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K-19: The Widowmaker

K-19: The Widowmaker is a 2002 American historical submarine film directed and produced by Kathryn Bigelow, and produced by Edward S. Feldman, Sigurjon Sighvatsson, Christine Whitaker and Matthias Deyle with screenplay by Christopher Kyle. An international production of the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Canada, the film takes place in 1961 and focuses its story on the Soviet Hotel-class submarine K-19.

The film stars Harrison Ford and Liam Neeson alongside Peter Sarsgaard, Donald Sumpter, Christian Camargo, Michael Gladis and John Shrapnel in supporting roles.

K-19: The Widowmaker was released by Paramount Pictures on July 19, 2002 in the United States while on September 5, 2002 in Germany and October 25, 2002 in the United Kingdom. The film received mixed reviews upon release, with critics praising the performances and dramatic atmosphere but criticizing the screenplay. The film was also a box-office bomb, grossing only $65.7 million worldwide on a budget of $90 million.

Plot
In 1961, the Soviet Union launches its first ballistic missile nuclear submarine, the K-19, commanded by Captain Alexei Vostrikov, with executive officer Mikhail Polenin, the crew's original captain. Vostrikov is alleged to have been appointed through his wife's political connections, as well as Polenin's tendency to put crew morale and safety before Soviet pride. Discovering the reactor officer drunk and asleep on duty, Vostrikov fires him, receiving a replacement, Vadim Radtchenko, fresh from the academy. The launch is plagued by misfortune; the inaugural bottle of champagne fails to break on the bow and the medical officer is killed by a truck.

The K-19's first mission is to surface in the Arctic, test-fire an unarmed intercontinental ballistic missile, and patrol the Atlantic within striking range of New York City and Washington, D.C. Vostrikov orders K-19 to submerge past its maximum operational depth, then surface at full-speed to break through the Arctic pack-ice. Protesting the dangerous maneuver, Polenin storms off the bridge. The test missile launches successfully.

A reactor coolant pipe bursts. Control rods are inserted into the reactor, but the temperature rises; back-up coolant systems were not installed. K-19 surfaces to contact fleet command but the long-range transmitter antenna cable is damaged. Engineers rig a makeshift coolant system, working in shifts to limit radiation exposure. The first team emerges vomiting and blistered. The second and third teams cool the reactor, but all suffer radiation poisoning. With radiation levels rising, the submarine surfaces and most of the crew are ordered topside. Radtchenko balks after seeing the first team's injuries, and the crew chief takes his place on the third team.

A Sikorsky H-34 helicopter from a nearby United States Navy destroyer offers assistance, which Vostrikov rejects. The Soviet government grows concerned when the K-19 ceases contact but is spotted near the destroyer. Hoping diesel submarines will be sent to tow the K-19, Vostrikov orders a return to port. The repaired pipework leaks causing the reactor temperature to rise. Torpedo fuel ignites a fire. Initially ordering the fire suppression system activated – which would suffocate anyone in the area – Vostrikov is talked down by Polenin, who personally assists the fire crew. Two officers mutiny against Vostrikov and Radtchenko enters the reactor alone to attempt repairs.

Polenin deceives the mutineers into handing over their weapons, arrests them, and frees Vostrikov. Unaware of Radtchenko, Vostrikov, at Polenin's behest, announces his plan to dive and attempt another repair, fearing an overheating reactor could set off their warheads and incite nuclear war. The crew responds positively, and K-19 dives. Radtchenko's repairs are successful. Blinded and weakened by the radiation, he is dragged to safety by Vostrikov. A meltdown is prevented, but irradiated steam leaks throughout the submarine.

A Soviet diesel submarine reaches K-19, with orders to confine the crew aboard until a freighter can pick them up. Vostrikov instead orders an evacuation. Returning to the Soviet Union, Vostrikov is tried for endangering the mission and disobeying a direct order, but Polenin comes to his defense. In all, twenty seven men died from radiation sickness.

An epilogue reveals that Vostrikov was acquitted, but the K-19 crew was sworn to secrecy and Vostrikov was never again given a command. In late 1989 after the fall of the Berlin Wall, an aged Vostrikov meets Polenin and other survivors at a cemetery on the anniversary of their rescue. Vostrikov reveals that he nominated the deceased crewmen for the Hero of the Soviet Union award, but was told the honor was reserved for combat veterans. Remarking "what good are honors from such people," Vostrikov toasts the survivors and those who sacrificed their lives.

Cast

 * Harrison Ford as Captain 2nd Rank Alexei Vostrikov, Commanding Officer
 * Liam Neeson as Captain 3rd Rank Mikhail "Misha" Polenin, Executive Officer
 * Peter Sarsgaard as Lieutenant Vadim Radtchenko, Reactor Officer
 * Joss Ackland as Marshal Zolentsov, Defence Minister
 * John Shrapnel as Admiral Bratyeev
 * Donald Sumpter as Captain 3rd Rank Gennadi Savran, Medical Officer
 * Tim Woodward as Vice-Admiral Konstantin Partonov
 * Steve Nicolson as Captain 3rd Rank Yuri Demichev, Torpedo Officer
 * Ravil Isyanov as Captain 3rd Rank Igor Suslov, Political Officer
 * Christian Camargo as Petty Officer Pavel Loktev, Senior Reactor Technician
 * George Anton as Captain-Lieutenant Konstantin Poliansky, Missile Officer
 * James Francis Ginty as Seaman Anatoly Subachev, Reactor Technician
 * Lex Shrapnel as Captain-Lieutenant Mikhail Kornilov, Communications Officer
 * Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson as Captain 3rd Rank Viktor Gorelov, Chief Engineer
 * Sam Spruell as Senior Seaman Dmitri Nevsky
 * Sam Redford as Petty Officer 2nd Class Vasily Mishin
 * Peter Stebbings as Kuryshev
 * Shaun Benson as Chief Petty Officer Leonid Pashinski
 * Kristen Holden-Ried as Captain-Lieutenant Anton Malahov
 * Dmitry Chepovetsky as Sergei Maximov
 * Tygh Runyan as Petty Officer 1st Class Maxim Portenko, Sonar Operator
 * Jacob Pitts as Grigori
 * Michael Gladis as Senior Seaman Yevgeny Borzenkov
 * JJ Feild as Andrei Pritoola
 * Peter Oldring as Vanya Belov
 * Joshua Close as Viktor
 * Jeremy Akerman as Fyodor Tsetkov, Captain of the S-270
 * Shane Glenfield as Russian Radio Operator

Production
K-19: The Widowmaker cost between $90 to $100 million to produce, but gross returns were only $35 million in the United States and $30.5 million internationally. The film was not financed by a major studio (National Geographic Films was a wholly owned taxable subsidiary of the National Geographic Society), making it one of the most expensive independent films to-date. The film was shot in Halifax, Nova Scotia; Toronto, Ontario; Gimli, Manitoba; and Moscow, Russia.

The producers made some efforts to work with the original crew of K-19, who took exception to the first version of the script available to them, and who called for an end of Russian cooperation with the filmmakers. The nickname "The Widowmaker" was used only in the film. In real life, the submarine had no nickname until the nuclear accident on July 3, 1961, when it received the nickname "Hiroshima".

Reception
K-19: The Widowmaker received mixed reviews. It has a 61% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 170 reviews, with an average score of 6.09/10. It is summarized as being "A gripping drama even though the filmmakers have taken liberties with the facts." Metacritic calculated an average score of 58 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.

When K-19: The Widowmaker was premiered in Russia in October 2002, 52 veterans of the K-19 submarine accepted flights to the Saint Petersburg premiere; despite what they saw as technical as well as historical compromises, they praised the film and, in particular, the performance of Harrison Ford.

In his review, film critic Roger Ebert compared K-19: The Widowmaker to other classic films of the genre, "Movies involving submarines have the logic of chess: The longer the game goes, the fewer the possible remaining moves. K-19: The Widowmaker joins a tradition that includes Das Boot and The Hunt for Red October and goes back to Run Silent, Run Deep. The variables are always oxygen, water pressure and the enemy. Can the men breathe, will the sub implode, will depth charges destroy it?"

Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote: "Why did movie moguls think that this was the right moment for a tale of unflinching loyalty to the Soviet Union?"

In a 2023 interview with James Hibberd of The Hollywood Reporter, Ford cited his role as Alexei Vostrikov as one of the roles he is most proud of playing, and considered the movie to be good in spite of its lukewarm critical reception.

title: K-19: The Widowmaker


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John Gilmore (activist)

John Gilmore (born 1955) is one of the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Cypherpunks mailing list, and Cygnus Solutions. He created the alt.* hierarchy in Usenet and is a major contributor to the GNU Project.

An outspoken civil libertarian, Gilmore has sued the Federal Aviation Administration, the United States Department of Justice, and others. He was the plaintiff in the prominent case Gilmore v. Gonzales, challenging secret travel-restriction laws, which he lost. He is an advocate for drug policy reform.

He co-authored the Bootstrap Protocol in 1985, which evolved into Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), the primary way local networks assign an IP address to devices.

Life and career
As the fifth employee of Sun Microsystems and founder of Cygnus Support, he became wealthy enough to retire early and pursue other interests. He is also one of the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation based in San Francisco.

He is a frequent contributor to free software, and worked on several GNU projects, including maintaining the GNU Debugger in the early 1990s, initiating GNU Radio in 1998, starting Gnash media player in December 2005 to create a free software player for Flash movies, and writing the pdtar program which became GNU tar. Outside of the GNU project he founded the FreeS/WAN project, an implementation of IPsec, to promote the encryption of Internet traffic. He sponsored the EFF's Deep Crack DES cracker, sponsored the Micropolis city building game based on SimCity, and is a proponent of opportunistic encryption.

Gilmore co-authored the Bootstrap Protocol (RFC 951) with Bill Croft in 1985. The Bootstrap Protocol evolved into DHCP, the method by which Ethernet and wireless networks typically assign devices an IP address.

On October 22, 2021, EFF announced that they had removed Gilmore from the Board following a governance dispute. The details of the dispute were not made public.

On June 23, 2024, Gilmore was selected as a board member of the Free Software Foundation.

Activism
Gilmore owns the domain name toad.com, which is one of the 100 oldest active .com domains. It was registered on August 18, 1987. He runs the mail server at toad.com as an open mail relay. In October 2002, Gilmore's ISP, Verio, cut off his Internet access for running an open relay, a violation of Verio's terms of service. Many people contend that open relays make it too easy to send spam. Gilmore protests that his mail server was programmed to be essentially useless to spammers and other senders of mass email and he argues that Verio's actions constitute censorship. He also notes that his configuration makes it easier for friends who travel to send email, although his critics counter that there are other mechanisms to accommodate people wanting to send email while traveling. The measures Gilmore took to make his server useless to spammers may or may not have helped, considering that in 2002, at least one mass-mailing worm that propagated through open relays — W32.Yaha — had been hard-coded to relay through the toad.com mail server.

Gilmore famously stated of Internet censorship that "The Net interprets censorship as damage and routes around it".

He unsuccessfully challenged the constitutionality of secret regulations regarding travel security policies in Gilmore v. Gonzales.

Gilmore is also an advocate for the relaxing of drug laws and has given financial support to Students for Sensible Drug Policy, the Marijuana Policy Project, Erowid, MAPS, Flex Your Rights, and various other organizations seeking to end the war on drugs. He is a member of the boards of directors of MAPS and the Marijuana Policy Project. Until October 2021, he was also a board member of the EFF.

Affiliations
Following the sale of AMPRNet address space in mid-2019, Gilmore, under amateur radio call sign W0GNU, was listed as a board member of Amateur Radio Digital Communications, a non-profit involved in the management of the AMPRNet resources on behalf of the amateur radio community.

Honours
Gilmore has received the Free Software Foundation's Advancement of Free Software 2009 award.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Gilmore (activist)


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User:Fritzlein

I love games.

title: User:Fritzlein


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Cygnus Solutions

Cygnus Solutions, originally Cygnus Support, was founded in 1989 by John Gilmore, Michael Tiemann and David Henkel-Wallace to provide commercial support for free software. Its tagline was: Making free software affordable.

For years, employees of Cygnus Solutions were the maintainers of several key GNU software products, including the GNU Debugger and GNU Binutils (which included the GNU Assembler and Linker). It was also a major contributor to the GCC project and drove the change in the project's management from having a single gatekeeper to having an independent committee. Cygnus developed BFD, and used it to help port GNU to many architectures, in a number of cases working under non-disclosure to produce tools used for initial bringup of software for a new chip design.

Cygnus was also the original developer of Cygwin, a POSIX layer and the GNU toolkit port to the Microsoft Windows operating system family, and of eCos, an embedded real-time operating system.

In the 2001 documentary film Revolution OS, Tiemann indicates that the name "Cygnus" was chosen from among several names that incorporated the acronym "GNU" such as "magnum", "wingnut", and "lugnut". According to Stan Kelly-Bootle, it was recursively defined as Cygnus, your GNU Support.

On November 15, 1999, Cygnus Solutions announced its merger with Red Hat, and it ceased to exist as a separate company in early 2000. , a number of Cygnus employees continue to work for Red Hat, including Tiemann, who serves as Red Hat's Vice President of Open Source Affairs, and formerly served as CTO.

title: Cygnus Solutions


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Johannes Vermeer

Johannes Vermeer (,, see below ; also known as Jan Vermeer; October 1632 – 15 December 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life. He is considered one of the greatest painters of the Dutch Golden Age. During his lifetime, he was a moderately successful provincial genre painter, recognized in Delft and The Hague. He produced relatively few paintings, primarily earning his living as an art dealer. He was not wealthy; at his death, his wife was left in debt.

Vermeer worked slowly and with great care, and frequently used very expensive pigments. He is particularly renowned for making masterful use of light in his work. "Almost all his paintings", Hans Koningsberger wrote, "are apparently set in two smallish rooms in his house in Delft; they show the same furniture and decorations in various arrangements and they often portray the same people, mostly women."

The modest celebrity he enjoyed during his life gave way to obscurity after his death. He was barely mentioned in Arnold Houbraken's major source book on 17th-century Dutch painting (Grand Theatre of Dutch Painters and Women Artists, published 1718) and, as a result, was omitted from subsequent surveys of Dutch art for nearly two centuries. In the 19th century, Vermeer was rediscovered by Gustav Friedrich Waagen and Théophile Thoré-Bürger, who published an essay attributing 66 pictures to him, although only 34 paintings are universally attributed to him today. Since that time, Vermeer's reputation has grown enormously.

Pronunciation of name
In Dutch, Vermeer is pronounced, and Johannes Vermeer as , with assimilating to the preceding voiceless  as. The usual English pronunciation is, with , with a long first vowel, occurring in the UK. is also documented. Another pronunciation,, is attested from the UK.

Life

Relatively little was known about Vermeer's life until recently. He seems to have been devoted exclusively to his art, living out his life in the city of Delft. Until the 19th century, the only sources of information were a few registers, official documents, and comments by other artists; for this reason, Thoré-Bürger named him "The Sphinx of Delft". John Michael Montias added details on the family from the city archives of Delft in his Artists and Artisans in Delft: A Socio-Economic Study of the Seventeenth Century (1982).

Youth and heritage
Johannes Vermeer was baptized within the Reformed Church on 31 October 1632. His mother, Digna Baltens (c. 1596–1670) was from Antwerp. Digna's father, Balthasar Geerts, or Gerrits, (born in Antwerp in or around 1573) led an enterprising life in metalworking, and was arrested for counterfeiting. Vermeer's father, named Reijnier Janszoon, was a middle-class worker of silk or caffa (a mixture of silk and cotton or wool). He was the son of Jan Reyersz and Cornelia (Neeltge) Goris. As an apprentice in Amsterdam, Reijnier lived on fashionable Sint Antoniesbreestraat, a street with many resident painters at the time. In 1615, Reijnier married Digna. The couple moved to Delft and had a daughter named Gertruy who was baptized in 1620. In 1625, Reijnier was involved in a fight with a soldier named Willem van Bylandt who died from his wounds five months later. Around this time, Reijnier began dealing in paintings. In 1631, he leased an inn, which he called "The Flying Fox". In 1635, he lived on Voldersgracht 25 or 26. In 1641, he bought a larger inn on the market square, named after the Flemish town "Mechelen". The acquisition of the inn constituted a considerable financial burden. When Reijnier died in October 1652, Vermeer took over the operation of the family's art business.

Marriage and family
In April 1653, Johannes Reijniersz Vermeer married a Catholic woman, Catharina Bolnes (Bolenes). The blessing took place in the quiet nearby village of Schipluiden. Vermeer's new mother-in-law Maria Thins was initially opposed to the marriage as she was significantly wealthier than he, and it was probably she who insisted that Vermeer convert to Catholicism before the marriage on 5 April. The fact that Vermeer's father was in considerable debt also did not help in discussions on the marriage. Leonaert Bramer, who was Catholic himself, put in a good word for Vermeer and it was this that led Maria to drop her oppositions. According to art historian Walter Liedtke, Vermeer's conversion seems to have been made with conviction. His painting The Allegory of Faith, made between 1670 and 1672, placed less emphasis on the artists' usual naturalistic concerns and more on symbolic religious applications, including the sacrament of the Eucharist. Walter Liedtke in Dutch Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art suggests that it was made for a learned and devout Catholic patron, perhaps for his schuilkerk, or "hidden church". At some point, the couple moved in with Catharina's mother, who lived in a rather spacious house at Oude Langendijk, almost next to a hidden Jesuit church. Here Vermeer lived for the rest of his life, producing paintings in the front room on the second floor. His wife gave birth to 15 children, four of whom were buried before being baptized, but were registered as "child of Johan Vermeer". The names of 10 of Vermeer's children are known from wills written by relatives: Maertge, Elisabeth, Cornelia, Aleydis, Beatrix, Johannes, Gertruyd, Franciscus, Catharina, and Ignatius. Most of these names are those of saints; the youngest (Ignatius) was likely named after the Ignatius of Loyola.

Career
It is unclear where and with whom Vermeer apprenticed as a painter. There is some speculation that Carel Fabritius may have been his teacher, based upon a controversial interpretation of a text written in 1668 by printer Arnold Bon. Art historians have found no hard evidence to support this. Local authority Leonaert Bramer acted as a friend, but their style of painting is rather different. Liedtke suggests that Vermeer taught himself using information from one of his father's connections. Some scholars think that Vermeer was trained under Catholic painter Abraham Bloemaert. Vermeer's style is similar to that of some of the Utrecht Caravaggists, whose works are depicted as paintings-within-paintings in the backgrounds of several of his compositions.

On 29 December 1653, Vermeer became a member of the Guild of Saint Luke, a trade association for painters. The guild's records make clear that Vermeer did not pay the usual admission fee. It was a year of plague, war, and economic crisis; Vermeer was not alone in experiencing difficult financial circumstances. In 1654, a terrible explosion, known as the Delft Thunderclap, at a gunpowder store destroyed a large section of the city. Pieter van Ruijven and Maria de Knuijt were Vermeer's patrons for the better part of the artist's career. In 2023, his wife Maria de Knuijt was identified by the curators of the 2023 exhibition of Vermeer's works at the Rijksmuseum, in Amsterdam as the main patron due to her long-standing and supportive relationship with the artist. It seems that Vermeer turned for inspiration to the art of the fijnschilders from Leiden. Vermeer was responding to the market of Gerard Dou's paintings, who sold his paintings for exorbitant prices. Dou may have influenced Pieter de Hooch and Gabriel Metsu, too. Vermeer also charged higher than average prices for his work, most of which were purchased by an unknown collector.

The influence of Johannes Vermeer on Metsu is unmistakable: the light from the left, the marble floor. (A. Waiboer, however, suggests that Metsu requires more emotional involvement of the viewer.) Vermeer probably competed also with Nicolaes Maes, who produced genre works in a similar style. In 1662, Vermeer was elected head of the guild and was reelected in 1663, 1670, and 1671, evidence that he (like Bramer) was considered an established craftsman among his peers. Vermeer worked slowly, probably producing three paintings a year on order. Balthasar de Monconys visited him in 1663 to see some of his work, but Vermeer had no paintings to show. The diplomat and the two French clergymen who accompanied him were sent to Hendrick van Buyten, a baker who had a couple of his paintings as collateral.

In 1671, Gerrit van Uylenburgh organised the auction of Gerrit Reynst's collection and offered 13 paintings and some sculptures to Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. Frederick accused them of being counterfeits and had sent 12 back on the advice of Hendrick Fromantiou. Van Uylenburg then organized a counter-assessment, asking a total of 35 painters to pronounce on their authenticity, including Jan Lievens, Melchior de Hondecoeter, Gerbrand van den Eeckhout, and Johannes Vermeer.

Wars and death

In 1672, a severe economic downturn (the "Year of Disaster") struck the Netherlands, after Louis XIV and a French army invaded the Dutch Republic from the south (known as the Franco-Dutch War). During the Third Anglo-Dutch War, an English fleet attacked by sea, and two allied German bishops invaded the country from the east, causing more destruction. Many people panicked; courts, theaters, shops and schools were closed. Vermeer's sale of that year was his last. Five years passed before circumstances improved. In 1674, Vermeer was listed as a member of the civic guards. In the summer of 1675, Vermeer borrowed 1,000 guilders in Amsterdam from Jacob Romboutsz (grandfather of Hendrick Sorgh), an Amsterdam silk trader, using his mother-in-law's property as a surety.

On 15 December 1675, Vermeer died after a short illness aged 43. He was buried in the Protestant Old Church on 15 December 1675. In a petition to her creditors, Catharina Bolnes attributed her husband's death to the stress of financial pressures, and described his death as follows:

"...during the ruinous war with France he not only was unable to sell any of his art but also, to his great detriment, was left sitting with the paintings of other masters that he was dealing in. As a result and owing to the great burden of his children having no means of his own, he lapsed into such decay and decadence, which he had so taken to heart that, as if he had fallen into a frenzy, in a day and a half he went from being healthy to being dead."

Catharina describes how the collapse of the art market had damaged Vermeer's business as both a painter and an art dealer. She had to raise 11 children and therefore asked the High Court to relieve her of debts owed to Vermeer's creditors. Pioneering Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who worked for the city council as a surveyor, was appointed trustee. The house had eight rooms on the first floor, the contents of which were listed in an inventory taken a few months after Vermeer's death. In his studio, there were two chairs, two painter's easels, three palettes, 10 canvases, a desk, an oak pull table, a small wooden cupboard with drawers, and "rummage not worthy being itemized". Nineteen of Vermeer's paintings were bequeathed to Catharina and her mother. The widow sold two more paintings to Hendrick van Buyten to pay off a substantial debt.

Vermeer had been a respected artist in Delft, but he was almost unknown outside his hometown. A local patron named Pieter van Ruijven had purchased much of his output, which kept Vermeer afloat financially but reduced the possibility of his fame spreading. Several factors contributed to his limited body of work. Vermeer never had any pupils, though one scholar has suggested that Vermeer taught his eldest daughter Maria to paint. Additionally, his family obligations with so many children may have taken up much of his time, as would acting as both an art dealer and inn-keeper in running the family businesses. His time spent serving as head of the guild and his extraordinary precision as a painter may have also limited his output.

Style
Vermeer may have first executed his paintings tonally like most painters of his time, using either monochrome shades of grey ("grisaille") or a limited palette of browns and greys ("dead coloring"), over which he would apply more saturated colors (reds, yellows and blues) in the form of transparent glazes. No drawings have been positively attributed to Vermeer, and his paintings offer few clues to preparatory methods.

There is no other 17th-century artist who employed the exorbitantly expensive pigment ultramarine (derived from natural lapis lazuli) either so lavishly or so early in his career. Vermeer used this in not just elements that are naturally of this colour; he also used it early in a work, beneath subsequent earth colours such as umber and ochre, to subtly tint their shade. This working method most probably was inspired by Vermeer's understanding of Leonardo's observations that the surface of every object partakes of the colour of the adjacent object.

An example of Vermeer using ultramarine as an underpaint is in The Girl with the Wine Glass. The shadows of the red satin dress are underpainted in natural ultramarine, and, owing to this underlying blue paint layer, the red lake and vermilion mixture applied over it acquires a slightly purple, cool and crisp appearance.

Even after Vermeer's evident financial breakdown following the so-called rampjaar (year of disaster) in 1672, he continued to employ natural ultramarine generously, such as in Lady Seated at a Virginal. This could suggest that Vermeer was supplied with materials by a collector, and would coincide with John Michael Montias' theory that Pieter van Ruijven was Vermeer's patron.

Vermeer's works are largely genre pieces and portraits, with the exception of two cityscapes and two allegories. His subjects offer a cross-section of seventeenth-century Dutch society, ranging from the portrayal of a simple milkmaid at work, to the luxury and splendour of rich notables and merchantmen in their roomy houses. Besides these subjects, religious, poetical, musical, and scientific comments can also be found in his work.

Painting materials
One aspect of his meticulous painting technique was Vermeer's choice of pigments. He is best known for his frequent use of the very expensive ultramarine (The Milkmaid), and also lead-tin-yellow (A Lady Writing a Letter), madder lake (Christ in the House of Martha and Mary), and vermilion. He also painted with ochres, bone black and azurite. The claim that he used Indian yellow in Woman Holding a Balance has been disproven by pigment analysis.

In Vermeer's oeuvre, only about 20 pigments have been detected. Of these, seven principal pigments that Vermeer commonly employed are lead white, yellow ochre, vermilion, madder lake, green earth, raw umber, and ivory or bone black.

Theories of mechanical aid
Vermeer's painting techniques have long been a source of debate, given their almost photorealistic attention to detail, despite Vermeer's having had no formal training, and despite only limited evidence that Vermeer had created any preparatory sketches or traces for his paintings.

In 2001, British artist David Hockney published the book Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters, in which he argued that Vermeer (among other Renaissance and Baroque artists including Hans Holbein and Diego Velázquez) used optics to achieve precise positioning in their compositions, and specifically some combination of curved mirrors, camera obscura, and camera lucida. This became known as the Hockney–Falco thesis, named after Hockney and Charles M. Falco, another proponent of the theory.

Philip Steadman published the book Vermeer's Camera: Uncovering the Truth behind the Masterpieces in 2001 which specifically claimed that Vermeer had used a camera obscura to create his paintings. Steadman noted that many of Vermeer's paintings had been painted in the same room, and he found six of his paintings that are precisely the right size if they had been painted from inside a camera obscura in the room's back wall.

Supporters of these theories have pointed to evidence in some of Vermeer's paintings, such as the often-discussed sparkling pearly highlights in Vermeer's paintings, which they argue are the result of the primitive lens of a camera obscura producing halation. It was also postulated that a camera obscura was the mechanical cause of the "exaggerated" perspective seen in The Music Lesson (London, Royal Collection).

In 2008, American entrepreneur and inventor Tim Jenison developed the theory that Vermeer had used a camera obscura along with a "comparator mirror", which is similar in concept to a camera lucida but much simpler and makes it easy to match colour values. He later modified the theory to simply involve a concave mirror and a comparator mirror. He spent the next five years testing his theory by attempting to re-create The Music Lesson himself using these tools, a process captured in the 2013 documentary film Tim's Vermeer.

Several points were brought out by Jenison in support of this technique: first was Vermeer's hyper-accurate rendition of light falloff along the wall. Neurobiologist Colin Blakemore, in an interview with Jenison, notes that human vision cannot process information about the absolute brightness of a scene. Another was the addition of several highlights and outlines consistent with matching the effects of chromatic aberration, particularly noticeable in primitive optics. Last, and perhaps most telling, is a noticeable curvature in the original painting's rendition of the scrollwork on the virginal. This effect matched Jenison's technique precisely, caused by exactly duplicating the view as seen from a curved mirror.

This theory remains disputed. There is no historical evidence regarding Vermeer's interest in optics, and the detailed inventory of the artist's belongings drawn up after his death includes no camera obscura or any similar device. However, Vermeer was in close connection with pioneer lens maker Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who was his executor after death.

Works
It is believed Vermeer produced a total of fewer than 50 paintings, of which 34 have survived. Only three Vermeer paintings were dated by the artist: The Procuress (1656; Gemäldegalerie, Dresden); The Astronomer (1668; Musée du Louvre, Paris); and The Geographer (1669; Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt).

Vermeer's mother-in-law Maria Thins owned Dirck van Baburen's 1622 oil on canvas The Procuress (or a copy of it), which appears in the background of two of Vermeer's paintings. The same subject was also painted by Vermeer. Almost all of Vermeer's paintings are of contemporary subjects in a smaller format, with a cooler palette dominated by blues, yellows, and grays. Vermeer painted multiple artworks portraying a pure profile like the painting Woman with a Pearl Necklace, which was uncommon in Dutch art at the time. Practically all of his surviving works belong to this period, usually domestic interiors with one or two figures lit by a window on the left. They are characterized by a sense of compositional balance and spatial order, unified by a pearly light. Mundane domestic or recreational activities are imbued with a poetic timelessness (e.g., Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window, Dresden, Gemäldegalerie). Vermeer's two townscapes have also been attributed to this period: View of Delft (The Hague, Mauritshuis) and The Little Street (Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum).

A few of his paintings show a certain hardening of manner and are generally thought to represent his late works. From this period come The Allegory of Faith (c. 1670; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York) and The Love Letter (c. 1670; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam).

Legacy
Originally, Vermeer's works were largely overlooked by art historians for two centuries after his death. A select number of connoisseurs in the Netherlands did appreciate his work, yet even so, many of his works were attributed to then better-known artists such as Metsu or Mieris. The Delft master's modern rediscovery began about 1860, when German museum director Gustav Waagen saw The Art of Painting in the Czernin gallery in Vienna and recognized the work as a Vermeer, though it was attributed to Pieter de Hooch at that time. Research by Théophile Thoré-Bürger culminated in the publication of his catalogue raisonné of Vermeer's works in the Gazette des Beaux-Arts in 1866. Thoré-Bürger's catalogue drew international attention to Vermeer and listed more than 70 works by him, including many that he regarded as uncertain.

Upon the rediscovery of Vermeer's work, several prominent Dutch artists modelled their style on his work, including Simon Duiker. Other artists who were inspired by Vermeer include Danish painter Wilhelm Hammershoi and American Thomas Wilmer Dewing. In the 20th century, Vermeer's admirers included Salvador Dalí, who painted his own version of The Lacemaker (on commission from collector Robert Lehman) and pitted large copies of the original against a rhinoceros in some surrealist experiments. Dali also celebrated the master in The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table, 1934.

Han van Meegeren was a 20th-century Dutch painter who worked in the classical tradition. He became a master forger, motivated by a blend of aesthetic and financial reasons, creating and selling many new "Vermeers" before turning himself in for forgery to avoid being charged with capital treason for collaboration with the Nazis, specifically, in selling what had been believed to be original artwork to the Nazis.

On the evening of 23 September 1971, a 21-year-old hotel waiter, Mario Pierre Roymans, stole Vermeer's Love Letter from the Fine Arts Palace in Brussels where it was on loan from the Rijksmuseum for the exhibition Rembrandt and his Age.

To mark the 26th anniversary of the opening of an exhibition at Washington, DC's National Gallery of Art featuring his work, Google honored Vermeer with a Google Doodle on 12 November 2021.

A 2023 exhibition at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam featured 28 of his works, the most ever shown together. Over 650,000 people visited the exhibition, making it the museum's most visited exhibition. Coinciding with the 2023 exhibition the documentary film Close to Vermeer was released the same year. The film followed curators Gregor J. M. Weber and Pieter Roelofs as they sought loans of Vermeer's artwork from museums around the world. Also released in 2023 was another movie about the exhibition at the Rijkmuseum: "Vermeer: The Greatest Exhibition". (External links to both movies are below.)

In popular culture
Vermeer's reputation and works have been featured in both literature and in films. Tracy Chevalier's novel Girl with a Pearl Earring (1999), and the 2003 film of the same name, present a fictional account of Vermeer's creation of the famous painting and his relationship with the equally fictional model.

Many artists are inspired by the famous painter, for example, culinary photographer Aimee Twigger draws on Vermeer's chiaroscuro for her gustatory journeys through recipes.

title: Johannes Vermeer


text:
Cimarron (novel)

Cimarron is a novel by Edna Ferber, published in April 1930 and based on development in Oklahoma after the Land Rush. The book was adapted into a critically acclaimed film of the same name, released in 1931 through RKO Pictures. The story was again adapted for the screen by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was released in 1960, to meager success.

The Land Rush
The Oklahoma Land Rush (also called the Oklahoma Land Race and Cherokee Strip Land Run) plays a pivotal role in both the novel and film adaptations. "Manifest destiny" and the desperation of the settlers involved in the rush provides the opening drama and sets the stage for the twists and turns in the book. Every settler is desperate to stake his claim on the best piece of land (near water).

Cimarron involves two land runs. The first, for the Unassigned Lands, occurred on April 22, 1889. The second, for the Cherokee Outlet (commonly called the Cherokee Strip) occurred in 1893. The piece of land in question had been allotted to the Cherokee Nation as part of the 1828 Treaty of New Echota, while the rest of the Oklahoma Territory had been opened to settlers. As commerce grew across the area of Kansas and Oklahoma, cattlemen became increasingly annoyed by the presence of the Cherokee on prime land that they wanted to use to drive cattle from northern ranches to Texas. Some of this annoyance with the Native people can be attributed to the decision made by the Cherokees to side with the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. In the 1880s, the government attempted to lease the land for cattle ranching, but the Native Americans refused. Eventually, the Cherokee people did sell the land to the government.

Throughout the remaining years of the 1880s various cattle associations and ranches fought over the land. Disputes even turned deadly, as large cattle companies and small ranchers both claimed the land as their own. This eventually led to a ban on cattle ranching in the area, and in 1893 the land, 58 miles (93 km) wide by 225 miles (362 km) long, was opened to homesteaders. The land was divided into 42,000 claims, and each homesteader had to literally stake (put a stake with a white flag attached) their claim, and pick up a certificate back at the starting place. Nearly 100,000 people arrived for the rush, and over half of them would be sent back home after the day was through.

The novel
Cimarron derives its name from the Cimarron Territory. The Cimarron Territory was an unrecognized name for the No Man's Land, an unsettled area of the West and Midwest, especially lands once inhabited by Native American tribes such as the Cherokee and Sioux. In 1886 the government declared such lands open to settlement. At the time of the novel's opening, Oklahoma is one such "Cimarron Territory," though in actuality the historical setting of the novel is somewhere in the Cherokee Outlet, also known as the Cherokee Strip, and probably the city of Guthrie, Oklahoma.

The novel is set in the Oklahoma of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It follows the lives of Yancey and Sabra Cravat, beginning with Yancey's tale of his participation in the 1893 land rush. They emigrate from Wichita, Kansas, to the fictional town of Osage, Oklahoma with their son Cim and—unknowingly—a black boy named Isaiah. In Osage, the Cravats print their newspaper, the Oklahoma Wigwam, and build their fortune amongst Indian disputes, outlaws, and the discovery of oil in Oklahoma.

Upon its publication, Cimarron was a sensation in America and came to epitomize an era in American history. It was the best selling novel of 1930, as it provided readers an outlet to escape their present suffering in the Great Depression. This novel became Ferber's third successful novel and paved the way for many more Ferber-penned historical epics, and it was published as an Armed Services Edition during WWII.

While it became seen as a triumphant feminist story detailing Sabra Cravat's growth from a traditional American housewife into a successful leader and politician, Ferber has stated in her autobiography, A Peculiar Treasure, that the novel was originally intended as a satirical criticism of American womanhood and American sentimentality. Throughout the novel, Sabra's practice of imperial domesticity can be seen in her attempts to "civilize" Native Americans by forcing them to adopt white values, and her fixation on expanding her own sphere of influence, which as a woman, was traditionally her home.

The character of Yancey Cravat is based on Temple Lea Houston, last child of Texas icon Sam Houston. Temple Houston was a brilliant trial lawyer known for his flamboyant courtroom theatrics. He was also a competent gunfighter who killed at least one man in a stand-up shootout.

1931 film
Hollywood had long since taken notice of writer Edna Ferber's talents. The first Ferber adaptation came in 1918 with the silent Our Mrs. McChesney, based on a play Ferber had written. So Big was released as a film the same year it was published as a novel, and adaptations of Gigolo and Show Boat also followed. With the advent of sound, Ferber adaptations had even more promise. Immediately following its publication, many production companies courted Ferber. Ferber ended up selling the film rights to RKO Pictures in 1930 for a record $125,000 (a large sum even for today).

Despite America being in the depths of the Depression, RKO immediately prepared for a big-budget picture, investing more than $1.5 million into Ferber's novel Cimarron. Director Wesley Ruggles would direct stars Richard Dix and Irene Dunne with a script written by Howard Estabrook. Filming began in the summer of 1930 at the Jasmin Quinn Ranch outside of Los Angeles, California. The film was a massive production, especially the land rush scenes, which recalled the epic scenes of Intolerance some fifteen years earlier. More than 5,000 extras, twenty-eight cameramen, and numerous camera assistants and photographers were used to capture scenes of wagons racing across grassy hills and prairies. Cinematographer Edward Cronjager spent overtime planning out every scene in accordance to Ferber's descriptions.

The film was premiered in New York City on January 26, 1931, to much praise, and a Los Angeles premiere followed on February 6. Three days later the film was released to theaters throughout the nation. Despite being a critical success, the high budget and ongoing Great Depression combined against the film. While it was a commercial success in line with other films of the day, RKO could not recoup their investment in the film.

1960 film
The remake of Cimarron included many changes from the Ferber novel and especially from the 1931 film. With the Civil Rights Movement gaining momentum, the script, written by Arnold Schulman, took a kinder approach to Native Americans. Schulman gave the people more dignity and recognized that they were losing land that was rightfully theirs through the 1893 land rush that was the film's centerpiece. He also introduced several minor characters, such as journalist Sam Pegler (Robert Keith) and Wes Jennings (Vic Morrow), a prominent member of Cherokee Kid's (Russ Tamblyn) gang.

In 1961 the film was nominated for two Academy Awards: Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Color (art directors George W. Davis and Addison Hehr) and Best Sound, but failed to win either. Cimarron marked the end of the Ferber adaptations.

title: Cimarron (novel)


text:
Halloween documents

The Halloween documents comprise a series of confidential Microsoft memoranda on potential strategies relating to free software, open-source software, and to Linux in particular, and a series of media responses to these memoranda. Both the leaked documents and the responses were published by open-source software advocate Eric S. Raymond in 1998.

The documents are associated with Halloween because many of them were originally leaked close to October 31 in different years.

Overview
The first Halloween document, requested by senior vice-president Jim Allchin for the attention of senior vice-president Paul Maritz and written by Microsoft program manager Vinod Valloppillil, was leaked to Eric Raymond in October 1998, who immediately published an annotated version on his web site. The document contained references to a second memorandum specifically dealing with Linux, and that document, authored by Vinod Valloppillil and Josh Cohen at Microsoft, was also obtained, annotated and published by Raymond. Microsoft later acknowledged the documents' authenticity. Marked "Microsoft confidential", the documents identified open-source software, and in particular the Linux operating system, as a major threat to Microsoft's domination of the software industry, and suggested tactics Microsoft could use to disrupt the progress of open-source software.

These documents acknowledged that free software products such as Linux were technologically competitive with some of Microsoft's products, and set out a strategy to combat them. These views contradicted Microsoft's public pronouncements on the subject.

Since the publication of the two original documents, other Microsoft memoranda on related topics have also been leaked and published.

List of documents
The documents are from a variety of sources. Only some are leaked internal memos (documents I, II, VII, VIII, and X). One is a public statement (document III). The others are responses by Eric Raymond to various columns, news articles, and other works.

Documents I and II
These are leaked reports for Microsoft's own use, both written by Vinod Valloppillil, a program manager at Microsoft.

Document I provides a detailed introduction to the concepts behind open source software and its possible impact on Microsoft products and services. It outlines the strengths and weaknesses of open source software. Document II describes the basic architecture of the Linux system, and its relation to Unix and Windows NT.

Document I revealed that "FUD" (spreading fear, uncertainty, and doubt) was a traditional Microsoft marketing strategy, acknowledged and understood internally. Examples of Microsoft's FUD tactics are announcing nonexistent products or spreading rumors that competing products will crash Windows. Raymond suggests that the documents show that while Microsoft may have been dismissive of open source software in public, it privately considers it a serious competitor.

In discussing ways of competing with open source, Document I suggests that one reason that open source projects had been able to enter the server market is the market's use of standardized protocols. The document then suggests that this can be stopped by "extending these protocols and developing new protocols" and "de-commoditiz[ing] protocols & applications". This policy has been internally nicknamed "embrace, extend, extinguish". Document I also suggests that open source software "is long-term credible ... FUD tactics can not be used to combat it", and "Recent case studies (the Internet) provide very dramatic evidence ... that commercial quality can be achieved / exceeded by OSS projects."

Documents I and II were filed as evidence on January 16, 2007, in the case of Comes v. Microsoft.

Document III
The statement from Aurelia van den Berg, the Press and Public Relations manager of Microsoft Netherlands, puts forward Microsoft's view on the first two documents. It says that the documents are not an "official position", but that "it is routine and appropriate" to research competitors. This statement is only a brief response, but many points were later incorporated into an official response from Microsoft.

Document VII
This document is a summary of the results of a survey of developers and IT managers, carried out by Microsoft, describing reactions to Microsoft's shared-source program. Eric Raymond provides commentary suggesting ways that the open-source community can promote itself based on the results of the survey. The results show favorable responses about both open-source and shared-source principles. It also describes low total cost of ownership (TCO) as a major reason for Linux adoption, in contradiction to many documents released by the company suggesting that Windows has a lower TCO than Linux solutions.

Document VIII
"OSS and Government", aka "Halloween VIII: Doing the Damage-Control Dance", is a memo from Group Vice President of Worldwide Sales, Orlando Ayala, to general managers of Microsoft regional subsidiaries. It describes the availability of support from Microsoft corporate for regional sales personnel facing competition from Linux in government markets.

Document X
An e-mail from consultant Mike Anderer to SCO Group's Chris Sontag, also known as "Halloween X: Follow The Money". The document describes, among other points, Microsoft's channeling of $86 million (equivalent to $ million in ) to SCO.

title: Halloween documents


text:
List of free and open-source software packages

This is a list of free and open-source software packages, computer software licensed under free software licenses and open-source licenses. Software that fits the Free Software Definition may be more appropriately called free software; the GNU project in particular objects to their works being referred to as open-source. For more information about the philosophical background for open-source software, see free software movement and Open Source Initiative. However, nearly all software meeting the Free Software Definition also meets the Open Source Definition and vice versa. A small fraction of the software that meets either definition is listed here. Some of the open-source applications are also the basis of commercial products, shown in the List of commercial open-source applications and services.

General AI

 * OpenCog – A project that aims to build an artificial general intelligence (AGI) framework. OpenCog Prime is a specific set of interacting components designed to give rise to human-equivalent artificial general intelligence.

Computer vision

 * AForge.NET – computer vision, artificial intelligence and robotics library for the .NET framework
 * OpenCV – computer vision library in C++

Machine learning

 * See List of open-source machine learning software
 * See Data Mining below
 * See R programming language – packages of statistical learning and analysis tools

Planning

 * TREX – Reactive planning

Robotics

 * Robot Operating System (ROS)
 * Webots – Robot simulator

Speech (synthesis and recognition)

 * CMU Sphinx – Speech recognition software from Carnegie Mellon University
 * Emacspeak – Audio desktop
 * ESpeak – Compact software speech synthesizer for English and other languages
 * Festival Speech Synthesis System – General multilingual speech synthesis
 * Modular Audio Recognition Framework – Voice, audio, speech NLP processing
 * NonVisual Desktop Access – (NVDA) Screen reader, for Windows
 * Text2Speech – Lightweight, easy-to-use Text-To-Speech (TTS) Software

Other assistive technology

 * Dasher – Unique text input software
 * Gnopernicus – AT suite for GNOME 2
 * Virtual Magnifying Glass – A multi-platform screen magnification tool

CAD

 * FreeCAD – Parametric 3D CAD modeler with a focus on mechanical engineering, BIM, and product design.
 * LibreCAD – 2D CAD software using AutoCAD-like interface and file format.
 * SolveSpace – 2D and 3D CAD, constraint-based parametric modeler with simple mechanical simulation abilities.
 * BRL-CAD – a constructive solid geometry (CSG) solid modeling computer-aided design (CAD) system.
 * OpenSCAD – A scripting based 3D CAD software.
 * Open Cascade Technology (OCCT) – a CAD kernel for 3D CAD, CAM, CAE, etc.
 * Blender
 * Wings 3D
 * Art of Illusion
 * MeshLab
 * MakeHuman
 * Sweet Home 3D

Finite Element Analysis (FEA)

 * Gmsh – A three-dimensional finite element mesh generator with built-in pre- and post-processing facilities.

Electronic design automation (EDA)

 * Fritzing – a CAD software for the design of electronics hardware to build more permanent circuits from prototypes
 * KiCad – a suite for electronic design automation (EDA) for schematic capture, PCB layout, manufacturing file viewing, SPICE simulation, and engineering calculation

Computer simulation

 * Blender – 3D computer graphics software toolset used for creating animated films, visual effects, art, 3D printed models, and motion graphics.
 * OpenFOAM – open-source software used for computational fluid dynamics (or CFD).
 * FlightGear - atmospheric and orbital flight simulator with a flight dynamics engine (JSBSim) that is used in a 2015 NASA benchmark to judge new simulation code to space industry standards.
 * SimPy – Queue-theoretic event-based simulator written in Python
 * Salome – a generic platform for Pre- and Post-Processing for numerical simulation

Antivirus

 * ClamAV – cross-platform antimalware toolkit written in C and C++, able to detect many types of malware including viruses
 * ClamWin – free and open-source antivirus tool for Windows and written in C, C++
 * Lynis – Security audit tool (set of shell scripts) for Unix and Linux

Data loss prevention

 * MyDLP

Data recovery

 * dvdisaster
 * ddrescue
 * Foremost
 * PhotoRec
 * TestDisk

Forensics

 * The Coroner's Toolkit
 * The Sleuth Kit

Anti-forensics

 * USBKill
 * Tails
 * BusKill

Disk erasing

 * DBAN
 * srm

Encryption

 * AES
 * Bouncy Castle
 * GnuPG
 * GnuTLS
 * KGPG
 * NaCl
 * OpenSSL
 * Seahorse
 * Signal
 * stunnel
 * TextSecure
 * wolfCrypt
 * 7-Zip

Disk encryption

 * dm-crypt
 * CrossCrypt
 * FreeOTFE and FreeOTFE Explorer
 * eCryptfs
 * VeraCrypt

Firewall

 * Firewalld
 * Uncomplicated Firewall (ufw)
 * Firestarter
 * IPFilter
 * ipfw
 * iptables
 * nftables
 * M0n0wall
 * PeerGuardian
 * PF
 * pfSense
 * OPNsense
 * Rope
 * Shorewall
 * SmoothWall
 * Vyatta
 * VyOS

Network and security monitoring

 * Snort – Network intrusion detection system (IDS) and intrusion prevention system (IPS)
 * OpenVAS – software framework of several services and tools offering vulnerability scanning and vulnerability management

Secure Shell (SSH)

 * Cyberduck – macOS and Windows client (since version 4.0)
 * Lsh – Server and client, with support for SRP and Kerberos authentication
 * OpenSSH – Client and server
 * PuTTY – Client-only

Password management

 * Bitwarden
 * KeePass
 * KeePassXC (multiplatform fork able to open KeePass databases)
 * Password Safe
 * Mitro
 * Pass

Database management systems (including administration)

 * Apache Cassandra – A NoSQL database from Apache Software Foundation offers support for clusters spanning multiple datacenter
 * Apache CouchDB – A NoSQL database from Apache Software Foundation with multi-master replication
 * MariaDB – A community-developed relational database management system with pluggable storage engines and commercial support
 * PostGIS – Adds support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL as per Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
 * PostgreSQL – A relational database management system emphasizes on extensibility and SQL compliance and available for Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD

Data mining

 * Environment for DeveLoping KDD-Applications Supported by Index-Structures (ELKI) – Data mining software framework written in Java with a focus on clustering and outlier detection methods
 * FrontlineSMS – Information distribution and collecting via text messaging (SMS)
 * Konstanz Information Miner (KNIME)
 * OpenNN – Open-source neural network software library written in C++
 * Orange (software) – Data visualization and data mining for novice and experts, through visual programming or Python scripting. Extensions for bioinformatics and text mining
 * RapidMiner – Data mining software written in Java, fully integrating Weka, featuring 350+ operators for preprocessing, machine learning, visualization, etc. – the prior version is available as open-source
 * Scriptella ETL – ETL (Extract-Transform-Load) and script execution tool. Supports integration with J2EE and Spring. Provides connectors to CSV, LDAP, XML, JDBC/ODBC, and other data sources
 * Weka – Data mining software written in Java featuring machine learning operators for classification, regression, and clustering
 * JasperSoft – Data mining with programmable abstraction layer

Data Visualization Components

 * ParaView – Plotting and visualization functions developed by Sandia National Laboratory; capable of massively parallel flow visualization utilizing multiple computer processors
 * VTK – Toolkit for 3D computer graphics, image processing, and visualisation.

Disk partitioning software

 * GParted
 * FIPS (computer program)
 * TestDisk

Enterprise search engines

 * ApexKB, formerly known as Jumper
 * Lucene
 * Nutch
 * Solr
 * Xapian

ETLs (Extract Transform Load)

 * Konstanz Information Miner (KNIME)
 * Pentaho

File archivers

 * PeaZip
 * 7-Zip

File systems

 * OpenAFS – Distributed file system supporting a very wide variety of operating systems
 * Tahoe-LAFS – Distributed file system/Cloud storage system with integrated privacy and security features
 * CephFS – Distributed file system included in the Ceph storage platform.

Desktop publishing

 * Collabora Online Draw and Writer – Enterprise-ready edition of LibreOffice accessible from a web browser. The Draw application is for flyers, newsletters, brochures and more, Writer has most of the functionality too.
 * Scribus – Designed for layout, typesetting, and preparation of files for professional-quality image-setting equipment. It can also create animated and interactive PDF presentations and forms.
 * LyX – A "What You See Is What You Mean" document creation system, LyX makes use of the LaTeX markup macro system for TeX, allowing the elegant creation of documents which match up with the layouts in it for various document classes.

E-book management and editing

 * Calibre – Cross-platform suite of ebook software
 * Collabora Online Writer – Enterprise-ready edition of LibreOffice accessible from a web browser. Allows exporting in the EPUB format.
 * Sigil – Editing software for e-books in the EPUB format

E-learning, learning support

 * ATutor – Web-based Learning Content Management System (LCMS)
 * Chamilo – Web-based e-learning and content management system
 * Claroline – Collaborative Learning Management System
 * DoceboLMS – SAAS/cloud platform for learning
 * eFront – Icon-based learning management system
 * H5P – Framework for creating and sharing interactive HTML5 content
 * IUP Portfolio – Educational platform for Swedish schools
 * ILIAS – Web-based learning management system (LMS)
 * Moodle – Free and open-source learning management system
 * OLAT – Web-based Learning Content Management System
 * Omeka – Content management system for online digital collections
 * openSIS – Web-based Student Information and School Management system
 * Sakai Project – Web-based learning management system
 * SWAD – Web-based learning management system

Academic advising

 * FlightPath – Academic advising software for universities

Educational suites for children

 * Tux Paint – Painting application for 3–12 year olds
 * GCompris – Educational entertainment, aimed at children aged 2–10

Language

 * Alpheios Project
 * Anki (software)
 * FirstVoices
 * Kiten

Operating systems

 * UberStudent – Linux-based operating system and software suite for academic studies
 * MAX (operating system)
 * Edubuntu

Mind mapping & others

 * Vym (software)
 * Compendium (software)
 * Gnaural – Brainwave entrainment software

Offline learning & Open data

 * Kiwix: A free and open-source offline web browser that allows users download Wikipedia entire content and use for offline learning, later was expanded with repositories for Wikimedia Foundation, public domain texts from Project Gutenberg, many of the Stack Exchange sites, and other resources.
 * OpenStreetMap: OpenStreetMap was developed in 2004, it uses Open data and users data input through Crowdsourcing and Web mapping to create a complete and downloadable alternative to other online maps, this allow users to enter data when there is no data available due to lack of governance and economic interest or due lower population of the places mapped

Typing

 * KTouch – Touch typing lessons with a variety of keyboard layouts
 * Tux Typing – Typing tutor for children, featuring two games to improve typing speed

Accounting

 * GnuCash – Double-entry book-keeping
 * HomeBank – Personal accounting software
 * KMyMoney – Double-entry book-keeping
 * LedgerSMB – Double-entry book-keeping
 * RCA open-source application – management accounting application
 * SQL Ledger – Double-entry book-keeping
 * TurboCASH – Double-entry book-keeping for Windows
 * Wave Accounting – Double-entry book-keeping

Cryptocurrency

 * Bitcoin – Blockchain platform, peer-to-peer decentralised digital currency
 * Ethereum – Blockchain platform with smart contract functionality

CRM

 * CiviCRM – Constituent Relationship Management software aimed at NGOs
 * iDempiere – Business Suite, ERP and CRM
 * SuiteCRM – Web-based CRM

ERP

 * Adempiere – Enterprise resource planning (ERP) business suite
 * Apache OFBiz – A suite of enterprise applications from Apache Software Foundation
 * Compiere – ERP solution automates accounting, supply chain, inventory, and sales orders
 * Dolibarr – Web-based ERP system
 * ERPNext – Web-based open-source ERP system for managing accounting and finance
 * ERP5 – Single Unified Business Model based system written with Python and Zope
 * iDempiere – Fully navigable on PCs, tablets and smartphones driven only by a community of supporters
 * Ino erp – Dynamic pull based system ERP
 * JFire – An ERP business suite written with Java and JDO
 * LedgerSMB – A double entry accounting and ERP system written with Perl
 * metasfresh – ERP Software
 * Odoo – Open-source ERP, CRM and CMS
 * Openbravo – Web-based ERP
 * Tryton – Open-source ERP

Human resources

 * OrangeHRM – Commercial human resource management

Microfinance

 * Cyclos – Software for microfinance institutions, complementary currency systems and timebanks
 * Mifos – Microfinance Institution management software

Process management

 * Bonita Open Solution – Business Process Management

Trading

 * QuickFIX – FIX protocol engine written in C++ with additional C#, Ruby, and Python wrappers
 * QuickFIX/J – FIX protocol engine written in Java

Action

 * OpenArena – First-person shooter.
 * Xonotic – First-person shooter that runs on a heavily modified version of the Quake engine known as the DarkPlaces engine
 * Warsow – First-person shooter fast-paced arena FPS game that runs on the Qfusion engine

Application layer

 * WINE – Allows Windows applications to be run on Unix-like operating systems

Chess

 * ChessV
 * Fairy-Max
 * GNU Chess
 * PyChess
 * XBoard
 * Lichess

Educational games

 * GCompris – software suite comprising educational entertainment software for children aged 2 to 10
 * Tux, of Math Command
 * Tux Paint

Video game emulation

 * MAME – Multi-platform emulator designed to recreate the hardware of arcade game systems
 * MESS – Multi-platform emulator designed to recreate the hardware of video game consoles
 * RetroArch – Cross-platform front-end for emulators, game engines and video games
 * Snes9x – A Super Nintendo emulator
 * Stella – Atari 2600 emulator
 * PCSX – A PlayStation emulator designed to recreate the hardware of the original PlayStation system
 * PCSX2 – A PlayStation 2 emulator designed to recreate the hardware of PlayStation 2 system
 * PPSSPP – A PlayStation Portable emulator designed to recreate the hardware of PlayStation Portable system
 * Project64 – A Nintendo 64 emulator
 * RPCS3 – A PlayStation 3 emulator designed to recreate the hardware of PlayStation 3 system
 * Dolphin (emulator) – A GameCube and Wii emulator designed to recreate the hardware of GameCube and Wii systems
 * Citra (emulator) – A Nintendo 3DS and Wii emulator designed to recreate the hardware of Nintendo 3DS systems
 * Cemu – A Wii U emulator designed to recreate the hardware of Wii U systems

Music video games

 * Frets on Fire

Karaoke

 * UltraStar

Rhythm game

 * StepMania

Puzzle

 * Pingus – Lemmings alternative with penguins instead of lemmings

Sandbox

 * Minetest – An open source voxel game engine

Snake games

 * GLtron

Simulation

 * Endless Sky – Space trading and combat simulation
 * FlightGear – Flight simulator

 * OpenTTD – Business simulation game in which players try to earn money via transporting passengers and freight by road, rail, water and air
 * SuperTuxKart – Kart racing game that features mascots of various open-source projects

Strategy

 * 0 A.D. – Real-time strategy video game
 * Freeciv – Turn-based strategy game inspired by proprietary Sid Meier's Civilization series
 * Glest
 * The Battle for Wesnoth – Turn-based strategy video game with fantasy setting

Genealogy

 * Gramps (software) – a free and open source genealogy software

Geographic information systems

 * QGIS – cross-platform desktop geographic information system (GIS) application to view, edit, and analyse geospatial data

Integrated library management software

 * Evergreen – Integrated Library System initially developed for the Georgia Public Library Service's PINES catalog
 * Koha – SQL-based library management
 * NewGenLib
 * OpenBiblio
 * PMB
 * refbase – Web-based institutional repository and reference management software

Image editor

 * Darktable – Digital image workflow management, including RAW photo processing
 * digiKam – Integrated photography toolkit including editing abilities
 * GIMP – Raster graphics editor aimed at image retouching/editing
 * Inkscape – Vector graphics editor
 * Karbon – Scalable vector drawing application in KDE
 * Krita – Digital painting, sketching and 2D animation application, with a variety of brush engines
 * LazPaint – Lightweight raster and vector graphics editor, aimed at being simpler to use than GIMP
 * LightZone – Free, open-source digital photo editor software application.
 * RawTherapee – Digital image workflow management aimed at RAW photo processing

Maps & Navigation

 * OpenStreetMap – open geographic database updated and maintained by a community of volunteers via open collaboration.

Mathematics

 * ALTRAN
 * FriCAS
 * GAP (computer algebra system)
 * GiNaC
 * gnuplot
 * Maxima
 * Mathomatic
 * Normaliz
 * SageMath
 * Singular (software)
 * SymPy
 * Yacas

Computer algebra systems

 * Axiom
 * Cadabra
 * Cambridge Algebra System
 * CPMP-Tools
 * CoCoA
 * Erable
 * PARI/GP
 * Reduce
 * Xcas

symbolic manipulation systems

 * FORM (symbolic manipulation system)

Statistics

 * R – Statistics software

Numerical analysis

 * Octave – Numerical analysis software
 * Scilab – Numerical analysis software

Geometry

 * Geogebra – Geometry and algebra

Spreadsheet

 * LibreOffice Calc – spreadsheet component of the LibreOffice package
 * Gnumeric – spreadsheet program of the GNOME Project
 * Calligra Sheets – spreadsheet component of the Calligra Suite in KDE
 * Pyspread – spreadsheet which uses Python for macro programming, and allows each cell to contain data, the results of a calculation, a Python program, or the results of a Python program.

Mobile software

 * Celestia (Android, iOS)
 * Calligra (Android)
 * Collabora Online Libre office for online collaboration and mobile devices. (Android)
 * Kiwix: Offline web browser that allows users to download the entire content of Wikipedia for offline learning purposes. (Android)
 * Krita (Android)
 * Maps.me (Android)
 * Organic Maps (Android, iOS)
 * OsmAnd (Android)
 * Stellarium (Android, iOS)
 * Tor Browser – onion-routed browser by The Tor Project, based on Firefox ESR
 * VLC (Android, iOS)
 * Wikipedia (Android, iOS) – See also: List of Wikipedia mobile applications

Audio editors, audio management

 * Audacity
 * Ardour: Professional digital audio workstation
 * LMMS: Digital audio workstation

CD/USB-writing software

 * Brasero (software)
 * cdrtools
 * K3b
 * X-CD-Roast

Flash animation

 * Pencil2D – For animations
 * SWFTools – For scripting

Game engines

 * Blender Game Engine – Discontinued 2019
 * Godot – Application for the design of cross-platform video games
 * MonoGame – C# framework
 * Open3DEngine – Based on Amazon Lumberyard
 * Stride – (prev. Xenko) 2D and 3D cross-platform game engine originally developed by Silicon Studio

Chess engines

 * KnightCap
 * Leela Chess Zero – Universal Chess Interface chess engine
 * Stockfish – Universal Chess Interface chess engine

2D

 * Pencil2D – Simple 2D graphics and animation program
 * Synfig – 2D vector graphics and timeline based animation
 * TupiTube (formerly KTooN) – Application for the design and creation of animation
 * OpenToonz – Part of a family of 2D animation software
 * Krita – Digital painting, sketching and 2D animation application, with a variety of brush engines
 * Blender – Computer graphics software, Blender's Grease Pencil tools allow for 2D animation within a full 3D pipeline.
 * mtPaint – raster graphics editor for creating icons, pixel art

3D

 * Blender – Computer graphics software featuring modeling, sculpting, texturing, rigging, simulation, rendering, camera tracking, video editing, and compositing
 * MakeHuman
 * OpenFX – Modeling and animation software with a variety of built-in post processing effects
 * Seamless3d – Node-driven 3D modeling software
 * Wings 3D – subdivision modeler inspired by Nendo and Mirai from Izware.

Image galleries

 * Shotwell

Image viewers

 * Eye of GNOME
 * F-spot
 * feh
 * Geeqie
 * Gthumb
 * Gwenview
 * KPhotoAlbum
 * Opticks

Subtitle

 * Aegisub
 * Gnome Subtitles
 * Subtitle Composer (KDE)
 * Subtitle Edit

Video converters

 * Dr. DivX
 * FFmpeg
 * MEncoder
 * OggConvert

Video editing

 * Avidemux
 * AviSynth
 * Blender
 * Cinelerra
 * Flowblade
 * Kdenlive
 * Kino
 * LiVES
 * LosslessCut
 * Natron
 * Olive
 * OpenShot
 * Open Movie Editor
 * Pitivi
 * Shotcut
 * VirtualDub
 * VirtualDubMod
 * VideoLAN Movie Creator

DVD authoring

 * DeVeDe
 * DVD Flick
 * DVDStyler

Other media packages

 * Celtx – Media pre-production software
 * Open Broadcaster Software (OBS) – Cross-platform streaming and recording program

Ripping

 * K9Copy
 * Thoggen

Video encoders

 * Avidemux
 * HandBrake
 * FFmpeg
 * OggConvert

Video players

 * Media Player Classic
 * VLC media player
 * mpv

Advertising

 * Revive Adserver

Communication-related

 * Asterisk – Telephony and VoIP server
 * Ekiga – Video conferencing application for GNOME and Microsoft Windows
 * ConferenceXP – video conferencing application for Windows XP or later
 * FreePBX – Front-end and advanced PBX configuration for Asterisk
 * FreeSWITCH – Telephony platform
 * Jami – Cross-platform, peer to peer instant-messaging and video-calling protocol that offers end-to-end encryption and SIP client
 * Jitsi – Java VoIP and Instant Messaging client
 * QuteCom – Voice, video, and IM client application
 * Enterprise Communications System sipXecs – SIP Communications Server
 * Slrn – Newsreader
 * Telegram
 * Twinkle – VoIP softphone
 * Tox – Cross-platform, peer-to-peer instant-messaging and video-calling protocol that offers end-to-end encryption

E-mail

 * Amavis – Email content filter
 * Claws Mail – Email Client
 * Fetchmail – Email Retrieval
 * Geary – Email client based on WebKitGTK+
 * GNUMail – Cross-platform email client
 * Hula – Discontinued mail and calendar project
 * K-9 Mail – Android Email Client
 * MailScanner – Email security system
 * MH Message Handling System – Email Client
 * Modest – Email Client
 * Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups – Email Client that was part of the now discontinued Mozilla Application Suite
 * Mozilla Thunderbird – Email, news, RSS, and chat client
 * POPFile – Cross-platform mail filter
 * Roundcube – Web-based IMAP email client
 * Sylpheed – Email and News Client
 * Sympa – MLA software
 * Vpopmail – Email management software

Grid and distributed processing

 * GNU Queue
 * HTCondor
 * pexec

Middleware

 * Apache Axis2 – Web service framework (implementations are available in both Java & C)
 * Apache Geronimo – Application server
 * Bonita Open Solution – a J2EE web application and java BPMN2 compliant engine
 * GlassFish – Application server
 * Apache Tomcat – Servlet container and standalone webserver
 * JBoss – Application server
 * OpenRemote – IoT Middleware
 * TAO (software) – C++ implementation of the OMG's CORBA standard
 * Enduro/X – C/C++ middleware platform based on X/Open group's XATMI and XA standards

RSS, Atom readers, aggregators

 * Akregator – Platforms running KDE
 * Liferea – Platforms running GNOME
 * NetNewsWire – macOS, iOS
 * RSS Bandit – Windows, using .NET framework
 * RSSOwl – Windows, macOS, Solaris, Linux using Java SWT Eclipse
 * Sage (Mozilla Firefox extension)

Peer-to-peer file sharing

 * Popcorn Time – Multi-platform, free, and open-source media player
 * qBittorrent – Alternative to popular clients such as μTorrent
 * Transmission – BitTorrent client
 * Deluge – BitTorrent client

Portal Server

 * Drupal
 * Liferay
 * Sun Java System Portal Server
 * uPortal

Remote access and management

 * FreeNX
 * OpenVPN
 * rdesktop
 * Synergy
 * VNC (RealVNC, TightVNC, UltraVNC)
 * Remmina (based on FreeRDP)

Graphical

 * Chromium – web browser using the custom Blink engine from which Google Chrome draws its source code
 * Brave – privacy-focused web browser based on Chromium browser
 * Falkon – web browser based on Blink engine, a KDE project
 * Firefox – Mozilla-developed web browser using Gecko layout engine
 * Waterfox – Firefox fork supporting legacy extensions, 64-bit only
 * Pale Moon – a customizable fork of Firefox
 * Tor Browser – onion-routed browser by The Tor Project, based on Firefox ESR
 * GNOME Web – WebKit-based web browser for the GNOME desktop environment
 * Midori – Lightweight web browser using the WebKit layout engine
 * qutebrowser – keyboard operated Webkit-based browser with vi-like keybindings
 * SeaMonkey Navigator – the SeaMonkey internet suite's web browser
 * Surf – a minimal tab-less browser by suckless.org using WebKitGTK
 * Firefox Focus – privacy-focused mobile web browser from Mozilla available for Android and iOS

Text-based

 * Lynx – a text-based web browser developed since 1992
 * Links – a text-based browser with a framebuffer-based graphical mode
 * ELinks – fork of Links with JavaScript support

Webcam

 * Cheese – GNOME webcam application
 * Guvcview – Linux webcam application

Webgrabber

 * cURL
 * HTTrack
 * Wget

Web-related

 * Apache Cocoon – A web application framework
 * Apache – The most popular web server
 * AWStats – Log file parser and analyzer
 * BookmarkSync – Tool for browsers
 * Caddy – an extensible, cross-platform, open-source web server written in Go.
 * Cherokee – Fast, feature-rich HTTP server
 * curl-loader – Powerful HTTP/HTTPS/FTP/FTPS loading and testing tool
 * FileZilla – FTP
 * Hiawatha – Secure, high performance, and easy-to-configure HTTP server
 * HTTP File Server – User-friendly file server software, with a drag-and-drop interface
 * lighttpd – Resource-sparing, but also fast and full-featured, HTTP Server
 * Lucee – CFML application server
 * Nginx – Lightweight, high performance web server/reverse proxy and e-mail (IMAP/POP3) proxy
 * NetKernel – Internet application server
 * Qcodo – PHP5 framework
 * Squid – Web proxy cache
 * Vaadin – Fast, Java-based framework for creating web applications
 * Varnish – High-performance web application accelerator/reverse proxy and load balancer/HTTP router
 * XAMPP – Package of web applications including Apache and MariaDB
 * Zope – Web application server

Web search engines

 * Searx – Self-hostable metasearch engine
 * YaCy – P2P-based search engine

Other networking programs

 * JXplorer – LDAP client
 * Nextcloud – A fork of ownCloud
 * OpenLDAP – LDAP server
 * ownCloud – File share and sync server
 * Wireshark – Network monitor

Office suites

 * Apache OpenOffice – The cross platform office productivity suite from Apache Software Foundation (ASF) consists of programs for word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, diagrams and drawings, databases, etc.
 * Calligra Suite – The office productivity suite from KDE consists of programs for word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, databases, vector graphics, and digital painting
 * Collabora Online – Enterprise-ready edition of LibreOffice, web application, mobile phone, tablet, Chromebook and desktop (Windows, macOS, Linux)
 * LibreOffice – The cross platform office productivity suite from The Document Foundation (TDF) consists of programs for word processing, spreadsheets, presentation, diagrams and drawings, databases, etc.
 * OnlyOffice Desktop Editors – An open-source offline edition of the Cloud

Operating systems
Be advised that available distributions of these systems can contain, or offer to build and install, added software that is neither free software nor open-source.

 * Linux: Debian, Slackware, among others.
 * LineageOS: An android-based operative system for tablets and mobile phones.
 * GNU Hurd

Emulation and Virtualization

 * AppleWin
 * DOSBox – DOS programs emulator (including PC games)
 * GNOME Boxes
 * Hercules (emulator)
 * Kernel-based Virtual Machine
 * QEMU
 * VirtualBox – hosted hypervisor for x86 virtualization

Personal information managers

 * Chandler – Developed by the Open Source Applications Foundation (OSAF)
 * KAddressBook
 * Kontact
 * KOrganizer
 * Mozilla Calendar – Mozilla-based, multi-platform calendar program
 * Novell Evolution
 * Perkeep – Personal data store for pictures
 * Project.net – Commercial project management
 * TeamLab – Platform for project management and collaboration

Bug trackers

 * Bugzilla
 * Mantis
 * Mindquarry
 * Redmine
 * Trac

Code generators

 * Bison
 * CodeSynthesis XSD – XML Data Binding compiler for C++
 * CodeSynthesis XSD/e – Validating XML parser/serializer and C++ XML Data Binding generator for mobile and embedded systems
 * Flex lexical analyser – Generates lexical analyzers
 * Open Scene Graph – 3D graphics application programming interface
 * OpenSCDP – Open Smart Card Development Platform
 * SableCC – Parser generator for Java and .NET
 * SWIG – Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator for several languages
 * ^txt2regex$
 * xmlbeansxx – XML Data Binding code generator for C++
 * YAKINDU Statechart Tools – Statechart code generator for C++ and Java

Documentation generators

 * Doxygen – Tool for writing software reference documentation. The documentation is written within code
 * Mkd – Extracts software documentation from source code files, pseudocode, or comments
 * Natural Docs – Claims to use a more natural language as input from the comments, hence its name

Configuration software

 * Autoconf
 * Automake
 * CMake

Debuggers (for testing and trouble-shooting)

 * GNU Debugger – A portable debugger that runs on many Unix-like systems
 * Memtest86 – Stress-tests RAM on x86 machines
 * Xnee – Record and replay tests

Risk Management

 * Active Agenda – Operational risk management and Rapid application development platform

Cheminformatics

 * Chemistry Development Kit
 * JOELib
 * OpenBabel

Electronic lab notebooks

 * Jupyter

Grid computing

 * P-GRADE Portal – Grid portal software to create, execute, and monitor workflows through high-level Web interfaces

Microscope image processing

 * CellProfiler – Automatic microscopic analysis, aimed at individuals lacking training in computer vision
 * Endrov – Java-based plugin architecture designed to analyse complex spatio-temporal image data
 * Fiji – ImageJ-based image processing
 * Ilastik – Image-classification and segmentation software
 * ImageJ – Image processing application developed at the National Institutes of Health
 * IMOD – 2D and 3D analysis of electron microscopy data
 * ITK – Development framework used for creation of image segmentation and registration programs
 * KNIME – Data analytics, reporting, and integration platform
 * VTK – C++ toolkit for 3D computer graphics, image processing, and visualisation
 * 3DSlicer – Medical image analysis and visualisation

Molecular dynamics

 * GROMACS – Protein, lipid, and nucleic acid simulation
 * LAMMPS – Molecular dynamics software
 * MDynaMix – General-purpose molecular dynamics, simulating mixtures of molecules
 * ms2 – molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation package to predict thermophysical properties of fluids
 * NWChem – Quantum chemical and molecular dynamics software

Molecule viewer

 * Avogadro – Plugin-extensible molecule visualisation
 * BALLView – Molecular modeling and visualisation
 * Jmol – 3D representation of molecules in many formats, for teaching use
 * Molekel – Molecule viewing software
 * MeshLab – Able to import PDB dataset and build up surfaces from them
 * PyMOL – High-quality representations of small molecules and biological macromolecules
 * QuteMol – Interactive molecule representations offering an array of innovative OpenGL visual effects
 * RasMol – Visualizes biological macromolecules

Nanotechnology

 * Ninithi – Visualise and analyse carbon allotropes, such as carbon nanotube, Fullerene, graphene nanoribbons

Plotting

 * Veusz

Quantum chemistry

 * CP2K – Atomistic and molecular simulation of solid-state, liquid, molecular, and biological systems

Screencast

 * recordMyDesktop

Screensavers

 * BOINC
 * Electric Sheep
 * XScreenSaver

Simulation software

 * List of free and open source simulation software

Statistics

 * R – Statistics software
 * LimeSurvey – Online survey system

Bible study tools

 * Go Bible – A free Bible viewer application for Java mobile phones
 * Marcion – Coptic–English/Czech dictionary
 * OpenLP – A worship presentation program licensed under the GNU General Public License
 * The SWORD Project – The CrossWire Bible Society's free software project

General directories

 * AlternativeTo
 * CodePlex
 * Free Software Directory
 * Freecode
 * Open Hub
 * SourceForge


text:
List of mail server software

This is a list of mail server software: mail transfer agents, mail delivery agents, and other computer software which provide e-mail.

Product statistics
All such figures are necessarily estimates because data about mail server share is difficult to obtain; there are few reliable primary sources—and no agreed methodologies for its collection.

Surveys probing Internet-exposed systems typically attempt to identify systems via their banner, or other identifying features. , Postfix and exim appeared to be the overwhelming leaders in mail server types, with greater than 92% share between them, having come to prominence before 2010 in each case. While such methods are effective at identifying mail server share for receiving systems, most large-scale sending environments are not listening for traffic on the public internet and will not be counted using such methodologies.

SMTP
• agorum core

• Apache James

• Axigen

• Chasquid

• Citadel

• CommuniGate Pro

• Courier

• Eudora Internet Mail Server

• Exim

• FirstClass

• Gordano Messaging Suite

• Haraka

• hMailServer

• IBM Lotus Domino

• IceWarp Mail Server (formerly Merak Mail Server)

• Ipswitch IMail Server

• Ironport

• Kerio Connect

• MailEnable

• Mailtraq

• MDaemon

• Mercury Mail Transport System

• MeTA1

• Microsoft Exchange Server

• MMDF

• Novell NetMail

• OpenSMTPD

• Openwave Systems

• Open-Xchange

• Oracle Beehive

• Oracle Communications Messaging Server

• Poste.io

• Postfix

• PowerMTA

• qmail

• qpsmtpd

• RaidenMAILD

• Scalix

• Sendmail

• Smail

• SparkEngine

• Stalwart Mail Server

• Sun Java System

• Surgemail

• vSMTP

• WinGate

• WinWebMail

• XMail

• Zimbra

• ZMailer

POP/IMAP
• agorum core

• Apache James

• Axigen

• Bongo

• Citadel/UX

• CommuniGate Pro

• Courier Mail Server

• Cyrus IMAP server

• Dovecot

• Eudora Internet Mail Server

• FirstClass

• Gordano Messaging Suite

• hMailServer

• IceWarp Mail Server (formerly Merak Mail Server)

• Ipswitch IMail Server

• IBM Lotus Domino

• Kerio Connect

• Kopano

• Mailtraq

• MDaemon

• Mercury Mail Transport System

• Microsoft Exchange Server

• Mirapoint Email Appliance

• Novell GroupWise

• Novell NetMail

• Open-Xchange

• Oracle Beehive

• Oracle Communications Messaging Server

• Qpopper

• RaidenMAILD

• RePOP

• Stalwart Mail Server

• UW IMAP

• WinGate

• WinWebMail

• Zarafa

• Zentyal

• Zimbra

JMAP
• Apache James

• Cyrus IMAP server

• Stalwart Mail server

Mail filtering
• Anti-Spam SMTP Proxy

• Axigen

• Bogofilter

• Clearswift Secure Email Gateway

• DSPAM

• fdm

• Gordano Messaging Suite

• IceWarp Mail Server

• Libraesva

• MailChannels

• MailScanner

• Mailtraq

• MDaemon

• Mimecast

• MIMEDefang

• procmail

• Proxmox Mail Gateway

• PureMessage

• Rspamd

• SurfControl

• SpamAssassin

• Thexyz

• WinGate

• Webroot

• Proofpoint, Inc.

Mail server packages
• docker-mailserver

• iRedmail

• Maddy Mail Server

• Mail-in-a-Box

• Mailcow

• Mailu

• Modoboa

• Postal

• Poste.io

• Stalwart Mail Server

title: List of mail server software


text:
Open mail relay

An open mail relay is a Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) server configured in such a way that it allows anyone on the Internet to send e-mail through it, not just mail destined to or originating from known users. This used to be the default configuration in many mail servers; indeed, it was the way the Internet was initially set up, but open mail relays have become unpopular because of their exploitation by spammers and worms. Many relays were closed, or were placed on blacklists by other servers.

History and technology
Until the 1990s, mail servers were commonly intentionally configured as open relays; in fact, this was frequently the installation default setting. The traditional store and forward method of relaying e-mail to its destination required that it was passed from computer to computer (through and beyond the Internet) via modems on telephone lines. For many early networks, such as UUCPNET, FidoNet and BITNET, lists of machines that were open relays were a core part of those networks. Filtering and speed of e-mail delivery were not priorities at that time and in any case the government and educational servers that were initially on the Internet were covered by a federal edict forbidding the transfer of commercial messages.

Abuse by spammers
In the mid-1990s, with the rise of spamming, spammers resorted to re-routing their e-mail through third party e-mail servers to avoid detection and to exploit the additional resources of these open relay servers. Spammers would send one e-mail to the open relay and (effectively) include a large blind carbon copy list, then the open relay would relay that spam to the entire list. While this greatly reduced the bandwidth requirements for spammers at a time when Internet connections were limited, it forced each spam to be an exact copy and thus easier to detect. After abuse by spammers became widespread, operating an open relay came to be frowned upon among the majority of Internet server administrators and other prominent users. Open relays are recommended against in RFC 2505 and RFC 5321 (which defines SMTP). The exact copy nature of spam using open relays made it easy to create bulk e-mail detection systems such as Vipul's Razor and the Distributed Checksum Clearinghouse. To counter this, spammers were forced to switch to using hash busters to make them less effective and the advantage of using open relays was removed since every copy of spam was "unique" and had to be sent individually.

Since open mail relays make no effort to authenticate the sender of an e-mail, open mail relays are vulnerable to address spoofing.

Anti-spam efforts
Many Internet service providers use Domain Name System-based Blackhole Lists (DNSBL) to disallow mail from open relays. Once a mail server is detected or reported that allows third parties to send mail through them, they will be added to one or more such lists, and other e-mail servers using those lists will reject any mail coming from those sites. The relay need not actually be used for sending spam to be blacklisted; instead, it may be blacklisted after a simple test that just confirms open access.

This trend reduced the percentage of mail senders that were open relays from over 90% down to well under 1% over several years. This led spammers to adopt other techniques, such as the use of botnets of zombie computers to send spam.

One consequence of the new unacceptability of open relays was an inconvenience for some end users and certain Internet service providers. To allow customers to use their e-mail addresses at Internet locations other than the company's systems (such as at school or work), many mail sites explicitly allowed open relaying so that customers could send e-mail via the ISP from any location. Once open relay became unacceptable because of abuse (and unusable because of blocking of open relays), ISPs and other sites had to adopt new protocols to allow remote users to send mail. These include smart hosts, SMTP-AUTH, POP before SMTP, and the use of virtual private networks (VPNs). The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has written a best current practices covering Email Submission Operations in RFC 5068.

Note that the above only becomes an issue if the user wishes to (or has to) continue to send e-mail remotely, using the same SMTP server which they were previously accessing locally. If they have valid access to some other SMTP server from their new, remote location, then they will typically be able to use that new server to send e-mails as if from their old address, even when this server is properly secured. (Although this may involve some reconfiguration of the user's email client which may not be entirely straightforward.)

The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 makes it illegal to send spam through an open relay in the United States, but makes no provision on their use for personal e-mail or their operation in general; the effectiveness of the act has been questioned.

Modern-day proponents
The most famous open mail relay operating today is probably that of John Gilmore, who argues that running an open relay is a freedom of speech issue. His server is included on many open relay blacklists (many of which are generated by "automatic detection", that is, by anti-spam blacklisters sending an (unsolicited) test e-mail to other servers to see if they will be relayed). These measures cause much of his outgoing e-mail to be blocked. Along with his further deliberate configuration of the server, his open relay enables people to send e-mail without their IP address being directly visible to the recipient and thereby send e-mail anonymously. In 2002, his open relay, along with 24 others, was used by a computer worm to propagate itself.

John Gilmore and other open relay proponents declare that they do not support spam and spamming, but see bigger threat in attempts to limit Web capabilities that may block evolution of the new, next generation technologies. They compare the network communication restrictions with restrictions that some phone companies tried to place on their lines in the past, preventing transferring of computer data rather than speech.

Closing relays
In order not to be considered "open", an e-mail relay should be secure and configured to accept and forward only the following messages (details will vary from system to system — in particular, further restrictions may well apply):

 * Messages from local IP addresses to local mailboxes
 * Messages from local IP addresses to non-local mailboxes
 * Messages from non-local IP addresses to local mailboxes
 * Messages from clients that are authenticated and authorized

In particular, a properly secured SMTP mail relay should not accept and forward arbitrary e-mails from non-local IP addresses to non-local mailboxes by an unauthenticated or unauthorized user.

In general, any other rules an administrator chooses to enforce (for instance, based on what an e-mail gives as its own envelope from address) must be in addition to, rather than instead of, the above. If not, the relay is still effectively open (for instance, by the above rules): it is easy to forge e-mail header and envelope information, it is considerably harder to successfully forge an IP address in a TCP/IP transaction because of the three-way handshake that occurs as a connection is started.

Open relays have also resulted from security flaws in software, rather than misconfiguration by system administrators. In these cases, security patches need to be applied to close the relay.

Internet initiatives to close open relays have ultimately missed their intended purpose, because spammers have created distributed botnets of zombie computers that contain malware with mail relaying capability. The number of clients under spammers' control is now so great that previous anti-spam countermeasures that focused on closing open relays are no longer effective.

title: Open mail relay


text:
William W. Tunnicliffe

William Warren Tunnicliffe (April 22, 1922 – September 12, 1996) is credited by Charles Goldfarb as being the first person (1967) to articulate the idea of separating the definition of formatting from the structure of content in electronic documents (separation of presentation and content).

In September 1967, during a meeting at the Canadian Government Printing Office, Tunnicliffe gave a presentation on the separation of information content of documents from their format. In the 1970s, Tunnicliffe led the development of a standard called GenCode for the publishing industry. He served as the first chair of the International Organization for Standardization committee that developed the first international standard for markup languages, ISO 8879.

Tunnicliffe was a member and former chairman of the Printing Industries of America, and held the rank of captain in the US Navy and Navy Reserves until 1982.

title: William W. Tunnicliffe