text:
638

Year 638 (DCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 638 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Heraclius creates a buffer zone (or no man's land) in the heartland of Asia Minor. In the mountainous terrain of Anatolia, the Byzantine forces develop a system of defensive guerrilla warfare. The strategy is known as ‘shadowing warfare’, as it avoids battle with major Muslim invaders, and instead attacks raiding parties on their return when they are laden with booty, captured livestock or prisoners.
 * July 4 – Heraklonas, age 12, son of Heraclius, obtains (through the influence of his mother Martina) the title of Augustus. This brings him in rivalry with his elder half-brother Constantine.
 * Heraclius issues his Ekthesis, espousing the Monothelete doctrine (that there is only one will in Christ), and setting it forth as the official doctrine of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Ekthesis is vigorously opposed, notably by Maximus the Confessor.

Britain

 * King Oswald and his Northumbrian army besiege and conquer Edinburgh (Scotland). His half-brother, Oswiu of Bernicia, marries Princess Rhiainfelt, heiress of North Rheged ("Old North"). Northumbria embraces North Rheged in a peaceful takeover, and Oswiu becomes a sub-king (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

 * January – The Plague of Amwas breaks out.
 * Autumn – The Arabian forces under Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah storm Caesarea Maritima, capital of Byzantine Palestine, and effect their final capture of Ascalon (modern Israel). Caliph Umar I stops the Muslim invasion, and appoints Abu Ubaidah governor of Syria.
 * Arab-Byzantine War: The invading Rashidun army under Khalid ibn al-Walid moves into Anatolia, conquering (without strong Byzantine resistance) the cities of Kahramanmaraş, Caesarea Cappadociae, Sebastia, and Malatya (west of the Taurus Mountains). Arab forces march into Armenia, where they capture the cities Edessa and Amida up to the Ararat plain.
 * Umar I dismisses Khalid ibn al-Walid after the conquest of Syria, owing to his ever-growing fame and influence. He wants the Muslims to know that victory comes from God, not his general.
 * Abu Musa al-Asha'ari, companion (sahabah) of Muhammad, establishes Hafar al-Batin, located in the northeastern region of the Arabian Peninsula. He orders the digging for new wells, along this desert route that Muslims travel from Iraq to Mecca for the Hajj (pilgrimage).

Asia

 * The Tibetan Empire, seeking an alliance through marriage with Tang dynasty China, launches an attack on Songzhou that is repelled by Chinese forces, but is followed by the marriage of the Chinese Princess Wencheng to Tibetan ruler Songtsän Gampo.

Arts and sciences

 * The Islamic calendar is introduced by Abu Musa al-Asha'ari. He convinces Umar I to make notes of an era for Muslims.
 * March 22 – Year 0 of the Burmese calendar, based on the Chula Sakarat, is also used in the mainland of Southeast Asia.

Religion

 * October 12 – Pope Honorius I dies at Rome after a 13-year reign, and is succeeded by Severinus, but the Byzantine emperor Heraclius will delay the new pope's consecration until May 640.
 * December 20 – Pyrrhus I becomes patriarch of Constantinople, after the death of Sergius I. He has been an advocate of Monothelitism and a close friend of Heraclius.

Births

 * Huineng, Chinese Zen Buddhist patriarch of the Tang dynasty (d. 713)

Deaths

 * March 11 – Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem
 * October 12 – Pope Honorius I
 * December 9 – Sergius I, patriarch of Constantinople
 * Qin Shubao, general of the Tang dynasty
 * Yu Shinan, calligrapher and official (b. 558)

title: 638


text:
639

Year 639 (DCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 639 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * January 19 – Dagobert I dies after a 10-year reign as king of all the Franks, in which his realm has prospered. He is succeeded by Sigebert III (age 9), independent ruler of Austrasia, and his half-brother Clovis II (age 2), who becomes king of Neustria and Burgundy. Under the supervision of Pepin of Landen, Mayor of the Palace, the royal treasury is distributed between the two brothers and widowed queen Nanthild (regent on Clovis' behalf).

Arabian Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: The Rashidun army (4,000 men), under the command of 'Amr ibn al-'As, invades Byzantine Egypt. They capture the strategic town of Pelusium (Nile Delta) after a two-month siege. Arab reinforcements led by Zubayr ibn al-Awwam are sent from Medina to assist Amr's army. The losses incurred by the Muslims are ameliorated by Sinai Bedouins, tribes of Rashida and Lakhm; they join the invaders in conquering Egypt.
 * Hormuzan, Persian satrap of Susiana (vassal of the Rashidun Caliphate), revolts against the Muslims and raids Mesopotamia. Arab forces under Abu Musa al-Asha'ari destroy Susa in the lower Zagros Mountains.
 * Plague of Emmaus: An epidemic disease which has broken out in Emmaus (Imwas) in Palestine strikes the city and the military camps of the Muslim Arabs, killing most of its population (estimated at 25,000 people) until it subsides in October.

Asia

 * The Xueyantuo assaults the Chinese-conquered vassal of Eastern Tujue. Although simultaneously fighting in Korea against Goguryeo, Emperor Tai Zong commissions his famous general Li Shiji to fend off attacks in the campaign against Xueyantuo.
 * An unsuccessful revolt of Prince Kürşat (of the Eastern Turks) breaks out in China.

Religion

 * Eligius succeeds Acarius as bishop of Doornik and Noyon. He becomes constituted guardian of the towns of Vermandois, which also include Ghent and Kortrijk (Flanders).
 * The First Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta is founded by the exarch Isaac of Ravenna on Torcello, confirming the island's importance as a centre of population in Venice at this date.

Births

 * Aldegonde, Frankish abbess (approximate date)
 * Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne (approximate date)
 * Ecgberht of Ripon, bishop of Lindisfarne (d. 729)
 * Yeon Namsan, military leader of Goguryeo (d. 701)

Deaths

 * January 19 – Dagobert I, king of the Franks (b. c. 603)
 * February 3 – K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I, ajaw of Piedras Negras
 * November 27 – Acarius, bishop of Doornik and Noyon
 * Suhayl ibn Amr (b. c. 556)
 * Abu Jandal ibn Suhayl (b. 594 - 601)
 * Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, commander of the Rashidun Caliphate (b. 583)
 * Muadh ibn Jabal, early Muslim scholar
 * Shurahbil ibn Hasana, Rashidun Caliphate general
 * Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, general of the Rashidun Caliphate
 * Faílbe Flann mac Áedo Duib, king of Munster (Ireland)
 * Wang Gui, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 571)
 * Yang Gongren, chancellor of the Tang dynasty

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 639


text:
630

Year 630 (DCXXX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 630 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * March 21 – Emperor Heraclius returns the True Cross, one of the holiest Christian relics, to Jerusalem. He tries to promote Monothelitism, which is rejected by the Christians.
 * Heraclius issues a decree that all Jews must become Christian; a massacre follows around Jerusalem and in Galilee (Israel), some survivors fleeing to the Daraa area.
 * Chorpan Tarkhan, general of the Khazars, invades and devastates Roman Armenia. He defeats a Persian cavalry force (10,000 men) sent by Shahrbaraz to repel the invasion.

Central America

 * October 1 – Tajoom Ukʼab Kʼahkʼ, the ruler of the Mayan city state of Calakmul in southern Mexico dies after a reign of eight years and is succeeded by Cauac, who reigns until 636.

Scandinavia

 * Yngling King Olof Trätälja founds a colony in Värmland. He is expelled from his native Västergötland (in modern-day Sweden) (according to the Ynglingatal).

Britain

 * King Ricberht of East Anglia dies and is succeeded by Sigeberht, who returns from exile in France. He rules together with his kinsman Ecgric, re-establishing Christianity.
 * King Penda of Mercia besieges Exeter in southwest England. King Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd lands with a force nearby, and negotiates an alliance with Penda.
 * Eanswith, daughter of King Eadbald of Kent, founds the Benedictine Folkestone Priory, the first nunnery in England.

Persia

 * April 27 – King Ardashir III, age 9, is murdered after an 18 month reign. He is succeeded by Shahrbaraz who becomes ruler (shah) of the Sasanian Empire.
 * June 9 – Shahrbaraz is killed and succeeded by Borandukht, daughter of former king Khosrow II. She ascends the throne as 26th monarch of Persia.

Arabia

 * January – Battle of Hunayn: Muhammad defeats the Bedouin tribe of Hawazin (12,000 men) in a valley, on one of the roads leading to Ta'if (Western Arabia).
 * February 5 – Siege of Ta'if: Muhammad begins to besiege Ta'if and brings battering rams and catapults to suppress the fortress city, but is unable to penetrate it.
 * December 11 – Conquest of Mecca: A Muslim army (10,000 men) marches on Mecca, which surrenders. Muhammad takes the city from the Quraysh and makes it the spiritual center of Islam.

Asia

 * Illig Qaghan, ruler (khagan) of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, is captured by Li Jing during the Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks.

Religion

 * Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk (bhikkhu), travels across the Gobi Desert to Kumul. Following the Tian Shan mountain range of Central Asia westwards, he arrives in Turpan.

Births

 * November 7 – Constans II, Byzantine emperor (d. 668)
 * Alhfrith, king of Deira (approximate date)
 * Conon I, pope of the Catholic Church (approximate date)
 * Di Renjie, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 700)
 * Fausta, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
 * Nukata, Japanese poet (approximate date)
 * Reineldis, Frankisch saint (approximate date)
 * Sigebert III, king of Austrasia (approximate date)

Deaths

 * April 27 – Ardashir III, king of the Persian Empire
 * June 9 – Shahrbaraz, king of the Persian Empire
 * Du Ruhui, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 585)
 * Ricberht, king of East Anglia (approximate date)

title: 630


text:
624

Year 624 (DCXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 624 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius advances with an expeditionary force (40,000 men) along the Araxes River, destroying the fortress city of Dvin, capital of Armenia, and Nakhchivan (modern Azerbaijan). At Ganzak, Heraclius defeats the Persian army and destroys the famous fire temple at Takht-e Soleymān, an important Zoroastrian shrine. He winters his army in Caucasian Albania to gather forces for the next year.
 * Winter – King Khosrow II withdraws most of his troops from Chalcedon (Anatolia); he assembles three armies to trap and destroy Heraclius' forces. The Persians go into winter quarters nearby, but Heraclius attacks them at Tigranakert (Western Armenia), routing the forces of the generals Shahin Vahmanzadegan and Shahraplakan. The Byzantines destroy their baggage train.

Europe

 * The Visigoths under King Suintila recapture the Byzantine territories of Spania (Andalusia), after 70 years of occupation. Only the Balearic Islands stay a part of the Byzantine Empire.

Britain

 * Eorpwald succeeds his father Rædwald, as king (bretwalda) of the independent Kingdom of East Anglia (approximate date).

Arabia

 * March 13 – Battle of Badr: Muhammad and some 300 of his followers from Medina surprise a reinforced Meccan caravan at Badr (modern-day Saudi Arabia) returning from Syria, and defeat about 1,000 Quraysh from Mecca. After having heard that clan leader Abu Sufyan is escorting a rich trade caravan, Muhammad has the wells along its route (southwest of Medina) filled with sand in order to lure him into battle.

Asia

 * The Yiwen Leiju encyclopedia is completed during the Tang dynasty, by the Chinese calligrapher Ouyang Xun.

Religion

 * Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, receiving his pallium — symbol of the jurisdiction entrusted to archbishops. He oversees the dispatch of missionaries to Northumbria (northern England).

Births

 * February 17 – Wu Zetian, Empress of the Zhou dynasty (d. 705)
 * May – Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Arab sahabi (d. 692)
 * Hasan ibn Ali, second Shia Imam and grandson of Muhammad (d. 670)
 * Yazdegerd III, king of the Persian Empire (d. 651)
 * Approximate date – Adomnán, Irish abbot and hagiographer (d. 704)

Deaths

 * March 17 – Amr ibn Hishām, Arab polytheist
 * April 24 – Mellitus, Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Abū Lahab, uncle of Muhammad (approximate date)
 * Du Fuwei, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty (b. 598)
 * Fu Gongshi, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty
 * Gao Kaidao, rebel leader during the Sui dynasty
 * Rædwald, king of East Anglia (approximate date)
 * Ruqayyah, daughter of Muhammad (approximate date)
 * Umayyah ibn Khalaf, clan leader of the Quraysh
 * Utbah ibn Rabi'ah, clan leader of the Quraysh

title: 624


text:
625

Year 625 (DCXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 625 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Heraclius marches with his forces westward, through the mountains of Corduene. In less than seven days, he bypasses Mount Ararat and captures the strategic fortresses of Amida along the Arsanias River, and Martyropolis on the upper Tigris. The Persian army in northern Mesopotamia withdraws westward across the Euphrates. Heraclius pursues into Cilicia, accompanied by a great train of booty.
 * Battle of Sarus: Heraclius is victorious in a Byzantine assault river crossing. The reinforced Persians under Shahrbaraz are defeated along the Sarus River, near Adana (modern Turkey). Heraclius recaptures Cappadocia and Pontus, and returns to Trapezus to spend the winter. Shahrbaraz retreats in good order, and is able to continue his advance through Asia Minor towards Constantinople.

Britain

 * King Edwin of Northumbria marries Æthelburga of Kent. As a Christian, she brings her personal chaplain, Paulinus, and encourages her husband to convert to Christianity.
 * King Cadfan of Gwynedd dies and is buried at Llangadwaladr, where his memorial stone can still be seen. He is succeeded by his son Cadwallon (approximate date).
 * Judicaël becomes high king of Domnonée (northern Brittany).

Asia

 * King Pulakeshin II of Chalukya receives Persian envoys, who are sent by King Khosrau II at Badami (southern India).

Religion

 * March 19 – Battle of Uhud: Muhammad retreats against the inhabitants of Mecca (Saudi Arabia), which they consider a victory.
 * October 25 – Pope Boniface V dies at Rome after a 6-year reign. He is succeeded by Honorius I as the 70th pope.

Births

 * Hasan ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad (d. 670)
 * Œthelwald, king of Deira (approximate date)
 * Theodo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)
 * Zhang Jianzhi, official of the Tang dynasty (d. 706)

Deaths

 * October 25 – Pope Boniface V
 * Abd-Allah ibn Jahsh, Arab sahabah
 * Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Arab sahabah
 * Cadfan ap Iago, king of Gwynedd

title: 625


text:
626

Year 626 (DCXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 626 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Siege of Constantinople: A horde of Avars, consisting of about 80,000 men (including large contingents of Slavs, Bulgars, and other "barbarians"), attack the walls of Constantinople. A small Persian army arrives on the Bosphorus, on the Asiatic side. The Theodosian Walls are stormed with the most up-to-date siege equipment, in the form of traction trebuchets. The Avars also have mobile armoured shelters (medieval 'sows') and siege towers; the latter are covered in hides for fire protection. The defense of the capital (12,000 well-trained Byzantine troops) is in the hands of Patriarch Sergius I and Bonus (magister militum).
 * July 31 – The Avars and Persian allies under Shahrbaraz launch an attack along the entire length of the Theodosian Walls (about 5.7 kilometres); the main effort is concentrated against the central section, particularly the low-lying mesoteichion. After a fierce infantry battle on the walls, the Byzantine army holds off many assaults on the city. Emperor Heraclius makes arrangements for a new army under his brother Theodore to operate against the Persians in western Anatolia, while he returns to his own army in Pontus.
 * August 7 – In the waters of the Golden Horn, the Persian fleet is destroyed while ferrying reinforcements. The Avars, having suffered terrible losses, running short of food and supplies, burn their siege engines. They abandon the siege and retreat to the Balkan Peninsula. The Byzantines achieve a decisive victory at Blachernae, under the protection of the Church of the Virgin Mary.
 * Byzantine–Persian War: Heraclius, his army reduced by campaigning to less than 30,000 men, is on the defensive in Pontus. Apparently he leaves a strong Byzantine garrison in Trapezus, and withdraws north-eastward along the Black Sea into Colchis, where he halts the Persians by aggressive defensive-offensive operations along the Phasis River. By attracting the Persian army under Shahin Vahmanzadegan in Anatolia, he provides Theodore with the opportunity to defeat them. By the end of the summer he threatens the communication of the Persians at Chalcedon (modern Turkey).
 * Heraclius invites the Croats, a Slavic tribe living in Galicia, Silesia, and Bohemia, to settle in Illyricum. They are given the land between the Drava River and the Adriatic Sea for ridding of Avars. The Serbs are allowed to move from their homeland north of the Carpathians to a territory east of the Croats. Heraclius asks Pope Honorius I to send missionaries to both groups.
 * Winter – Heraclius makes an alliance with Tong Yabghu Qaghan, ruler (khagan) of the Western Turkic Khaganate, for a joint invasion of the Persian Empire the following spring. He promises his daughter Eudoxia Epiphania, age 15, in marriage to Tong Yabghu and sends her under escort with wondrous gifts.

Europe

 * Arioald succeeds his brother-in-law Adaloald as king of the Lombards, and afterwards goes insane. Arioald has his wife locked up in a monastery, accusing her of plotting against him with Grasulf II, duke of Friuli (northern Italy).

Britain

 * King Edwin of Northumbria defeats the West Saxons under Cynegils, who has tried to thwart the growing strength of Edwin by having him assassinated. Edwin obliges Cynegils to acknowledge Northumbria's supremacy.
 * April 19 – Eanflæd, daughter of Edwin of Northumbria, is born at a royal residence by the River Derwent. She is baptised by Paulinus, bishop of York.
 * Edwin of Northumbria invades the Isle of Man and then Anglesey. King Cadwallon is defeated in battle, and is besieged on Puffin Island.
 * Edinburgh (Scotland) is founded by Edwin of Northumbria (approximate date).
 * Penda becomes king of Mercia (approximate date).

Persia

 * Summer – King Khosrau II plans an all-out effort against Constantinople. He returns to Anatolia with two armies of unknown size, presumably more than 50,000 men each. One of these (possibly commanded by Khosrau himself) is to contain Heraclius in Pontus; another under Shahin Vahmanzadegan is defeated by Theodore.

Asia

 * July 2 – Li Shimin travels to the Tang capital Chang'an to bid farewell to his younger brother Li Yuanji, who has been given command of a Chinese expedition against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Hearing of a plot to murder him, he and a few supporters seize the northern entrance to the emperor's palace. Li Shimin ambushes and eliminates his rival brothers Li Yuanji and Li Jiancheng, in the Xuanwu Gate Incident.
 * September 4 – Emperor Gao Zu abdicates in favor of his son Li Shimin after an 8-year reign. He passes the throne to him (as Emperor Tai Zong).

Births

 * April 19 – Eanflæd, queen of Northumbria
 * Balthild, queen of the Franks (approximate date)
 * Heraklonas, Byzantine emperor (d. 641)
 * Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad and the third Shi'a Imam (d. 680)
 * Munmu, king of Silla (d. 681)
 * Tenji, emperor of Japan (d. 672)
 * Zaynab bint Ali, granddaughter of Muhammad and member of Ahl al-Bayt
 * Abdallah ibn Amir

Deaths

 * June 19 – Soga no Umako, leader of the Soga clan
 * July 2 – Li Jiancheng, prince of the Tang dynasty (b. 589)
 * July 2 – Li Yuanji, prince of the Tang dynasty (b. 603)
 * Adaloald, king of the Lombards (approximate date)
 * Cearl, king of Mercia (approximate date)
 * Fatimah bint Asad, mother of Ali ibn Abi Talib (b. 555)
 * Fiachnae mac Báetáin, king of Dál nAraidi (Ireland)
 * Gaugericus, bishop of Cambrai (approximate date)
 * Sexred, king of Essex (approximate date)
 * Shahin Vahmanzadegan, Persian general (approximate date)
 * Warnachar II, Mayor of the Palace (approximate date)

title: 626


text:
627

Year 627 (DCXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 627 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Byzantine–Sasanian War: Emperor Heraclius sweeps through southern Armenia with a 50,000-man expeditionary force, recapturing most of the Byzantine fortresses lost to the Persians ten and fifteen years earlier. The army of Shahrbaraz, still in Anatolia, is now cut off completely. Hearing from Byzantine agents (showing him letters) that King Khosrau II, dissatisfied with his failure to capture Constantinople, is planning to have him executed, he surrenders to Heraclius, refusing to join the Byzantine army against his ungrateful sovereign.
 * Third Perso-Turkic War: The Göktürks and their Khazar allies (40,000 men) approach the Caspian Gates, and capture the Persian fortress at Derbent (modern Dagestan). Heraclius marches to the upper Tigris and invades the Persian heartland, leaving the Khazars under Tong Yabghu Qaghan to continue the siege of Tblilisi.
 * December 12 – Battle of Nineveh: Heraclius crosses the Great Zab river and, in a feigned retreat, defeats the Persian army (12,000 men) under Rhahzadh, near the ruins of Nineveh (Iraq). Although wounded, Heraclius refuses to leave the battlefield, and in a final cavalry charge personally kills the Persian general.
 * Winter – Heraclius plunders the city palace of Dastgerd (Iran) and gains tremendous riches (also recovering 300 captured Byzantine flags). He turns northeastward to Caucasian Albania to rest his army. Khosrau II flees to the mountains of Susiana, to rally support for the defense of the Persian capital Ctesiphon.

Britain

 * King Eorpwald of East Anglia is murdered, and succeeded by Ricberht. He is a member of the East Anglian elite; during his rule paganism is re-established.
 * April 12 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to Christianity by Bishop Paulinus of York, who previously saved his life.

Arabia

 * March 31 – Battle of the Trench: Muhammad successfully withstands a siege for 27 days at Medina, by Meccan forces (10,000 men) under Abu Sufyan, whose allies, the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza, ultimately surrender to Muhammad.

Religion

 * April 12 – Paulinus, last of the missionaries sent by Pope Gregory I, builds a wooden church in the old Roman legionary headquarters in York, and baptises Edwin of Northumbria as the first Christian king in northern England.
 * Fourth Council of Mâcon: A council of Christian bishops approves the Monastic Rule of Saint Columbanus in the city of Mâcon (Burgundy).
 * Cunibert is elected bishop of Cologne. Throughout his episcopacy, monasticism flourishes in Austrasia (approximate date).

Education

 * St Peter's School, York, is founded by Paulinus.

Births

 * Cui Zhiwen, Tang dynasty official (d. 683)

Deaths

 * Amatus, Benedictine abbot and hermit
 * Bonus, Byzantine general and regent
 * Cathal mac Áedo, king of Cashel (Ireland)
 * King Eorpwald of East Anglia (approximate date)
 * Feng Deyi, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 568)
 * Luo Yi, official of the Sui dynasty
 * Pei Ju, official of the Tang dynasty
 * Rhahzadh, Persian general
 * Sichilde, Frankish queen
 * King Stephen I of Iberia (Georgia)
 * Zaynab bint Khuzayma, wife of Muhammad (b. 595)

title: 627


text:
628

Year 628 (DCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 628 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Spring – Byzantine–Sassanid War: Emperor Heraclius issues an ultimatum for peace to King Khosrow II, but he refuses his generous terms. The war-weary Persians revolt against Khosrow's regime at Ctesiphon, and install his son Kavadh II on the throne on February 25. He puts his father to death and begins negotiations with Heraclius. Kavadh is forced to return all the territories conquered during the war. The Persians must give up all of the trophies they have captured, including the relic of the True Cross. Evidently there is also a large financial indemnity. Having accepted a peace agreement on his own terms, Heraclius returns in triumph to Constantinople.
 * Third Perso-Turkic War: The Western Göktürks, under their leader Tong Yabghu Qaghan, plunder Tbilisi (modern Georgia). The Persian defenders are executed or mutilated; Tong Yabghu appoints governors (tuduns) to manage various tribes under his overlordship.

Britain

 * Battle of Cirencester: King Penda of Mercia defeats the West Saxons at Cirencester (southwest England), in what later will be Gloucestershire. After reaching an agreement, he takes control of the Severn Valley and the minor kingdom of the Hwicce.

Central America

 * February 5 – K'ak' Chan Yopaat, who had been the ruler of the Mayan city state of Copán in Honduras, dies after a 49 year reign that began in 578.

 * February 21 – Chan Imix K'awiil, becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city state of Copán in Honduras, and rules until his death 67 years later in 695.

Persia

 * February 25 – Khosrow II, the last great shah of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown by his son Kavad II.
 * September 6 – Ardashir III, age 7, succeeds his father Kavad II as the twenty-fourth shah of the Sasanian Empire on the latter's death from the plague that is devastating western Persia.

Arabia

 * Muhammad leads about 1,400 men on a pilgrimage to Mecca, where their passage is blocked. The Quraysh tribe and the Muslim community in Medina sign a 10-year truce.

Arts and sciences

 * Indian astronomer Brahmagupta writes the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, an early, yet very advanced, mathematics book, including rules for computing with zero.

Education

 * The Sharia enjoins women as well as men to obtain secular and religious educations. It forbids eating pork, domesticated donkey, and other flesh denied to Jews by Mosaic law (approximate date).

Religion

 * Muhammad's letters to world leaders explain the principles of the new monotheistic Muslim faith, as they will be contained in  the Quran.
 * Marutha of Tikrit is consecrated Maphrian of the East in the Syriac Orthodox Church.

Births

 * July 21 – Gao Zong, emperor of the Tang dynasty (d. 683)
 * John Maron, Syriac monk and patriarch (d. 707)
 * Approximate date
 * Benedict Biscop, Anglo-Saxon abbot (d. 690)
 * Gertrude of Nivelles, Austrasian abbess (d. 659)

Deaths

 * January 22 – Anastasius of Persia, monk
 * February 28 – Khosrow II, king of the Persian Empire
 * April 15 – Empress Suiko of Japan
 * June 3 – Liang Shidu, rebel leader
 * Babai the Great, church father and theologian
 * Du Yan, chancellor of the Tang dynasty
 * Kavadh II, king of the Sasanian Empire
 * Li Dashi, Chinese official and historian (b. 570)
 * Shirin, wife of Khosrow II (approximate date)
 * Suibne Menn, High King of Ireland
 * Theodelinda, queen of the Lombards
 * Tong Yabghu Qaghan, ruler of the Göktürks

title: 628


text:
629

Year 629 (DCXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 629 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * September – Jerusalem is reconquered by the Byzantines (after 15 years of occupation), from the Persian Empire.
 * September 14 – Emperor Heraclius enters Constantinople in triumph. In a ceremonial parade, accompanied by the True Cross, he is welcomed by the citizens and his son Heraclius Constantine.
 * Heraclius styles himself as Basileus, Greek word for "sovereign", and takes the ancient title of "King of Kings", after his victory over Persia.

Europe

 * King Chlothar II dies after a 16-year reign, and is succeeded by his son Dagobert I. Counseled by Bishop Arnulf of Metz and Pepin of Landen (Mayor of the Palace), he moves the capital to Paris.
 * Charibert II, half-brother of Dagobert I, becomes king of Aquitaine (Southern France), and establishes his capital at Toulouse. Charibert's realm also includes Agen, Cahors, and Périgueux.

Britain

 * Battle of Fid Eoin: King Connad Cerr of Dál Riata is killed by the Dál nAraidi of the over-kingdom of Ulaid in north-eastern Ireland (approximate date).

Arabia

 * Summer – Muhammad, Islamic unifies all nomadic tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, converts them to Islam and prepares an expedition against the Jews.
 * May - June – Battle of Khaybar: Muhammad and his followers defeat the Jews living in the fortified oasis at Khaybar, located 150 kilometers from Medina.
 * September – Battle of Mu'tah: The Muslims fail to take the lands east of the Jordan River, and are pushed back near Mu'tah by the Ghassanids.

Asia

 * April 27 – Shahrbaraz usurps the throne of the Sasanian Empire from Ardashir III, but is himself deposed forty days later by nobility in favour of Borandukht. Khosrow III briefly rules Khorasan in the confusion, until he is assassinated by the governor of the province.
 * Winter – Emperor Tai Zong of the Tang dynasty launches a campaign against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).
 * Emperor Jomei succeeds his great aunt, empress Suiko, and ascends to the throne of Japan.

Americas

 * The Maya military outpost of Dos Pilas (Guatemala) is founded, in order to control trade routes in the Petexbatún region. B'alaj Chan K'awiil is installed as its leader by his father, K'inich Muwaan Jol II, the ruler of Tikal.

Religion

 * Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk, sets out for India from the Tang dynasty capital Chang'an on a pilgrimage.
 * Muhammad meets Al-Khansa, Arabic poet, and converts her to Islam.

Births

 * Dōshō, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 700)

Deaths

 * Chlothar II, king of the Franks
 * Conall mac Máele Dúib, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)
 * Connad Cerr, king of Dál Riata (Scotland)
 * Eochaid Buide, king of Dál Riata
 * Eustace of Luxeuil, Frankish abbot
 * Jafar ibn Abi Talib, companion of Muhammad and older brother of Ali ibn Abi Talib
 * Pei Ji, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 570)
 * Kinana ibn al-Rabi, Jewish leader

title: 629


text:
605

Year 605 (DCV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 605 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Phocas recognizes Agilulf as king of the Lombards, and signs a peace treaty. He pays a tribute and cedes Orvieto (Central Italy), among other towns. The Byzantine army is withdrawn from the Balkan Peninsula.
 * Phocas has Constantina, empress consort of Maurice, and her three daughters arrested. He accuses her of conspiracy, and has them executed at Chalcedon (Bithynia).

Britain

 * King Æthelfrith annexes the neighboring kingdom of Deira (Northern England). The region between the Forth and Humber rivers will hereafter be known as Northumbria, the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

Persia

 * As a result of a quarrel between the Lakhmids (Southern Iraq) and King Khosrau II, the Persian frontier with Arabia is no longer guarded (approximate date).

Asia

 * Emperor Yángdi orders the capital to be transferred from Chang'an to Luoyang. He begins the construction of the Grand Canal, that will link existing waterways to the new Chinese capital; it will be built by a million laborers.
 * Yángdi introduces an imperial examination, designed to select the best administrative officials (after they receive the jinshi) for the state; this begins a long bureaucratic tradition of scholar-officialdom in China.
 * The Zhaozhou Bridge is completed under the Sui dynasty, the earliest known fully stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in the world (although the earlier Roman Trajan's Bridge featured segmental arches).
 * Amshuvarma becomes king of the Licchavi in Nepal. He is credited for opening trade routes to Tibet. His ruling period is known as the "Golden Period".

Mesoamerica

 * Aj Ne' Yohl Mat becomes ruler (ajaw) of the Maya city of Palenque (Mexico). During his reign his kingdom is invaded by people from Calakmul.

Births

 * Chlodulf, bishop of Metz
 * Colmán, bishop of Lindisfarne (approximate date)
 * Fatimah, daughter of Muhammad (approximate date)
 * Yang You, puppet emperor of the Sui dynasty (d. 619)
 * Sisenand, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)
 * Yang Tong, puppet emperor of the Sui dynasty (d. 619)

Deaths

 * Alexander of Tralles, physician (approximate date)
 * Brandub mac Echach, king of Uí Ceinnselaig (Ireland)
 * Constantina, Byzantine empress (approximate date)
 * Damian, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria

title: 605


text:
607

Year 607 (DCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 607 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Visigoths, Austrasians, Neustrians and Lombards form an alliance against King Theuderic II of Burgundy, whose grandmother and sister have murdered Theuderic's wife Ermenberga, daughter of Witteric, king of the Visigoths. Fighting takes place around Narbonne, but little is known of the details or outcome (approximate date).
 * Queen Brunhilda has Uncelen, Duke of Alemannia, removed from office after his foot is cut off as revenge for Protadius' death (according to the Lex Alamannorum).

Britain

 * King Ceolwulf of Wessex fights the South Saxons.

Asia

 * August 1 – Empress Suiko appoints Ono no Imoko as official envoy to the Sui Court (Japanese missions to Imperial China). She sends him to pay tribute to Emperor Yángdi, and let him deliver the famous letter from prince-regent Shōtoku which begins: "The Son of Heaven where the sun rises (Japan), to the Son of Heaven where the sun sets (China), may good health be with you." (Traditional Japanese date: July 3, 607).
 * Yángdi is offended by his general Gao Jiong, who makes several comments critical of the emperor's policies, against Tujue submissive Yami Qaghan. He is executed (beheaded), and Gao's sons are exiled to the border provinces (Northern China).

Religion

 * February 19 – The vacancy (sede vacante) that has existed on the papal throne, since the death last year of Sabinian, ends with the election of a Rome-born deacon of the Catholic Church. Pope Boniface III is appointed as the 66th pope, but dies the same year.
 * Emperor Phocas bestows the title "Universal Bishop" upon Boniface III, in an effort to improve relations with Rome.
 * October 11 – Thomas I is appointed as the 60th patriarch of Constantinople.
 * The Hōryū-ji Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, near Nara (Japan), is constructed.

Births

 * Ali ibn Abi Talib, ruler of the Rashidun Caliphate (d. 661)
 * Hao Chujun, general of the Tang dynasty (d. 681)
 * Shenxiu, Chinese Zen Buddhist patriarch (d. 706)
 * Yang Gao, prince of the Sui dynasty (d. 618)

Deaths

 * November 12 – Pope Boniface III
 * Desiderius, archbishop of Vienne (approximate date)
 * Gao Jiong, general of the Sui dynasty
 * Trudpert, Irish missionary (or 644)

title: 607


text:
608

Year 608 (DCVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 608 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Heraclian revolt: Heraclius the Elder, exarch of Africa, and his son (also named Heraclius) revolt against Emperor Phocas, whose regime in Constantinople has become unpopular and violent.
 * Heraclius proclaims himself and his son as consuls, claiming the imperial title—and mint coins with the two wearing the consular robes. Syria and Palaestina Prima revolt.
 * Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II invades Armenia, and raids deep into Anatolia through the Byzantine provinces of Cappadocia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Bithynia.

Europe

 * August 1 – The Column of Phocas at Rome is dedicated in honour of Phocas. The Corinthian column has a height of 13.6 m (44 ft).

Britain

 * Eochaid Buide succeeds his father Áedán mac Gabráin as king of Dál Riata (modern Scotland).

Asia

 * Sui dynasty Emperor Yang of Sui expresses the desire to control routes to the West, leading to two and a half centuries of Chinese military and trading activities in Central Asia.

Religion

 * September 25 – Pope Boniface IV succeeds Boniface III, as the 67th pope of Rome.
 * The observance of Halloween in the Roman Catholic Church is first recorded.
 * The Georgian Orthodox Church returns to Chalcedonism (approximate date).

Births

 * Charibert II, king of Aquitaine (approximate date)
 * Philibert of Jumièges, Frankish abbot (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Áedán mac Gabráin, king of Dál Riata

title: 608


text:
609

Year 609 (DCIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 609 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Nicetas, cousin of future emperor Heraclius, launches an overland invasion in Egypt. He defeats a Byzantine army under Bonus (comes Orientis) outside Alexandria, sent from Constantinople.

Persia

 * Battle of Dhi Qar: Arab tribesmen of Bakr ibn Wa'il defeat a Persian force (5,000 men), at a watering place near Kufa (Southern Iraq).

Asia

 * Emperor Yángdi completes the Grand Canal; it provides an unbroken inland ship transport between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. The canal network is 1,776 km (1,400 miles) long—linking five river systems—and extends from Beijing to the city of Hangzhou.
 * The Sui dynasty government records a tax census of roughly 9 million registered households in the Chinese Empire, a population size of roughly 50 million people.
 * Shibi Khan becomes the ninth ruler (khagan) of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (approximate date).

Religion

 * May 13 – The Pantheon in Rome is consecrated as "St. Mary and the Martyrs" (informally known as "Santa Maria Rotonda") by Pope Boniface IV (or 610).
 * December 22 – Muhammad claims to have received what was to become the first wahy of Islam.

Births

 * Audoin, bishop of Rouen (d. 686)
 * Hafsa bint Umar, wife of Muhammad (approximate date)

Deaths

 * Qamishoʿ, Syriac Orthodox Grand Metropolitan of the East.
 * Venantius Fortunatus, Latin poet and bishop (or 600)
 * Yang Lihua, empress of Northern Zhou (b. 561)
 * Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma, Arabian poet (approx.)

title: 609


text:
603

Year 603 (DCIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 603 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * Spring – Witteric, counting on the support of the nobles, attacks the royal palace in Toledo, and overthrows King Liuva II. He cuts off his right hand, and has him executed. Witteric becomes the new king of the Visigoths.
 * King Agilulf besieges Cremona, and with the assistance of the Slavs the city is destroyed. He captures Padua and Mantua (Northern Italy); its territory is divided between the Lombard duchies of Brescia and Bergamo.
 * Agilulf, under the influence of his wife Theodelinda, abandons Arianism for Catholicism, and is (with his son Adaloald) baptised in the Cathedral of Monza, where later the Iron Crown of Lombardy is installed.
 * The last mention of the Roman Senate on the Italian mainland is made (according to the Gregorian register). It mentions that the Senate has acclaimed new statues of Emperor Phocas and Empress Leontia.

Britain

 * Battle of Degsastan: King Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeats the combined forces of the Strathclyde Britons and Scots under Áedán mac Gabráin, establishing the supremacy of the Angles in the northern part of what will become known as the British Isles.

Asia

 * Emperor Wéndi stabilises the Chinese Empire; the agricultural acreage increases greatly, and shipbuilding technology reaches a new high level.
 * Prince Shōtoku of Japan establishes a twelve level cap and rank system, and is said to have authored a seventeen-article constitution.
 * Rebellious Göktürks depose and kill the ambitious ruler (khagan) Tardu, of the Western Turkic Khaganate (Central Asia).
 * Heshana Khan succeeds his father Tardu as ruler of the Göktürks, and levies heavy taxes on the Tiele people.

Religion

 * Schuttern Abbey (Germany) is founded by the wandering Irish monk Offo.
 * The future Pope Boniface III is appointed papal legate to Constantinople.

Births

 * Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali, Muslim scholar (approximate date)
 * Dagobert I, king of the Franks (d. 639)
 * Li Daozong, prince of the Tang dynasty (approximate date)
 * Li Yuanji, prince of the Tang dynasty (d. 626)
 * Pacal the Great, ruler (ajaw) of Palenque (d. 683)
 * Muyeol, king of Silla (Korea) (d. 661)
 * Yeon Gaesomun, dictator of Goguryeo (d. 666)

Deaths

 * Fintan of Clonenagh, Irish abbot
 * Liuva II, king of the Visigoths (b. 583)
 * Mungo, Brythonic bishop (or 614)
 * Tardu, ruler (khagan) of the Göktürks

title: 603


text:
602

Year 602 (DCII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 602 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Emperor Maurice succeeds in winning over the Avars to Byzantine rule, but his campaigns against the Avars, Lombards, Persians and Slavs drain the imperial treasury, requiring an increase in taxes. He orders the troops to stay for winter beyond the Danube, but a mutiny breaks out under Phocas. He brings the Byzantine forces back over the Danube and marches on to Constantinople.
 * November 27 – A civil war breaks out and Phocas enters Constantinople. Maurice is captured trying to escape; he is forced to witness the slaughter of his five sons and all his supporters, and is then executed (beheaded) after a 20-year reign. His wife, Constantina, and his three daughters are spared, and sent to a monastery. Phocas is proclaimed the new emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
 * Byzantine–Persian War: King Khosrau II launches an offensive against Constantinople, to avenge Maurice's death, his "friend and father", and tries to reconquer Byzantine territory. Narses, governor of Upper Mesopotamia, rebels against Phocas at the city of Edessa and requests aid from the Persians. Khosrau sends an expeditionary force to Armenia and crosses the Euphrates.

Europe

 * Spring – Witteric is appointed commander-in-chief of the Visigoth army, and receives orders from King Liuva II to expel the Byzantines from Hispania.

Persia

 * Khosrau II annexes the Lakhmid Kingdom (Southern Iraq), and puts king Nu'man III to death.

Asia

 * Third Chinese domination of Vietnam: The Early Lý dynasty ends; Hậu Lý Nam Đế, last ruler of Vąn Xuân (North Vietnam), abdicates the throne and becomes a vassal of the Sui dynasty.
 * 602 Surb Karapet Monastery earthquake. It affected the Surb Karapet Monastery, located in the district of Taron.

Religion

 * Augustine of Canterbury meets with the Welsh bishops at Aust near Chepstow. He accuses them of not adopting the Roman Christian way of dating Easter, and persuades them to accept the teaching of baptism (according to the Roman Rite).

Births

 * Adaloald, king of the Lombards (d. 626)
 * Li Chunfeng, Chinese mathematician and historian (d. 670)
 * Liu Rengui, general and official of the Tang dynasty (d. 685)
 * Muawiyah I, founder of the Umayyad Caliphate (d. 680)
 * Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of Canterbury (d. 690)
 * Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (d. 664)
 * Zhiyan, Chinese (Buddhist) patriarch (d. 668)
 * Muawiyah bin Abi-Sufyan, Caliph of Syria (d. 680)

Deaths

 * September 10 – Dugu Qieluo, empress of the Chinese Sui dynasty (b. 544)
 * November 27 – Maurice, Byzantine emperor (b. 539)
 * Nu'man III, king of the Lakhmids
 * Ariulf, Lombard duke of Spoleto
 * Bayan I, ruler (khagan) of the Avars
 * Comentiolus, Byzantine general (magister militum)
 * Peter, Byzantine general (curopalates)
 * Theodosius, Byzantine co-emperor
 * Tiberius, Byzantine prince
 * Lady Xian, Chinese general (b. 512)

title: 602


text:
601

Year 601 (DCI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 601 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Balkan Campaign: A Byzantine army under command of Peter, brother of Emperor Maurice, crosses the Danube and advances to the Tisza River, where it defeats the Avars.

Europe

 * The Franks, Merovingians and Carolingians successively control most of Europe, while strong feudal lords rise in power to gain the allegiance of the people.
 * The Lombards under King Agilulf expand into Northern Italy, establishing a settlement with the Franks and maintaining intermittent relationships with Rome.
 * Liuva II, age 18, succeeds his father Reccared I as king of the Visigoths. Reccared dies a natural death at the capital in Toledo after a 15-year reign.

Arts and sciences

 * The Qieyun, a Chinese character rhyme dictionary, is published.

Agriculture

 * Food production increases in northern and Western Europe as a result of agricultural technology introduced by the Slavs, who employ a lightweight plow with a knife blade (coulter), that cuts deep into the soil at grassroots level, together with a shaped board, or "moldboard", that moves the cut soil to one side.

Religion

 * The future Archbishops of Canterbury (Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius), and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to aid Augustine in his missionary work. Gregory writes the decretal Libellus responsionum to Augustine.

Births

 * September 13 – Ali, central figure in Shia Islam (d. 661)
 * Hongren, Chán (Buddhist) patriarch of the Tang dynasty (d. 674)
 * Ma Zhou, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 648)
 * Sigebert II, king of Austrasia and Burgundy (d. 613)
 * Zhangsun, empress of the Tang dynasty (d. 636)

Deaths

 * March 13 or 600 – Leander, bishop of Seville
 * Agilulf, bishop of Metz
 * Reccared I, king of the Visigoths (b. 559)
 * Bertha of Kent, Frankish-born Anglo-Saxon queen consort, canonized (b. c.565) (approximate date)
 * Sophia, Byzantine Empress consort (approximate date)

title: 601


text:
600

600 (DC) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 600 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * King Chlothar II of Neustria is defeated by his nephews, Theudebert II and Theuderic II, at Dormelles (approximate date).
 * Germanic and Slavic peoples have tremendous population growth, with the Slavs colonizing the Balkan Peninsula.
 * Rome continues as part of the Byzantine Empire. The Italian mainland is divided into independent cities and duchies.
 * Venice continues as an independent realm, having been built up from fishing villages and settled by fugitives.
 * Dorestad, lying in a fork between two branches of the Rhine, is established by the Franks as a trade center.
 * King Agilulf of the Lombards and Queen Theodelinda build a palace complex at Monza, northeast of Milan.
 * Moravians gain independence, by holding off the attacks from the Avars and the Franks who try to invade.
 * According to the Ynglinga saga, king Ingvar Harra of Sweden invades Adalsysla (present day Lääne County in Estonia), but is killed by the locals (approximate date).
 * Smallpox arrives in Western Europe for the first time (approximate date).

Britain

 * The Welsh bard, Prince Aneirin of the Pennines (North West of England), writes the poem, "Y Gododdin", recording the events of the Battle of Catraeth.
 * The Britons of Strathclyde (Scotland), Wales and Cornwall are all separated by the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

Asia

 * The first of the Japanese embassies to Imperial China is sent (approximate date).
 * The Persians begin to use windmills for irrigation (approximate date).
 * Namri Songtsen becomes the new king of Tibet (approximate date).
 * Chaturanga is played in its current form in India (approximate date).
 * Yangdi, a Sui emperor, extends the Grand Canal. He reportedly assumes power by poisoning his father. Ma Shu-mou, aka Mahu, was one of the canal overseers and was said to have eaten a steamed 2-year-old child each day he worked on the canal. On completion the canal extended for 1,100 miles. 5.5 million people were pressed into service to complete the 1,550 mile canal.
 * Quill pens, made from the outer feathers of crows and other large birds, became popular. The first books are printed in China.
 * The oldest inscription in Mon language dated from 600 AD. later found at Wat Phorang, Thailand.
 * Mu becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Baekje.

Meso- and South America

 * Loma Caldera (El Salvador) erupts, burying the Maya village of Joya de Cerén (approximate date).
 * The Hopewell tradition (North America) ceases to be the dominant culture (approximate date).
 * The city of Teotihuacan (Central Mexico) begins to grow unstable, as they exhaust their resources until their inevitable collapse (possibly caused by the Toltec) circa 700.
 * Moche culture ends in the Andes (approximate date).
 * Nazca culture ends in the Andes (approximate date).
 * The Wari Empire is established in The Andes (approximate date)
 * The Middle Horizon period starts in the Andes.

Pacific Ocean

 * Early settlers from the Marquesas build the Alakoko fishpond and taro fields on Kauai, Hawaii.

Arts and sciences

 * The Germanic peoples, due to the more abundant food supply available, use the "moldboard" plow, introduced by the Slavs in Eastern Europe. The plow works the land with horses and oxen.
 * Possibly the first reference to chess is made in the Persian work Karnamak-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan.
 * 600-750 - Maguey Bloodletting Ritual, fragment of a fresco from Teotihuacan, Mexico, is made. Teotihuacan culture. It is now kept at the Cleveland Museum of Art.
 * 600-900 - Palace and Temple of the Inscriptions (tomb-pyramid of K'inich Janaab' Pakal), Palenque, Mexico, are built. Maya culture.
 * 600-900 - Cylindrical vessel is made. Maya culture. It is now kept at the Princeton University Art Museum, New Jersey.
 * The Navigatio Sancti Brendani Abbatis (Voyage of St. Brendan the Abbott) recounts a 7-year trip to a land across the sea by the Irish saint and a band of acolytes about this time.

Religion

 * Feb 16 - Pope Gregory the Great decrees "God bless You" as the religiously correct response to a sneeze.
 * Pope Gregory I codifies what comes to be known as the Gregorian chant.
 * Construction on the monastery of St. Catherine is begun on Mount Sinai.
 * Irish missionaries preach in Scotland and Germany (approximate date).
 * Chinese-influenced sculptures of Buddha begin to be created in Japan.
 * Sumatra, Java, and the surrounding islands are converted to Buddhism.
 * Augustine of Canterbury converts Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity (approximate date).
 * Nubian rulers become Christian (approximate date).

World

 * The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people (approximate date).

Births

 * September 11 – Yuknoom the Great a Maya ruler of Calakmul
 * Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muslim caliph and Shī‘ah imām (approximate date)
 * Audomar, bishop of Thérouanne (approximate date)
 * Bhāskara I, Indian mathematician (approximate date)
 * Birinus, bishop of Dorchester (approximate date)
 * Candrakīrti, Indian Madhyamaka philosopher
 * Cunibert, bishop of Cologne (approximate date)
 * Judoc, Breton noble and Catholic saint (d. 668)
 * Li Shimin, son of Chinese General Li Yuan (the Duke of Tang)
 * Remaclus, bishop of Maastricht (approximate date)
 * Wandregisel, Frankish monk and abbot (approximate date)
 * Yan Liben, Chinese painter (approximate date)

Deaths

 * March 13 - Leander, bishop of Seville possibly in 601)
 * Aedh Buidhe, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)
 * Beop, king of Baekje (Korea)
 * Bhavavarman I, king of Cambodia
 * Cainnech of Aghaboe, Irish abbot and saint (b. c.515)
 * Uatu mac Áedo, king of Connacht (Ireland)
 * Venantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers, one of the last representatives of Classical Latin poetry
 * Yang Jun, prince of the Sui dynasty (b. 571)

title: 600


text:
740

Year 740 (DCCXL) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 740th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 740th year of the 1st millennium, the 40th year of the 8th century, and the 1st year of the 740s decade. The denomination 740 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Battle of Akroinon: Following the disastrous Battle of Sebastopolis (see 692), Emperor Leo III has largely confined himself to a defensive strategy, while the Umayyad armies regularly launch raids into Byzantine-held Anatolia. Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik assembles an expeditionary force (90,000 men) under his son Sulayman ibn Hisham. One of these armies, 20,000 men strong under Abdallah al-Battal, is defeated at Akroinon (modern-day Afyon) by the Byzantines, led by Leo and his son, the future emperor Constantine V. About 6,800 Muslim Arabs, however, resist and manage to conduct an orderly retreat to Synnada (Phrygia).
 * October 26 – 740 Constantinople earthquake. An earthquake strikes Constantinople and the surrounding countryside, causing destruction to the city's land walls and buildings.

Europe

 * The Berber tribes in the recently conquered region of Galicia (northwest Spain) rebel. This facilitates the establishment of an independent kingdom in the Cantabrian Mountains under King Alfonso I of Asturias.
 * Duke Thrasimund II recovers the duchy of Spoleto and kills Hilderic with Papal-Beneventian aid. He does not return the confiscated papal cities, and his alliance with Pope Gregory III ruptures.
 * December – King Liutprand of the Lombards attempts to counter the growing independence of the Lombard duchies in southern Italy.
 * Sicily, Sardinia, Provence, and Greece are raided by a fleet of Arab Muslim ships sent by the governor of Ifriqya, the ones raiding South Western Europe are led by Habīb Ibn Abi ‘Ubayda Al-Fihrī, while the fleet raiding Greece is led by Mu’awiya ibn Hishām. All of them are successful, submitting the Islands and returning with much wealth from the spoils of war.

Britain

 * King Eadberht of Northumbria marches his army north to attack the Picts. King Æthelbald of Mercia takes advantage of his absence, and ravages the city of York. Internal struggles re-emerge in Northumbria with the murder of Eardwine, probably the son of the late usurping king Eadwulf I.
 * King Æthelheard of Wessex dies after a 14-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother (and probably distant relative) Cuthred. Æthelbald of Mercia takes control of Berkshire from Wessex.

Africa

 * Battle of the Nobles: The Berber rebels under chieftain Khalid ibn Hamid al-Zanati defeat and overwhelm the Umayyad forces of Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri, near Tangier (Northern Morocco), undermining Arab domination in Islamic North Africa. The rebellion spreads in Al-Andalus (Spain), causing governor Ubayd Allah ibn al-Habhab to withdraw Moorish troops from many garrisons north of the Pyrenees.

Asia

 * Much to the delight of the citizens of Chang'an, the Chinese government of the Tang dynasty orders fruit trees to be planted along every main avenue of the city, which enriches not only the diets of the people but also the surroundings (approximate date)
 * Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion: The Fujiwara clan led by Fujiwara no Hirotsugu, dissatisfied with the political powers in Japan, raise an army in Dazaifa (Kyushu) but are defeated by government forces.
 * The Japanese imperial capital is moved from Heijō-kyō to Kuni-kyō.

Religion

 * The Khazars, a nation of the Black Sea steppe, though not ethnically Jewish, voluntarily convert to Judaism.
 * Cuthbert becomes archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Nothhelm (see 739).

Births

 * Aurelius, king of Asturias (approximate date)
 * Gao Ying, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 811)
 * Layman Pang, Chinese Chán (Zen) Buddhist (d. 808)
 * Mashallah ibn Athari, Jewish-Arab astrologer (d. 815)
 * Waldo of Reichenau, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
 * Theoctista, politically influential Byzantine woman (d. 802)

Deaths

 * Abdallah al-Battal, Arab general
 * Æthelburg, queen of Wessex
 * Æthelheard, king of Wessex
 * Æthelwold, bishop of Lindisfarne
 * Acca, bishop of Hexham (or 742)
 * Anna, Byzantine princess and empress, wife of Artabasdos
 * Frithugyth, queen of Wessex
 * Gregory, duke of Benevento
 * Hilderic, duke of Spoleto
 * Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-Fihri, Arab general
 * Maysara al-Matghari, Berber rebel leader
 * Meng Haoran, Chinese poet
 * Rhain ap Cadwgan, king of Dyfed and Brycheiniog
 * Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj, Arab governor
 * Zayd ibn Ali, Arab imam and grandson of Husayn ibn Ali (b. 695)
 * Zhang Jiuling, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 673)

title: 740


text:
743

Year 743 (DCCXLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 743 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Summer – Emperor Constantine V defeats his brother-in-law Artabasdos, who has led a two-year insurrection in an attempt to usurp the Byzantine throne. He heads for Constantinople, and captures the capital three months later. Artabasdos and his son Niketas are publicly blinded, and relegated to the monastery of Chora. Constantine renews his policy of Iconoclasm.
 * Constantine V reforms the old Imperial Guard of Constantinople into new elite cavalry and infantry units, called tagmata (Greek for 'the regiments'). He uses these troops against a rebellious theme in north-west Anatolia (modern Turkey), and later for offensive campaigns against Arab Muslim raiders and Bulgars.

Europe

 * Childeric III succeeds to the throne of the Frankish Kingdom as the last Merovingian king, (until his death in 754) following an interregnum of seven years after the throne was left vacant after the death of the previous king Theuderic IV. Power remains firmly in the hands of the major domus, currently Carloman and Pepin the Short.
 * Duke Odilo of Bavaria comes to the aid of Boruth, prince (knyaz) of the Carantanians, against repeated Avar incursions in present-day Austria, and is able to vassalize the Slavic principality. In exchange for Bavarian assistance, Boruth accepts his overlordship and is converted to Christianity.

Britain

 * King Æthelbald of Mercia joins forces with Wessex and attacks Gwent and Powys in Mid Wales (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

 * February 6 – Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik dies after a 19-year reign, in which the Arab expansion in Europe has been stopped and the Umayyad Caliphate has come under pressure from the Turks in Central Asia and Berbers in North Africa. He is succeeded by his nephew Al-Walid II, who has Khalid al-Qasri, former governor of Iraq, imprisoned and tortured.

Japan

 * Emperor Shōmu changes the law of Perpetual Ownership of Cultivated Lands. This permits aristocrats and members of the clergy to cultivate land. The new farmland will be called shoin.

Americas

 * In one of the final battles of the Third Tikal-Calakmul War, the city of El Peru is taken by Tikal.

Asia

 * 743 Caspian Gates earthquake. It took place in the Caspian Gates (Gates of Alexander). The location is identified with either Derbent, Russia or Talis, Iran.

Religion

 * The Concilium Germanicum: First major Church synod held in the eastern parts of the Frankish Kingdom. Organized by Carloman, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, and presided over by Saint Boniface, who is solidified in his position as leader of the Frankish church.

Births

 * ′Abd Allah ibn Wahb, Muslim jurist (d. 813)

Deaths

 * February 6 – Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, Muslim caliph (b. 691)
 * Eucherius, Frankish bishop
 * Godescalc, duke of Benevento
 * Khalid al-Qasri, Syrian Arab governor
 * Pei Yaoqing, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (b. 681)
 * Rigobert, Frankish abbot and bishop
 * Theudimer (also known as Tudmir), Visigothic count
 * Wihtburh, Anglo-Saxon abbess

title: 743


text:
744

Year 744 (DCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 744 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * February – King Liutprand of the Lombards dies of natural causes after a 32-year reign, in which he has defeated the dukes of Spoleto and Benevento, bringing the Lombard Kingdom to the height of her power. He is succeeded by Hildeprand, called "the Useless" (nephew or grandson of Liutprand), as ruler of the Lombards.
 * October – Hildeprand is deposed by the council of nobles, for his incompetence as ruler. He is succeeded by Ratchis (formerly duke of Friuli) as king of the Lombards, who makes peace with Pope Zachary.
 * Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy, invades the Swabian Jura (southwestern Germany), and chases Theudebald, Duke of Alamannia, from his mountain redoubt in Alsace.

Switzerland

 * In 741 and 744, documents in the archives of St. Gallen Abbey describe the village of Kempraten as Centoprato, another document in 863 as Centiprata, inspired by the Latin name Centum Prata.
 * A nunnery given by the Alamannic noblewoman Beata on Lützelau Island is first mentioned, and is in this year sold to Einsiedeln Abbey.
 * Ufenau island in Switzerland is first mentioned in 741 as "Hupinauia", and in 744 as "Ubinauvia" — island of Huppan of Huphan.

Britain

 * Wat's Dyke, a 40 mile (64 km) earthwork in present-day Wales, is constructed. The border between Mercia and Powys is set here. The date that Wat's Dyke was constructed is very uncertain, with some estimates linking the construction of the dyke to the 5th century and others to the early 9th century (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

 * April 17 – Caliph Al-Walid II is besieged in his castle outside the city of Damascus. He is defeated and killed by Arab forces under Sulayman ibn Hisham. Al-Walid is succeeded by his cousin Yazid III, who dies shortly after of a brain tumor.
 * December – Marwan ibn Muhammad rebels against Yazid's designated successor Ibrahim ibn al-Walid, defeats the Umayyad forces under Sulayman ibn Hisham, and becomes caliph.

Asia

 * Turkic subjects like Uyghur, Karluk and Basmyl, who are not the members of the Ashina clan, stage a coup. This ends the Turkic Empire and Ashina clan (except in Khazaria).
 * Autumn – Li Bai (also Li Po), Chinese poet and skilled calligrapher, meets Du Fu for the first time.
 * The Japanese imperial capital is moved from Kuni-kyō to Heijō-kyō.

Central America

 * February 4 – In the Third Tikal-Calakmul War in what is now Guatemala, the Mayan city-state of Tikal conquers the state of Naranjo and captures its king, Yax Mayuy Chan Chaak, who is subsequently sacrificed. The conquest by Tikal destroys Calakmul's once powerful and extensive network of allies, vassal states and trade networks.

Religion

 * Synod of Soissons. Called at the instigation of Pepin the Short and Boniface, archbishop and metropolitan, it secures the condemnation of the Frankish bishop Adalbert.
 * Sturm, disciple of Boniface, establishes the Benedictine Abbey of Fulda (Hesse), as part of Boniface's mission to bring Christianity to the pagan tribes in Germany (or 742).
 * June – Pope Zachary gives his approval by sending Abel, Grimo and Hartbert their palliums for the metropolitan sees of Reims, Rouen and Sens.
 * Salih ibn Tarif proclaims himself a prophet among the Barghawata, a confederation of Berber tribes in modern-day western Morocco.

Births

 * Muhammad ibn Mansur al-Mahdi, Muslim caliph (or 745)

Deaths

 * April 17 – Al-Walid II, Muslim caliph (b. 706)
 * September 25 – Yazid III, Muslim caliph (b. 701)
 * He Zhizhang, Chinese poet
 * Hildeprand, king of the Lombards
 * Huoching, Alamannic nobleman
 * Kül-chor, ruler (khagan) of the Turgesh
 * Liutprand, king of the Lombards
 * Özmiş Qaghan, ruler of the Second Turkic Khaganate
 * Stephen IV, patriarch of Antioch

title: 744


text:
745

Year 745 (DCCXLV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 745 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Bubonic plague in Asia Minor kills 1/3 of the population, and subsequently sweeps through the Peloponnese (Balkan Peninsula) (approximate date).

Europe

 * Hunald I, duke of Aquitaine, retires to a monastery, probably on Île de Ré. He is succeeded by his son Waifar, who struggles during his rule for independence against the Frankish Kingdom.
 * Carantania (modern Austria) loses its independence and becomes part of the Frankish Kingdom, due to the pressing danger posed by Avar tribes from the east (approximate date).

Asia

 * China has accomplishments in poetry, painting and printing, but its monarchical system tends toward failure. Emperor Xuan Zong has fallen under the spell of his son's wife Yang Guifei (one of the Four Beauties of Ancient China), a Taoist priestess. He is ignoring the economy and the Tang dynasty is declining.
 * The newly founded Uyghur Empire controls most of the former Turkic Empire territory, creating an empire that extends from Lake Balkash (modern Kazakhstan) to Lake Baikal (Mongolia), and is subject to Chinese suzerainty (approximate date).

Religion

 * Genbō, Japanese scholar-monk, is exiled to Dazaifu on the island of Kyushu.

Births

 * Idris I, emir and founder of the Idrisid dynasty (d. 791)
 * Muhammad ibn Mansur al-Mahdi, Muslim caliph (or 744)
 * Musa al-Kadhim, seventh Twelver Shī‘ah imām (d. 799)
 * Wei Gao, general of the Tang dynasty (d. 805)
 * Willehad, bishop of Bremen (approximate date)
 * Yaoshan Weiyan, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 827)
 * Zhang Jianfeng, statesman of the Tang dynasty (d. 800)

Deaths

 * Cathal Maenmaighe, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)
 * Daniel, bishop of Winchester
 * Herlindis of Maaseik, Frankish abbess (or 753)
 * Ingwald, bishop of London
 * Kadobe, Japanese prince
 * Kulun Beg, ruler (khagan) of the Turkish Empire
 * Thrasimund II, duke of Spoleto
 * Wilfrid, bishop of York
 * Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, Muslim governor

title: 745


text:
1758

January–March

 * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (Animalia) of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, the starting point of modern zoological nomenclature, introducing binomial nomenclature for animals to his established system of Linnaean taxonomy. Among the first examples of his system of identifying an organism by genus and then species, Linnaeus identifies the lamprey with the name Petromyzon marinus. He introduces the term Homo sapiens. (Date of January 1 assigned retrospectively.)
 * January 20 – At Cap-Haïtien in Haiti, former slave turned rebel François Mackandal is executed by the French colonial government by being burned at the stake.
 * January 22 – Russian troops under the command of William Fermor invade East Prussia and capture Königsberg with 34,000 soldiers; although the city is later abandoned by Russia after the Seven Years' War ends, the city again comes under Russian control in 1945 during World War II and is now named Kaliningrad.
 * February 22 – A fleet of 158 British Royal Navy warships, under the command of Admiral Edward Boscawen, departs from Plymouth toward North America in an effort to conquer the French Canadian territories of New France. Many of the sailors die of nutritional deficiencies along the way, including the scurvy that kills 26 of the crew of HMS Pembroke, captained by future world explorer James Cook on his first long voyage.
 * February 23 – Jonathan Edwards, the famed English theologian who had assumed the presidency of what is now Princeton University only a week earlier, sets an example for students and faculty by publicly receiving an inoculation against smallpox. Unfortunately, the vaccine contains live smallpox; Edwards develops the disease and dies on March 22 at the age of 54.
 * March 16 – Members of the Comanche Nation loot and destroy the Spanish Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá (near modern-day Menard, Texas) and kill eight of the people there, including the mission leader, Father Alonso Giraldo de Terreros.

April–June

 * April 29 – Battle of Cuddalore: A British fleet under Sir George Pocock engages the French fleet of Anne Antoine, Comte d'Aché indecisively near Madras.
 * May 21 – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: Mary Campbell is abducted from her home in Pennsylvania by members of the Lenape Nation.
 * June 8 – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg: James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, commences.
 * June 9–10 – Spanish-Barbary Wars – Battle of Cape Palos: a Spanish squadron of three ships of the line defeats a Barbary squadron made up of a ship of the line and a frigate.
 * June 23 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Krefeld: Anglo-Hanoverian forces under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French.
 * June 30 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Domstadtl: Austrian forces under Ernst Gideon von Laudon and Joseph von Siskovits rout an enormous convoy with supplies for the Prussian army, guarded by strong troops of Hans Joachim von Zieten.

July–September

 * July 6
 * Pope Clement XIII succeeds Pope Benedict XIV, as the 248th pope.
 * Seven Years' War – Battle of Bernetz Brook: British troops defeat the French.
 * July 8 – Seven Years' War: French and Indian War: French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York.
 * July 25 – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: The island battery at Fortress Louisbourg is silenced, and all French warships are destroyed or taken.
 * August 3 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Negapatam: Off the coast of India, Admiral Pocock again engages d'Aché's French fleet, this time with more success.
 * August 25 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Zorndorf: Frederick halts the Russian army of Count Wilhelm Fermor near the Oder.
 * August 27 – Seven Years' War – British troops under the command of Colonel John Bradstreet capture Fort Frontenac (near the site of what is now Kingston, Ontario) from the French.
 * September 3 – Távora affair: Joseph I of Portugal survives an assassination attempt.
 * September 14 – Seven Years' War – French and Indian War: Battle of Fort Duquesne: A British attack on Fort Duquesne (modern-day Pittsburgh) is defeated.

October–December

 * October 14 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Hochkirch: Frederick loses a hard-fought battle against the Austrians under Marshal Leopold von Daun, who besieges Dresden.
 * November 25 – Seven Years' War: French and Indian War: French forces abandon Fort Duquesne to the British, who then name the area Pittsburgh.
 * December 13 – The ship Duke William sinks in the North Atlantic, with the loss of over 360 lives, while deporting Acadians from Prince Edward Island to France.
 * December 25 – Halley's Comet appears for the first time, after Halley's identification of it.

Date unknown

 * The French build the first European settlement in what becomes Erie County, New York, at the mouth of Buffalo Creek.
 * Rudjer Boscovich publishes his atomic theory, in Theoria philosophiae naturalis redacta ad unicam legem virium in nalura existentium.
 * A fire destroys parts of Christiania, Norway.

 * Marquis Gabriel de Lernay, a French officer captured during the Seven Years' War, establishes a military lodge in Berlin, with the help of Baron de Printzen, master of The Three Globes Lodge at Berlin, and Philipp Samuel Rosa, a disgraced former pastor.
 * Okadaya (岡田屋), predecessor of AEON, a multiple retailer group, founded in Yokkaichi, Japan.
 * J. R. Geigy, predecessor of Novartis, a global pharmaceutical brand, founded in Basel, Switzerland.

Births

 * January 6 – Charles Ganilh, French economist, politician (d. 1836)
 * January 9 – George Leveson-Gower, 1st Duke of Sutherland (d. 1833)
 * January 11 – François Louis Bourdon, French Revolutionary politician (d. 1797)
 * January 17 – Marie Anne Simonis, Belgian textile industrialist (d. 1831)
 * January 20 – Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, French chemist (d. 1836)
 * January 24 – Frederick Ponsonby, 3rd Earl of Bessborough (d. 1844)
 * February 1
 * David Ochterlony, Massachusetts-born general with the East India Company (d. 1825)
 * February 3
 * Francis Napier, 8th Lord Napier of Great Britain (d. 1823)
 * Vasily Kapnist, Ukrainian poet, playwright (d. 1823)
 * February 4 – George Thicknesse, 19th Baron Audley (d. 1818)
 * February 10 – Amalia Holst, German writer, intellectual, and feminist (d. 1829)
 * February 17 – John Pinkerton, British antiquarian (d. 1826)
 * February 28 – Nicolas François, Count Mollien, French financier (d. 1850)
 * March 9 – Franz Joseph Gall, German pioneering neuroanatomist (d. 1828)
 * March 12 – Leopold Karel, Count of Limburg Stirum (d. 1840)
 * March 15 – Magdalene Sophie Buchholm, Norwegian poet (d. 1826)
 * April 4
 * John Hoppner, English portrait-painter (d. 1810)
 * Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, French painter (d. 1823)
 * April 16 – Christian Karl August Ludwig von Massenbach, Prussian soldier (d. 1827)
 * April 22 – Francisco Javier Castaños, 1st Duke of Bailén, Spanish general (d. 1852)
 * April 23
 * Alexander Hood, British Royal Navy officer (k. 1798)
 * Alexander Cochrane, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1832)
 * Philip Gidley King, British Royal Navy officer, colonial administrator (d. 1808)
 * April 27 – Charles Dumont de Sainte-Croix, French zoologist (d. 1830)
 * April 28 – James Monroe, fifth President of the United States (d. 1831)
 * April 29 – Georg Carl von Döbeln, Swedish officer, general and war hero (d. 1820)
 * April 30
 * Emmanuel Vitale, Maltese military leader (d. 1802)
 * Jane West, English writer (d. 1852)
 * May 6
 * Maximilien de Robespierre, French revolutionary (d. 1794)
 * André Masséna, Napoleonic general, Marshal of France (d. 1817)
 * May 8 – John Heath, U.S. Representative for Virginia (d. 1810)
 * May 15 – Thomas Taylor, English neoplatonist translator (d. 1835)
 * May 17
 * Sir John St Aubyn, 5th Baronet, English fossil collector (d. 1839)
 * Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco (d. 1819)
 * June 19 – Raffaello Sanzio Morghen, Italian engraver (d. 1833)
 * June 29 – Clotilde Tambroni, Italian philologist, linguist (d. 1817)
 * July 25 – Elizabeth Hamilton, English writer (d. 1816)
 * July 31 –, Swiss naturalist (d. 1834)
 * July 31 – Jeremiah Colegrove, U.S. farmer, manufacturer and soldier (d. 1836)
 * August 5 – Emperor Go-Momozono of Japan (d. 1779)
 * August 14 – Carle Vernet, French painter (d. 1835)
 * August 24
 * Thomas Picton, British soldier, colonial governor (k. 1815)
 * August 25 – Israel Pellew, English naval officer (d. 1832)
 * September 9 – Alexander Nasmyth, Scottish portrait and landscape painter (d. 1840)
 * September 10 – Hannah Webster Foster, U.S. novelist (d. 1840)
 * September 18 – Louis Friant, French Napoleonic soldier (d. 1829)
 * September 20 – Jean-Jacques Dessalines, leader of the Haitian Revolution (d. 1806)
 * September 21
 * Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy, French linguist, orientalist (d. 1838)
 * Christopher Gore, U.S. lawyer, politician (d. 1827)
 * September 25 – Maria Anna Thekla Mozart called Marianne, known as Bäsle ("little cousin"), cousin of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (d. 1841)
 * September 26 – Cosme Argerich, Argentine Surgeon General (d. 1820)
 * September 29
 * Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, British admiral (d. 1805)
 * Fanny von Arnstein, Austrian salonnière (d. 1818)
 * October 5 – Seymour Fleming, British noblewoman (d. 1818)
 * October 6 – Watkin Tench, British Marine officer (d. 1833)
 * October 11 – Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers, German astronomer (d. 1840)
 * October 15 – Johann Heinrich von Dannecker, German sculptor (d. 1841)
 * October 16 – Noah Webster, U.S. lexicographer (d. 1843)
 * October 22/6 – Vincenzo Dandolo, Italian chemist, agriculturist (d. 1819)
 * October 28 – John Sibthorp, English botanist (d. 1796)
 * October 28 – Joseph-François-Louis-Charles de Damas, French general (d. 1829)
 * October 31 – Thomas Gisborne, Anglican priest, abolitionist (d. 1846)
 * November 5 – Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars, French botanist (d. 1831)
 * November 11
 * Carl Friedrich Zelter, German composer (d. 1832)
 * Caleb P. Bennett, U.S. soldier, politician (d. 1836)
 * November 16 – Peter Andreas Heiberg, Danish author, philologist (d. 1841)
 * December 5 – George Beauclerk, 4th Duke of St Albans (d. 1787)
 * December 9 – Richard Colt Hoare, English antiquarian, archaeologist (d. 1838)
 * December 21 – Jean Baptiste Eblé, French general (d. 1812)

Date unknown

 * Georges Antoine Chabot, French jurist, statesman (d. 1819)
 * Nicholas Fish, U.S. Revolutionary soldier (d. 1833)
 * Anthimos Gazis, Greek scholar, philosopher (d. 1828)
 * Samuel Hardy, U.S. lawyer and statesman from Virginia (d. 1785)
 * Jamphel Gyatso, 8th Dalai Lama of Tibet (d. 1804)
 * Charles Lee, U.S. Attorney General (d. 1815)
 * Samuel Sterett, American politician, U.S. Representative for Maryland (d. 1833)
 * Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité, Empress of Haiti (d. 1858)

Probable

 * Kamehameha I, King of Hawaii (d. c. 1819)

Deaths

 * January 7 – Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet (b. 1686)
 * January 17 – James Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton, Scottish peer (b. 1724)
 * January 18 – François Nicole, French mathematician (b. 1683)
 * February 10 – Thomas Ripley, English architect (b. 1683)
 * March 2 – Pierre Guérin de Tencin, French cardinal (b. 1679)
 * March 6 – Henry Vane, 1st Earl of Darlington, English politician (b. c. 1705)
 * March 18
 * Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1693)
 * Thomas Zebrowski, Lithuanian Jesuit scientist (b. 1714)
 * March 22
 * Jonathan Edwards, American minister (b. 1703)
 * Richard Leveridge, English bass and composer (b. 1670)
 * April 7 – Joseph Blanchard, American soldier (b. 1704)
 * April 21 – Francesco Zerafa, Maltese architect (b. 1679)
 * April 22 – Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (b. 1686)
 * April 30 – François d'Agincourt, French composer (b. 1684)
 * May 3 – Pope Benedict XIV (b. 1675)
 * May 28 – Ernst August II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach (b. 1737)
 * June 9 – Antonio de los Reyes Correa, Puerto Rican soldier (b. c. 1665)
 * June 12 – Prince Augustus William of Prussia (b. 1722)
 * July 6 – George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe, British general (in battle) (b. c. 1725)
 * July 7 – Marthanda Varma, Rani of Attingal (b. 1706)
 * July 15 – Ambrosius Stub, Danish poet (b. 1705)
 * July 18 – Duncan Campbell, Scottish soldier
 * August 2 – George Booth, 2nd Earl of Warrington, English noble (b. 1675)
 * August 15 – Pierre Bouguer, French mathematician (b. 1698)
 * August 17 – Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin, Russian soldier (b. 1702)
 * August 23 – Ulrika Eleonora von Düben, Swedish lady in waiting (b. 1722)
 * August 27 – Barbara of Portugal, Princess of Portugal and Queen of Spain (b. 1711)
 * September 5 – Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov, Russian chemist (b. c. 1720)
 * September 23 – John FitzPatrick, 1st Earl of Upper Ossory (b. 1719)
 * October 2 (bur.) – Philip Southcote, English landscape gardener (b. 1698)
 * October 12 – Richard Molesworth, 3rd Viscount Molesworth, British field marshal (b. 1680)
 * October 14
 * Wilhelmine of Prussia, Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, daughter of Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia (b. 1709)
 * James Francis Edward Keith, Scottish soldier and Prussian field marshal (b. 1696)
 * October 20 – Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough, British politician (b. 1706)
 * October 25/8 – Theophilus Cibber, English actor (b. 1703)
 * November 5 – Hans Egede, Norwegian Lutheran missionary (b. 1686)
 * November 12 – John Cockburn, Scottish politician (b. c. 1679)
 * November 20 – Johan Helmich Roman, Swedish composer (b. 1694)
 * November 22 – Richard Edgcumbe, 1st Baron Edgcumbe, English politician (b. 1680)
 * November 27 – Senesino, Italian singer (b. 1686)
 * December 5 – Johann Friedrich Fasch, German composer (b. 1688)
 * December 12 – Françoise de Graffigny, French lettrist (b. 1695)
 * December 16 – Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, Polish-Lithuanian bishop (b. 1695)
 * December 17 – Charles Butler, 1st Earl of Arran, Anglo-Irish noble (b. 1671)
 * December 25 – James Hervey, English clergyman, writer (b. 1714)
 * December 26 – François Joseph Lagrange-Chancel, French dramatist, satirist (b. 1677)

Date unknown

 * François Mackandal, Haitian revolutionary leader, burned at the stake (b. c. 1730)
 * Nathaniel Meserve, American shipwright (b. 1704)
 * Hyder Ali and his Sepoy capture Bangalore from "Khande Rao of the Maratha Confederacy". (Part of the Seven Years' War).
 * Verónica II Guterres, African monarch

title: 1758


text:
746

Year 746 (DCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 746 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine Wars: Taking advantage of discontent among the Muslim Arabs, Emperor Constantine V invades Syria, and captures Germanikeia (modern Turkey). He organises the resettlement of part of the local Christian population in Thrace.
 * Arab–Byzantine Wars – Battle of Keramaia: The Byzantine navy scores a crushing victory over the Umayyad Egyptian fleet.

Europe

 * Council of Cannstatt: Carloman, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, convenes an assembly of the Alemanni nobility at Cannstatt (modern Stuttgart), and has most of the magnates, numbering in the thousands, arrested and executed for high treason. This ends the independence of the tribal duchy of Alamannia, which is thereafter governed by counts or dukes appointed by their Frankish overlords.
 * King Ratchis codifies the Lombard laws, promulgated in Latin, and advised by his council and the Lombard army (approximate date).

Britain

 * King Saelred of Essex dies after a 37-year reign. He is succeeded by Swithred, grandson of the late king Sigeheard. Like his predecessors, he is not an independent ruler, but a sub-king of Mercia.

Umayyad Caliphate

 * August or September – Battle of Kafartuta: Caliph Marwan II defeats and kills Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani, leader of the Kharijites, in Upper Mesopotamia. The rebels withdraw across the River Tigris, escaping destruction.

Asia

 * The Hida-Kokubunji Temple in Japan is built to pray for peace and prosperity (approximate date).
 * Jayshikhari Chavda establishes the Chavda dynasty in Gujarat (India).

Central America

 * August 15 – K'ak' Yipiiy Chan Chaak is installed as the new ruler of the Mayan city state of Naranjo in Guatemala and reigns until his death in 748.

Religion

 * Guru Rinpoche, Indian Buddhist, travels to Bhutan (eastern end of the Himalayas), to cure the king of Bumthang (approximate date).

Births

 * Gao Chongwen, general of the Tang dynasty (d. 809)
 * Hui-kuo, Chinese Buddhist monk (d. 805)
 * Kirtivarman II, ruler in the Chalukya dynasty (d. 753)
 * Zhao Zongru, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 832)
 * Zheng Yuqing, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 821)

Deaths

 * Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani, leader of the Kharijites
 * Floribert, bishop of Liège
 * Genbō, Japanese scholar-monk
 * Maelimarchair, bishop of Aughrim (Ireland)
 * Saelred, king of Essex

title: 746


text:
AD 747

Year 747 (DCCXLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 747 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * Arab–Byzantine War: Emperor Constantine V destroys the Arab fleet off Cyprus, with the aid of ships from the Italian city-states, breaking the naval power of the Umayyad Caliphate.

Europe

 * August 15 – Carloman, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, renounces his position as majordomo, and withdraws from public life. He retires to a monastery near Rome, being tonsured by Pope Zachary, and leaves his brother Pepin the Short as sole ruler (de facto) of the Frankish Kingdom.
 * Bubonic plague breaks out in Sicily, Calabria (Southern Italy), and Monemvasia (modern Greece).

Islamic Empire

 * June 9 – Abbasid Revolution: Abu Muslim Khorasani, Persian military leader from Khorasan, begins an open revolt against Umayyad rule, which is carried out under the sign of the Black Standard. Close to 10,000 Muslims, primarily Khorasani Persians are under his command, when the hostilities officially begin in Merv (modern Turkmenistan).

Asia

 * Chinese forces under Gao Xianzhi (a Korean in Tang employ) defeat the Arabs and Tibetans, by rapid military expeditions over the Pamir Mountains and Hindu Kush. About 72 local Indian and Sogdian kingdoms become Tang vassals. Over the next two years he establishes complete control in East Asia.
 * Emperor Xuan Zong abolishes the death penalty in China, during the Tang dynasty (approximate date).
 * Empress Kōmyō founds the Shin-Yakushi-ji Buddhist temple in Nara (Japan).

Births

 * Benedict of Aniane, Frankish monk (approximate date)
 * Charlemagne, king and emperor of the Franks (or 748)

Deaths

 * May 16 – Petronax, Italian monk and abbot (b. 675)
 * August 13 – Wigbert, Anglo-Saxon monk
 * October 26 – Witta of Büraburg, Anglo-Saxon missionary

Date Unknown
 * Cú Chuimne, Irish monk
 * Dunn, bishop of Rochester
 * Fiachna ua Maicniadh, Irish abbot
 * Li Shizhi, chancellor and poet of the Tang dynasty
 * Sulayman ibn Hisham, Arab general

title: AD 747


text:
748

Year 748 (DCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 748 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * January 18 – Duke Odilo of Bavaria dies after a 12-year reign. Grifo, youngest son of Charles Martel, seeks to establish his own rule by seizing the duchy for himself, and abducts Odilo's infant son Tassilo III.
 * In Rome, Pope Zachary closes down a slave market, where Venetian merchants had been selling Christian captives to the Muslims in North Africa.

Britain

 * King Æthelbert II of Kent sends a message to Boniface, archbishop of Mainz, requesting two well-trained goshawks for hunting. He had earlier made a gift of two falcons and a goshawk to King Æthelbald of Mercia (approximate date).

Arabian Empire

 * February 14 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan (modern Iran), marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i takes the cities Nishapur and Rey, defeating an Umayyad army (10,000 men) at Gorgan.
 * December 9 – Nasr ibn Sayyar, Arab governor of Khorasan, dies after a 10-year administration in which he has fought vigorously against dissident tribes, Turgesh neighbors, and the Abbasids. Nasr had imposed poll taxes (jizya) on non-Muslims, and introduced a system of land taxation for Muslim Arabs.
 * The city of Baalbek (modern Lebanon) is sacked with great slaughter.

Asia

 * An earthquake strikes the Middle East from northern Egypt to northwestern Mesopotamia, destroying many remnants of Byzantine culture (approximate date).

Births

 * Al-Waqidi, Muslim historian and biographer (approximate date)
 * Charlemagne, king and emperor of the Franks (or 747)

Deaths

 * January 18 – Odilo, duke of Bavaria
 * May 22 – Genshō, empress of Japan (b. 683)
 * December 9 – Nasr ibn Sayyar, Arab general (b. 663)
 * Cellan of Clonfert, Irish abbot
 * Eadbert I, king of Kent (approximate date)
 * Indrechtach mac Dungalaig, king of Brega (Ireland)
 * Wasil ibn Ata, Muslim theologian and jurist (b. 700)

title: 748


text:
749

Year 749 (DCCXLIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 749th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 749th year of the 1st millennium, the 49th year of the 8th century, and the 10th and last year of the 740s decade.The denomination 749 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Europe

 * King Ratchis of the Lombards besieges Perugia, but is convinced to lift the siege by Pope Zachary. His decision to lift the siege of Perugia undermines his authority among the Lombard nobility, and ultimately results in the nobility deposing him at a council in Milan. King Ratchis is forced to retire with his family to the monastery at Monte Cassino.
 * June – Aistulf succeeds his brother, Ratchis, as king of the Lombards and marries Gisaltruda, sister of Anselm, Duke of Friuli.

Britain

 * King Ælfwald of East Anglia dies after a 36-year reign. He is succeeded by Beonna, Æthelberht I and possibly Hun (relationship unknown). Beonna emerges as the dominant monarch.
 * King Æthelbald of Mercia calls the Synod of Gumley, at the instigation of Boniface, bishop of Mainz, and issues a charter that releases the Catholic Church from all public burdens.

Arabian Empire

 * Abbasid Revolution: Muslim forces under Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i defeat a large Umayyad army (50,000 men) at Isfahan, and invade Iraq, taking the city of Kufa.
 * Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad prince, is executed by crucifixion on orders of the first Abbasid caliph, Abdullah ibn Muhammad, at Al-Hirah (or 750).
 * October 28 – Abdullah ibn Muhammad is proclaimed caliph at Kufa by his supporters and adopts the title of al-Saffah (the "Slaughterer of Blood").

Central America

 * February 18 – Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil ("Smoke Squirrel") becomes the new ruler of the Mayan city state of Copán in Honduras upon the death of Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat, who had reigned since 738. K'ak' Yipyaj reigns until 763.

Japan

 * August 19 – Emperor Shōmu abdicates the throne, after a 25-year reign that has been dominated by his wife (and aunt), Kōmyō, a commoner he married at age 16. He is succeeded by his daughter Kōken; Shōmu becomes the first retired emperor to become a Buddhist priest.

Catastrophe

 * January 18 – Galilee earthquake: Palestine and eastern Transjordan are devastated by an earthquake. The cities of Tiberias, Beit She'an, Hippos and Pella are largely destroyed.

Births

 * Muhammad al-Shaybani, Muslim jurist (approximate date; d. 805)

Deaths

 * August 27 – Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i, Muslim general
 * December 4 – John of Damascus, Syrian monk and priest
 * Ælfwald, king of East Anglia
 * Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik, Umayyad prince (or 750)
 * Ailello hui Daimine, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)
 * Gyōki, Japanese Buddhist priest (b. 668)

title: 749


text:
751

Year 751 (DCCLI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 751 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Byzantine Empire

 * June – Leo IV, son of Emperor Constantine V, is crowned co-emperor at Constantinople. Only a year or so after his mother Irene died, Constantine's second wife Maria dies, at approximately the same time as Leo's coronation.

Europe

 * November – Pepin the Short, youngest son of Charles Martel, forces the last Merovingian king Childeric III to retire to the monastery of Saint-Bertin. He proclaims himself as king of the Franks with the support of Pope Zachary, and is crowned at Soissons by Boniface, bishop of Mainz, becoming, as Pepin III, the first Carolingian monarch of the Frankish Kingdom.
 * King Aistulf of the Lombards captures Ravenna and the Romagna, ending the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. The last exarch Eutychius is killed by the Lombards. Aistulf threatens Rome, claiming a capitation tax. Pope Zachary, alarmed, appeals for aid from the Byzantine Empire, but his request is declined.

Abbasid Caliphate

 * Battle of Talas: First recorded encounter (and the last) between Arab and Chinese forces. The rulers of Tashkent and Ferghana are both nominal vassals of the Tang Dynasty; the Chinese have intervened on behalf of Ferghana in a conflict between the two; the Abbasid Caliphate, competing with the Chinese for control of Central Asia, has become involved. Arab forces from Samarkand have marched to challenge a Chinese army (30,000 men) under Gao Xianzhi. Gao has had a series of military victories in the region, but his Turkish contingent, Karluk mercenaries, defects. Out of 10,000 Tang troops, only 2,000 manage to return from the Talas River to China. The Arabs triumph, and they will remain the dominant force in Transoxiana for the next 150 years.
 * Muslim introduction of papermaking: The first paper mill in the Islamic world begins production at Samarkand. Captured craftsmen, taken at the Battle of Talas River, have by some accounts revealed the technique of papermaking (although paper may have arrived from China much earlier via the Silk Road). Arab scholars will use paper to produce translations of Ancient Greek and Roman writings.

Asia

 * Like the storm of 721, the storm of this year at the southern Chinese seaport of Yangzhou reportedly destroys over 1,000 ships engaged in canal and river traffic (approximate date).
 * The Japanese poetry anthology Kaifūsō is assembled.

Religion

 * Kim Daeseong, chief minister of Silla, orders the construction of the Bulguksa and Seokguram temples at Gyeongju (South Korea).
 * The oldest surviving printed document, a Buddhist scripture, is printed in Korea.
 * Theodore succeeds Theophylact as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.
 * The Great Buddha at Tōdai-ji in Nara (Japan) is completed.

Births

 * June 28 – Carloman I, king of the Franks (d. 771)
 * Adalard of Corbie, Frankish abbot (approximate date)
 * Meng Jiao, Chinese poet (d. 814)

Deaths

 * June – Maria, Byzantine empress
 * Childebrand I, duke of Burgundy (b. 678)
 * Eutychius, Byzantine exarch of Ravenna
 * Fergus mac Fogartaig, king of Brega (Ireland)
 * Gisulf II, duke of Benevento (approximate date)
 * Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi, Arab governor of Sindh
 * Taki, Japanese princess and Saiō

title: 751