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Obotrites

The Obotrites (Obotriti, Abodritorum, Abodritos…) or Obodrites, also spelled Abodrites (Abodriten), were a confederation of medieval West Slavic tribes within the territory of modern Mecklenburg and Holstein in northern Germany (see Polabian Slavs). For decades, they were allies of Charlemagne in his wars against the Germanic Saxons and the Slavic Veleti. The Obotrites under Prince Thrasco defeated the Saxons in the Battle of Bornhöved (798). The still-Pagan Saxons were dispersed by the emperor, and the part of their former land in Holstein north of Elbe was awarded to the Obotrites in 804, as a reward for their victory. This however was soon reverted through an invasion of the Danes. The Obotrite regnal style was abolished in 1167, when Pribislav was restored to power by Duke Henry the Lion, as Prince of Mecklenburg, thereby founding the Germanized House of Mecklenburg.

Obotritic confederation
The Bavarian Geographer, an anonymous medieval document compiled in Regensburg in 830, contains a list of the tribes in Central Eastern Europe to the east of the Elbe. The list includes the Nortabtrezi (Obotrites) - with 53 civitates. Adam of Bremen referred to them as the Reregi because of their lucrative trade emporium Reric. In common with other Slavic groups, they were often described by Germanic sources as Wends. The main tribes of the Obotritic confederation were:

 * the Obotrites proper (Wismar Bay to Lake Schwerin);
 * the Wagrians (the eastern Holstein as part of Saxony);
 * the Warnower (the upper Warnow and Mildenitz);
 * the Polabians proper (between the Trave and the Elbe).

Other tribes associated with the confederation include:
 * the Linonen near Lenzen,
 * the Travnjane near the Trave,
 * the Drevani in the Hanoverian Wendland.
 * the Ukrani in Prenzlau.

History
As allies of the Carolingian kings and the empire of their Ottonian successors, the Obotrites fought from 808 to 1200 against the kings of Denmark, who wished to rule the Baltic region independently of the empire. When opportunities arose, for instance upon the death of an emperor, they would seek to seize power; and in 983 Hamburg was destroyed by the Obotrites under their king, Mstivoj. At times they levied tribute from the Danes and Saxons. Under the leadership of Niklot, they resisted a Christian assault during the Wendish Crusade.

German missionaries such as Vicelinus converted the Obotrites to Christianity. In 1170 they acknowledged the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire, leading to Germanisation and assimilation over the following centuries. However, up to the late 15th century most villagers in the Obotritic area were still speaking Slavic dialects (Polabian language), although subsequently their language was displaced by German. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in Hanoverian Wendland, eastern Lower Saxony (bordering modern Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania). The ruling clan of the Obotrites kept its power throughout the Germanisation and ruled their country (except during a short interruption in Thirty Years' War) as House of Mecklenburg until the end of monarchies in Germany in November Revolution 1918. Previously, the Obodrites were dominated by the Naconids; Eastern (Far) Pomerania was ruled by the Pomeranian House (Grifichi).

List of Obotrite leaders

The rulers of Obotrite lands were later the dukes and grand dukes of Mecklenburg.

Literature

 * Müller-Wille, Michael (2002). "Zwischen Kieler Förde und Wismarbucht: Archäologie der Obodriten vom späten 7. bis zur Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts." In: Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission, vol. 83, pp. 243–264.
 * Turasiewicz A., Dzieje polityczne Obodrzyców od IX wieku do utraty niepodległości w latach 1160–1164, Warszawa, 2004, ISBN 83-88508-65-2
 * Turasiewicz A., Dzieje polityczne Obodrzyców od IX wieku do utraty niepodległości w latach 1160–1164, Warszawa, 2004, ISBN 83-88508-65-2

title: Obotrites


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Gillian Anderson

Gillian Leigh Anderson (born August 9, 1968) is an American actress, writer, and activist. She is best known for her roles as FBI Special Agent Dana Scully in the sci-fi series The X-Files (1993–2002; 2016–2018), Lily Bart in the drama film The House of Mirth (2000), DSU Stella Gibson in the BBC/RTÉ crime drama series The Fall (2013–2016), Jean Milburn in the Netflix comedy drama series Sex Education (2019–2023), and Margaret Thatcher in the fourth season of the Netflix drama series The Crown (2020). Among other honors, she has won two Primetime Emmy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and four Screen Actors Guild Awards.

Born in Chicago, Anderson was raised first in London and then Grand Rapids, Michigan, later starting her career onstage in New York City before achieving international recognition for her work on The X-Files. Her film work includes the dramas The Mighty Celt (2005), The Last King of Scotland (2006), Shadow Dancer (2012), and Viceroy's House (2017), as well as the X-Files films Fight the Future (1998) and I Want to Believe (2008). Her television credits include Lady Dedlock in Bleak House (2005), Wallis Simpson in Any Human Heart (2010), Miss Havisham in Great Expectations (2011), Dr. Bedelia Du Maurier on Hannibal (2013–2015), Media in the first season of American Gods (2017), and Eleanor Roosevelt on The First Lady (2022).

Anderson has also received awards and acclaim for her stage work, which includes Absent Friends (1991), for which she won a Theatre World Award for Best Newcomer; A Doll's House (2009), for which she was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress; Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire (2014 and 2016), for which she won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress and received a second Laurence Olivier Award nomination; and All About Eve (2019), for which she received a third Laurence Olivier Award nomination.

Anderson has supported numerous charities and humanitarian organizations, being an honorary spokesperson for the Neurofibromatosis Network and a co-founder of South African Youth Education for Sustainability (SAYes). She has lived in London since 2002 and was appointed an honorary Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2016 for her services to drama.

Early life
Gillian Leigh Anderson was born in Chicago on August 9, 1968, the daughter of computer analyst and neurofibromatosis support group leader Rosemary "Posie" Alyce (née Lane) and film editing company owner Homer Edward "Ed" Anderson III. Soon after her birth, her parents moved to Puerto Rico for 15 months before relocating to London so her father could attend the London Film School. She lived in Crouch End and Harringay, and attended Coleridge Primary School. When she was 11 years old, her family returned to the U.S. and settled in Grand Rapids, Michigan, maintaining an apartment in London and spending their summers there. Having always intended to return to London, she later moved there in 2002. In Grand Rapids, she attended Fountain Elementary and City High-Middle School. She later said of her time there, "We were in a small Republican town. There were only six punks there. We were weird. It's not like London."

Anderson is the eldest of three siblings. Her brother Aaron, who was diagnosed with neurofibromatosis, died in 2011 of a brain tumor at the age of 30. He was a DJ, mentor, and practicing Buddhist, and was in his second year of a PhD program in developmental psychology at Stanford University when he was diagnosed with glioblastoma in 2008. Her sister Zoe is a ceramicist, whom she has called "an exceptional artist". Anderson went through a rebellious stage as a young girl in Grand Rapids, taking drugs, dating a much older boyfriend, and cultivating a punk appearance (dying her hair various colors, shaving the sides of her head, sporting a nose piercing and an all-black wardrobe). She was put in therapy at the age of 14. She listened to bands like Dead Kennedys and Skinny Puppy. She was voted by her classmates as "class clown", "most bizarre girl", and "most likely to be arrested". She was indeed arrested on graduation night for breaking into her high school in an attempt to glue the locks of the doors shut. She later managed to reduce the charges from breaking and entering to trespassing.

Anderson was interested in marine biology at an early age, but later became more interested in theatre and began acting in high school productions during her first year and later in community theatre. She also served as a student intern at the Grand Rapids Civic Theatre & School of Theatre Arts. After graduating from high school in 1986, she returned to her birthplace of Chicago to attend The Theatre School at DePaul University, where she earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1990. She also participated in the American National Theater and Academy's summer program at Cornell University. To support herself financially during her student years, she worked at the Goose Island Brewery in Chicago. After she became famous, the brewery named one of their Belgian-style farmhouse ales "Gillian".

1990s
Anderson moved to New York City at the age of 22 and worked as a waitress to support herself. She began her career in Alan Ayckbourn's play Absent Friends at the Manhattan Theatre Club alongside Brenda Blethyn; for her role she won the 1990–91 Theatre World Award for "Best Newcomer". Her next theatrical role was in Christopher Hampton's The Philanthropist at the Long Wharf Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut.

Anderson moved to Los Angeles in 1992 and spent a year auditioning. The same year, she appeared in her first feature-length film, The Turning, starring Karen Allen and Tess Harper. The film drama is an adaptation of the play Home Fires Burning.

Although she had once vowed she would never do television work, being out of work for a year changed her mindset. Anderson recalled: "First of all, I swore I'd never move to Los Angeles, and once I did, I swore I'd never do television. It was only after being out of work for almost a year that I began going in [to auditions] on some stuff that I would pray that I wouldn't get because I didn't want to be involved in it." She broke into mainstream television in 1993 with a guest appearance on the collegiate drama, Class of '96, on the fledgling Fox Network.

As a result of this guest appearance, Anderson was sent the script for The X-Files. She was 24 when she decided to audition because, "for the first time in a long time, the script involved a strong, independent, intelligent woman as a lead character." Producer Chris Carter wanted to hire her, but Fox wanted someone with previous television exposure and greater sex appeal. Fox sent in more actresses, but Carter stood by Anderson, and she was eventually cast as FBI Special Agent Dana Scully. Filmed for the first five seasons in Vancouver, British Columbia, before moving to Los Angeles, the series ran for nine seasons. Two related films were also produced, released in 1998 and 2008. During her time on The X-Files, Anderson won numerous awards for her portrayal of Special Agent Scully, including an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series, a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series Drama, two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series and a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television. Anderson is the first actress to win an Emmy, a Golden Globe, and a SAG Award in the same year. For the role, she received a total of four Emmy nominations, four Golden Globe nominations and nine SAG nominations.

Anderson was the first woman to write and direct an episode of The X-Files ("all things"). During its run – between the fifth and sixth seasons – Anderson co-starred in The X-Files: Fight the Future, a 1998 film that continued The X-Files storyline. Anderson also provided the voice for a parody of her Scully character in "The Springfield Files", an episode of the animated comedy television series The Simpsons. While filming The X-Files, she met assistant art director Clyde Klotz, who became her first husband. Anderson's character on The X-Files initiated a phenomenon referred to as "The Scully Effect"; as the medical doctor and the FBI Special Agent inspired many young women to pursue careers in science, medicine, and law enforcement. It contributed to the increase in the number of women in those fields. "The Scully Effect" remains a subject of academic inquiry.

In 1996, Anderson narrated the television documentaries Spies Above and Why Planes Go Down. While hosting the BBC documentary series Future Fantastic, she became impressed by the theme music of the show, by the electronic duo Hal and initiated a collaboration with them. In 1997, Anderson provided spoken word vocals and starred in the music video for their single "Extremis", which was frequently aired on MTV. She also helped to assemble an album of electronic music, Future: A Journey Through The Electronic Underground, for Virgin Records, which won praise from European music critics.

In 1997, Anderson appeared in the independent film Chicago Cab. In 1998, she starred in the film Playing by Heart. Anderson also had a supporting role in the film The Mighty. In 1999, Anderson had a supporting role in the English-language release of Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke, where she voiced the character of Moro. Anderson is a fan of Studio Ghibli and Miyazaki's work. She also took part in Eve Ensler's The Vagina Monologues.

2000s
In 2000, Anderson starred in the film The House of Mirth with Eric Stoltz – Terence Davies' adaptation of the Edith Wharton novel of the same name – for which she won critical acclaim and awards such as the British Independent Film Award for Best Actress, Village Voice Film Poll Best Lead Performance, and a nomination for the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress.

When The X-Files ended in 2002, she moved back to London for a change of pace and the opportunity to return to the stage. In 2002, Anderson made her West End debut in Michael Weller's play What The Night Is For at the Comedy Theatre. In 2004, Anderson starred in the Royal Court Theatre's production of Rebecca Gilman's play The Sweetest Swing in Baseball, as artist Dana Fielding who assumes the personality of the troubled baseball player Darryl Strawberry – a role for which she earned rave reviews.

In 2005, she appeared as Lady Dedlock in the BBC adaptation of Charles Dickens' novel Bleak House. She had a starring role in the Irish film The Mighty Celt, for which she won an IFTA award for Best International Actress. The same year she also appeared in A Cock and Bull Story with Steve Coogan and Rob Brydon – a film version of the novel Tristram Shandy. In 2006, Anderson won the Broadcasting Press Guild Television and Radio Award for Best Actress for her role in Bleak House. She was nominated for a British Academy Television Award (BAFTA) for Best Actress, she also received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie, a nomination for a Golden Globe, a Satellite Award nomination, and came in second place in the Best Actress category of the 2005 BBC Drama website poll for her portrayal of Lady Dedlock in the adaptation.

During 2006 and 2007, Anderson appeared in two British films: The Last King of Scotland (2006) and Straightheads (2007). In 2008, Anderson hosted Masterpiece Theatre during the Jane Austen series; she was the first woman to host the series since it began in 1971. The same year, Anderson starred in the second The X-Files film, The X-Files: I Want to Believe and appeared alongside Simon Pegg in the British comedy film How to Lose Friends & Alienate People. In 2009, she starred in the British comedy film Boogie Woogie with Alan Cumming, Danny Huston and Stellan Skarsgård.

She portrayed Nora in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House at the Donmar Warehouse in London's West End during a limited engagement which ran from May 14, 2009, until July 18, 2009. Anderson received a nomination for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress, for productions which opened in the 2009 calendar year, for her portrayal of Nora.

2010s
In November 2010, Anderson portrayed Wallis, Duchess of Windsor in Any Human Heart – a television adaptation of William Boyd's novel of the same name, for which she was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Supporting Actress on Television. In April 2011, she starred in the BBC adaptation The Crimson Petal and the White as Mrs. Castaway, for which she was nominated for the Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Actress. In August 2011, she appeared in the television miniseries Moby Dick based on Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick (1851), as Elisabeth, Ahab's wife. The same year, Anderson appeared as the head of MI7, Pamela Thornton, in the British comedy Johnny English Reborn. She starred as Miss Havisham in a three-part BBC adaptation of Great Expectations that aired in late December 2011. For her portrayal in the adaptation she won the Artistic Excellence Award, was nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries and for the Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Actress.

In 2012, Anderson appeared in a Swiss drama film, Sister, and in Shadow Dancer – a British-Irish drama film based on the novel of the same name, about the Irish republican movement. Anderson voiced the character of Dr. Miki Hokuto in the English-language version of Studio Ghibli's From Up on Poppy Hill, which was released in March 2013. The same year, she starred in the Canadian techno-thriller I'll Follow You Down and appeared in Mr. Morgan's Last Love with Michael Caine.

In May 2013, Anderson began starring as DSI Stella Gibson in The Fall, a critically acclaimed crime drama series for BBC Two and RTÉ One. Anderson was praised for her portrayal of the cool, self-assured Gibson, and was nominated for several awards. She also became an executive producer for the programme from its second series. Between 2013 and 2015, Anderson played Dr. Bedelia Du Maurier, Hannibal Lecter's psychiatrist, on the NBC series Hannibal. In 2014, Anderson was promoted from a recurring character during the first two seasons, to a series regular for the third season. In 2014, Anderson starred in the British independent science fiction film Robot Overlords alongside Sir Ben Kingsley. That year, she also appeared in Jeffrey D. Brown's drama Sold, portraying Sophia, a character based on the humanitarian photographer Lisa Kristine. The film presents the issues of child trafficking and sexual slavery in India, and is based on Patricia McCormick's novel of the same name.

In July 2014, Anderson gained critical acclaim for her stage performance as Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams at the Young Vic Theatre in London. She won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress and received her second Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress. The production became the fastest-selling show in the theatre's history, and the run was extended by two weeks due to the demand for tickets. In the first collaboration between the Young Vic Theatre and National Theatre Live, the show was broadcast live to over 1100 venues on September 16, 2014. Thus far, it has been screened in more than 2000 venues. In February 2015, Anderson directed and starred in a short film prequel to A Streetcar Named Desire, titled The Departure, written by novelist Andrew O'Hagan. This is part of the Young Vic's short film series, which is produced in collaboration with The Guardian.

In October 2014, Anderson published her first book, A Vision of Fire, co-authored with Jeff Rovin. The book is the first novel of what has developed as The Earthend Saga trilogy. The publisher describes it as "a science fiction thriller of epic proportions". In December 2015, Anderson and Rovin published their second novel of the trilogy, A Dream of Ice. In January 2016, Anderson portrayed Anna Pavlovna Scherer in BBC One's television adaptation War & Peace. The same month, she returned to portray FBI Special Agent Dana Scully in the six-episode tenth season of The X-Files. Anderson has fought and succeeded in securing equal pay with her male co-star on The X-Files in the '90s and again in 2015, when negotiating her salary with the network. She has always been outspoken about her struggle for equal pay in the role.

From April 23, 2016, through June 4, 2016, Anderson reprised her role of Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire on stage at the new St. Ann's Warehouse in Brooklyn, New York City. On September 13, 2016, Anderson and Rovin published The Sound of Seas; their third and final novel of The EarthEnd Saga trilogy. The same month, she returned to portraying DSU Stella Gibson in the third series of The Fall. Anderson is the narrator of the English dub of Ronja the Robber's Daughter – Studio Ghibli's anime, which began streaming on Amazon Prime in January 2017. In February 2017, Anderson portrayed Edwina Mountbatten in Gurinder Chadha's Partition drama film Viceroy's House (2017).

On March 7, 2017, Anderson and the journalist-activist Jennifer Nadel published their self-help guide book for women, titled WE: A Manifesto for Women Everywhere. Anderson stated that the book is a "call-out to all women around the world – and by women I include girls, transgender, anyone who identifies themselves as being intrinsically female." In April 2017, she played goddess Media in the first season of American Gods – a television series adaptation of Neil Gaiman's science fiction novel of the same name. Following the departure as showrunners of the show's creators, Bryan Fuller and Michael Green, Anderson stated she would not return to the show. In October 2017, Anderson appeared alongside Glenn Close and Christina Hendricks in Crooked House – a film adaptation of Agatha Christie's novel of the same name. In January 2018, she was back playing FBI Special Agent Dana Scully in the eleventh season of The X-Files. In January 2018, she confirmed that she would be leaving The X-Files after the end of the season. Anderson is set to portray the role of Captain MacLaren in Star Citizen's single-player component Squadron 42. In January 2019, she began playing Jean Milburn in the Netflix dramedy Sex Education.

From February 2, 2019, through May 11, 2019, Anderson portrayed Margo Channing in a stage production of All About Eve at the Noël Coward Theatre for which she received her third Laurence Olivier Award nomination. On September 7, 2019, it was announced that she would portray former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the fourth season of the Netflix historical drama series The Crown. Anderson is the second American actress (after Meryl Streep in The Iron Lady) to portray Thatcher in a major production. In a statement Anderson said: "I am so excited to be joining the cast and crew of The Crown and to have the opportunity to portray such a complicated and controversial woman. Thatcher was undoubtedly formidable but I am relishing exploring beneath the surface and, dare I say, falling in love with the icon who, whether loved or despised, defined an era." Anderson received critical acclaim for her role, winning an Emmy Award and Golden Globe award for her portrayal.

2020s
In February 2021, Anderson started filming White Bird. It was initially scheduled to be released on September 16, 2022, but was later delayed to October 14, 2022. In September 2022, Lionsgate removed the film from its release schedule, however in January 2023, it was rescheduled for August 2023. In November 2021 Anderson voiced the cat in Robin Robin, a stop-motion short Christmas film about a bird raised by mice who is questioning where she belongs. Robin Robin was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. In December 2021, she played Joanna, mother to Catherine the Great in season two of Hulu's The Great.

In February 2022, Anderson launched her first audio show titled What Do I Know?! on Curio. The fortnightly podcast explores "deeply human stories of social challenges, sexual liberation, phenomenal women". In March 2022, it was announced that Anderson had signed a first look deal with Netflix. It is a two-year deal with her company, Fiddlehead Productions. In April of the same year, she portrayed Eleanor Roosevelt in the TV series The First Lady on Showtime. The series was cancelled after the one season. Released in theatres in December 2022 and on Netflix in 2023, Anderson starred in director Scott Cooper's The Pale Blue Eye alongside Christian Bale.

In February 2023, Anderson announced her "The 'Dear Gillian'" project, where she asked for women to write letters to her personally about sexual fantasies and stories that she will turn into a book. On February 7, 2023, Netflix announced that Anderson had been cast as Emily Maitlis in Scoop, a film about Prince Andrew's 2019 Newsnight interview. In April 2023, Anderson launched G Spot Beverages. The beverages are soft drinks with "life-enhancing adaptogens and nootropics". On May 16, it was announced that Anderson will star in the film adaptation of Raynor Winn’s bestselling memoir The Salt Path alongside Jason Isaacs which will be directed by Marianne Elliott.

Relationships and children
Anderson met Canadian art director Clyde Klotz when they worked together on The X-Files, and they were married in a Buddhist ceremony in Hawaii on January 1, 1994. Their daughter was born on September 25, 1994. The X-Files creator and showrunner Chris Carter named the episode "Piper Maru" after the couple's daughter. The two divorced in 1997. On December 29, 2004, Anderson married Kenyan-born documentary filmmaker Julian Ozanne on Lamu Island. They separated in 2006 and divorced in 2007. Anderson began dating British businessman Mark Griffiths in 2006, and they had two sons born in 2006 and 2008 together before splitting up in 2012.

In March 2012, Anderson revealed to Out magazine that she had a long-term relationship with a girl while in high school. She also told CBS News that she had dated other women, though most of her relationships had been with men. In December 2014, she described herself to the London Evening Standard as "an actively heterosexual woman who celebrates however people want to express their sexuality". She reiterated this in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter the following month. In an interview with The Daily Telegraph in March 2015, she said she was open to the idea of entering another same-sex relationship: "To me a relationship is about loving another human being; their gender is irrelevant." She told The Times in February 2018, "I could be with a woman next year [...] It's just who I am. I have absolutely no issue with it whatsoever, and I don't really care if other people have an issue with it." On Watch What Happens with Andy Cohen, she said that the last time she had been with a woman was when she moved to New York City right after college.

Anderson resides with her three children in London, where she has lived since 2002. She dated English screenwriter Peter Morgan from 2016 to 2020.

Hobbies and interests
Due to her upbringing in both the United States and United Kingdom, Anderson is bidialectal and can easily switch between an American or British accent depending on the situation. Her American accent is Midwestern as she adopted it after being teased by schoolmates for her British accent as a teenager in Grand Rapids, Michigan, while her British accent is a Received Pronunciation one due to her childhood in London. During an interview with BlogTalkRadio in May 2013, she discussed her national identity: "I've been asked whether I feel more like a Brit than an American and I don't know what the answer to that question is. I know that I feel that London is home and I'm very happy with that as my home. I love London as a city and I feel very comfortable there. In terms of identity, I'm still a bit baffled."

An avid art collector, Anderson used her first paycheck from The X-Files to purchase a David Blackburn lithograph. Her collection includes work by artists such as Diane Arbus, Helen Levitt, Cindy Sherman, Francesco Clemente, Alexis Rockman, and Kiki Smith. She also enjoys architecture and interior design, and periodically works on floor and house planning projects. She has expressed a desire to pursue mixed media ventures in the future.

Anderson is a feminist. She told Glamour magazine in August 2014, "I have feminist bones and when I hear things or see people react to women in certain ways I have very little tolerance." She has several tattoos, all of them, as she described, are in some way about "peace of mind, right mind, right action". She practices meditation daily. She owned an estate in Sri Lanka from 2005 to 2012 that formerly belonged to painter Justin Deraniyagala. She is teetotal and launched the soft drink company G-Spot in 2023.

Activism and charity work
Anderson has been active in supporting numerous charity organizations and social causes, as well as running her own humanitarian ventures. She supports The Trevor Project organization, focused on suicide prevention efforts among LGBTQ youth and attended three of the Trevor Project's "Cracked X-Mas" events to benefit the organization. In 2013, Anderson was made a patron of the Charles Dickens Statue Fund, and was instrumental in securing the funding for UK's first Dickens statue, located in Portsmouth, Hampshire. In June 2016 she became a patron of the Temple Legal Centre, a London-based organization that assists people through the legal process by providing them free family law advice and support.

In June 2016, Anderson expressed her opposition to Brexit in the lead-up to the referendum on that issue. In January 2018, she was given a City Lit Lifetime Fellowship Award by the adult education college City Literary Institute. In 2020, she narrated a Marks & Spencer Christmas commercial in the UK which also served as a charity initiative, highlighting the work of and offering donations to charities chosen by Anderson and other acting talents. The Felix Project, Southall Black Sisters, and Blueprint for All were her chosen charities.

Neurofibromatosis
Anderson is an honorary spokesperson for the Neurofibromatosis Network. She often holds auctions with the profits benefiting the Neurofibromatosis Network. Her brother Aaron died from Neurofibromatosis type I in 2011. In May 1996, Anderson addressed the United States Congress urging for more education and funding for neurofibromatosis research projects. She partners with Doodle 4 NF – an annual fundraiser for the Neurofibromatosis Network. She also supported the Children with Tumours organization and the Global Genes movement, which is devoted to helping children with neurofibromatosis.

Africa and SAYes
In 2008, Anderson co-founded South African Youth Education for Sustainability (SAYes), which helps in empowering marginalised young people in South Africa through youth mentoring. The nonprofit organization provides youth leaving children's homes with guidance that enables them to develop their skills, further their education, and source suitable housing in order to participate in society as independent adults.

While filming The Last King of Scotland in 2005, Anderson started a crowdfunding venture that benefited the Alinyiikira Junior School in Kampala, Uganda. She ran the philanthropic project until 2011. Anderson is a member of the board of directors for Artists for a New South Africa and a campaigner for ACTSA: Action for Southern Africa. She was a patron of the Friends of Treatment Action Campaign (FoTAC) which worked with the Treatment Action Campaign in South Africa to ensure greater access to treatment to reduce the effects of HIV and prevent new infections. Anderson also supported Buskaid – a charitable trust aiming to help young black musicians in South Africa.

Women's rights
Anderson is a supporter of various women's organizations and social movements. She has been a long-time supporter of the Feminist Majority Foundation. In 1996, Anderson became the Feminist Majority Foundation's spokesperson and participated as a team leader in the Feminist Majority Foundation's Million4Roe campaign. In March 1999, she attended a Feminist Majority Foundation event to stop gender apartheid in Afghanistan and in April 2002, she appeared on Hollywood Squares to benefit the Feminist Majority Foundation's campaign to aid Afghan women and girls. Anderson participated in Eve Ensler's Vagina Monologues, including a stage performance on February 14, 1999. Anderson is a supporter of Ensler's V-Day movement aiming to end violence against women and girls.

Anderson is an advocate for reproductive rights. In 2001, she emceed the Rock for Choice concert fundraiser, featuring musicians Sarah McLachlan, Paula Cole, and Melissa Etheridge as well as actresses Helen Hunt, Ellen DeGeneres, Portia de Rossi, and Kathy Najimy. The concert supported reproductive options for unplanned pregnancies, including the morning-after pill. For International Women's Day 2014, Anderson was one of the artist signatories of Amnesty International's letter to UK Prime Minister David Cameron campaigning for women's rights in Afghanistan. In March 2015, Anderson backed the Women at the Well drop-in centre for vulnerable women in London, which is supported financially by Comic Relief. Anderson supports the Refuge, a United Kingdom charity providing specialist support for women and children experiencing domestic violence. For International Women's Day 2016, Anderson was one of the high-profile women that signed Burma Campaign UK's pledge to end and investigate crimes of sexual violence against girls and women in Myanmar. Anderson is a speaker for Thomson Reuters Foundation's Trust Women Conference.

Children's rights
Anderson is a patron of Childreach International, a London-based charity that works in partnership with local communities in the developing world to secure children's basic rights; she addressed the problem of child trafficking during the press for the Sold film that presents the issue. Anderson also supports their Taught Not Trafficked campaign that was launched in July 2014. In 2015, Anderson became a patron of the International Literacy Centre (ILC) – European home of Reading Recovery. In January 2016 she helped launch ILC's Reading Recovery Read Aloud campaign. During February and March 2016, Anderson held an internet charity auction benefiting Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) children's hospital in the Bloomsbury area of London. In March 2016, it was reported that Anderson is one of the artists sponsoring an unaccompanied refugee minor in the "Jungle" camp in Calais. In July 2017, Anderson was awarded a UCL Honorary Fellowship for her support of the International Literacy Centre's Reading Recovery program.

Indigenous rights
In late 2010, Anderson and other artists joined a campaign to boycott Botswana diamonds over the government's treatment of the Kalahari San. Anderson supports tribal rights charity Survival International, an organization that champions tribal peoples around the world and in early 2010 she participated in a performance in a London stage fundraiser for its cause. In February 2011, Anderson narrated a short film about recent footage of an uncontacted tribe, in which the Amazon Indians were spotted from the air on the Brazil-Peru border. Anderson has said: "What comes across powerfully from this amazing footage is how healthy and confident these people appear. I hope they can be left alone – but that will only happen if the loggers are stopped." In June 2011, Anderson became an ambassador for Survival International. In September 2015, Anderson was among the artists who signed a letter calling for a new approach to conservation that would respect tribal peoples' rights.

Animals rights and environmental advocacy
In 2012, Anderson joined Greenpeace in standing with the people of Brazil for a zero-deforestation law to save the Amazon. In 2013, she backed the Cheetah Conservation Fund by creating a short film together with the fund, advocating CCF's action to prevent the extinction of the cheetah. In 2013, she joined the Fishlove campaign, supporting the fight against unsustainable fishing practices that harm the marine ecosystem. In November 2015, Anderson was named a friend and supporter of Positive Luxury, a company that informs consumers on brands' commitment to quality, craftsmanship, service and sustainability.

Voice work

 * Narrator of Anne Rice's novel Exit to Eden (1992).
 * Narrator of The X-Files: Ground Zero (1997).
 * Narrator of "The Guardian of the Pool: A Story from Nelson Mandela's Favorite African Folktales" (2009).
 * Narrated the story "Reversal" from David Eagleman's speculative fiction book Sum: Forty Tales from the Afterlives (2010).
 * Narrated Charlotte Brontë's lost story "L'Ingratitude" for London Review of Books's podcast (2012).
 * Narrator of Roald Dahl's short story "The Last Act", which is included in the Switch Bitch collection (2012).
 * Narrated the audiobooks of her novel trilogy The Earthend Saga: A Vision of Fire (2014), A Dream of Ice (2015) and The Sound of Seas (2016).
 * One of the narrators of BBC Radio 4's ongoing series A History of Ideas (2015).
 * Provided a voice recording of reading Virginia Woolf's suicide note for The Royal Ballet production Woolf Works (2015).
 * Narrated Wilkie Collins' short story "Mrs. Zant and the Ghost" for Audible UK's Christmas Car Selection (2015).
 * Co-narrator of the audiobook for her and Nadel's self-empowerment book WE: A Manifesto for Women Everywhere (2017).
 * Provided the voice of Dana Scully for The X-Files: Cold Cases and The X-Files: Stolen Lives audiobooks (2017).
 * Provided the voice of Captain Rachel MacLaren for Squadron 42.

Awards and honors
In 2009, Anderson was named as one of 20 most powerful women in British theatre and was dubbed "The Honorary Brit" by Harper's Bazaar and Tiffany & Co.'s list. In 2010, Anderson was named Honorary Associate of The London Film School (LFS).

In 2013, Anderson received a City Lit Lifetime Fellowship Award as recognition for the support and inspiration she provided to adult education provider City Lit and its students.

In 2016, Anderson was appointed an honorary Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) for her services to drama. In 2018, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In 2021, Anderson won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress for her role as Margaret Thatcher in The Crown.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gillian Anderson


text:
Talk:Obotrites

Untitled
Obotrites are Western Baltic tribe

Witzlaus is Baltic name .Edelward (talk) 17:12, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

Untitled
David -- where did you find Obotrites? Reuter uses Abodrites/Obodrites, and I've nver seen it with a 't' in the German sources? JHK Google gives Obotrites 1420, Obodrites 148 and Abodrites 109 - but that could of course be others plagiarising from the CathEn: change it by all means if you're confident. I suspect it may be a hard "d" in German - but then this isn't German, and neither were they. User:David Parker
 * COuld be -- I came up against them doing research, but this may be a case where I'm just more used to the scholarly stuff than the general. I defer to google -- except that most of the ones I saw are all from sad people tracing back their royal heritage...strangely enough, none of my relatives show up on those web sites, and they haven't been dead nearly as long! JHK

-- Old version fuer Thueringer is Dueringer, which is the way it is still pronounced in Thueringen. d=t p=pf t=sz or ss etc etc all goes back to sound shift, which many Germans newer followed the High-German sound shift in their local language.Even when it is tough and written in High German as Mutter (mother) it is still pronounce Mudder, Mudda, Mutta, Muttje, Muttche and various other ways.
 * Thanks for more unedifying information. We all know that d=t, if you read the discussion and actually understand it.  Again, you missed the point.  We were discussing usage, and what is more common to English speakers. JHK

polish
I deleted the polish term for Obotrites. There is no need for it. The Obotrites were a slavic tribe that was later germanized. They have nothing to do with Poland. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.176.189.60 (talk) 15:13, 17 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Obodrites belong to West Slavic group that extinct. This is the same level of interest like Germans have for Ostrogots, who are predecessors of Ukrainians, but not Germans. Cautious (talk) 04:43, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Serbians: not
Obodrites were not Serbians. Why they are in that category?

Cautious (talk) 04:43, 8 October 2010 (UTC)

Etymology
It is said in the article that "obotrit" supposedly means "at the water", however, I relate it more with the Russian бодрый < Proto-Slavic *bъdrъ = "brisk, vivid, cheerful", which I suppose was a word in Western Slavic languages as well. It has a cognate in Lithuanian, too - budrùs... Thus, can it be this the etymology of the Obotrites tribal name, assuming the d had gone into t due to Germanic influence (it seems there is an ambiguity in its spelling anyway)?

 * PS The initial o- is a typical prefix in Slavic languages, through which verbs are formed from adjectives. Id est, о-бодрити is the infinitive of the verb "to get (in the state of being) vivid, cheerful"...

 * -abad is a suffix that forms part of many city names in Iran, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, amongst others. It is derived from the Persian word ābād (آباد), meaning "cultivated place" (village, city), and commonly attached to the name of the city's founder or patron. The root of this word is from the Persian word āb (آب) meaning 'Water'.89.205.59.148 (talk) 19:45, 17 July 2016 (UTC)

 * I've been taught (1985 in East-Germany, which entertained a 100% pro-slavic paradigma), that Obodrites meant something like those, who are clad in strong armour. Since I've finished my magister artium in the historical sciences, I took it onto myself to research about these omnipresent linguistic claims and found them not only hindsighted (both, the all-is-german AND the all-is-slavic approaches), but: to be hilariously conjectured --- to say the least.

We don't know either to be true or false, but we can date the different claims pretty much to their obvious historiographic fashions. Some say 'po-labian', some 'op-de-elbe' others say 'super albis fluvius' when they talk about the realms of the Wends, but all mean the same. When one's finally decided to go back into the relevant, yet scarcely distributed/tradited, medieval sources, one finds not the smallest hint, that danes, saxons and the north-albingians (wends, liutizen, wagrians, a.s.o.) ever needed any interpreters/translators for their verbal encounters - despite them being described as solely illiterate heathens, who love to banter and quarrel between each other! And why should they? The river Elbe wasn't a language barrier, early high-german wasn't spoken by any german tribe AND the lost connection to the early north-german dialects wasn't lost then either. People overstate the so-called early medieval slavic push to the east and willfully oversee the possible language impact of the huns, the avaric tribes and the hungarians, who furthered the earliest states of the polish (and the czech) oral ideosyncracies until the mongol invasion kicked in.--78.51.53.40 (talk) 05:46, 5 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Obotrites


text:
User:Gomodo~enwiki

Please stop uploading copyrighted material. What you are doing is illegal. The sys admins will block your IP if you do this again. -maveric149

 * He's had his warning, and he's continued:

On 2002-03-06 13:06:58, Gomodo uploaded file TnetPro.zip (overwritten by Bryan Derksen)

Ban his IP. --Robert Merkel

Unfortunately with the departure of Larry there are only two people who can now do that. Who are they? --maveric149

From what I read somewhere on Wikipedia, but of course now I don't remember where, I think only people who are employees of Bomis (Jimbo Wales and Tim Shell) have those sorts of magical powers. --Dreamyshade

Overwritten On 2002-02-28 15:14:03, Gomodo uploaded file winamp278_lite.exe On 2002-02-26 14:17:04, Gomodo uploaded file yesterday[1.mid] On 2002-02-28 15:05:34, Gomodo uploaded file love goes by once again.mp3 On 2002-02-26 12:29:16, Gomodo uploaded file 이기찬-또한번사랑은가고.mp3

title: User:Gomodo~enwiki


text:
Sudovian language

Sudovian (also known as Yotvingian, or Jatvingian) was a West Baltic language of Northeastern Europe. Sudovian was closely related to Old Prussian. It was formerly spoken southwest of the Neman river in what is now Lithuania, east of Galindia and in the north of Yotvingia, and by exiles in East Prussia.

Name
The language is referred to as Yotvingian, Jatvingian or Sudovian. Those names are derived from the southern- and northernmost tribes living in the area. When the Germans learnt the name "Sudovian" from the Prussians, they got to know the name of the northernmost tribe only, while Poles in the south met a tribe calling itself Yatvingian. Both Germans and Poles generalized the terms for all the Baltic inhabitants of the area.

The territory they lived in is referred to as Sudovia [Sunderland], Jotva [Jettwen], Dainavia, or Pollexia.

Classification
Sudovian was an Indo-European language belonging to the Baltic branch. There are several proposals for the classification of the Sudovian language within the Baltic phylum.
 * Bezzenberg postulated that Sudovian was a southern Lithuanian dialect.
 * Otrębski claimed it to be a transitional language between Eastern and Western Baltic.
 * Some consider it a distinct Western Baltic language close to Old Prussian.
 * Others view it as an Old Prussian dialect.

Historical sources state that Sudovian was very similar to and mutually intelligible with the archaic Old Prussian language, e.g. in the introduction to the first Old Prussian Catechism (printed in Königsberg – 1545 – the first Baltic language book):

"Die Sudawen aber wiewol ihre rede etwas nyderiger wissen sich doch inn diese preüßnische sprach : wie sie alhie im Catechismo gedruckt ist auch wol zuschicken und vernemen alle wort. – 'But the Sudovians, although their speech is somewhat lower, understand this Prussian language, as it is printed in the Catechism, and they express themselves well and understand every word'."

In addition to similarities in the scarce material in the Western Baltic languages, this leads most linguists to the conclusion, that Sudovian belongs to the Western Baltic branch. Sudovian along with Old Prussian was later influenced by Gothic language, while most of the Eastern Baltic languages had more contact with Finnic languages.

History

Sudovia and neighboring Galindia were two Baltic tribes or nations mentioned by the Greek geographer Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD as Galíndai and Soudinoí (Γαλίνδαι, Σουδινοί).

Peter of Dusburg, in his 14th-century Chronicon terrae Prussiae, refers to Sudovia and to its inhabitants as Sudovites, listing them as one of the Prussian tribes. He attests, that between 1,500 and 1,600 Sudavians were forcefully relocated to Sambia in the late 13th century.

After the district was conquered by the Teutonic Knights, the language died out and its speakers were gradually absorbed by German, Lithuanian and Slavic populations.

John Poliander wrote in 1535 about the Sudovians living near Königsberg, Prussia, that 32 villages used Sudini speech in a 6–7 mile stretch of land of the Samland Corner that bears the name of Sudavia. They spoke a language similar to the Old Prussian language, but they used the term gentaras for amber, not the Sambian (Old Prussian) term. From him we learn that the Sudovians lived secluded from the Sambians, that they married within their own tribe, and did not allow intermarriage with the neighbouring Prussian population "even if begged". They stubbornly held to their own traditions, and wore finger and ear rings with bronze bells and silver belts. Nothing was imported from abroad, but everything was produced by local craftsmen.

Christoph Hartknoch reported in 1684 that there were still Sudovians in Sambia.

Consonants
Based on onomastics, Sudovian is thought to have had the following consonants:

 * Compared to other Baltic languages,, , , , , and were depalatalized.
 * A Partial depalatalization of, , , and took place.
 * and turned into  and  respectively.

Diphthongs
Two diphthongs are attested:

 * Along with Prussian, Sudovian preserved Proto-Baltic, unlike the Eastern Baltic languages, where it shifted to.

Grammar
The few grammatical features proposed for the Sudovian languages are either based on supposed Sudovian substrate in other languages or based on the Polish-Yotvingian Vocabulary (it is unsure, whether or not it represents Sudovian). Therefore, few can be said with certainty.

The language seems to have preserved many archaic features, which have been lost in other Baltic languages. The language from the vocabulary retained the Proto-Baltic singular neuter case endings (as did Prussian), leaving the language with three genders.

The language has six grammatical cases: nominative, vocative (The vocative example is "Kails naussen gnigethe." form the Sudovian Book), accusative, genitive, dative and locative, and a complex morphology with a variety of moods. It was a frontier dialect of Old Baltic, which preserved many archaic features which had been lost in the Middle Baltic group.

Onomastics
The Constit. Synod. Evangel. of 1530 contains the following list of deities who were still worshipped by the Sudavians in Samland: "Occopirmus, Sualxtix, Ausschauts, Autrympus, Potrympus, Bardoayts, Piluuytis, Parcunas, Pecols,...".

Toponyms from north-eastern Poland, north-western Belarus, and Lithuania also preserve words.

Evidence from other languages
The Yotvingian territories were later overrun and populated by Slavs around present-day Białystok and Suwałki in north-eastern Poland and nearby Hrodna (formerly Grodno) in Belarus. Some elements of Baltic speech are still retained in the Belarus and Ukraine territory, owing to the sparse indigenous populations and resettlements of refugees from Lithuania. The dialect of Zietela (Дзятлава, Дятлово, Zietil, Zdzięcioł) was of particular interest. Kazlauskas suggested that the word mėnas ("month") (dative singular mënui) encountered in dialects (Zietela, Lazdijai) and in the writings of Bretkūnas is a remnant of nouns with the stem suffix -s. The dialect of Druskininkai in Lithuania, too, was influenced by the Sudovian language.

Fragmentary texts
There are also some Sudovian language phrases in "Warhafftige Beschreibung der Sudawen auff Samland sambt ihren Bock heyligen und Ceremonien" – True Description of the Sudovians in Samland together with their goat sanctifications and ceremonies – written in the mid-16th century by Hieronymus Maletius. Most scholars view these texts as representing Old Prussian, while Norbertas Vėlius regards them as genuine Sudovian.

 * Beigeite beygeyte peckolle.
 * Kails naussen gnigethe.
 * Kails poskails ains par antres. (a drinking toast)
 * Kellewesze perioth, Kellewesze perioth.
 * Ocho Moy myle schwante Panike.

Polish-Yotvingian vocabulary
Until the 1970s, Yotvingian was chiefly known from toponyms and medieval Russian sources. But in 1978, a monument with Yotvingian writing was discovered by accident. In Belarus, a young man named Viačasłaŭ Zinaŭ, an amateur collector, bought a book of Catholic prayers from an old man from Novy Dvor village in the depths of Białowieża Forest, which held a small manuscript titled "" (Pogańskie gwary z Narewu). It was written partly in Polish, and partly in an unspecified, "pagan" language. However, Zinov's parents threw away the book. But, before the manuscript was destroyed, Zinov had made notes of it which he sent to Vilnius University in 1983. Even though Zinov's notes were riddled with errors, it has been proven beyond doubt that the notes are indeed a copy of an authentic Yotvingian text. According to the first person who analyzed the manuscript, Zigmas Zinkevičius, this short Yotvingian–Polish dictionary (of just 215 words), "Pagan Dialects from Narew", appears to have been written by a Catholic priest in order to preach to locals in their mother tongue. Concerning the language, Zinkevičius put forth three possible versions:
 * a Yotvingian dialect under a heavy influence of Lithuanian;
 * Lithuanian words over a strong Yotvingian substratum;
 * the compiler of the dictionary could not tell Lithuanian from Yotvingian clearly, and may have included words from both. The latter version is indirectly supported by the name of the document: "Dialects", rather than "Dialect". Some scholars did not rule out the possibility of forgery, but there are strong indications it was not.

title: Sudovian language


text:
User talk:Miki~enwiki

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title: User talk:Miki~enwiki


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Standard American

Standard American is a bidding system for the game of bridge widely used in North America and elsewhere. Owing to the popularization of the game by Charles Goren in the 1940s and 1950s, its early versions were sometimes referred to simply as 'Goren'. With the addition and evolution of various and, it is now more generally referred to as Standard American. It is a bidding system based on five-card majors and a strong notrump; players may add conventions and refine the meanings of bids through partnership agreements summarized in their. One standardised version, SAYC (Standard American Yellow Card), is widely used by casual partnerships and in online bridge.

Role of bidding systems
The purpose of bidding during the auction phase of each deal is to disclose information which one's partner may employ in order to arrive at an optimal contract while concurrently contending with the opponents' attempts to do likewise. A bidding system is a set of agreements about the meanings of the different bids that the players use. Each bid provides information about the hand's high-card strength and suit distribution based on hand evaluation techniques.

History
"Standard American" was the label given to the bridge bidding system developed by Charles Goren and his contemporaries in the 1940s. This system employed the 1915 point-count method to evaluate the strength of a bridge hand. Most bids had fairly specific requirements regarding hand strength and suit distribution. This point-count system became so popular that most bridge players, social and tournament players alike, used it. American bridge teams in the late 1930s and 1940s won world championships using Standard American.

Modifications began to appear from the 1950s forward. Before the year 2000, new bidding systems evolved, including "2/1 Game Forcing" which are otherwise substantial departures from early Standard American methods. Most tournament pairs now assemble their own system from a variety of new treatments and conventions that have evolved. The nearest thing to a common system in tournament play is the "Standard American Yellow Card" (SAYC) promulgated by the American Contract Bridge League. SAYC is widely used in internet bridge play, but only rarely in on-site tournament play.

Most common elements
The essential common elements of modern Standard American systems are:
 * Hand evaluation based on the 4-3-2-1 point count system (Ace = 4, King = 3, Queen = 2 and Jack = 1) with adjustments for the location of honors and suit distribution.
 * A hand-strength requirement of at least 12-13 points to open 1-of-a-suit.
 * Five-card majors: opening a major suit promises at least a five-card holding in that suit.
 * Weak two bids: Two diamond, heart or spade openers are made with a sound six-card suit in a hand without enough overall strength to open 1 of the suit.
 * Strong two clubs: All unbalanced hands too strong to open at the one-level are opened with an artificial 2 call, as well as balanced hands stronger than 21 HCP.
 * Pre-emptive opening bids: Suit openings above the two level are pre-emptive, promising a long and strong suit.
 * Limit Raises: A jump-raise of the opener's suit by responder, in the absence of opponent interference, is invitational to game. In Goren's system, this was a strong game-forcing raise.
 * Notrump openers show a balanced hand, with the following common high card point (HCP) ranges:
 * 1NT = 15-17 HCP
 * 2NT = 20-21 HCP
 * 3NT = 25-27 HCP
 * Common notrump follow-up conventions include Stayman, Jacoby transfers and Gerber.

SAYC
The Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) is a set of partnership agreements summarized in a convention card created by the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) to be used as the required bidding system in specified events or as a base for a casual or online partnerships. Some of the specific agreements in Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) that elaborate on or depart from more current Standard American bidding are:
 * A 2 response to a 1NT opening is specified as the "non-forcing" version of the Stayman convention.
 * A 2 response to a 1NT is a relay to the minors when responder holds a long (at least six card length) minor suit and a weak hand; opener bids 3 and responder either passes or corrects to 3 which opener is expected to pass.
 * Straight Blackwood is used and not the Roman Key Card Blackwood or other variation.
 * In response to a 2 opening, the 2 response is the "waiting" version of that response.
 * In response to a weak-two opening, RONF ("Raise Only Non-Force") is used.
 * The Jacoby 2NT is used to show a game-forcing raise of a major suit with four-card support.
 * Negative doubles are used through the level of 2.
 * Fourth suit forcing is used.
 * Michaels cuebid and Unusual notrump are used.
 * Conventions are specified as being "off" in response to a 1NT overcall, except that 2 is still Stayman.

title: Standard American


text:
User talk:JeLuF

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FYI
I have unprotected this page. – xeno talk 13:29, 15 November 2011 (UTC)

Image use request - please read
Hi there! I was wondering if you'd allow me to use image on Facebook for a WikiWomen's project I'm working on. If so, I'd have to have your permission to use it CC BY 3.0. Please let me know! Thank you so much. SarahStierch (talk) 21:08, 24 September 2012 (UTC)
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Data mining

Data mining is the process of extracting and discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems. Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science and statistics with an overall goal of extracting information (with intelligent methods) from a data set and transforming the information into a comprehensible structure for further use. Data mining is the analysis step of the "knowledge discovery in databases" process, or KDD. Aside from the raw analysis step, it also involves database and data management aspects, data pre-processing, model and inference considerations, interestingness metrics, complexity considerations, post-processing of discovered structures, visualization, and online updating.

The term "data mining" is a misnomer because the goal is the extraction of patterns and knowledge from large amounts of data, not the extraction (mining) of data itself. It also is a buzzword and is frequently applied to any form of large-scale data or information processing (collection, extraction, warehousing, analysis, and statistics) as well as any application of computer decision support system, including artificial intelligence (e.g., machine learning) and business intelligence. Often the more general terms (large scale) data analysis and analytics—or, when referring to actual methods, artificial intelligence and machine learning—are more appropriate.

The actual data mining task is the semi-automatic or automatic analysis of large quantities of data to extract previously unknown, interesting patterns such as groups of data records (cluster analysis), unusual records (anomaly detection), and dependencies (association rule mining, sequential pattern mining). This usually involves using database techniques such as spatial indices. These patterns can then be seen as a kind of summary of the input data, and may be used in further analysis or, for example, in machine learning and predictive analytics. For example, the data mining step might identify multiple groups in the data, which can then be used to obtain more accurate prediction results by a decision support system. Neither the data collection, data preparation, nor result interpretation and reporting is part of the data mining step, although they do belong to the overall KDD process as additional steps.

The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data. In contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data.

The related terms data dredging, data fishing, and data snooping refer to the use of data mining methods to sample parts of a larger population data set that are (or may be) too small for reliable statistical inferences to be made about the validity of any patterns discovered. These methods can, however, be used in creating new hypotheses to test against the larger data populations.

Etymology
In the 1960s, statisticians and economists used terms like data fishing or data dredging to refer to what they considered the bad practice of analyzing data without an a-priori hypothesis. The term "data mining" was used in a similarly critical way by economist Michael Lovell in an article published in the Review of Economic Studies in 1983. Lovell indicates that the practice "masquerades under a variety of aliases, ranging from "experimentation" (positive) to "fishing" or "snooping" (negative).

The term data mining appeared around 1990 in the database community, with generally positive connotations. For a short time in 1980s, the phrase "database mining"™, was used, but since it was trademarked by HNC, a San Diego-based company, to pitch their Database Mining Workstation; researchers consequently turned to data mining. Other terms used include data archaeology, information harvesting, information discovery, knowledge extraction, etc. Gregory Piatetsky-Shapiro coined the term "knowledge discovery in databases" for the first workshop on the same topic (KDD-1989) and this term became more popular in the AI and machine learning communities. However, the term data mining became more popular in the business and press communities. Currently, the terms data mining and knowledge discovery are used interchangeably.

Background
The manual extraction of patterns from data has occurred for centuries. Early methods of identifying patterns in data include Bayes' theorem (1700s) and regression analysis (1800s). The proliferation, ubiquity and increasing power of computer technology have dramatically increased data collection, storage, and manipulation ability. As data sets have grown in size and complexity, direct "hands-on" data analysis has increasingly been augmented with indirect, automated data processing, aided by other discoveries in computer science, specially in the field of machine learning, such as neural networks, cluster analysis, genetic algorithms (1950s), decision trees and decision rules (1960s), and support vector machines (1990s). Data mining is the process of applying these methods with the intention of uncovering hidden patterns. in large data sets. It bridges the gap from applied statistics and artificial intelligence (which usually provide the mathematical background) to database management by exploiting the way data is stored and indexed in databases to execute the actual learning and discovery algorithms more efficiently, allowing such methods to be applied to ever-larger data sets.

Process
The knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) process is commonly defined with the stages:

 * 1) Selection
 * 2) Pre-processing
 * 3) Transformation
 * 4) Data mining
 * 5) Interpretation/evaluation.

It exists, however, in many variations on this theme, such as the Cross-industry standard process for data mining (CRISP-DM) which defines six phases:

 * 1) Business understanding
 * 2) Data understanding
 * 3) Data preparation
 * 4) Modeling
 * 5) Evaluation
 * 6) Deployment

or a simplified process such as (1) Pre-processing, (2) Data Mining, and (3) Results Validation.

Polls conducted in 2002, 2004, 2007 and 2014 show that the CRISP-DM methodology is the leading methodology used by data miners.

The only other data mining standard named in these polls was SEMMA. However, 3–4 times as many people reported using CRISP-DM. Several teams of researchers have published reviews of data mining process models, and Azevedo and Santos conducted a comparison of CRISP-DM and SEMMA in 2008.

Pre-processing
Before data mining algorithms can be used, a target data set must be assembled. As data mining can only uncover patterns actually present in the data, the target data set must be large enough to contain these patterns while remaining concise enough to be mined within an acceptable time limit. A common source for data is a data mart or data warehouse. Pre-processing is essential to analyze the multivariate data sets before data mining. The target set is then cleaned. Data cleaning removes the observations containing noise and those with missing data.

Data mining
Data mining involves six common classes of tasks:

 * Anomaly detection (outlier/change/deviation detection) – The identification of unusual data records, that might be interesting or data errors that require further investigation due to being out of standard range.
 * Association rule learning (dependency modeling) – Searches for relationships between variables. For example, a supermarket might gather data on customer purchasing habits. Using association rule learning, the supermarket can determine which products are frequently bought together and use this information for marketing purposes. This is sometimes referred to as market basket analysis.
 * Clustering – is the task of discovering groups and structures in the data that are in some way or another "similar", without using known structures in the data.
 * Classification – is the task of generalizing known structure to apply to new data. For example, an e-mail program might attempt to classify an e-mail as "legitimate" or as "spam".
 * Regression – attempts to find a function that models the data with the least error that is, for estimating the relationships among data or datasets.
 * Summarization – providing a more compact representation of the data set, including visualization and report generation.

Results validation
Data mining can unintentionally be misused, producing results that appear to be significant but which do not actually predict future behavior and cannot be reproduced on a new sample of data, therefore bearing little use. This is sometimes caused by investigating too many hypotheses and not performing proper statistical hypothesis testing. A simple version of this problem in machine learning is known as overfitting, but the same problem can arise at different phases of the process and thus a train/test split—when applicable at all—may not be sufficient to prevent this from happening.

The final step of knowledge discovery from data is to verify that the patterns produced by the data mining algorithms occur in the wider data set. Not all patterns found by the algorithms are necessarily valid. It is common for data mining algorithms to find patterns in the training set which are not present in the general data set. This is called overfitting. To overcome this, the evaluation uses a test set of data on which the data mining algorithm was not trained. The learned patterns are applied to this test set, and the resulting output is compared to the desired output. For example, a data mining algorithm trying to distinguish "spam" from "legitimate" e-mails would be trained on a training set of sample e-mails. Once trained, the learned patterns would be applied to the test set of e-mails on which it had not been trained. The accuracy of the patterns can then be measured from how many e-mails they correctly classify. Several statistical methods may be used to evaluate the algorithm, such as ROC curves.

If the learned patterns do not meet the desired standards, it is necessary to re-evaluate and change the pre-processing and data mining steps. If the learned patterns do meet the desired standards, then the final step is to interpret the learned patterns and turn them into knowledge.

Research
The premier professional body in the field is the Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Special Interest Group (SIG) on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (SIGKDD). Since 1989, this ACM SIG has hosted an annual international conference and published its proceedings, and since 1999 it has published a biannual academic journal titled "SIGKDD Explorations".

Computer science conferences on data mining include:

 * CIKM Conference – ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management
 * European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases
 * KDD Conference – ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining

Data mining topics are also present in many data management/database conferences such as the ICDE Conference, SIGMOD Conference and International Conference on Very Large Data Bases.

Standards
There have been some efforts to define standards for the data mining process, for example, the 1999 European Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM 1.0) and the 2004 Java Data Mining standard (JDM 1.0). Development on successors to these processes (CRISP-DM 2.0 and JDM 2.0) was active in 2006 but has stalled since. JDM 2.0 was withdrawn without reaching a final draft.

For exchanging the extracted models—in particular for use in predictive analytics—the key standard is the Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML), which is an XML-based language developed by the Data Mining Group (DMG) and supported as exchange format by many data mining applications. As the name suggests, it only covers prediction models, a particular data mining task of high importance to business applications. However, extensions to cover (for example) subspace clustering have been proposed independently of the DMG.

Notable uses
Data mining is used wherever there is digital data available. Notable examples of data mining can be found throughout business, medicine, science, finance, construction, and surveillance.

Privacy concerns and ethics
While the term "data mining" itself may have no ethical implications, it is often associated with the mining of information in relation to user behavior (ethical and otherwise).

The ways in which data mining can be used can in some cases and contexts raise questions regarding privacy, legality, and ethics. In particular, data mining government or commercial data sets for national security or law enforcement purposes, such as in the Total Information Awareness Program or in ADVISE, has raised privacy concerns.

Data mining requires data preparation which uncovers information or patterns which compromise confidentiality and privacy obligations. A common way for this to occur is through data aggregation. Data aggregation involves combining data together (possibly from various sources) in a way that facilitates analysis (but that also might make identification of private, individual-level data deducible or otherwise apparent). This is not data mining per se, but a result of the preparation of data before—and for the purposes of—the analysis. The threat to an individual's privacy comes into play when the data, once compiled, cause the data miner, or anyone who has access to the newly compiled data set, to be able to identify specific individuals, especially when the data were originally anonymous.

It is recommended to be aware of the following before data are collected:
 * The purpose of the data collection and any (known) data mining projects.
 * How the data will be used.
 * Who will be able to mine the data and use the data and their derivatives.
 * The status of security surrounding access to the data.
 * How collected data can be updated.

Data may also be modified so as to become anonymous, so that individuals may not readily be identified. However, even "anonymized" data sets can potentially contain enough information to allow identification of individuals, as occurred when journalists were able to find several individuals based on a set of search histories that were inadvertently released by AOL.

The inadvertent revelation of personally identifiable information leading to the provider violates Fair Information Practices. This indiscretion can cause financial, emotional, or bodily harm to the indicated individual. In one instance of privacy violation, the patrons of Walgreens filed a lawsuit against the company in 2011 for selling prescription information to data mining companies who in turn provided the data to pharmaceutical companies.

Situation in Europe
Europe has rather strong privacy laws, and efforts are underway to further strengthen the rights of the consumers. However, the U.S.–E.U. Safe Harbor Principles, developed between 1998 and 2000, currently effectively expose European users to privacy exploitation by U.S. companies. As a consequence of Edward Snowden's global surveillance disclosure, there has been increased discussion to revoke this agreement, as in particular the data will be fully exposed to the National Security Agency, and attempts to reach an agreement with the United States have failed.

In the United Kingdom in particular there have been cases of corporations using data mining as a way to target certain groups of customers forcing them to pay unfairly high prices. These groups tend to be people of lower socio-economic status who are not savvy to the ways they can be exploited in digital market places.

Situation in the United States
In the United States, privacy concerns have been addressed by the US Congress via the passage of regulatory controls such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The HIPAA requires individuals to give their "informed consent" regarding information they provide and its intended present and future uses. According to an article in Biotech Business Week, "'[i]n practice, HIPAA may not offer any greater protection than the longstanding regulations in the research arena,' says the AAHC. More importantly, the rule's goal of protection through informed consent is approach a level of incomprehensibility to average individuals." This underscores the necessity for data anonymity in data aggregation and mining practices.

U.S. information privacy legislation such as HIPAA and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) applies only to the specific areas that each such law addresses. The use of data mining by the majority of businesses in the U.S. is not controlled by any legislation.

Situation in Europe
Under European copyright database laws, the mining of in-copyright works (such as by web mining) without the permission of the copyright owner is not legal. Where a database is pure data in Europe, it may be that there is no copyright—but database rights may exist, so data mining becomes subject to intellectual property owners' rights that are protected by the Database Directive. On the recommendation of the Hargreaves review, this led to the UK government to amend its copyright law in 2014 to allow content mining as a limitation and exception. The UK was the second country in the world to do so after Japan, which introduced an exception in 2009 for data mining. However, due to the restriction of the Information Society Directive (2001), the UK exception only allows content mining for non-commercial purposes. UK copyright law also does not allow this provision to be overridden by contractual terms and conditions. Since 2020 also Switzerland has been regulating data mining by allowing it in the research field under certain conditions laid down by art. 24d of the Swiss Copyright Act. This new article entered into force on 1 April 2020.

The European Commission facilitated stakeholder discussion on text and data mining in 2013, under the title of Licences for Europe. The focus on the solution to this legal issue, such as licensing rather than limitations and exceptions, led to representatives of universities, researchers, libraries, civil society groups and open access publishers to leave the stakeholder dialogue in May 2013.

Situation in the United States
US copyright law, and in particular its provision for fair use, upholds the legality of content mining in America, and other fair use countries such as Israel, Taiwan and South Korea. As content mining is transformative, that is it does not supplant the original work, it is viewed as being lawful under fair use. For example, as part of the Google Book settlement the presiding judge on the case ruled that Google's digitization project of in-copyright books was lawful, in part because of the transformative uses that the digitization project displayed—one being text and data mining.

Free open-source data mining software and applications
The following applications are available under free/open-source licenses. Public access to application source code is also available.
 * Carrot2: Text and search results clustering framework.
 * Chemicalize.org: A chemical structure miner and web search engine.
 * ELKI: A university research project with advanced cluster analysis and outlier detection methods written in the Java language.
 * GATE: a natural language processing and language engineering tool.
 * KNIME: The Konstanz Information Miner, a user-friendly and comprehensive data analytics framework.
 * Massive Online Analysis (MOA): a real-time big data stream mining with concept drift tool in the Java programming language.
 * MEPX: cross-platform tool for regression and classification problems based on a Genetic Programming variant.
 * mlpack: a collection of ready-to-use machine learning algorithms written in the C++ language.
 * NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit): A suite of libraries and programs for symbolic and statistical natural language processing (NLP) for the Python language.
 * OpenNN: Open neural networks library.
 * Orange: A component-based data mining and machine learning software suite written in the Python language.
 * PSPP: Data mining and statistics software under the GNU Project similar to SPSS
 * R: A programming language and software environment for statistical computing, data mining, and graphics. It is part of the GNU Project.
 * scikit-learn: An open-source machine learning library for the Python programming language;
 * Torch: An open-source deep learning library for the Lua programming language and scientific computing framework with wide support for machine learning algorithms.
 * UIMA: The UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture) is a component framework for analyzing unstructured content such as text, audio and video – originally developed by IBM.
 * Weka: A suite of machine learning software applications written in the Java programming language.

Proprietary data-mining software and applications
The following applications are available under proprietary licenses.

 * Angoss KnowledgeSTUDIO: data mining tool
 * LIONsolver: an integrated software application for data mining, business intelligence, and modeling that implements the Learning and Intelligent OptimizatioN (LION) approach.
 * PolyAnalyst: data and text mining software by Megaputer Intelligence.
 * Microsoft Analysis Services: data mining software provided by Microsoft.
 * NetOwl: suite of multilingual text and entity analytics products that enable data mining.
 * Oracle Data Mining: data mining software by Oracle Corporation.
 * PSeven: platform for automation of engineering simulation and analysis, multidisciplinary optimization and data mining provided by DATADVANCE.
 * Qlucore Omics Explorer: data mining software.
 * RapidMiner: An environment for machine learning and data mining experiments.
 * SAS Enterprise Miner: data mining software provided by the SAS Institute.
 * SPSS Modeler: data mining software provided by IBM.
 * STATISTICA Data Miner: data mining software provided by StatSoft.
 * Tanagra: Visualisation-oriented data mining software, also for teaching.
 * Vertica: data mining software provided by Hewlett-Packard.
 * Google Cloud Platform: automated custom ML models managed by Google.
 * Amazon SageMaker: managed service provided by Amazon for creating & productionising custom ML models.

title: Data mining