For a period of time, Perot was leading in the polls, but he lost much of his support when he temporarily withdrew from the election, only to declare himself a candidate again soon after. This was also the most recent time that a non-major party candidate and a non-party affiliated candidate won at least one county.

Perot's 18.9% of the popular vote made him the most successful non-major party presidential candidate in terms of popular vote since Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election. His share of the popular vote was also the highest ever for a candidate who did not win any electoral votes. Although he did not win any states, Perot managed to finish ahead of one of the major party candidates in two states: In Maine, he received 30.44% of the vote to Bush's 30.39% (Clinton won Maine with 38.77%); in Utah, which Bush won with 43.36% of the popular vote, Perot collected 27.34% of the vote to Clinton's 24.65%. Perot also came in 2nd in Maine's 2nd Congressional District, where he had his best overall showing, winning 33.2% of the vote there and missing the district's 1 elector by only 4.6% of the vote.

The election was the most recent in which Montana voted for the Democratic candidate, the last time Florida backed the losing candidate and Georgia voted for the Democratic candidate also until 2020, and the last time that Colorado voted Democratic until 2008. This was also the first time since Texas' admission to the Union in 1845 that a Democrat won the White House without winning the state, and the second time a Democrat won the White House without North Carolina (the first was 1844), and the second time since Florida's admission (also in 1845) that a Democrat won without winning the state (John F. Kennedy in 1960 was the first).

Clinton was also the only Democrat at that point to win every electoral vote in the Northeast except for Lyndon Johnson in 1964. John Kerry and Barack Obama have been the only Democrats to repeat this since. Also, this was the first time since 1964 that the following nine states had voted Democratic: California, Colorado, Illinois, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, and Vermont.

The 168 electoral votes received by Bush, added to the 426 electoral votes he received in 1988, gave him the most total electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president only once (594), and the ninth largest number of electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president behind Grover Cleveland's 664, Barack Obama's 697, Woodrow Wilson's 712, Bill Clinton's 749, Dwight Eisenhower's 899, Ronald Reagan's 1,014, Richard Nixon's 1040 and Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1,876 total electoral votes.

Analysis
Several factors made the results possible. First, the campaign came on the heels of an economic slowdown. Exit polling showed that 75% thought the economy was in fairly or very bad shape while 63% thought their personal finances were better or the same as four years ago. The decision by Bush to accept a tax increase adversely affected his re-election bid. Pressured by rising budget deficits, Bush agreed to a budget compromise with Congress which raised taxes and reduced the federal budget deficit. Clinton was able to condemn the tax increase effectively on both its own merits and as a reflection of Bush's dishonesty. Effective Democratic TV ads were aired showing a clip of Bush's 1988 acceptance speech in which he promised "Read my lips … No new taxes." Most importantly, Bush's coalition was in disarray, for both the aforementioned reasons and for unrelated reasons. The end of the Cold War allowed old rivalries among conservatives to re-emerge and meant that other voters focused more on domestic policy, to the detriment of Bush, a social and fiscal moderate. The consequence of such a perception depressed conservative turnout.

The election was compared to the 1945 United Kingdom general election, in which Winston Churchill, while a respected conservative wartime leader (like Bush) was not regarded as a good peacetime leader, and thus was voted out once the conflict was over.

Unlike Bush, Clinton was able to unite his fractious and ideologically diverse party behind his candidacy, even when its different wings conflicted. To garner the support of moderates and conservative Democrats, he attacked Sister Souljah, an obscure rap musician whose lyrics Clinton condemned. Furthermore, Clinton made clear his support of the death penalty and would later champion making school uniforms in public schools a requirement. Clinton could also point to his centrist record as governor of Arkansas. More liberal Democrats were impressed by Clinton's record on abortion and affirmative action. His strong connections to African Americans also played a key role. In addition, he organized significant numbers of young voters and became a symbol of the rise of the baby boomer generation to political power. Supporters remained energized and confident, even in times of scandal or missteps.

The effect of Ross Perot's candidacy has been a contentious point of debate for many years. In the ensuing months after the election, various Republicans asserted that Perot had acted as a spoiler, enough to the detriment of Bush to lose him the election. While many disaffected conservatives may have voted for Ross Perot to protest Bush's tax increase, further examination of the Perot vote in the Election Night exit polls not only showed that Perot siphoned votes nearly equally among Bush and Clinton,   but roughly two-thirds of those voters who cited Bush's broken "No New Taxes" pledge as "very important" (25%)  voted for Bill Clinton. The voting numbers reveal that to win the electoral vote Bush would have had to win 10 of the 11 states Clinton won by less than five percentage points. For Bush to earn a majority of the popular vote, he would have needed 12.2% of Perot's 18.9% of the vote, 65% of Perot's support base. State exit polls suggested that Perot did not alter the electoral college count, except potentially in one state (Ohio), which nonetheless showed a result in the margin of error. Furthermore, Perot was most popular in states that strongly favored either Clinton or Bush, limiting his real electoral impact for either candidate.

Perot gained relatively little support in the Southern states and happened to have the best showing in states with few electoral votes. Perot appealed to disaffected voters all across the political spectrum who had grown weary of the two-party system. NAFTA played a role in Perot's support, and Perot voters were relatively moderate on hot-button social issues. A 1999 study in the American Journal of Political Science estimated that Perot's candidacy hurt the Clinton campaign, reducing "Clinton's margin of victory over Bush by seven percentage point." In 2016, FiveThirtyEight noted that it was "unlikely" that Perot was a spoiler.

Clinton, Bush, and Perot did not focus on abortion during the campaign. Exit polls, however, showed that attitudes toward abortion "significantly influenced" the vote, as pro-choice Republicans defected from Bush.

Implications
According to Seymour Martin Lipset, this election had several unique characteristics. Voters felt that economic conditions were worse than they actually were, which harmed Bush. A rare event was a strong third-party candidate. Liberals launched a backlash against 12 years of a conservative White House. The chief factor was Clinton's uniting his party, and winning over a number of heterogeneous groups.

Clinton's election ended an era in which the Republican Party had controlled the White House for 12 consecutive years, and for 20 of the previous 24 years. The election also brought the Democrats full control of the legislative and executive branches of the federal government, including both houses of U.S. Congress and the presidency, for the first time since the administration of the last Democratic president, Jimmy Carter. This would not last for very long, however, as the Republicans won control of both the House and Senate in 1994. Reelected in 1996, Clinton would become the first Democratic president since Franklin D. Roosevelt to serve two full terms in the White House and the first to leave office at the end of his second full term since Woodrow Wilson.

1992 was arguably a political realignment election. It made the Democratic Party dominant in presidential elections in the Northeast, the Great Lakes region, and the West Coast, where many states had previously either been swing states or Republican-leaning. Clinton picked up several states that went Republican in 1988, and which have remained in the Democratic column ever since: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, most of Maine (besides the state's second congressional district, which broke the state's total straight Democratic voting record since, when it voted for Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump in 2016), Maryland, New Jersey, and Vermont. Vermont, carried by Clinton, had been heavily Republican for generations prior to the election, voting for a Democrat only once (in 1964). The state has been won by the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since. Bill Clinton narrowly defeated Bush in New Jersey (by two points), which had voted for the Republican nominee all but twice since 1948. Clinton would later win the state in 1996 by eighteen points; like Vermont, Republicans have not won the state since. California, which had been a Republican stronghold since 1952, was now trending Democratic. Clinton, a native Southerner, was able to carry several states in the South that the GOP had won for much of the past two decades, but ultimately won only four of eleven former Confederate states. This reflected the final shift of the South to the Republican Party. In subsequent presidential elections from 1996 to 2020, 28 out of the 50 states were carried by the same party as in 1992 (15 for the Democrats and 13 for the Republicans).

Detailed results
Source (Popular Vote):

Source (Electoral Vote):

Results by state
Source:

†Maine and Nebraska each allowed their electoral votes to be split between candidates using the Congressional District Method for electoral vote assignment. In both states, two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote was awarded to the winner of each congressional district. District results for Maine and Nebraska do not include results for Marrou or other candidates and so totals differ from those for the states' at-large. Because Perot finished in 2nd place in some districts, the margins of the districts do not match the margin at-large. Nebraska split its electoral votes this way for the first time.

States that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Arkansas
 * California
 * Colorado
 * Connecticut
 * Delaware
 * Georgia
 * Illinois
 * Kentucky
 * Louisiana
 * Maine
 * Maryland
 * Michigan
 * Missouri
 * Montana
 * Nevada
 * New Jersey
 * New Hampshire
 * New Mexico
 * Ohio
 * Pennsylvania
 * Tennessee
 * Vermont

Close states
States with margin of victory less than 1% (27 electoral votes):
 * 1) Georgia – 0.59% (13,714 votes)
 * 2) North Carolina – 0.79% (20,619 votes)

States/Districts with margin of victory less than 5% (175 electoral votes):
 * 1) New Hampshire – 1.22% (6,556 votes)
 * 2) Ohio – 1.83% (90,632 votes)
 * 3) Florida – 1.89% (100,612 votes)
 * 4) Arizona – 1.95% (29,036 votes)
 * 5) New Jersey – 2.37% (79,341 votes)
 * 6) Montana – 2.51% (10,300 votes)
 * 7) Nevada – 2.63% (13,320 votes)
 * 8) Kentucky – 3.21% (47,926 votes)
 * 9) Texas – 3.48% (214,256 votes)
 * 10) South Dakota – 3.52% (11,830 votes)
 * 11) Colorado – 4.26% (66,831 votes)
 * 12) Wisconsin – 4.35% (110,211 votes)
 * 13) Virginia – 4.37% (111,867 votes)
 * 14) Maine's 2nd Congressional District – 4.54% (14,237 votes) (margin over Ross Perot)
 * 15) Louisiana – 4.61% (82,585 votes)
 * 16) Tennessee – 4.65% (92,221 votes) (tipping point state)

States with margin of victory between 5% and 10% (131 electoral votes):
 * 1) Kansas – 5.14% (59,517 votes)
 * 2) Wyoming – 5.60% (11,187 votes)
 * 3) Iowa – 6.02% (81,462 votes)
 * 4) Indiana – 6.12% (140,955 votes)
 * 5) Connecticut – 6.43% (104,005 votes)
 * 6) Alabama – 6.77% (114,203 votes)
 * 7) Michigan – 7.39% (316,242 votes)
 * 8) South Carolina – 8.14% (97,993 votes)
 * 9) Maine's 1st Congressional District – 8.11% (29,494 votes)
 * 10) Delaware – 8.19% (23,741 votes)
 * 11) Maine – 8.33% (56,600 votes) (margin over Ross Perot)
 * 12) New Mexico – 8.56% (48,793 votes)
 * 13) Oklahoma – 8.63% (119,863 votes)
 * 14) Mississippi – 8.91% (87,535 votes)
 * 15) Pennsylvania – 9.02% (447,323 votes)
 * 16) Alaska – 9.17% (23,706 votes)
 * 17) Oregon – 9.95% (145,557 votes)

Source: New York Times President Map

Statistics
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)
 * 1)  Washington, D.C. 84.64%
 * 2)  Starr County, Texas 82.80%
 * 3)  Macon County, Alabama 82.78%
 * 4)  Duval County, Texas 79.56%
 * 5)  Jefferson County, Mississippi 79.39%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)
 * 1)  Jackson County, Kentucky 74.96%
 * 2)  Sioux County, Iowa 72.21%
 * 3)  Hansford County, Texas 69.08%
 * 4)  Ochiltree County, Texas 68.06%
 * 5)  Shelby County, Alabama 67.97%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)
 * 1)  Loving County, Texas 46.88%
 * 2)  San Juan County, Colorado 40.40%
 * 3)  Billings County, North Dakota 39.82%
 * 4)  Somerset County, Maine 38.95%
 * 5)  Esmeralda County, Nevada 37.67%

Voter demographics
Source: Voter News Service exit poll, reported in The New York Times, November 10, 1996, 28.

Political commentary and campaign statements

 * Barlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele. America: What Went Wrong? (1992) online.
 * Clinton, Bill, and Al Gore. Putting People First: How We Can All Change America (1992)
 * Cramer, Richard Ben. What It Takes: The Way to the White House (1992). online.
 * Dionne, E. J. Why Americans Hate Politics (1992). online
 * Duffy, Michael, and Dan Goodgame. Marching in Place: The Status Quo Presidency of George Bush (1992) online.
 * Edsall Thomas Byrne, and Mary D. Edsall. Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (1992) online.
 * Ehrenhalt, Alan. The United States of Ambition: Politicians, Power, and the Pursuit of Office (1992) online.
 * Gore, Al. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (1992). online
 * Greider, William. Who Will Tell the People: The Betrayal of American Democracy (1992) online.
 * Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy (1992) online.
 * Perot, Ross. United We Stand: How We Can Take Back Our Country (1992) online.
 * Phillips, Kevin. The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (1992) online.
 * Sabato, Larry J. Feeding Frenzy: How Attack Journalism Has Transformed American Politics (1991) online
 * Will, George F.  Restoration: Congress, Term Limits and the Recovery of Deliberative  Democracy (1992) online.


text:
1366

Year 1366 (MCCCLXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events

 * March 13 – Henry II deposes his half-brother, Pedro of Castile, to become King of Castile.
 * October 12 – Frederick III of Sicily forbids decorations on synagogues.
 * October 26 – Comet 55P/Tempel–Tuttle passes 0.0229 AU from Earth.

Date unknown

 * War continues between the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire and the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate in modern-day southern India.
 * Dmitri Donskoi, ruler of Moscow and Vladimir, makes peace with Dmitri Konstantinovich, former ruler of Vladimir.
 * Abu Faris Abd al-Aziz I of Morocco succeeds assassinated Abu Zayyan as Sultan of the Marinid Empire in Morocco.
 * The Statutes of Kilkenny are passed, aiming to curb the decline of the Hiberno-Norman Lordship of Ireland.
 * The Den Hoorn brewery is founded at Leuven in the Low Countries. In 1717 this will be renamed the Brouwerij Artois, and later releases a beer in 1926 named Stella Artois.
 * Zhu Yuanzhang, leader of the Red Turban Rebellion that will overthrow the Yuan dynasty and establish the Ming dynasty two years later, begins building the walls for a new capital city at Nanjing.
 * Thomas Fraser obtains lands in Aberdeenshire (Scotland) on which he starts the building of a towerhouse, that will later be known as Muchalls Castle.

Births

 * May 11 – Anne of Bohemia, queen of Richard II of England (d. 1394)
 * August 28 – Jean Le Maingre, marshal of France (d. 1421)
 * date unknown
 * Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan, English noblewoman (d. 1425)
 * Miran Shah, governor of Azerbaijan (d. 1408)
 * Approximate
 * Eleanor de Bohun, English noble (d.1399)

Deaths

 * January 25 – Henry Suso, German mystic (b. c. 1295)
 * April 26 – Simon Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * May 20 – Maria of Calabria, Empress of Constantinople (b. 1329)
 * Summer – Ming Yuzhen, founder of the rebel empire of Daxia (b. 1331)
 * October 14 – Ibn Nubata, Arab poet (b. 1287)
 * October 18 – Petrus Torkilsson, Archbishop of Uppsala

title: 1366


text:
1988 United States presidential election

The 1988 United States presidential election was the 51st quadrennial presidential election held on Tuesday, November 8, 1988. Incumbent Republican Vice President George H. W. Bush defeated the Democratic Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis.

It remains the most recent election in which a candidate won over 400 electoral votes, and consequently, the last landslide election of a U.S. president. 1988 was the first time since 1940 in which the governing party won three consecutive presidential elections, and the first for Republicans since 1928. Additionally, it was the last time that the Republicans won the popular vote three times in a row. Conversely, it began an ongoing streak of presidential elections that were decided by a single-digit popular vote margin. It was also the first, and only election to date, in which one of the two major presidential candidates was not of Northern European ancestry.

President Ronald Reagan was ineligible to seek a third term because of the 22nd Amendment. Instead, Bush entered the Republican primaries as the front-runner, defeating Kansas Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson. He selected Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as his running mate. Dukakis won the Democratic primaries after Democratic leaders Gary Hart and Ted Kennedy withdrew or declined to run. He selected Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen as his running mate. It was the first election since 1968 to lack an incumbent president on the ballot.

Bush ran an aggressive campaign that concentrated mainly on the strong economy, reduction in crime, and continuance with Reagan's policies. He attacked Dukakis as an elitist "Massachusetts liberal", to which Dukakis ineffectively responded. Despite Dukakis initially leading in the polls, Bush pulled ahead after the Republican National Convention and extended his lead after two strong debate performances. Bush won a decisive victory over Dukakis, winning the Electoral College and the popular vote by sizable margins.

As of 2020, no candidate of either party since has equaled or surpassed Bush's share of the electoral or popular vote. Bush became the first sitting vice president to be elected president since Martin Van Buren in 1836, and the first vice president to be elected president since Richard Nixon (as former vice president) in 1968. This remains the last time that a Republican has carried California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey and Vermont. Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Tennessee would not vote Republican again until 2000, while New Mexico would not vote Republican again until 2004. Pennsylvania and Michigan would not vote Republican again until 2016. This remains the latest presidential election in which the Democrats did not win at least 200 electoral votes, partly due to their lock on certain states in presidential races from 1988 onward. As of 2020, this is the last presidential election where the Republican nominee won the female vote.

Republican candidates

 * George H. W. Bush, Vice President
 * Bob Dole, U.S. senator from Kansas
 * Pat Robertson, televangelist from Virginia
 * Jack Kemp, U.S. representative from New York
 * Pete du Pont, former governor of Delaware
 * Alexander Haig, former secretary of state, from Pennsylvania
 * Ben Fernandez, former Special Ambassador to Paraguay, from California
 * Paul Laxalt, former United States Senator from Nevada
 * Donald Rumsfeld, former Secretary of Defense from Illinois
 * Harold Stassen, former Governor of Minnesota

While Bush had long been seen as Reagan's natural successor, there was still a degree of opposition within the party to his candidacy. Historical precedent was not seen to favor Bush's chances, as no incumbent vice president had been elected as president since Martin van Buren some 152 years prior. Dole attracted support among those who were concerned that Bush, whose electoral experience outside of his campaigns with Reagan was limited to running unsuccessfully for the Senate and twice successfully for the House of Representatives in the 1960s, had not done enough to establish himself as a candidate in his own right. Others who wished to further continue the shift towards social conservatism that had begun during Reagan's presidency supported Robertson.

Bush unexpectedly came in third in the Iowa caucus, which he had won in 1980, behind Dole and Robertson. Dole was also leading in the polls of the New Hampshire primary, and the Bush camp responded by running television commercials portraying Dole as a tax raiser, while Governor John H. Sununu campaigned for Bush. Dole did nothing to counter these ads and Bush won, thereby gaining crucial momentum, which he called "Big Mo". Once the multiple-state primaries such as Super Tuesday began, Bush's organizational strength and fundraising lead were impossible for the other candidates to match, and the nomination was his.

The Republican Party convention was held in New Orleans, Louisiana. Bush was nominated unanimously and selected U.S. Senator Dan Quayle from Indiana as his running mate. In his acceptance speech, Bush made the pledge "Read my lips: No new taxes," which contributed to his loss in the 1992 election.

Democratic Party nomination
In the 1984 presidential election the Democrats had nominated Walter Mondale, a traditional New Deal-type liberal, who advocated for those constituencies that Franklin Roosevelt forged into a majority coalition, as their candidate. When Mondale was defeated in a landslide, party leaders became eager to find a new approach to get away from the 1980 and 1984 debacles. After Bush's image was affected by his involvement on the Iran-Contra scandal much more than Reagan's, and after the Democrats won back control of the U.S. Senate in the 1986 congressional elections following an economic downturn, the party's leaders felt optimistic about having a closer race with the GOP in 1988, although probabilities of winning the presidency were still marginal given the climate of prosperity.

One goal of the party was to find a new, fresh candidate who could move beyond the traditional New Deal-Great Society ideas of the past and offer a new image of the Democrats to the public. To this end party leaders tried to recruit New York Governor Mario Cuomo to be a candidate. Cuomo had impressed many Democrats with his keynote speech at the 1984 Democratic Convention, and they believed he would be a strong candidate. After Cuomo chose not to run, the Democratic frontrunner for most of 1987 was former Colorado Senator Gary Hart. He had made a strong showing in the 1984 presidential primaries and, after Mondale's defeat, had positioned himself as the moderate centrist many Democrats felt their party would need to win.

But questions and rumors about extramarital affairs and past debts dogged Hart's campaign. Hart had told New York Times reporters who questioned him about these rumors that, if they followed him around, they would "be bored". In a separate investigation, the Miami Herald had received an anonymous tip from a friend of Donna Rice that Rice was involved with Hart. After his affair emerged, the Herald reporters found Hart's quote in a pre-print of The New York Times magazine. After the Herald's findings were publicized, many other media outlets picked up the story and Hart's ratings in the polls plummeted. On May 8, 1987, a week after the Rice story broke, Hart dropped out of the race. His campaign chair, Representative Patricia Schroeder, tested the waters for about four months after Hart's withdrawal, but decided in September 1987 that she would not run. In December 1987, Hart surprised many pundits by resuming his campaign, but the allegations of adultery had delivered a fatal blow to his candidacy, and he did poorly in the primaries before dropping out again.

Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts had been considered a potential candidate, but he ruled himself out of the race in the fall of 1985. Two other politicians mentioned as possible candidates, both from Arkansas, did not join the race: Senator Dale Bumpers and Governor and future President Bill Clinton.

Joe Biden's campaign also ended in controversy after he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock, then-leader of the British Labour Party. The Dukakis campaign secretly released a video in which Biden was filmed repeating a Kinnock stump speech with only minor modifications. Biden later called his failure to attribute the quotes an oversight, and in related proceedings the Delaware Supreme Court's Board on Professional Responsibility cleared him of a separate plagiarism charge, leveled for plagiarizing an article during his law school. This ultimately led him to drop out of the race. Dukakis later revealed that his campaign had leaked the tape, and two members of his staff resigned. (Biden later ran twice more for the Democratic nomination, unsuccessfully in 2008 and successfully in 2020. He was elected the 47th vice president in 2008, serving two terms under President Barack Obama. In 2021, he became the 46th president, over 33 years after his first campaign for the office ended.)

Al Gore, a senator from Tennessee, also chose to run for the nomination. Turning 40 in 1988, he would have been the youngest man to contest the presidency on a major party ticket since William Jennings Bryan in 1896, and the youngest president ever if elected, younger than John F. Kennedy at election age and Theodore Roosevelt at age of assumption of office. He eventually became the 45th Vice President of the United States under Bill Clinton, then the Democratic presidential nominee in 2000, losing to George W. Bush, George H.W.'s son.

Primaries
After Hart withdrew from the race, no clear frontrunner emerged before the primaries and caucuses began. The Iowa caucus was won by Dick Gephardt, who had been sagging heavily in the polls until, three weeks before the vote, he began campaigning as a populist and his numbers surged. Illinois Senator Paul M. Simon finished a surprising second, and Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis finished third. In the New Hampshire primary, Dukakis came in first, Gephardt fell to second, and Simon came in third. In an effort to weaken Gephardt's candidacy, both Dukakis and Gore ran negative television ads against Gephardt. The ads convinced the United Auto Workers, which had endorsed Gephardt, to withdraw their endorsement; this crippled Gephardt, as he relied heavily on the support of labor unions.

In the Super Tuesday races, Dukakis won six primaries, to Gore's five, Jesse Jackson five and Gephardt one, with Gore and Jackson splitting the Southern states. The next week, Simon won Illinois with Jackson finishing second. Jackson captured 6.9 million votes and won 11 contests: seven primaries (Alabama, the District of Columbia, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Puerto Rico and Virginia) and four caucuses (Delaware, Michigan, South Carolina and Vermont). He also scored March victories in Alaska's caucuses and Texas's local conventions, despite losing the Texas primary. Briefly, after he won 55% of the vote in the Michigan Democratic caucus, he had more pledged delegates than all the other candidates.

Jackson's campaign suffered a significant setback less than two weeks later when he was defeated in the Wisconsin primary by Dukakis. Dukakis's win in New York and then in Pennsylvania effectively ended Jackson's hopes for the nomination.

Democratic Convention
The Democratic Party Convention was held in Atlanta, Georgia from July 18–21. Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton placed Dukakis's name in nomination, and delivered his speech, scheduled to be 15 minutes long, but lasting so long that some delegates began booing to get him to finish; he received great cheering when he said, "In closing...".

Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards, who was elected the state governor two years later, gave a speech attacking George Bush, including the line "Poor George, he can't help it, he was born with a silver foot in his mouth."

With only Jackson remaining as an active candidate to oppose Dukakis, the tally for president was:

Jackson's supporters said that since their candidate had finished in second place, he was entitled to the vice presidential nomination. Dukakis disagreed, and instead selected Senator Lloyd Bentsen from Texas. Bentsen's selection led many in the media to dub the ticket the "Boston-Austin" axis, and to compare it to the pairing of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960 presidential campaign. Like Dukakis and Bentsen, Kennedy and Johnson were from Massachusetts and Texas respectively.

Libertarian Party
Ron Paul and Andre Marrou formed the ticket for the Libertarian Party. Their campaign called for the adoption of a global policy on military nonintervention, advocated an end to the federal government's involvement with education, and criticized Reagan's "bailout" of the Soviet Union. Paul was a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives, first elected as a Republican from Texas in an April 1976 special election. He was known as an opponent of the war on drugs.

New Alliance Party
Lenora Fulani ran for the New Alliance Party, and focused on issues concerning unemployment, healthcare, and homelessness. The party had full ballot access, meaning Fulani and her running mate, Joyce Dattner, were the first pair of women to receive ballot access in all 50 states. Fulani was the first African American to do so.

Socialist Party
Willa Kenoyer and Ron Ehrenreich ran for the Socialist Party, advocating a decentralist government approach with policies determined by the needs of the workers.

Populist Party
David E. Duke stood for the Populist Party. A former leader of the Louisiana Ku Klux Klan, he advocated a mixture of White nationalist and separatist policies with more traditionally conservative positions, such as opposition to most immigration from Latin America and to affirmative action.

Campaign
During the election, the Bush campaign sought to portray Dukakis as an unreasonable "Massachusetts liberal." Dukakis was attacked for such positions as opposing mandatory recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in schools, and being a "card-carrying member of the ACLU" (a statement Dukakis made early in the primary campaign to appeal to liberal voters). Dukakis responded by saying that he was a "proud liberal" and that the phrase should not be a bad word in America.

Bush pledged to continue Reagan's policies, but also vowed a "kinder and gentler nation" in an attempt to win over more moderate voters. The duties delegated to him during Reagan's second term (mostly because of the President's advanced age, Reagan turning 78 just after he left office) gave him an unusually high level of experience for a vice president.

A graduate of Yale University, Bush derided Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique." New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd asked, "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism," and said he intended Harvard to represent "a philosophical enclave", not a statement about class. Columnist Russell Baker wrote, "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets."

Dukakis was badly damaged by the Republicans' campaign commercials, including "Boston Harbor", which attacked his failure to clean up environmental pollution in the harbor, and especially by two commercials that were accused of being racially charged, "Revolving Door" and "Weekend Passes" (also known as "Willie Horton"), that portrayed him as soft on crime. Dukakis was a strong supporter of Massachusetts's prison furlough program, which had begun before he was governor. As governor, Dukakis vetoed a 1976 plan to bar inmates convicted of first-degree murder from the furlough program. In 1986, the program had resulted in the release of convicted murderer Willie Horton, an African American man who committed a rape and assault in Maryland while out on furlough.

A number of false rumors about Dukakis were reported in the media, including Idaho Republican Senator Steve Symms's claim that Dukakis's wife Kitty had burned an American flag to protest the Vietnam War, as well as the claim that Dukakis himself had been treated for mental illness.

"Dukakis in the tank"
Dukakis attempted to quell criticism that he was ignorant on military matters by staging a photo op in which he rode in an M1 Abrams tank outside a General Dynamics plant in Sterling Heights, Michigan. The move ended up being regarded as a major public relations blunder, with many mocking Dukakis's appearance as he waved to the crowd from the tank. The Bush campaign used the footage in an attack ad, accompanied by a rolling text listing Dukakis's vetoes of military-related bills. The incident remains a commonly cited example of backfired public relations.

Dan Quayle
One reason for Bush's choice of Senator Dan Quayle as his running mate was to appeal to younger Americans identified with the "Reagan Revolution." Quayle's looks were praised by Senator John McCain: "I can't believe a guy that handsome wouldn't have some impact." But Quayle was not a seasoned politician, and made a number of embarrassing statements. The Dukakis team attacked Quayle's credentials, saying he was "dangerously inexperienced to be first-in-line to the presidency."

During the vice presidential debate, Quayle attempted to dispel such allegations by comparing his experience with that of pre-1960 John F. Kennedy, who had also been a young politician when running for the presidency (Kennedy had served 13 years in Congress to Quayle's 12). Quayle said, "I have as much experience in the Congress as Jack Kennedy did when he sought the presidency." "Senator, I served with Jack Kennedy. I knew Jack Kennedy," Dukakis's running mate, Lloyd Bentsen, responded. "Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy."

Quayle responded, "That was really uncalled for, Senator," to which Bentsen said, "You are the one that was making the comparison, Senator, and I'm one who knew him well. And frankly I think you are so far apart in the objectives you choose for your country that I did not think the comparison was well-taken."

Democrats replayed Quayle's reaction to Bentsen's comment in subsequent ads as an announcer intoned, "Quayle: just a heartbeat away." Despite much press about the Kennedy comments, this did not reduce Bush's lead in the polls. Quayle had sought to use the debate to criticize Dukakis as too liberal rather than go point for point with the more seasoned Bentsen. Bentsen's attempts to defend Dukakis received little recognition, with greater attention on the Kennedy comparison.

Jennifer Fitzgerald and Donna Brazile firing
During the course of the campaign, Dukakis fired his deputy field director Donna Brazile after she spread false rumors that Bush had had an affair with his assistant Jennifer Fitzgerald. Bush and Fitzgerald's relationship was briefly rehashed in the 1992 campaign.

Presidential debates
There were two presidential debates and one vice-presidential debate.

Voters were split as to who won the first presidential debate. Bush improved in the second debate. Before the second debate, Dukakis had been suffering from the flu and spent much of the day in bed. His performance was generally seen as poor and played to his reputation of being intellectually cold. Reporter Bernard Shaw opened the debate by asking Dukakis whether he would support the death penalty if Kitty Dukakis were raped and murdered; Dukakis said "no" and discussed the statistical ineffectiveness of capital punishment. Some commentators thought the question itself was unfair, in that it injected an overly emotional element into the discussion of a policy issue, but many observers felt Dukakis's answer lacked the normal emotions one would expect of a person talking about a loved one's rape and murder. Tom Brokaw of NBC reported on his October 14 newscast, "The consensus tonight is that Vice President George Bush won last night's debate and made it all the harder for Governor Michael Dukakis to catch and pass him in the 25 days remaining. In all of the Friday morning quarterbacking, there was common agreement that Dukakis failed to seize the debate and make it his night."

Results
In the November 8 election, Bush won a majority of the popular vote and the Electoral College. Neither his popular vote percentage (53.4%), his total electoral votes (426), nor his number of states won (40) have been surpassed in any subsequent presidential election.

Like Reagan in 1980 and 1984, Bush performed very strongly among suburban voters, in areas such as the collar counties of Chicago (winning over 60% in DuPage and Lake counties), Philadelphia (sweeping the Main Line counties), Baltimore, Los Angeles (winning over 60% in the Republican bastions of Orange and San Diego counties) and New York. As of 2020, Bush is the last Republican to win the heavily suburban states of California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Maryland, and New Jersey. He is also the last Republican candidate to win rural Vermont, which was historically Republican but by this time shifting away from the party, as well as the last Republican candidate to win Maine in its entirety, though Donald Trump won one electoral vote from the state in both 2016 and 2020. Bush lost New York state by just over 4%. Bush is the first Republican to win the presidency without Iowa. In contrast to the suburbs, a solidly Republican constituency, Bush received a significantly lower level of support than Reagan in rural regions. Farm states had fared poorly during the Reagan administration, and Dukakis was the beneficiary. This is the last election where Michigan and Pennsylvania voted Republican until 2016, New Mexico until 2004, and Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Tennessee until 2000.

In Illinois, Bush lost a number of downstate counties that previously went for Reagan, and he lost Iowa by a wide margin, even losing in traditionally Republican areas. Bush also performed weaker in Missouri's northern counties, narrowly winning that state. In three typically solid Republican states, Kansas, South Dakota, and Montana, the vote was much closer than usual. The rural state of West Virginia, though not an agricultural economy, narrowly flipped back into the Democratic column. As of, this is the only election since 1916 where Blaine County, Montana did not vote for the winning candidate.

Bush performed strongest in the South and West. Despite Bentsen's presence on the Democratic ticket, Bush won Texas by 12 points. He lost the states of the Pacific Northwest but narrowly held California in the Republican column for the sixth straight time. As of, this was the last election in which the Republican candidate won the support of a majority or plurality of women voters.

Electoral results
Source (popular vote): ,

Source (electoral vote):

(a) West Virginia faithless elector Margarette Leach voted for Bentsen as president and Dukakis as vice president in order to make a statement against the U.S. Electoral College.

(b) ''Fulani's running mate varied from state to state. Among the six vice presidential candidates were Joyce Dattner, Harold Moore, and Wynonia Burke. ''

Results by state
 Maine allowed its electoral votes to be split between candidates. Two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote to the winner of each congressional district. Bush won all four votes. This was the last election in which Nebraska awarded its electors in a winner-take-all format before switching to the congressional district method.

States that flipped from Republican to Democratic

 * Hawaii
 * Iowa
 * Massachusetts
 * New York
 * Oregon
 * Rhode Island
 * Washington
 * West Virginia
 * Wisconsin

Close states
States with margin of victory less than 5% (195 electoral votes)
 * 1) Washington, 1.59% (29,681 votes)
 * 2) Illinois, 2.09% (94,999 votes)
 * 3) Pennsylvania, 2.31% (105,143 votes)
 * 4) Maryland, 2.91% (49,863 votes)
 * 5) Vermont, 3.52% (8,556 votes)
 * 6) California, 3.57% (352,684 votes)
 * 7) Wisconsin, 3.61% (79,295 votes)
 * 8) Missouri, 3.98% (83,334 votes)
 * 9) New York, 4.10% (266,011 votes)
 * 10) Oregon, 4.67% (56,080 votes)
 * 11) West Virginia, 4.74% (30,951 votes)
 * 12) New Mexico, 4.96% (25,844 votes)

States with margin of victory between 5% and 10% (70 electoral votes):
 * 1) Connecticut, 5.11% (73,657 votes)
 * 2) Montana, 5.87% (21,476 votes)
 * 3) South Dakota, 6.34% (19,855 votes)
 * 4) <span style="color:;">Minnesota, 7.01% (147,134 votes)
 * 5) <span style="color:;">Colorado, 7.78% (106,724 votes)
 * 6) <span style="color:;">Massachusetts, 7.85% (206,762 votes)
 * 7) <span style="color:;">Michigan, 7.90% (289,703 votes) (tipping point state)
 * 8) Hawaii, 9.52% (33,739 votes)

Statistics
Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)
 * 1) <span style="color:;">Jackson County, Kentucky 85.16%
 * 2) <span style="color:;">Madison County, Idaho 84.87%
 * 3) <span style="color:;">Ochiltree County, Texas 83.25%
 * 4) <span style="color:;">Blaine County, Nebraska 82.24%
 * 5) <span style="color:;">Thomas County, Nebraska 82.19%

Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)
 * 1) <span style="color:;">Starr County, Texas 84.74%
 * 2) <span style="color:;">Zavala County, Texas 84.02%
 * 3) <span style="color:;">Washington, D.C. 82.65%
 * 4) <span style="color:;">Duval County, Texas 81.95%
 * 5) <span style="color:;">Brooks County, Texas 81.94%

Voter demographics
Source: CBS News and The New York Times exit poll from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research ( 11,645 surveyed )


text:
1367

Year 1367 (MCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 18 – Ferdinand I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Peter I.
 * April 3 – Battle of Nájera: Pedro of Castile is restored as King of Castile (in modern-day Spain) after defeating his half-brother, Henry II. Pedro is aided in the battle by the English under Edward, the Black Prince, and Henry by the French.
 * April 24 – Otto I, "the Evil", becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (in modern-day Germany) on the death of his father, Ernst I.
 * October 1 – Red Turban Rebellions: Zhu Yuanzhang takes Suzhou from Zhang Shicheng, who unsuccessfully attempts suicide before being captured and taken to Nanjing, where he dies.
 * October 16 – Pope Urban V makes the first attempt to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon. This move is reversed in 1370, when he is forced to return to Avignon, and shortly afterwards dies.
 * December 28 – Red Turban Rebellions: Hu Mei captures Shaowu, while Xu Da and Chang Yuchun capture Jinan, bringing both under Zhu Yuanzhang's control.

Date unknown

 * Winter – Construction of a stone Moscow Kremlin Wall around the city is begun to resist invasion by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
 * Petru I succeeds his grandfather Bogdan I as voivode (ruler) of Moldavia.
 * The first university in Pécs, Hungary, is founded by King Louis I.

Births

 * January 6 – King Richard II of England (d. 1400)
 * March 22 or 1368 – Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, English politician (d. 1399)
 * June 13 – King Taejong of Joseon, Korean king (d. 1422)
 * date unknown – Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, English politician (d. 1415)
 * probable – Mary of Enghien, queen consort of Naples (d. 1446)

Deaths

 * January – Han Lin'er, Chinese rebel leader, emperor of Han Song (b. 1339)
 * January 9 – Giulia della Rena, Italian saint (b. 1319)
 * January 18 – King Peter I of Portugal (b. 1320)
 * April 13 – John Tiptoft, 2nd Baron Tibetot (b. 1313)
 * August 23 – Gil Álvarez Carrillo de Albornoz, Spanish cardinal (b. 1310)
 * September 25 – Jakushitsu Genkō, Japanese poet (b. 1290)
 * December 28 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shōgun (b. 1330)
 * date unknown
 * Bogdan I of Moldavia
 * Zhang Shicheng, Chinese rebel leader, King of Wu (b. 1321)

title: 1367


text:
1368

Year 1368 (MCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * January 23 – The Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang) establishes the Ming Dynasty in China, after the disintegration of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. He immediately orders every county magistrate to set up four granaries, and halts government taxation on books.
 * March 29 – Emperor Chōkei accedes to the throne of Japan.

Date unknown

 * The Revolt of Saint Titus against rule of the Republic of Venice in the Kingdom of Candia (island of Crete) ends in failure.
 * Durrës, the second-largest city in modern-day Albania (at this time known as Dyrrhachium), is captured from the Angevins by Karl Thopia, a powerful feudal prince and warlord.
 * Lațcu, son of Bogdan I, deposes his nephew Petru I, and becomes voivode of Moldavia.
 * Timur ascends the throne of Samarkand (in modern-day Uzbekistan).
 * Maha Thammaracha II becomes ruler of the Sukhothai Kingdom (in modern-day northern Thailand) after the death of Maha Thammaracha I.
 * Work begins on the surviving Great Wall of China.
 * Mikhail Aleksandrovich becomes the sole ruler of Tver (in modern-day western Russia), after the death of co-ruler and rival Vasiliy Mikhailovich of Kashin.
 * Moscow attacks Tver, which counter-attacks with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.
 * The King of Norway sends the last Royal Ship from Norway, to the Greenland Eastern Settlement. This event is part of both the Norse colonization of the Americas, and of the History of Greenland.
 * A peace treaty is signed between Norway and the Hanseatic League.
 * The Bibliothèque nationale de France (National Library of France) is founded as the Royal Library at the Louvre Palace in Paris, by Charles V of France.
 * Petrarch concludes writing the sequence of Italian sonnets and other poems known as Il Canzoniere.

Births

 * February 14 – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1437)
 * December 3 – King Charles VI of France (d. 1422)
 * probable
 * Louis VII, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1447)
 * Ida de Grey, Cambro-Norman noble (d. 1426)
 * Pope Martin V (d. 1431)
 * Thomas Hoccleve, English poet (d. 1426)

Deaths

 * March 29 – Emperor Go-Murakami of Japan (b. 1328)
 * August 25 – Andrea Orcagna, Italian painter, sculptor and architect
 * September 12 – Blanche of Lancaster, English duchess, spouse of John of Gaunt (b. 1345)
 * October 7 – Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, son of Edward III of England (b. 1338)
 * undated – Maha Thammaracha I, Thai ruler of the Sukhothai Kingdom and Buddhist philosopher (b. c.1300)
 * probable – Ibn Battuta, Arabian traveler

title: 1368


text:
1369

Year 1369 (MCCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February – Vladislav I of Wallachia liberates Vidin from the Hungarians, resulting in the restoration of Ivan Sratsimir on the throne of Bulgaria, in the autumn.
 * March 14 – Battle of Montiel: Pedro of Castile loses to an alliance between the French and his half-brother, Henry II.
 * May – King Charles V of France renounces the Treaty of Brétigny, and war is declared between France and England.
 * September – Hundred Years' War: The French burn Portsmouth, England; the English raid Picardy and Normandy.
 * November 30 – Hundred Years' War: Charles V of France recaptures most of Aquitaine from the English.
 * December – Financed by Charles V of France, Welshman Owain Lawgoch launches an invasion fleet against the English, in an attempt to claim the throne of Wales. A storm causes Owain to abandon the invasion.

Dates unknown

 * The Ottoman Empire invades Bulgaria.
 * Venice repels a Hungarian invasion.
 * The Thai Ayutthaya Kingdom conquers Cambodia for a second time.
 * Charles V of France orders Hugues Aubriot to construct the fortress of the Bastille in Paris.
 * Timur names the city of Samarkand as the capital of his empire.
 * Košice becomes the first town in Europe to be granted its own coat of arms.
 * The Hongwu Emperor of the Chinese Ming dynasty issues a decree ordering every country magistrate in the empire to open a Confucian school of learning.
 * The official production of Jingdezhen porcelain in Ming dynasty China is on record.

Births

 * May 28th – Muzio Sforza, Italian condottiero (d. 1424)
 * date unknown – William de Ros, 6th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (d. 1414)
 * probable – King Constantine I of Georgia (d. c. 1412)
 * approximate – Jan Hus, Czech priest and philosopher (d. 1415)
 * approximate – Margareta, Swedish Sami missionary (d. 1425)

Deaths

 * January 17 – King Peter I of Cyprus (murdered) (b. 1328)
 * March 23 – King Peter of Castile (b. 1334) (murdered after the battle of Montiel)
 * August 15 – Philippa of Hainault, queen of Edward III of England (b. 1311) (dropsy)
 * October 3 – Margaret, Countess of Tyrol (b. 1318)
 * November 13 – Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick
 * date unknown
 * Sir John Chandos, English knight
 * Agnes Dunbar, Countess of Moray
 * Magnus the Pious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
 * Ramathibodi I, first king of Ayutthaya (b. 1314)

title: 1369


text:
1370

Year 1370 (MCCCLXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–December

 * February 18 – The Battle of Rudau is fought between the Teutonic Knights and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania near Rudau village, north of Königsberg (now Melnikovo village in the Kaliningrad oblast). According to the Teutonic chronicler Wigand of Marburg and the Livonian chronicle of Hermann de Wartberge, the Lithuanians suffer a great defeat.
 * April 9 – Timur becomes first Amir of the Timurid Empire, following the Siege of Balkh which establishes his rule over the Chagatai Khanate, completing his conquest of Central Asia and parts of Persia.
 * May 24 – The Treaty of Stralsund ends the war between Denmark and the Hanseatic League.
 * September 19 – Hundred Years' War: Siege of Limoges – The English led by Edward the Black Prince retake the city from the French by storm with wide destruction, effectively ending the Limoges enamel industry.
 * October 20 – Philip of Anjou, Titular Emperor of Constantinople, marries as his second wife Elizabeth of Slavonia (daughter of Stephen of Anjou and Margaret of Bavaria).
 * November 5 – Casimir III the Great, king of Poland, dies as the result of a hunting accident, and is succeeded jointly by his sister, Elizabeth of Kujavia, and her son, Louis I of Hungary, beginning the rule of the country by the Capet-Anjou family.
 * November 15 – Trần Nghệ Tông deposes Dương Nhật Lễ as emperor of Đại Việt, modern-day Vietnam.
 * December 4 – Hundred Years' War: Battle of Pontvallain – A French army under Bertrand du Guesclin heavily defeats an English force in surprise attacks in northwest France.
 * December 20 – Pope Gregory XI succeeds Pope Urban V, as the 201st pope.

Date unknown

 * For the second time since 1368, the Grand Duchy of Moscow attacks Tver, which again counter-attacks, with the aid of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.
 * Khun Luang Pa-Ngua, ruler of Suphanburi, marches and usurps the throne of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.
 * The city of Xi'an in Ming dynasty China is given a new defensive city wall.
 * Hugues Aubriot begins construction of the fortress of the Bastille in Paris.
 * The steel crossbow is first used as a weapon of war.

Births

 * April 11 – Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (d. 1428)
 * July 23 – Pier Paolo Vergerio the Elder, Italian humanist (d. 1444 or 1445)
 * date unknown
 * Erasmo of Narni, Italian mercenary (d. 1443)
 * Guarino da Verona, Italian humanist (d. 1460)
 * John VII Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1408)
 * King Olav IV of Norway (d. 1387)
 * Jan Piast, Duke of Ziebice (d. 1428)
 * Jan Sindel, Polish scientist (d. 1443)
 * probable
 * Joan of Navarre, Queen of England, Duchess regent of Brittany (d. 1437)
 * John Lydgate, English Benedictine monk and poet (d. 1451)
 * Paulus Vladimiri, Polish scholar (d. 1435)
 * Duke William of Austria (d. 1406)

Deaths

 * May 31 – St. Vitalis of Assisi, Italian hermit (b. 1295)
 * c. September 20 – Edward of Angoulême, French-born royal prince of England (b. 1365)
 * November 5 – Casimir III the Great, King of Poland (b. 1310)
 * December 19 – Pope Urban V (b. 1310)
 * date unknown
 * Simeon Uroš, Emperor of Serbs and Greeks and half-brother of Stefan Dušan (b. 1326)
 * Vedanta Desika, Indian Hindu guru and poet (b. 1269)
 * Yang Weizhen, Chinese painter (b. c. 1296)
 * Toghon Temür, Emperor Huizong of Yuan dynasty China (b. 1320)
 * probable date – Empress Gi of Yuan dynasty China (b. 1315)

title: 1370