text:
1659

January–March

 * January 14 – In the Battle of the Lines of Elvas, fought near the small city of Elvas in Portugal during the Portuguese Restoration War, the Spanish Army under the command of Luis Méndez de Haro suffers heavy casualties, with over 11,000 of its nearly 16,000 soldiers killed, wounded or taken prisoner; the smaller Portuguese force of 10,500 troops, commanded by André de Albuquerque Ribafria (who is killed in the battle) suffers less than 900 casualties.
 * January 24 – Pierre Corneille's Oedipe premieres in Paris.
 * January 27 – The third and final session of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland is opened by Lord Protector Richard Cromwell, with Chaloner Chute as the Speaker of the House of Commons, with 567 members. "Cromwell's Other House", which replaces the House of Lords during the last years of the Protectorate, opens on the same day, with Richard Cromwell as its speaker.
 * January 31 – Giovanna De Grandis is arrested in Rome and charged with trafficking the lethal Aqua Tofana poison. On February 2, she implicates the mastermind of the poisoners, Gironima Spana, starting the case of the Spana Prosecution that eventually leads to the arrest and trial of 40 people.
 * February 2 – Jan van Riebeeck produces the first South African wine, at the Cape of Good Hope.
 * February 11 – The Assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back, with heavy losses.
 * February 16 – The first known cheque (400 pounds) is written.
 * March 1 – In exile in the Netherlands while plotting the restoration of the monarchy to England, Scotland and Ireland, Charles, son of the late King Charles I appoints seven royalists (including six from the "Sealed Knot" group) to a "Great Trust and Commission" to make plans for a post-restoration government. The Great Trust is led by Charles's trusted advisor, Edward Hyde.
 * March 9 – Sir Lislebone Long is elected as the Speaker of the House of Commons by the Third Protectorate Parliament after Chaloner Chute becomes seriously ill. Long serves only six days before dying on March 16. Chute remains Speaker but dies on April 14 and is replaced by Thomas Bampfield.
 * March 11 – Prince Dara Shikoh, who had been the heir apparent to the throne of the Mughal Empire in India until the overthrow of his father, Shah Jahan, makes a stand near Ajmer to fight the armies sent by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, but loses and is forced to flee.
 * March 28 – The Danish Africa Company (Dansk afrikanske kompagni) is chartered to Hendrik Carloff for the purpose of capturing Africa slaves from the area around Denmark's colony on the Danish Gold Coast for use in the West Indies.

April–June

 * April 22 – Under pressure from the English Army in London, which has assembled troops outside of Westminster, Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, dissolves the Third Protectorate Parliament, the last for the Commonwealth.
 * May 6 – English Army General Hezekiah Haynes, joined by officers Charles Fleetwood, John Lambert, James Berry, Robert Lilburne, Thomas Kelsey, William Goffe and William Packer, presents the manifesto A Declaration of the Officers of the Army, advocating that Lord Protector Cromwell step down after restoring the "Rump Parliament" to administer England. Cromwell restores the parliament rule the next day and decides to step down.
 * May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Concert of The Hague, agreeing a common stance on the Second Northern War.
 * May 25 – Richard Cromwell resigns as English Lord Protector, submitting "a letter that may have been dictated to him." In the letter, signed by Cromwell in front of Sir Gilbert Pickering and Lord Chief-Justice St. John, "I have perused the Resolve and Declaration, which you were pleased to deliver to me the other Night," and after listing his personal debts to be paid in return for stepping down, "As to that Part of the Resolve, whereby the Committee are to inform themselves, How far I do acquiesce in the Government of this Commonwealth, as it is declared by this Parliament; I trust, my past Carriage hitherto hath manifested my Acquiescence in the Will and Disposition of God; and that I love and value the Peace of this Commonwealth much above my own Concernments: And I desire, that by this, a Measure of my future Deportment may be taken; which, thro' the Assistance of God, shall be such as shall bear the same Witness; having, I hope, in some degree, learned rather to reverence and submit to the Hand of God, than to be unquiet under it: And, as to the late Providences that have fallen out amongst us, however, in respect of the particular Engagements that lay upon me, I could not be active in making a Change in the Government of these Nations, yet through the Goodness of God, I can freely acquiesce in it, being made; and do hold myself obliged." The executive government is replaced by the restored Council of State, dominated by Generals John Lambert, Charles Fleetwood and John Desborough. The Council of State is dismissed by the Rump Parliament on October 13 and replaced by the "Committee of Safety" on October 25.
 * June 10 – Dara Shikoh, at one time the heir apparent for the Mughal Empire, is betrayed by an Afghan chieftain, Junaid Khan Barozai, who had initially given him refuge from pursuit from the new emperor, Aurangzeb. Turned over to Aurangzeb's men, Dara Shikoh is killed on August 30.
 * June 29 – In the Battle of Konotop, fought near the Ukrainian city of Konotop during the Russo-Polish War, Polish Cossack hetman Ivan Vyhovsky and his allies defeat the armies of the Tsardom of Russia, led by Aleksey Trubetskoy.

July–September

 * July 5 – Five women are executed by hanging at Rome after being convicted of murder in the Spana Prosecution by distributing the powerful Aqua Tofana poison, sold primarily to women wishing to get rid of their husbands. Put to death on the same day are Gironima Spana, Giovanna De Grandis, Maria Spinola, Graziosa Farina and Laura Crispoldi, in the public square at the Campo de' Fiori.
 * July 16 – Princess Henriette Catherine of Nassau marries John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, in Groningen.
 * July 31 – Dodda Kempadevaraja (Devaraja Wodeyar I) becomes the new maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore (part of modern-day India's Karnataka state) upon the death of his cousin, Kanthirava Narasaraja I. He is crowned on August 19.
 * July – Christiaan Huygens's important work on astronomy, Systema Saturnium, is published.
 * August 3 – Booth's Uprising, led by George Booth, begins in the city of Chester as 3,000 royalists attempt a revolt against the military government of England. English Army troops begin marching on August 5 to suppress the rebellion.
 * August 7 – As Booth's Uprising spreads to Liverpool, Thomas Myddelton, Randolph Egerton and fellow royalists take control of the town of Wrexham in Wales and proclaim Charles II to be King.
 * August 15 – Two English warships block the entrance to the River Dee to prevent supplies from reaching Booth's rebels in Chester, while Major General John Lambert of the English Army advances into Cheshire at Nantwich.
 * August 19 – At the Battle of Winnington Bridge, the Protectorate Army of 5,000 troops, dispatched by Parliament and under the command of Major General Lambert, routs the 4,000 anti-government rebels commanded by George Booth of England and Edward Broughton of Wales. Lambert and his forces, exhausted from their rapid march and the battle, elect not to pursue the fleeing rebels and less than 30 rebels are killed.
 * August 30 – Poland's army of over 12,000 troops under the command of Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski and Krzysztof Grodzicki, takes back the city of Grudziadz, which has been under Sweden's control since the end of 1655, after a siege of seven days. Much of the town is left in ruins after a fire and bombardment from Polish cannons.
 * September 20 – War between Dutch settlers and the native Lenape Indians, of the Esopus tribe, in modern-day Ulster County, New York, in the U.S., as a group of Dutch settlers from the village of Wiltwijck, New Netherland fires their guns at a group of Esopus men who have been sitting around a campfire. For the next ten months, the Esopus warriors, commanded by Chief Papequanaehen, fight a war with the Dutch that is finally settled with a peace treaty on July 15, 1660.
 * September 22 – The Ottoman-ruled island of Kizilhisar (called Castelrosso by Italy and in modern times the island of Kastellorizo in Greece) is captured from the Ottoman Empire by the navy of the Republic of Venice after nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule that had started in 1512.
 * September 30 – Peter Stuyvesant of New Netherland forbids tennis playing during religious services, marking the first mention of tennis in what will become the United States.

October–December

 * October 12 – The English Rump Parliament dismisses John Lambert, and other generals.
 * October 13 – General-major John Lambert drives out the English Rump-government.
 * November 7 – The Treaty of the Pyrenees is signed by representatives of King Louis XIV of France and King Philip IV of Spain. Spain agrees to French acquisition of the counties of Roussillon and Upper Cerdanya (Principality of Catalonia) and most of Artois, formally ending the 24-year-long Franco-Spanish War.
 * November 25 – Dutch forces under Michiel de Ruyter free the Danish city of Nyborg from Swedish conquest that had taken place earlier in the year.
 * December 16 – General George Monck demands free parliamentary elections in Scotland and resolves to overthrow the military government that has ruled the British Isles since 1648.
 * December 26 – The Long Parliament reforms occur in Westminster.

Date unknown

 * First British colonists arrive on Saint Helena.
 * Spanish Infanta Maria Theresa brings cocoa to Paris.
 * Diego Velázquez's portrait of Infanta Maria Theresa is first exhibited.
 * Thomas Hobbes publishes De Homine.
 * Parisian police raid a monastery, sending monks to prison for eating meat and drinking wine during Lent.
 * Drought occurs in India.
 * Peter Swink, the first known non-white settler to own land in Massachusetts, and first known African to live in Springfield, Massachusetts, arrives. He holds a seat in the town meetings.

Births

 * January 1 – Margaret Wemyss, 3rd Countess of Wemyss, Scottish noble (d. 1705)
 * January 4 – James Pierpont, Connecticut Congregationalist minister, a founder of Yale University (d. 1714)
 * January 11 – Ambrose Browne, English politician (d. 1688)
 * January 13 – Johann Arnold Nering, German architect (d. 1695)
 * January 17
 * Takatsukasa Kanehiro, Japanese court noble of the Edo period (d. 1725)
 * Antonio Veracini, Italian composer (d. 1745)
 * January 18 – Damaris Cudworth Masham, English philosopher (d. 1708)
 * January 21 – Adriaen van der Werff, Dutch painter (d. 1722)
 * January 28 – Sir Samuel Barnardiston, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1709)
 * February 1 – Jacob Roggeveen, Dutch Pacific Ocean explorer (d. 1729)
 * February 14 – Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (d. 1732)
 * February 27 – William Sherard, English botanist (d. 1728)
 * March 4 – Pierre Lepautre (1659–1744), French sculptor (d. 1744)
 * March 6 – Salomon Franck, German lawyer, scientist and poet (d. 1725)
 * March 8 – Isaac de Beausobre, French Protestant pastor (d. 1738)
 * March 25 – John Asgill, Irish politician (d. 1738)
 * March 26 – William Wollaston, English philosopher (d. 1724)
 * April 8 – Christopher Tancred, English politician (d. 1705)
 * April 14
 * Albrecht of Saxe-Weissenfels, German prince (d. 1692)
 * William Delaune, English academic administrator and clergyman (d. 1728)
 * April 15 – Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt, Swedish general (d. 1719)
 * April 16 – Jacques le Moyne de Sainte-Hélène, Canadian soldier (d. 1690)
 * April 29
 * Sophia Elisabet Brenner, Swedish writer (d. 1730)
 * Date Tsunamura, Japanese daimyō at the center of the Date Sōdō (d. 1719)
 * May 4 – John Dunton, English bookseller and author (d. 1733)
 * June 3 – David Gregory, Scottish mathematician and astronomer (d. 1708)
 * June 5 – Wolfgang George Frederick von Pfalz-Neuburg, German bishop (d. 1683)
 * June 7 – Henry Thompson (1659–1700), English politician and landowner (d. 1700)
 * June 11 – Yamamoto Tsunetomo, Japanese samurai (d. 1719)
 * June 15 – Claude de Ramezay, Canadian politician (d. 1724)
 * June 22 – Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure, French officer and governor of Acadia (d. 1711)
 * June 26 – Sir John Brownlow, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1697)
 * July 3 – Franz Beer, Austrian architect (d. 1726)
 * July 6 – Albert Wolfgang, Count of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (d. 1715)
 * July 8 – Justus van Huysum, Dutch painter (d. 1716)
 * July 14 – John Hutton (1659–1731), English politician (d. 1731)
 * July 16 – Anne Wharton, English poet (d. 1685)
 * July 18 – Hyacinthe Rigaud, French painter (d. 1743)
 * July 22 – Noadiah Russell, American colonial clergyman, a founder of Yale University (d. 1713)
 * July 28
 * Asano Tsunanaga, Japanese daimyō, ruler of the Hiroshima Domain (d. 1708)
 * Charles Ancillon, French Protestant pastor (d. 1715)
 * August 1 – Sebastiano Ricci, Italian painter (d. 1734)
 * August 2 – Andrew Archer, English politician (d. 1741)
 * August 17 – Robert Challe, French colonialist (d. 1721)
 * August 20 – Henry Every, English pirate (d. after 1696)
 * September 1 – Domenico Egidio Rossi, Italian architect (d. 1715)
 * September 5 – Michel Sarrazin, Canadian scientist (d. 1734)
 * September 10 – Henry Purcell, English composer (d. 1695)
 * September 12
 * Dirk Maas, Dutch painter (d. 1717)
 * Ferdinand Willem, Duke of Württemberg-Neuenstadt, Dutch general and noble (d. 1701)
 * September 13 – Claud Hamilton, 4th Earl of Abercorn, Scottish and Irish peer (k. in action 1691)
 * September 18 – Caleb Banks, English politician (d. 1696)
 * October 13 – George Verney, 12th Baron Willoughby de Broke, English peer and clergyman (d. 1728)
 * October 22 – Georg Ernst Stahl, German chemist (d. 1734)
 * October 28 – Nicholas Brady (poet), English poet and Anglican clergyman (d. 1726)
 * November 3 – Hui-bin Jang, Korean royal consort (d. 1701)
 * November 10 – Albert Borgard, Danish artillery and engineer officer (d. 1751)
 * November 19 – Jacques-Louis de Valon, French poet (d. 1719)
 * December 2 – John Brereton, 4th Baron Brereton, Irish peer (d. 1718)
 * December 12 – Francesco Galli Bibiena, Italian architect/designer (d. 1739)
 * December 18 – Matthieu Petit-Didier, French Benedictine theologian (d. 1728)
 * December 28 – François Catrou, French historian and Jesuit priest (d. 1737)

Deaths

 * January 2 – Richard Pepys, English politician (b. 1589)
 * January 15 – Juliana of Hesse-Darmstadt, Countess of East Frisia (b. 1606)
 * January 16 – Charles Annibal Fabrot, French lawyer (b. 1580)
 * February – Willem Drost, Dutch painter and printmaker (b. 1633)
 * February 4 – Francis Osborne, English writer (b. 1593)
 * February 11 – Guillaume Colletet, French writer (b. 1598)
 * February 12 – Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia, Electress of Saxony (b. 1586)
 * February 15 – John Arrowsmith, English theologian and academic (b. 1602)
 * February 17 – Abel Servien, French diplomat (b. 1593)
 * February 27 – Henry Dunster, first president of Harvard College (b. 1609)
 * March 9 – Peter Bulkley, English and later American Puritan (b. 1583)
 * March 29 – Juan Bautista de Lezana, Spanish theologian (b. 1586)
 * April 15 – Simon Dach, German poet (b. 1605)
 * May 6 – Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg by marriage (b. 1601)
 * May 20 – Étienne de Courcelles, French scholar (b. 1586)
 * May 29 – Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick (b. 1611)
 * June 3 – Morgan Llwyd, Welsh Puritan preacher and writer (b. 1619)
 * June 6 – Nadira Banu Begum, Mughal princess (b. 1618)
 * June 21 – Afonso Mendes, Patriarch of Ethiopia (b. 1579)
 * June 23 – Hyojong of Joseon, 17th king of the Joseon dynasty of Korea (1649-1659) (b. 1619)
 * July 5 – Gironima Spana, Italian poisoner and central figure of the Spana Prosecution (executed) (b. 1615)
 * August 7 – Jonathan Brewster, American settler (b. 1593)
 * August 10
 * Eleonora Ramirez di Montalvo, Italian educator (b. 1602)
 * Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (b. 1597)
 * August 30
 * Alexander Lindsay, 1st Earl of Balcarres, Scottish politician and noble (b. 1618)
 * Dara Shikoh, Indian prince (b. 1615)
 * September 8 – Frederick V, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1622–1659) (b. 1594)
 * September 27 – Andreas Tscherning, German poet (b. 1611)
 * September 30 – Giovanni Pesaro, Doge of Venice (b. 1589)
 * October 1 – Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Spanish politician, clergyman (b. 1600)
 * October 8
 * Jean de Quen, French Jesuit missionary and historian (b. c. 1603)
 * Robert Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Leinster, English politician (b. 1584)
 * October 10 – Abel Tasman, Dutch explorer (b. 1603)
 * October 27 – Giovanni Francesco Busenello, Italian librettist (b. 1598)
 * October 31 – John Bradshaw, English judge (b. 1602)
 * November 6 – Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, French nobleman, founder of Montreal and an order of nursing Sisters (b. 1597)
 * November 7 – Jens Bjelke, Norwegian noble (b. 1580)
 * November 10 – Afzal Khan, Indian commander of the Bijapur Adilshahi forces
 * December 5 – Fra Bonaventura Bisi, Italian painter (b. 1601)
 * December 31
 * János Apáczai Csere, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1625)
 * Alain de Solminihac, French bishop and beatified person (b. 1593)
 * date unknown – Anne Greene, English domestic servant and execution survivor (b. c. 1628)

title: 1659


text:
1660

January–March

 * January 1
 * At daybreak, English Army Colonel George Monck, with two brigades of troops from his Scottish occupational force, fords the River Tweed at Coldstream in Scotland to cross the Anglo-Scottish border at Northumberland, with a mission of advancing toward London to end military rule of England by General John Lambert and to accomplish the English Restoration, the return of the monarchy to England.  By the end of the day, he and his soldiers have gone 15 mi through knee-deep snow to Wooler while the advance guard of cavalry had covered 50 mi to reach Morpeth.
 * At the same time, rebels within the New Model Army under the command of Colonel Thomas Fairfax take control of York and await the arrival of Monck's troops.
 * Samuel Pepys, a 36-year-old member of the Parliament of England, begins keeping a diary that later provides a detailed insight into daily life and events in 17th century England. He continues until May 31, 1669, when worsening eyesight leads him to quit.  .  Pepys starts with a preliminary note, "Blessed be God, at the end of the last year I was in very good health, without any sense of my old pain but upon taking of cold. I lived in Axe-yard, having my wife and servant Jane, and no more in family than us three."  For his first note on "January 1. 1659/60 Lords-day", he notes "This morning (we lying lately in the garret) I rose, put on my suit with great skirts, having not lately worn any other clothes but them," followed by recounting his attendance at the Exeter-house church in London.
 * January 6 – The Rump Parliament passes a resolution requesting Colonel Monck to come to London "as speedily as he could", followed by a resolution of approval on January 12 and a vote of thanks and annual payment of 1,000 pounds sterling for his lifetime on January 16.
 * January 11 – Colonel Monck and Colonel Fairfax rendezvous at York and then prepare to proceed southward toward London. gathering deserters from Lambert's army along the way.
 * January 16 – With 4,000 infantry and 1,800 cavalry ("an army sufficient to overawe, without exciting suspicion"), Colonel Monck marches southward toward Nottingham, with a final destination of London. Colonel Thomas Morgan is dispatched back to Scotland with two regiments of cavalry to reinforce troops there.
 * January 31 – The Rump Parliament confirms the promotion of Colonel George Monck to the rank of General and he receives the commission of rank while at St Albans.
 * February 3 – General George Monck, at the head of his troops, enters London on horseback, accompanied by his principal officers and the commissioners of the Rump Parliament. Bells ring as they pass but the crowds in the streets are unenthusiastic and the troops are "astonished at meeting with so different a reception to that which they had received elsewhere during their march.".
 * February 13 – Charles XI becomes king of Sweden at the age of five, upon the death of his father, Charles X Gustavus.
 * February 26 – The Rump Parliament, under pressure from General Monck, votes to call back all of the surviving members of the group of 231 MPs who had been removed from the House of Commons in 1648 so that the Long Parliament can be reassembled long enough for a full Parliament to approve elections for a new legislative body.
 * February 27 – John Thurloe is reinstated as England's Secretary of State, having been deprived of his offices late in the previous year.
 * March 3 – General John Lambert, who had attempted to stop the Restoration, is arrested and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He escapes on April 9 but is recaptured on April 24.  Though spared the death penalty for treason in 1662, he remains incarcerated on the island of Guernsey for the rest of his life until his death at age 75 on March 1, 1694.
 * March 16 – The Long Parliament, after having been reassembled for the first time in more than 11 years, votes for its own dissolution and calls for new elections for what will become the Convention Parliament to make the return from republic to monarchy.
 * March 31 – The war in the West Indies between the indigenous Carib people, and the French Jesuits and English people who have colonized the islands, is ended with a treaty signed at Basse-Terre at Guadeloupe at the residence of the French Governor, Charles Houël du Petit Pré.

April–June

 * April 2 – The Merces baronets, a British nobility title is created.
 * April 4 – The Declaration of Breda, signed by Charles Stuart, son of the late King Charles I of England, promises amnesty, freedom of conscience, and army back pay, in return for support for the English Restoration. The Declaration is read to the new parliament on May 1.
 * April 25 – The Convention Parliament, a new House of Commons for England, freely elected with no requirement for candidates to swear loyalty to the Commonwealth of England, assembles in London to work out the restoration of the monarchy.
 * May 1 – The Convention Parliament votes to welcome the Declaration of Breda and unanimously approves a resolution for England declaring that "according to the ancient and fundamental laws of this kingdom, the Government is, and ought to be, by Kings, Lords and Commons."
 * May 3 – In the Treaty of Oliva, peace is made between the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg-Prussia.
 * May 8 – In exile in the Netherlands, Prince Charles Stuart receives word that the Parliament of England has declared his elevation to the throne as King Charles II of England.
 * May 14 – The Irish Parliament declares Charles to be King of Ireland.
 * May 15 – John Thurloe is arrested for high treason, for his support of Oliver Cromwell's regime.
 * May 23 – With the way cleared for his return to England, King Charles II ends his exile at the Hague in the Netherlands and departs from Scheveningen harbor on the English ship Naseby, renamed for the occasion HMS Royal Charles , as part of a fleet of English warships brought by Admiral Edward Montagu. On commemorative memorabilia in the Netherlands, the date of Charles's departure is listed as June 2, 1660, the date on the Gregorian calendar used in continental Europe but not in England.
 * May 25 – King Charles II lands at Dover.
 * May 27
 * The Treaty of Copenhagen is signed, marking the conclusion of the Second Northern War. Sweden returns Trøndelag to Norway, and Bornholm to Denmark.
 * William Morice takes office as the first Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain, with responsibility for conducting foreign relations with the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and the Holy Roman Empire. Relations with France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, the Italian states, and the Ottoman Empire are assigned to the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The position will eventually evolve into the office of the Foreign Secretary.
 * May 29 – King Charles II of England arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration.
 * June 1
 * The office of Secretary of State for the Southern Department begins operations in the Kingdom of Great Britain, with responsibility for the colonies of British America in what will later become Canada and the United States, as well as for Ireland and for the Channel Islands. Sir Edward Nicholas, a former British Secretary of State, takes office as the first Southern Department secretary.
 * Mary Dyer is hanged for defying a law banning Quakers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
 * June 29 – John Thurloe is released from custody.

July–September

 * July 13 – (Ashadh Vadya 1 of Shaka 1582) The Battle of Pavan Khind takes place in India when a 600-member contingent of the Maratha Empire army, commanded by Baji Prabhu Deshpande, works to rescue Maratha General Shivaji, who had escaped the night before from the fort of Panhala, which was under siege by the Adilshah Sultanate. The Bijapur Sultanate, commanded by Siddi Masud with a force of 10,000 men, loses 5,000 in a fight against a vastly outnumbered contingent of Adilshah.
 * July 24 – The Great Fire of 1660 begins in Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire (now Istanbul in Turkey, and destroys two-thirds of the city over two consecutive days, consuming 280,000 buildings and killing 40,000 people.
 * July – Richard Cromwell, the last Lord Protector of England during its years as a republic, leaves the British Isles quietly and goes into exile in France, taking on an alias as "John Clarke".
 * August 19 – Dr Edward Stanley preaches a sermon in the nave of Winchester Cathedral, to commemorate the return of the Chapter, following the English Restoration.
 * August 29 – The Indemnity and Oblivion Act, officially "An Act of Free and General Pardon, Indemnity, and Oblivion" is given royal assent. as a general pardon for everyone who had committed crimes during the English Civil War and Interregnum (with the exception of certain crimes such as murder, piracy, buggery, rape and witchcraft, and people named in the act such as those involved in the regicide of Charles I). It also said that no action was to be taken against those involved at any later time, and that the Interregnum was to be legally forgotten.
 * September 1 – Grigore I Ghica becomes the new Prince of Wallachia (now in Romania)
 * September 14 – The 13-day long Battle of Lyubar begins at Liubar (now in Ukraine) during the Russo-Polish War between soldiers of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russia and ends with a victory by Poland.
 * September 16 – Juan Francisco Leiva y de la Cerda arrives in Mexico City as the new Viceroy of New Spain.
 * September 25 – Samuel Pepys has his first cup of tea (an event recorded in his diary).

October–December

 * October 13 – The Rigsraad (High Council) of Denmark is abolished and Denmark-Norway becomes an absolute monarchy as King Frederik III is recognized by the nobility as being entitled to have his throne passed to his descendants by hereditary monarchy.
 * October 13 to October 19 – Ten of the 57 "regicides" who signed the death warrant of Charles I of England in 1649 are executed over a period of one week, mostly at Charing Cross by being hanged, drawn and quartered, a process which includes being disemboweled (in some cases before they have died) and then and burned. The first to die is Thomas Harrison, a leader of the Fifth Monarchists.  He is followed by John Carew (October 15); John Cook and Hugh Peter (October 16);  (Adrian Scrope, John Moore, Gregory Clement and Thomas Scot) (October 17); and Daniel Axtell and Francis Hacker (October 19).
 * November 28 – At Gresham College in London, twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren, and decide to found "a College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learning" (later known as the Royal Society).
 * December 8 – The first English actress appears on the professional stage in England in a non-singing role, as Desdemona in Othello at Vere Street Theatre in London, following the reopening of the theatres (various opinions have been advanced that the actress was Margaret Hughes, Anne Marshall or Katherine Corey).   Historian Elizabeth Howe notes, however, that both William Davenant and Thomas Killigrew had women in their acting companies before 1660, and that Anne Marshall might be just one of the first rather than the actual first.
 * December 15 – Andres Malong, a native chieftain of the town of Binalatongan (now San Carlos) in the Philippines, leads a successful revolt against the Spanish colonial administrators to liberate Pangasinan. He is proclaimed the King of Pangasinan, but the rebellion is suppressed on January 17, 1661, and Pangasinan is reconquered by February.
 * December 18 – The Company of the Royal Adventurers into Africa, planned by Prince James, brother of King Charles II to capture persons along the coast of West Africa for resale as slaves, receives its charter. Prince James, later King James II, had started asking for investors (at 250 pounds sterling per share) starting on October 3, 1660.
 * December 29 – The Convention Parliament is dissolved by King Charles II and elections are called for what will be called the Cavalier Parliament.

Date unknown

 * Blaise Pascal's Lettres provinciales, a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, is ordered to be shredded and burned by King Louis XIV of France.
 * The Expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique is carried out by French occupying forces.
 * Hopkins School is founded in New Haven, Connecticut.
 * A permanent standing army is established in Prussia.

Births

 * January 2 – Francis Hutchinson, Irish bishop (d. 1739)
 * January 14 – Joseph Boyse, Presbyterian minister (d. 1728)
 * January 27 – Felice Cignani, Italian painter (d. 1724)
 * January – Hippolyte Hélyot, French historian (d. 1716)
 * February 13 – Johann Sigismund Kusser, German composer (d. 1727)
 * February 19 – Friedrich Hoffmann, German physician and chemist (d. 1742)
 * February 20 – Leonhard Dientzenhofer, German architect (d. 1707)
 * February 24 – John Murray, 1st Duke of Atholl (d. 1724)
 * March 5 – George Stanhope, Dean of Canterbury (d. 1728)
 * March 9 – Franz Joseph Feuchtmayer, German sculptor (d. 1718)
 * March 12 – Zofia Czarnkowska Opalińska, mother-in-law of King Stanislaus I of Poland (d. 1701)
 * March 15 – Olof Rudbeck the Younger, Swedish scientist and explorer (d. 1740)
 * March 24 – Filippo Antonio Gualterio, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1728)
 * March 25 – Samuel Crellius, Arian philosopher and theologian (d. 1747)
 * March 28 – Arnold Houbraken, Dutch painter (d. 1719)
 * April 6 – Johann Kuhnau, German composer, organist and harpsichordist (d. 1722)
 * April 16 – Hans Sloane, British physician (d. 1753)
 * April 19 – Sebastián Durón, Spanish composer (d. 1716)
 * April 24 – Cornelis Dusart, Dutch painter (d. 1704)
 * By May – Anne Killigrew, English poet and painter (d. 1685)
 * May 2 – Alessandro Scarlatti, Italian composer (d. 1725)
 * May 5 – David Leslie, 3rd Earl of Leven, British politician (d. 1728)
 * May 20 – Andreas Schlüter, German sculptor (d. 1714)
 * June 3 – Johannes Schenck, Dutch musician and composer (d. 1712)
 * June 5 – Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, British aristocrat (d. 1744)
 * June 7 – King George I of Great Britain (d. 1727)
 * June 17 – Jan van Mieris, Dutch painter (d. 1690)
 * July 24 – Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, English politician (d. 1718)
 * July 27 – Johann Patkul, Livonian nobleman, politician (d. 1707)
 * August 2 – Luis Francisco de la Cerda, Spanish noble, politician (d. 1711)
 * August 11 – Henrietta Wentworth, 6th Baroness Wentworth of England (d. 1686)
 * August 17 – Sir Richard Bulkeley, 2nd Baronet of England (d. 1710)
 * August 21 – Hubert Gautier, French engineer (d. 1737)
 * August 27
 * Robert Wroth, British politician (d. 1720)
 * Claude-François Fraguier, French churchman, writer (d. 1728)
 * September 2 – Louis Chéron, French painter (d. 1725)
 * September 25 – Willem Verschuring, Dutch painter (d. 1726)
 * September 26 – George William, Duke of Liegnitz (d. 1675)
 * September – Daniel Defoe, English writer (d. 1731)
 * October 20 – Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (d.1723)
 * October 21 – Georg Ernst Stahl, German physician and chemist (d. 1734)
 * October 22 – Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (d. 1661)
 * October 30
 * Albrecht Konrad Finck von Finckenstein, German general (d. 1735)
 * Ernest August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (d. 1731)
 * November 4
 * Albert Angell, Norwegian civil servant (d. 1705)
 * Samuel Russell, Minister of Branford, Yale co-founder (d. 1731)
 * November 7 – Ferdinand Johann Adam von Pernau, Austrian ornithologist (d. 1731)
 * November 11 – Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1711)
 * November 15 – Hermann von der Hardt, German historian (d. 1746)
 * November 20 – Daniel Ernst Jablonski, Czech bishop (d. 1741)
 * November 22 – Franz Karl of Auersperg, Prince of Auersperg, Duke of Münsterberg (1705–1713) (d. 1713)
 * November 28 – Duchess Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria (d. 1690)
 * November 30 – Victor-Marie d'Estrées, Marshal of France (d. 1737)
 * December – Massimo Santoro Tubito, Italian priest and writer (d. unknown)
 * December 4 – André Campra, French composer (d. 1744)
 * December 18 – Countess Johanna Magdalene of Hanau-Lichtenberg, German countess (d. 1715)
 * December 25 – Charles Somerset, Marquess of Worcester, English politician (d. 1698)
 * December 26 – Peter Schenk the Elder, German engraver and cartographer (d. 1711)
 * December 27 – Veronica Giuliani, Italian Capuchin mystic (d. 1727)
 * date unknown
 * Chen Shu, Chinese painter (d. 1736)
 * Johann Joseph Fux, Austrian composer (d. 1741)
 * Jeanne Dumée, French astronomer (d. 1706)
 * Thomas Southerne, Irish playwright (d. 1746)

Deaths

 * January 16 – Peter Wtewael, Dutch painter (b. 1596)
 * February 2
 * Govert Flinck, Dutch painter (b. 1615)
 * Gaston, Duke of Orléans, French politician (b. 1608)
 * February 6 – Martin de Redin, Spanish 58th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1579)
 * February 10 – Judith Leyster, Dutch painter (b. 1609)
 * February 13 – King Charles X Gustav of Sweden (b. 1622)
 * March – Philip Skippon, English soldier (b. c. 1600)
 * March 5 – Felice Ficherelli, Italian painter (b. 1605)
 * March 15 – Louise de Marillac, French co-founder of the Daughters of Charity (b. 1591)
 * April 4 – Enno Louis, Prince of East Frisia, Frisian prince (b. 1632)
 * April 6
 * Giovanni Battista Hodierna, Italian astronomer (b. 1597)
 * Michelangelo Cerquozzi, Italian painter (b. 1602)
 * April 25 – Henry Hammond, English churchman (b. 1605)
 * April 26 – Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, wife of George William (b. 1597)
 * April 30 – Petrus Scriverius, Dutch writer (b. 1576)
 * May 21 – Adam Dollard des Ormeaux, iconic figure in the history of New France (b. 1635)
 * May 29
 * Frans van Schooten, Dutch mathematician (b. 1615)
 * George FitzGerald, 16th Earl of Kildare, Irish earl (b. 1612)
 * June 1 – Mary Dyer, English Quaker (hanged) (b. c. 1611)
 * June 2 – Annet de Clermont-Gessant, French 59th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1587)
 * June 5 –Anne Holck, Danish noble and war heroine (b. 1602)
 * June 7 – George II Rákóczi, Transylvanian ruler (b. 1621)
 * June 8 – Lorentz Eichstadt, German mathematician and astronomer (b. 1596)
 * June 13 – Lady Katherine Ferrers, English aristocrat and heiress (b. 1634)
 * June 30 – William Oughtred, English mathematician (b. 1575)
 * July 7 – Anna of Pomerania, Duchess-Consort of Croy and Havré (b. 1590)
 * August 2 – Agostino Mitelli, Italian painter (b. 1609)
 * August 6 – Diego Velázquez, Spanish painter (b. 1599)
 * August 10 – Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond (b. 1649)
 * August 14
 * Maria Gonzaga, Duchess of Montferrat, Italian noble (b. 1609)
 * William Lytton, Member of Parliament (b. 1586)
 * August 31 – Johann Freinsheim, German classical scholar, critic (b. 1608)
 * September 12 – Jacob Cats, Dutch poet, jurist and politician (b. 1577)
 * September 13 – Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, son of Charles I (b. 1640)
 * September 15 – John Casimir, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1596)
 * September 27 – Vincent de Paul, French saint (b. 1580)
 * October 4 – Francesco Albani, Italian painter (b. 1578)
 * October 6 – Paul Scarron, French writer (b. 1610)
 * October 14 – Thomas Harrison, English soldier (b. 1616)
 * October 17 – Adrian Scrope, English regicide (b. 1601)
 * November 5
 * Lucy Hay, Countess of Carlisle, English socialite (b. 1599)
 * Alexandre de Rhodes, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1591)
 * November 27 – John Finch, 1st Baron Finch, English judge (b. 1584)
 * November 30 – Prince Francis Charles of Saxe-Lauenburg (b. 1591)
 * December 1 – Pierre d'Hozier, French historian (b. 1592)
 * December 22 – André Tacquet, Belgian mathematician (b. 1612)
 * December 24 – Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange (b. 1631)
 * December 27 – Hervey Bagot, English politician (b. 1591)
 * approximate – William Stone, Colonial governor of Maryland (b. c. 1603)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1660


text:
Talk:Battle of the Atlantic/Archive 1

Didn't Ultra intelligence play a substantial role in this battle? --user:Robert Merkel —Preceding unsigned comment added by 136.186.7.204 (talk • contribs) 25 February 2002
 * Only after the Naval enigma was broken somewhat later in the war. Other powerful anti-submarine weapons were the special aggressive anti-submarine destroyer/frigate groups and the aircraft-mounted Leigh lights. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.79.72.140 (talk • contribs) 5 March 2002
 * VLRs & Huffduff were more important than the Support Groups or Ultra. Thank this SOB for denying Coastal Command any until the battle was mostly won.  TREKphiler   hit me ♠  20:54, 27 November 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Battle of the Atlantic/Archive 1


text:
1663

January–March

 * January 10 – The Royal African Company is granted a Royal Charter by Charles II of England.
 * January 23 – The Treaty of Ghilajharighat is signed in India between representatives of the Mughal Empire and the independent Ahom Kingdom (in what is now the Assam state), with the Mughals ending their occupation of the Ahom capital of Garhgaon, in return for payment by Ahom in silver and gold for costs of the occupation, and King Sutamla of Ahom sending one of his daughters to be part of the harem of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
 * February 5 – An earthquake estimated at least 7.3 magnitude strikes Canada's Quebec Province.
 * February 8 – English pirates led by Christopher Myngs and Edward Mansvelt carry out the sack of Campeche in Mexico, looting the town during a two week occupation that ends on February 23.
 * February 10 – The army of the Kingdom of Siam (now Thailand) captures Chiang Mai from the Kingdom of Burma (now Myanmar), using it as a base for launching a larger attack on the Burmese coast in November.
 * March 4 – The Prince Edward Islands in the sub-antarctic Indian Ocean are discovered by Barent Barentszoon Lam, of the Dutch ship Maerseveen, and named Dina (Prince Edward) and Maerseveen (Marion).
 * March 5 – Emperor Go-Sai's reign ends, and Emperor Reigen ascends to the throne of Japan.
 * March 24 – King Charles II of England issues the Charter of Carolina, establishing the Province of Carolina, and dividing it between eight Lords Proprietors.

April–June

 * April 17 – The Ottoman Empire declares war against Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, beginning the Austro-Turkish War.
 * May 7 – The King's Theatre, now called "Drury Lane", opens in London.
 * June 7 – Under the pretext of working out a treaty with Dutch settlers in the colony of New Netherland, the Esopus tribe of the Delaware people enter the fortress at Wiltwijck (now the U.S. city of Kingston, New York) and stage a surprise attack. Unbeknownst to the Wiltwijck residents, another group of Esopus warriors had destroyed the village of Nieu Dorp (now Hurley, New York) earlier in the day.  The episode begins the Second Esopus War.
 * June 8 – The Portuguese and some English auxiliaries defeat the Spanish Army in the Battle of Ameixial.

July–September

 * July 8 – King Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal Charter for the American colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
 * July 19 – Acting as intermediaries between the Dutch and Esopus war parties, a group of three Mohawk Indians obtain the release of the first four hostages who had been taken hostage in the Esopus attack on Wildwyck, two women and two children.
 * July 27 – The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act, requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports.
 * August 15 – Oratam, leader of the Hackensack tribe of the Lenape nation, meets in New Amsterdam (now New York City) with Weswatewchy, Memshe and Wemessamy, three chiefs of the Monsiyok tribe, to ask for the Hackensacks to supply a cannon to defend their fort, and to confirm that the Monsiyok are not allied with the other major division of the Lenape, the Esopus tribe.
 * August 21 – Concerned about the wintry weather, the Parliament of England holds an intercessory fast.
 * August 28 – In an unseasonably cold summer, severe frost hits England.
 * September 5 – Dutch Captain Martin Kregier and Lieutenant Couwenhoven lead an attack against the Esopus Indians from the right and Lieutenant Stilwil and Ensign Niessen the left wing. In the battle, near what is now Mamakating, New York, Chief Papequanaehen and 14 other Esopus warriors are killed, along with seven civilians; three Dutch soldiers are killed, but 23 Dutch prisoners are rescued.
 * September 8 – Diego de Salcedo becomes the new Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, replacing Sabiniano Manrique de Lara, who had served for more than 10 years. Salcedo is overthrown in 1668.
 * September 13
 * The Gloucester County Conspiracy, the first slave rebellion in British North America, is foiled after one of the plotters, John Birkenhead, reveals the plan of African slaves and English indentured servants to kill their masters. Birkenhead is freed by his master as a reward for betraying the rebels.
 * After a siege of more than a month, the Hungarian fortress at Érsekújvár (now Nové Zámky in Slovakia) surrenders to the Ottoman Empire. In accordance with the treaty of surrender negotiated by the Hungarian commander, Count Ádám Forgách, the European residents are allowed free passage to Austria, and the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Fazil Ahmed Pasha provides a document certifying that the fort's defenders fought bravely.

October–December

 * October 12 – The Farnley Wood Plot, a conspiracy in the English county of West Yorkshire to overthrow the recently-restored monarchy and to return to the military rule that had been established by the late Oliver Cromwell, fails when only 26 men gather at Farnley. The group is arrested and 21 of the rebels are later executed for treason.
 * October 16 – With 2,000 men under his command, Petar Zrinski, the Viceroy of Croatia within the Holy Roman Empire, defeats a much larger force of 8,000 Ottoman soldiers in the Battle at Jurjeve Stijene, near the modern town of Otočac. The Croatians lose 10 soldiers killed; the Ottoman invasion force suffers over 1,500 deaths.
 * November 6 – The Kingdom of Sweden adopts a law creating the flag in use in the nation now, a yellow Nordic cross on a blue background. The original version, used as a state flag and on ships, had three pennants.
 * November 19 – Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy is appointed by King Louis XIV of Frances as the new Governor General of the French West Indies as the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Saint Martin, Guadeloupe, Dominica, Saint Barthélemy, and Saint Croix are put under a unified rule for the colonies in the Caribbean Sea for the first time since 1651.
 * November 24 – The General Court of Commissioners for Rhode Island and Providence Plantations convenes for the final time, meeting in Newport to formally receive the Rhode Island Royal Charter issued on July 8 by King Charles II.
 * December 12 – The Dutch Republic prohibits practice of the common law custom of jus naufragii, the doctrine that permitted people to seize property that had washed ashore on their land after a shipwreck.
 * December 17 – Queen Ana Nzinga of the Kingdom of Ndongo and the Kingdom of Matamba, both located in the northern part of what is now the Republic of Angola in Africa, dies after a 39-year reign in Ndongo and 32 years after conquering Matamba. She is succeeded by her sister, Barbara Mukambu Mbandi, who rules for less than three years.
 * December 27 – Jacob Hustaert becomes the new Governor of Dutch Ceylon.

Date unknown

 * The Prix de Rome scholarship is established in France for students of the arts.
 * The first Maroon community arises in Suriname.
 * Robert Hooke discovers that cork is made of "tiny little rooms", which he first calls "Cells".
 * Publication at Cambridge in the Massachusetts Bay Colony of the "Eliot Indian Bible" (Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God), which becomes the first complete Bible published in the Americas, a translation by English-born Puritan missionary John Eliot of the Geneva Bible, from English into the Massachusett language (Natic or Wômpanâak) variety of the Algonquian languages.

Births

 * January 13 – Henry Paget, 1st Earl of Uxbridge, British politician (d. 1743)
 * January 19 – Nicholas Trott, colonial magistrate, South Carolina Chief Justice (d. 1740)
 * January 20 – Luca Carlevarijs, Italian painter (d. 1730)
 * January 26 – Francis Barrell, English politician (d. 1724)
 * January 27 – George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington, English Royal Navy admiral (d. 1733)
 * February 1 – Ignacia del Espíritu Santo, Filipino religious sister (d. 1748)
 * February 4 – Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield, English peer (d. 1716)
 * February 12 – Cotton Mather, American theologian (d. 1728)
 * February 22 – Louis Bossuet, French parlementaire (d. 1742)
 * February 25 – Pierre Antoine Motteux, French-born English dramatist (d. 1718)
 * March 3 – Nicolas Siret, French composer, organist and harpsichordist (d. 1754)
 * March 6 – Francis Atterbury, British bishop (d. 1732)
 * March 7 – Tomaso Antonio Vitali, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1745)
 * March 16 – Jean-Baptiste Matho, French composer (d. 1743)
 * March 18 – Johann Martin Steindorff, German composer (d. 1744)
 * March 22 – August Hermann Francke, German Lutheran clergyman, philanthropist, Biblical scholar (d. 1727)
 * March 25 – Félix Le Pelletier de La Houssaye (d. 1723)
 * March 27 – Johann Andreas Eisenbarth, German surgeon (d. 1727)
 * March 28 – Louis Crato, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken (d. 1713)
 * March 29 – Harry Mordaunt, British politician (d. 1720)
 * April 7 – Filippo II Colonna, Italian noble (d. 1714)
 * April 10 – Francisco de Berganza, Italian Benedictine monk (d. 1738)
 * April 14 – August David zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein, Prussian politician (d. 1735)
 * April 16 – Alexander Sigismund von der Pfalz-Neuburg, German Catholic bishop (d. 1737)
 * May 1 – Giacomo Parolini, Italian painter (d. 1733)
 * May 2 – Joseph de Gallifet, French Jesuit priest (d. 1749)
 * May 8 – Lord James Murray, Scottish Member of Parliament (d. 1719)
 * May 17
 * Rosine Elisabeth Menthe, morganatic wife of Duke Rudolf August of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1701)
 * Sir William Glynne, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1721)
 * May 20 – William Bradford, English-born printer in North America (d. 1752)
 * May 25 – Johann Dientzenhofer, German architect (d. 1726)
 * May 28 – António Manoel de Vilhena, Portuguese Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (d. 1736)
 * June 2 – Anne-Marguerite Petit du Noyer, French journalist (d. 1719)
 * June 8 – Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet, of Swillington, British politician (d. 1729)
 * June 24 – Jean Baptiste Massillon, French Catholic bishop, famous preacher (d. 1742)
 * July 1 – Franz Xaver Murschhauser, German composer and theorist (d. 1738)
 * July 11 – James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge, British prince (d. 1667)
 * July 15 – Sir John Cropley, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1713)
 * July 26 – Peter Hohmann, Edler of Hohenthal, Leipzig merchant and town councillor, raised to nobility (d. 1732)
 * August 9 – Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (d. 1713)
 * August 18 – Catherine Repond, alleged Swiss witch (d. 1731)
 * August 24 – Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, fifth patroon in New Netherland (d. 1719)
 * August 31 – Guillaume Amontons, French scientific instrument inventor and physicist (d. 1705)
 * September 1 – Jean Boivin the Younger, French writer (d. 1726)
 * September 16 – Johann Josua Mosengel, German organ builder (d. 1731)
 * September 20
 * Pirro Albergati, Italian composer (d. 1735)
 * Frederick William, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (d. 1735)
 * Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay, Catholic bishop of Quebec (d. 1741)
 * September 25 – Johann Nikolaus Hanff, German composer and organist (d. 1711)
 * September 28 – Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton (d. 1690)
 * October 3 – Johann Christoph Wichmannshausen, German philosopher (d. 1727)
 * October 9
 * Francis Xavier Schmalzgrueber, German canon law jurist (d. 1735)
 * Giovanni Mario Crescimbeni, Italian critic and poet (d. 1728)
 * October 15 – Fitton Gerard, 3rd Earl of Macclesfield, English politician, earl (d. 1702)
 * October 17 – Diego de Astorga y Céspedes, Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1734)
 * October 18 – Prince Eugene of Savoy, Austrian field marshal (d. 1736)
 * October 23 – Margravine Eleonore Juliane of Brandenburg-Ansbach, duchess by marriage of Württemberg-Winnental (d. 1724)
 * October 24 – Stephen Delancey, major colonial New York figure (d. 1741)
 * November 13 – Árni Magnússon, Icelandic scholar and manuscript collector (d. 1730)
 * November 14 – Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, German composer (d. 1712)
 * November 17 – Marie Christine de Pardaillan de Gondrin, eldest legitimate child of Françoise-Athénaïs (d. 1675)
 * November 25 – Jean-Frédéric Osterwald, Swiss Protestant pastor (d. 1747)
 * November 29 – Sir Thomas Crosse, 1st Baronet, British aristocrat, politician (d. 1738)
 * November 30 – Andrea Adami da Bolsena, Italian castrato (d. 1742)
 * December 8 – Nathan Gold, deputy colonial governor of Connecticut (d. 1723)
 * December 20 – Thomas Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man (d. 1755)
 * December 24 – Ippolita Ludovisi, Princess of Piombino (1701 until her death) (d. 1733)
 * December 27 – Johann Melchior Roos, German painter (d. 1731)
 * December 31 – Carl Wilhelm Welser von Neunhof, German merchant, politician (d. 1711)
 * Date unknown –
 * William King, English poet (d. 1712)
 * Delarivier Manley, English author (d. 1724)
 * Antonio Zucchelli, Italian Franciscan capuchin friar, explorer and missionary (d. 1716)

Deaths

 * January 2 – Illiam Dhone, Manx politician (b. 1608)
 * January 6 – George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich, English soldier, politician (b. 1585)
 * January 22 – Giancarlo de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1611)
 * January 29 – Robert Sanderson, English theologian and casuist (b. 1587)
 * January 31 – John Spelman, English politician (b. 1606)
 * February 19 – Adam Adami, German bishop, diplomat (b. 1603)
 * March 13 – Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern (b. 1625)
 * March 17 – Jerome Weston, 2nd Earl of Portland, English diplomat and landowner (b. 1605)
 * March 20 – Biagio Marini, Italian violinist and composer (b. 1594)
 * April 5 – John Norton, American divine (b. 1606)
 * April 7 – Francis Cooke, English Mayflower Pilgrim (b. c. 1583)
 * April 17 – David Questiers, Dutch poet (b. 1623)
 * April 20 – Kjeld Stub, Danish priest (b. 1607)
 * April 29 – Princess Margaret Yolande of Savoy, duchess consort of Parma (b. 1635)
 * May 3 – Johan Björnsson Printz, governor of New Sweden (b. 1592)
 * May 6 – Johan van Rensselaer, Dutch noble (b. 1625)
 * May 11 – Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville, Prince of France (b. 1595)
 * March 20 – Selius Marselis, Dutch/Norwegian tradesman (b. 1600)
 * May 30 – Jean Guyon, French colonist (b. 1592)
 * June 4 – William Juxon, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1582)
 * June 5 – Béatrix de Cusance, Frenc-Comtois noble woman (b. 1614)
 * June 20 – Catherine Henriette de Bourbon, French noble (b. 1596)
 * June 25 – John Bramhall, Archbishop of Armagh, Anglican controversialist (b. 1594)
 * June 26 – John Alleyn, Cornish barrister (b. 1621)
 * July 2 – Thomas Selle, German baroque composer (b. 1599)
 * July 5 – Samuel Newman, colonial Massachusetts clergyman (b. 1602)
 * July 7 – Thomas Baltzar, German violinist (b. c. 1631)
 * July 13 – Sir Thomas Myddelton, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1624)
 * July 16 – William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (1637–1663) (b. 1629)
 * July 20 – Samuel Stone, Connecticut Puritan minister (b. 1602)
 * August 10 – Edward Convers, American settler (b. 1590)
 * August 26 – Sir John Yonge, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1603)
 * September 18 – Joseph of Cupertino, Italian saint (b. 1603)
 * September 20 – Thomas Stucley (MP), English politician (b. 1620)
 * September 27
 * Christoffer Urne, Governor General of Norway (b. 1593)
 * Philip, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (b. 1584)
 * October 7 – Sophia Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt, Landgravine consort of Hesse-Homburg (b. 1634)
 * October 13 – Susanna Margarete of Anhalt-Dessau, Princess of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1610)
 * October 20 – Raphael Cotoner, Spanish 60th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1601)
 * October 31 – Théophile Raynaud, French theologian (b. 1583)
 * November 24 – Louis IV of Legnica, Duke of Oława and Brzeg (b. 1616)
 * December 5 – Severo Bonini, Italian composer (b. 1582)
 * December 17 – Queen Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba (b. c. 1583)
 * December 21
 * Camillo Astalli, Italian cardinal (b. 1616)
 * Thomas Bruce, 1st Earl of Elgin, Scottish nobleman (b. 1599)
 * December 27 – Christine of France, Duchess of Savoy (b. 1606)
 * December 28 – Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician, physicist (b. 1618)
 * date unknown – Chiara Varotari, Italian Baroque painter (b. 1584)
 * date unknown – Bihari Lal, Indian Poet (b. 1595)

title: 1663


text:
1664

January–March

 * January 5 – Battle of Surat in India: The Maratha leader, Chhatrapati Shivaji, defeats the Mughal Army Captain Inayat Khan, and sacks Surat.
 * January 7 – Indian entrepreneur Virji Vora, described in the 17th century by the English East India Company as the richest merchant in the world, suffers the loss of a large portion of his wealth when the Maratha troops of Shivaji plunder his residence at Surat and his business warehouses.
 * February 2 – Jesuit missionary Johann Grueber arrives in Rome after a 214-day journey that had started in Beijing, proving that commerce can be had between Europe and Asia by land rather than ship.
 * February 12 – The Treaty of Pisa is signed between France and the Papal States to bring an end to the Corsican Guard Affair that began on August 20, 1662, when the French ambassador was shot and killed by soldiers in the employ of Pope Alexander VII.
 * February 14 – A peace treaty is signed in Turin in Italy to end the War of the Banished between the Duchy of Savoy and the Waldensians.
 * February 26 – Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, appointed by King Louis XIV of France as Lieutenant Général of the Americass, departs from the port of La Rochelle with 1,200 men and seven ships to expand France's property in the Caribbean Sea and in South America.
 * March 12 – King Charles II of England makes royal charter for territory in North America that leases to his brother, James, Duke of York, a patent for a large amount of land in what is now the northeastern United States. According to the Charter, James receives "all that part of the mayne land of New England" between "New Scotland in America" and the river of Kenebeque", along with "Mattowacks or Long Island" and "Martins Vineyard and Nantukes", and the lands between the "Connecticutte and Hudsons rivers" and the lands "from the west side of "Connecticutte to the east side De la Warre Bay".  The lease, which includes the territory claimed by the Dutch Republic as New Netherland is for most of the U.S. state of Maine and parts of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
 * March 19 – Polish astronomer Jan Heweliusz becomes the first native of Poland to be inducted into England's Royal Society.

April–June

 * April 14 – All grants to the Compagnie des Isles de l'Amerique for development of French-claimed islands in the Caribbean Sea are revoked by King Louis XIV, including the rights to the islands of Martinique and Saint Lucia that had been sold to Marie Bonnard du Parquet prior to her death in 1659.
 * April 28 – Juan Alonso de Cuevas y Dávalos is appointed as the new Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mexico by Pope Alexander VII, to allow Archbishop Mateo de Sagade de Bugueyro to return to Spain. Archbishop Cuevas is installed on November 15 upon his arrival in Mexico City.
 * May 9 – Robert Hooke discovers Jupiter's Great Red Spot.
 * May 12 – The original version of Tartuffe, a comedy by French playwright and actor Molière, is given its first performance, staged at the Palace of Versailles
 * May 15 – Guerin Spranger, commander of the Dutch fortress at Cayenne in South America, surrenders without a fight to French commander Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy and 1,200 employees of the Compagnie de la France équinoxiale, giving France control of the territory that becomes the colony of French Guiana.
 * May 28 – King Louis XIV of France establishes the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales by royal decree to replace the recently cancelled Compagnie des Isles de l'Amerique.
 * June 3 – In the city of Mantua in Italy, the world's oldest continuously published private newspaper, Gazzetta di Mantova, publishes its first-known issue. The newspaper would celebrate its 350th anniversary in 2014.
 * June 5 – The siege of the Croatian fortress at Novi Zrin (located near the village of Donja Dubrava in Croatia near its border with Hungary). After a 32-day defense, the Croatian defenders surrender to troops of the Ottoman Empire.
 * June 9 – Kronenbourg Brewery (Brasseries Kronenbourg) is founded in Strasbourg.
 * June 24 – The Second Anglo-Dutch War carries over to North America as soldiers of the English Army invade the Dutch colony of New Netherland, promised by King Charles II of England to his brother, the Duke of York. By October, the Dutch Republic surrenders the colony to the English and New Netherland (and its largest city, New Amsterdam) are renamed in honor of York.

July–September

 * August 1 – Battle of Saint Gotthard: The Ottoman Empire is defeated by a Habsburg army, led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, leading to the Peace of Vasvár.
 * August 11 – Sir John Lisle, a former member of the English House of Commons who had been designated a regicide for his role in signing the death warrant in the execution in 1649 of Charles I of England, is assassinated in a church courtyard in Lausanne in Switzerland. Lisle had gone into exile after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.  The shooting of Lisle, done on order of King Charles II, is carried out by a team led by royal agent James Cotter.
 * August 27 – The French East India Company (Compagnie des Indes Orientales) is founded.
 * September 8 (August 29 O.S.) – Peter Stuyvesant, Director-General of the Dutch Republic colony of New Netherland, surrenders New Amsterdam to an English naval squadron, commanded by Colonel Richard Nicolls, without bloodshed. The English promptly rename the fledgling city New York, after the Duke of York (later King James II).
 * September 23 – The French Navy ship Tigre sinks off of the coast of the island of Sardinia, with the loss of 64 men. Another 58 of the crew are rescued.

October–December

 * October 4 – New Netherland is captured by England.
 * October 28 – The "Duke of York and Albany's maritime regiment of foot" is formed in London and serves as a precursor to the Royal Marines of the United Kingdom.
 * October 31 – Surrounded by a Berber army, the French Navy evacuates the presidio of Jijel, a Mediterranean Sea port in what is now the Republic of Algeria, after having captured it from the Algiers Regency on June 12.
 * November 6 – The oldest hospital in India, the Government General Hospital, is opened at Madras by the English East India Company for the treatment of ill soldiers.
 * November 17 – Lithuanian colonist Jacob Kettler, Duke of Courland, gives up all of his rights to his African colony at St Andrew's Island in the Gambia River to representatives of King Charles II, in return for keeping possession of the Caribbean island of Tobago.
 * December 3 – The English warships HMS Nonsuch and HMS Phoenix are wrecked in a storm at Gibraltar.
 * December 20 – All but 3 members of the over 200-person crew of the Dutch ship Kennemerland are killed when the trade ship sinks in a storm near the Out Skerries islands off of the coast of Scotland.

Date unknown

 * Austere reforms introduced in the Cistercian La Trappe Abbey in Normandy by Armand de Rancé, origin of the Trappists.
 * John Evelyn's Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber is published in London, in book form.

Births

 * January 1 – Alvise Pisani, 114th Doge of Venice (d. 1741)
 * January 4 – Lars Roberg, Swedish physician (d. 1742)
 * January 14
 * Johann Jakob Schudt, German theologian (d. 1722)
 * Simon van Slingelandt, Grand Pensionary of Holland (d. 1736)
 * January 15 – Jean Meslier, French Catholic priest, later discovered to have promoted atheism (d. 1729)
 * January 17 – Antonio Salvi, Italian poet (d. 1724)
 * January 20 – Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina, Italian writer and jurist (d. 1718)
 * January 24 – John Vanbrugh, English architect and dramatist (d. 1726)
 * February 6 – Mustafa II, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1703)
 * February 8 – William Seymour, British politician (d. 1728)
 * February 13 – Teodor Andrzej Potocki, Polish noble (d. 1738)
 * February 23 – Georg Dietrich Leyding, German composer and organist (d. 1710)
 * February 24 (baptized) – Thomas Newcomen, English inventor (d. 1729)
 * February 26 – Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, Swiss mathematician (d. 1753)
 * March 4 – Juan de Esteyneffer, Moravian German lay Jesuit missionary sent to the New World (d. 1716)
 * March 11 – Jørgen Otto Brockenhuus, Dano-Norwegian officer (d. 1728)
 * March 12 – Moritz Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Zeitz (d. 1718)
 * March 14 – Silvio Stampiglia, Italian poet and opera librettist (d. 1725)
 * March 17 – Georg Österreich, German composer and music collector (d. 1735)
 * March 20 – Johann Homann, German cartographer (d. 1724)
 * April 5 – Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine, French noblewoman, Princess of Epinoy by marriage (d. 1748)
 * April 6
 * Arvid Horn, Swedish politician (d. 1742)
 * Gustaf Cronhielm, Swedish politician (d. 1737)
 * April 11 – Pierce Lewis, Welsh cleric who helped to "correct" the 1690 edition of the Welsh Bible (d. 1699)
 * April 14 – Ulrik Adolf Holstein, Danish nobleman and statesman (d. 1737)
 * April 30 – François Louis, Prince of Conti, French general (d. 1709)
 * May 6 – Bhai Bachittar Singh, Indian Sikh martyr (d. 1705)
 * May 10 – Tørres Christensen, Norwegian merchant (d. 1721)
 * May 20 – Andreas Schlüter, German architect and sculptor (d. 1714)
 * May 30 – Giulio Alberoni, Italian cardinal and statesman (d. 1754)
 * June 3 – Rachel Ruysch, painter from the Northern Netherlands (d. 1750)
 * June 7
 * Edward Harley, English politician (d. 1735)
 * Henry Dawnay, 2nd Viscount Downe, Irish peer (d. 1741)
 * June 22 – Johann Ernst III, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1707)
 * June 24 – François Pourfour du Petit, French anatomist, ophthalmologist and surgeon (d. 1741)
 * June 28 – Nicolas Bernier, French composer (d. 1734)
 * July 3 – James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby, English politician (d. 1736)
 * July 11 – James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater (d. 1730)
 * July 16 – Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois (d. 1666)
 * July 18 – Count Palatine Francis Louis of Neuburg, Hochmeister of the Teutonic Order (d. 1732)
 * July 21 – Matthew Prior, English poet and diplomat (d. 1721)
 * August 2 – Philip Reinhard, Count of Hanau-Münzenberg (d. 1712)
 * August 4 – Louis Lully, French composer (d. 1734)
 * August 12 – Magnus Stenbock, Swedish noble (d. 1717)
 * August 20 – János Pálffy, Hungarian field marshal, Palatine (d. 1751)
 * August 24
 * Christen Thomesen Sehested, Danish admiral (d. 1736)
 * Willem Adriaan van der Stel, Dutch colonial administrator (d. 1733)
 * September 5
 * Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield, illegitimate daughter of King Charles II of England (d. 1718)
 * Vincenzo Ludovico Gotti, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1742)
 * Louis Antoine de Pardaillan de Gondrin, French duke (d. 1736)
 * September 7
 * Johann Georg von Eckhart, German historian (d. 1730)
 * Thomas Morgan, English politician (d. 1700)
 * September 9 – Johann Christoph Pez, German composer (d. 1716)
 * September 14 – John Blackadder, Scottish soldier (d. 1729)
 * September 18 – Anton Maria Maragliano, Italian artist (d. 1739)
 * October 3 – Giuseppe Alberti, Italian painter (d. 1716)
 * October 12 – Praskovia Saltykova, Russian tsarina (d. 1723)
 * October 16 – Abraham Alewijn, Dutch playwright (d. 1721)
 * October 18 – George Compton, 4th Earl of Northampton (d. 1727)
 * October 27 – Thomas Johnson, English politician (d. 1728)
 * October 31 – Sir Wilfrid Lawson, 2nd Baronet, of Isell, English politician (d. 1704)
 * November 9
 * Johann Speth, German composer (d. 1719)
 * Henry Wharton, English writer (d. 1695)
 * November 12 – Marie-Jeanne L'Héritier, French writer (d. 1734)
 * November 16 –  Louise Marie Thérèse, French Benedictine nun (d. 1732)
 * November 18 – Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 1688)
 * November 24 – Margherita Maria Farnese, Italian noblewoman (d. 1718)
 * December 10 – John Williams, American clergy (d. 1729)
 * December 13 – Countess Charlotte Johanna of Waldeck-Wildungen, German noblewoman (d. 1699)
 * December 15 – Azim-ush-Shan, Mughal prince (d. 1712)
 * December 17 – Henry Bayntun, English politician (d. 1691)
 * December 26 – Johann Melchior Dinglinger, German goldsmith (d. 1731)
 * date unknown – Johanna Dorothea Lindenaer, Dutch writer and agent (d. 1737)
 * Catherine Jérémie, French-Canadian botanist (d. 1744)
 * Maria Guyomar de Pinha, Siamese cook (d. 1728)

Deaths

 * January 10 – Antoon Sanders, Dutch priest and historian (b. 1586)
 * January 14 – Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans, French princess (b. 1648)
 * January 27 – Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1649)
 * January 30 – Cornelis de Graeff, Dutch mayor (b. 1599)
 * February 16 – Sir John Trelawny, 1st Baronet, British baronet (b. 1592)
 * February 20 – Corfitz Ulfeldt, Danish statesman (b. 1606)
 * February 26 – Emmanuel Stupanus, Swiss physician (b. 1587)
 * March 7 – Bernhard von Mallinckrodt, German bibliophile (b. 1591)
 * March 16 – Ivan Vyhovsky, Ukrainian Cossack leader
 * March 19 – Francisco de Araujo, Spanish theologian (b. 1580)
 * March 30 – Guru Har Krishan, 8th Guru of Sikhism (b. 1656)
 * March 31 – Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby, English defender of Latham House (b. 1599)
 * April 4 – Adam Willaerts, Dutch painter (b. 1577)
 * April 24 – Silvius I Nimrod, Duke of Württemberg-Oels (b. 1622)
 * May 19 – Elisabeth de Bourbon-Vendôme, French princess (b. 1614)
 * May 21 – Elizabeth Poole, Puritan and business woman (b. c. 1599)
 * June 1 – Michiel Sweerts, Flemish painter (b. 1618)
 * June 2 – Henry II, Duke of Guise (b. 1614)
 * June 22 – Katherine Philips, Anglo-Welsh poet (b. 1631)
 * July – Jan Janssonius, Dutch cartographer (b. 1588)
 * July 4 – George III of Brieg, Duke of Brzeg (1633–1664) (b. 1611)
 * July 15 – Abraham Ecchellensis, Lebanese Maronite philosopher (b. 1605)
 * July 12 – Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (b. 1610)
 * July 16 – Andreas Gryphius, German writer (b. 1616)
 * July 19 – Egbert van der Poel, Dutch painter (b. 1621)
 * July 31 – Goschwin Nickel, Jesuit leader (b. 1582)
 * August 3 – Jacopo Vignali, Italian painter (b. 1592)
 * August 16 – Johannes Buxtorf II, Swiss theologian (b. 1599)
 * August 23 – Jean Bagot, French theologian (b. 1591)
 * August 24 – Maria Cunitz, Silesian astronomer (b. 1610)
 * August 27 – Francisco de Zurbarán, Spanish painter (b. 1598)
 * September 2 – Antoine de Laloubère, French Jesuit mathematician (b. 1600)
 * October 31 – William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, Dutch stadtholder (b. 1613)
 * November 2 – George Ghica, Prince of Moldavia and Wallachia (b. 1600)
 * November 17 – Nicolas Perrot d'Ablancourt, Translator (b. 1606)
 * November 18 – Miklós Zrínyi, Croatian and Hungarian military leader, statesman (b. 1620)
 * December 15 – Dietrich Reinkingk, German lawyer and politician (b. 1590)
 * December 25 – Niccolò Ludovisi, Prince of Piombino (b. 1613)
 * December 26 – Eleonore Dorothea of Anhalt-Dessau, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar by marriage (b. 1602)
 * date unknown – Gu Mei, politically influential Chinese Gējì, poet and painter (b. 1619)

title: 1664


text:
1667

January–March

 * January 11 – Aurangzeb, monarch of the Mughal Empire, orders the removal of Rao Karan Singh as Maharaja of the Bikaner State (part of the modern-day Rajasthan state of India) because of Karan's dereliction of duty in battle.
 * January 19 – The town of Anzonico in Switzerland is destroyed by an avalanche.
 * January 27 – The 2,000 seat Opernhaus am Taschenberg, a theater in Dresden (capital of the Electorate of Saxony) opens with its first production, Pietro Ziani's opera Il teseo.
 * February 5 – In the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the English Royal Navy warship HMS Saint Patrick is captured less than nine months after being launched, when it fights a battle off the coast of England and North Foreland, Kent. Captain Robert Saunders and 8 of his crew are killed while fighting the Dutch ships Delft and Shakerlo.  The Dutch Navy renames the ship the Zwanenburg.
 * February 6 (January 27 O.S.) – The Treaty of Andrusovo is signed during the Russo-Polish War. Poland cedes eastern Ukraine, including Kiev and Smolensk, to Russia, ending Poland's status as a major Central European power.
 * February 8 – The first part of the Rebuilding of London Act 1666, following the destruction by the Great Fire of London of 1666, goes into effect as royal assent is given to the Fire of London Disputes Act 1666, which establishes the Fire Court. The Court, sitting at Clifford's Inn near Fleet Street, hears cases starting on February 27 and continuing until the end of 1668.
 * February 22 – The Lejonkulan ("lion's den") opens at Stockholm in Sweden as the first permanent theater in Scandinavia, with the performance of Jean Magnon's Orontes en Satira.
 * February 25 – During the Second Anglo-Dutch War, a Dutch Navy force commanded by Admiral Abraham Crijnssen arrives at the English colony of Surinam in South America and sails up the Suriname River to Fort Willoughby (later Fort Zeelandia at Paramaribo). Bombardment of the fort begins the next day, and its commander, William Byam surrenders, effectively giving control of Surinam to the Dutch Republic. The cession is confirmed with the signing of the Peace of Breda on July 31.
 * February 27 (February 17 O.S.) – Joasaphus II is elected by the Council of Bishops as the new Patriarch of Moscow, leader of the Russian Orthodox Church, after conservative clerics depose Patriarch Nikon for his reformation of the Church.
 * March 27 – In North America (Canada), explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle is released from the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).
 * March – Louis XIV of France abolishes the livre parisis (Paris pound), in favor of the much more widely used livre tournois (Tours pound). He also designates Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie as the first chief of "police" of Paris.

April–June

 * April 6 – The 1667 Dubrovnik earthquake in the Republic of Ragusa (part of modern-day Croatia) kills as many as 5,000 people, roughly one sixth of the population, and levels most of the buildings in Dubrovnik.
 * April 27 – The blind, impoverished, 58-year-old John Milton seals a contract for publication of Paradise Lost with London printer Samuel Simmons, for an initial payment of £5. The first edition is published in October and sells out in eighteen months.
 * May 1 – A Dutch flotilla under Admiral van Ghent enters the Firth of Forth.
 * May 8 – Prince Prithviraj Singh, eldest son of the Maharaja Jaswant Singh of the Kingdom of Marwar (within India's Mughal Empire, part of the modern-day Rajasthan state) dies painfully at the age of 14, supposedly after putting on a khalat (a ceremonial robe) given to him by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. According to the folklore of Marwar, the khalat was actually a garment infused with poison that penetrated the skin.
 * May 22 – Fabio Chigi, Pope Alexander VII, dies at the age of 68 after a reign of 12 years. The election to find a successor opens on June 2.
 * May 24 – After King Philip IV of Spain reneges on payment of a large dowry to King Louis XIV of France, promised to Louis as a gift for Louis' marriage to Philip's daughter Princess Maria Theresa, the War of Devolution begins between France and Spain. The French Army invades the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium), entering Flanders and Franche-Comté. By the time the war ends on May 2, 1668, parts of the Spanish Netherlands are ceded to France.
 * June 15 – The first human blood transfusion is administered by Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys. He transfuses the blood of a sheep to a 15-year-old boy. (Though this operation is a success, a later patient dies from the procedure and Denys is accused of murder).
 * June 19–24 – The raid on the Medway in England is carried out when a fleet from the Dutch Republic under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter takes Sheerness fort, sails up the River Medway, raids Chatham Dockyard, and tows away the royal flagship The Royal Charles.
 * June 20 – Giulio Rospigliosi is elected by the College of Cardinals to succeed the late Pope Alexander VII, after receiving 61 of the 64 votes of the cardinals present. He takes the regnal name Pope Clement IX, becoming the 238th head of the Roman Catholic Church.
 * June 26 – Louis XIV of France conquers Tournai.
 * June 27 – George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, one of the five members of the Cabal ministry in England (Lords Chudleigh, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley and Lauderdale), turns himself in after a warrant for his arrest is issued on February 25 on charges of treason (including the casting of the horoscope of King Charles II). He is held in the Tower of London for four years before being released on July 17, 1671.

July–September

 * July 31 – Second Anglo-Dutch War – The Treaty of Breda ends the war by England against the Dutch Republic, France and Denmark and Norway. In the Americas, the Dutch retain control of Surinam, the English retain New Netherland and the French Acadia.
 * August 5 – The province of Holland in the Dutch Republic passes the "Perpetual Edict" declaring that it will no longer acknowledge the authority of the republic's Stadtholder, and other provinces soon follow suit.
 * August 10 – The Siege of Lille, at this time part of the Spanish Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) begins and becomes the only major engagement of the "War of Devolution" between France and Spain. The Spanish Army surrenders after 16 days.
 * August 15
 * The League of the Rhine is dissolved by agreement of its members, nine years and one day after its formation as a military alliance between German kingdoms in the western part of the Holy Roman Empire.
 * John Dryden's comedy Sir Martin Mar-all, or The Feign'd Innocence is given its first performance, presented by the players of the King's Theatre in London.
 * August 18 – In an effort to prevent narrow streets from being blocked from all light by tall buildings, the city of Paris enacts its first building code limiting the height of new construction. Buildings may be no taller than eight toise — 15.6 m — tall.  In 1783, rules are implemented to consider the width of the street.
 * August 24 – The Treaty of Breda goes into effect after having been signed on July 31, bringing an end to hostilities between England and its three opponents.
 * August 25 – In China, 14-year-old Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor, participates in an ascension ceremony to take full power to rule China, bringing an end to the domination of the "Four Regents" who had been ruling in his name when he had first inherited the throne at the age of 6. The move comes shortly after the August 12 death of one of the regents, Sonin, when it becomes clear that the regents were planning to expand their power in advance of Kangxi's coming of age.
 * September 6 – The "Dreadful Hurricane of 1667" ravages southeast Virginia, bringing 12 days of rain, blowing down plantation homes and stripping fields of crops.

October–December

 * October 18 – Yohannes I becomes king of Ethiopia, following the death of his father Negus Fasilides.
 * November 2 – In India, Assam troops led by General Lachit Borphukan, dispatched by King Supangmung, captures the Mughal Empire city of Guwahati after a victory in battle at Itakhuli.
 * November 25 – A devastating earthquake rocks Caucasia and kills 80,000 people.
 * December 19 – Emperor Aurangzeb, ruler of the Mughal Empire in India, orders a massive counterattack on Assam's Ahom kingdom after learning that Mughal troops had captured Guwahati. Aurangzeb appoints Raja Ram Singh to command a force of 36,000 infantry, 18,000 cavalry, 2,000 archers and 40 ships to conquer Ahom. The war lasts until the defeat of the Mughals by the smaller Ahom force in March 1671.

Date unknown

 * After Shivaji's escape, hostilities between the Marathas and the Mughals ebb, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals.
 * The first military campaign of Stenka Razin is conducted in Russia.
 * The French army uses grenadiers.
 * Robert Hooke demonstrates that the alteration of the blood in the lungs is essential for respiration.
 * Isaac Newton has investigated and written on optics, acoustics, the infinitesimal calculus, mechanism and thermodynamics. The works will be published only years later.

Births

 * April 29 – John Arbuthnot, English physician and writer (d. 1735)
 * May 26 – Abraham de Moivre, French mathematician (d. 1754)
 * June 18 – Ivan Trubetskoy, Russian field marshal (d. 1750)
 * July 2 – Pietro Ottoboni, Italian cardinal (d. 1740)
 * July 27 – Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1748)
 * August 11 – Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, last of the Medicis of Italy (d. 1743)
 * September 5 – Giovanni Girolamo Saccheri, Italian mathematician (d. 1733)
 * September 28 – Asano Naganori, Japanese warlord (d. 1701)
 * November 2 – James Sobieski, Crown Prince of Poland (d. 1737)
 * November 5 – Christoph Ludwig Agricola, German painter (d. 1719)
 * November 30 – Jonathan Swift, Irish writer (d. 1745)
 * December 9 – William Whiston, English mathematician (d. 1752)
 * December 25 – Ehrengard Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal and Munster (d. 1743)
 * date unknown
 * Yaoya Oshichi, Japanese girl burned at the stake for arson (d. 1683)
 * Anna Colbjørnsdatter, Norwegian heroine (d. 1736)
 * Beinta Broberg, notorious Faroese vicar's wife (d. 1752)
 * Susanna Verbruggen, English actress (d. 1703)
 * probable –
 * Antonio Lotti, Italian composer (d. 1740)
 * Susanna Centlivre, English actress and playwright (d. 1723)

Deaths

 * January 28 – Maria Klara of Dietrichstein, German noblewoman (b. 1626)
 * February 16 – Vincenzo Maculani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1578)
 * April 2 – Reinhold Curicke, jurist and historian from Danzig (Gdańsk) (b. 1610)
 * April 10 – Jan Marek Marci, Bohemian physician and scientist (b. 1595)
 * April 13 – Bassam Al-Soukaria, Lebanese army commander (b. 1580)
 * April 21 – Roger Hill, English politician (b. 1605)
 * April 24 – Matthew Wren, influential English clergyman (b. 1585)
 * April 25 – Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur, Spanish saint and missionary to Guatemala (b. 1626)
 * May 2 – George Wither, English writer (b. 1588)
 * May 7 – Johann Jakob Froberger, German composer (b. 1616)
 * May 10 – Marie Louise Gonzaga, Polish queen (b. 1611)
 * May 14
 * Marcos Ramírez de Prado y Ovando, Archbishop of Mexico (b. 1592)
 * Georges de Scudéry, French novelist, dramatist and poet (b. 1601)
 * Johannes Heinrich Ursinus, German Lutheran scholar (b. 1608)
 * May 16
 * Samuel Bochart, French Protestant biblical scholar (b. 1599)
 * Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton, English statesman (b. 1607)
 * May 22 – Pope Alexander VII (b. 1599)
 * May 25 – Gustaf Bonde, Swedish statesman (b. 1620)
 * May 26 – Albrecht von Kalckstein, German noble (b. 1592)
 * May 28 – Jacques de Bela, French writer (b. 1586)
 * June 5
 * Johann Heinrich Hottinger, Swiss philologist and theologian (b. 1620)
 * Francesco Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal and historian (b. 1607)
 * Grégoire de Saint-Vincent, Flemish Jesuit and mathematician (b. 1584)
 * June 18 – Countess Louise Henriette of Nassau, Electress Consort of Brandenburg (b. 1627)
 * June 19 – Anthony Günther, Count of Oldenburg (b. 1583)
 * June 20 – James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge, British prince (b. 1663)
 * July 4
 * Christiaen van Couwenbergh, Dutch painter (b. 1604)
 * John VI, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1621–1667) (b. 1621)
 * July 7 – Nicolas Sanson, French cartographer (b. 1600)
 * July 11 – Stefano Durazzo, Italian cardinal (b. 1594)
 * July 13 – Barthélemy Vimont, French missionary (b. 1594)
 * July 28 – Abraham Cowley, English poet (b. 1618)
 * August 3 – Francesco Borromini, Swiss sculptor and architect (b. 1599)
 * August 8 – Frances Hyde, Countess of Clarendon, English noble (b. 1617)
 * August 13
 * Jeremy Taylor, Irish clergyman and writer (b. 1613)
 * Margaret Elisabeth of Leiningen-Westerburg, Regent of Hesse-Homburg (b. 1604)
 * August 28 – Jai Singh I, Maharaja of Jaipur (b. 1611)
 * September 3 – Alonzo Cano, Spanish painter (b. 1601)
 * September 10 – Erasmus Earle, English barrister and politician (b. 1590)
 * September 20 – Niels Trolle, Governor General of Norway (b. 1599)
 * September 24 – Michael Franck, German composer and poet (b. 1609)
 * September 28 – Thomas Hall, English politician (b. 1619)
 * September 29 – Herbert Morley, English politician (b. 1616)
 * October 11 – Mattias de' Medici, Italian noble (b. 1613)
 * October 18 – Emperor Fasilides of Ethiopia (b. 1603)
 * October 24 – Godefroy Wendelin, Flemish astronomer (b. 1580)
 * October 22 – Albert II, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, German prince (b. 1620)
 * October 25 – Ernst Adalbert of Harrach, Austrian Catholic cardinal (b. 1598)
 * November 12 – Hans Nansen, Danish statesman (b. 1598)
 * November 19 – Robert Wallop, English politician (b. 1601)
 * November 28 – Jean de Thévenot, French traveler and scientist (b. 1633)
 * December 31 – Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski, Polish noble (szlachcic) (b. 1616)

title: 1667


text:
1668

January–March

 * January 23 – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed between England, Sweden and the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
 * February 13 – In Lisbon, a peace treaty is established between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England, in which the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch is recognized. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.
 * c. February – The English Parliament and bishops seek to suppress Thomas Hobbes' treatise Leviathan.
 * March 8 – In the Cretan War, the navy of the Republic of Venice defeats an Ottoman Empire naval force of 12 ships and 2,000 galleys that had attempted to seize a small Venetian galley near the port of Agia Pelagia.
 * March 22 – Notable Privateer Henry Morgan lands in Cuba to raid and plunder the inland town of Puerto del Príncipe during the latter stages of the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660).
 * March 23 – The Bawdy House Riots of 1668 take place in London when a group of English Dissenters begins attacking brothels, initially as a protest against the harsh enforcement of laws against private worshippers and the lack of enforcement of laws against prostitution. Over a period of three days, rioters who join in the violence destroy brothels in the London districts of Poplar, Moorfields, East Smithfield, St Leonard's, Shoreditch, St Andrew's and Holborn.
 * March 27 – King Charles II of England signs an agreement with representatives of the English East India Company to lease the Indian city of Bombay (modern-day Mumbai) to the company for a rent of 10 pounds sterling per year, with transfer taking effect on September 21.

April–June

 * April 21 – Henry Brouncker is expelled from the English House of Commons for treason during the 1665 Battle of Lowestoft during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
 * April 22 – Tenzin Dalai Khan is proclaimed as the new Protector King of Tibet by the 5th Dalai Lama, following the death of Tenzin's father, Dayan Khan.
 * April 24 – The Treaty of Breda, signed in 1667 and ending the Second Anglo-Dutch War, goes into effect worldwide.
 * April 25 – The Swedish Empire signs a treaty with England and the Dutch Republic to join the Triple Alliance.
 * May 2 – The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.
 * May 18 – Charles Sedley's comedy The Mulberry-Garden premieres at the Theatre Royal in London.
 * June 4 – Tangier, a city in Morocco that had come under control of the English colonial empire in 1661, is elevated by the English crown to the status of "free city".
 * June 12 – John Dryden's play An Evening's Love, or The Mock Astrologer premieres at the Theatre Royal in London in a performance by the King's Company players for King Charles and Queen Catherine.
 * June 16 – A group of Spanish Jesuit missionaries become the first European settlers to arrive at the island of Guam, founding a mission to convert the Chamorro people of the Mariana Islands to Christianity.
 * June 18 – Petro Doroshenko is proclaimed by the Russian Empire as the hetman of all of Ukraine, after having previously been granted leadership of the western half. Ivan Briukhovetsky, who had ruled the eastern half and then led an uprising, is executed on the same day.

July–September

 * July 7 – Bishop Isaac Barrow founds the Bishop Barrow Trust with the intention of establishing a university on the Isle of Man; this becomes King William's College.
 * July 10 – Henry Morgan's raid on Porto Bello: Welsh privateer Henry Morgan and 450 men under his command plunder the city of Portobello on the Isthmus of Panama and spend 14-days in the attack before withdrawing.
 * July 25 – The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake kills at least 43,000 people in China's Shandong province.
 * August 17 – The magnitude 8.0 North Anatolia earthquake causes 8,000 deaths in northern Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, and is the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.
 * September 9 – Molière's comedy The Miser (L'Avare) is first performed, in Paris.
 * September 16 – Jan II Kazimierz Waza abdicates his titles of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania after a 20-year reign.
 * September 21 – The British East India Company takes over Bombay under a Royal Charter of March 27.
 * September 28 – Diego de Salcedo is overthrown from his position as the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines in a coup d'etat led by Juan Manuel de la Peña Bonifaz. Salcedo and other members of his administration are jailed and then sent into exile from Luzon to the island of Panay, and his fortune is confiscated.

October –December

 * October 5 (September 25 O.S.) – The English blockade of the Moroccan port of Salé begins as HMS Garland and HMS Francis retaliate for raids from the port by the Barbary pirates.  The blockade lasts for 10 days.
 * October 7 – French Jesuit missionary Jean Pierron arrives at the Mohawk Nation city of Tionondogen (near modern-day Palatine, New York, U.S.) to replace Jacques Frémin in attempting to convert members of the Iroquois tribe to Christianity.
 * October 31 – The English ship HMS Providence is wrecked at Tangier on the North African coast.
 * November 8 – Iliaș Alexandru steps down as the voivode or elected ruler of Moldavia (now part of Romania and the Republic of Moldova) and is replaced by his predecessor, Gheorghe Duca.
 * December 6 – The Order of the Jesuati, founded in 1360 by Giovanni Colombini, is abolished by Pope Clement IX.
 * December 16 – In China, the 1661 edict of the "Great Clearance", the forcible evacuation of the coastal areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangnan, and Shandong in order to fight a rebellion, is rescinded by the Kangxi Emperor after lobbying by Zhou Youde, the Viceroy of Liangguang.
 * December 28 – Fritz Cronman arrives in Moscow as the Swedish Empire's ambassador to the Russian Empire, accompanied by a staff of 35 people.

Date unknown

 * One of the world's earliest central banks, the Sveriges Riksbank, is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.
 * Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia convenes a church council in Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics from the country.
 * English scientist Isaac Newton builds the first reflecting telescope (Newton's reflector).

Births

 * May 8 – Alain-René Lesage, French writer (d. 1747)
 * June 23 – Giambattista Vico, Italian philosopher and historian (d. 1744)
 * July 21 – Frederick Heinrich of Saxe-Zeitz-Pegau-Neustadt (d. 1713)
 * September 8 – Giorgio Baglivi, Armenian doctor and writer (d. 1707)
 * October 18 – John George IV, Elector of Saxony (d. 1694)
 * October 30 – Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, sister of King George I of Great Britain (d. 1705)
 * November 10
 * Louis III, Prince of Condé (d. 1710)
 * François Couperin, French composer (d. 1733)
 * November 11 – Johann Albert Fabricius, German scholar (d. 1736)
 * November 27 – Henri François d'Aguesseau, Chancellor of France (d. 1751)
 * November 30 – William August, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (d. 1671)
 * December 11 – Apostolo Zeno, Italian poet and journalist (d. 1750)
 * December 31 – Herman Boerhaave, Dutch humanist and physician (d. 1738)
 * date unknown – Stokkseyrar-Dísa, Icelandic Galdrmistress (d. 1728)

Deaths

 * January 6
 * Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena (b. 1608)
 * Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony, Crown Princess of Denmark (b. 1617)
 * January 14 – Arnauld de Oihenart, Basque historian and poet (b. 1592)
 * January 31 – Hermann Busenbaum, German Jesuit theologian (b. 1600)
 * February 2 – Antonio del Castillo y Saavedra, Spanish artist (b. 1616)
 * February 8 – Alessandro Tiarini, Italian painter (b. 1577)
 * February 21 – John Thurloe, English Puritan spy (b. 1616)
 * March 16 – Francis Talbot, 11th Earl of Shrewsbury (b. 1623)
 * April 12 – Alexander Daniell, sole proprietor of the Manor of Alverton, Cornwall (b. 1599)
 * April 21 – Jan Boeckhorst, Flemish painter (b. c. 1604)
 * May 1 – Frans Luycx, Flemish painter (b. 1604)
 * May 8 – Catherine of St. Augustine, French nun and nurse of New France (b. 1632)
 * May 9 – Otto Christoph von Sparr, German general (b. 1599)
 * May 21 – Christoph Delphicus zu Dohna, Prussian-born Swedish soldier, diplomat (b. 1628)
 * June 20 – Heinrich Roth, German Sanskrit scholar (b. 1620)
 * July 26 – Hans Svane, Danish statesman (b. 1606)
 * August 9 – Jakob Balde, German Latinist (b. 1604)
 * August 23 – Artus Quellinus the Elder, Flemish sculptor (b. 1609)
 * August 24 – Tyman Oosdorp, Dutch brewer and magistrate of Haarlem (b. 1613)
 * September 16
 * Paolo Emilio Rondinini, Italian Bishop of Assisi (b. 1617)
 * Jan Miense Molenaer, Dutch painter (b. 1610)
 * September 19 – Sir William Waller, English Civil War general (b. c. 1635)
 * October 12 – Zacharias Wagenaer, secretary, painter, then merchant and administrator (Dutch East-India Company) (b. 1614)
 * October 13
 * Robert Sutton, 1st Baron Lexinton, English politician (b. 1594)
 * Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland, English military leader (b. 1602)
 * November 17 – Joseph Alleine, English non-conformist preacher (b. 1634)
 * November 21 – Adolf William, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (b. 1632)
 * December 3 – William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, English earl (b. 1591)
 * December 14 – Charles Berkeley, 2nd Viscount Fitzhardinge, English politician (b. 1599)
 * December 23 – Martin Bauzer, Gorizian Jesuit priest and writer (b. 1595)
 * December 24 – Wadham Wyndham, English judge (b. 1609)
 * unknown date – Fang Weiyi, Chinese poet, calligrapher, painter and literature historian (b. 1585)

title: 1668