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Cicada

The cicadas are a superfamily, the Cicadoidea, of insects in the order Hemiptera (true bugs). They are in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, along with smaller jumping bugs such as leafhoppers and froghoppers. The superfamily is divided into two families, the Tettigarctidae, with two species in Australia, and the Cicadidae, with more than 3,000 species described from around the world; many species remain undescribed. Nearly all of cicada species are annual cicadas with the exception of the few North American periodical cicada species, genus Magicicada, which in a given region emerge en masse every 13 or 17 years.

Cicadas have prominent eyes set wide apart, short antennae, and membranous front wings. They have an exceptionally loud song, produced in most species by the rapid buckling and unbuckling of drum-like tymbals. The earliest known fossil Cicadomorpha appeared in the Upper Permian period; extant species occur all around the world in temperate to tropical climates. They typically live in trees, feeding on watery sap from xylem tissue, and laying their eggs in a slit in the bark. Most cicadas are cryptic. The vast majority of species are active during the day as adults, with some calling at dawn or dusk. Only a rare few species are known to be nocturnal.

One exclusively North American genus, Magicicada (the periodical cicadas), which spend most of their lives as underground nymphs, emerge in predictable intervals of 13 or 17 years, depending on the species and the location. The unusual duration and synchronization of their emergence may reduce the number of cicadas lost to predation, both by making them a less reliably available prey (so that any predator that evolved to depend on cicadas for sustenance might starve waiting for their emergence), and by emerging in such huge numbers that they will satiate any remaining predators before losing enough of their number to threaten their survival as a species.

The annual cicadas are species that emerge every year. Though these cicadas' life cycles can vary from 1 to 9 or more years as underground nymphs, their emergence above ground as adults is not synchronized, so some members of each species appear every year.

Cicadas have been featured in literature since the time of Homer's Iliad and as motifs in art from the Chinese Shang dynasty. They have also been used in myth and folklore as symbols of carefree living and immortality. The cicada is also mentioned in Hesiod's Shield (ll.393–394), in which it is said to sing when millet first ripens. Cicadas are eaten by humans in various parts of the world, including China, Myanmar, Malaysia, and central Africa.

Etymology
The name is directly from the onomatopoeic Latin cicada.

Taxonomy and diversity

The superfamily Cicadoidea is a sister of the Cercopoidea (the froghoppers). Cicadas are arranged into two families: the Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae. The two extant species of the Tettigarctidae include one in southern Australia and the other in Tasmania. The family Cicadidae is subdivided into the subfamilies Cicadettinae, Cicadinae, Derotettiginae, Tibicininae (or Tettigadinae), and Tettigomyiinae they are found on all continents except Antarctica. Some previous works also included a family-level taxon called the Tibiceninae. The largest species is the Malaysian emperor cicada Megapomponia imperatoria; its wingspan is up to about 20 cm. Cicadas are also notable for the great length of time some species take to mature.

At least 3,000 cicada species are distributed worldwide, in essentially any habitat that has deciduous trees, with the majority being in the tropics. Most genera are restricted to a single biogeographical region, and many species have a very limited range. This high degree of endemism has been used to study the biogeography of complex island groups such as in Indonesia and Asia. There are several hundred described species in Australia and New Zealand, around 150 in South Africa, over 170 in America north of Mexico, at least 800 in Latin America, and over 200 in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific.

About 100 species occur in the Palaearctic. A few species are found in southern Europe, and a single species was known from England, the New Forest cicada, Cicadetta montana, which also occurs in continental Europe. Many species await formal description and many well-known species are yet to be studied carefully using modern acoustic analysis tools that allow their songs to be characterized.

Many of the North American species are the annual or jarfly or dog-day cicadas, members of the Neotibicen, Megatibicen, or Hadoa genera, so named because they emerge in late July and August. The best-known North American genus, however, may be Magicicada. These periodical cicadas have an extremely long life cycle of 13 or 17 years, with adults suddenly and briefly emerging in large numbers.

Australian cicadas are found on tropical islands and cold coastal beaches around Tasmania, in tropical wetlands, high and low deserts, alpine areas of New South Wales and Victoria, large cities including Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, and Tasmanian highlands and snowfields. Many of them have common names such as cherry nose, brown baker, red eye, greengrocer, yellow Monday, whisky drinker, double drummer, and black prince. The Australian greengrocer, Cyclochila australasiae, is among the loudest insects in the world.

More than 40 species from five genera populate New Zealand, ranging from sea level to mountain tops, and all are endemic to New Zealand and its surrounding islands (Kermadec Islands, Chatham Islands). One species is found on Norfolk Island, which technically is part of Australia. The closest relatives of the NZ cicadas live in New Caledonia and Australia.

Palaeontology
Fossil Cicadomorpha first appeared in the Late Triassic. The superfamily Palaeontinoidea contains three families. The Upper Permian Dunstaniidae are found in Australia and South Africa, and also in younger rocks from China. The Upper Triassic Mesogereonidae are found in Australia and South Africa. This group, though, is currently thought to be more distantly related to Cicadomorpha than previously thought.

The Palaeontinidae or "giant cicadas" come from the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous of Eurasia and South America. The first of these was a fore wing discovered in the Taynton Limestone Formation of Oxfordshire, England; it was initially described as a butterfly in 1873, before being recognised as a cicada-like form and renamed Palaeontina oolitica.

Tettigarctidae and Cicadidae had diverged from each other prior to or during the Jurassic, as evidenced by fossils related to both lineages present by the Middle Jurassic. The morphology of well preserved fossils of early relatives of Cicadidae from the mid Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar suggests that unlike many modern cicadids, they were either silent or only made quiet sounds. Most fossil Cicadidae are known from the Cenozoic, and the oldest unambiguously identified modern cicadid is Davispia bearcreekensis (subfamily Tibicininae) from the Paleocene, around 56-59 million years ago.

Description

Cicadas are large insects made conspicuous by the courtship calls of the males. They are characterized by having three joints in their tarsi, and having small antennae with conical bases and three to six segments, including a seta at the tip. The Auchenorrhyncha differ from other hemipterans by having a rostrum that arises from the posteroventral part of the head, complex sound-producing membranes, and a mechanism for linking the wings that involves a down-rolled edging on the rear of the fore wing and an upwardly protruding flap on the hind wing.

Cicadas are feeble jumpers, and nymphs lack the ability to jump altogether. Another defining characteristic is the adaptations of the fore limbs of nymphs for underground life. The relict family Tettigarctidae differs from the Cicadidae in having the prothorax extending as far as the scutellum, and by lacking the tympanal apparatus.

The adult insect, known as an imago, is 2 to 5 cm in total length in most species. The largest, the empress cicada (Megapomponia imperatoria), has a head-body length around 7 cm, and its wingspan is 18 - 20 cm. Cicadas have prominent compound eyes set wide apart on the sides of the head. The short antennae protrude between the eyes or in front of them. They also have three small ocelli located on the top of the head in a triangle between the two large eyes; this distinguishes cicadas from other members of the Hemiptera. The mouthparts form a long, sharp rostrum that they insert into the plant to feed. The postclypeus is a large, nose-like structure that lies between the eyes and makes up most of the front of the head; it contains the pumping musculature.

The thorax has three segments and houses the powerful wing muscles. They have two pairs of membranous wings that may be hyaline, cloudy, or pigmented. The wing venation varies between species and may help in identification. The middle thoracic segment has an operculum on the underside, which may extend posteriorly and obscure parts of the abdomen. The abdomen is segmented, with the hindermost segments housing the reproductive organs, and terminates in females with a large, saw-edged ovipositor. In males, the abdomen is largely hollow and used as a resonating chamber.

The surface of the fore wing is superhydrophobic; it is covered with minute, waxy cones, blunt spikes that create a water-repellent film. Rain rolls across the surface, removing dirt in the process. In the absence of rain, dew condenses on the wings. When the droplets coalesce, the circada leaps several millimetres into the air, which also serves to clean the wings. Bacteria landing on the wing surface are not repelled; rather, their membranes are torn apart by the nanoscale-sized spikes, making the wing surface the first-known biomaterial that can kill bacteria.

Temperature regulation
Desert cicadas such as Diceroprocta apache are unusual among insects in controlling their temperature by evaporative cooling, analogous to sweating in mammals. When their temperature rises above about 39 C, they suck excess sap from the food plants and extrude the excess water through pores in the tergum at a modest cost in energy. Such a rapid loss of water can be sustained only by feeding on water-rich xylem sap. At lower temperatures, feeding cicadas would normally need to excrete the excess water. By evaporative cooling, desert cicadas can reduce their bodily temperature by some 5 °C. Some non-desert cicada species such as Magicicada tredecem also cool themselves evaporatively, but less dramatically. Conversely, many other cicadas can voluntarily raise their body temperatures as much as 22 °C (40 °F) above ambient temperature.

Song
The "singing" of male cicadas is produced principally and in the majority of species using a special structure called a tymbal, a pair of which lies below each side of the anterior abdominal region. The structure is buckled by muscular action and, being made of resilin, unbuckles rapidly on muscle relaxation, producing their characteristic sounds. Some cicadas, however, have mechanisms for stridulation, sometimes in addition to the tymbals. Here, the wings are rubbed over a series of midthoracic ridges. In the Chinese species Subpsaltria yangi, both males and females can stridulate. The sounds may further be modulated by membranous coverings and by resonant cavities.

The male abdomen in some species is largely hollow, and acts as a sound box. By rapidly vibrating these membranes, a cicada combines the clicks into apparently continuous notes, and enlarged chambers derived from the tracheae serve as resonance chambers with which it amplifies the sound. The cicada also modulates the song by positioning its abdomen toward or away from the substrate. Partly by the pattern in which it combines the clicks, each species produces its own distinctive mating songs and acoustic signals, ensuring that the song attracts only appropriate mates. The tettigarctid (or hairy) cicadas Tettigarcta crinita of Australia and T. tomentosa have rudimentary tymbals in both sexes and do not produce airborne sounds. Both males and females produce vibrations that are transmitted through the tree substrate. They are considered as representing the original state from which other cicada communication has evolved.

Average temperature of the natural habitat for the South American species Fidicina rana is about 29 C. During sound production, the temperature of the tymbal muscles was found to be significantly higher. Many cicadas sing most actively during the hottest hours of a summer day; roughly a 24-hour cycle. Most cicadas are diurnal in their calling and depend on external heat to warm them up, while a few are capable of raising their temperatures using muscle action and some species are known to call at dusk. Kanakia gigas and Froggattoides typicus are among the few that are known to be truly nocturnal and there may be other nocturnal species living in tropical forests.

Cicadas call from varying heights on trees. Where multiple species occur, the species may use different heights and timing of calling. While the vast majority of cicadas call from above the ground, two Californian species, Okanagana pallidula and O. vanduzeei are known to call from hollows made at the base of the tree below the ground level. The adaptive significance is unclear, as the calls are not amplified or modified by the burrow structure, but this may avoid predation.

Although only males produce the cicadas' distinctive sounds, both sexes have membranous structures called tympana (singular – tympanum) by which they detect sounds, the equivalent of having ears. Males disable their own tympana while calling, thereby preventing damage to their hearing; a necessity partly because some cicadas produce sounds up to 120 dB (SPL) which is among the loudest of all insect-produced sounds. The song is loud enough to cause permanent hearing loss in humans should the cicada be at "close range". In contrast, some small species have songs so high in pitch that they are inaudible to humans.

For the human ear, telling precisely where a cicada song originates is often difficult. The pitch is nearly constant, the sound is continuous to the human ear, and cicadas sing in scattered groups. In addition to the mating song, many species have a distinct distress call, usually a broken and erratic sound emitted by the insect when seized or panicked. Some species also have courtship songs, generally quieter, and produced after a female has been drawn to the calling song. Males also produce encounter calls, whether in courtship or to maintain personal space within choruses.

The songs of cicadas are considered by entomologists to be unique to a given species, and a number of resources exist to collect and analyse cicada sounds.

Life cycle
In some species of cicadas, the males remain in one location and call to attract females. Sometimes, several males aggregate and call in chorus. In other species, the males move from place to place, usually with quieter calls, while searching for females. The Tettigarctidae differ from other cicadas in producing vibrations in the substrate rather than audible sounds. After mating, the female cuts slits into the bark of a twig where she deposits her eggs. Both male and female cicadas die within a few weeks after emerging from the soil. Although they have mouthparts and are able to consume some plant liquids for nutrition, the amount eaten is very small and the insects have a natural adult lifespan of less than two months.

When the eggs hatch, the newly hatched nymphs drop to the ground and burrow. Cicadas live underground as nymphs for most of their lives at depths down to about 2.5 m. Nymphs have strong front legs for digging and excavating chambers near to roots, where they feed on xylem sap. In the process, their bodies and interior of the burrow become coated in anal fluids. In wet habitats, larger species construct mud towers above ground to aerate their burrows. In the final nymphal instar, they construct an exit tunnel to the surface and emerge. They then moult (shed their skins) on a nearby plant for the last time, and emerge as adults. The exuviae or abandoned exoskeletons remain, still clinging to the bark of the tree.

Most cicadas go through a life cycle that lasts 2–5 years. Some species have much longer life cycles, such as the North American genus, Magicicada, which has a number of distinct "broods" that go through either a 17-year (Brood XII), or in some parts of the region, a 13-year (Brood XIX) life cycle The long life cycles may have developed as a response to predators, such as the cicada killer wasp and praying mantis. A specialist predator with a shorter life cycle of at least two years could not reliably prey upon the cicadas; for example, a 17-year cicada with a predator with a five-year life cycle will only be threatened by a peak predator population every 85 (5 × 17) years, while a non-prime cycle such as 15 would be endangered at every year of emergence. An alternate hypothesis is that these long life cycles evolved during the ice ages so as to overcome cold spells, and that as species co-emerged and hybridized, they left distinct species that did not hybridize having periods matching prime numbers. The 13- and 17-year cicadas only emerge in the midwestern and eastern US in the same year every 221 years (13 × 17), with 2024 being the first such year since 1803.

Diet
Cicada nymphs drink sap from the xylem of various species of trees, including oak, cypress, willow, ash, and maple. While common folklore indicates that adults do not eat, they actually do drink plant sap using their sucking mouthparts.

Cicadas excrete fluid in streams of droplets due to their high volume consumption of xylem sap. The jets of urine that cicadas produce have a velocity of up to 3 meters per second, making them the fastest among all assessed animals, including mammals like elephants and horses.

Locomotion
Cicadas, unlike other Auchenorrhyncha, are not adapted for jumping (saltation). They have the usual insect modes of locomotion, walking and flight, but they do not walk or run well, and take to the wing to travel distances greater than a few centimetres.

Predators, parasites, and pathogens
Cicadas are commonly eaten by birds and mammals, as well as bats, wasps, mantises, spiders, and robber flies. In times of mass emergence of cicadas, various amphibians, fish, reptiles, mammals, and birds change their foraging habits so as to benefit from the glut. Newly hatched nymphs may be eaten by ants, and nymphs living underground are preyed on by burrowing mammals such as moles. In northern Japan, brown bears prey on final instar nymphs of cicadas during summer by digging up the ground. In Australia, cicadas are preyed on by the Australian cicada killer wasp (Exeirus lateritius), which stings and stuns cicadas high in the trees, making them drop to the ground, where the cicada hunter mounts and carries them, pushing with its hind legs, sometimes over a distance of 100 m, until they can be shoved down into its burrow, where the numb cicadas are placed onto one of many shelves in a "catacomb", to form the food stock for the wasp grub that grows out of the egg deposited there. A katydid predator from Australia is capable of attracting singing male cicadas of a variety of species by imitating the timed click replies of sexually receptive female cicadas, which respond in pair formation by flicking their wings. Their prime-number life cycle prevents predators with a life cycle of two or more years from synchronising with their emergence.

Several fungal diseases infect and kill adult cicadas, while other fungi in the genera Ophiocordyceps and Isaria attack nymphs. Massospora cicadina specifically attacks the adults of periodical cicadas, the spores remaining dormant in the soil between outbreaks. This fungus is also capable of dosing cicadas with psilocybin, the psychedelic drug found in magic mushrooms, as well as cathinone, an alkaloid similar to various amphetamines. These chemicals alter the behaviour of the cicadas, driving males to copulate, including attempts with males, and is thought to be beneficial to the fungus, as the fungal spores are dispersed by a larger number of infected carriers.

Plants can also defend themselves against cicadas. Although cicadas can feed on the roots of gymnosperms, it has been found that resinous conifers such as pine do not allow the eggs of Magicicada to hatch, the resin sealing up the egg cavities.

Antipredator adaptations

Cicadas use a variety of strategies to evade predators. Large cicadas can fly rapidly to escape if disturbed. Many are extremely well camouflaged to evade predators such as birds that hunt by sight. Being coloured like tree bark and disruptively patterned to break up their outlines, they are difficult to discern; their partly transparent wings are held over the body and pressed close to the substrate. Some cicada species play dead when threatened.

Some cicadas such as Hemisciera maculipennis display bright deimatic flash coloration on their hind wings when threatened; the sudden contrast helps to startle predators, giving the cicadas time to escape. Most cicadas are diurnal and rely on camouflage when at rest, but some species use aposematism-related Batesian mimicry, wearing the bright colors that warn of toxicity in other animals; the Malaysian Huechys sanguinea has conspicuous red and black warning coloration, is diurnal, and boldly flies about in full view of possible predators.

Predators such as the sarcophagid fly Emblemasoma hunt cicadas by sound, being attracted to their songs. Singing males soften their song so that the attention of the listener gets distracted to neighbouring louder singers, or cease singing altogether as a predator approaches. A loud cicada song, especially in chorus, has been asserted to repel predators, but observations of predator responses refute the claim.

In art and literature

Cicadas have been featured in literature since the time of Homer's Iliad, and as motifs in decorative art from the Chinese Shang dynasty (1766–1122 BCE). They are described by Aristotle in his History of Animals and by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History; their mechanism of sound production is mentioned by Hesiod in his poem "Works and Days": "when the Skolymus flowers, and the tuneful Tettix sitting on his tree in the weary summer season pours forth from under his wings his shrill song". In the classic 14th-century Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Diaochan took her name from the sable (diāo) tails and jade decorations in the shape of cicadas (chán), which adorned the hats of high-level officials.

In the Japanese novel The Tale of Genji, the title character poetically likens one of his many love interests to a cicada for the way she delicately sheds her robe the way a cicada sheds its shell when molting. Cicada exuviae play a role in the manga Winter Cicada. Cicadas are a frequent subject of haiku, where, depending on type, they can indicate spring, summer, or autumn. Shaun Tan's illustrated book Cicada tells the story of a hardworking but underappreciated cicada working in an office. Branden Jacobs-Jenkins' play Appropriate takes place on an Arkansas farm in summer, and calls for the sounds of mating cicadas to underscore the entire show.

In fashion
Being lightweight, and with hooklike legs, the exuviae of cicadas can be used as hair or clothing accessories.

As food and folk medicine
Cicadas were eaten in Ancient Greece, and are consumed in selected regions in modern China, both as adults and (more often) as nymphs. Cicadas are also eaten in Malaysia, Burma, North America, and central Africa, as well as the Balochistan region of Pakistan, especially in Ziarat. Female cicadas are prized for being meatier. Shells of cicadas are employed in traditional Chinese medicines. The 17-year "Onondaga Brood" Magicicada is culturally important and a particular delicacy to the Onondaga people, and are considered a novelty food item by modern consumers in several states.

In music
Cicadas are featured in the protest song "Como La Cigarra" ("Like the Cicada") written by Argentinian poet and composer María Elena Walsh. In the song, the cicada is a symbol of survival and defiance against death. The song was recorded by Mercedes Sosa, among other Latin American musicians.

In North America and Mexico, there is a well-known song, "La Cigarra" ("The Cicada"), written by Raymundo Perez Soto, which is a song in the Mariachi tradition, that romanticises the insect as a creature that sings until it dies.

Brazilian artist Lenine with his track "Malvadeza" from the album Chão, creates a song built upon the sound of the cicada that can be heard along the track.

Cicada sounds heavily feature on the 2021 album Solar Power by New Zealand artist Lorde. She described cicada song as being emblematic of the New Zealand summer.

In mythology and folklore
Cicadas have been used as money, in folk medicine, to forecast the weather, to provide song (in China), and in folklore and myths around the world. In France, the cicada represents the folklore of Provence and the Mediterranean cities.

The cicada has represented since classical antiquity. Jean de La Fontaine began his collection of fables Les fables de La Fontaine with the story "La Cigale et la Fourmi" ("The Cicada and the Ant") based on one of Aesop's fables; in it, the cicada spends the summer singing, while the ant stores away food, and the cicada finds herself without food when the weather turns bitter.

In Chinese tradition, the cicada (蟬, chán) symbolises rebirth and immortality. In the Chinese essay "Thirty-Six Stratagems", the phrase "to shed the golden cicada skin" is the poetic name for using a decoy (leaving the exuviae) to fool enemies. In the Chinese classic novel Journey to the West (16th century), the protagonist Priest of Tang was named the Golden Cicada.

In Japan, the cicada is associated with the summer season. For many Japanese people, summer hasn't officially begun until the first songs of the cicada are heard. According to Lafcadio Hearn, the song of Meimuna opalifera, called tsuku-tsuku boshi, is said to indicate the end of summer, and it is called so because of its particular call.

In the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, the goddess Aphrodite retells the legend of how Eos, the goddess of the dawn, requested Zeus to let her lover Tithonus live forever as an immortal. Zeus granted her request, but because Eos forgot to ask him to also make Tithonus ageless, Tithonus never died, but he did grow old. Eventually, he became so tiny and shriveled that he turned into the first cicada. The Greeks also used a cicada sitting on a harp as an emblem of music.

In Kapampangan mythology in the Philippines, the goddess of dusk, Sisilim, is said to be greeted by the sounds and appearances of cicadas whenever she appears.

As pests
Cicadas feed on sap; they do not bite or sting in a true sense, but may occasionally mistake a person's arm for a plant limb and attempt to feed. Male cicadas produce very loud calls that can damage human hearing.

Cicadas are not major agricultural pests, but in some outbreak years, trees may be overwhelmed by the sheer numbers of females laying their eggs in the shoots. Small trees may wilt and larger trees may lose small branches. Although in general, the feeding activities of the nymphs do little damage, during the year before an outbreak of periodic cicadas, the large nymphs feed heavily and plant growth may suffer. Some species have turned from wild grasses to sugarcane, which affects the crop adversely, and in a few isolated cases, females have oviposited on cash crops such as date palms, grape vines, citrus trees, asparagus, and cotton.

Cicadas sometimes cause damage to ornamental shrubs and trees, mainly in the form of scarring left on tree branches where the females have laid their eggs. Branches of young trees may die as a result.

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Scott Bakula

Scott Stewart Bakula (born October 9, 1954) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in two science-fiction television series: as Sam Beckett on Quantum Leap – for which he was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards (winning one) – and as Captain Jonathan Archer on Star Trek: Enterprise. From 2014 to 2021, he portrayed Special Agent Dwayne Cassius "King" Pride on NCIS: New Orleans.

A Tony Award-nominee for his work on Broadway, Bakula starred in the comedy-drama series Men of a Certain Age and guest-starred in the second and third seasons of NBC's Chuck as the title character's father, Stephen J. Bartowski. From 2014 to 2015, he played entrepreneur Lynn on the HBO show Looking.

Early life
Bakula was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Sally (Zumwinkel) and Joseph Stewart Bakula (1928–2014), a lawyer. He has a younger brother and a younger sister. The family surname comes from Czech and Slovak ancestry, translating literally to "stick in one's throat" (spelled bakuľa) but also meaning "liar". He attended Jefferson College, followed by the University of Kansas for a time, but left, saying: "...because I was offered a tour of Godspell, a national tour that was from St. Louis. I thought that sounded great, and I went to my parents and I said "I want to do this tour", and they said, "Go ahead, maybe it will get it out of your system. And you come back to school in a year or two, you come back." The tour was gonna start in August and the tour never started and school did, and then the tour fell apart, and there I was sitting at home. So I was left holding the bag, basically, and then had to decide where to go from there. And I applied, was applying to other schools. I was gonna go to a Mormon theatrical kind of school, and the more I looked at it the more I spent time examining the school side of it. I just realized what I really needed to do was just pick up, pack up and go to New York."

Career
Bakula moved to New York City in 1976. He made his professional debut in the 1977 national tour of the musical Shenandoah. He made his Broadway debut in 1982 as an understudy in the short-lived musical Is There Life After High School? The following year, he appeared as baseball legend Joe DiMaggio in Marilyn: An American Fable, which only ran 17 performances. He received a shared Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Ensemble Acting for his performance in the 1985 Off-Broadway production of Three Guys Naked from the Waist Down; he would later appear in its Pasadena Playhouse production. The success of Three Guys Off-Broadway brought him attention, and when his next show, the musical Nightclub Confidential, which co-starred his wife Krista Neumann, moved to Los Angeles, he moved there at the urging of his California agent, Maggie Henderson, and his New York agent, Jerry Hogan. As Bakula recalled in 2000: "I call [Henderson] up and said I got a show, I'm gonna be out there, I'm coming out in January. So it'll work out because it's time for pilot season and I'll be doing something so people can come and see me. ... And then I coincidentally had done a Disney Sunday Night ABC movie that was gonna come out some time in the winter. It was the time to go. Came out here on New Year's Day, 1986. The show I did turned out to be a big hit out here. It got me a lot of attention out here and I jumped onto the TV sitcom Designing Women in the beginning and was able to do that pilot ... and things kind of took off."

He was cast in two short-lived series: Gung Ho and Eisenhower & Lutz. During a Hollywood writers' strike in 1988, he returned to New York to star in Romance/Romance on Broadway, which ran from May 1, 1988, to January 15, 1989. For his performance as Alfred Von Wilmers and Sam, he was nominated for the 1988 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. Afterward, he landed the lead role opposite co-star Dean Stockwell in the science fiction television series Quantum Leap (1989–1993). Bakula played time traveler Dr. Sam Beckett, who was trapped by a malfunction of his time machine to correct things gone wrong in the past. His performance in the show earned him a Golden Globe Award (along with three nominations) and four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, as well as five consecutive Viewers for Quality Television Awards for Best Actor in a Quality Drama Series.

From 1993 to 1995, he played Peter Hunt, a reporter and occasional love interest on the sitcom Murphy Brown. In 1995, Bakula appeared on the cover of Playgirl. He played the titular Mr. Smith in the sole season of Mr. & Mrs. Smith in 1996. He voiced Danny Cat in the animated film Cats Don't Dance (1997). He played the aging veteran pitcher Gus Cantrell in Major League: Back to the Minors (1998), the final movie in the Major League trilogy. He also played Jim Olmeyer, the same-sex partner of Sam Robards' Jim Berkley, in the film American Beauty (1999).

Bakula played Jonathan Archer, captain of Earth's first Warp 5 interstellar starship, on Star Trek: Enterprise from 2001 to 2005. In 2006, he reprised the role of Archer for the Star Trek: Legacy PC and Xbox 360 video games as a voice-over.

Bakula starred in the musical Shenandoah, a play which also provided his first professional theatrical role in 1976, at Ford's Theatre, in 2006. Bakula is heard singing "Pig Island" on Sandra Boynton's children's CD Philadelphia Chickens, which is labeled as being "For all ages except 43." Scott Bakula said that he might be starring as Sam in a Quantum Leap film as stated in TV Guide Magazine along with Dean Stockwell. At Comic Con 2010, he announced that a script was being worked on and that while he would be in the movie, he would not have the main role.

Bakula performed various songs from his career for a one-night-only performance entitled An Evening with Scott Bakula at Sidney Harman Hall on January 18, 2008, as a benefit for the restoration of the historic Ford's Theater. Bakula had three appearances in 2008. He appeared as Atty. Jack Ross in an episode of Boston Legal, "Glow in the Dark", which aired on February 12, 2008, on the ABC network. From March 4 – April 20, he starred as Tony Hunter in the world premiere of Dancing in the Dark at The Old Globe in San Diego, California. Dancing in the Dark is based on the movie The Band Wagon (1953). Bakula appeared as the character Chris Fulbright in the five-episode run of the Tracey Ullman sketch comedy series State of the Union on Showtime.

Bakula appeared in the dark comedy film The Informant! (2009) as Brian Shepard, an FBI agent. In April 2009, he began a recurring role on the television series Chuck as Stephen J. Bartowski, the eponymous character's long-lost father. From July 31 to August 2, 2009, he starred as Nathan Detroit in three performances of Guys and Dolls at the Hollywood Bowl. Beginning in December 2009, Bakula began appearing as Terry, one of the three lead characters in TNT's hour-long comedy/drama Men of a Certain Age.

In 2011, Bakula performed a voice cameo in the film Source Code as a slight nod to his character on Quantum Leap, with his catchphrase of "Oh, boy." and appeared in the feature-length documentary The Captains, which was written and directed by William Shatner, Bakula is interviewed by the original Star Trek captain about his life and career leading up to his performances as Captain Jonathan Archer in Star Trek: Enterprise. In the movie, Shatner interviews Bakula at his ranch in California where they discuss the pitfalls that come with a career in television.

In September 2011, Bakula starred in Terrible Advice by Saul Rubinek at the Menier Chocolate Factory. In April to May 2012, he guest starred in the last five episodes of Desperate Housewives as Bree Van de Kamp's criminal defense lawyer and third husband. In April 2013, he made a guest appearance on Two and a Half Men as a sleazy car dealer, Jerry. In August 2013, it was announced Bakula would have a recurring role in the first season of HBO's new series Looking. He also appeared in the film Geography Club (2013).

In February 2014, Bakula was cast as the lead in a backdoor pilot for the NCIS spin-off series, NCIS: New Orleans, which began as a two-part episode of its parent series in the spring season of 2014.

In 2016 Bakula appeared as a guest judge on the HGTV show Brothers Take New Orleans with Property Brothers hosts Jonathan and Drew Scott.

He made a cameo appearance as himself in the season 12 opening episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia.

In October 2023, it was announced Bakula would return to the New York stage in the world premiere of The Connector, featuring music and lyrics by Jason Robert Brown and book by Jonathan Marc Sherman, and directed by Daisy Prince. The show was performed from January 12, 2024, through March 17 at the MCC Theater.

Bakula is slated to play the title role in Man of La Mancha in a Peterborough, New Hampshire production in August 2024.

Personal life
Bakula married Krista Neumann in 1981. They had two children before divorcing in 1995. He married actress Chelsea Field in 2009 after a 15-year relationship. Bakula and Field have two children.

Bakula says he was "hardly ever home for four and a half seasons" of Quantum Leap, so he chose to prioritize his family life on later projects. His Star Trek: Enterprise contract required that filming be completed by 6p.m. every Wednesday so he could have dinner with his family. During filming of NCIS: New Orleans, he returned home to Los Angeles every weekend to spend time with his wife.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Scott Bakula


text:
Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Charles Rennie Mackintosh (7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928) was a Scottish architect, designer, water colourist and artist. His artistic approach had much in common with European Symbolism. His work, alongside that of his wife Margaret Macdonald, was influential on European design movements such as Art Nouveau and Secessionism and praised by great modernists such as Josef Hoffmann. Mackintosh was born in Glasgow, Scotland and died in London, England. He is among the most important figures of Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style).

Early life and education
Charles Rennie Mackintosh was born at 70 Parson Street, Townhead, Glasgow, on 7 June 1868, the fourth of eleven children and second son of William McIntosh, a superintendent and chief clerk of the City of Glasgow Police. He attended Reid's Public School and the Allan Glen's Institution from 1880 to 1883. William's wife Margaret Mackintosh née 'Rennie' grew up in the Townhead and Dennistoun (Firpark Terrace) areas of Glasgow.

Name
He changed the spelling of his name from 'McIntosh' to 'Mackintosh' for unknown reasons, as his father did before him, around 1893. Confusion continues to surround the use of his name with 'Rennie' sometimes incorrectly substituted for his first name of 'Charles'. The modern use of 'Rennie Mackintosh' as a surname is also incorrect and he was never known as such in his lifetime; 'Rennie' being a middle name (his mother's maiden name) which he used often in writing his name. Signatures took various forms including 'C.R. Mackintosh' and 'Chas. R. Mackintosh.' The usage of "Rennie Mackintosh" to refer to him is therefore incorrect and he should instead be referred to as "Charles Rennie Mackintosh" or "Mackintosh". Mackintosh is also sometimes referred to affectionately as 'Toshie', a nickname seen in correspondence and other contemporary literature written by friends and family members.

Career and family
Mackintosh entered the architectural profession in 1884 as an apprentice to John Hutchinson in Glasgow and in the evenings studied at Glasgow School of Art (situated then in Sauchiehall Street) where he became a prize-winning student. In 1889 he joined Honeyman and Keppie (John Honeyman and John Keppie), a major architectural practice as a draughtsman and designer, where in 1901 he became a partner.

His early design work as a draughtsman and lead designer can be seen from 1893 in the interior of Craigie Hall, Dumbreck, and in the new saloon and gallery of Glasgow Art Club, 185 Bath Street for which he signed the drawings.

Around 1892, Mackintosh met fellow artist Margaret Macdonald at the Glasgow School of Art. He and fellow student Herbert MacNair, also an apprentice at Honeyman and Keppie, were introduced to Margaret and her sister Frances MacDonald by the head of the Glasgow School of Art, Francis Henry Newbery, who saw similarities in their work. Margaret and Charles married on 22 August 1900. The couple had no children. MacNair and Frances also married the previous year. The group worked collaboratively and came to be known as "", and were prominent figures in Glasgow Style art and design. Mackintosh and Margaret married, setting up their first home in Mains Street on Blythswood Hill, the street later being renamed as Blythswood Street, Glasgow. Subsequently, they moved to Southpark Avenue, close to Glasgow University.

In the early 1910s the partnership known from 1901 as Honeyman, Keppie & Mackintosh declined in profitability, and in 1913 Mackintosh resigned from the partnership and attempted to open his own practice.

Design influences

Mackintosh lived most of his life in the city of Glasgow, located on the banks of the River Clyde. During the Industrial Revolution the city had one of the greatest production centres of heavy engineering and shipbuilding in the world. As the city grew and prospered, a faster response to the high demand for consumer goods and arts was necessary. Industrialized, mass-produced items started to gain popularity. Along with the Industrial Revolution, Asian style and emerging modernist ideas also influenced Mackintosh's designs. When the Japanese isolationist regime softened, they opened themselves to globalisation resulting in notable Japanese influence around the world. Glasgow's link with the eastern country became particularly close with shipyards at the River Clyde being exposed to Japanese navy and training engineers. Japanese design became more accessible and gained great popularity. In fact, it became so popular and so incessantly appropriated and reproduced by Western artists, that the Western world's fascination and preoccupation with Japanese art gave rise to the new term Japonisme or Japonism.

This style was admired by Mackintosh because of its restraint and economy of means rather than ostentatious accumulation; its simple forms and natural materials rather than elaboration and artifice; and its use of texture and light and shadow rather than pattern and ornament. In the old western style, furniture was seen as ornament that displayed the wealth of its owner; the value of the piece was established according to the length of time spent creating it. In the Japanese arts, furniture and design focused on the quality of the space, which was meant to evoke a calming and organic feeling to the interior.

At the same time a new philosophy concerned with creating functional and practical design was emerging throughout Europe: modernism. The central aim in modernism was to develop a purity of expression with designs explicitly responsive to intended building use. Ornament and traditional styles were demoted. Although Mackintosh has been counted as a pioneer of modernism, his work always retained a decorative sensibility and features ornament. Mackintosh took his inspiration from his Scottish upbringing and blended them with the flourish of Art Nouveau and the simplicity of Japanese forms.

While working in architecture, Charles Rennie Mackintosh developed his own style: a contrast between strong right angles and floral-inspired decorative motifs with subtle curves (for example, the Mackintosh Rose motif), along with some references to traditional Scottish architecture. The project that helped make his international reputation was the Glasgow School of Art (1897–1909). During the early stages of the Glasgow School of Art Mackintosh also completed the Queen's Cross Church project in Maryhill, Glasgow. It is the only built Mackintosh church design and is now the Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society headquarters. As with his contemporary Frank Lloyd Wright, Mackintosh's architectural designs often included extensive specifications for the detailing, decoration, and furnishing of his buildings.

The majority, if not all, of this detailing and significant contributions to his architectural drawings were designed and detailed by his wife Margaret Macdonald whom Charles had met when they both attended the Glasgow School of Art. Their work was shown at the eighth Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900. Mackintosh's architectural career was a relatively short one, but of significant quality and impact. All his major commissions were between 1895 and 1906, including designs for private homes, commercial buildings, interior renovations and churches.

 * Interior designs for his brother-in-law, Charles Macdonald at Dunglass
 * Hill House, Helensburgh This dwelling is one of the last complete sites, that is filled with furnishing and fittings, designed by Mackintosh in Scotland. Mackintosh paid attention to detail with every aspect of this property.
 * The Willow Tearooms, Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow for Catherine Cranston
 * Former Daily Record offices, Glasgow
 * Former Glasgow Herald offices in Mitchell Street, now The Lighthouse – Scotland's Centre for Design and Architecture
 * 78 Derngate, Northampton (interior design and architectural remodelling for Wenman Joseph Bassett-Lowke, founder of Bassett-Lowke)
 * 5 The Drive, Northampton (for Bassett-Lowke's brother-in-law)

Unbuilt designs
Although moderately popular (for a period) in his native Scotland, most of Mackintosh's more ambitious designs were not built. Designs for various buildings for the 1901 Glasgow International Exhibition were not constructed, neither was his "Haus eines Kunstfreundes" (Art Lover's House) of the same year. He competed in the 1903 design competition for Liverpool Cathedral, but failed to gain a place on the shortlist (the winner was Giles Gilbert Scott).

Other unbuilt Mackintosh designs include:
 * Railway Terminus
 * Concert Hall
 * Alternative Concert Hall
 * Bar and Dining Room
 * Exhibition Hall
 * Science and Art Museum
 * Chapter House

The House for An Art Lover (1901) was built in Bellahouston Park, Glasgow after his death (1989–1996).

An Artist's Cottage and Studio (1901), known as The Artist's Cottage, was completed at Farr by Inverness in 1992. The architect was Robert Hamilton Macintyre acting for Dr and Mrs Peter Tovell. Illustrations can be found on the RCAHMS Canmore site.

The first of the unexecuted Gate Lodge, Auchinbothie (1901) sketches was realised as a mirrored pair of gatehouses to either side of the Achnabechan and The Artist's Cottage drives, also at Farr by Inverness. Known as North House and South House, these were completed 1995–1997.

Mackintosh's architectural output was small, but he did influence European design. Popular in Austria and Germany, his work received acclaim when it was shown at the Vienna Secession Exhibition in 1900. It was also exhibited in Budapest, Hungary, Munich, Germany, Dresden, Venice, Italy and Moscow, Russia.

Design work and paintings

Mackintosh, his future wife Margaret MacDonald, her sister Frances MacDonald, and Herbert MacNair met at evening classes at the Glasgow School of Art (see above). They became known as a collaborative group, "The Four", or "The Glasgow Four", and were prominent members of the "Glasgow School" movement. The group exhibited in Glasgow, London, England and Vienna, Austria. These exhibitions helped establish Mackintosh's reputation. The so-called "Glasgow" style was exhibited in Europe and influenced the Viennese Art Nouveau movement known as Sezessionstil (in English, the Vienna Secession) around 1900.

Mackintosh also worked in interior design, furniture, textiles and metalwork. Much of this work combines Mackintosh's own designs with those of his wife, whose flowing, floral style complemented his more formal, rectilinear work. The publishing house Blackie and Son commissioned him in the 1920s to work on bindings for their publications. One of these works was an abstract design that was intended for a new uniform of G. A. Henty's novels. It was instead used for Yarns on the Beach by Henty, and for a series entitled The Boys and Girls Bookshelf, c. 1926. Both Newbolt and Floyer speculate that Mackintosh may have designed the cover for another series by Blackie.

Later life
Later in life, disillusioned with architecture, Mackintosh worked largely as a watercolourist, painting numerous landscapes and flower studies (often in collaboration with Margaret, with whose style Mackintosh's own gradually converged). They moved to the Suffolk village of Walberswick in 1914. There Mackintosh was suspected of being a German spy and briefly arrested in 1915 during World War I.

By 1923, the Mackintoshes had moved to Port Vendres, a Mediterranean coastal town in southern France with a warm climate that was a comparably cheaper location in which to live. Mackintosh had entirely abandoned architecture and design and concentrated on watercolour painting. He was interested in the relationships between man-made and naturally occurring landscapes and created a large portfolio of architecture and landscape watercolour paintings. Many of his paintings depict Port Vendres, a small port near the Spanish border, and the landscapes of Roussillon. The local Charles Rennie Mackintosh Trail details his time in Port Vendres and shows the paintings and their locations. The couple remained in France for two years, before being forced to return to London in 1927 due to illness.

That year, Mackintosh had developed a lump in his tongue and a doctor friend in Port Vendres recommended that he return to London for treatment. In London, after a diagnosis of tongue cancer, a friend Jessie Newbery arranged for treatment at Westminster Hospital where the lump was surgically removed. Their friends Randolph & Birdie Schwabe found a home for Mackintosh to convalesce on Willow Road in Hampstead, where he could sit under a willow tree that reminded him of Sauchiehall Street. Another friend Margaret Morris visited him there, and firstly tried to help him with voice exercises to strengthen his voice which had been weakened by the surgery, but when that failed she tried to teach him sign language. A dispute with the upstairs neighbours in Hampstead forced Mackintosh and his wife to quickly seek other lodgings, and another friend Desmond Chapman-Huston offered his home at 12 Porchester Square, Bayswater, returning the hospitality that they had shown him whenever he had visited them in Glasgow. After a relapse Mackintosh was admitted to a nursing home just along the road at 26 Porchester Square where he died on 10 December 1928 at the age of 60. He was cremated the next day at Golders Green Crematorium in London. His ashes were scattered, in accordance with his wishes, over the Mediterranean at Port Vendres from one of the rocks he had painted.

Retrospect
Mackintosh's work grew in popularity in the decades following his death. A number of posthumous presentations of his designs have been implemented. The Mackintosh House (1981) is a dedicated structure by William Whitfield to house the reconstructed interiors of the Mackintoshes former Glasgow home (sited nearby and demolished in 1963). The house forms an integral part of The University of Glasgow's Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery home to the world's largest collection of Mackintosh's work. The Artist's Cottage project, three unrealised designs from 1901, were constructed as interpretations near Inverness in 1992 and 1995. The House for an Art Lover was built in Glasgow's Bellahouston Park in 1996 as an interpretation of a design competition portfolio by Mackintosh and Macdonald from 1901.

The Glasgow School of Art building (now "The Mackintosh Building") is cited by architectural critics as among the finest buildings in the UK. On 23 May 2014 the building was ravaged by fire. The library was destroyed, but firefighters managed to save the rest of the building. On 15 June 2018, about a year before completion of the restoration of the building the School was again struck by fire. This second fire caused catastrophic damage, effectively destroying all the interiors and leaving the outer walls so structurally unstable that large sections of them had to be taken down to prevent uncontrolled collapse. Such was the global concern that a public commitment to faithfully rebuild The Mackintosh Building was made post-fire by then Director of The Glasgow School of Art, Tom Inns.

The Charles Rennie Mackintosh Society encourages greater awareness of the work of Mackintosh as an architect, artist and designer. The rediscovery of Mackintosh as a significant figure in design has been attributed to the designation of Glasgow as European City of Culture in 1990, and exhibition of his work which accompanied the year-long festival. His enduring popularity since has been fuelled by further exhibitions and books and memorabilia which have illustrated aspects of his life and work. The growth in public interest has led to refurbishment of long-neglected buildings and increased public access: Scotland Street School Museum housed in Mackintosh's 1906 school building opened in 1990. 78 Derngate Northampton opened as a visitor attraction in 2003. The Willow Tea Rooms re-opened following an extensive restoration in 2018.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City held a major retrospective exhibition of Charles Rennie Mackintosh's works from 21 November 1996 to 16 February 1997. In conjunction with the exhibit were lectures and a symposium by scholars, including Pamela Robertson of the Hunterian Art Gallery, Glasgow art gallery owner Roger Billcliffe, and architect J. Stewart Johnson, and screening of documentary films about Mackintosh.

Charles Rennie Mackintosh was commemorated on a series of banknotes issued by the Clydesdale Bank in 2009; his image appeared on an issue of £100 notes.

In 2012, one of the largest collections of art by Charles Rennie Mackintosh and the Glasgow Four Glasgow School was sold at auction in Edinburgh for £1.3m. The sale included work by Mackintosh's sister-in-law Frances Macdonald and her husband Herbert MacNair.

In July 2015 it was announced that Mackintosh's designs for a tearoom would be reconstructed to form a display in Dundee's new V&A museum. Although the original building which housed the tearoom on Glasgow's Ingram Street was demolished in 1971 the interiors had all been dismantled and put into storage. The restored "Oak Room" was revealed when V&A Dundee opened to the public on 15 September 2018.

In June 2018, a mural depicting Mackintosh and using elements of his distinctive style was created in Glasgow to honour the 150th anniversary of the artist's birth. It is made by Glasgow street artist, Rogue One and commissioned by the Radisson Red.

From 1986 until 1992, InterCity locomotive 86226 was named Charles Rennie Mackintosh. In March 2018, Virgin Trains West Coast named 390008 Charles Rennie Mackintosh.

title: Charles Rennie Mackintosh


text:
Charles Macintosh

Charles Macintosh FRS (29 December 1766 – 25 July 1843) was a Scottish chemist and the inventor of the modern waterproof raincoat. The Mackintosh raincoat (the variant spelling is now standard) is named after him.

Biography
Macintosh was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of George Macintosh and Mary Moore, and was first employed as a clerk. Charles devoted his spare time to science, particularly chemistry, and before he was 20 resigned his clerkship to study under Joseph Black at the University of Edinburgh, and to take up the manufacture of chemicals. In this he was highly successful and invented various new processes. His experiments with naphtha led to his invention of waterproof rubberized fabric; the essence of his patent was the cementing of two thicknesses of cloth together with natural rubber. The rubber is made soluble by the action of the naphtha. The naphtha was prepared by distillation of coal tar, with the Bonnington Chemical Works being a major supplier.

Macintosh married Mary Fisher in 1790, daughter of Alexander Fisher, a Glasgow merchant. They had one son, George Macintosh (1791–1848). In 1823, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society for his chemical discoveries. In 1828, he became a partner with James Beaumont Neilson in a firm to exploit the latter's patent for the hot blast blowing of blast furnaces, which saved considerably on their fuel consumption.

Charles died in 1843 and was buried in the Glasgow Cathedral graveyard. He is buried with his parents in the ground of his great grandfather, John Anderson of Douhill, Lord Provost of Glasgow. His name is added to the 17th century monument which stands against the eastern boundary wall. A late 19th century secondary memorial also exists, in polished red granite, slightly to the north, where Charles is again mentioned on the grave of his son, George.

Legacy
On 29 December 2016, the search engine Google marked the 250th anniversary of the birth of the inventor of the waterproof raincoat with a Google doodle of Macintosh in the rain.

title: Charles Macintosh


text:
User talk:Ydd

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need any questions answered about the project then check out Help or drop me a line. BTW, I agree, Wikipedia is one of the best things to hit the internet is some time indeed. Cheers! --maveric149

Proposed deletion of Upcard

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You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 22:05, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ydd


text:
TeachText

The TeachText application is a simple text editor made by Apple Computer and included with System 7.1 and earlier. It was created by Apple programmer Bryan Stearns with later versions created by Stearns and Francis Stanbach. TeachText was one of the only applications included with System 7, leading to its frequent role as the application to open "ReadMe" files. It was named "TeachText" as a nod to this role in tutorials and other introductory materials.

TeachText was derived from the Edit application, which was a simple text editor for the early pre-System 6 Apple Macintosh computers. Edit was included with early versions of the basic system software to demonstrate the use of the Macintosh user interface, and as the primary code editing tool for the original 68000 Macintosh Development System. While Edit was a tool and demonstration program for developers, TeachText was used mainly by users to display ReadMe documents.

Since the first Macintosh models came with a full-featured word processor, MacWrite, software publishers commonly shipped documentation in its native format. When Apple stopped bundling MacWrite, ownership was transferred to Claris, so developers could not distribute it on their programs' installation floppy disks. With no text program present on the disks, owners without a second floppy disk drive or hard disk could be left with no way to view documentation or installation instructions. Apple supplied TeachText as a small, freely-distributable program to address this need.

TeachText could only operate on a single document at a time and supported only the default text font (12-point Geneva at the time) in the MacRoman encoding, with formatting such as bold, italic and underline. It also included rudimentary support for embedded images; the images were stored in PICT format in the file's resource fork in ascending numbers from zero, instances of non-breaking spaces in the text loaded up the appropriately numbered image, the first instance loading image "0", the second space loading image "1", and so on.

TeachText was automatically associated with all TEXT type codes for files with an unknown Creator code. That is, if a user attempted to open any text file and the original program that created it was not known on the local computer, TeachText would be asked to open the file in its place. In this respect, TeachText was the "default editor" of the Mac system, playing a role similar to Notepad under Microsoft Windows.

The underlying text engine was the TextEdit Manager built into Mac OS. TextEdit had originally been written to support very small runs of editable text, like those found in Save as... dialogs and similar roles. As such, it had been written with a short integer as a length counter, and could thus only handle up to 32 kB of text in a file. This conflicted with the "default editor" role when it was asked to open files longer than 32k, resulting in an error.

TeachText was later replaced by SimpleText, and with the arrival of Mac OS X, both were replaced by the TextEdit application inherited from OPENSTEP.

title: TeachText


text:
TextEdit

TextEdit is an open-source word processor and text editor, first featured in NeXT's NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP. It is now distributed with macOS since Apple Inc.'s acquisition of NeXT, and available as a GNUstep application for other Unix-like operating systems such as Linux. It is powered by Apple Advanced Typography.

Implementation
TextEdit replaced the text editor of previous Macintosh operating systems, SimpleText. TextEdit uses the Cocoa text system to read and write documents in Rich Text Format (RTF), Rich Text Format Directory, plain text, and HTML formats, and can open (but not save) old SimpleText files. It also has access to the operating system's built-in spell-checking service. The version included in Mac OS X v10.3 added the ability to read and write documents in Word format, and the version in Mac OS X v10.4 added the ability to read and write Word XML documents. The version included in Mac OS X v10.5 added read and write support for Office Open XML and OpenDocument Text. The version included in Mac OS X v10.6 added automatic spelling correction, support for data detectors, and text transformations. The version included in Mac OS X v10.7 added versioning of files, and Autosave similar to iOS.

Formatted text, justification, and even the inclusion of graphics and other multimedia elements are supported by TextEdit, as well as the ability to read and write to different character encodings, including Unicode (UTF-8 and UTF-16). TextEdit automatically adjusts letter spacing in addition to word spacing while justifying text. TextEdit does not support multiple columns of text.

The high-resolution TextEdit 1.5 icon found in Mac OS X versions starting with 10.5 (Leopard) features an extract from Apple's "Think different" ad campaign. This was replaced by a blank sheet of notebook paper in 10.10 (Yosemite).

Source code
Apple formerly distributed TextEdit's source code as part of the documentation of its integrated development environment (IDE) Xcode. On the Internet, the source code of TextEdit can be found in Apple's Mac Developer Library. The following quote is from the characteristic part of the BSD-3-Clause-compliant license text included in the source code:

"[...] In consideration of your agreement to abide by the following terms, and subject to these terms, Apple grants you a personal, non-exclusive license, under Apple's copyrights in this original Apple software (the "Apple Software"), to use, reproduce, modify and redistribute the Apple Software, with or without modifications, in source and/or binary forms; provided that if you redistribute the Apple Software in its entirety and without modifications, you must retain this notice and the following text and disclaimers in all such redistributions of the Apple Software. Neither the name, trademarks, service marks or logos of Apple Computer, Inc. may be used to endorse or promote products derived from the Apple Software without specific prior written permission from Apple. Except as expressly stated in this notice, no other rights or licenses, express or implied, are granted by Apple herein, including but not limited to any patent rights that may be infringed by your derivative works or by other works in which the Apple Software may be incorporated.[...]"

title: TextEdit


text:
RC

RC, R/C, Rc, or rc may refer to:

Computing

 * rc, the default Command line interface in Version 10 Unix and Plan 9 from Bell Labs
 * .rc (for "run commands"), a filename extension for configuration files in UNIX-like environments
 * rc, a file extension and compiler for Microsoft Windows resource scripts
 * Reconfigurable computing, a computer architecture
 * Release Candidate, a term used in software engineering
 * Return code, used to identify errors or other aspects of software behavior
 * RigidChips, a rigid body simulator program
 * "Rivest's Cipher", a term used in cryptographic algorithms
 * RoundCube, a web-based IMAP e-mail client
 * RealityCapture, a photogrammetry software

Electronics

 * RC circuit, resistance/capacitance circuit, a term used in electronics
 * Radio control, a technology found in remote control vehicles
 * Reflection coefficient of a circuit
 * Remote control, a technology found in home entertainment devices

Other uses in science and technology

 * SJ Rc, a Swedish locomotive
 * Reinforced concrete, concrete incorporating reinforcement bars ("rebars")
 * Research chemicals, chemical substances intended for research purposes and laboratory use
 * Pharmacological Research Chemical, in laboratory use and "grey" markets for psychoactive drugs
 * Reverse Circulation, a term used in drilling rig
 * Ridge Connector
 * Ritchey–Chrétien telescope, a specialized variant of the Cassegrain telescope
 * Lexus RC, a compact executive two-door GT coupé
 * Peugeot RC, a concept car
 * "Rc" or "Rc" may refer to the C scale of the Rockwell scale, though this is normally denoted "HRC"

Arts and entertainment

 * RC (Toy Story), a character from the Disney Pixar film franchise
 * Refused Classification, a designation by the Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia) for a banned film
 * Star Wars: Republic Commando, a first-person shooter game for Xbox and PC
 * Robot Chicken, a TV show on Adult Swim
 * Rubik's Cube, a toy

Businesses and organizations

 * Atlantic Airways (IATA airline code RC)
 * Rainforest Cafe, a jungle-themed restaurant chain
 * Recurse Center, a programming retreat and intentional community in New York, New York, United States
 * Re-evaluation Counseling, an organization for personal growth and social change
 * Resistance Council of Uganda
 * Restorative Circles, a community-based form of restorative justice
 * Civil Revolution, a short-lived political alliance in Italy
 * Union Revolutionary Council, the supreme governing body of Burma from 1962 to 1974
 * Royal Caribbean Group, a cruise line holding company
 * Royal Caribbean International, a cruise line brand owned by Royal Caribbean Group
 * Royal commission, a major ad-hoc formal public inquiry into a defined issue in some monarchies
 * Royal Crown Cola, a soda producer, also known as RC Cola

Schools

 * Renaissance College, Hong Kong
 * Residential College at Mary Foust, a living-learning residence hall at UNCG
 * Ridley College, a private boarding school in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
 * Riverside College, Inc., a medical college in the Philippines
 * Roanoke College, a private college in Salem, Virginia, United States
 * Robert College, a private high school in Istanbul, Turkey

People

 * R. C. Buford, American basketball executive
 * R. C. Orlan, baseball player
 * R. C. Slocum, American football player and coach
 * Richard Childress, a NASCAR team owner
 * Roberto Carlos, a retired Brazilian football player
 * Ram Charan (born 1985), Indian actor

Sports

 * Rogers Centre, a multi-purpose stadium, home of the Toronto Blue Jays and Toronto Argonauts
 * Rosario Central, a football club in Argentina
 * Royal Challengers Bangalore, an Indian Premier League team
 * Runs created, a baseball statistic
 * Rugby Club

Other uses

 * ṛc "verse" in Sanskrit
 * rc "R's chankas
 * RC Roads, Puducherry, India
 * Acronym of Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, a metropolitan city in southern Italy.
 * Relative clause, in linguistics, a subordinate clause that modifies a noun
 * Reserve Component, in the United States military
 * Revenue Commissioners, in Ireland
 * Roman Catholic, a religion

title: RC


text:
Fashion Police

Fashion Police is an American television series that premiered on September 10, 2010, on E!. It was originally hosted by Joan Rivers and featured panelists George Kotsiopoulos, Giuliana Rancic, and Kelly Osbourne commenting on celebrity fashions.

Background
In 2010, the series returned to E! with the program running the day after events, rather than airing live from the red carpet. The series became a weekly program on September 10, 2010, where they continued to discuss the dos and don'ts of celebrity fashion. The show started as a half-hour program but expanded to one hour on March 9, 2012.

Rivers died on September 4, 2014; two weeks later, it was announced that the series would continue without her. On December 1, 2014, E! announced that comedian Kathy Griffin would replace Rivers as host starting in January 2015. She was joined by celebrity fashion stylist Brad Goreski, who replaced panelist George Kotsiopoulos. Griffin's debut episode, following the 2015 Golden Globes, was watched by 912,000 viewers. The episode following the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards, on January 26, 2015, was watched by 686,000 viewers.

Kathy Griffin succeeded Rivers after a three-month hiatus following Rivers' death in September 2014, while Brad Goreski replaced Kotsiopoulos upon its relaunch. Osbourne departed the program in late February 2015 after the February 23rd post-Oscars special show, citing her decision to "pursue other opportunities". Shortly after, Griffin announced her departure from the show in March 2015 after filming only seven episodes.

In March 2015, E! announced that the show would remain on hiatus until September 2015, in order to revamp the series and replace the vacant panelist positions, following the departure of Griffin and Osbourne.

In June 2015, it was announced the series would return on August 31, 2015, and would feature Melissa Rivers as a new co-host and would return for six episodes with both Goreski and Rancic returning, with a search commencing for a fourth panelist. For the sixth season, Margaret Cho and NeNe Leakes joined the panel.

On October 18, 2017, it was announced that the series would be cancelled with a series finale featuring never before seen clips of Joan Rivers airing November 27, 2017, as it became clear the show could not continue without Joan Rivers in some role.

Departures
In March 2015, Kelly Osbourne departed the program in late February 2015 after the February 23rd post-Oscars special show, citing her decision to "pursue other opportunities". Shortly after, Griffin announced her departure from the show in March 2015 after filming only seven episodes. E! announced that the show would remain on hiatus until September 2015, in order to revamp the series and replace the vacant panelist positions, following the departure of Griffin and Osbourne.

Segments
Regular segments include:

 * The Five Must-See Looks of the Week, the five outfits that stood out (either by being good or bad) generally worn by Hollywood celebrities during the week in review.
 * Bitch Stole My Look, in which two or more stars are shown to have worn the same outfit on different occasions. Rivers and the panelists discuss the stars in question and declare which person looked best in the outfit. Both the loser and the winner may be subject to ridicule, with the winner being chosen as the lesser of two evils.
 * Busted!, in which celebrities are caught wearing the same outfit at two or more different events.
 * Gotta Have It!, Make It Stop!, in which new trends among celebrities are discussed deciding whether we should have them or make them stop.
 * Hot Ticket, in which the panelist discuss looks by celebrities shown at the premiere of a movie or a Hollywood event.
 * Slut Cut, in which Rivers and the panelist dishes on celebrities choosing to cut their dresses shorter than the original runway length. (until 2010)
 * Starlet or Streetwalker, in which a photograph of a person with their face obscured is presented, often the person in question will sport revealing or disheveled clothing. Rivers and the panelists have a paddle with "Starlet" written on one side and "Streetwalker" on the other. They then take turns guessing which of the two they think the person in the photo may be, before their identity—or lack thereof—is revealed.
 * Guess Me from Behind, where the hosts guess a celebrity based solely from their behind.
 * 360 Degree Glam Cam, a specialty segment during E! Entertainment's, Live from the Red Carpet. There is a dedicated platform for celebrities pose, while a camera is rotated in a full circle around them in order to capture the entirely of the celebrity wardrobe. This gives both the audience and the hosts of Fashion Police optimal coverage of the outfit. (Began in 2009)

New segments from March 9, 2012, along with an all-new hour of truth of Fashion Police:
 * Look Who's Trending, a weekly segment where the hosts talk about the latest celebrities' fashion dishes, news, and/or trends, majoritically from Twitter.
 * Ad Sanity, in which the hosts guess and talk about a celebrity ad based on one thing, "What do they want to tell & sell in ad?".
 * Fan Find, in which the hosts talk about one picture that is sent from the Fashion Police fans via Twitter with #FanFind.

Writers' wages controversy
In early April 2013, writers for the show complained to the state of California, alleging that the network was breaking state law by not compensating them for regular wages and overtime. According to the writers, their paychecks state that they worked eight hours each week, regardless of their actual working time. In response to the complaint, the network said "E! values our Fashion Police writers and we pay them fairly and in full legal compliance." On April 13, the writers at the show went on strike.

Zendaya controversy
On February 27, 2015, E! confirmed Osbourne's exit, citing her decision to "pursue other opportunities". However, days earlier, Osbourne had tweeted that she was upset and was questioning whether she would stay with the show, following jokes made by Rancic concerning singer and Disney Channel star Zendaya, in reference to her hair smelling of "patchouli oil" and "weed" at the 87th Academy Awards. She also tweeted: "you guys do realize that @Zendaya is my friend right?". On March 12, 2015, it was announced that Griffin would also be departing the series after only seven episodes. Griffin cited that she felt her style of humor "did not fit well" with the series' creative direction. The network announced in March 2015 their decision to keep the series on hiatus until September 2015, in order to revamp the series with new panelists.

title: Fashion Police


text:
Tricon

Tricon may refer to:
 * Tricon Garage, an automobile racing team formerly known as David Gilliland Racing
 * Tricon Global Restaurants, a spin-off company of PepsiCo that, after a merger, became known as Yum! Brands
 * Tricon Residential, formerly Tricon Capital, a Canadian real estate company
 * Tricon, an alternate name for the 24th World Science Fiction Convention, a convention held in three cities in 1966
 * Tricon Award, an award presented to Lady Gaga at the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards
 * Tricon Boston Consulting Corporation, a company that produced power stations for wind power in Pakistan
 * Tricon container, an intermodal shipping container one-third the size of a standard 20-foot container
 * Tricon, a consortium related to the Senator Lines shipping company
 * Tricon Films & Television, a production company that produced content such as the television series Cock'd Gunns, Counterfeit Cat, and Go Away, Unicorn!
 * Tricon systems, an industrial safety-shutdown technology system produced by the company Triconex
 * Tricon Design, a company involved in the design of the Doha Metro and the German Vossloh G2000 BB locomotive
 * Tricon, a logo used by BBC Three
 * Vincent Tricon, the editor of the film Divines and director of Daphné Patakia
 * Tricon, the term for hands having three-of-a-kind in the card game Commerce, Gé, Point, Flux et Sequence, or Gilet
 * Tricon, a term for having three or four cards of the same denomination in the card game Hoc Mazarin
 * Tricon International Airlines, a defunct airline of the United States that operated a flight that crashed at Dallas Love Field in 1973
 * SA Tricon, a company that operates a garment factory in the Cahul District of Moldova
 * Bell Atlantic-Tricon Leasing Corporation, a company that owned the Aladdin hotel and casino in Las Vegas, Nevada

title: Tricon


text:
Talk:Apple Inc.

Criticism of Apple missing/lacking?
Is there an equivalent criticism article for Apple, similar to Criticism of Microsoft, Criticism of Netflix, Criticism of Amazon, etc.? The existing Criticism of Apple is simply a redirect to Apple Inc.? GobsPint (talk) 19:02, 28 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Through a series of page moves, the criticism section ended up at Apple supply chain. StreetcarEnjoyer (talk)  02:21, 7 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I’ve retargeted the various criticism redirects back there. It seems one person changed all of them. The criticism page was moved to “Practices of Apple Inc.” then to “Apple supply chain”. StreetcarEnjoyer (talk)  02:34, 7 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The only comprehensive discussion of criticism I see remaining are in Apple supply chain and that's not, for the most part, direct criticism of Apple. I remember Criticism of Apple Inc./Practices of Apple Inc. had some of this meat but this has been deleted so we can't see exactly what was pared out and by whom. I know there is more about Apple that has received criticism in reliable sources than issues related to supply chain. There is still a lead paragraph that mentions this but not much remaining in the body supporting it especially anti-competitive practices. Can we get some balance back into our coverage please? ~Kvng (talk) 19:13, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * As per Talk:Apple Inc./Archive 10, criticism of Apple is now scattered between Environmental impact of Apple and Apple supply chain, neither of which are solely criticism pages. Guy Harris (talk) 22:45, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we should create a "Criticism" section, with subsections for supply chain practices and environmental impact, which would be short sections pointing to Apple supply chain, Environmental impact of Apple, Apple and unions, App Store (Apple), and any pages that I've missed, or sections thereof, and redirect Criticism of Apple there. Either that, or just create that as a "Criticism of Apple" page, again pointing to the pages about said topics. For better or worse, criticism of Apple is scattered across pages about topics on which Apple has received criticism, rather than being combined into a single criticism page. Guy Harris (talk) 23:34, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I suggest we start by undeleting Criticism of Apple Inc. As far as I can tell, there was never a deletion discussion. ~Kvng (talk) 14:28, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It was discussed at . Guy Harris (talk) 23:58, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Guy Harris that is a technical discussion about the redirect, not a discussion of the merit of a criticism article. After criticism was (systematically?) dispersed or removed there was no clear and non-astonishing place to direct readers interested in the topic. ~Kvng (talk) 14:24, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It was a discussion that resulted in the deletion of "Criticism of Apple Inc." - which was not a criticism article; it was a redirect to Apple Inc., if the head of the discussion is to be believed. Was "Criticism of Apple Inc." ever anything other than a redirect, whether to "Criticism of Apple", "Apple Inc.", or some other page? Guy Harris (talk) 17:26, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The history of Criticism of Apple Inc. is visible at the present Apple supply chain, which was moved without redirect from Practices of Apple Inc.. See the ~ 🦝 Shushugah (he/him • talk) 20:58, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * "Criticism of Apple Inc." was moved to "Practices of Apple Inc." with, as far as I know, a redirect. And "Practices of Apple Inc." was moved to Apple supply chain, but some redirect was created under the name "Practices of Apple Inc.", as "Practices of Apple Inc." was, like the redirect "Criticism of Apple Inc.", deleted after [Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 May 17#Practices of Apple Inc.|a discussion]].
 * I've recreated Criticism of Apple Inc. without the cruft or minute details. Please contribute if you like! I still think some of the sliced off articles could be trimmed down further, especially Environmental impact of Apple ~ 🦝 Shushugah (he/him • talk) 00:48, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks @Shushugah. Where did this material come from? Where can we see the original material you considered to be cruft or minute detail? ~Kvng (talk) 14:17, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Criticism about iPod design from 2006 or random blog about eco-packaging from a random year instead of a more thorough analysis of Apple’s eco practices would be two made up examples ~ 🦝 Shushugah (he/him • talk) 19:04, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Shushugah this did not answer either of my questions though it sounds like you have access to a version of the original article. I'm concerned about attribution issues if we don't preserve the history, see WP:CWW. Also it would be good to have a consensus on what material makes the cut and we can't do that if you're the only one with access to the source material. ~Kvng (talk) 23:03, 18 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I am not an admin and do not have any more or less access than you do. I recreated the article, without regard for what was there in the past. A fresh pair of eyes and assessing what would be relevant for a reader if we were to write this article from scratch. That said, the old history of Criticism of Apple Inc. is visible at the present Apple supply chain, which was moved without redirect from Practices of Apple Inc.. See the ~ 🦝 Shushugah (he/him • talk) 23:11, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

The history at Apple supply chain (no capital "s" in "supply") will show a bunch of history. See Talk:Apple Inc./Archive 10 for a timeline as of 2024-01-25.

Summary:

 * "Criticism of Apple Inc." was renamed - with a redirect, as far as I know! - to "Practices of Apple Inc.";
 * a bunch of stuff was moved from there into other pages;
 * what remained was renamed - possibly with a redirect - to Apple supply chain, as all that remained after the stuff was moved was supply-chain related;
 * a bunch of changes to the targets of the now-redirect pages "Criticism of Apple Inc." and "Practices of Apple Inc." were done;
 * post-2024-01-25, somebody proposed deleting "Criticism of Apple Inc." at and somebody proposed deleting "Practices of Apple Inc." at, with both proposals closed as "Delete" and the two pages in question deleted;
 * Criticism of Apple Inc. was created, in its current form, from scratch, without resurrecting "Practices of Apple Inc.".

(Do not assume from the current lack of a "Practices of Apple Inc." page that "Practices of Apple Inc." was renamed to Apple supply chain without a redirect; the redirect did exist at one point, otherwise a request to delete it would probably not have been made in the first place and, even if it were made, would have been shot down rather quickly as "there's nothing to delete!".)

So what questions remain? All of the moving of stuff out of the criticism/practices page are in the history of Apple supply chain, in entries for 2023-01-15 and 2023-01-16 (those might be a good source of additional pages to which the top-level criticism pages should refer). I don't know whether there was any discussion of those moves, or if User:DFlhb just acted boldly. Guy Harris (talk) 00:03, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks @Guy Harris and @Shushugah. Sorry that history was a bit hard for me to follow. I feared that the criticism article had been WP:BLARed and then the redirect deleted without considering its history. That turns out not to be the case. All questions resolved.
 * Shushugah's new article is a great start but it is 8K with 13 references while the old article was at one point 130K with 237 references. I suspect competent coverage lies somewhere between. We also should have a Criticism summary section in this article (Apple Inc.) with Main to Criticism of Apple Inc.. ~Kvng (talk) 02:50, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry that history was a bit hard for me to follow. Yeah, the bulk of it is 21 edits by User:DFlhb, moving stuff into other articles, along with two renames and removal of the redirects left behind by those renames.
 * I suspect competent coverage lies somewhere between. Not all of the topics in the old article are covered yet. There's nothing abut the often-criticized App Store policies, for example. Guy Harris (talk) 03:11, 19 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Even though there is lots more criticism to add, it looks off to a good start! It was hard to read the last time I saw it before the splits and eventual deletion. 173.217.111.76 (talk) 01:03, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I recall several discussions on moving criticism to relevant articles and balancing out coverage of Apple throughout our articles (to follow WP:CSECTION), though those discussions are probably hard to find by now and I no longer care. DFlhb (talk) 13:35, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It would be nice if someone who still cares would help us find those discussions. WP:CSECTION contains a paragraph that I think applies here: In some situations the term "criticism" may be appropriate in an article or section title, for example, if there is a large body of critical material, and if independent secondary sources comment, analyze or discuss the critical material. ~Kvng (talk) 14:56, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I found Talk:Apple_supply_chain and Talk:Apple_supply_chain. It looks like User:DFlhb did this reorganization boldly and most of the discussion came afterward. There's some criticism of the changes and also some support for the general tenants of the WP:CRIT essay (by a now-indefinitely-blocked editor) and incomplete discussion about additional reorganization. User:DFlhb's core argument for the reorganization is that Criticism of Apple Inc. and similar articles become a dumping ground that overwhelms readers and editors and can't be fixed. ~Kvng (talk) 15:21, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 30 April 2024
2600:8804:A80:60C0:C5AF:71FB:99CC:24CC (talk) 22:23, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

 * You have not specified what to be changed.  My  real  namm (💬talk · ✏contribs) at 23:08, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

"Criticism of Apple Inc." listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.&redirect=no Criticism of Apple Inc.] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. InfiniteNexus (talk) 18:44, 19 May 2024 (UTC)

international business
a) For the chosen Fortune 500 company, identify the primary industry and the international operational network in which it operates. 106.214.125.61 (talk) 08:01, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Hello, we cannot do your homework for you. Have a read at Apple Inc. and also Apple and unions for the economics of Apple. ~ 🦝 Shushugah (he/him • talk) 13:36, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

History section
This section is way too long, especially considering that a sub-article History of Apple Inc. exists 68.133.31.122 (talk) 16:07, 16 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Concur. This is why I strongly oppose splitting history sections from main articles, because WP editors rarely take the time to synchronize edits between the two. The result is that the history section in the main article then either fails to accurately summarize the history article or, as occurred in this case, the history section becomes way too detailed. --Coolcaesar (talk) 07:21, 20 June 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 June 2024
I would like to add that Apple was founded in 1976 and incorporated in 1977. It was founded as a business partnership, but after beign incorporated, it became a corporation. CSZS129 (talk) 09:23, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. Charliehdb (talk) 10:03, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * here is the information from Apple's official website under "Apple Corporate Info":
 * https://investor.apple.com/faq/default.aspx
 * This clearly states that Apple was incorporated on January 3, 1977 in California.
 * CSZS129 (talk) 19:41, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * So, just as User:Charliehdb said, given that, as of 2024-06-21, two days before your edit request, the article says, in the third paragraph:
 * "Apple was founded as Apple Computer Company on April 1, 1976, to produce and market Steve Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. The company was incorporated by Wozniak and Steve Jobs in 1977."
 * and says, in the "1976–1980: Founding and incorporation" section:
 * "Apple Computer Company was founded on April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne as a partnership."
 * and
 * "Apple Computer, Inc. was incorporated on January 3, 1977, ..."
 * what is it that needs to be edited? Repeating information that was in the article before the edit request was made does not answer that question. Guy Harris (talk) 02:18, 24 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apple Inc.