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Tilburg

Tilburg is a city and municipality in the Netherlands, in the southern province of North Brabant. With a population of 222,601 (1 July 2021), it is the second-largest city or municipality in North Brabant after Eindhoven and the seventh-largest in the Netherlands as a whole.

Tilburg University is located in Tilburg, as are Avans University of Applied Sciences and Fontys University of Applied Sciences.

There are three railway stations within the municipality: Tilburg, Tilburg Universiteit and Tilburg Reeshof. The 75 ha "Spoorzone" area around Tilburg Central station, once a Dutch Railways train maintenance yard, has been purchased by the city and is being transformed into an urban zone.

History
Little is known about the beginnings of Tilburg. The name Tilliburg first appeared in documents dating from AD 709, but after that there was no mention for several centuries. In the later Middle Ages, Tilburg referred to a region rather than a particular town or village; its population was largely in a couple of hamlets, one of which was known as "Eastern Tilburg" (Oost-Tilburg), which was later reflected in the name Oisterwijk ("Eastern Quarter"). This village centred around a small (probably wooden) castle or Motteburcht on an equally small hill, which became derelict and was torn down after a few centuries at most. Of this first "Tilburg Castle", nothing remained c. 2000, except for a few remnants of its moat in the suburbs of Oisterwijk. In the 14th century, Tilburg was proclaimed a manor; together with Goirle, it acquired the title of "The Manor of Tilburg and Goirle".

Successively, the manorial rights fell into the hands of several lords of noble lineage. They derived their income from taxes, fines and interest paid by the villagers.

In the 15th century, one of the lords of Tilburg, Jan van Haestrecht, built Tilburg Castle. "That stone chamber at Hasselt" is mentioned in several historical documents. In 1858, however, the castle was pulled down to make way for a factory, but the name lives on, in the city arms and logo. A replica of the foundations of the castle was restored in c. 1995 in its original location, after the factory was demolished. In 1803, Goirle was separated from Tilburg and on 18 April 1809, Tilburg was granted city status. In that year, it had about 9,000 inhabitants. In 2009 Tilburg hosted several festivities in celebration of 200 years as a city.

Wool capital of the Netherlands
Tilburg grew around one of the so-called "herd places" or "Frankish triangles", triangular plots where a number of roads (usually sand roads) met. These herd places were collective pasturelands for flocks of sheep. Their shape is still reflected in the layout of many places in Tilburg. Many districts, including Korvel, Oerle, Broekhoven, Hasselt, Heikant, De Schans, and Heuvel, bear the names of these old hamlets. The poor farmers living in these hamlets soon decided not to sell the wool from their sheep but to weave it themselves, and for a long time, much of the space inside their small houses was occupied by a loom—by the 17th century these numbered about 300. Enterprising people saw their chance. As so-called "drapers" they supplied the weavers with the raw materials for their "home working", and the first Tilburg "mill houses" came into existence. From then on, the wool industry underwent rapid growth, and in 1881 Tilburg had as many as 145 wool mills. Home weaving continued, however, until the early 20th century. Woollen textiles from Tilburg were known far and wide.

After World War II Tilburg retained its place as wool capital of the Netherlands, but in the 1960s the industry collapsed and by the 1980s the number of operating wool mills had declined. Present-day Tilburg industry consists of a wide variety of enterprises. The main economic sector has become transport and logistics with a variety of industry as a close second.

Urban renewal
When the wool industry collapsed in the 1960s, Cees Becht was the mayor of Tilburg. While he was in office, many old buildings were destroyed, including some precious monuments. The Koningswei neighbourhood (King's Meadows) was demolished and replaced by Koningsplein (King's Square). The reason for demolishing the neighbourhood was to replace slum with modern building. The new development, however, has not been successful and many feel that the square feels abandoned most of the year. Considered even worse was the demolition of the old city hall. This classicistic-styled building was a national-registered monument, but even that didn't stop Becht's plans to demolish it to build the nine-storey, modern-day, black complex. A part of the empty area was used to build the system of the inner Cityring. Another building that was demolished was the old railway station, which was replaced due to Hoogspoor (literally: high rails), a project bringing the railway on viaducts to reduce traffic congestion in the years around 1960. The century-old station building was replaced by the modern one. Because of all of this and some more parts of Tilburg, Cees Becht gained the dubious nickname Cees de Sloper (Cees the demolisher).

Modern history
In the 1980s, many locations, formerly occupied by wool factories had been filled with small-scale housing projects. This mostly happened when Henk Letschert was mayor of Tilburg. The Heuvel, one of the important squares, had its own lime tree until 27 April 1994, being chopped for a bicycle parking basement. The felling led to many protests, because the tree was still healthy. After the Pieter Vreedeplein reconstruction, plans were made to plant a descendant of the original lime tree. Three were placed, only one of them survived. The last living tree was moved to another location again, but died shortly after. As of 23 November 2011, no more descendants have been placed. The current one is just another lime tree. In the 1990s Tilburg developed a modern skyline. Because of new policy three buildings were built, which are considered skyscrapers in the Netherlands. These are the Interpolis headquarters, the Westpoint Tower and StadsHeer. The Westpoint Tower has an altitude of 143.1 m and was the tallest residential tower in The Netherlands until the Montevideo in Rotterdam surpassed it. The 'StadsHeer' is the third one and is part of the 'Haestrechtkwartier' (Haestrecht quarter). The residential tower is nicknamed De Vogelkooikes (The Bird Cages) for its cubic balconies taped onto the building.

King William II
King William II (1792–1849) was fond of Tilburg. "Here I can breathe freely and I feel happy", he once said about the town. King William II always supported Tilburg—he provided money to improve the sheep breeding, built new farms and founded a cavalry barracks on St. Joseph Street, now a monumental building of the City Archives. Although the King was always made welcome by the manufacturers he had befriended, he needed his own residence in Tilburg, and commissioned the construction of a palace, which would function as his country residence. Construction started in 1847 and was completed just days before William II died, in 1849. It is now part of Tilburg City Hall. In 1987 an obelisk was erected nearby, in memory of King William II. It replaced the old "needle" dating from 1874, which was removed from the street in 1968. After its restoration, William II's statue has got a place again in the heart of the city, where he felt happy among its inhabitants. The local football club Willem II Tilburg was named after the king.

Tilburg Centrum

Tilburg Centrum is the downtown of Tilburg, and is situated between (clockwise) the Spoorlaan, Heuvelring, Paleisring, Schouwburgring and Noordhoekring, which is the same as the order of the one-way roads around the district. The district has 6,572 inhabitants, and most of the shops, hotels, restaurants and cafes of the city. In 2008, the refurbished Pieter Vreedeplein was opened to the public, addressing a lack of shopping facilities as compared to similar-sized cities in the Netherlands. Two smaller cinemas were replaced by a bigger one on the Pieter Vreedeplein in 2007. Despite being called Centrum, the district is some distance southeast of the geographical center. The district is connected by the Tilburg railway station.

Oud-Noord

Oud-Noord is situated north of the railway that crosses Tilburg, and between the Ringbanen (ring roads around the city center). The district has 33,915 inhabitants. Contemporary arts museum De Pont is located within the district. When the railway marshalling yard belonging to the Nederlandse Spoorwegen became obsolete, a considerable stretch of the railway across the city, the Spoorzone, became an urban renewal project. New premises for two courses run by Fontys University of Applied Sciences will be located here, as will Tilburg's new central library, replacing the library in Koningsplein. The railway yard is the largest area, though more areas along the railway will be reconstructed.

Oud-Zuid

Oud-Zuid is a district south, and also west and east of downtown Tilburg. The district has 38,659 inhabitants. , all the 'skyscrapers' of Tilburg, higher than 100 m are located within the district. The Hart van Brabantlaan is almost surrounded by high buildings like Westpoint Tower and the StadsHeer as a small part of the urban renewal. This area along the railway is partly located in Oud-Zuid. Many important locations in Tilburg are located within the district, just out of the center, such as 013 music venue and the Schouwburg built in 1961. Also the Koningsplein with the main library and the Piushaven are located within the district. Old herd places include Korvel, Broekhoven and Oerle.

Noord

Tilburg-Noord is located north of the Wilhelmina Canal. The district has 23,340 inhabitants. Tilburg-Noord was built in the period 1966–1974. Therefore, it has many apartment buildings up to 16 floors, drive-in houses, green strips and industrial development. The streets in this district are mostly named after musicians from the Renaissance up to pop artists from the 1960s. The main shopping center is Wagnerplein, while there's also the Verdiplein in Stokhasselt. The one at the Tartinistraat became defunct. Before the district was built, it was mainly an agricultural area attached to a few villages, including Heikant, which is still the name of the biggest neighbourhood. Heikant's former village square, including the old church, is still present. The northernmost part of the district is still agricultural with some forests. In this agricultural area, the blessed Peter Donders was born; there still stands a chapel and a procession park.

Oost

Tilburg-oost consists of primarily industrial development. Residential neighbourhoods are in a small strip east of the Ringbaan Oost rather than the whole district, however, it is not considered as a part of the city center. The district only has 748 inhabitants.

Zuid

Tilburg-Zuid is located between the A58 motorway and the Ringbaan Zuid, and is the southernmost district. Tilburg-zuid has 19,149 inhabitants. The district contains two neighbourhoods and many businesses. The football club Willem II is located within the district, as well as the ice-skating rink with a speed skating rink, the Ireen Wüst IJsbaan, which is located here. The main campus of Fontys University of Applied Sciences is located in this district, as well as St. Elisabeth hospital and Leijpark, one of the largest public parks in the city.

West

Tilburg-west was mostly built after WWII, and has 26,655 inhabitants. The district with its neighbourhoods consists mostly of small brick houses and apartment buildings, except for Zorgvlied, which contains more expensive, free-standing houses. The Westermarkt is the largest shopping center out of the inner city. Many higher educational buildings are standing here, like Tilburg University and Avans Hogeschool. Another place of many schools is along the Reitse Hoevenstraat with multiple secondary schools such as: Jozefmavo and Theresialyceum. The district is connected by train with the Tilburg Universiteit railway station, Previously known as "Tilburg West station" and has one of the two hospitals in Tilburg. The largest mosque of Tilburg, the Turkish Süleymaniye-Mosque built in 2001, stands in the southeastern corner of the district. West is surrounded by forests like Wandelbos and the Oude Warande, located west of the university.

Reeshof

The Reeshof is the westernmost district and the most recent expansion of the city of Tilburg proper. and has a population of 42,994 inhabitants. Because of this, the Reeshof became the largest district of Tilburg by population. The first houses were completed in 1980, in the neighbourhood Gesworen Hoek. , the last neighbourhood (Koolhoven Buiten) is under construction. The district is connected by the Tilburg Reeshof railway station and multiple roads that encircle the district plus the industrial development Vossenberg north of the Wilhelmina Canal. The Donge runs through the district, including greenspace with some Highland cattle grazing between the fences protecting the surrounding neighbourhoods. This small-scale nature project is called the Dongevallei, which literally means Donge Valley in English.

Ethnic makeup
The population of Tilburg was 222,601 on 1 July 2021. According to the Tilburg city council, the city will reach a population of 217,000 by 2025. Of these, 23.3% (47,964 people) are of foreign descent. People are classified as being of foreign descent when they were born outside of the Netherlands, or when at least one of their parents was born outside of the Netherlands.

Religion and life stances
The Tilburg agglomeration has the following religious makeup as of 2003:
 * Roman Catholic (60.7%)
 * Atheism (21.7%)
 * Dutch Reformed (7.8%)
 * Islam (4.8%)
 * Reformed (4.4%)

Climate
Tilburg experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) similar to almost all of the Netherlands. Thunderstorms occur in Western Brabant more often than anywhere else in the Netherlands, up to 31 days a year.

Economy
The economy was concentrated on wool industry for centuries, however, since the 1960s, Tilburg has made more progress in having different kinds of industries, supported by the government to save the city from poverty after the decline of wool industry. Chemical company IFF has a factory in Tilburg. In the 1980s, the Japanese company Fujifilm came to Tilburg. Insurance companies like Interpolis and CZ are headquartered in Tilburg, as well. Iris Ohyama has its European offices in Tilburg. Since 2013, the electric car-producing company Tesla operates their main EU facility for assembly and distribution in Europe in the industrial area of Vossenberg north of the suburb "De Reeshof" in Tilburg.

Tilburg has a high concentration of transportation/distribution industries, specializing in value added logistics and services, due to being the geographical center of the Benelux countries and being located on the transport corridor between Antwerp / Rotterdam and the Ruhr area. The 'Waalwijk-Tilburg' region has been in the logistics hotspots top 3 within the Netherlands for years now and finished third in 2017.

Tilburg University
Higher education is of significant importance, with Tilburg University attracting scholars from all over the world. It has a student population of about 13,000 students, about 8 per cent of whom are international students. With well-facilitated Library, museums and city center with many pubs and cafes, this percentage has steadily increased over the past years. TiU offers both Dutch-taught and English-taught programmes.

The institution has gained a reputation in both research and education. In the field of economics, the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration ranked No. 1 in Europe for the second consecutive time in 2007 according to the Journal of the European Economic Association with regard to publications in top journals. In 2007 the Executive MBA program at the university's TiasNimbas Business School ranked # 11 in the world according to the Financial Times.

Fontys School of Fine and Performing Arts
Tilburg is also the location of the Fontys School of Fine and Performing Arts (Dutch: Fontys Hogeschool voor de Kunsten - FHK), part of the Fontys Hogescholen. The School originated from the merging of various educational institutions that had existed in different capacity in Tilburg before being united under the Fontys group, such as the Brabants Conservatorium, one of the nine conservatoires in the Netherlands, and the Academie voor Beeldende Vorming.

Fontys School of Arts offers various bachelor and master programmes in English and in Dutch, across different fields in music, visual arts, dance, theatre and performing arts

This institution is based in a building known as 'Kunstkluster', located in the centre of the city next to the Schouwburg and incorporating a Concert Hall.

Culture and recreation
Tilburg is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the EU Intercultural Cities programme.

Beverages
Schrobbelèr is a local liqueur. It has an alcoholic percentage of 21.5%, slightly lower than most bitters and has a relatively sweet flavour. The drink is sold in a stone jar and is drunk cold from own glass, a high and tiny chalice glass, larger than a Jägermeister glass. The drink originated in 1973 when Tilburgian entrepreneur Jan Wassing started experimenting with a drink with lower alcoholic percentage that was appropriate for his stomach. The result was successful. The drink is distilled now at Loven industrial area in Tilburg by the Eindhoven company Schrobbeler Ltd, without the è on the last vowel. The drink is especially consumed at Carnival. The name is derived from the profession of 'Schrobbelaar', in the textile industry in Tilburg. The profession was unskilled and had a low wage.

Another known drink from Tilburg is Peerke's Nat, which has a higher alcoholic percentage than Schrobbelèr (25%) and was introduced at the beatification of Peter Donders (locally named Peerke). The drink is sold in bottles of 70 centiliters.

The Koningshoeven Brewery brews trappist beer. It was founded in 1884 at Koningshoeven Abbey.

Open air art

Tilburg's open air art is mostly supported by KORT (Kunst in Open Ruimte Tilburg, Dutch for Art in Open Space Tilburg). One example is the turning house on the Hasseltrotonde, a roundabout, was erected in 2008.

Besides being responsible for newer, modern art, KORT also gives information about older works of art, like the Willem II statue on the Heuvel.

Festival city, music
The city of Tilburg hosts many festivals, such as Incubate, Festival Mundial (world culture), Stranger Than Paranoia (jazz), Tilburg Students Festival, and Roadburn Festival. 013 is a modern pop-centre. Paradox is a club for experimental jazz and improvised music. Fontys University of Applied Sciences started a pop academy in the beginning of the 21st century, and students often perform on local stages.

Museums
Tilburg has a renowned museum of contemporary art, De Pont, which houses works from artists such as Ai Weiwei, Anish Kapoor and Richard Serra. The museum, which opened in 1992, is housed in a former wool mill, an important piece of Tilburg's history. Anish Kapoor's artwork 'Skymirror ' is displayed on the square in front of the museum. Also in the field of contemporary arts is the SEA Foundation Tilburg, an internationally oriented art foundation, exhibition space and artist residence for artists, writers and curators. Tilburg also hosts a significant textile museum, offering not only a historical view in its former factory, but also a laboratory for design, production and development of textile as a material. It opened in 1958.

There is also the Natuurmuseum Brabant (Brabant Museum of Nature), dedicated to natural history. Originally named the Natural History Museum of Tilburg (Natuurhistorisch Museum Tilburg), the museum was established in 1935. The museum was originally housed in the former intendant residence of King Willem II, but moved in 1985 to its current location, a former technical school near the railway station. The collection consists of a large variety of stuffed animals, animals kept in formaldehyde, dried plants, stones, minerals, fossils and archaeological objects.

The Museum Scryption was a former museum in Tilburg with the main theme 'written communication'. It closed in 2011.

Tilburg City Museum
The Tilburg City Museum (Stadsmuseum Tilburg) does not have a fixed location. It manages the city's heritage collection and creates exhibitions at diverse venues. For example, the Peerke Donders Pavilion and Vincent's Drawing Room. The collection that Stadsmuseum Tilburg manages is part of Tilburg City Collection. In addition, it manages the Memory of Tilburg with more than 4400 stories.
 * Vincent's drawing room: In Vincent's Drawing Room you will find a museum room where the authentic room of Vincent van Gogh has been recreated and a modern drawing room with drawing computers. Vincent van Gogh lived and studied several years in Tilburg. The house where he lived can't be visited. The square where the house is located has been redesigned in the Van Gogh style.
 * Peerke Donders Pavilion: A museum for charity, in honor of Petrus Donders

Parks and Forests
Parks and forests provide inhabitants from the Tilburg area with recreation. The Leijpark and Reeshofpark are the largest parks. Leijpark was famous for Festival Mundial and lies next to St. Elisabeth hospital and a monastery, the Cenakel. Reeshofpark was created in the late 1990s, including some restaurants opened in 2011. Some older parks include Wilhelminapark in Oud-Noord, are built on the square of the former herd place Veldhoven. Tilburg offers, in comparison to other top-ten cities in the Netherlands, the most forest area. In the municipality, Tilburg has the Wandelbos, a forest south of the similarly named neighbourhood in Tilburg-West, the Oude Warande, the Kaaistoep, a forest of 4.5 km2, and partially, Huis Ter Heide in the northwest of Tilburg, a 6.5 km2-sized natural redevelopment area. Out of the municipality, there's a national park called Loonse en Drunense Duinen which includes dunes of drift sand from the west coast.

Sports
The local football team is Willem II, named in remembrance of King William II.

Tilburg Ten Miles is an annual road running competition held in Tilburg.

Students' sports like rowing and hockey are popular as well. Tilburg hosts three field hockey clubs that play in top national leagues.

Tilburg has an ice skating rink, including the 400 m speed skating rink Ireen Wüst IJsbaan. Within the speed skating rink there's an ice hockey field. The hockey team Tilburg Trappers dominated the Eredivisie (Dutch Premier League) for years before moving to the Oberliga, the third tier of ice hockey in Germany.

Transport
Tilburg has three railway stations: Tilburg (Centraal), Tilburg Universiteit and Tilburg Reeshof. The latter was built to connect the then-latest district of Tilburg, the Reeshof. Intercity trains only stop at Tilburg (centraal). The name of Tilburg Universiteit Station was Tilburg West from its construction in 1968 to December 2010, however, after 40 years, it was not the westernmost station anymore. A fourth railway station is planned for Berkel-Enschot, also in the municipality of Tilburg and getting more absorbed into Tilburg. In the past, until 1938, Berkel-Enschot had its own train station. Udenhout, lying further northeast in the municipality, also had its train station until 1938. Both stations are on the line to 's-Hertogenbosch.

The Tilburg city and local buses are operated by Arriva. The city experimented from 2005 to 2008 with free public transport for children and 55+ people. Before Arriva, the buses were operated by Veolia, and before that by BBA (abbreviation for Brabants(ch)e Buurtspoorwegen en Autobussen). The city is also served by an hourly bus service to the Belgian city of Turnhout, operated by De Lijn.

Tilburg has an extensive bicycle path network called Sternet-Routes. The first bicycle path of this network was built between the city center and the university in 1975. From the mid-1990s, multiple bicycle paths (rather than lanes along the road) have been built. Older lanes are paved by tiles, but newer paths are largely done with asphalt paving. For this network of bicycle paths, some new tunnels were built under the railway that crosses the city.

Tilburg is, at variance from other Dutch cities of a similar size, connected by only one national motorway, the A58 / E312 (to Breda and Eindhoven). An outer beltway, consisting of two provincial 2x2-roads and the A58, was finished in May 2012. Although the outer beltway is fully navigable, the Burgemeester Bechtweg, which was built initially as a two-lane (one per direction) road, was finished in 2013. Two other routes are of considerable importance for Tilburg: the A261/N261 to Waalwijk and the A65/N65 to 's-Hertogenbosch. Neither is a complete motorway, and both experience bottlenecks. Various plans exist to build both to higher standards, with the N261 improved in 2015 to remove all traffic lights beyond Tilburg.

Twin towns – sister cities
Tilburg is twinned with:
 * 🇨🇳 Changzhou, China
 * 🇵🇱 Lublin, Poland
 * 🇳🇮 Matagalpa, Nicaragua
 * 🇯🇵 Minamiashigara, Japan
 * 🇹🇿 Same, Tanzania

The arts

 * Gerard van Spaendonck (1746–1822) & Cornelis van Spaendonck (1756–1839), Dutch painters
 * Joseph August Knip (1777–1847) & Henriëtte Geertruida Knip (1783–1842), painters
 * Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) attended the King Willem II school, where he was taught painting
 * Ludolph Berkemeier (1864-1930), a Dutch landscape and cityscape painter
 * Bernardus Weber (1912-1996), a Dutch sculptor, draughtsman, and pastellist
 * Theo l' Herminez (1921–1997), a Dutch painter, moved from impressionism to realism
 * Frans de Kok (1924–2011), a Dutch musician, conducted the winning Dutch entry to the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest
 * Theo van de Sande (born 1947), cinematographer
 * Ruud Janssen (born 1959), a Dutch fluxus and mail artist
 * Leonard Retel Helmrich (born 1959), a Dutch cinematographer and film director
 * Arjen Anthony Lucassen (born 1960), a Dutch singer, songwriter with Ayreon and Star One
 * Marc-Marie Huijbregts (born 1964), a Dutch comedian, actor and TV presenter
 * Richard Rijnvos (born 1964), a Dutch composer
 * Guus Meeuwis (born 1972), a Dutch singer-songwriter, attended Tilburg University
 * Ruud Jolie (born 1976), the lead guitarist of the symphonic metal band Within Temptation
 * Tarik Azzougarh (born 1979), stage name Cilvaringz, rapper affiliated with Wu-Tang Clan
 * Joris Oprins (born 1980), an animation director
 * Floor Jansen (born 1981), a Dutch singer and songwriter with symphonic metal band Nightwish
 * Daan Janzing (born 1981), producer and guitarist with the Dark rock band My Favorite Scar.

Public thinking & public service

 * Bl. Peerke Donders (1807–1887), Roman Catholic missionary, cared for the lepers of Batavia, Suriname; beatified in 1982.
 * Franciscus Janssens (1881–1950), the 76th General Abbot of the Common Observance
 * Carl Romme (1896–1980), a Dutch politician and jurist
 * Norbert Schmelzer (1921–2008), a Dutch politician, diplomat, economist and Minister
 * Ernst Hirsch Ballin (born 1950), a retired Dutch politician and jurist, lives in Tilburg.
 * Henk Krol (born 1950), a Dutch journalist, publisher, entrepreneur and politician
 * Yvonne van Rooy (born 1951), a retired Dutch politician, MEP, diplomat and businesswoman
 * Roger van Boxtel (born 1954), a retired Dutch politician, now CEO of Dutch Railways

Science & business

 * Franciscus Donders (1818–1889), a Dutch ophthalmologist
 * Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis (1892-1965), a Dutch historian of science
 * Bart le Blanc (born 1946), a Dutch economist in public finance, banking and asset management
 * Henri Termeer (1946–2017), a Dutch biotechnology executive and entrepreneur
 * Jozien Bensing (born 1950), a Dutch clinical psychologist and academic
 * Marc van Roosmalen (born 1947), Dutch Brazilian primatologist (elected as one of the "Heroes of the Planet" by Time magazine in 2000)
 * Marijn Dekkers (born 1957), a former pharmaceutical businessman, CEO of Bayer AG 2010 to 2016
 * Caroline Nevejan (born 1958), Chief Science Officer with the City of Amsterdam
 * Ron Heeren (born 1965), professor specializing in mass spectrometry imaging
 * Michael van Poppel (born 1989), the founder and President of BNO News

Sport

 * Jan Pijnenburg (1906–1979), track cyclist, team silver medallist at the 1928 Summer Olympics
 * Toon Becx (1920−2013), a Dutch footballer with 329 caps with Willem II
 * Toon Ebben (1930–2011), a Dutch equestrian, competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics
 * Toon van Helfteren (born 1951), a Dutch former basketball player, current coach of Feyenoord Basketball and coach of the Dutch national basketball team 2013 to 2019.
 * Bud Brocken (born 1957), a Dutch former professional footballer with 512 club caps
 * Anita Staps (born 1961), a retired judoka, world title holder in 1980
 * Jean-Paul van Poppel (born 1962), a former Dutch racing cyclist
 * John Lammers (born 1963), a football manager with Esbjerg fB and former player with 433 club caps
 * Bas Rutten (born 1965), a Dutch-American actor and retired mixed martial artist
 * Ageeth Boomgaardt (born 1972), a Dutch former field hockey defender, 192 international matches for the Netherlands, and team bronze and silver medallist at the Olympic Games
 * Remy Bonjasky (born 1976), a Surinamese-Dutch former kickboxer
 * Floris Evers (born 1983), a field hockey player, team silver medallist at the 2004 and 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Mike van der Zanden (born 1987), a Dutch paraplegic swimmer, bronze medallist in the 2004 and 2008 Summer Paralympics
 * Margot van Geffen (born 1989), a field hockey player, team gold and silver medallist at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Benito van de Pas (born 1993) is a Dutch darts player
 * Jackie Groenen (born 1994), a Dutch footballer and former judoka

title: Tilburg


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Cranial nerves

Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (including the brainstem), of which there are conventionally considered twelve pairs. Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the head and neck, including the special senses of vision, taste, smell, and hearing.

The cranial nerves emerge from the central nervous system above the level of the first vertebra of the vertebral column. Each cranial nerve is paired and is present on both sides. There are conventionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves, which are described with Roman numerals I–XII. Some considered there to be thirteen pairs of cranial nerves, including the non-paired cranial nerve zero. The numbering of the cranial nerves is based on the order in which they emerge from the brain and brainstem, from front to back.

The terminal nerves (0), olfactory nerves (I) and optic nerves (II) emerge from the cerebrum, and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem, which is the lower part of the brain.

The cranial nerves are considered components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), although on a structural level the olfactory (I), optic (II), and trigeminal (V) nerves are more accurately considered part of the central nervous system (CNS).

The cranial nerves are in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.

Anatomy
Most typically, humans are considered to have twelve pairs of cranial nerves (I–XII), with the terminal nerve (0) more recently canonized. The nerves are: the olfactory nerve (I), the optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII).

Terminology
Cranial nerves are generally named according to their structure or function. For example, the olfactory nerve (I) supplies smell, and the facial nerve (VII) supplies the muscles of the face. Because Latin was the lingua franca of the study of anatomy when the nerves were first documented, recorded, and discussed, many nerves maintain Latin or Greek names, including the trochlear nerve (IV), named according to its structure, as it supplies a muscle that attaches to a pulley (trochlea). The trigeminal nerve (V) is named in accordance with its three components (trigeminus meaning triplets), and the vagus nerve (X) is named for its wandering course (vagus).

Cranial nerves are numbered based on their position from front to back (rostral-caudal) of their position on the brain, as, when viewing the forebrain and brainstem from below, they are often visible in their numeric order. For example, the olfactory nerves (I) and optic nerves (II) arise from the base of the forebrain, and the other nerves, III to XII, arise from the brainstem.

Cranial nerves have paths within and outside the skull. The paths within the skull are called "intracranial" and the paths outside the skull are called "extracranial". There are many holes in the skull called "foramina" by which the nerves can exit the skull. All cranial nerves are paired, which means they occur on both the right and left sides of the body. The muscle, skin, or additional function supplied by a nerve, on the same side of the body as the side it originates from, is an ipsilateral function. If the function is on the opposite side to the origin of the nerve, this is known as a contralateral function.

Nuclei
Grossly, all cranial nerves have a nucleus. With the exception of the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), all the nuclei are present in the brainstem.

The midbrain has the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV); the pons has the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII); and the medulla has the nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII). The olfactory nerve (I) emerges from the olfactory bulb, and depending slightly on division the optic nerve (II) is considered to emerge from the lateral geniculate nuclei.

Because each nerve may have several functions, the nerve fibres that make up the nerve may collect in more than one nucleus. For example, the trigeminal nerve (V), which has a sensory and a motor role, has at least four nuclei.

Exiting the brainstem
With the exception of the olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II), the cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem. The oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV) emerge from the midbrain, the trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII) from the pons, and the glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII) emerge from the medulla.

The olfactory nerve (I) and optic nerve (II) emerge separately. The olfactory nerves emerge from the olfactory bulbs on either side of the crista galli, a bony projection below the frontal lobe, and the optic nerves (II) emerge from the lateral colliculus, swellings on either side of the temporal lobes of the brain.

Ganglia
The cranial nerves give rise to a number of ganglia, collections of the cell bodies of neurons in the nerves that are outside of the brain. These ganglia are both parasympathetic and sensory ganglia.

The sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves, directly correspond to the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves and are known as cranial nerve ganglia. Sensory ganglia exist for nerves with sensory function: V, VII, VIII, IX, X. There are also a number of parasympathetic cranial nerve ganglia. Sympathetic ganglia supplying the head and neck reside in the upper regions of the sympathetic trunk, and do not belong to the cranial nerves.

The ganglion of the sensory nerves, which are similar in structure to the dorsal root ganglion of the spinal cord, include:
 * The trigeminal ganglia of the trigeminal nerve (V), which occupies a space in the dura mater called Meckel's cave. This ganglion contains only the sensory fibres of the trigeminal nerve.
 * The geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve (VII), which occurs just after the nerve enters the facial canal.
 * A superior and inferior ganglia of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), which occurs just after it passes through the jugular foramen.

Additional ganglia for nerves with parasympathetic function exist, and include the ciliary ganglion of the oculomotor nerve (III), the pterygopalatine ganglion of the maxillary nerve (V2), the submandibular ganglion of the lingual nerve, a branch of the facial nerve (VII), and the otic ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).

Exiting the skull and extracranial course
After emerging from the brain, the cranial nerves travel within the skull, and some must leave it in order to reach their destinations. Often the nerves pass through holes in the skull, called foramina, as they travel to their destinations. Other nerves pass through bony canals, longer pathways enclosed by bone. These foramina and canals may contain more than one cranial nerve and may also contain blood vessels.
 * The terminal nerve (0), is a thin network of fibers associated with the dura and lamina terminalis running rostral to the olfactory nerve, with projections through the cribriform plate.
 * The olfactory nerve (I), passes through perforations in the cribriform plate part of the ethmoid bone. The nerve fibres end in the upper nasal cavity.
 * The optic nerve (II) passes through the optic foramen in the sphenoid bone as it travels to the eye.
 * The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve (VI) and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) travel through the cavernous sinus into the superior orbital fissure, passing out of the skull into the orbit.
 * The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2) passes through foramen rotundum in the sphenoid bone.
 * The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (V3) passes through foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone.
 * The facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) both enter the internal auditory canal in the temporal bone. The facial nerve then reaches the side of the face by using the stylomastoid foramen, also in the temporal bone.  Its fibers then spread out to reach and control all of the muscles of facial expression.  The vestibulocochlear nerve reaches the organs that control balance and hearing in the temporal bone and therefore does not reach the external surface of the skull.
 * The glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X) and accessory nerve (XI) all leave the skull via the jugular foramen to enter the neck. The glossopharyngeal nerve provides sensation to the upper throat and the back of the tongue, the vagus supplies the muscles in the larynx and continues downward to supply parasympathetic supply to the chest and abdomen. The accessory nerve controls the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles in the neck and shoulder.
 * Cranial Nerves Anatomy in Schematic 3D.ogg hypoglossal nerve (XII) exits the skull using the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone.

Development
The cranial nerves are formed from the contribution of two specialized embryonic cell populations, cranial neural crest and ectodermal placodes. The components of the sensory nervous system of the head are derived from the neural crest and from an embryonic cell population developing in close proximity, the cranial sensory placodes (the olfactory, lens, otic, trigeminal, epibranchial and paratympanic placodes). The dual origin cranial nerves are summarized in the following table:

Contributions of neural crest cells and placodes to ganglia and cranial nerves Abbreviations: CN, cranial nerve; m, purely motor nerve; mix, mixed nerve (sensory and motor); NC, neural crest; PA, pharyngeal (branchial) arch; r, rhombomere; s, purely sensory nerve. * There is no known ganglion of the accessory nerve. The cranial part of the accessory nerve sends occasional branches to the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve.

Function
The cranial nerves provide motor and sensory supply mainly to the structures within the head and neck. The sensory supply includes both "general" sensation such as temperature and touch, and "special" senses such as taste, vision, smell, balance and hearing. The vagus nerve (X) provides sensory and autonomic (parasympathetic) supply to structures in the neck and also to most of the organs in the chest and abdomen.

Terminal nerve (0)
The terminal nerve (0) may not have a role in humans, although it has been implicated in hormonal responses to smell, sexual response and mate selection.

Smell (I)
The olfactory nerve (I) conveys information giving rise to the sense of smell.

Damage to the olfactory nerve (I) can cause an inability to smell (anosmia), a distortion in the sense of smell (parosmia), or a distortion or lack of taste.

Vision (II)
The optic nerve (II) transmits visual information.

Damage to the optic nerve (II) affects specific aspects of vision that depend on the location of the damage. A person may not be able to see objects on their left or right sides (homonymous hemianopsia), or may have difficulty seeing objects from their outer visual fields (bitemporal hemianopsia) if the optic chiasm is involved. Inflammation (optic neuritis) may impact the sharpness of vision or colour detection

Eye movement (III, IV, VI)

The oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV) and abducens nerve (VI) coordinate eye movement. The oculomotor nerve (III) controls all muscles of the eye except for the superior oblique muscle controlled by the trochlear nerve (IV), and the lateral rectus muscle controlled by the abducens nerve (VI). This means the ability of the eye to look down and inwards is controlled by the trochlear nerve (IV), the ability to look outwards is controlled by the abducens nerve (VI), and all other movements are controlled by the oculomotor nerve (III)

Damage to these nerves may affect the movement of the eye. Damage may result in double vision (diplopia) because the movements of the eyes are not synchronized. Abnormalities of visual movement may also be seen on examination, such as jittering (nystagmus).

Damage to the oculomotor nerve (III) can cause double vision and inability to coordinate the movements of both eyes (strabismus), also eyelid drooping (ptosis) and pupil dilation (mydriasis). Lesions may also lead to inability to open the eye due to paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle. Individuals suffering from a lesion to the oculomotor nerve may compensate by tilting their heads to alleviate symptoms due to paralysis of one or more of the eye muscles it controls.

Damage to the trochlear nerve (IV) can also cause double vision with the eye adducted and elevated. The result will be an eye which can not move downwards properly (especially downwards when in an inward position). This is due to impairment in the superior oblique muscle.

Damage to the abducens nerve (VI) can also result in double vision. This is due to impairment in the lateral rectus muscle, supplied by the abducens nerve.

Trigeminal nerve (V)
The trigeminal nerve (V) and its three main branches the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) provide sensation to the skin of the face and also controls the muscles of chewing.

Damage to the trigeminal nerve leads to loss of sensation in an affected area. Other conditions affecting the trigeminal nerve (V) include trigeminal neuralgia, herpes zoster, sinusitis pain, presence of a dental abscess, and cluster headaches.

Facial expression (VII)
The facial nerve (VII) controls most muscles of facial expression, supplies the sensation of taste from the front two-thirds of the tongue, and controls the stapedius muscle. Most muscles are supplied by the cortex on the opposite side of the brain; the exception is the frontalis muscle of the forehead, in which the left and the right side of the muscle both receive inputs from both sides of the brain.

Damage to the facial nerve (VII) may cause facial palsy. This is where a person is unable to move the muscles on one or both sides of their face. The most common cause of this is Bell's palsy, the ultimate cause of which is unknown. Patients with Bell's palsy often have a drooping mouth on the affected side and often have trouble chewing because the buccinator muscle is affected. The facial nerve is also the most commonly affected cranial nerve in blunt trauma.

Hearing and balance (VIII)
The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) supplies information relating to balance and hearing via its two branches, the vestibular and cochlear nerves. The vestibular part is responsible for supplying sensation from the vestibules and semicircular canal of the inner ear, including information about balance, and is an important component of the vestibuloocular reflex, which keeps the head stable and allows the eyes to track moving objects. The cochlear nerve transmits information from the cochlea, allowing sound to be heard.

When damaged, the vestibular nerve may give rise to the sensation of spinning and dizziness (vertigo). Function of the vestibular nerve may be tested by putting cold and warm water in the ears and watching eye movements caloric stimulation. Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve can also present as repetitive and involuntary eye movements (nystagmus), particularly when the eye is moving horizontally. Damage to the cochlear nerve will cause partial or complete deafness in the affected ear.

Oral sensation, taste, and salivation (IX)
The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) supplies the stylopharyngeus muscle and provides sensation to the oropharynx and back of the tongue. The glossopharyngeal nerve also provides parasympathetic input to the parotid gland.

Damage to the nerve may cause failure of the gag reflex; a failure may also be seen in damage to the vagus nerve (X).

Vagus nerve (X)
The vagus nerve (X) provides sensory and parasympathetic supply to structures in the neck and also to most of the organs in the chest and abdomen.

Loss of function of the vagus nerve (X) will lead to a loss of parasympathetic supply to a very large number of structures. Major effects of damage to the vagus nerve may include a rise in blood pressure and heart rate. Isolated dysfunction of only the vagus nerve is rare, but – if the lesion is located above the point at which the vagus first branches off – can be indicated by a hoarse voice, due to dysfunction of one of its branches, the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Damage to this nerve may result in difficulties swallowing.

Shoulder elevation and head-turning (XI)
The accessory nerve (XI) supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

Damage to the accessory nerve (XI) will lead to weakness in the trapezius muscle on the same side as the damage. The trapezius lifts the shoulder when shrugging, so the affected shoulder will not be able to shrug and the shoulder blade (scapula) will protrude into a winged position. Depending on the location of the lesion there may also be weakness present in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which acts to turn the head so that the face points to the opposite side.

Tongue movement (XII)
The hypoglossal nerve (XII) supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue, controlling tongue movement. The hypoglossal nerve (XII) is unique in that it is supplied by the motor cortices of both hemispheres of the brain.

Damage to the nerve may lead to fasciculations or wasting (atrophy) of the muscles of the tongue. This will lead to weakness of tongue movement on that side. When damaged and extended, the tongue will move towards the weaker or damaged side, as shown in the image. The fasciculations of the tongue are sometimes said to look like a "bag of worms". Damage to the nerve tract or nucleus will not lead to atrophy or fasciculations, but only weakness of the muscles on the same side as the damage.

Examination
Doctors, neurologists and other medical professionals may conduct a cranial nerve examination as part of a neurological examination to examine the cranial nerves. This is a highly formalised series of steps involving specific tests for each nerve. Dysfunction of a nerve identified during testing may point to a problem with the nerve or of a part of the brain.

A cranial nerve exam starts with observation of the patient, as some cranial nerve lesions may affect the symmetry of the eyes or face. Vision may be tested by examining the visual fields, or by examining the retina with an ophthalmoscope, using a process known as funduscopy. Visual field testing may be used to pin-point structural lesions in the optic nerve, or further along the visual pathways. Eye movement is tested and abnormalities such as nystagmus are observed for. The sensation of the face is tested, and patients are asked to perform different facial movements, such as puffing out of the cheeks. Hearing is checked by voice and tuning forks. The patient's uvula is examined. After performing a shrug and head turn, the patient's tongue function is assessed by various tongue movements.

Smell is not routinely tested, but if there is suspicion of a change in the sense of smell, each nostril is tested with substances of known odors such as coffee or soap. Intensely smelling substances, for example ammonia, may lead to the activation of pain receptors of the trigeminal nerve (V) located in the nasal cavity and this can confound olfactory testing.

Compression
Nerves may be compressed because of increased intracranial pressure, a mass effect of an intracerebral haemorrhage, or tumour that presses against the nerves and interferes with the transmission of impulses along the nerve. Loss of function of a cranial nerve may sometimes be the first symptom of an intracranial or skull base cancer.

An increase in intracranial pressure may lead to impairment of the optic nerves (II) due to compression of the surrounding veins and capillaries, causing swelling of the eyeball (papilloedema). A cancer, such as an optic nerve glioma, may also impact the optic nerve (II). A pituitary tumour may compress the optic tracts or the optic chiasm of the optic nerve (II), leading to visual field loss. A pituitary tumour may also extend into the cavernous sinus, compressing the oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV) and abducens nerve (VI), leading to double-vision and strabismus. These nerves may also be affected by herniation of the temporal lobes of the brain through the falx cerebri.

The cause of trigeminal neuralgia, in which one side of the face is exquisitely painful, is thought to be compression of the nerve by an artery as the nerve emerges from the brain stem. An acoustic neuroma, particularly at the junction between the pons and medulla, may compress the facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), leading to hearing and sensory loss on the affected side.

Stroke
Occlusion of blood vessels that supply the nerves or their nuclei, an ischemic stroke, may cause specific signs and symptoms relating to the damaged area. If there is a stroke of the midbrain, pons or medulla, various cranial nerves may be damaged, resulting in dysfunction and symptoms of a number of different syndromes. Thrombosis, such as a cavernous sinus thrombosis, refers to a clot (thrombus) affecting the venous drainage from the cavernous sinus, affects the optic (II), oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) and the abducens nerve (VI).

Inflammation
Inflammation of a cranial nerve can occur as a result of infection, such as viral causes like reactivated herpes simplex virus, or can occur spontaneously. Inflammation of the facial nerve (VII) may result in Bell's palsy.

Multiple sclerosis, an inflammatory process resulting in a loss of the myelin sheathes which surround the cranial nerves, may cause a variety of shifting symptoms affecting multiple cranial nerves. Inflammation may also affect other cranial nerves. Other rarer inflammatory causes affecting the function of multiple cranial nerves include sarcoidosis, miliary tuberculosis, and inflammation of arteries, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Other
Trauma to the skull, disease of bone, such as Paget's disease, and injury to nerves during surgery are other causes of nerve damage.

History
The Graeco-Roman anatomist Galen (AD 129–210) named seven pairs of cranial nerves. Much later, in 1664, English anatomist Sir Thomas Willis suggested that there were actually 9 pairs of nerves. Finally, in 1778, German anatomist Samuel Soemmering named the 12 pairs of nerves that are generally accepted today. However, because many of the nerves emerge from the brain stem as rootlets, there is continual debate as to how many nerves there actually are, and how they should be grouped. For example, there is reason to consider both the olfactory (I) and optic (II) nerves to be brain tracts, rather than cranial nerves.

Other animals
Cranial nerves are also present in other vertebrates. Other amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods) have cranial nerves similar to those of humans. In anamniotes (fishes and amphibians), the accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) do not exist, with the accessory nerve (XI) being an integral part of the vagus nerve (X); the hypoglossal nerve (XII) is represented by a variable number of spinal nerves emerging from vertebral segments fused into the occiput. These two nerves only became discrete nerves in the ancestors of amniotes. The very small terminal nerve (nerve N or O) exists in humans but may not be functional. In other animals, it appears to be important to sexual receptivity based on perceptions of pheromones.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cranial nerves


text:
White cane

A white cane is a device used by many people who are blind or visually impaired. A white cane primarily allows its user to scan their surroundings for obstacles or orientation marks, but is also helpful for onlookers in identifying the user as blind or visually impaired and taking appropriate care. The latter is the reason for the cane's white colour, which in many jurisdictions is mandatory.

Variants

 * Long cane: Designed primarily as a mobility tool used to detect objects in the path of a user. Cane length depends upon the height of a user, and traditionally extends from the floor to the user's sternum. It is the most well-known variant, though some organisations favor the use of much longer canes.
 * Guide cane: A shorter cane, generally extending from the floor to the user's waist, with more limited potential as a mobility device. It is used to scan for kerbs and steps. The guide cane can also be used diagonally across the body for protection, warning the user of obstacles immediately ahead.
 * Identification cane  (sometimes shortened to ID cane and known as the symbol cane in British English): Used primarily to alert others that the user is visually impaired, but not to the extent where they require a long cane or other variant. It is often lighter and shorter than the long cane, and has no use as a mobility tool.
 * Support cane: Designed primarily to offer physical stability to a visually impaired user, the cane also works as a means of identification. It has very limited potential as a mobility device.
 * Kiddie cane: This variant functions exactly the same as an adult's long cane but is designed for use by children, and is thus smaller and lighter.
 * Green cane: Used in some countries, such as Argentina, to designate that the user has low vision, while the white cane designates that a user is completely blind.

Mobility canes are often made from aluminium, graphite-reinforced plastic or other fibre-reinforced plastic, and can come with a wide variety of tips depending upon user preference.

White canes can be either collapsible or straight, with both versions having pros and cons. The National Federation of the Blind in the United States affirms that the lightness and greater length of the straight canes allows greater mobility and safety, though collapsible canes can be stored with more ease, giving them advantage in crowded areas such as classrooms and public events.

History

Blind people have used canes as mobility tools for centuries.

In 1921 James Biggs, a photographer from Bristol who became blind after an accident and was uncomfortable with the amount of traffic around his home, painted his walking stick white to be more easily visible.

In 1931 in France, Guilly d'Herbemont launched a national white stick movement for blind people. On February 7, 1931, Guilly d'Herbemont symbolically gave the first two white canes to blind people, in the presence of several French ministers. 5,000 more white canes were later sent to blind French veterans from World War I and blind civilians.

The first special white cane ordinance was passed in December 1930 in Peoria, Illinois, after intervention of the Peoria Lions Club, granting blind pedestrians protections and the right-of-way while carrying a white cane.

The long cane was improved upon by World War II veterans rehabilitation specialist, Richard E. Hoover, at Valley Forge Army Hospital. In 1944, he took the Lions Club white cane (originally made of wood) and went around the hospital blindfolded for a week. During this time he developed what is now the standard method of "long cane" training or the Hoover Method. He is now called the "Father of the Lightweight Long Cane Technique". The basic technique is to swing the cane from the center of the body back and forth before the feet. The cane should be swept before the rear foot as the person steps. Before he taught other rehabilitators, or "orientors", his new technique he had a special commission to have lightweight, long white canes made for the veterans of the European fronts.

Hoover's long cane technique was perfected at Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, which opened the Department of Veterans Affairs' first Blind Rehabilitation Center in 1948 and was staffed by former Valley Forge Army Hospital instructors.

On October 6, 1964, a joint resolution of the Congress, HR 753, was signed into law authorizing the President of the United States to proclaim October 15 of each year as "White Cane Safety Day". President Lyndon Johnson was the first to make this proclamation.

Legislation about canes

While the white cane is commonly accepted as a "symbol of blindness", different countries still have different rules concerning what constitutes a "cane for the blind".

In the United Kingdom, the white cane indicates that the individual has a visual impairment but normal hearing; with red bands added, it indicates that the user is deafblind.

In the United States, laws vary from state to state, but in all cases, those carrying white canes are afforded the right-of-way when crossing a road. They are afforded the right to use their cane in any public place as well. In some cases, it is illegal for a non-blind person to use a white cane with the intent of being given right-of-way.

In November 2002, Argentina passed a law recognizing the use of green canes by people with low vision, stating that the nation would "adopt from this law, the use of a green cane in the whole of Argentina as a means of orientation and mobility for people with low vision. It will have the same characteristics in weight, length, elastic grip and fluorescent ring as do white canes used by the blind."

In Germany, people carrying a white cane are exempted from the Vertrauensgrundsatz (trust principle), therefore meaning that other traffic participants should not rely on them to adhere to all traffic regulations and practices. Although there is no general duty to mark oneself as blind or otherwise disabled, a blind or visually impaired person involved in a traffic accident without having marked themselves may be held responsible for damages unless they prove that their lack of marking was not causal or otherwise related to the accident.

Children and canes
In many countries, including the UK, a cane is not generally introduced to a child until they are between 7 and 10 years old. However, more recently canes have been started to be introduced as soon as a child learns to walk to aid development with great success.

Joseph Cutter and Lilli Nielsen, pioneers in research on the development of blind and disabled children, have begun to introduce new research on mobility in blind infants in children. Cutter's book, Independent Movement and Travel in Blind Children, recommends a cane to be introduced as early as possible, so that the blind child learns to use it and move around naturally and organically, the same way a sighted child learns to walk. A longer cane, between nose and chin height, is recommended to compensate for a child's more immature grasp and tendency to hold the handle of the cane by the side instead of out in front. Mature cane technique should not be expected from a child, and style and technique can be refined as the child gets older.

title: White cane


text:
Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions and for Citizens' Action

The Association pour la Taxation des Transactions financières et pour l'Action Citoyenne (Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions and Citizen's Action, ATTAC) is an activist organisation originally created to promote the establishment of a tax on foreign exchange transactions.

Background
Originally called "Action for a Tobin Tax to Assist the Citizen", ATTAC was a single-issue movement demanding the introduction of the so-called Tobin tax on currency speculation. ATTAC has enlarged its scope to a wide range of issues related to globalisation, and monitoring the decisions of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD,) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). ATTAC representatives attend the meetings of the G8 with the goal of influencing policymakers' decisions. In 2007, ATTAC spokesmen criticised Germany for what it called the criminalisation of anti-G8 groups.

At the founding, ATTAC had specific statutory objectives based on the promotion of the Tobin tax. For example, ATTAC Luxembourg specifies in article 1 of its statutes that it: "...aims to produce and communicate information, and to promote and carry out activities of all kinds for the recapture, by the citizens, of the power that the financial sector has on all aspects of political, economic, social and cultural life throughout the world. Such means include the taxation of transactions in foreign exchange markets (Tobin tax)."

ATTAC refutes claims that it is an anti-globalisation movement, but it criticises the neoliberal ideology that it sees as dominating economic globalisation. It supports those globalisation policies that their representatives characterise as sustainable and socially just. One of ATTAC's slogans is "The World is not for sale", denouncing the "merchandisation" of society. Another slogan is "Another world is possible", pointing to an alternative globalisation in which people and not profit is in focus.

James Tobin opposing ATTAC
Attac was founded to promote the Tobin tax by the Keynesian economist James Tobin. Tobin has said that Attac has misused his name. He says he has nothing in common with their goals and supports free trade — "everything that these movements are attacking. They're misusing my name."

Organisational history
In December 1997, Ignacio Ramonet wrote an editorial in Le Monde diplomatique in which he advocated for the establishment of the Tobin tax and the creation of an organisation to pressure governments around the world to introduce the tax. ATTAC was created on June 3, 1998, during a constitutive assembly in France. While it was founded in France it now exists in over forty countries around the world. In France, politicians from the left are members of the association. In Luxembourg, Francois Bausch of the left Green party is the founding politician in the association's initial member list.

ATTAC functions on a principle of decentralisation: local associations organise meetings, conferences, and compose documents that become counter-arguments to the perceived neoliberal discourse. ATTAC aims to formalise the possibility of an alternative to the neoliberal society that is currently required of globalisation. ATTAC aspires to be a movement of popular education.

Finland
Communist Juhani Lohikoski, previously a chairman of Communist Youth League and Socialist League, served as the chairman of Finnish Attac for two terms (2002 - 2004). Yrjö Hakanen, chairman of the Communist Party of Finland, was a member of the board and a member of the founding committee. In March 2002 Aimo Kairamo, the long-time chief editor of the party organ of the Social Democrat Party, resigned from Attac and recommended the same decision for other social democrats because of the left-wing minority communists' leading positions. Soon also the social democrat foreign minister Erkki Tuomioja considered to follow Kairamo's example.

Sweden
Researcher Malin Gawell covers the birth and development of Attac Sweden in her doctoral thesis on activist entrepreneurship. She suggests that Attac in Sweden was formed by people seeking a new way of organising with flat hierarchy, and with the strongly sensed need of making a change as the driving force.

From another perspective, Sydsvenskan newspaper suggested that the downturn of memberships in Swedish Attac after the hype in the beginning of 2001 may be due to its views on trade policies.

Issues and activities
The main issues covered by ATTAC today are:
 * Control of financial markets (e.g., Tobin tax)
 * "Fair" instead of "free" trade, via democratic control of the World Trade Organization and international financial institutions such the International Monetary Fund, Worldbank, European Union, North American Free Trade Agreement, Free Trade Area of the Americas, and G8.
 * Defense of public goods - air, water, information
 * Defense of public social services - like those relevant to health, social services, and social security. For example, it is against the privatisation of pensions and of the health care system.  ATTAC has also taken a position on genetically modified organisms.  ATTAC also opposes General Agreement on Trade in Services.
 * The struggle to end tax evasion (tax havens) as practiced by transnational corporations and rich individuals
 * Sustainable globalisation
 * Cancellation of the debt of Developing Countries.
 * ATTAC campaigned against the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.
 * ATTAC is involved in fighting against climate change, for environmental justice and, especially, in supporting Alternatiba, Village of Alternatives.

In France, ATTAC associates with many other left-wing causes.

Nestlégate
In 2008, the Swiss multinational food and beverage company Nestlé was hit by a scandal which was later called Nestlégate by the media. Between the years 2003 and 2005, Nestlé hired the external Security company Securitas AG to spy on the Swiss branch of Attac. Nestlé started the monitoring when Attac Switzerland decided to work on a critical book about Nestlé.

In response to the Nestlégate, Attac Switzerland filed a lawsuit against Nestlé. The lawsuit was decided in favour of Attac in January 2013, as the personal rights of the observed were violated. They received a compensation for damages of 3000 Swiss francs each (about 3230 USD at the date of the proclamation of sentence).


text:
Talk:Lions Clubs International

Key Questions
Key questions, not just for Lions but for all service clubs:

 * Who is membership open to (religious affiliations, gender, etc.)?
 * How does one become a member?
 * Obligations of members?
 * Organisational structure (autonomy of local clubs, etc.).
 * Political views, if relevant (e.g. Rotarians, at least in Australia, are known to be politically conservative, for instance). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Robert Merkel (talk • contribs) 15:51, 25 February 2002 (UTC)

Answers

 * "Who is membership open to (religious affiliations, gender etc)?" Membership is open to any individual (in the United States; clubs in other countries may have informal rules of which individuals are or are not invited to join, but there are no official requirements for membership.)
 * "How does one become a member?" By invitation from current Lion member, although it would be highly unlikely that a request to join would be denied.
 * "Obligations of members?" Participation in club activities, most being community service activities, and payment of established club dues. Individual clubs may set specific requirements (e.g., three service projects each month, 75% attendance, etc.)
 * "organisational structure (autonomy of local clubs etc)." Each club is governed by it's members, subject to the policies of it's district/multiple district. Each club has a panel of officers and a board of directors. Heierarchy is organized into:
 * Clubs, with club presidents and Board of Directors elected by members. (Similar to US City structure) Generally limited to a single city, although large cities may have multiple clubs.
 * Zones, with Zone Chairment elected by delegates from the clubs in that zone. (Similar to US County structure). Typically consists of several cities in the same geographic area within the district, i.e. Northern clubs, southeastern clubs, etc.
 * Districts, with District Governors elected by delegates from the clubs in that district. (Similar to US States.) Some districts are joined with other districts as a Multiple District, which has a Chairman and other officers consisting of the Governors of the Districts within the Multiple District. Districts generally consist of the clubs within a single state, although states with a large number of clubs may be designated a Multiple District, with several Districts within the state.
 * The International Associaition, with an International Board with International Directors elected by delegates from the districts in thier constituency. International officers (president, etc.) are elected by delegates from all the districts in the association.
 * Each club is autonomous, but is subject to the policies of the association. The club's charter may be revoked if they fail to comply with association policies.

 * "political views, if relevant (e.g. Rotarians, at least in Australia, are known to be politically conservative, for instance)." Members (at least in the US) span the political spectrum. Politics is generally a taboo subject, as the focus of the association is on community service. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Essjay (talk • contribs) 06:36, 15 February 2005 (UTC)
 * Religion is also not to be discussed at meetings, except in the most general terms, i.e.
 * "There is a new pastor at the _____church. I heard that he was a Lion in his previous town.  Would someone want to contact him as to membership in our club?"  or "We are going to lose our meeting place.  The ______church has a fellowship hall that they might let us use.  Will someone contact them?"  or "I hear that the ______ church is getting a new roof because of the hailstorm." or "I hear that some of the folks at the _____ church just got back from a medical mission trip and used Lion supplied eyeglasses.  Could someone arrange for them to come and tell us about how the eyeglasses were distributed and maybe give us a Power Point presentation?" 204.122.26.61 (talk) 18:09, 22 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Lions are not a religious or political organization. Directly from the Lions Club International Constitution and Bylaws, Revised July 11, 2023 https://www.lionsclubs.org/en/v2/resource/download/79863642%20
 * "TO PROVIDE a forum for the open discussion of all matters of public interest; provided, however, that partisan politics and sectarian religion shall not be debated by club members." LionD4C6 (talk) 22:37, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

Question: Does anyone know which club holds the most members? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.9.246.4 (talk) 15:04, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Answers (2009)

 * There are requirements for membership. Membership is open to men and women of the age of majority where they live (18 in the U.S.), who are of good moral character.
 * Membership is by invitation and while it is likely that a request to join will yield an invitation, there is no guarantee of this. Furthermore, someone who has been a Lion, but whose membership was dropped due to nonpayment of dues or not in good standing for any other reason, will find themselves ineligible for membership or reinstatement.
 * Generally, members are expected to give of their "time, talents and treasury" in helping the club achieve its objects. Meeting attendance requirements vary widely, dues are established locally, though the International and District components of the total dues structure is outside of local control.
 * Local clubs are chartered by, and operate under the jurisdiction of, Lions Clubs International. Each club, however, is autonomous and is answerable only to its members. Clubs failing to meet the requirements for continuing membership in the International Association of Lions Clubs do face the possibility of losing their charter. However, they are given many opportunities to work through the issues impairing their status as a club in good standing.
 * Each club is governed by its members, subject to the policies of its district/multiple district. Each club has a panel of officers and a board of directors. Hierarchy is organized into:
 * Clubs, with club presidents and Board of Directors elected by members. (Similar to US City structure) Generally limited to a single city, although large cities may have multiple clubs.
 * Zones (Similar to US County structure) typically consist of several cities in the same geographic area within the district, i.e. northern clubs, southeastern clubs, etc.
 * Zone Chairs are appointed by the District Governors, as are Region Chairs (who usually support two Zone Chairs) and some other District officials. These officials stand ready to assist and support the clubs under their jurisdictions, but have no authority over these clubs other than to certify whether or not the club meets the criteria for continued membership in Lions Clubs International (LCI).
 * Districts, with District Governors and other officers elected by delegates from the clubs in that district (similar to US states). Some districts are joined with others as a Multiple District, which has a Chair and other officers (Governors of the Districts within the Multiple District). Districts generally consist of the clubs within a single state, although states with a large number of clubs may be designated a Multiple District, with several Districts within the state.
 * The International Association, with an International Board and International Directors elected by delegates from the districts in their constituency. International officers (president, etc.) are elected by delegates from all the districts in the association.
 * Each club is autonomous, but is subject to the policies of the association. The club's charter may be revoked if it fails to comply with association policies.
 * from the Lions Clubs Purposes: "To Provide a forum for the open discussion of all matters of public interest; provided, however, that partisan politics and sectarian religion shall not be debated by club members."hdonagher (talk) 22:43, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Copyright problem (Copied from WP:AN)
Speaking as a Lion, I would like to say, "nice article." However, there is one small problem with images linked to that page. They are pictures taken of LCIF logos. LCIF actively enforces its copyrights, and they might consider these images copy vios. Please let me know. If there isn't a problem, I will certainly look forward to using them on my user page. Cheers, :) Dlohcierekim 22:09, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

China entered twice?
The section providing dates of entry for various countries and regions has China listed twice, once in 1926 and again when the PRC legalized them in 2002. What became of the 1926 club? Did it move with the ROC government to Taiwan? If not, does anyone know when the Taiwan Lions Club joined? I'm pretty sure that club has been around a long time, and it was in the news a few years back when the LCI forced them to change their name and there was quite a bit of wrangling over what the new name would be. Readin (talk) 04:03, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

Taiwan Lions Club (now known as MD 300 Taiwan)
Anyone know when the Taiwan Lions Club came into existence? According to this, it was at least 50 years old in 2002. Readin (talk) 04:06, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

External Links Section Question
I notice that the External Links Section of this article contains links to specific areas within LCI's site and links to a very select list of other Lions projects, mostly in Australia. Should we feel free to add links to Lions Projects from anywhere? For example, I have a list of links to projects of MD4 (California). Or would a long list of Lions Clubs projects be better served having their own page, as I've seen sometimes in other areas of Wikipedia? Thanks.hdonagher (talk) 04:43, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Peacock and Tone banners
The article reads in large measure as an advertisment and as praise for the club. It needs editting. Fremte (talk) 18:45, 11 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I read the article, but could see no examples of peacock terms. Also, given that the Lions only do charitable work, the tone is unavoidable. Such blanket banners are of limited use unless accompanied by specific examples on the talk page, and I don't see that here. I am removing these banners. I am not a member of the Lions, although I am familiar with their work. HairyWombat (talk) 20:06, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed, you are right to remove them. I do caution against those who seek to sanitise the article though. For example, a previous editor had added well-referenced information about male-only clubs, which was subsequently removed from the article. I won't begin to presume this was done by someone who wanted to portray the Lions in a more positive light, but articles should seek to show a balanced view and we should therefore guard against any bias. --Biker Biker (talk) 22:35, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * And yet, still the comments about Lions being anti-female remain... While they do have some historical accuracy, and even some validity among SOME older individual members, they do not reflect a philosophy which is particularly common or widely held.  Around the world, Lioness Clubs are being reabsorbed into their Lions Clubs, forming their own Lions Clubs, or continuing to operate (as THEY choose), and there are even Clubs which are completely female (Lakeshore Lions - Cobourg, Ontario, Canada, as one example)!  Women hold any number and level of Club offices, including local executive, District, Zone and International.  What is written here is of historic interest, but is in no way an accurate reflection of Lionism, its beliefs, or its policies.  Whatever happened to the requirement for a balanced viewpoint?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.253.49.115 (talk) 00:31, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Lions in the news
I removed this section. On examination, the single reference supporting it was misinterpreted - the survey said that Lions was the best NGO to work with. That qualifier was missed out, and with it, it hardly seems interesting or appropriate for the wiki entry.Electrosaurus (talk) 16:01, 2 November 2009 (UTC)

Origin of name?
I looked up this article curious to find out why/how the Lions Clubs are so named, rather than (say) the Tigers Clubs or Giraffes Club. Unless I missed it in my quick scan through the article, there doesn't appear to be an explanation..? 212.84.100.97 (talk) 14:13, 8 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I can only point you to some additional history from "The World's Oldest Lions Club." DonWW (talk) 01:45, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

 * As a Lion for many years, I have read that this is the story of how the name Lions was used for the organization: Melvin Jones called for a meeting of people interested in his idea of a new service oriented club.  This consisted of individuals, but also of some small existing businessmen clubs in the Chicago area. One of these clubs was named the Lions Club. Since the Lion, both as an animal and a symbol is widely known to the public it was decided to use that name for the new organization. By the way, the two Lions on the logo represent one Lion looking back (the past) to what has been accomplished and the other looking forward (the future) to what can be accomplished. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.230.241.183 (talk) 03:25, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

First women to join
I have a pic of what is believed to be the first three women to join the Lions Club (It was announced as such on the evening). I'd happily share it, but I'd first have to talk to the people in the pic. I'd just like to know if it would be appreciated on this page. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 168.167.139.196 (talk) 09:41, 4 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Sure that would be great. Norma Paulus was inducted in 1981 but revoked shortly thereafter. RevelationDirect (talk) 04:41, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Technically, Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan were given honorary memberships in 1925. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.230.241.183 (talk) 03:25, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

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This page is a Good Article
This page was nominated for Good Wikipedic Content Article. I rewarded the Title - Good Article on wikipedia Good Article. I want article creator to see this and reply TechnifyLife (talk) 18:41, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify, some months after this odd notice was posted (by a sockpuppet user who is now blocked), that this is not a WP:Good Article and could not possibly be without major work. For one thing, many paragraphs and even sections are completely unsourced. --MelanieN (talk) 17:47, 24 July 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 00:06, 21 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Banner, Sakura Lion’s Club, Tsuyama.jpg

NPOV/Advert
This whole article is based on the club itself, with very little secondary sources. And even then whatever secondary sources I checked were mostly fluff pieces, with very very little substance. Now this article has had it's fair share of edits and oddly enough with more watchers than edits) but still ends up with almost no encyclopedic value. Am I missing something?

And while NPOV might not be the best tag here, but that's only it might downright be an Advert instead. I'm not sure how I'd even begin restructuring the article though, most of it's content even if it was well sourced (it's not!) adds very very little substance.

That the article is biaised towards the club is also not necessarily the problem, maybe the club is great!. the issue is that this is nothing more than pure marketing with a very very PR-speak taste and is far beyond self promoting. Thoughts?

Anarchocrudivorist (talk) 09:32, 13 January 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree and I've tried to remove some. I'll take another pass at it, and I encourage you to do the same. One paragraph at a time. Pyrrho the Skeptic (talk) 16:37, 13 January 2022 (UTC)

Membership dues
How. How much are inactive Lions Club annual International Membership dues. 107.115.159.49 (talk) 17:53, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

Article is unsourced, inaccurate, low-quality propaganda.
Why does this all read like an advertisement? I will tell you why. Lions Club wrote this. Citations needed, but nominate for deletion more expedient.

 * 1) Amelia Earhart was not a member! fing lol. she dead. decades before joining would even have been possible. The ref was similarly dead. Sexist men... -[Ada] 76.188.120.7 (talk) 11:44, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

How to flag and report article
I am new to wiki. This is possibly the worst article, though I would call it an advertisement. It's not even accurate. Can an experienced editor inform me of how to flag, report, and delete it? Maybe ban some of the sockpuppets as well? This shit is why my AP teacher won't let me cite the wiki even tho 99.99 of articles are true 76.188.120.7 (talk) 11:52, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Please read the deletion policy. If you still find that this article meets the criteria for deletion after reading it, begin a discussion about it on the articles talk page (the page you are reading right now). 47.227.95.73 (talk) 11:59, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
 * If you just want the article to be rewritten, please do it yourself without nominating it for deletion. 47.227.95.73 (talk) 12:05, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lions Clubs International