text:
1654

January–March

 * January 6 – In India, Jaswant Singh of Marwar (in the modern-day state of Rajasthan) is elevated to the title of Maharaja by Emperor Shah Jahan.
 * January 11 – Arauco War – Battle of Río Bueno in southern Chile: Indigenous Huilliche warriors rout Spanish troops from Fort Nacimiento, who are attempting to cross the Bueno River.
 * January 26 – Portugal recaptures the South American city of Recife from the Netherlands after a siege of more than two years during the Dutch-Portuguese War, bringing an end to Dutch rule of what is now Brazil. The Dutch West India Company has held the city (which they call Mauritsstad) for more than 23 years.
 * February 9 – Spanish troops led by Don Gabriel de Rojas y Figueroa succeed in the capture of Fort Rocher, a pirate-controlled base on the Caribbean island of Tortuga.
 * February 10 – The Battle of Tullich takes place in Aberdeenshire in Scotland during Glencairn's rising, a revolt by Scottish royalists against the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland led by Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. The battle is indecisive.
 * March 13 – The Treaty of Pereyaslav is concluded in the city of Pereyaslav during a meeting between the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host and Tsar Alexey I of Russia following the end to the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, which started in 1648 and has resulted in the massacre of many thousands of Jews.

April–June

 * April 5 – The Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War, is signed.
 * April 11 – A commercial treaty between England and Sweden is signed.
 * April 12 – Oliver Cromwell creates a union between England and Scotland, with Scottish representation in the Parliament of England.
 * May 5 – Cromwell's Act of Grace, officially the Act of Pardon and Grace to the People of Scotland, is proclaimed at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh.
 * May 8 – Otto von Guericke demonstrates the power of atmospheric pressure and the effectiveness of his vacuum pump, using the Magdeburg hemispheres, before Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Imperial Diet in Regensburg.
 * June 3 – Louis XIV of France is crowned at Reims.
 * June 16 (June 6 Old Style) – Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.

July–September

 * July 5 – The Russian Army camps outside Smolensk and the Thirteen Years' War starts between Russia and Poland over Ukraine.
 * July 10
 * Peter Vowell and John Gerard are executed in London for plotting to assassinate Oliver Cromwell.
 * Don Pantaleon, brother of the Portuguese ambassador to England, is executed after the death of an innocent man following a fracas at the exchange in Exeter.
 * August 12 – The Battle of Shklow, one of the first clashes of the Russo-Polish War, takes place at the modern-day Belarusan town of Škłoŭ during a total eclipse of the Sun visible over Eastern Europe. The Russian troops retreat.
 * August 18 – Oliver Cromwell launches the Western Design with the appointment of Admiral William Penn to prepare for a fleet to leave on Christmas Day for an English expedition to the Caribbean to counter Spanish commercial interests, effectively beginning the Anglo-Spanish War (which will last until after the English Restoration in 1660). The fleet leaves Portsmouth in late December.
 * August 22 – Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam: 23 Sephardic Jews arrive as refugees from Brazil and settle in New Amsterdam, forming the nucleus of what will be the second largest urban Jewish community in history, that of New York City, and of Congregation Shearith Israel, the first synagogue in North America.
 * August 25 – Russia routs the Polish Army in the Battle of Shepeleviche.
 * September 3 – In England, the First Protectorate Parliament assembles.
 * September 12 – Oliver Cromwell orders the exclusion of 120 members of Parliament who are hostile to him.
 * September 23 – Smolensk falls to the Russian Army after almost three months.

October –December

 * October 12 – The Delft Explosion, in the arsenal, devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100, among whom is Carel Fabritius (32), the most promising student of Rembrandt.
 * October 31 – Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, is crowned. His absolutist style of leadership becomes a benchmark for the rest of Germany.
 * November 23 – French mathematician, scientist and religious philosopher Blaise Pascal experiences an intense mystical vision that marks him for life.
 * December 11 – Sir William Petty wins the contract from the Commonwealth of England to make a survey of Ireland.
 * December 14 – Jerónimo de Ataíde, Count of Atouguia, becomes Portugal's new Governor-General of Brazil, succeeding João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa.
 * December 25 – An English Navy fleet of 17 warships and 20 transports, carrying 325 cannons, 1,145 seamen, and 1,830 troops, under the command of Admiral William Penn departs from Portsmouth to begin Oliver Cromwell's planned surprise attack on Spain's colonies in the New World.

Births

 * January 5 – Henry Poley, English politician (d. 1707)
 * January 10 – Joshua Barnes, English scholar (d. 1712)
 * January 10 – Giovanni Maria Gabrielli, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1711)
 * January 20 – Michiel de Swaen, Flemish poet (d. 1707)
 * January 22 – Richard Blackmore, English physician and writer (d. 1729)
 * February 3 – Pietro Antonio Fiocco, Italian composer (d. 1714)
 * February 12 – Dorothea Maria of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, German princess (d. 1682)
 * February 15 – Tsarevich Alexei Alexeyevich of Russia, son and heir of Tsar Alexis of Russia (d. 1670)
 * February 22 – Elizabeth Monck, Duchess of Albemarle (d. 1734)
 * March 6 – Andreas Acoluthus, German scholar (d. 1704)
 * March 9 – Robert Leke, 3rd Earl of Scarsdale, English earl, politician (d. 1707)
 * March 10 – Giuseppe Bartolomeo Chiari, Italian painter (d. 1727)
 * March 12 – Charles Egerton (MP for Brackley), English politician (d. 1717)
 * March 12 – Giuseppe Passeri, Italian painter (d. 1714)
 * March 12 – Jan Hoogsaat, Dutch painter (d. 1730)
 * March 12 – Frederick Augustus, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt (d. 1716)
 * March 16 – Andreas Acoluthus, German orientalist (d. 1704)
 * March 28 – Sophie Amalie Moth, royal mistress of King Christian V of Denmark (d. 1719)
 * March 28 – Joan de Cabanas, Occitan language writer (d. 1711)
 * March 31 – Lorenzo Cozza, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1729)
 * April 8 – Peder Krog, Lutheran bishop (d. 1731)
 * April 20 – John Backwell, English politician (d. 1708)
 * April 27 – Charles Blount (deist), English deist and philosopher (d. 1693)
 * April 30 – Robert Digby, 3rd Baron Digby, English peer and Member of Parliament (d. 1677)
 * May 4 – Kangxi Emperor of Qing China (d. 1722)
 * May 13 – Thomas Lennard, 1st Earl of Sussex, English cricketer (d. 1715)
 * May 23 – Nicodemus Tessin the Younger, Swedish architect (d. 1728)
 * May 28 – Thomas Handcock, Irish politician (d. 1726)
 * June 4 – Jean-François Gerbillon, French Jesuit missionary active in China (d. 1707)
 * June 23 – Grzegorz Antoni Ogiński, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. 1709)
 * June 23 – Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow, English politician (d. 1717)
 * June 23 – Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst (d. 1724)
 * June 24 – Thomas Fuller (writer), British physician (d. 1734)
 * June 30 – Thomas Rice (1654), Massachusetts legislator (d. 1747)
 * July 1 – Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme, French military commander (d. 1712)
 * July 7 – Aoyama Tadashige, Japanese daimyō (d. 1722)
 * July 9 – Emperor Reigen of Japan (d. 1732)
 * July 24 – Henry Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chirbury, English politician (d. 1709)
 * July 25 – Agostino Steffani, Italian ecclesiastic, diplomat and composer (d. 1728)
 * August 3 – Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1730)
 * August 4 – Thomas Brodrick (1654–1730), Irish politician (d. 1730)
 * August 10 – Bernard Nieuwentyt, Dutch mathematician and philosopher (d. 1718)
 * August 15 – John Joseph of the Cross, Italian saint (d. 1739)
 * August 23 – Anthony Morris (I), American politician (d. 1721)
 * September 7 – François Pagi, French Franciscan historian of the Catholic Church (d. 1721)
 * September 11 – William Handcock (1654–1701), Irish politician (d. 1701)
 * September 16 – Philippe Avril, French Jesuit explorer (d. 1698)
 * October 6 – Johan Peringskiöld, Swedish antiquarian (d. 1720)
 * October 18 – John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1686)
 * October 23 – Johann Bernhard Staudt, Austrian composer (d. 1712)
 * October 26 – Giovanni Maria Lancisi, Italian physician (d. 1720)
 * November 5 – Christian Liebe, German composer (d. 1708)
 * November 7 – Sir John Delaval, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1729)
 * November 9 – Christoph Weigel the Elder, German engraver (d. 1725)
 * November 23 – George Watson (accountant), a Scottish accountant and the founder of George Watson's College in Edinburgh (d. 1723)
 * November 23 – Jan van Kessel the Younger, Flemish painter in Spain (d. 1708)
 * November 27 – Friedrich von Canitz, German poet and diplomat (d. 1699)
 * December 1 – John Hartstonge, Irish bishop (d. 1717)
 * December 10 – Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole, Italian painter (d. 1719)
 * December 13 – Robert Livingston the Elder, New York colonial official (d. 1728)
 * December 15 – Johann Theodor Jablonski, German lexicographer (d. 1731)
 * December 22 – Edmond Martène, French Benedictine historian and liturgist (d. 1739)
 * December 30 – Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria, youngest surviving daughter of Ferdinand III (d. 1689)
 * probable – Eleanor Glanville, English entomologist (died 1709)

Deaths

 * January 10 – Nicholas Culpeper, English botanist (b. 1616)
 * January 17 – Paulus Potter, Dutch painter (b. 1625)
 * February 6 – Francesco Mochi, Italian early-Baroque sculptor (b. 1580)
 * February 8 – Luca Ferrari, Italian painter (b. 1605)
 * February 18 – Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, French writer (b. 1594)
 * March 7 – Ernest Gottlieb, Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau (b. 1620)
 * March 14 – Jan van Balen, Flemish painter (b. 1611)
 * March 15 – Jean Guiton, French Huguenot ship owner (b. 1585)
 * March 19 – Matsudaira Norinaga, Japanese daimyō (b. 1600)
 * March 22 – Théodore de Mayerne, Swiss physician (b. 1573)
 * March 24 – Samuel Scheidt, German composer (b. 1587)
 * March 30 – Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł, Polish noble (b. 1594)
 * April 5 – Jacobus Trigland, Dutch theologian (b. 1583)
 * May 18 – Muhammad Qadiri, Punjabi founder of the Naushahia branch of the Qadri Order (b. 1552)
 * May 21 – Elizabeth Poole, English settler in Plymouth Colony (b. 1588)
 * May 31 – Hippolytus Guarinonius, Italian physician and polymath (b. 1571)
 * June 10 – Alessandro Algardi, Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1598)
 * June 14 – Dániel Esterházy, Hungarian noble (b. 1585)
 * June 27 – Johannes Valentinus Andreae, German theologian (b. 1586)
 * July 9 – Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans (b. 1633)
 * July 23 – Orazio Grassi, Italian Jesuit priest, architect and scientist (b. 1583)
 * August 12 – Cornelius Haga, Dutch diplomat (b. 1578)
 * August 19 – Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller, Bohemian rabbi and liturgical poet (b. 1579)
 * August 28 – Axel Oxenstierna, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden since 1612 (b. 1583)
 * August 29 – Wouter van Twiller, Director-General of New Netherland from 1633 until 1638 (b. 1606)
 * August 31 – Ole Worm, Danish physician and antiquary (b. 1588)
 * September 6 – Christian I, Count Palatine of Birkenfeld-Bischweiler (1600–1654) (b. 1598)
 * September 8 – Peter Claver, Spanish Jesuit priest (b. 1580)
 * September 27 – Louis, Duke of Joyeuse, younger son of Charles (b. 1622)
 * September 29 – George John II, Count Palatine of Lützelstein-Guttenberg (b. 1586)
 * October 12 – Carel Fabritius, Dutch artist (b. 1622)
 * October 16 – Hercule, Duke of Montbazon (b. 1568)
 * October 20 – Sir Thomas Jervoise, English politician (b. 1587)
 * October 30 – Emperor Go-Kōmyō of Japan (b. 1633)
 * November 27 – Pieter Meulener, Flemish Baroque painter (b. 1602)
 * November 26 – Giambattista Altieri, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1589)
 * November 30
 * John Selden, English jurist (b. 1584)
 * William Habington, English poet (b. 1605)
 * December 1 – Jakov Mikalja, Italian linguist and lexicographer (b. 1601)
 * December 4 – Sir Christopher Yelverton, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1602)
 * December 5 – Jean François Sarrazin, French writer (b. c. 1611)
 * date unknown – Elizabeth Isham, English diarist (b. 1609)

title: 1654


text:
2011

The year marked the start of a series of protests and revolutions throughout the Arab world advocating for democracy, reform, and economic recovery, later leading to the depositions of world leaders in Tunisia, Egypt, and Yemen, and in some cases sparking civil wars such as the Syrian civil war and the first Libyan civil war, the former still ongoing while the latter gave way to the second Libyan civil war.

U.S. Navy SEALs killed Al-Qaeda leader and terrorist Osama bin Laden in his compound in Pakistan on May 2. The Curiosity rover, which was to land on Mars in August of the following year, launched from Cape Canaveral on November 26. In December, North Korean leader Kim Jong Il, who had been the supreme leader of North Korea since the death of his father Kim Il Sung in 1994, died while traveling by train to a place outside Pyongyang. He was succeeded by his son Kim Jong Un.

2011 was designated as:
 * International Year of Forests
 * International Year of Chemistry
 * International Year for People of African Descent

In 2011, the nation of Samoa only had 364 days as it moved across the International Date Line skipping December 30, 2011; it is now 24 hours ahead of American Samoa.

January

 * January 1
 * Estonia officially adopts the Euro currency and becomes the 17th Eurozone country.
 * A bomb explodes as Coptic Christians in Alexandria, Egypt leave a new year service, killing 23 people.
 * Flight 348 with 134 occupants, operated by Kolavia, catches fire while taxiing out for take-off. Three people are killed and 43 were injured, four critically, from smoke inhalation or burns.
 * A Little Love song by Fiona Fung finally releases to public in the Philippines.
 * January 4 – Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi dies after setting himself on fire a month earlier, sparking anti-government protests in Tunisia and later other Arab nations. These protests become known collectively as the Arab Spring.
 * January 5 – Internet vigilante group Anonymous launches DoS attacks on Syrian, Tunisian, Bahraini, Egyptian, Libyan, and Jordanian government websites in response to the Arab Spring protests.
 * January 9 – Iran Air Flight 277 crashes near Orumiyeh in the northeast of the country, killing 78 people.
 * January 14 – The Tunisian government falls after a month of increasingly violent protests; President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia after 23 years in power.
 * January 15 – The result of the South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011 is in favour of independence, paving the way for the creation of the new state in July.
 * January 24 – 37 people are killed and more than 180 others wounded in a bombing at Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow, Russia.
 * January 25 – The 2011 Egyptian revolution begins.
 * January 27 – Within Ursa Minor, H1504+65, a white dwarf with the hottest known surface temperature in the universe at 200,000 K, was documented.
 * January 28 – Friday of anger (Egyptian revolution of 2011). Protestors clash with security forces which resulted in over 600 protestors estimated dead and several police stations were raided.

February

 * February 11 – Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak resigns after widespread protests calling for his departure, leaving control of Egypt in the hands of the military until a general election can be held.
 * February 15 – The First Libyan Civil War starts.
 * February 19–April 2 – The 2011 Cricket World Cup is held in India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka with India defeating Sri Lanka in the final.
 * February 22–March 14 – Uncertainty over Libyan oil output causes crude oil prices to rise 20% over a two-week period following the Arab Spring, causing the 2011 energy crisis.
 * February 22 – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes Christchurch, in what became New Zealand's third-deadliest natural disaster. Over 180 people were killed, many within the CTV Building. Many foreign search and rescue workers responded to the event.

March

 * March 6 – Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War is triggered when 15 youths in Daraa are arrested for scrawling graffiti on their school wall denouncing the regime of President Bashar al-Assad.
 * March 11 – A 9.1-magnitude earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit the east of Japan, killing 19,759 and leaving another 2,553 missing. Tsunami warnings are issued in 50 countries and territories. Emergencies are declared at four nuclear power plants affected by the quake. As a result of the March 11 earthquake and tsunami, multiple plants at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant were damaged, several workers injured, and contaminants were released into the environment.
 * March 15
 * Egypt’s Ministry of Interior dissolves the widely feared and hated State Security Investigations Service accused of human rights abuses and its headquarters stormed by protestors
 * Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain, declares a three-month state of emergency as troops from the Gulf Co-operation Council are sent to quell the civil unrest.
 * Protests breakout across Syria demanding democratic reforms, resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, and release of those imprisoned for the March 6 Daraa protest. The government responds by killing hundreds of protesters and laying siege to various cities, beginning the Syrian Civil War.
 * March 17 – The United Nations Security Council votes 10–0 to create a no-fly zone over Libya in response to allegations of government aggression against civilians.
 * March 19 – In light of continuing attacks on Libyan rebels by forces in support of leader Muammar Gaddafi, military intervention authorized under UNSCR 1973 begins as French fighter jets make reconnaissance flights over Libya.

April

 * April 2 – India wins the 2011 Cricket World Cup.
 * April 7 – The Israel Defense Forces use their Iron Dome missile system to successfully intercept a BM-21 Grad launched from Gaza, marking the first short-range missile intercept ever.
 * April 11 – Former Ivorian President Laurent Gbagbo is arrested in his home in Abidjan by supporters of elected President Alassane Ouattara, with support from French forces; this effectively ends the 2010–11 Ivorian crisis and civil war.
 * April 15 – The Mexican town of Cherán is taken over by vigilantes in response to abuses from the local drug cartel. The new government is strongly focused on crime reduction and preserving the local environment.
 * April 17 – The 2011 PlayStation Network outage begins, becoming one of the largest data breaches ever recorded, and exposing personal data from 77 million accounts on the platform. The outage lasted 23 days.
 * April 24 – The 2011 Guantanamo Bay files leak occurs, WikiLeaks and other organisations publishing 779 classified documents about Guantanamo Bay detainees, and it had been exposed 150 innocent citizens from Afghanistan and Pakistan were held in the camp without trial and detainees being as young as 14 years old.
 * April 25–28 – The 2011 Super Outbreak forms in the Southern, Midwest and Eastern United States with a tornado count of 362; killing 324 and injuring over 2,200.
 * April 29 – An estimated two billion people watch the wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey in London.

May

 * May 1 – U.S. President Barack Obama announces that Osama bin Laden, the founder and leader of the militant group Al-Qaeda, was killed on May 2, 2011 (PKT, UTC+05) during an American military operation in Pakistan.
 * May 5 – In Brazil, the Supreme Federal Court approves same-sex marriage.
 * May 10–14 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2011 takes place in Düsseldorf, Germany, and is won by Azeri entrants Ell & Nikki with the song "Running Scared".
 * May 11 – A 5.1 earthquake strikes southern Spain, killing 9 and injuring over 400.
 * May 16 – The European Union agrees to a €78 billion rescue deal for Portugal. The bailout loan will be equally split between the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism, the European Financial Stability Facility, and the International Monetary Fund.
 * May 21 – Grímsvötn, Iceland's most active volcano, erupts and causes disruption to air travel in Northwestern Europe.
 * May 22 – The 2011 Joplin tornado, an EF5 tornado, strikes Joplin, Missouri, killing 158 and injuring 1,150.
 * May 26 – Former Bosnian Serb Army commander Ratko Mladić, wanted for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, is arrested in Serbia.

June

 * June 4 – Chile's Puyehue volcano erupts, causing air traffic cancellations across South America, New Zealand and Australia, and forcing over 3,000 people to evacuate.
 * June 15 – A riot broke out in Vancouver, British Columbia in the aftermath of the Boston Bruins' win over the Vancouver Canucks in game seven of the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals
 * June 26–July 17 – The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup takes place in Germany and is won by Japan.
 * June 28 – The Food and Agriculture Organization announces the eradication of the cattle plague rinderpest from the world.

July

 * July 6 – The International Olympic Committee awards PyeongChang the right to host the 2018 Winter Olympics.
 * July 9 – South Sudan secedes from Sudan, per the result of the independence referendum held in January.
 * July 12 – The planet Neptune completes its first orbit since it was discovered in 1846.
 * July 14 – South Sudan joins the United Nations as the 193rd member.
 * July 14–23 – Two frontal systems enter south-central Chile causing great snowfalls that leaves thousand of people isolated.
 * July 20
 * Goran Hadžić is detained in Serbia, becoming the last of 161 people indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
 * The United Nations declares a famine in southern Somalia, the first in over 30 years.
 * Mauno Koivisto becomes the oldest living President of Finland in the history of the nation, surpassing Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg.
 * July 21 – Space Shuttle Atlantis lands successfully at Kennedy Space Center after completing STS-135, concluding NASA's Space Shuttle program.
 * July 22 – In Norway, Anders Behring Breivik kills 8 people in a bomb blast which targeted government buildings in central Oslo, then kills 69 at a massacre at a Workers' Youth League camp on the island of Utøya.
 * July 23 – In London, singer Amy Winehouse dies at age 27 due to alcohol poisoning.
 * July 31 – In Thailand over 12.8 million people are affected by severe flooding. The World Bank estimates damages at 1,440 billion baht (US$45 billion). Some areas are still six feet under water, and many factory areas remain closed at the end of the year. 815 people are killed, with 58 of the country's 77 provinces affected.

August

 * August – Stock exchanges worldwide suffer heavy losses due to the fears of contagion of the European sovereign debt crisis and the credit rating downgraded as a result of the debt-ceiling crisis of the United States.
 * August 5
 * NASA announces that its Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has captured photographic evidence of possible liquid water on Mars during warm seasons.
 * Juno, the first solar-powered spacecraft on a mission to Jupiter, is launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.
 * August 20–28 – Libyan rebels take control of the capital Tripoli, effectively overthrowing the government of Muammar Gaddafi.

September

 * September 5 – India and Bangladesh sign a pact to end their 40-year border demarcation dispute.
 * September 9–October 23 – The 2011 Rugby World Cup is held in and won by New Zealand.
 * September 10 – The MV Spice Islander I, carrying at least 800 people, sinks off the coast of Zanzibar, killing 240 people.
 * September 12 – Approximately 100 people die after a petrol pipeline explodes in Nairobi.
 * September 17 – Occupy Wall Street protests begin in the United States. This develops into the Occupy movement which spreads to 82 countries by October.
 * September 19 – With 436 dead, the United Nations launches a $357 million appeal for victims of the 2011 Sindh floods in Pakistan.

October

 * October 4 – The death toll from the flooding of Cambodia's Mekong river and attendant flash floods reaches 207.
 * October 18
 * Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange: Israel and the Palestinian militant organization Hamas begin a major prisoner exchange, in which the captured Israeli Army soldier Gilad Shalit is released by Hamas in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian and Israeli-Arab prisoners held in Israel, including 280 prisoners serving life sentences for planning and perpetrating terror attacks.
 * Dozens of exotic animals were released from their enclosures at the Muskingum County Animal Farm in Zanesville, Ohio resulting in the need of local law enforcement to hunt and kill 48 animals including 18 tigers, 6 black bears, 2 grizzly bears, 2 wolves, 1 macaque monkey, 1 baboon, 3 mountain lions and 17 African lions.
 * October 20
 * Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi is killed in Sirte, with National Transitional Council forces taking control of the city and ending the war.
 * Basque separatist militant organisation ETA declares an end to its 43-year campaign of political violence, which has killed over 800 people since 1968.
 * October 23 – A magnitude 7.2 Mw earthquake jolts eastern Turkey near the city of Van, killing over 600 people and damaging about 2,200 buildings.
 * October 27 – After an emergency meeting in Brussels, the European Union announces an agreement to tackle the European sovereign debt crisis which includes a writedown of 50% of Greek bonds, a recapitalisation of European banks and an increase of the bailout fund of the European Financial Stability Facility totaling to €1 trillion.
 * October 29
 * A large snowstorm produced unusual amounts of early snowfall across the northeastern United States and the Canadian Maritimes, leaving 1.7 million people without power and disrupting travel.
 * Michael D. Higgins is elected President of Ireland.
 * October 31
 * Date selected by the UN as the symbolic date when global population reached seven billion.
 * UNESCO admits Palestine as a member, following a vote which 107 member states support and 14 oppose.

November

 * November 18 – Mojang Studios releases the blockbuster video game Minecraft, which has since become the best-selling video game of all time.
 * November 26 – The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity, is launched from the Kennedy Space Center. It lands on Mars on August 6, 2012.
 * November 30 – The United Kingdom severs diplomatic relations with Iran and expels diplomats, less than 24 hours after protesters attacked the British embassy in Tehran.

December

 * December 15 – The United States formally declares an end to the Iraq War. While this ends the insurgency, it begins another.
 * December 16 – Tropical Storm Washi causes 1,268 flash flood fatalities in the Philippines, with 85 people officially listed as missing.
 * December 17 – North Korean leader Kim Jong-il dies of either a heart attack or stroke on his way to a field guidance.
 * December 19 – Liechtenstein becomes the 26th member state of the Schengen Area.
 * December 22 – Crime fiction author Ricki Thomas' novel Unlikely Killer is number 29 in The top 50 e-book bestsellers of the year.
 * December 29 – Samoa and Tokelau move from east to west of the International Date Line, thereby skipping December 30, in order to align their time zones better with their main trading partners.

Full date unknown

 * Bahrain-based Takaud Savings and Pensions B.S.C. provider is founded.

Nobel Prizes

 * Chemistry – Dan Shechtman
 * Economics – Christopher A. Sims and Thomas J. Sargent
 * Literature – Tomas Tranströmer
 * Peace – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Leymah Gbowee and Tawakkol Karman
 * Physics – Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess, and Brian Schmidt
 * Physiology or Medicine – Bruce Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann, and Ralph M. Steinman

New English words

 * blockchain

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2011


text:
1523

Year 1523 (MDXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

January–March

 * January 20 – Christian II is forced to abdicate as King of Denmark and Norway after the nobles of the herredag at Viborg have renounced their allegiance in favor of his uncle, Frederick, Duke of Holstein. Christian is exiled to the Netherlands in April.
 * February 15 – Construction of Fort Kastela by Portuguese invaders, on what is now the island of Ternate in Indonesia, is completed as Portugal claims the Spice Islands (now the Maluku Islands).
 * February 25 – Battle of al-Shihr on the Arabian Peninsula (in what is now Yemen): Troops from Portugal fight against the Kathiri Sultanate, ruled by the Emir Mutran bin Mansur. After a battle of one day, the Portuguese sack the capital, Al-Shihr, and establish a port on the Indian Ocean.
 * February 27 – Captain Antón Mayor formally claims for Spain what is now Nicaragua, after he arrives with Andrés Niño and other Spanish troops on the Central American coast at El Realejo.
 * March 8 – In Spain's Kingdom of Valencia, a rebellion by the Brotherhoods of Mallorca is suppressed after two years, as the rebels surrender their capital, Palma de Mallorca, to Spanish and German troops.
 * March 26 – Frederick I is provisionally declared as King of Denmark by Danish nobles at Viborg, although loyalists at Copenhagen refuse to recognize his claim to the throne. Christian II, 1481-1559, regent 1513-1523.

April–June

 * April 4 – Under a plan organized by Sister Katharina von Bora and Protestant reformer Martin Luther, fish merchant Leonhard Köppe helps carry out the rescue of Von Bora and other Cistercian Catholic nuns from the Nimbschen Abbey in Germany near Grimma and Leipzig. On the day before Easter, Köppe arrives at the convent under the pretext of bringing delivering herring and other foods to the Abbey, then uses empty barrels to smuggle the nuns to Wittenberg. Von Bora will later become Luther's wife.
 * April 12 – The Spanish conquest of Nicaragua continues as Gil González Dávila and 17 other soldiers arrive at Lake Nicaragua and claim it for the Spanish crown, calling the freshwater source the Mar Dulce. Gonzalez and 100 men with him have been welcomed by Macuilmiquiztli Nicarao, leader of the friendly Nicarao people, to explore the area.
 * April 14 – Mirza Shah Hossein, Grand Vizier of Persia since 1514, is assassinated in Qazvin (now in Iran) by Shia nobles of the Qizilbash sect, and replaced by Jalal al-Din Mohammad Tabrizi.
 * April 15 – Sir Thomas More, noted for being a Catholic social philosopher and author of the 1516 novel Utopia, is appointed by King Henry VIII as the Speaker of the English House of Commons for the first parliamentary session since 1515. He serves until the Parliament adjourns on August 15.
 * April 17 – In Nicaragua, Diriangén, ruler of the Chorotega speakers, stages an attack on the Spanish invaders led by González Dávila. Having been warned by one of the Nicarao natives of the intended surprise attack, Spanish defenders on horses rout the Chorotega, but several of the Spaniards are wounded. The Spanish then decide to proceed no further inland.
 * April 23 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, brings the Spanish Inquisition to the Netherlands with the appointment of Frans Van der Hulst as the inquisitor general of the Seventeen Provinces, which will later become parts of the Belgium, France, Luxembourg and the southern Netherlands.
 * April 24 – The Diet of Hungary, parliament for the Kingdom of Hungary under King Lajos II, passes a decree ordering the confiscation of property and execution of all followers of Martin Luther within the Kingdom.
 * May 6 – In the Rhineland in Germany, the Knights' War, led by Franz von Sickingen since August 27, is finally put down at Landstuhl by troops of the Holy Roman Empire as the Nanstein Castle falls. Sickingen, mortally wounded in the final battle, dies of his wounds the next day.
 * May 5 – An assassination attempt is made against King Sigismund of Poland, who is shot at while walking outside his residence at Wawel Castle overlooking Kraków.
 * May 20 – Andrea Gritti is elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Venice, 13 days after the death of Antonio Grimani.
 * May 27 – Swedish War of Liberation: The city of Kalmar in Sweden, occupied by troops of Denmark, falls to a Swedish Army force led by Arvid Västgöte after the city's magistrates agree to leave the northern gate of the city open. Kalmar Castle surrenders on June 4. With the fall of Kalmar, only Stockholm remains as a site of the Danish occupation.
 * May 31 – Following the Battle of Sincouwaan at sea between the ships of the Chinese Empire and the Kingdom of Portugal, the Malay ambassador to China reluctantly departs from Guangzhou to present letters to the Portuguese governors of the occupied Malacca Sultanate, demanding the restoration of the deposed Sultan. Though fearing execution by the Portuguese, the messengers are allowed to leave. They return in September with a plea for help from the Malay Sultan, whose territory is under attack from the Europeans.
 * May – The Ningbo Incident: Two rival trade delegations from Japan feud in the Chinese city of Ningbo, resulting in the pillage and plunder of the city.
 * June 3 – Santhome Church is established by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle at Madras (now Chennai) in India.
 * June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, finally establishing the full independence of Sweden from Denmark, which marks the end of the Kalmar Union. This event is also traditionally considered to be the establishment of the modern Swedish nation.
 * June 10 – Frederick begins the 8-day siege of Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark. The city surrenders on 6 January 1524.
 * June 12–July 19 – Franconian War: The Swabian League destroys 23 robber baron castles.
 * June 17 – Swedish War of Liberation: The surrender of Stockholm by Denmark is accepted by Sweden's King Gustav Vasa. In return, the city's defenders are allowed safe passage out of Sweden. King Gustav then makes his triumphant entry to the city on June 24.
 * June 23 – The Spanish expedition into Nicaragua ends as the Europeans arrive back in Panama in canoes, having been forced to abandon their ships.
 * June 27 – Pargali Ibrahim Pasha is appointed as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire by Suleiman the Magnificent. He will serve as the Ottoman administrator for almost 13 years until his sudden arrest and execution in 1536.

July–September

 * July 1 – Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos become the first Lutheran martyrs, burned at the stake in Brussels at the Grote Markt. In response to the executions, Martin Luther composed a hymn called "A New Song Be By Us Begun".
 * July 7 – Wijerd Jelckama, a Frisian warlord and military commander, is executed in Leeuwarden, ending the Frisian rebellion fought by the Arumer Black Heap.
 * July 25 – In what is now Mexico, the conquistador Gonzalo de Sandoval founds the city of Colima.
 * July 29 – The Republic of Venice and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Treaty of Worms to remove Venice from the Italian War that has gone for two years.
 * c. July – Martin Luther's translation of the Pentateuch into German (Das allte Testament Deutsch) is published by Melchior Lotter Jr. in Wittenberg.
 * August 22 – Lucien Grimaldi, Lord of Monaco, is assassinated by his nephew at the Prince's Palace. Bartolomeo Doria di Dolceaqua, the son of Lucien's sister Francesca, kills his uncle and then has his men drag the monarch's body down the palace stairs in front of a horrified crowd, who drive the Doria family out of the small principality. Lucien had become the ruler in 1505 after stabbing to death his brother, Jean II. Lucien's heir is his 8-month-old son, Honoré; Lucien's brother Augustine Grimaldi becomes the regent during Honoré's minority.
 * September 14 – Pope Adrian VI, the last Dutch person to serve as head of the Roman Catholic Church, dies at age 64 after a reign of 21 months. For the next 455 years, all Popes elected will be Italian cardinals until the election of Karol Wojtyla of Poland in 1978 as Pope John Paul II.
 * September 22 – Spanish conquest of Nicaragua: An agreement is made for an expedition by conquistadores into Nicaragua organized by Pedrarias Dávila.
 * September 23 – After receiving word from Malaya that Portuguese forces were attacking the Sultanate of Patani and the Malacca Sultanate on the Malaysian peninsula, the China's Emperor Zhengde orders extermination of all persons from Portugal, 23 envoys from Portugal are executed and mutilated.

October–December

 * October 1 – A conclave of 32 cardinals begins deliberations in Rome to elect a successor to the late Pope Adrian VI. Three other cardinals arrive on October 6 and balloting begins for a new Pope. Niccolò Fieschi and Bernardino López de Carvajal y Sande fail to receive the necessary majority in initial balloting, and Gianmaria del Monte comes within one vote (26 votes) of being elected. Voting continues for seven weeks before Cardinal Giulio de Medici wins 27 votes.
 * October 27 – Hürrem Pasha, the Ottoman Empire's Governor-General of the Damascus Eyalet (which includes parts of what will become Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine) begins a punitive expedition through Lebanon against the Druze of Chouf. During the first campaign, Hürrem's troops burn 43 villages and kill at least 400 Druze.
 * November 19 – Following the September 14 death of Pope Adrian VI, Cardinal Giulio de' Medici is elected 219th pope as Clement VII. The election of Cardinal Medici begins an unbroken reign of 44 consecutive Italian Popes over the next 455 years.
 * November 26 – At Santa Maria in Via Lata, Cardinal Marco Cornaro carries out the coronation of Pope Clement at the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata in Rome.
 * December 6 – Setting off from the Mexican Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan with an army of 550 Spanish soldiers and 120 horses, Pedro de Alvarado y Contreras begins the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.

Date unknown

 * The Ming dynasty Chinese navy captures two Western ships with Portuguese breech–loading culverins aboard, which the Chinese call a fo–lang–ji (Frankish culverin). According to the Ming Shi, these cannons are soon presented to the Jiajing Emperor by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in 1529.
 * In northern Italy, a French army under Guillaume Gouffier tries to recover Milan but fails due to an offensive by Spanish, Imperial and English troops and they retreat in mid-November.

Births

 * January 29 – Enea Vico, Italian engraver (d. 1567)
 * February 1 – Francesco Abbondio Castiglioni, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1568)
 * February 13 – Valentin Naboth, German astronomer and mathematician (d. 1593)
 * February 20 – Jan Blahoslav, Czech writer (d. 1571)
 * March 14 – Helena Magenbuch, German pharmacist (d. 1597)
 * March 17 – Giovanni Francesco Commendone, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1584)
 * March 21 – Kaspar Eberhard, German theologian (d. 1575)
 * April 5 – Blaise de Vigenère, French diplomat and cryptographer (d. 1596)
 * April 21 – Marco Antonio Bragadin, Venetian lawyer and military officer (d. 1571)
 * June 5 – Margaret of France, Duchess of Berry (d. 1574)
 * July 4 – Pier Francesco Orsini, Italian condottiero and art patron (d. 1583)
 * July 18 – Duke George II of Brieg (1547–1586) (d. 1586)
 * September 21 – Sancho d'Avila, Spanish general (d. 1583)
 * September 22 – Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon, French church leader and pretender to the throne (d. 1590)
 * October 10 – Ludwig Rabus, German martyrologist (d. 1592)
 * October 11 – Eleonore of Fürstenberg, wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1544)
 * October 18 – Anna Jagiellon, daughter of Sigismund I of Poland (d. 1596)
 * date unknown
 * Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist and physician (d. 1562)
 * Gaspara Stampa, Italian poet (d. 1554)
 * probable
 * Crispin van den Broeck, Flemish painter (d. 1591)
 * Francisco Foreiro, Portuguese Dominican theologian and biblist (b. in 1522 or 1523; d. 1581)
 * possible – Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; executed 1542)

Deaths

 * January 17 – Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg, German landgravine (b. 1466)
 * February 4 – Thomas Ruthall, English chancellor of the University of Cambridge
 * March 28 – Louis I, Count of Löwenstein, founder of the House of Löwenstein-Wertheim (b. 1463)
 * April 6 – Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English nobleman (b. 1479)
 * May 7
 * Antonio Grimani, Italian admiral and Doge of Venice (b. 1434)
 * Franz von Sickingen, German knight (b. 1481)
 * May 23 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shōgun (b. 1466)
 * May 24 – Henry Marney, 1st Baron Marney, English politician (b. 1447)
 * July 1 – Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos, Flemish Lutheran martyrs
 * July 7 – Wijerd Jelckama, Frisian rebel and warlord (b. 1490)
 * August 13 – Gerard David, Flemish artist (b. c. 1455)
 * August 27 – Domenico Grimani, Italian nobleman (b. 1461)
 * August 29 – Ulrich von Hutten, Lutheran reformer (b. 1488)
 * September 14 – Pope Adrian VI (b. 1459)
 * October 2 – Alessandro Alessandri, Italian jurist (b. 1461)
 * October 5 – Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (b. 1454)
 * October 11 – Bartolomeo Montagna, Italian painter (b. 1450)
 * October – William Cornysh, English composer (b. 1465)
 * November 10 – Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief, Scottish clan chief (b. 1465)
 * date unknown – Pietro Perugino, Italian painter (b. 1446)

title: 1523


text:
1528

Year 1528 (MDXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, there is also a Leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

January–March

 * January 12 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned king of Sweden, having already reigned since his election in June 1523.
 * January 26 – The Canton of Bern becomes the second in Switzerland to officially adopt Protestantism after 21-day debate, the Bern Disputation
 * February 16 – Poland's King Stanisław II Augustus establishes the zloty as the Kingdom's official currency as part of an extensive monetary reform.
 * February 29 – John Zápolya, ruler of the remaining eastern portion of Hungary after its the acquisition of the western section by the Habsburg Austrians, joins in an alliance with the Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Turks, receiving protection and autonomy in return for allowing Turkish occupation of his Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.
 * February
 * Peasant uprising in Dalarna, Sweden: The rebel campaign fails, and the rebel leader, later known as Daljunkern, flees to Rostock.
 * Diego García de Moguer explores the Sierra de la Plata along the Río de la Plata, and begins to travel up the Paraná River.
 * March 20 – The Battle of Szina is fought in the Kingdom of Hungary between the two rival kings, John Zápolya of Eastern Hungary and Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, the Habsburg King of Western Hungary. Zapolya and his 15,000-man army are defeated by mercenaries hired by the Habsburgs.
 * March 22 – siege of the southern Italian city of Melfi is started by the French Army, under the command of Marshal Odet of Foix, Viscount of Lautrec. After killing the defenders and pulling down the city walls, the French troops plunder what remains and massacre more than 3,000 men, women and children.

April–June

 * April 28 – Battle of Capo d'Orso: The French fleet, under mercenary captain Filippino Doria, crushes the Spanish squadron trying to run the blockade of Naples.
 * May 9 – King James V of Scotland, 16, held captive for more than two years under the guardianship of the Earl of Angus, is able to escape from Edinburgh to Stirling after several failed rescue attempts.
 * June 5 – The fourth major outbreak of the sweating sickness is noted for the first time, with a reference in a letter to Bishop Tunstall of London from someone who has fled his home because a servant at his house has become infected with the disease, with sweating soon followed by death.
 * June 17 – The Italian city of Rimini and its surrounding area, ruled by the House of Malatesta, is conquered by troops of the Papal States and subsequently annexed.

July–September

 * July 3 – Pope Clement VII issues the bull Religionis zelus, recognizing the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (Ordo Fratrum Minorum Capuccinorum), commonly known as the Capuchin monks, as a reformist branch of the Franciscans order of Roman Catholicism.
 * July 8 – After surviving a mutiny of his crew and the death of 18 of his men in an ambush in what is now Argentina, Italian Venetian explorer Sebastian Cabot dispatches his flagship, Trinidad, back to Spain with reports and evidence against the mutineers, and a request for further military aid.
 * August 4 – The "Peace of St. Ambrose" is signed in Milan at the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, bringing an end to the civil strife between the Milanese nobility and the local merchants.
 * August 26 – Askia Muhammad I, ruler of the Songhai Empire in West Africa since 1493, is forced to abdicate by his son, Askia Musa, who declares himself to be the new Songhai Emperor.
 * August 29 – The Siege of Naples, at the time a part of the Holy Roman Empire, fails four months after it was launched by troops from France, led by Odet de Foix, who had died of illness on August 15. The Imperial, Spanish and Genoese armies pursue their French attackers, who were attempting to retreat to the nearby city of Aversa, and eliminate the survivors.
 * September 3 – The Kyōroku era begins in Japan, with the last day of the Daiei era ending on Daiei 8, 20th day of the 8th month.
 * September 12 – Italian Admiral Andrea Doria defeats his former allies, the French, and establishes the independence of Genoa.
 * September 19 – War of the League of Cognac: The Italian city of Pavia is besieged for the fifth and last time during the decade, after having been attacked in 1522, 1524, 1527, and in May of 1528. Troops from a coalition of the Venetian Republic, the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Milan break through the city walls after six days of bombardment, kill 700 of the defenders, and recover the city for Francesco II Sforza, Duke of Milan.

October–December

 * October 3 – Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón arrives in the Maluku Islands.
 * October 13 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey founds a college in his birthplace of Ipswich, England, which becomes the modern-day Ipswich School (incorporating institutions in the town dating back to 1299).
 * October 20 – The Treaty of Gorinchem is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Charles, Duke of Guelders.
 * November 6 – Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions become the first known Europeans to set foot on the shores of what is present-day Texas, when they and 80 survivors are wrecked on Galveston Island following a storm. Only 15 live beyond winter, and they are eventually enslaved by various Indian tribes. Eventually, only four of the 81 Spanish survivors— Cabeza de Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, and an African slave of Dorantes, Estevanico— are able to escape and return home.
 * December 9 – A new, three-member executive junta is appointed by the King of Spain to govern New Spain and the West Indies, with Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán, Juan Ortiz de Matienzo, and Diego Delgadillo forming the first Audiencia Real. Beltran de Guzmán, Ortiz and Delgadillo succeed the two viceroys, Alonso de Estrada and Luis de la Torre. Beltran de Guzmán is designated as the President of the Audiencia.

Date unknown

 * Montenegro gains autonomy under Ottoman power.
 * Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo attempts an invasion of the Yucatán, but is driven out by the Maya peoples.
 * Spain takes direct control of Acapulco.
 * Bubonic plague breaks out in England.
 * St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle is completed.
 * Chateau Fontainebleau in France is begun.
 * Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the fortifications of Florence.
 * Baldassare Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier.
 * In Henan province, China, during the mid Ming dynasty, a vast drought deprives the region of harvests for the next two years, killing off half the people in some communities, due to starvation and cannibalism.
 * Perak Sultanate and Johor Sultanate were established, both states being ruled by the sons of Mahmud Shah of Malacca.

Births

 * February 29
 * Domingo Báñez, Spanish theologian (d. 1604)
 * Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1579)
 * March 10 – Akechi Mitsuhide, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1582)
 * March 25 – Jakob Andreae, German theologian (d. 1590)
 * June 7 – Cyriacus Spangenberg, German theologian and historian (d. 1604)
 * June 21 – Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1603)
 * June 29 – Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1589)
 * July 7 – Archduchess Anna of Austria, Duchess of Bavaria (d. 1590)
 * July 8 – Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (d. 1580)
 * July 26 – Diego Andrada de Payva, Portuguese theologian (d. 1575)
 * August 10 – Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1584)
 * September 25 – Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg (d. 1603)
 * October 4? – Francisco Guerrero, Spanish composer (d. 1599)
 * October 10 – Adam Lonicer, German botanist (d. 1586)
 * November 2 – Petrus Lotichius Secundus, German Neo-Latin poet (d. 1560)
 * November 6 – Gabriel Goodman, Dean of Westminster (d. 1601)
 * November 12 – Qi Jiguang, Chinese military general (d. 1588)
 * November 14 – Francisco Pérez de Valenzuela, Spanish noble (d. 1599)
 * November 16 – Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (d. 1572)
 * November 29 – Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, English politician (d. 1592)
 * date unknown
 * Igram van Achelen, Dutch statesman (d. 1604)
 * Adam von Bodenstein, Swiss alchemist and physician (d. 1577)
 * Jean-Jacques Boissard, French antiquary and Latin poet (d. 1602)
 * Andrey Kurbsky, Russian writer (d. 1583)
 * George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, English statesman (d. 1590)
 * Phùng Khắc Khoan, Vietnamese military strategist, politician, diplomat and poet (d. 1613)
 * Sabina, Duchess of Bavaria (d. 1578)
 * Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (d. 1582)
 * Tanegashima Tokitaka, Japanese daimyō (d. 1579)
 * Thomas Whythorne, English musician and author (d. 1595)
 * probable
 * Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, English general (d. 1590)
 * Paul de Foix, French diplomat (d. 1584)
 * Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg, stadtholder of the Dutch provinces of Friesland (d. 1568)
 * Costanzo Porta, Italian composer (d. 1601)

Deaths

 * January 30 – Maharana Sangram Singh, Rana of Mewar (b. 1484)
 * February 29 – Patrick Hamilton, Scottish religious reformer (martyred) (b. 1504)
 * March 10 – Balthasar Hübmaier, influential German/Moravian Anabaptist leader (b. 1480)
 * April 1 – Francisco de Peñalosa, Spanish composer (b. c. 1470)
 * April 6 – Albrecht Dürer, German artist, writer, and mathematician (b. 1471)
 * July – Palma il Vecchio, Italian painter (b. 1480)
 * August 15 – Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, French military leader (b. 1485)
 * August 20 – Georg von Frundsberg, German knight and landowner (b. 1473)
 * August 23 – Louis, Count of Vaudémont, Italian bishop (b. 1500)
 * August 31 – Matthias Grünewald, German artist (b. 1470)
 * September – Pánfilo de Narváez, Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas (b. 1480)
 * October 5 – Richard Foxe, English churchman (b. c. 1448)
 * October 18 – Michele Antonio, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1495)
 * October 21 – Johann of Schwarzenberg, German judge and poet (b. 1463)
 * November 17 – Jakob Wimpfeling, Renaissance humanist (b. 1450)
 * December 7 – Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1469)
 * date unknown
 * Giovanni da Verrazzano, Italian explorer (b. 1485)
 * Peter Vischer the Younger, German sculptor (b. 1487)
 * Mahmud Shah of Malacca, Malaccan sultan
 * Daljunkern, Swedish rebel leader who may have been pretender Nils Sture (b. 1512)
 * Barbro Stigsdotter, Swedish noblewoman and heroine (b. 1472)
 * Guru Ravidas, (b. 1377)

title: 1528


text:
1580s

The 1580s decade ran from January 1, 1580, to December 31, 1589.

title: 1580s


text:
1590s

The 1590s decade ran from January 1, 1590, to December 31, 1599.

title: 1590s


text:
706

Year 706 (DCCVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 706th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 706th year of the 1st millennium, the 6th year of the 8th century, and the 7th year of the 700s decade. The denomination 706 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * February 15 – Emperor Justinian II presides over the public humiliation of his predecessors, Leontios and Tiberios III, and their chief associates in the Hippodrome of Constantinople, after which they are executed. Patriarch Kallinikos I is also deposed, blinded and exiled to Rome, and succeeded by Kyros.

Europe

 * Duke Corvulus of Friuli is arrested by King Aripert II of the Lombards, and has his eyes gouged out. He is replaced by Pemmo, who begins a war against the Slavs of Carinthia (modern Austria).

China

 * July 2 – Emperor Zhong Zong has the remains of his mother and recently deceased ruling empress Wu Zetian, her son Li Xian, her grandson Li Chongrun, and granddaughter Li Xianhui, all interred in the same tomb complex as his father and Wu Zetian's husband Gao Zong, outside Chang'an, known as the Qianling Mausoleum, located on Mount Liang, which will then remain unopened until 1960.

Religion

 * Berhtwald, archbishop of Canterbury, is obliged by the pope's insistence to call the Synod of Nidd (Northumbria).
 * Caliph Al-Walid I commissions the construction of the Great Mosque of Damascus (Syria).

Births

 * Al-Walid II, Muslim caliph (d. 744)
 * Eoppa, king of Wessex (d. 781)
 * Fujiwara no Nakamaro, Japanese statesman (d. 764)
 * Han Gan, Chinese painter (d. 783)
 * Theudoald, nephew of the Frankish ruler Charles Martel (d. 741)

Deaths

 * February 15 – Leontios, Byzantine emperor
 * February 15 – Tiberios III, Byzantine emperor
 * Gisulf I, duke of Benevento
 * Kallinikos I, patriarch of Constantinople (or 705)
 * Shenxiu, Chinese Zen Buddhist patriarch
 * Zhang Jianzhi, official of the Tang dynasty (b. 625)

title: 706


text:
705

Year 705 (DCCV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 705th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 705th year of the 1st millennium, the 5th year of the 8th century, and the 6th year of the 700s decade. The denomination 705 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – An army of 15,000 Bulgar and Slav horsemen under Justinian II appear before the walls of Constantinople. After three days, his troops discover an unused water conduit under the walls of the city, and enter through the Valens Aqueduct. Hearing that Justinian has taken control of the Blachernae Palace, Emperor Tiberios III flees to Bithynia (modern Turkey), where he evades capture for several months.
 * Justinian II ascends to the throne again and rewards his ally Tervel, ruler (khagan) of the Bulgarian Empire, for his assistance with the title of kaisar (Caesar), which makes him second only to Justinian and the first foreign ruler in Byzantine history to receive such a title, and a territorial concession in northeastern Thrace, a region called Zagora in modern-day Bulgaria.

Europe

 * Duke Gisulf I of Benevento captures the cities of Sora, Arpino, and Arce (Central Italy). He marches as far as Horrea, plundering and burning, before he is confronted with gifts by the ambassadors of Pope John VI, who ransom many of his captives.

Britain

 * King Ine of Wessex becomes estranged from the kings Sigeheard and Swæfred of Essex, who are sheltering exiled rivals to the Wessex throne. At a council at Brentford, the latter agree to banish the exiles in return for Ine not attacking their kingdom.
 * Prince Osred of Northumbria, assisted by ealdorman, defeats the usurper Eadwulf I. He becomes king at the age of nine; the government is controlled by the powerful bishop Wilfrid.
 * King Geraint of Dumnonia grants land at Maker (Cornwall) to Sherborne Abbey, in an attempt to strengthen his position in the disputed regions of Dorset (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

 * Arab forces gain power in Central Asia, as Qutayba ibn Muslim becomes governor of Khorasan. The region has grown rich from trade with China and Eastern Europe, its merchants dealing in silk, furs, amber, honey, and walrus ivory. During his rule, Qutayba subjugates the mercantile cities of Bukhara and Samarkand (modern Uzbekistan), as well as the Oxus delta area of Khwarezm, south of the Aral Sea.
 * October 8 – Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan dies in his winter resort at Al-Sinnabra (Palestine), after a 20-year reign. During his rule, the financial administration of the Umayyad Caliphate has been reorganized. Arab coins have replaced former Byzantine and Sassanian coins, and regular postal service has been established between Damascus and the provincial capitals. Abd al-Malik is succeeded by his son Al-Walid I.
 * Arab conquest of Armenia: Large-scale Armenian rebellion is suppressed by Muhammad ibn Marwan. He captures and deports Smbat VI Bagratuni and other leading princes. Many of the captured nakharar are gathered into churches and burned alive at Nakhchevan (modern Azerbaijan).
 * Arab general Musa ibn Nusayr conquers the city of Tlemcen in Algeria; once and for all solidifying Al-Maghreb Al-Awsat (Modern-day Algeria), which makes way for the stabilization of the entirety of North Africa a couple years later.

Asia

 * February 22 – Empress Wu Zetian is deposed in a coup d'état organized by her chancellor Zhang Jianzhi, after a 15-year reign. His chief ministers gain support from some generals to seize the imperial palace and execute the Zhang brothers. They reinstall her son Zhong Zong, whom she deposed 15 years ago, restoring the Tang dynasty. This marks the end of the short-lived Zhou dynasty in China.
 * Nishiyama Onsen Keiunkan, a hot spring hotel, is founded in Hayakawa, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. It is the oldest hotel in the world and has been operated by the same family for 52 generations.

Religion

 * January 11 – Pope John VI dies at Rome, after a reign of little more than 3 years. During his rule, he protected the Byzantine exarch Theophylactus, when he invaded the Italian mainland from Sicily. He also induced Gisulf I, Lombard duke of Benevento, to withdraw from Byzantine territory, ransomed captives and ordered the restoration of Wilfrid, as deposed bishop of York. He is succeeded by John VII as the 86th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * Al-Walid I commissions the construction of Al-Aqsa Mosque located in the Old City of Jerusalem (approximate date).

Births

 * Amoghavajra, Chinese translator (d. 774)
 * Sturm, abbot of Fulda (approximate date)
 * Thingfrith, Earl of Mercia (approximate date)
 * Tiberius, son of Justinian II (d. 711)

Deaths

 * January 11 – Pope John VI
 * October 8 – Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Muslim caliph (b. 646)
 * December 16 – Wu Zetian, Empress of the Zhou Dynasty (b. 624)
 * Aldfrith, king of Northumbria (or 704)
 * Bosa, bishop of York (approximate date)
 * Cellach mac Rogallaig, king of Connacht (Ireland)
 * Hædde, bishop of Winchester (approximate date)
 * Heraclius, Byzantine general (monostrategos)
 * Kallinikos I, patriarch of Constantinople (or 706)
 * Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)
 * Varaz Trdat I, king of Caucasian Albania
 * Azza al-Mayla, Arabian qiyan-courtesan singer (approximate date)

title: 705


text:
691

Year 691 (DCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 691 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * King Theuderic III dies and is succeeded by his son Clovis IV, age 9, as sole ruler of the Franks. He becomes a puppet—a roi fainéant—of his uncle Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia.

Arabian Empire

 * Battle of Maskin: An Umayyad army under caliph Abd al-Malik defeats the rebel forces in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). He reconquers the Arabian Peninsula, taking the holy city of Medina.

Architecture

 * The Dome of the Rock is completed in Jerusalem (under the patronage of Abd al-Malik) during the Second Fitna, becoming the first work of Islamic architecture.

Religion

 * Wilfrid, abbot of Ripon, tries to make himself bishop of all Northumbria. King Aldfrith seizes many of his Ripon Abbey estates, and proposes to create a bishopric there. Wilfrid is banished and flees to Mercia, where King Æthelred makes him bishop of Leicester.

Births

 * Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, Muslim caliph (d. 743)
 * Marwan II, Muslim caliph (d. 750)

Deaths

 * August 24 – Fu Youyi, official of the Tang dynasty
 * November 7 – Cen Changqian, official of the Tang dynasty
 * November 7 – Ge Fuyuan, official of the Tang dynasty
 * Fithceallach mac Flainn, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)
 * Theuderic III, king of the Franks (b. 654)
 * Sun Guoting, Chinese calligrapher (b. 646)

title: 691


text:
680

Year 680 (DCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 680 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Bulgarian War: The Bulgars under Asparukh subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria, north of the Balkan Mountains. Emperor Constantine IV leads a combined land and sea operation against the invaders and besieges their fortified camp in Dobruja.
 * Battle of Ongal: The Byzantine army (25,000 men) under Constantine IV is defeated by the Bulgars and their Slavic allies in the Danube Delta. Bulgar cavalry force the Byzantines into a rout, while Constantine (suffering from leg pain) travels to Nesebar to seek treatment.

Europe

 * King Wamba is deposed after an 8-year reign, and forced to retire to a monastery. He is succeeded by Erwig who becomes ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom.
 * King Perctarit makes his son Cunipert co-ruler of the Lombard Kingdom. He signs a formal peace treaty with Constantine IV.
 * Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia.
 * The emporium (market town) of Dorestad is founded near the mouth of the Rhine, and soon becomes a major trading settlement in the North Sea region (approximate date).

Britain

 * King Cædwalla of Wessex becomes overly ambitious in a power-struggle with his rival, King Centwine, for Wessex overlordship. He is banished into the forests of Chiltern and Andred.

Arabian Empire

 * Yazid I, son of Muawiyah I, becomes the sixth caliph (second Umayyad caliph) but Kufans in Mesopotamia rebel and invite Hussein ibn Ali (grandson of Muhammad) to take the throne.
 * October 10 – Battle of Karbala: Forces under Yazid I kill Hussein ibn Ali and his closest supporters. This event leads to the civil war known as the Second Fitna.

Asia

 * In Japan, Princess Uno Sarara is unwell, and Emperor Tenmu begins the erection of the Temple of Yakushi-ji (Nara Prefecture). He makes 100 people enter religion as priests, wishing her to recover her health.

Religion

 * September 17 – Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury, convenes a synod at Hatfield that clears the English Church from any association with the heresy of monothelitism.
 * November 7 – The Third Council of Constantinople (Sixth Ecumenical Council) opens in Constantinople to settle the theological controversies of monoenergism and monothelitism, ending September 16, 681.
 * Wilfrid returns to Northumbria, with papal support, but is imprisoned by King Ecgfrith, and again exiled. He travels to the Kingdom of Sussex and begins to evangelise the people.
 * King Merewalh of Magonsæte founds the monastery of Wenlock Priory in Shropshire, England, appointing his daughter Milburga as Benedictine abbess.
 * Approximate date
 * Boniface begins his education at an English Celtic Christian monastery, probably in Exeter near his birthplace and one of many monasteriola built by local landowners and churchmen.
 * The Book of Durrow is created, probably in Northumbria or on the island of Iona in the Scottish Inner Hebrides.

Births

 * Ali Asghar ibn Husayn, Son of 3rd shia Imam. Killed in Karbala (d. 680)
 * Fujiwara no Muchimaro, Japanese politician (d. 737)
 * Genshō, empress of Japan (d. 748)
 * Oda of Scotland, Christian saint (approximate date)
 * Wu Daozi, Chinese painter (d. 760)

Deaths

 * January 1 – Javanshir, king of Caucasian Albania (b. 616)
 * January 30 – Balthild, queen of the Franks
 * October 9 – Ghislain, Frankish anchorite and saint
 * October 10
 * Abbas ibn Ali, son of Imam Ali
 * Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn, son of Al-Husayn
 * Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn, son of Al-Husayn
 * Habib ibn Madhahir
 * Husayn ibn Ali, third Shia Imam and grandson of Muhammad (b. 626)K
 * Agatho, pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church
 * Bhāskara I, Indian mathematician (approximate date)
 * Cædmon, Northumbrian poet
 * Ebroin, Mayor of the Palace of Neustria (or 681)
 * Hilda of Whitby, Northumbrian abbess and saint
 * Muawiyah I, founder of the Umayyad Caliphate (b. 602)
 * Umm Salama, wife of Muhammad
 * Vikramaditya I, king of Chalukya (India)
 * Wulfoald, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia

title: 680


text:
683

Year 683 (DCLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 683 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Britain

 * King Sighere of Essex dies after a 19-year joint reign. His brother Sæbbi becomes the sole ruler of Essex until his death in 694.

Arabian Empire

 * Siege of Mecca: The Umayyad army led by Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni besieges Mecca, during which the Kaaba ("Sacred House") catches fire and is burned down.
 * Uqba ibn Nafi, Arab general, is ambushed and killed near Biskra (modern Algeria). His Muslim army evacuates the city of Kairouan in Tunisia, and withdraws to Barca.
 * November 14 – Caliph Yazid I dies at Damascus, after a 3-year reign marked by civil war. He is succeeded by his son Muawiya II as ruler of the Umayyad Caliphate.

Asia

 * December 27 – Emperor Gao Zong dies at Luoyang, age 55, after a 34-year reign in which he expanded the Chinese Empire by acquiring Korea as a vassal state.
 * Emperor Tenmu decrees a reform in Japan; copper coins must be used instead of silver coins. Three days later he issues a decree to allow the continued use of silver.
 * Prince Ōtsu, son of Tenmu, attends to matters of State for the first time (approximate date).
 * Sri Vijaya is founded by Sri Jayanasa in Sumatra

Mesoamerica

 * Pacal the Great, ruler (ajaw) of the Maya state of Palenque (Mexico), dies after a 68-year reign. He is buried in the Temple of the Inscriptions. He was the longest-reigning monarch in the world until Louis XIV broke that record in 1711, almost 1028 years later and remained the longest-reigning monarch in the Americas until Elizabeth II broke that record in 2020, almost 1337 years later

Religion

 * Seaxwulf, bishop of Mercia, founds All Saints' Church at Brixworth (approximate date).
 * June 28 – Pope Leo II dies at Rome 10 months after being consecrated.

Art

 * The sarcophagus lid in the tomb of K'inich Janaab' Pakal (Shield 2), Temple of the Inscriptions, Palenque, Mexico, Maya culture is made. (approximate date)

Births

 * Bilge Khan, ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate (or 684)
 * Genshō, empress of Japan (d. 748)
 * Monmu, emperor of Japan (d. 707)
 * Yi Xing, Chinese astronomer and mechanical engineer (d. 727)

Deaths

 * June 28 – Leo II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 611)
 * November 11 – Yazid I, Muslim caliph (b. 647)
 * December 27 – Gao Zong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (b. 628)
 * Æbbe, Anglo-Saxon princess and abbess
 * Anseung, king of Goguryeo (Korea)
 * Cui Zhiwen, official of the Tang dynasty (b. 627)
 * Dúnchad Muirisci, king of Connacht (Ireland)
 * Pacal the Great, ruler (ajaw) of Palenque (b. 603)
 * Sighere, king of Essex
 * Uqba ibn Nafi, Arab general (b. 622)
 * Waningus, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
 * Xue Rengui, general of the Tang dynasty (b. 614)
 * Xue Yuanchao, official of the Tang dynasty (b. 622)

title: 683


text:
684

Year 684 (DCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 684 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Ghislemar, mayor of the palace in Neustria and Burgundy, dies after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by his father Waratton. He makes peace between the three Frankish kingdoms.

Britain

 * King Ecgfrith of Northumbria sends a punitive expedition to Ireland under his ealdorman Berht, laying waste to the territory of Meath, ruled by High King Fínsnechta Fledach.

Arabian Empire

 * Caliph Muawiya II dies at Damascus, after a brief reign that ends Sufyanid rule. A new caliph is proclaimed in Syria amidst tribal wars, but Marwan I will reign until next year.
 * August 18 – Battle of Marj Rahit: Muslim partisans under Marwan I defeat the supporters of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr near Damascus, and cement Umayyad control of Syria.

Asia

 * January 3 – Zhong Zong succeeds his father Gao Zong, and becomes emperor of the Tang dynasty. His mother Wu Zetian remains the power behind the throne in China.
 * February 27 – Wu Zetian replaces Zhong Zong in favor of his younger brother Rui Zong. He becomes a puppet ruler, and Zhong Zong is placed under house arrest.
 * Summer – The Pallava Empire (modern India) invades the kingdom of Ceylon. A Pallavan naval expedition employing Tamil mercenaries ends the Moriya dynasty.

Japan

 * September 7 – A large comet is observed in Japan (it's Japan's oldest observation record of Halley's Comet).
 * November 13 – Emperor Tenmu institutes eight titles of eight classes (Yakusa-no-kabane) in Japan.
 * November 26 – 684 Hakuho earthquake. A great earthquake strikes Japan. The people, houses, temples, shrines and domestic animals are greatly damaged.

Mesoamerica

 * February 10 – K'inich Kan B'alam II accedes to the rulership of the Maya polity of Palenque (modern Mexico).

Religion

 * Cuthbert is elected Bishop of Hexham, and receives a visit from a large group under Ecgfrith. He agrees to return to Lindisfarne (Northumbria) to take up duties.
 * June 26 – Pope Benedict II succeeds Leo II as the 81st pope of Rome, after a period of sede vacante ("vacant seat") of 1 year.

Births

 * Gao Lishi, official and eunuch of the Tang dynasty (d. 762)
 * Li Guo'er, princess of the Tang dynasty (approximate date)
 * Nagaya, Japanese prince and politician (d. 729)
 * Tachibana no Moroe, Japanese prince and minister (d. 757)

Deaths

 * Adarnase II, king of Iberia (approximate date)
 * Aldegonde, Frankish Benedictine abbess
 * Constantine of Mananali, founder of the Paulicians
 * Ghislemar, mayor of the palace in Neustria and Burgundy
 * Li Xian, prince of the Tang dynasty (b. 653)
 * Luo Binwang, Chinese poet and official
 * Muawiya II, Muslim caliph (b. 661)
 * Pei Yan, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
 * Philibert of Jumièges, Frankish abbot
 * Severus II bar Masqeh, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

title: 684


text:
685

Year 685 (DCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 685 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * July 10 – Emperor Constantine IV dies of dysentery at Constantinople after a 17-year reign, and is succeeded by his 16-year-old son Justinian II.

Europe

 * Kuber, brother of Asparukh of Bulgaria, defeats the Avars in Syrmia (Pannonia). He leads his followers of around 70,000 people to Macedonia (modern North Macedonia).

Britain

 * May 20 – Battle of Dun Nechtain: The Picts under King Bridei III revolt against their Northumbrian overlords. Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, advises King Ecgfrith of Northumbria (Bridei's cousin) not to invade Pictland (modern Scotland). Undeterred, Ecgfrith marches his army north to engage the enemy near Dunnichen. The Picts, possibly with Scottish and Strathclyde Briton help, defeat the Saxon guard, killing Ecgfrith, who has reigned for 15 years, routing his army and forcing the Anglo-Saxons to withdraw south of the River Forth.
 * King Centwine of Wessex dies after a 9-year reign and is succeeded by his distant cousin, Cædwalla, who manages to fully re-unite the sub-kingdoms of Wessex. He attacks Sussex with a large army, and kills King Æthelwealh in battle, in the South Downs (Hampshire). He is expelled by Æthelwealh's ealdormen, Berthun and Andhun, who jointly rule the South Saxons. Cædwalla invades Kent, lays it waste, and carries off an immense booty.
 * Aldfrith, illegitimate half-brother of Ecgfrith, becomes (possibly with Irish and Scottish help) king of Northumbria. He is brought from Iona (Inner Hebrides), where he is studying for a career in the church.
 * King Eadric revolts against his uncle Hlothhere, and defeats him in battle. He becomes sole ruler of Kent until his death in 686.

Arabian Empire

 * Battle of 'Ayn al-Warda: An Umayyad army (20,000 men) under Husayn ibn Numayr defeats the pro-Alid Kufans at Ras al-'Ayn (Syria).
 * May 7 – Caliph Marwan I dies at Damascus, and is succeeded by his son Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.

[[File:Second Fitna Territorial Control Map ca 686.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Mukhtar controlled much of Iraq from October 685 until the end of 686.{{legend|#FA738B|Region controlled by Abd al-Malik}} {{legend|#7FE37F|Region under the control of Mukhtar}} {{legend|#6BB0D7
 * Regions under the control/influence of Ibn al-Zubayr}} {{legend|#EEE40D|Kharijite controlled areas}}]]

China

 * Empress Wu Zetian sends a pair of giant pandas to the Japanese court of Emperor Tenmu, as a diplomatic gift (approximate date).
 * Wu Zetian exiles her son Zhong Zong, former emperor of the Tang dynasty, and his family to the island of Fang Zhou.

Religion

 * May 8 – Pope Benedict II dies at Rome after a reign of less than 11 months. He is succeeded by John V as the 82nd pope.
 * John Maron is elected as the first patriarch in the Maronite Church (approximate date).

Births

 * September 8 – Xuan Zong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (d. 762)
 * Leo III, emperor of the Byzantine Empire (d. 741)
 * Li Xianhui, princess of the Tang dynasty (d. 701)
 * Miao Jinqing, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 765)
 * Pelagius, king of Asturias (approximate date)
 * Theodbert, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 6 – Hlothhere, king of Kent
 * May 8 – Benedict II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 635)
 * May 20 – Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria
 * Æthelwealh, king of Sussex
 * Anania Shirakatsi, Armenian astronomer (b. 610)
 * Beornhæth, Anglo-Saxon nobleman
 * Centwine, king of Wessex (approximate date)
 * Constantine IV, Byzantine emperor (b. 652)
 * Liu Rengui, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 602)

title: 685


text:
715

Year 715 (DCCXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 715 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * May – Emperor Anastasios II is deposed in an army mutiny, and succeeded by Theodosius III, a tax-collector from the theme of Opsikion (modern Turkey). After a six-month siege, Theodosius and his troops take Constantinople; Anastasios is forced to abdicate the throne, and retires to a monastery in Thessaloniki (Macedonia).

Europe

 * September 26 – Battle of Compiègne: Ragenfrid, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy (appointed by King Dagobert III), defeats Theudoald in the first battle of the Frankish civil war, following the death of Pepin II (of Herstal).
 * Dagobert III dies of an illness and is succeeded by Chilperic II, son of Childeric II, as king of Neustria. Charles Martel is freed from prison at Cologne, and is proclaimed Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia at the capital Metz.

Britain

 * Battle of Woden's Burg: Kings Ine of Wessex and Ceolred of Mercia clash at Woden's Burg (Wiltshire).
 * King Nechtan mac Der-Ilei invites the Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts.

Arabian Empire

 * February 23 – Caliph Al-Walid I dies at Damascus after a 10-year reign, and is succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. During his rule the Umayyad Caliphate reaches its greatest height, with successful campaigns undertaken in Transoxiana (Central Asia), Sindh (Pakistan), Hispania and against the Byzantine Empire.
 * Umayyad conquest of Hispania: Arabs led by Tariq ibn Ziyad advance from the area La Rioja (modern-day Spain), and conquer the fortress city of León.

Japan

 * Empress Genmei abdicates the throne after an 8-year reign, in which she has built a replica of the Chinese imperial palace at Japan's new capital, Nara. Genmei is succeeded by her daughter Genshō.

Religion

 * April 9 – Pope Constantine I dies at Rome after a 7-year reign. He is succeeded by Gregory II as the 89th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * Winning, an Irish monk, lands at the mouth of the River Garnock in Scotland, and establishes a community or cell of monks (termed cella or "Kil" in Gaelic).
 * The newly-appointed Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople organises a council propagating Dyothelitism, and attempts to improve relations with the Armenian Apostolic Church.
 * Approximate date – Tewkesbury Abbey is founded on the site of an ancient hermitage in England, by the noble brothers Oddo and Doddo.

Births

 * Fujiwara no Matate, Japanese nobleman (d. 766)
 * Stephen II, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 757)
 * Stephen the Younger, Byzantine theologian (or 713)

Deaths

 * February 23 – Al-Walid I, Muslim caliph (b. 668)
 * April 9 – Constantine I, Pope of Rome (b. 664)
 * July 9 – Naga, Japanese prince
 * Dagobert III, king of the Franks (b. 699)
 * Milburga, Anglo-Saxon abbess (approximate date)
 * Muhammad ibn Qasim, Arab general (b. 695)
 * Surya Devi, Indian princess
 * Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi, Arab governor
 * Qutayba ibn Muslim, Arab general (b. 669)

title: 715


text:
717

Year 717 (DCCXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 717 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * March 25 – Emperor Theodosios III is deposed after a reign of 1 year and 10 months. He is succeeded by the 32-year-old Leo III the Isaurian, a general (strategos) of the Anatolic Theme (modern Turkey). Theodosios and his son enter the clergy, and he probably becomes bishop of Ephesus. Leo brings an end to the Twenty Years' Anarchy in the Byzantine Empire, which marks the beginning of the so-called Isaurian Dynasty.
 * Arab–Byzantine War: Muslim general Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik leads his army of 80,000 men from Pergamum to Abydos, where he crosses the Hellespont. To prevent interference by the Bulgars, or by any Byzantine forces in Thrace, he sends part of his army to a covering position near Adrianople; with his main body, Maslama builds siege lines to blockade Constantinople, which is protected by the massive Theodosian Walls.
 * August 15 – Siege of Constantinople: Maslama begins a combined land and sea effort to capture Constantinople. The capital controls the Bosporus, access between the Mediterranean and Black Sea, and is defended by a garrison of roughly 25,000 men. Leo III orders the granaries be restocked and siege engines installed. The Arab besiegers are suffering immense losses due to disease, and from attrition of siege warfare.
 * September 1 – A Muslim armada, consisting of 1,800 ships commanded by Admiral Suleiman, sails into the Sea of Marmara and drops anchor below the sea walls of Constantinople, to supply their forces ashore. Leo III orders the Byzantine fleet to sally forth from their protected harbors with Greek fire, setting alight the thickly-packed Muslim ships. Many vessels burst into flames, while others collide with each other before sinking.
 * Fall – Basil Onomagoulos, Byzantine official, declares himself rival emperor in Sicily after the news arrives that Constantinople has fallen to an Arab siege. Leo III dispatches a chartoularios named Paul, with imperial instructions for the Byzantine army on the island. Basil is arrested and executed; his head is sent to Leo, while the other rebels are mutilated and exiled.

Western Europe

 * March 21 – Battle of Vincy: Charles Martel invades Neustria and defeats the forces of King Chilperic II at Vincy, near Cambrai. He pursues him and his mayor of the palace Ragenfrid to Paris, before turning back to deal with his stepmother Plectrude at Cologne, to turn over half the wealth of his late father Pepin of Herstal. Charles allows both Plectrude and his nephew Theudoald (who at eleven was still a little child) to live (a gesture uncommon for the time), and obliges her to accept his sovereignty.
 * Charles Martel consolidates his power, proclaims Clotaire IV king of Austrasia in opposition to Chilperic, and deposes Rigobert, bishop of Reims, replacing him with Milo. He marches against Radbod, king (or duke) of the Frisians, and pushes him back into his territory (later part of the Netherlands). Charles sends the Saxons back over the Weser River, and secures the Rhine border—in the name of Clotaire.
 * Paolo Lucio Anafesto dies after a 20-year reign, and is succeeded by Marcello Tegalliano as the second doge of the Republic of Venice.

Arabian Empire

 * Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik dies after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by his cousin Umar II. During his rule he grants tax exemption, and tries to reorganize the Umayyad finances.
 * A Muslim expedition under Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi cross the Pyrenees into Aquitanian territory, leading a small raiding party into Septimania (Southern France).

Asia

 * December 24 – A destructive earthquake, with six months of aftershocks, affects Syria and Mesopotamia.
 * Hoshi Ryokan, the world's second-longest surviving hotel, is established in Japan (approximate date).

Religion

 * Nechtan mac Der-Ilei, king of the Picts, expels the monks from the island of Iona (Scotland).

Births

 * Childeric III, king of the Franks (d. 754)
 * Elipando, Spanish archbishop and theologian
 * Gummarus, Frankish noblemen (d. 774)
 * Princess Inoe of Japan (d. 775)
 * Rabia Basri, Muslim Sufi mystic and saint (d. 801)

Deaths

 * December 30 – Egwin of Evesham, bishop of Worcester
 * Basil Onomagoulos, Byzantine usurper
 * Eadwulf I, king of Northumbria
 * Isonokami no Maro, Japanese statesman (b. 640)
 * Paolo Lucio Anafesto, doge of Venice
 * Plectrude, consort of Pepin of Herstal
 * Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Muslim caliph (b. 674)
 * Theobald, duke of Bavaria (or 719)
 * Winnoc, Welsh abbot (or 716)

title: 717


text:
720

Year 720 (DCCXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 720 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Summer – Emperor Leo III secures the Byzantine frontier, by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts of the Thracesian Theme (western Asia Minor). He undertakes a set of civil reforms, and reorganizes the theme structure in the Aegean region. Leo's 2-year-old son Constantine V is associated on the throne, and married to Tzitzak, daughter of the Khazar ruler (khagan) Bihar.

Europe

 * Umayyad conquest of Gaul: Governor Al-Samh continues his campaign; he makes Narbonne the capital city of Muslim Septimania (Southern France), and uses it as a base for razzias. King Ardo is killed, and becomes the last ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania. Some Visigoths refuse to adopt the Muslim faith, and flee north to Aquitaine. This marks the end of the Visigothic Kingdom.
 * Muslim forces under Al-Samh begin the prolonged siege of Carcassonne, a fortified Visigothic town located in the Languedoc-Roussillon.

Britain

 * King Ine of Wessex builds a stone church at Glastonbury Abbey in Somerset (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

 * Umayyad conquest of Transoxiana: The first Turgesh attack on Muslim-Arabs in Transoxiana leads to the siege and relief of the Umayyad garrison at the fortress of Qasr al-Bahili, near Samarkand (or 721).
 * Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, former governor of Iraq, revolts and is defeated at Basra, by Umayyad forces under Al-Abbas ibn al-Walid and Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik. He is arrested and later executed.
 * February 10 – Caliph Umar II is poisoned by a servant, and dies in Aleppo (Syria) after a 3-year reign. He is succeeded by his cousin Yazid II.
 * The Umayyad Caliphate reaches its greatest extent in Spain, controlling all of it except a small region in the north controlled by the Kingdom of Asturias.

Asia

 * In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, the walls of a gated city ward collapse during the night, which unexpectedly forms a large pool out in the open. This is most likely caused by a sinkhole created when ground water eroded the limestone bedrock beneath. As a consequence of this, more than 500 homes are destroyed (approximate date).

Americas

 * The Third Tikal-Calakmul War begins.

Literature

 * The Nihon Shoki (日本書紀), one of the oldest history books in Japan, is completed under the editorial supervision of Prince Toneri, and with the assistance of Ō no Yasumaro.

Religion

 * Contact between the Welsh Church and Yvi of Brittany is the last known link between two Celtic countries. After this, each nation goes its own separate way (approximate date).

Astronomy

 * A second series of gravitational interactions with Saturn, the second since 1664 BC, once again force the Centaur (minor planet) Chiron into a new orbit, shifting it from orbiting in the edges of the Solar System to orbiting near the inner regions.

Births

 * Baizhang Huaihai, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 814)
 * Bernard, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)
 * Bertrada of Laon, wife of Pippin the Short (d. 783)
 * Modestus, Irish missionary (approximate date)
 * Thierry IV, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Ardo, king of the Visigoths (or 721)
 * Aubert of Avranches, Frankish bishop
 * Fujiwara no Fuhito, Japanese statesman (b. 659)
 * Muhammad ibn Marwan, Muslim general (or 719)
 * Odile of Alsace, Frankish abbess (approximate date)
 * Tariq ibn Ziyad, Muslim general (b. 670)
 * Umar II, Muslim caliph (b. 682)
 * Xue Ne, general of the Tang dynasty (b. 649)
 * Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, Muslim governor (b. 672)
 * Yeh Fa-shan, Daoist wonder-worker (b. 631)
 * Jamila, Arabian qiyan-courtesan singer

title: 720


text:
686

Year 686 (DCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 686 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Waratton, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy, dies and is succeeded by his son-in-law Berchar. He advises King Theuderic III to break the peace treaty with Pepin of Herstal, and declares war on Austrasia.

Britain

 * King Cædwalla of Wessex establishes overlordship of Essex, and invades Kent for a second time. King Eadric is expelled, and Cædwalla's brother Mul is installed in his place. The sub-kings Berthun and Andhun are killed, and Sussex is subjugated by the West Saxons.
 * Cædwalla conquers Surrey, and tries to exterminate the Jutes of the Isle of Wight. He executes King Arwald and his two brothers. Cædwalla probably also overruns the Meonware, a Jutish people who live in the Meon Valley (Hampshire).

Arabian Empire

 * August 6 – Battle of Khazir in Mosul: Alid forces of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi defeat those of the Umayyad Caliphate.
 * Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad, former governor of Mesopotamia, tries to regain control of his province, as the various Muslim tribes in the region Kufa (Iraq) are engaged in an Islamic civil war.
 * Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan imprisons and tortures patriarch Mar Khnanishu I. He is the first caliph to insist on the collection of the poll tax from the Christians (approximate date).

Asia

 * October 1 – Emperor Tenmu of Japan dies after a 13-year reign, and is succeeded by his widow (and niece), Empress Jitō. She will reign until 697.
 * October 25 – Prince Ōtsu, son of Tenmu, is falsely accused of treason by Jito and forced to commit suicide, along with his wife Yamanobe.

Religion

 * August 2 – Pope John V dies at Rome after a 12-month reign, in which he has made handsome donations to the poor. He is succeeded by Conon I as the 83rd pope of the Catholic Church.
 * Plague kills almost all the Benedictine monks in the monastery of Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey (Northumbria), aside from the abbot Ceolfrith and one small boy – future scholar Bede.
 * Wilfrid, bishop of York, becomes an advisor of Cædwalla, and is sent to the Isle of Wight to evangelise the inhabitants.

Deaths

 * August 2 – John V, pope of Rome (b. 635)
 * October 1 – Tenmu, emperor of Japan
 * October 25 – Ōtsu, Japanese prince (b. 663)
 * Andhun, king of Sussex
 * Arwald, king of the Isle of Wight
 * Audoin, bishop of Rouen (b. 609)
 * Berthun, king of Sussex
 * Eadric, king of Kent (approximate date)
 * Eanflæd, queen of Northumbria (approximate date)
 * Eata of Hexham, bishop of Lindisfarne
 * Husayn ibn Numayr, Muslim general
 * Landelin, Frankish abbot and saint
 * Waratton, mayor of the palace of Neustria
 * Wonhyo, Korean Buddhist monk (b. 617)
 * Yamanobe, Japanese princess

title: 686


text:
687

Year 687 (DCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 687 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Justinian II negotiates a peace treaty with the Umayyad Caliphate (resulting in caliph Abd al-Malik paying tribute). He removes 12,000 Christian Maronites, who continually resist the Arabs, from Lebanon. Justinian reinforces the Byzantine navy on Cyprus, and transfers cavalry troops from the Thracesian Theme in Anatolia to the Theme of Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula.

Europe

 * Battle of Tertry: King Theuderic III of Neustria is defeated by Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, near Péronne (modern France), at the River Somme. Theuderic withdraws to Paris and is forced to sign a peace treaty. Pepin becomes "de facto" ruler of the Frankish Kingdom, and begins calling himself Duke of the Franks. He establishes a base for the future rise of the Pippinids and the Carolingians. Pepin appoints Nordebert as Duke of Burgundy, and puts him in charge of Neustria and Burgundy (as a sort of regent).
 * King Erwig dies after a 7-year reign, and is succeeded by his son-in-law Ergica as ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom.

Britain

 * King Mul of Kent and 12 companions are burnt to death, during a Kentish uprising. His brother, King Cædwalla of Wessex, ravages the kingdom in revenge.
 * Adomnán, Irish abbot of Iona, visits the court of King Ecgfrith, to ransom Irish captives (60 Gaels who had been captured in a Northumbrian raid).

Religion

 * Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, resigns his office and retires to his hermitage on Inner Farne (Northumberland) where he dies, after a painful illness.
 * September 21 – Pope Conon I dies at Rome after a 1-year reign, and is succeeded by Sergius I as the 84th pope of the Catholic Church.
 * Construction of the Dome of the Rock, located on the Temple Mount, is started in Jerusalem (approximate date).

Births

 * Eucherius, Frankish bishop (d. 743)
 * Wei Jiansu, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 763)
 * Wittiza, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)
 * Yazid II, Muslim caliph (d. 724)

Deaths

 * March 20 – Cuthbert, Anglo-Saxon bishop
 * September 21 – Pope Conon I
 * Abd Allah ibn Abbas, cousin of Muhammad
 * Erwig, king of the Visigoths
 * Mul, king of Kent (England)
 * Romuald I
 * Wamba, king of the Visigoths

title: 687


text:
689

Year 689 (DCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 689 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Justinian II defeats the Bulgars of Macedonia and recaptures Thessalonica, the second most important Byzantine city in Europe. He resettles the subdued Slavs in Anatolia (modern Turkey), where they are required to provide 30,000 men to the Byzantine army.

Europe

 * Battle of Coronate: The Lombards under King Cunipert defeat the army of Duke Alahis, at the River Adda (Lombardy). He executes the rebel leaders; Alahis is captured and his head and legs are cut off. The southern Lombard duchies take advantage of Cunipert's distraction, and extend their territories.
 * Battle of Dorestad: The Frisians under King Radbod are defeated by the Frankish mayor of the palace, Pippin of Herstal. The Rhine delta and Dorestad (modern Netherlands) become Frankish again, as well as the castles of Utrecht and Fechten (approximate date).

Asia

 * The Asuka Kiyomihara Code, a collection of governing rules commenced in 681 under Emperor Tenmu, is promulgated in Japan.

Religion

 * Cædwalla of Wessex arrives in Rome and is baptised by pope Sergius I, taking the name Peter. He dies 10 days later and is buried at St. Peter's Basilica.
 * Prince Oswald, brother of King Osric of Hwicce, founds Pershore Abbey in Worcestershire (approximate date).

Births

 * Othmar, Swiss abbot (approximate date)
 * Rōben, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 773)

Deaths

 * April 20 – Cædwalla, king of Wessex
 * July 8 – Kilian, Irish bishop (approximate date)
 * May 10 – Kusakabe, Japanese prince (b. 662)
 * September 10 – Guo Zhengyi, official of the Chinese Tang dynasty
 * Alahis, king (usurper) of the Lombards
 * Colman, Irish missionary (approximate date)
 * Grimoald II, duke of Benevento (Italy)
 * John III, Coptic Orthodox pope of Alexandria
 * Liu Jingxian, official of the Tang dynasty
 * Totnan, Irish Franconian apostle

title: 689


text:
992

Year 992 (CMXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Worldwide

 * Winter – A superflare from the sun causes an Aurora Borealis, with visibility as far south as Germany and Korea.

Europe

 * Spring – Pietro II Orseolo, doge of Venice, concludes a treaty with Emperor Basil II to transport Byzantine troops, in exchange for commercial privileges in Constantinople. Venetian ships are exempted from customs duties at Abydos (mostly foreign goods are carried on Venetian ships). Venetian merchants in Constantinople are placed directly under the Grand Logothetes (Minister of Finance).
 * May 25 – Mieszko I, prince (duke) of the Polans, dies after a reign of more than 30 years at Poznań. He is succeeded by his son Bolesław I the Brave who becomes ruler of Poland. Having inherited the principality (located between the Oder and the Warta rivers), Bolesław forms an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire.
 * June 27 – Battle of Conquereuil: The Angevins under Fulk III "the Black", Count of Anjou, defeat the forces of Conan I, duke of Brittany, who is killed in the battle at Conquereuil (France).
 * Approximate date – Norse Viking settlers establish a mint in Dublin (Ireland), to produce silver pennies.

Births

 * August 1 – Hyeonjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1031)
 * Fujiwara no Michimasa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1054)
 * Fujiwara no Yorimichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1071)
 * Guido Monaco, Italian monk and music theorist (or 991)
 * Otto Orseolo, doge of Venice (approximate date)
 * Ulric Manfred II, count of Turin (approximate date)

Deaths

 * February 1 – Jawhar al-Siqilli, Fatimid general
 * February 29 – Oswald, archbishop of Worcester
 * May 25 – Mieszko I, prince (duke) of Poland
 * June 15 – Michael I, Kievan metropolitan bishop
 * June 27 – Conan I, duke of Brittany
 * July 1 – Heonjeong, queen of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 961)
 * August 23 – Volkold, bishop of Meissen
 * December 3 – Lothar II, German nobleman
 * Æthelwine, ealdorman of East Anglia
 * Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, Persian philosopher
 * Adso of Montier-en-Der, Frankish abbot (b. 920)
 * Fujiwara no Nakafumi, Japanese waka poet (b. 923)
 * Fujiwara no Tamemitsu, Japanese statesman (b. 942)
 * Herbert of Wetterau, German nobleman
 * Liu Jiyuan, emperor of Northern Han
 * Maelpeadair Ua Tolaid, Irish abbot
 * Marino Cassianico, bishop of Venice

title: 992