text:
1538

Year 1538 (MDXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 14 – Leonard Grey, England's Lord Deputy of Ireland, successfully negotiates a truce in the semi-independent County Laois, formerly an Irish Kingdom, over the areas leadership. between Peter O'Moore and Rory Lysaght.
 * January 31 – General Johann Katzianer of the Holy Roman Empire, on trial in Vienna for the disastrous Imperial campaign against the Ottoman Empire and for desertion during the Battle of Gorjani, escapes and flees to Kostajnica Fortress in Ottoman-controlled Croatia. After 14 months, Nikola IV Zrinski have Katzianer murdered.
 * February 8 – The Holy League, an alliance of Christian nations (the Papal States and the Republic of Venice, the Knights Hospitaller of Malta, Spain and the Spanish-ruled Viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily, is agreed upon under the direction of Pope Paul III and Venetian Senator Alvise Badoer.
 * February 24 – Treaty of Nagyvárad: Peace is declared between Ferdinand I, future Holy Roman Emperor and the Ottoman Empire. John Zápolya is recognized as King of Hungary (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.
 * March 18 – Garcia de Noronha is appointed as the new Governor-General of Portuguese India by King João III. He sails to Goa and arrives less than three weeks later.

April–June

 * April 6 – In India,Sher Shah Suri, who had been the Mughal Empire's Governor of the Bihar Subah province, declares the founding of the Sur Empire and crowns himself as Emperor in a ceremony at Delhi.
 * April 26 – Battle of Las Salinas: In Peru, Almagro is defeated by Francisco Pizarro, who then seizes Cusco.
 * May 9 – Mary of Guise is wed by proxy to King James V of Scotland, while she is at the Château de Châteaudun and he is in London, with neither of the two seeing each other.
 * May 10 – In India Mahmud Khan, 11-year-old the nephew of the late Sultan Bahadur Shah, is enthroned as Mahmud Shah III, Sultan of Gujarat.
 * May 27 – A joint delegation of Lutherans from various German cities arrives in England for meetings with King Henry VIII; Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury; and Thomas Cromwell, the former Chief Minister of England.
 * June 18 –
 * Truce of Nice: Peace is declared between Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France.
 * The formal wedding of Mary of Guise and King James V of Scotland takes place at St Andrews Cathedral.
 * June 19 – Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: The newly founded Bisham Abbey is dissolved.

July–September

 * July 17 – The betrothal ceremony of 12-year-old Princess Elisabeth, granddaughter of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to the 17-year-old Prince Sigismund II Augustus, son of King Sigismund of Poland (who is also the Grand Duke of Lithuania) and heir to the throne, takes place in Innsbruck. The two are married five years later on May 5, 1543.
 * July 25 – The city of Guayaquil, now the largest city in the South American nation of Ecuador is founded by Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana in the location of a Quechua native village of the same name. Orellana names the city "Santiago de Guayaquil".
 * August 6 – Bogotá, Colombia is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada.
 * September 18 – Ştefan V Lăcustă of the Bogdan-Musat dynasty in Romania is appointed as the new Prince of Moldavia by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman, replacing uncle, Petru Rareș.
 * September 28 – Battle of Preveza: The Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent, under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa, defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V, under the command of Andrea Doria.
 * September 29– The last significant volcanic eruption in the Phlegraean Fields of Italy begins and lasts one week.

October–December

 * October 6 – The eruption the Italian volcano ends after seven days, having created Monte Nuovo.
 * October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded on the island of Hispaniola in Santo Domingo.
 * November 5 – The siege of the Indian city of Diu ends as the Gujarat and Ottoman forces withdraw from the Portuguese held city.
 * November 30
 * Sucre, Bolivia, is founded under the name Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo.
 * Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: Byland Abbey is dissolved.
 * December 17 – Pope Paul III confirms the excommunication of Henry VIII of England from the Roman Catholic church.

Date unknown

 * Michelangelo starts work on the Piazza del Campidoglio on the Capitoline Hill in Rome.
 * The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and southeastern China during the Ming dynasty, made worse by a decision of 1527 to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for granaries.
 * In China, a tsunami floods over the seawall in Haiyan County of Zhejiang province, inundating fields with saltwater, ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs, and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as Wang Wenlu states in his writing of 1545).

Births

 * January 6 – Jane Dormer, English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (d. 1612)
 * January 10 – Louis of Nassau, Dutch general (d. 1574)
 * January 13 – Udai Singh of Marwar, Ruler of Marwar (d. 1595)
 * January 15 – Maeda Toshiie, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1599)
 * January 16 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. 1565)
 * February 23 – Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1604)
 * March 25 – Christopher Clavius, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1612)
 * April 24 – Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1587)
 * April 26 – Gian Paolo Lomazzo, Italian painter (d. 1600)
 * June 30 – Bonaventura Vulcanius, Flemish Renaissance humanist (d. 1614)
 * July 12 – Infanta Maria of Guimarães, Portuguese infanta (d. 1577)
 * July 28 – Alberto Bolognetti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585)
 * September 29
 * Count Johan II of East Frisia (d. 1591)
 * Joan Terès i Borrull, Viceroy of Catalonia (d. 1603)
 * October 2 – Saint Charles Borromeo, Spanish saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1584)
 * October 17 – Irene di Spilimbergo, Italian Renaissance poet and painter (d. 1559)
 * November 16 – Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo, Spanish Grand Inquisitor, missionary Archbishop of Lima (d. 1606)
 * June 12 – Francesco Gonzaga, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1566)
 * July 25 – Diane de France, illegitimate daughter of Henry II of France (d. 1619)
 * December 8 – Miklós Istvánffy, Hungarian politician (d. 1615)
 * December 10 – Giovanni Battista Guarini, Italian poet (d. 1612)
 * December 11 – Sigismund of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Administrator of Halberstadt (d. 1566)
 * December 13 – Sigrid Sture, Swedish Governor (d. 1613)
 * December 19 – Jan Zborowski, Polish noble (d. 1603)
 * December 21 – Luigi d'Este, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)
 * date unknown
 * François de Bar, French scholar (d. 1606)
 * Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Welsh-born statesman (d. 1601)
 * Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shōgun (d. 1568)
 * Caesar Baronius, Italian cardinal and historian (d. 1607)
 * Lewis Mordaunt, 3rd Baron Mordaunt, English Member of Parliament (d. 1601)

Deaths

 * January 8 – Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (b. 1504)
 * February 3 – John III of the Palatinate, Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (b. 1488)
 * February 7 – Olav Engelbrektsson, Archbishop of Norway (born c. 1480).
 * February 12 – Albrecht Altdorfer, German painter (b. c. 1480)
 * March 18 – Érard de La Marck, prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1472)
 * April 3 – Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (b. 1480)
 * April 4 – Elena Glinskaya, Regent of Russia (b. c. 1510)
 * May 8 – Edward Foxe, English churchman (b. 1496)
 * May 15 – Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1482)
 * May 22 – John Forest, English Franciscan friar (martyred) (b. 1471)
 * June 22 – Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (1511–1538) (b. 1467)
 * June 30 – Charles II, Duke of Guelders (b. 1467)
 * July 8 – Diego de Almagro, Spanish conquistador (b. 1475)
 * September 14 – Henry III of Nassau-Breda, Baron of Breda (b. 1483)
 * September 28 – Mary of Bourbon, daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme (b. 1515)
 * October 20 – Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, condottiero (b. 1490)
 * November 22 – John Lambert, English Protestant martyr (burned at stake)
 * December 28 – Andrea Gritti, Doge of Venice (b. 1455)
 * date unknown
 * Pierre Gringoire, French poet and playwright (b. 1475)
 * Isabella Hoppringle, Scottish abbess and spy (b. 1460)
 * Paganino Paganini, Italian publisher (b. c. 1450)

title: 1538


text:
1539

Year 1539 (MDXXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 4 – Giannandrea Giustiniani Longo is elected two a two year term as Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Giovanni Battista Doria.
 * January 12 – Treaty of Toledo: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (and Charles I of Spain) and Francis I of France agree to make no further alliances with England. The treaty comes after Henry VIII of England's split with Rome and Pope Paul III.
 * January – Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War – Battle of Naungyo, Burma: The Toungoos decisively defeat the Hanthawaddys.
 * February 9 – The first horse race is held at Chester Racecourse, the oldest in use in England.
 * March 1 – King Henry VIII of England summons Parliament to meet, with the session to start on April 28.
 * March 2 – Askia Isma'il, ruler of the Songhai Empire in West Africa, dies after a reign of slightly less than two years and is succeeded by Askia Ishaq I.
 * March 30 – Canterbury Cathedral surrenders, and reverts to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons.

April–June

 * April 17 – At Dresden in Germany, Heinrich IV of the House of Wettin, nicknamed "Heinrich der Fromme" (Henry the Pious) becomes the new Duke of Saxony within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his older brother, Georg der Bärtige ("George the Bearded").
 * April 19 – The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed at Frankfurt-am-Main by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of the Empire's Roman Catholic states, and the Lutheran theologian Philip Melanchthon, representative of the Schmalkaldic League of Protestant German states. Effective May 1, the parties agree that no violent actions will be taken by either side against the other during a 15 month truce period.
 * April 28 – The English Parliament meets for the first time since 1536, after being summoned by King Henry VIII as his seventh Parliament.
 * May 5 – The English House of Lords creates a committee, balanced between religious reformers and religious conservatives, to examine and determine doctrine, eventually forming the "Six Articles".
 * May 25 – The inaugural declaration of the Protestant Reformation takes place in Leipzig (now part of Germany) with Martin Luther present, as Duke Henry IV pledges to adopt Lutheranism as the official religion of make the Duchy of Saxony.
 * May 30 – Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay, Florida with 600 soldiers, with the goal of finding gold. He also introduces pigs into North America.
 * June 26 – Battle of Chausa in modern-day Buxar, India: Sher Shah Suri defeats the Mughal emperor, Humayun (Sher Shah goes on to form the Sur Empire, and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).
 * June 28 – The Six Articles, an Act of the Parliament of England, is given royal assent reaffirms certain Catholic principles in Henry VIII's Church of England.

July–September

 * July 13 – Lütfi Pasha becomes the new Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire after being appointed by the Sultan Suleiman the Great following the death of Ayas Mehmed Pasha
 * July 18 – The siege of Castelnuovo (now the town of Herceg Novi in Montenegro) is started by General Hayreddin Barbarossa, leader of the Ottoman Empire's Army, after the Spanish commanding officer, Francisco de Sarmiento, rejects an offer of honorable surrender with safe passage. Spain had taken the city in war from the Ottomans in 1538, giving the Christian Europeans control of the eastern Mediterranean sea and access to the Holy Land. With 50,000 Ottomans against less than 4,000 Spanish defenders, Castelnuovo falls in less than three weeks.
 * The siege of Castelnuovo ends after 19 days and the deaths of as many as 20,000 of the Ottoman attackers. After the city falls, almost all of the surviving Spanish defenders are executed, including Spain's General de Sarmiento.
 * August 15 – King Francis I of France issues the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt, that places the whole of France under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makes French the language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.
 * August 17 – The revolt of Ghent begins in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium as members of the city's guilds demand the right to choose their own leaders, and the resignation of the Spanish-sponsored city leaders. Within four days, the city is under the control of nine guild leaders.
 * September 7 – Guru Angad Dev becomes the second Guru of the Sikhs.

October–December

 * October 4 – Henry VIII contracts to marry Anne of Cleves.
 * November 1 – Joachim II Hector introduces Lutheranism in the Margraviate of Brandenburg, becoming the second Prince-Elector after the Prince-Elector of Saxony to turn Protestant.
 * November 26 – Abbot Marmaduke Bradley and 31 monks sign the deed surrendering Fountains Abbey to the English Crown.
 * December 7 – Juan Pardo de Tavera, Archbishop of Toledo, begins his administration as the Grand Inquisitor of Spain.
 * December 15 – In the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada (now the Republic of Colombia, Spanish conquistador Baltasar Maldonado and his troops fight a final battle at Duitama (now the Boyacá Department) against the indigenous armies of the Muisca Confederation, led by Tundama.
 * December 27 – Anne of Cleves arrives in England in fulfillment of the October 4 contract for marriage to King Henry VIII and the payment of a dowry of 100,000 florins to her brother. The Anne and Henry are married 10 days later, but the marriage is annulled on July 12.

Undated

 * Protestant Reformation
 * Lutheranism is forcibly introduced into Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop Jón Arason.
 * Beaulieu Abbey, Bolton Abbey, Colchester Abbey, Newstead Abbey, St Albans Abbey, St Mary's Abbey, York and Hartland Abbey (the last) fall prey to the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England.
 * The first edition of the Calvinist Genevan Psalter is published.
 * In Henan province, China, a severe drought with swarms of locusts is made worse, by a major epidemic outbreak of the plague.
 * The first printing press in North America is set up in Mexico City.
 * Teseo Ambrogio's Introductio in Chaldaicam lingua, Syriaca atq Armenica, & dece alias linguas, published in Pavia, introduces several Middle Eastern languages to western Europe for the first time.

Births

 * January 28 – Nicolò Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1618)
 * February 13 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine by marriage (1576-1582) (d. 1582)
 * February 23
 * Henry XI of Legnica, thrice Duke of Legnica (d. 1588)
 * Salima Sultan Begum, Empress of the Mughal Empire as a wife of Emperor Akbar (d. 1613)
 * February 27 – Franciscus Raphelengius, Dutch printer (d. 1597)
 * March 5 – Christoph Pezel, German theologian (d. 1604)
 * March 18 – Maria of Nassau, Countess of Nassau (d. 1599)
 * April 5 – George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1603)
 * April 6 – Amalia of Neuenahr, German noble (d. 1602)
 * April 7
 * Tobias Stimmer, Swiss artist (d. 1584)
 * Strange Jørgenssøn, Norwegian businessman (d. 1610)
 * April 30 – Archduchess Barbara of Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1572)
 * May 22 – Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (d. 1621)
 * May 29 – Thomas Pounde, English Jesuit lay brother (d. 1613)
 * June 6 – Catherine Vasa, Regent of East Frisia (1599-1610) (d. 1610)
 * June 13 – Jost Amman, Swiss printmaker (d. 1591)
 * June 23 – William Darrell of Littlecote, English politician (d. 1589)
 * July 4 – Louis VI, Elector Palatine (d. 1583)
 * September 18 – Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers, Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (d. 1595)
 * October 1 – Peter Vok, Czech noble (d. 1611)
 * November 1 – Pierre Pithou, French lawyer and scholar (d. 1596)
 * December 5 – Fausto Paolo Sozzini, Italian theologian (d. 1604)
 * December 20 – Paulus Melissus, German composer (d. 1602)
 * December 31 – John Radcliffe, English politician (d. 1568)
 * date unknown
 * José Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva, Portuguese explorer (d. 1590)
 * Hasegawa Tōhaku, Japanese painter (d. 1610)
 * Laurence Tomson, English Calvinist (d. 1608)
 * Humphrey Gilbert, English adventurer, explorer, member of Parliament and soldier (d. 1583)

Deaths

 * January 24 – Anneke Esaiasdochter, Dutch Anabaptist writer (b. 1509)
 * February – Narapati of Prome, king of Prome in Burma.
 * February 6 – John III, Duke of Cleves (b. 1491)
 * February 13 – Isabella d'Este, Marquise of Mantua (b. 1474)
 * March 5 – Nuno da Cunha, Portuguese governor in India (b. 1487)
 * March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat and politician (b.1477)
 * March 19 – Lord Edmund Howard, English nobleman (b. c. 1478))
 * April 17 – George, Duke of Saxony (b. 1471)
 * April 19 – Katarzyna Weiglowa, Jewish martyr (b. 1460)
 * April 30 – John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath, English noble (b. 1470)
 * May 1 – Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1503)
 * May 7 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian printer (b. 1466)
 * May 7 or September 22 – Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism (b. 1469)
 * June 20 – Philip III, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1524–1539) (b. 1486)
 * July 5 – St Anthony Maria Zaccaria, Italian saint (b. 1502)
 * July 9 – Adrian Fortescue, English Roman Catholic martyr (b. 1476)
 * August – Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italian metallurgist (b. 1480)
 * September 8 – John Stokesley, English prelate (b. 1475)
 * November 14 – Hugh Cook Faringdon, English Abbot of Reading
 * December 12 – Bartolomeo degli Organi, Italian musician (b. 1474)
 * December 20 – Johannes Lupi, Flemish composer (b. c. 1506)
 * date unknown
 * James Beaton, Scottish church leader (b. 1473)
 * Cura Ocllo, Inca queen

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1539


text:
1533

Year 1533 (MDXXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 25 – King Henry VIII of England formally but secretly marries Anne Boleyn, who becomes his second queen consort.
 * January 26 – Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, is appointed Lord Chancellor of England.

 * February 4 – The Reformation Parliament is summoned into session by King Henry VIII of England, and meets until April 7.

 * February 8 – (15th waxing of Tabaung 894 ME) King Min Bin of Burma begins receiving tributes from the local lords of Bengal.

 * February 14 – By a treaty between the German city of Münster and the Holy Roman Empire, Münster is recognized as a Lutheran city.

 * February 18 – The order of the Clerics Regular of Saint Paul, more commonly called the Barnabites, is given papal approval by Pope Clement VII in the brief Vota per quae vos.
 * March 30 – Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.

April–June

 * April 7 – The Statute in Restraint of Appeals in England, declaring the king to be the supreme sovereign and forbidding judicial appeals to the papacy, is given royal assent.
 * April 10 – King Frederick I of Denmark, ruler of the Danes since 1523 and later elected, but never crowned, King of Norway, dies at the age of 61. The vacancy leaves a dispute over his successor, which soon becomes the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde) between the Roman Catholic supporters of the former King Christian II of Denmark, and the Lutheran supporters of Frederick's son, proclaimed to be King Christian III.
 * May 23 – King Henry VIII of England's marriage with Catherine of Aragon is declared annulled by Archbishop Cranmer. Since Pope Clement VII had rejected Henry's petition for annulment in 1530, Catherine continues to believe herself Henry's wife until her death.
 * June 1
 * Cartagena, Colombia, is founded by Pedro de Heredia.
 * Cranmer crowns Anne Boleyn as queen consort of England, in Westminster Abbey.

July–September

 * July 11 – Henry VIII is excommunicated by Pope Clement VII, as is Archbishop Cranmer.
 * July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
 * July 26 – Sapa Inca Atahualpa is executed by garotte, at the orders of Francisco Pizarro in Cajamarca. While older sources stated the execution had been on August 29, 1533, it would later be determined by late 20th century historians that the August date was incorrect because the Spaniards had departed Cajamarca by August 10. The Spanish arrange for his younger brother Túpac Huallpa to be crowned as a successor,  but he dies in October after an apparent poisoning.
 * August 13 – King François of France dispatches Colonel Pierre de Piton to Morocco with a letter addressed to the ruler, Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad, in order to establish a trade agreement.
 * September 7 – Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII of England gives birth to a daughter, at Greenwich, a little more than three months after she and Henry were married. The King's second daughter, Elizabeth, will become the reigning monarch of England 15 years later and rule for more than 44 years.
 * September 13 – Antonio Sedeño, the Spanish Colonial Governor of Trinidad, comes under attack along with his troops by the Kalinago people, indigenous to the area. Though the Spanish lose many troops, Sedeño defeats the Kalinago and puts the island under Spanish rule.

October–December

 * October 28 – The 14-year olds Henry, Duke of Orléans – the future King Henry II of France – and Catherine de' Medici are married at the Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins in Marseille.
 * November 15 – Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cusco, Peru.
 * December 3 – Ivan IV succeeds his father Vasili III as Grand Prince of Muscovy at the age of three; he will rule in Russia until his death in 1584.
 * December 21 (Feast of St Thomas the Apostle) – Hernando de Grijalva and his crew become the first persons discover the uninhabited Revillagigedo Islands, off the Pacific coast of Mexico, reporting the finding of what Grijalva names Isla Santo Tomé, probably Socorro Island.
 * December 28 – Grijalva and his crew discover Isla de los Inocentes, probably San Benedicto Island.

Date unknown

 * Pechenga Monastery is founded, in the far north of the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
 * 1533–1534 – Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent makes the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana his legal wife.

Births

 * January 2 – Johann Major, German poet and theologian (d. 1600)
 * January 3 – Jerónimo Bautista Lanuza, Spanish friar, bishop and writer (d. 1624)
 * January 6 – Timotheus Kirchner, German theologian (d. 1587)
 * January 28 – Paul Luther, German scientist (d. 1593)
 * February 5 or February 16 – Andreas Dudith, Croatian-Hungarian nobleman and diplomat (d. 1589)
 * February 2 – Shimazu Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai (d. 1611)
 * February 16 – Gianfrancesco Gambara, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)
 * February 28 – Michel de Montaigne, French essayist (d. 1592)
 * March 10 – Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1550)
 * April 5 – Giulio della Rovere, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1578)
 * April 8 – Claudio Merulo, Italian composer and organist (d. 1604)
 * April 24 – William I of Orange (d. 1584)
 * May 2 – Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1596)
 * July 20 – Martín de Rada, Spanish missionary (d. 1578)
 * July 10 – Antonio Possevino, Italian diplomat (d. 1611)
 * August 2 – Theodor Zwinger, Swiss scholar (d. 1588)
 * August 7
 * Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga, Basque soldier and poet (d. 1595)
 * Valentin Weigel, German theologian (d. 1588)
 * September 5 – Jacopo Zabarella, Italian philosopher (d. 1589)
 * September 7 – Queen Elizabeth I of England, daughter of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1603)
 * September 15 – Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1572)
 * September 27 – Stefan Batory, King of Poland (d. 1586)
 * October 9 – Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1568)
 * October 12 – Asakura Yoshikage, Japanese ruler (d. 1573)
 * October 14 – Anna of Mecklenburg, duchess consort of Courland (1566-1587) (d. 1602)
 * November 22 – Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian noble (d. 1597)
 * December 13 – King Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577)
 * date unknown – Eknath, Indian Marathi saint (d. 1599)
 * probable
 * Amina, Queen of Zazzua (d. 1610)
 * Cornelis Cort, Dutch engraver (d. 1578)
 * David Rizzio, Italian secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots (k. 1566)

Deaths

 * March 16 – John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners, English soldier and statesman (b. 1467)
 * April 10 – King Frederick I of Denmark (b. 1471)
 * April 28 – Nicholas West, English bishop and diplomat (b. 1461)
 * April 30 – John George, Marquis of Montferrat, Italian noble (b. 1488)
 * June 25 – Mary Tudor, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1496)
 * July 4 – John Frith, English Protestant priest and martyr (b. 1503)
 * July 6 – Ludovico Ariosto, Italian poet (b. 1474)
 * July 26 – Atahualpa, last Inca ruler of Peru (executed) (b. c.1502)
 * September 6 – Jacopo Salviati, Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici (b. 1461)
 * September 17 – Philip I, Margrave of Baden (b. 1479)
 * September 20 – Veit Stoss, German sculptor (b. c. 1447)
 * October 10 – Severinus of Saxony, Prince of Saxony; died young (b. 1522)
 * October – Túpac Huallpa, puppet ruler of Peru
 * December 3 – Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy (b. 1479)
 * date unknown
 * Alauddin Firuz Shah II, sultan of Bengal
 * Duarte Pacheco Pereira, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1460)
 * Anne Rud, Danish noble and defender
 * Fortún Ximénez, Spanish sailor and mutineer
 * Bayin Htwe, king of Prome in Burma
 * Lucas van Leyden, Dutch artist (b. 1494)
 * probable – Girolamo del Pacchia, Italian painter (b. 1477)

title: 1533


text:
1532

Year 1532 (MDXXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 22 – São Vicente is established as the first permanent Portuguese settlement in Brazil.
 * February 12 – The Deceived Ones (Gl'ingannati), a stage comedy written collectively by the Accademia degli Intronati in Siena, makes its debut as part of the festivities of the Italian city's annual carnival.
 * February 24 – William Warham, the 81-year-old Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury, publicly declares that he is disasocciating himself from all acts of the English Parliament that are prejudicial to papal authority.
 * March 18 – The Supplication against the Ordinaries is presented to Henry VIII by Thomas More the Speaker of the House of Commons. Henry responds by stating that the Commons could hardly expect such consideration after they refused to assent to the government's proposals. Shortly afterwards, Parliament is prorogued until April 10.

April–June

 * April 27 – The democratic government of the Republic of Florence in Italy, in existence for more than 400 years since its founding in 1115, is abolished by order of Pope Clement VII in order for a hereditary, and absolute, monarchy to be established. Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence, the illegitimate son of Pope Clement, is given full power and the Republic's parliament (the Signoria) and the rule of the executive officer, the Gonfaloniere, come to an end.
 * April – Battle of Quipaipan in Peru: Atahualpa wins the civil war in the Inca Empire, defeating his brother Huáscar.
 * May 13 – Francisco Pizarro lands on the northern coast of Peru.
 * May 16 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.
 * June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent leads another invasion of Hungary.

July–September

 * July 23 – The Nuremberg Religious Peace is granted to members of the Schmalkaldic League, granting them religious liberty.
 * August 13 – Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France.
 * August 5 – The siege of Güns in the Austrian Empire begins as the Ottoman army, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, attempts to take the city of Güns (now Kőszeg in Hungary, with 100,000 troops in order to mount a larger invasion of the Austrian city of Vienna, capital of the Holy Roman Empire. The defenders, less than 800 Croatian soldiers commanded by Nikola Jurišić, puts up a successful resistance despite being outnumbered by more than 100 to 1.
 * August 30 – The siege of Güns fails as heavy rains and the arrival of reinforcements from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to supplement the Croatian defenders, causes Suleiman to retreat.
 * September 1 – Anne Boleyn is created Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England.

October–December

 * October 7 – (9th waxing of Tazaungmon 894 ME) The Burmese monarch Min Bin, King of Arrakan, leads a combined invasion force of 12,000 people (three armies of 11,000 men in a three-pronged attack, and a flotilla of war boats carrying 1,000 troops) in an invasion of Bengal in India.
 * November 16 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca, ambushing and slaughtering a large number of his followers, without loss to themselves. He subsequently offers a ransom of approximately $50 million in gold.
 * December 1 – (5th waxing of Pyatho 894 ME) The Burmese Army under Min Bin marches into Dhaka, capital of Bengal without any resistance.
 * December 4 – A fire strikes the cathedral in Chambéry, now a part of France, but at the time a part of Italy's Duchy of Savoy. The fire burns several holes in the Shroud of Turin, believed by some Roman Catholics to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth after the crucifixion, and to have a miraculous imprint of Jesus, but the shroud is repaired by nuns at the cathedral.
 * December 20 – The first payment for Atahualpa's ransom from the Spaniards is made as gold is delivered to Cuzco to fill up a room.

Date unknown

 * The Prince is published, five years after the death of the author, Niccolò Machiavelli.
 * Pantagruel is published by François Rabelais.
 * Henry VIII of England grants the Thorne brothers a Royal Charter to found Bristol Grammar School.
 * Stamford School is founded in England by William Radcliffe.
 * The Paris Parlement has the city's beggars arrested "to force them to work in the sewers, chained together in pairs".
 * Possible date for the Battle of the Maule between Incas and Mapuches, according to historian Osvaldo Silva.

Births

 * January 21 – Ludwig Helmbold, German classical singer (d. 1598)
 * February 14 – Richard Lowther, English soldier and official (d. 1607)
 * February 19 – Jean-Antoine de Baïf, French poet and member of the Pléiade (d. 1589)
 * March 20 – Juan de Ribera, Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1611)
 * March 25 – Pietro Pontio, Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1596)
 * April 21 – Martin Schalling the Younger, German theologian (d. 1608)
 * April 23 – Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duchess of Prussia (d. 1568)
 * June 1 – Marino Grimani, Doge of Venice (d. 1605)
 * June 6 – Giulio Antonio Santorio, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602)
 * June 7 – Amy Robsart, wife of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1560)
 * June 13 – Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern, countess consort of Hanau-Münzenberg (1551-1561) (d. 1579)
 * June 16 – Francis Coster, Brabantian Jesuit theologian, author (d. 1619)
 * June 24
 * Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English politician (probable; d. 1588)
 * William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, German Protestant leader (d. 1592)
 * July 12 – Mechthild of Bavaria, German duchess (d. 1565)
 * July 25 – Alphonsus Rodriguez, Spanish Jesuit lay brother and saint (d. 1617)
 * August 14 – Archduchess Magdalena of Austria, Member of the House of Habsburg (d. 1590)
 * October 4 – Francisco de Toledo, Spanish Jesuit cardinal (d. 1596)
 * October 30 – Yuri of Uglich, Prince of Uglich (d. 1563)
 * November 16 – Clara of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Abbess of Gandersheim, later Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595)
 * November 22 – Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (d. 1585)
 * December 7 – Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein (d. 1605)
 * December 20
 * John Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (d. 1586)
 * Orazio Samacchini, Italian painter (d. 1577)
 * December 26 – Guilielmus Xylander, German classical scholar (d. 1576)
 * date unknown
 * Robert Abercromby, Scottish Jesuit missionary (d. 1613)
 * William Allen, English cardinal (d. 1594)
 * Hernando Franco, Spanish composer (d. 1585)
 * Luís Fróis, Portuguese missionary (d. 1597)
 * Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Spanish explorer (d. 1592)
 * John Hawkins, English navigator and slave trader (d. 1595)
 * Étienne Jodelle, French dramatist and poet (d. 1573)
 * Ralph Lane, English explorer (d. 1603)
 * Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1585)
 * Thomas Norton, English lawyer (d. 1584)
 * Tulsidas, medieval Hindi poet and philosopher (d. 1623)
 * Flavio Orsini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1581)
 * Thomas Lucy, English politician (d. 1600)
 * probable
 * Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian portrait painter (d. 1625)
 * Orlande de Lassus, Flemish composer (d. 1594)

Deaths

 * May – Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex
 * June – Bernardino Luini, Italian painter (b. 1482)
 * June 28 – Pompeo Colonna, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1479)
 * July 8 – Andrea Riccio, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1470)
 * August 11 – John of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1518)
 * August 16 – John, Elector of Saxony (b. 1468)
 * August 19 – Caritas Pirckheimer, German nun (b. 1467)
 * August 22 – William Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1450)
 * September – Vlad VI Înecatul, Prince of Wallachia
 * October 1 – Jan Mabuse, Flemish painter
 * December 2 – Louis Gonzaga (Rodomonte), Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (b. 1500)
 * December 3 – Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532 (b. 1502)
 * December 12 – Pietro Accolti, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1455)
 * December 13 – Solomon Molcho, Portuguese mystic (b. 1500)
 * December 30 – Krzysztof Szydłowiecki, Polish noble (b. 1467)
 * date unknown
 * Jeanne de la Font, French poet and culture patron (b. 1500)
 * Huáscar, 12th Inca Emperor

title: 1532


text:
1530

Year 1530 (MDXXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1530th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 530th year of the 2nd millennium, the 30th year of the 16th century, and the 1st year of the 1530s decade.

January–March

 * January 5 – Strasbourg joins the Christliches Burgrecht, the Protestant alliance of Swiss cities.
 * January 20 – Sent on a mission to penetrate the interior of Mexico and to conquer the Kingdom of Michoacán, the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés leads a group of soldiers across the Lerma river through Cuitzeo and proceeds northwest. The arrive at Tonalá on March 24 and then take possession of the regions south of the Santiago River and north and west of Lake Chapala.
 * January 21 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, issues letters from his winter residence in Bologna, inviting members of the Imperial Diet to convene at Augsburg on April 8 to discuss various theological questions.
 * February 14 – Tangaxuan II, last cazonci of the Purépecha Empire, is executed by conquistador Nuño de Guzmán, ending the Purépecha Empire's independence from Spain.
 * February 24 – Charles V is crowned emperor in Bologna, by Pope Clement VII.
 * March 23 – The Tribute of the Maltese Falcon, an agreement by the Grand Master of the Order of St John of Jerusalem to pay an annual tribute to the Charles V, King of Sicily, in return for an order granting the Knights full rulership of Tripoli and the islands of Malta and Gozo, is reached. The transfer of ownership takes place on October 26, 1550, although Tripoli is conquered by the Ottomans on August 15, 1551.

April–June

 * April 8 – At the invitation of the Holy Roman Emperor, the members of the Imperial Diet open their session at Augsburg in Germany to prepare the Augsburg Confession, an official imperial set of rules for Protestantism.
 * May 9 – The Kaqchikel people, a tribe of the Maya people of what is now the Sacatepéquez Department of Guatemala, surrender to the Spanish conquistadors.
 * June 25 – The Augsburg Confession is presented to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

July–September

 * July 4 – King François of France marries Eleanor of Austria, daughter of King Philip I of Castile and widow of King Manuel I of Portugal.
 * July 9 – The Tetrapolitan Confession, a Protestant confession of faith, is submitted jointly to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V on behalf of the southern German cities of Konstanz, Lindau, Memmingen and Strasbourg.
 * July 19 – Turkish Ottoman troops attempt to take the Hungarian town of Nagykörű but, according to local legend, the Turkish soldirers are lost in a marsh protecting the city.
 * July 25 – The transfer of Tripoli, in North Africa, from Spain to the Knights of Malta, is formally accomplished, four months after an agreement was reached with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain and King of Sicily.
 * July 30 – At Neue Augsburg (now Coro in the nation of Venezuela), German explorer Nikolaus Federmann becomes the acting governor of Klein-Venedig ("Little Venice") Germany's short-lived South American colonyas Governor Ambrosius Ehinger takes a leave of absence to recover from malaria.
 * August 3 – Battle of Gavinana: Florence is captured by Spanish troops under Prince Philibert of Chalon (who is killed in the action). The Piagnon (followers of the memory of Girolamo Savonarola) are overthrown, ending the Siege of Florence, and the Medici are restored, in the person of the Pope's nephew Alessandro de' Medici.
 * September 15 – The miraculous portrait of Saint Dominic in Soriano appears in Soriano Calabro, Calabria.

October–December

 * October 8 – A flood engulfs Rome.
 * October 26 – The Knights of Malta are formed, when the Knights Hospitaller are given Malta by Charles V. They transfer the island capital from Mdina to Birgu.
 * November 5 – St. Felix's flood devastates Zeeland: a large part of the Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal is lost leading to decline of the city of Reimerswaal.
 * November 24 – Tabinshwehti succeeds his father Mingyi Nyo as king of the Toungoo dynasty, following the latter's death.
 * December 26 – Humayun starts to rule the Mughal Empire after Babur's death.
 * December – Martim Afonso de Sousa's expedition sets out for Brazil from Portugal.

Date unknown

 * The ducal palace of Celle is constructed in Germany.
 * Austrian forces capture Esztergom, Hungary, and raid as far as Buda.
 * Erasmus publishes On Civility in Children (De Civilitate Morum Puerilium Libellus), which becomes popular and widely translated.
 * First complete edition of the 'Zürich Bible', Huldrych Zwingli's translation into German printed by Christoph Froschauer, is published.

Births

 * January 5 – Gaspar de Bono, Spanish monk of the Order of the Minims (d. 1571)
 * January 31 – Ōtomo Sōrin, Japanese Christian Daimyō (d. 1587)
 * February 17 – Louis III, Count of Löwenstein (d. 1611)
 * February 18 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1578)
 * February 26 – David Chytraeus, German historian and theologian (d. 1600)
 * March 11 – Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1573)
 * May 5 – Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, French nobleman (d. 1574)
 * May 7 – Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French Protestant general (d. 1569)
 * June 17 – François de Montmorency, French nobleman (d. 1579)
 * June 20 – Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg, German physician (d. 1598)
 * July 3 – Claude Fauchet, French historian (d. 1602)
 * August 1 – Daniel, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577)
 * August 11 – Ranuccio Farnese, Italian prelate (d. 1565)
 * August 14 – Giambattista Benedetti, Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1590)
 * August 25 – Ivan IV of Russia (d. 1584)
 * September 30 – Geronimo Mercuriale, Italian philologist and physician (d. 1606)
 * October 1 – Walter Aston, English politician (d. 1589)
 * October 21 – Jacques Jonghelinck, Flemish sculptor (d. 1606)
 * October 30 – Charles d'Angennes de Rambouillet, Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)
 * November 1 – Étienne de La Boétie, French judge and writer (d. 1563)
 * November 6 – Josias Simler, Swiss scholar (d. 1576)
 * December 1 – Bernardino Realino, Italian Jesuit (d. 1616)
 * December 5 – Nikolaus Selnecker, German musician (d. 1592)
 * date unknown
 * Julius Caesar Aranzi, Italian anatomist (d. 1589)
 * Vincenza Armani, Italian actress (d. 1569)
 * Christopher Báthory, Prince of Transylvania (d. 1581)
 * Jean Bodin, French jurist (d. 1596)
 * Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki, Polish bishop, political thinker and philosopher (d. 1607)
 * Thomas Hoby, English diplomat and translator (d. 1566)
 * Kōriki Kiyonaga, Japanese daimyō in the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods (d. 1608)
 * Jan Kochanowski, Polish writer (d. 1584)
 * Jean Nicot, French diplomat and scholar (d. 1606)
 * Mordecai Yoffe, Bohemian author of Levush Malkhut (d. 1612)
 * Anastasia Romanovna, Russian Tsaritsa (d. 1560)
 * Thomas Bromley, English lord chancellor (d. 1587)
 * probable
 * Moses Isserles, Polish rabbi and Talmudist (d. 1572)
 * Claude Le Jeune, French composer (d. 1600)
 * Gráinne O'Malley, Irish ruler (d. 1603)
 * Teodora Ginés, Dominican musician and composer (d. 1598)
 * Shane O'Neill, Irish chieftain and rebel (d. 1567)
 * Turlough Luineach O'Neill, Irish chieftain of Tyrone (d. 1595)
 * Jöran Persson, Swedish politician (d. 1568)
 * Nicholas Sanders, English Catholic propagandist (d. 1581)
 * Ruy López de Segura, Spanish priest and chess player (d. 1580)
 * Pey de Garros, Provençal poet (d. 1585)

Deaths

 * February 7 – Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez, Spanish Catholic cardinal and bishop (b. 1485)
 * February 24 – Properzia de' Rossi, Italian Renaissance sculptor (b. c. 1490)
 * April 12 – Joanna la Beltraneja, princess of Castile (b. 1462)
 * May 3 – Stephen VII Báthory, Hungarian nobleman and military commander
 * June 4 – Maximilian Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1493)
 * June 5 – Mercurino di Gattinara, Italian statesman and jurist (b. 1465)
 * June 6 – Boniface IV, Marquess of Montferrat, Italian nobleman (b. 1512)
 * June 28 – Margaret of Münsterberg, Duchess consort and regent of Anhalt (b. 1473)
 * August 2 – Kanō Masanobu, chief painter of the Ashikaga shogunate (b. 1434)
 * August 3 – killed in Battle of Gavinana:
 * Francesco Ferruccio, Florentine captain (b. 1489)
 * Philibert of Chalon, French nobleman (b. 1502)
 * August 6 – Jacopo Sannazaro, Italian poet (b. 1458)
 * August 10 – Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman of Lithuania (b. 1460)
 * August 28 – Gerold Edlibach, Swiss historian (b. 1454)
 * August 29 – Moise of Wallachia
 * September 13 – Queen Jeonghyeon, Korean royal consort (b. 1462)
 * September 15 – Maria Paleologa, Italian noblewoman (b. 1508)
 * October 10 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, English noble (b. 1477)
 * November 24 – Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (b. 1459)
 * November 29 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, British statesman (b. c. 1473)
 * December 1 – Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands (b. 1480)
 * December 22 – Willibald Pirckheimer, German humanist (b. 1470)
 * December 26 – Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire (b. 1483)
 * date unknown
 * Quentin Matsys, Flemish painter (b. 1466)
 * Estienne de La Roche, French mathematician (b. 1470)
 * Søren Norby, Danish naval commander
 * Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (b. 1487)

title: 1530


text:
1529

Year 1529 (MDXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 6 – Basarab VI is installed as the new Prince of Wallachia (now in Romania) in the capital at Târgoviște, days after the assassination of the Voivode Radu of Afumați by the other boyars (Wallachian nobles). Basarab's reign lasts only a month and he is removed on February 5.
 * January 8 – Zhang Qijie becomes the most powerful woman in Ming dynasty China as the primary wife of the Jiajing Emperor, shortly after the death of the Empress Xiaojiesu.
 * January 20 – In India, the Mughal Emperor Babur departs from the capital at Agra toward Ghazipur to fight the Rajputs and the rebel Afghans who had captured the city.
 * January 28 – Peter Vannes, the Italian-born envoy for England's King Henry VIII, arrives in Rome on a mission to get Pope Julius II to give a dispensation for King Henry to divorce one wife and marry another, with both marriages to be declared valid. The mission fails.
 * February 2 – The Örebro Synod provides the theological foundation of the Swedish Reformation, following the economic foundation of it, after the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.
 * March 9 – The Battle of Shimbra Kure is fought in Ethiopia as the Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, with 12,000 men, including special forces armed with matchlock firearms, defeats the 200,000 man army of the Emperor Dawit II.
 * March 25 – A blood libel is carried out against the Jewish community of Bosen in Hungary (now Pezinok in Slovakia), on the first day of Passover, after a boy in the town disappears. Three Jews are accused and killed. The boy is later discovered alive, having been kidnapped for the benefit of the scheme.

April–June

 * April 8 – The Flensburg Disputation is held, a debate attended by Stadtholder Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (later King Christian III of Denmark), between Lutherans (led by Hermann Fast) and the more radical Anabaptists (led by Melchior Hoffman). Johannes Bugenhagen, a close associate of Martin Luther, presides. The Disputation marks the rejection of radical ideas by the Danish Reformation.
 * April 9 – The Westrogothian rebellion breaks out in Sweden.
 * April 19 – Diet of Speyer: A group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protest the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.
 * April 22 – The Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hemisphere between the Spanish and Portuguese empires, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
 * May 10 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople, to invade Hungary once again.
 * May 31–July – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, opens a legatine court at Blackfriars, London, to rule on the legality of King Henry VIII of England's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.  The court lasts until July 16.
 * June 21 –
 * War of the League of Cognac – Battle of Landriano: French forces in northern Italy are decisively defeated by Spain.
 * King Henry VIII and Queen consort Catherine of Aragon apear in person before the Blackfriars court, with Catherine making a pathetic display before the court and her husband, and the king making a speech about his uneasiness about his marriage.

July–September

 * July 23 – The Blackfriars court is adjourned after word is received that Pope Julius II has revoked its charter.
 * July 30 – The only continental outbreak of English sweating sickness reaches Lübeck, spreading from there into Schleswig-Holstein in the next few months.
 * August 5 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or Ladies' Peace in the War of the League of Cognac: Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain the Duchy of Burgundy. Henry VIII of England accedes on August 27.
 * September 1 – Sancti Spiritu, the first European settlement in Argentina, is destroyed by local natives.
 * September 8
 * Buda is recaptured by the invading forces of the Ottoman Empire.
 * The city of Maracaibo, Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.
 * September 27 – Vienna is besieged by the Ottoman Turks commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent.

October–December

 * October 15 – With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the Siege of Vienna (a turning point in the Ottoman wars in Europe).
 * October 26 – Cardinal Wolsey falls from power in England, due to his failure to obtain an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage and to prevent Habsburg expansion in Europe, and . Thomas More succeeds him as Lord Chancellor.
 * November 4 – The English Reformation Parliament is first seated.
 * December 17 – The first session of the Reformation Parliament ends.

Date unknown

 * Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire, England by King Henry VIII.
 * Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.
 * Borommarachathirat IV succeeds Ramathibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.
 * Fluorite is first described, by Georg Agricola.
 * Giorgio Vasari visits Rome.
 * Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.
 * Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten, Switzerland.
 * German polymath Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa publishes Declamatio de nobilitate et praecellentia foeminei sexus ("Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex"), a book pronouncing the theological and moral superiority of women.
 * A summit level canal between Alster and the Trave in Germany opens to navigation.

Births

 * January 8 – John Frederick II, Duke of Saxony (d. 1595)
 * January 13 – Ebba Månsdotter, Swedish noble (d. 1609)
 * February 14 – Markus Fugger, German businessman (d. 1597)
 * February 23 – Onofrio Panvinio, Augustinian historian (d. 1568)
 * April 3 – Michael Neander, German mathematician and historian (d. 1581)
 * April 25 – Francesco Patrizi, Italian philosopher and scientist (d. 1597)
 * May 12 – Sabina of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German princess (d. 1575)
 * June 7 – Étienne Pasquier, French lawyer, poet and author (d. 1615)
 * June 14 – Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (d. 1595)
 * July 16 – Petrus Peckius the Elder, Dutch jurist, writer on international maritime law (d. 1589)
 * July 20 – Henry Sidney, lord deputy of Ireland (d. 1586)
 * July 24 – Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d. 1577)
 * August 10 – Ernst Vögelin, German publisher (d. 1589)
 * September 1 – Taddeo Zuccari, Italian painter (d. 1566)
 * September 25 – Günther XLI, Count of Schwarzburg-Arnstadt (d. 1583)
 * October 26 – Anna of Hesse, Countess Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1591)
 * December 11 – Fulvio Orsini, Italian humanist historian (d. 1600)
 * December 16 – Laurent Joubert, French physician (d. 1582)
 * date unknown
 * Titu Cusi, Inca ruler of Vilcabamba (d. 1571)
 * Giambologna, Italian sculptor (d. 1608)
 * Michał Wiśniowiecki, Ruthenian prince at Wiśniowiec (d. 1584)
 * George Puttenham, English critic (d. 1590)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Peter Vischer the Elder, German sculptor (b. 1455)
 * January 9 – Wang Yangming, Chinese Neo-Confucian scholar (b. 1472)
 * January 29 – Ōuchi Yoshioki, Japanese daimyo (b. 1477)
 * February 2 – Baldassare Castiglione, Italian writer and diplomat (b. 1478)
 * February 4 – Ludwig Haetzer, German Protestant reformer (executed) (b. 1500)
 * March 28 – Philipp II, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (b. 1501)
 * April 20 – Silvio Passerini, Italian cardinal and lord of Florence (b. 1469)
 * May 12 – Cecily Bonville, 7th Baroness Harington (b. c. 1460)
 * June 21 – John Skelton, English poet (b. c. 1460)
 * September 6 – George Blaurock, Swiss founder of the Anabaptist Church (b. 1491)
 * September 27 – George of the Palatinate, German nobleman; Bishop of Speyer (1513–1529) (b. 1486)
 * November 20 – Karl von Miltitz, German papal nuncio (b. c. 1490)
 * date unknown
 * Krishnadevaraya, Vijaynagar emperor
 * Richard Pynson, Norman-born English printer (b. 1448)
 * Andrea Sansovino, Italian sculptor (b. 1467)
 * Petrus Särkilahti, Finnish Lutheran and scientist
 * Paulus Aemilius Veronensis, Italian historian (b. 1455)
 * probable – Lo Spagna, Italian painter
 * possible – La Malinche, Nahua (native Mexican) interpreter and translator for Hernán Cortés, during the Conquest of Mexico

title: 1529


text:
1527

Year 1527 (MDXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 1 – Croatian nobles elect Ferdinand I of Austria as King of Croatia in the Parliament on Cetin.
 * January 5 – Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, is drowned in the Limmat in Zürich by the Zürich Reformed state church.
 * February 14 – Queen consort Mary of Hungary, named as regent for the kingdom upon the August 29 death of her husband Louis II, asks permission from the Hungarian Diet to step down as the regent for the newly elected Frederick of Habsburg, but is denied.
 * February 21 – The Mughal–Rajput wars begin in India between the Emperor Babur of the Mughal Empire and states of the Rajput Confederacy, with the victory of the Rajput faction at the Battle of Bayana.
 * February 24 –
 * Ferdinand of the House of Habsburg is formally crowned as King of Bohemia at Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia).
 * The seven articles of the Schleitheim Confession are formally adopted by the Mennonite Anabaptist Christians at Schleitheim in the Canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.
 * March 17 – In India, the Battle of Khanwa is fought as the Mughal Emperor Babur defeats Rajput ruler Rana Sanga. This and two other major Moghul victories lead to their domination of northern India. Dhaulpur fort is taken by Babur.
 * March 25 – The Confederation of Shan States sacks Ava, the capital of the Ava Kingdom.

April–June

 * April 30 – The Treaty of Westminster (1527), an alliance during the War of the League of Cognac, is signed.
 * May 6 – Sack of Rome: Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome, forcing the Medici Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, marking the end of the High Renaissance. The Pope grows a beard in mourning.
 * May 16 – In Florence, the Piagnon, a group devoted to the memory of Girolamo Savonarola, drive out the Medici for a second time, re-establishing the Republic of Florence until 1530.
 * June 17
 * The Narváez expedition to conquer Florida sets sail from Spain.
 * The Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden. The Riksdag of the Estates in Västerås adopts Lutheranism as the state religion, in place of Roman Catholicism. This results in the confiscation of church property and dissolution of Catholic convents in accordance with the Reduction of Gustav I of Sweden.
 * June 22 – Jakarta, modern-day capital of Indonesia, is founded as Jayakarta.

July–September

 * July 5 – General Div Sultan Rumlu, the regent for the 13-year old Tahmasp I, the Safavid Shah of Iran, is assassinated and replaced by Chukha Sultan Tekali.
 * July 25 – The Battle of Sződfalva is fought near Szeged in what is now Hungary, with an army of Hungarians and Romanian Transylvanians defeating a Serbian army led by Jovan Nenad, the self-proclaimed Emperor of the Serbs. The next day, Nenad is assassinated for his failure in battle.
 * August 3 – The first known letter is sent from North America by John Rut, while at St. John's, Newfoundland, during his voyage to the New World.
 * August 20
 * Sixty Anabaptists meet at the Martyrs' Synod in Augsburg.
 * Diet of Odense (Denmark): King Frederick I declares religious tolerance for Lutherans, permits marriage of priests and forbids seeking papal pallium (approval) for royal appointments of Church officials.
 * September 27 – Battle of Tarcal: Ferdinand, future Holy Roman Emperor, defeats John Zápolya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Ottomans for help.

October–December

 * October 5 – French and Venetian troops kill thousands of civilians in the Italian city of Pavia, even after the defenders agree to surrender.
 * October 31 – Spanish conquistador Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón departs from Zihuatanejo in what is now Mexico on a voyage of exploration of the Pacific Ocean, along with three ships, Saavedra's flagship La Florida, and the vessels Espiritu Santo and Santiago.
 * November 3 – Archduke Ferdinand of Austria is formally crowned as the King of Hungary at the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Székesfehérvár.
 * November 4 – In India, Puranmal becomes the new Raja of the Kingdom of Amber (now in the Indian state of Rajasthan) after his father, the Raja Prithviraj Singh I dies of wounds sustained in March in the Battle of Khanwa.
 * November 15 – The lands of the Bishopric of Utrecht, now in the Netherlands, are ceded to control of the Habsburgs in return for assistance in suppressing a rebellion by the citizens of Utrecht.
 * November 22 – Spain's conquest of Guatemala's highlands is completed as the capital of the colonial government is moved to the new city of Ciudad Vieja from Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala, near Iximche.
 * November 23 – The Érdy Codex, the largest collection of Hungarian legends and Hungarian language literature, is completed on Saint Clement's Day by an unidentified Carthusian monk at the seminary of Nagyszombat in Hungary (now Trnava in Slovakia.
 * December 6 – Pope Clement VII, held prisoner at the Castel Sant'Angelo since the sack of Rome in May, is released after seven months of captivity, along with 16 Roman Catholic cardinals.
 * December 15 – Two of the three ships of Álvaro de Saavedra are separated from his own vessel, La Florida, during a storm. The Espiritu Santo and Santiago, sailing ahead of La Florida, are never heard from again.

Date unknown

 * The second of the Dalecarlian rebellions breaks out in Sweden.
 * Members of the University of Wittenberg flee to Jena in fear of the bubonic plague.
 * In England, Bishop Vesey's Grammar School (at Sutton Coldfield, in the West Midlands) is founded by Bishop John Vesey; and Sir George Monoux College is founded as a grammar school at Walthamstow by Sir George Monoux, draper and Lord Mayor of London.
 * The Ming dynasty government of China greatly reduces the quotas for taking grain, severely diminishing the state's capacity to relieve famines through a previously successful granary system.

Births

 * March 4 – Ludwig Lavater, Swiss Reformed theologian (d. 1586)
 * March 5 – Ulrich, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1603)
 * March 10 – Alfonso d'Este, Lord of Montecchio, Italian nobleman (d. 1587)
 * March 21 – Hermann Finck, German composer and music theorist (d. 1558)
 * March 28 – Isabella Markham, English courtier (d. 1579)
 * March 31 – Edward Fitton, the elder, Irish politician (d. 1579)
 * April 14 – Abraham Ortelius, Flemish cartographer and geographer (d. 1598)
 * c. May 1 – Johannes Stadius, German astronomer, astrologer, mathematician (d. 1579)
 * May 21 – Philip II, King of Spain (d. 1598)
 * May 31 – Agnes of Hesse, German noble, by marriage, Princess of Saxony (d. 1555)
 * June 11 – Anna Sophia of Prussia, Duchess of Prussia and Duchess of Mecklenburg (d. 1591)
 * June 24 – Jean Vendeville, French law professor, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1592)
 * July 8 – Saitō Yoshitatsu, Japanese daimyō (d. 1561)
 * July 13 – John Dee, English mathematician, astronomer, and geographer (d. 1608)
 * July 31 – Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1576)
 * August 10 – Barbara of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brieg, German princess (d. 1595)
 * September 29 – John Lesley, Scottish bishop (d. 1596)
 * October 2 – William Drury, English politician (d. 1579)
 * October 15 – Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal (d. 1545)
 * October 21 – Louis I, Cardinal of Guise, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1578)
 * November 1
 * Pedro de Ribadeneira, Spanish hagiologist (d. 1611)
 * William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham, English noble and politician (d. 1597)
 * November 3 – Tilemann Heshusius, Gnesio-Lutheran theologian (d. 1588)
 * November 18 – Luca Cambiasi, Italian painter (d. 1585)
 * December 6 – Bernhard VIII, Count of Lippe (d. 1563)
 * December 23 – Hugues Doneau, French lawyer (d. 1591)
 * date unknown
 * Luis de León, Spanish lyric poet and mystic (d. 1591)
 * Annibale Padovano, Italian composer and organist (d. 1575)
 * probable
 * John Dudley, 2nd Earl of Warwick, English nobleman (d. 1554)
 * Lawrence Humphrey, English clergyman and educator (d. 1590)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Felix Manz, leader of the Swiss Anabaptists (executed) (b. 1498)
 * January 21 – Juan de Grijalva, Spanish conqueror (b. 1489)
 * March 14 – Shwenankyawshin, Burmese king of Ava (b. 1476)
 * March 17 – Rana Sanga, Indian ruler (b. 1484)
 * April 19
 * Christoph I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1453)
 * Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (b. 1477)
 * April/May – Sir Thomas Docwra, English Grand Prior of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1458)
 * May 6 – Charles III, Duke of Bourbon, Count of Montpensier and Dauphin of Auvergne (b. 1490)
 * June 21 – Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman (b. 1469)
 * June 28 – Bernardo de' Rossi, Italian bishop (b. 1468)
 * July 28 – Rodrigo de Bastidas, Spanish conqueror and explorer (b. c. 1460)
 * July 31 – Anna Swenonis, Swedish manuscript illuminator
 * September 21 – Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, Margrave of Bayreuth (b. 1481)
 * October 27 – Johann Froben, Swiss printer and publisher (b. c. 1460)
 * November 15 – Catherine of York, English princess (b. 1479)
 * November 8 – Jerome Emser, German theologian (b. 1477)
 * date unknown
 * Francesco Colonna, Italian Dominican priest (b. 1433)
 * Luisa de Medrano, Spanish scholar (b. 1484)
 * Div Sultan Rumlu, Persian military leader
 * Petrus Thaborita, Frisian historian and monk (b. c. 1450)
 * Cristoforo Solari, Italian sculptor and architect (b. c. 1460)
 * Jan "Ciężki" Tarnowski, Polish nobleman (b. c. 1479)
 * Huayna Capac, Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire (b. 1493)
 * Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi, Italian calligrapher and type designer (b. 1475)
 * probable – Jane Shore, mistress of King Edward IV of England

title: 1527


text:
1526

Year 1526 (MDXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 14 – Treaty of Madrid: Peace is declared between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis agrees to cede Burgundy and abandons all claims to Flanders, Artois, Naples, and Milan.
 * January 26 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity or leave is reached in the Crown of Aragon and the Principality of Catalonia as decreed by the edict of November 25 by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as King of Spain. The deadline for the Kingdom of Valencia had passed on December 31, 1525.
 * February 6 – Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, agrees to form a military alliance with France, after King François I sends a proposal by way of his envoy, Jean Frangipani.
 * February 9 – In Guatemala, a group of 16 deserters from the Spanish colonial army destroy Iximche, the capital of the indigenous kingdom of the Mayan Kaqchikel people, and burn the palace of the Ahpo Xahil
 * February 15 – Spanish author Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, commonly called "Oviedo", publishes th chronicle La Natural Hystoria De Las Indias (The Natural History of the Indies)
 * February 21 – Lopo Vaz de Sampaio becomes the new Governor of Portuguese India following the February 2 death of the 30-year-old Governor Henrique de Meneses from gangrene resulting from a battle injury to his leg.
 * February 25 – The Battle of Hisar Firoza is fought in what is now the Indian state of Haryana, between the Mughal Empire (whose army is led by Prince Humayun) and the Delhi Sultanate, led by Hamid Khan. Humayun, in his first command, leads the Mughals to victory.
 * February 27 – The League of Torgau is formed as an alliance of German princes to oppose the 1521 Edict of Worms.
 * March 7 – In Switzerland, the Canton of Zurich enacts a law directed against the Anabaptist movement, specifically outlawing a second baptism of an adult who was previously baptized as an infant, and makes the crime punishable by drowning. The penalty is enforced for the first time on January 5, 1527, when Felix Manz is executed.
 * March 6 –
 * After a defeat in battle of Afghan soldiers of the Delhi Sultanate by the Mughal Empire, the Mughal Emperor Babur and Crown Prince Humayun arrange the execution of 100 captured Afghan prisoners by "blowing from a gun, the process of placing a tying a condemned prisoner to the mouth of a cannon and then firing.
 * King François I of France is released from captivity in Spain after having signed the Treaty of Madrid.
 * March 10 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, marries Princess Isabella of Portugal at the Alcázar of Seville palace in Spain.
 * March 17 – King François I crosses from the Bidasoa River from Spain into France, while at the same time, his sons the Dauphin Prince François and Prince Henri, 8 and 5 at the time, cross into Spain to take his place as hostages to guarantee France's compliance with the Madrid Treaty. King François repudiates the treaty and the two boys remain captive for the next three years.
 * March – The first complete printed translation of the New Testament of the Bible into the English language by William Tyndale arrives in England from Germany, where printing had been completed in Worms by Peter Schöffer the younger, towards the end of February.

April–June

 * April 21 – Battle of Panipat: Babur becomes Mughal emperor, invades northern India and captures Delhi, creating the Mughal Empire, which lasts until 1857.
 * May 22 – Francis repudiates the Treaty of Madrid and forms the League of Cognac against Charles, including Pope Clement VII, Milan, Venice, and Florence.
 * May 23 – A transit of Venus occurs, the last before optical filters allow astronomers to observe them.
 * June 9 – Emperor Go-Nara ascends to the throne of Japan.

July–September

 * July 24 – Milan is captured by the Spanish.
 * July 25 – The Spanish ship Santiago, from García Jofre de Loaísa's expedition, reaches the Pacific Coast of Mexico and drops anchor at the Gulf of Tehuantepec, becoming the first ship to sail from Europe to the west coast of North America.
 * August 9 – Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón of Spain founded the failed colony, San Miguel de Gualdape in present-day Winyah Bay, Georgetown County, South Carolina. It was the first European settlement, as well as the first documented occurrence of enslavement of African peoples in what would later become become the continental United States.
 * August 15 – The first official translation is made of the New Testament into Swedish; the entire Bible is completed in 1541.
 * August 21 – Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar becomes the first European to sight the Marshall Islands, in the Pacific Ocean.
 * August 29 – Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman army of Sultan Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army of King Louis II, who drowns while retreating with his troops. Two rival groups seek to elect a successor to Louis. Suleiman takes Buda, while Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and John Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania, dispute the succession. As a result of the battle, Dubrovnik achieves independence, although it acknowledges Turkish overlordship.
 * September 19 – Spanish Muslims who had hidden in the Sierra de Espadán mountain range in Valencia and who are led by Selim Almanzo are overwhelmed by a German contingent of 3,000 soldiers from the Holy Roman Empire. After their defeat, 5,000 adult Muslims (including old men and women) are massacred.

October–December

 * October 23 – In October, Cuthbert Tunstall, the Roman Catholic Bishop of London, issues a proclamation directing followers to destroy all copies of Tyndale's New Testament.
 * October 24 – The Bohemian Diet elects Archduke Ferdinand of the House of Habsburg as the King of Bohemia.
 * November 10 – In eastern Hungary, at Székesfehérvár, a group of lesser nobles proclaims John Zápolya as proclaimed as the King of Hungary. The assembly proclaims the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, with a capital at Buda.
 * December 15 – (12th day of 11th month of Daiei 6) The siege of Kamakura takes place in Japan as the Uesugi clan defeats the Hōjō clan
 * December 17 – At Pozsony in western Hungary (now Bratislava in Slovakia), the Diet elects the Archduke Ferdinand as the King of Hungary.

Date unknown

 * Gunsmith Bartolomeo Beretta establishes the Beretta Gun Company, which will still be in business in the 21st century, making it one of the world's oldest firearm corporations.
 * Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and his brothers first reach Inca territory in South America.

Births

 * January 1 – Louis Bertrand, Spanish missionary to Latin America, patron saint of Colombia (d. 1581)
 * January 20 – Rafael Bombelli, Italian mathematician (d. 1572)
 * January 25 – Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1586)
 * February 1 – Niiro Tadamoto, Japanese samurai (d. 1611)
 * February 2 – Konstanty Wasyl Ostrogski, Polish noble (d. 1608)
 * February 19 – Charles de L'Ecluse, Flemish botanist (d. 1609)
 * February 23 – Gonçalo da Silveira, Portuguese Jesuit missionary (d. 1561)
 * March 4 – Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon (d. 1596)
 * March 11 – Heinrich Rantzau, German humanist writer, astrologer, and astrological writer (d. 1598)
 * April 5 – Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Italian painter (d. 1593)
 * April 8 – Elisabeth of Brunswick-Calenberg, Countess of Henneberg (d. 1566)
 * April 12 – Muretus, French humanist (d. 1585)
 * April 29 – Beate Clausdatter Bille, Danish noblewoman (d. 1593)
 * June 9 – Matsudaira Hirotada, Japanese daimyō (d. 1549)
 * June 25 – Elisabeth Parr, Marchioness of Northampton, English noble (d. 1565)
 * July 9 – Elizabeth of Austria, Polish noble (d. 1545)
 * July 10 – Philipe de Croÿ, Duke of Aerschot (d. 1595)
 * July 31 – Augustus, Elector of Saxony (d. 1586)
 * August 18 – Claude, Duke of Aumale (d. 1573)
 * August 22 – Adolph of Nassau-Saarbrücken, Count of Nassau (d. 1559)
 * September 23 – Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland (d. 1563)
 * September 26 – Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1569)
 * October 1 – Dorothy Stafford, English noble (d. 1604)
 * October 30 – Hubert Goltzius, Dutch Renaissance painter-engraver (d. 1583)
 * November 1 – Catherine Jagiellon, queen of John III of Sweden (d. 1583)
 * November 12 – Andreas Gaill, German jurist and statesman (d. 1587)
 * December 12 – Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, Spanish admiral (d. 1588)
 * December 26 – Rose Lok, English businesswoman and Protestant exile during the Tudor period (d. 1613)
 * December 28 – Anna Maria of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German princess (d. 1589)
 * date unknown
 * Kenau Simonsdochter Hasselaer, Dutch war heroine (d. 1588)
 * Ikoma Chikamasa, Japanese daimyō in the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods (d. 1603)
 * Azai Hisamasa, Japanese warlord (d. 1573)
 * probable
 * Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman Muslim scientist (d. 1585)

Deaths

 * January 16 – Catherine of the Palatinate, Abbess of Neuburg am Neckar (b. 1499)
 * January 19 – Isabella of Burgundy, queen of Christian II of Denmark (b. 1501)
 * February 23 – Diego Colón, Spanish Viceroy of the Indies (b. c. 1479)
 * March 24 – Adolph II, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen, German prince (b. 1458)
 * March 30 – Konrad Mutian, German humanist (b. 1471)
 * April 21 – Ibrahim Lodi, last Sultan of Delhi (in battle)
 * April 25 – Charles Somerset, 1st Earl of Worcester (b. 1460)
 * May 19 – Emperor Go-Kashiwabara of Japan (b. 1464)
 * June 4 – Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 2nd Duke of Alburquerque, Spanish duke (b. 1467)
 * July 14 – John de Vere, 14th Earl of Oxford, English noble (b. 1499)
 * July 30 – García Jofre de Loaísa, Spanish explorer (b. 1490)
 * August 4 – Juan Sebastián Elcano, Spanish explorer (b. 1476)
 * August 29 – King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (in battle) (b. 1506)
 * September 5 – Alonso de Salazar, Spanish explorer
 * October 18 – Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón, Spanish explorer (b. 1480)
 * November 5 – Scipione del Ferro, Italian mathematician (b. 1465)
 * November 30 – Giovanni dalle Bande Nere, Italian condottiero (b. 1498)

 * December 12 – Le Chieu Tong, Emperor of Đại Việt, was killed by Mạc Đăng Dung (b. 1506)

Date unknown

 * Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad, sultan of Adal (assassinated)
 * Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, founder of the Spanish colony of Nicaragua (b. c. 1475)
 * Ingerd Erlendsdotter, noblewoman and landowner
 * Binnya Ran II, Burmese king of Hanthawaddy (b. 1469)
 * Conrad Grebel, co-founder of the Anabaptist movement (b. 1498)

title: 1526


text:
1525

Year 1525 (MDXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 21 – The Anabaptist Movement is born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Zürich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.
 * February 24 – Battle of Pavia: German and Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army, and capture Francis I of France, after his horse is wounded by Cesare Hercolani. While Francis is imprisoned in Lombardy and then transferred to Madrid, the first attempts to form a Franco-Ottoman alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent against the Habsburg Empire are made.
 * February 28 – The last Aztec Emperor, Cuauhtémoc, is killed by Hernán Cortés.
 * March 20 – In the German town of Memmingen, the pamphlet The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed is published, the first human rights related document written in Europe.

April–June

 * April 4 – German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire: Battle of Leipheim – The peasants suffer great losses when they are attacked by Georg, Truchsess von Waldburg and the town of Leipheim is forced to surrender. Four peasant leaders are beheaded, including Jakob Wehe and Ulrich Schoen.
 * April 10 – Albert, Duke of Prussia commits Prussian Homage.
 * May 14–15 – German Peasants' War: Battle of Frankenhausen – Insurgent peasants led by radical pastor Thomas Müntzer are defeated. Following the defeat, Müntzer is executed in front of the gates of Mühlhausen.
 * June 13 – Martin Luther marries ex-nun Katharina von Bora. The painter Lucas Cranach the Elder is one of the witnesses.
 * June 18 – Henry VIII of England appoints his six-year old illegitimate son Henry FitzRoy Duke of Richmond and Somerset.
 * June 23–24 – German Peasants' War: Battle of Pfeddersheim – Peasants are defeated in the last significant action of the war, in which over 75,000 peasants have been killed.

July–September

 * July 29 – Santa Marta, the first city in Colombia, is founded by Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas.
 * August 13 – The coronation of Sophie of Pomerania as Queen consort of Denmark takes place in Copenhagen, a little more than a year after her husband's coronation as King Frederick I. She is granted Lolland and Falster, the castles in Kiel and Plön, and several villages in Holstein for her income.
 * August 30 – The French ambassador to England and King Henry VIII sign the Treaty of the More at a castle, "The More", in Hertfordshire.
 * September 14 – In Switzerland, the burning of most of the book collection of the Stiftsbibliothek of the Grossmünster Abbey in Zurich begins, by order of Huldrych Zwingli, as part of the Swiss Reformation. After 20 days of destruction of a collection built since 1259 for over 250 years, only 470 volumes are left.
 * September 24 – Jeremias I is restored to the position of Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Christian church, by order of the Ottoman Empire Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.

October–December

 * October 10 – the Earl of Angus, Scotland's Lord Warden of the Marches in charge of border security on the boundary with England, is able to work out a three-year peace treaty with the Kingdom of England and signs the initial agreement at the English border town of Berwick-upon-Tweed.
 * November 25 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor acting in his capacity as the King of Spain, issues an edict ordering the expulsion or conversion of the remaining Muslims in the Crown of Aragon, similar to that issued for the Crown of Castile by Queen Isabella in 1502. The order applies to the Kingdom of Valencia and the Principality of Catalonia.
 * December 8 – A second edict is issued in Spain directing Spanish Muslims to show proof of baptism as Christians or to leave by the deadline of December 31 (for Valencia) or January 26 (for Aragon and Catalonia).
 * December 31 – The deadline for Spanish Muslims to convert to Christianity in the Valencia is reached, after which remaining Muslims, or those who harbor them as fugitives, becomes punishable by forced exile, imprisonment or death.
 * December – The first French ambassador to reach the Sublime Porte, Jean Frangipani, sets out for Constantinople.

Date unknown

 * Mixco Viejo, capital of the Pocomans Maya State, falls to the Spanish conquistadores of Pedro de Alvarado (in modern-day Guatemala) after a three-month siege.
 * European-brought diseases sweep through the Andes, killing thousands, including the Inca.
 * The Bubonic plague spreads in southern France.
 * Printing of the first edition of William Tyndale's New Testament Bible translation into English in Cologne is interrupted by anti-Lutheran forces and Tyndale flees to Worms (finished copies reach England in 1526).
 * Printing of Huldrych Zwingli's New Testament 'Zürich Bible' translation into German by Christoph Froschauer begins.
 * The Navarre witch trials (1525-26) begins.
 * The Chinese Ministry of War under the Ming dynasty orders ships having more than one mast sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed; this in an effort to curb piracy and limit private commercial trade abroad.
 * Kasur established as a city by the Kheshgi tribe of Pashtuns from Kabul who migrate to the region in 1525 from Afghanistan.
 * The Age of Samael ends, and the Age of Gabriel begins, according to Johannes Trithemius.

Births

 * January 29 – Lelio Sozzini, Italian Renaissance humanist and anti-Trinitarian reformer (d. 1562)
 * February 5 – Juraj Drašković, Croatian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587)
 * March 19 – Caspar Cruciger the Younger, German theologian (d. 1597)
 * March 25 – Richard Edwardes, English choral musician, playwright and poet (d. 1566)
 * March 26 – Katharina of Hanau, Countess of Wied, German noblewoman (d. 1581)
 * June 1 – Caspar Peucer, German reformer (d. 1602)
 * June 29 – Peter Agricola, German Renaissance humanist, educator, classical scholar, theologian, diplomat and statesman (d. 1585)
 * September 1 – Christoffer Valkendorff, Danish politician (d. 1601)
 * September 11 – John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1598)
 * September 25 – Steven Borough, English explorer (d. 1584)
 * November 7 – Georg Cracow, German lawyer and politician (d. 1575)
 * December 1 – Tadeáš Hájek, Czech astronomer (d. 1600)
 * December 23 – John Albert I, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1576)
 * date unknown – Maharal of Prague, Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic and philosopher (d. 1609)
 * probable
 * Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Flemish painter (d. 1569)
 * Baldassare Donato, Italian composer and singer (d. 1603)
 * Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Italian composer (d. 1594)
 * Hans Staden, German soldier and sailor (d. 1579)

Deaths

 * January 14 – Franciabigio, Florentine painter (b. 1482)
 * February 24 (in action at the Battle of Pavia)
 * Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, French soldier (b. c. 1488)
 * Jacques de La Palice, French nobleman and military officer (b. 1470)
 * Richard de la Pole, last Yorkist claimant to the English throne (b. 1480)
 * Louis II de la Trémoille, French military leader (b. 1460)
 * Bartolomeo Fanfulla, Italian mercenary (b. 1477)
 * René de Brosse, French noble
 * February 28 – Cuauhtémoc, last Tlatoani of the Aztec Empire (b. c. 1495)
 * April 2 or April 3 – Giovanni di Bernardo Rucellai, Italian Renaissance man of letters (b. 1475)
 * May 5 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (b. 1463)
 * May 12 – Anna of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburgian royal (b. 1485)
 * May 18 – Pietro Pomponazzi, Italian philosopher (b. 1462)
 * May 27 – Thomas Müntzer, German pastor and rebel leader (b. 1489) (executed)
 * July 5 – Johann of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Viceroy of Valencia, German noble (b. 1493)
 * July 22 – Richard Wingfield, English diplomat (b. c. 1456)
 * August 4 – Andrea della Robbia, Italian artist (b. 1435)
 * October 24 – Thomas Dacre, 2nd Baron Dacre, Knight of Henry VIII of England (b. 1467)
 * November 17 – Eleanor of Viseu, queen of João II of Portugal (b. 1458)
 * December 30 – Jakob Fugger, German banker (b. 1459)
 * probable
 * Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (b. 1473)
 * Anna Bielke, Swedish noble and commander (b. 1490)

title: 1525


text:
1524

Year 1524 (MDXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 17 – Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, on board La Dauphine in the service of Francis I of France, sets out from Madeira for the New World, to seek out a western sea route to the Pacific Ocean.
 * February 20 – Tecun Uman, the K'iche' Maya ruler of Guatemala's highlands, is killed in a battle near Quetzaltenango between the K'iche' Maya people and the invading Spanish conquistadors led by Pedro Alvarado.
 * March 7 – Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado destroys the Kʼicheʼ kingdom of Qʼumarkaj, taking the capital, Quiché.
 * March 21 – da Verrazzano's expedition makes landfall at Cape Fear at what is later the U.S. state of North Carolina.

April–June

 * April 17 – Verrazzano's expedition makes the first European entry into New York Bay, and sights the island of Manhattan.
 * April 30 – Battle of the Sesia: Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy defeat the French army in Italy, under William de Bonnivet. The French, now commanded by François de St. Pol, withdraw from the Italian Peninsula.
 * May 26 – Atiquipaque, the most important city of the Xinca people, is conquered by the Spanish, resulting in a significant reduction in the Xinca population.
 * June 8 – Battle of Acajutla: Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado defeats a battalion of Pipiles, in the neighborhoods of present day Acajutla, El Salvador.

July–September

 * July 8 – Verrazzano's expedition returns to Dieppe.
 * August 5 – Two days before his coronation in Denmark, Frederick I is elected King of Norway.
 * August 7 – The coronation of Frederick I of Denmark takes place in Copenhagen.
 * August 20 – The French city of Marseille is besieged by Holy Roman Empire forces commanded by the Charles III, Duke of Bourbon and lasts until September 26.
 * August 22 – Protestant theologians Martin Luther and Andreas Karlstadt dispute at Jena.
 * September 1 – By the Treaty of Malmö signed on Sweden withdraws from the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden.
 * September 5 – Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama arrives on the island of Goa to become the new Viceroy of Portuguese India but dies three months later.
 * September 13 – Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, Hernando de Luque and Diego de Almagro all set off on the first of three expeditions to conquer Peru, taking along 80 men and 40 horses, but the venture is halted in Colombia.
 * September 23 – The Bundesbrief is adopted by the members of the Three Leagues of Switzerland (the League of God's House, the League of the Ten Jurisdictions, and the Grey League) as a common constitution.

October–December

 * October 28 – A French army invading Italy, under King Francis, besieges Pavia, months before the Battle of Pavia.
 * November 1 – John Fleming, 2nd Lord Fleming, Lord Chancellor of Scotland since 1517, is assassinated by John Tweedie of Drummelzier (chief of Clan Tweedie) and others.
 * November 15 – The Treaty of Tordesillas is signed between representatives of Honoré I, Lord of Monaco and of King Charles of Spain, and places Monaco under the protection of Spain.
 * December 8 – Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba founds the city of Granada, Nicaragua, the oldest Hispanic city in the mainland America.

Births

 * February 10 – Albrecht Giese, German politician and diplomat (d. 1580)
 * February 17 – Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, French cardinal (d. 1574)
 * May 28 – Selim II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1574)
 * June 12 – Achilles Statius, Portuguese humanist (d. 1581)
 * June 24 – Johann Stössel, German theologian (d. 1576)
 * August 23 – François Hotman, French Protestant lawyer and writer (d. 1590)
 * September 7 – Thomas Erastus, Swiss theologian (d. 1583)
 * September 11 – Pierre de Ronsard, French poet (d. 1585)
 * October 4 – Francisco Vallés, Spanish physician (d. 1592)
 * October 5 – Rani Durgavati, Queen of Gond (d. 1564)
 * October 9 – Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (d. 1586)
 * October 14 – Elizabeth of Denmark, Duchess of Mecklenburg, Danish princess (d. 1586)
 * October 16 – Nicolas, Duke of Mercœur, French Catholic bishop (d. 1577)
 * November 12 – Diego de Landa, Bishop of the Yucatán (d. 1579)
 * date unknown
 * Jan Borukowski, royal secretary of Poland (d. 1584)
 * Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron, French soldier (d. 1592)
 * Jean Pithou, French lawyer and author (d. 1602); and his twin brother, Nicolas Pithou, French lawyer and author (d. 1598)
 * Joseph Nasi, Portuguese Sephardi diplomat and administrator (d. 1579)
 * Thomas Tusser, English poet and farmer (d. 1580)
 * Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (d. 1580)
 * Plautilla Nelli, Italian painter (d. 1588)
 * Wenceslaus III Adam, Duke of Cieszyn (d. 1579)
 * Catherine Carey, cousin of Elizabeth I of England (d. 1569)
 * Guyonne de Laval, French Huguenot magnate (d. 1567)
 * possible
 * Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

Deaths

 * January 5 – Marko Marulić, Croatian poet (b. 1450)
 * January 6 – Amalie of the Palatinate, duchess consort of Pomerania (b. 1490)
 * February 10 – Catherine of Saxony, Archduchess of Austria (b. 1468)
 * February 11 – Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan, daughter of King Alfonso II of Naples (b. 1470)
 * February 20 – Tecun Uman, Kʼicheʼ Mayan ruler (b. c. 1500)
 * March 28
 * Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Württemberg (b. 1451)
 * Ingrid Persdotter, Swedish nun and letter writer
 * April 14 – William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers, English baron (b. 1468)
 * April 30 – Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard, French soldier (b. 1473)
 * May 17 – Francesco Soderini, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1453)
 * May 21 – Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, English soldier and statesman (b. 1443)
 * May 23 – Ismail I, Safavid dynasty Shah of Persia (b. 1487)
 * May 31 – Camilla Battista da Varano, Italian Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1458)
 * June 12 – Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (b. 1465)
 * July 9 – Sibylle of Brandenburg, Duchess of Jülich and Berg (b. 1467)
 * July 20 – Claude of France, queen consort of Francis I of France (b. 1499)
 * August 4 – Helen of the Palatinate, Duchess of Pomerania (b. 1493)
 * August 24 – Sir William Scott, English Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. 1459)
 * September 18 – Charlotte of Valois, French princess (b. 1516)
 * October 5 – Joachim Patinir, Flemish landscape painter (b. c. 1480)
 * October 20 – Thomas Linacre, English humanist and physician (b. 1460)
 * October 26 – Philip II, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1486–1524) (b. 1453)
 * November 12 – Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, Spanish archbishop and courtier (b. 1451)
 * December 24 – Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1469)
 * date unknown
 * Hans Holbein the Elder, German painter (b. 1460)
 * Andrea Solari, Italian painter (b. 1460)
 * Tang Yin, Chinese painter (b. 1470)

title: 1524