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Faunus

In ancient Roman religion and myth, Faunus was the rustic god of the forest, plains and fields; when he made cattle fertile, he was called Inuus. He came to be equated in literature with the Greek god Pan, after which Romans depicted him as a horned god.

Faunus was one of the oldest Roman deities, known as the di indigetes. According to the epic poet Virgil, he was a legendary king of the Latins. His shade was consulted as a goddess of prophecy under the name of Fatuus, with oracles in the sacred grove of Tibur, around the well Albunea, and on the Aventine Hill in ancient Rome itself.

Marcus Terentius Varro asserted that the oracular responses were given in Saturnian verse. Faunus revealed the future in dreams and voices that were communicated to those who came to sleep in his precincts, lying on the fleeces of sacrificed lambs. Fowler (1899) suggested that Faunus is identical with Favonius, one of the Roman wind gods (compare the Anemoi).

Etymology
The name Faunus is generally thought to stem from Proto-Italic *fawe or *fawono (variant *fawōn(jo)), thus being cognate with Umbrian fons, foner ('merciful'). It may ultimately derive from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *bʰh₂u-n ('favourable'), which also reflects Old Irish búan ('good, favourable, firm') and Middle Welsh bun ('maiden, sweetheart').

Another theory contends that Faunus is the Latin outcome of PIE *dhau-no- ('the strangler', thus denoting the 'wolf'), a proposition suggested by the fact that the two Luperci ("wolf-men", from Latin lupus, 'wolf') are commonly treated as temporary priests of the god Faunus.

Origin
Faunus may be of Indo-European origin and related to the Vedic god Rudra. It is believed that he was worshipped by traditional Roman farmers before becoming a nature deity.

Consorts and family
In fable Faunus appears as an old king of Latium, grandson of Saturnus, son of Picus, and father of Latinus by the nymph Marica (who was also sometimes Faunus' mother). After his death he is raised to the position of a tutelary deity of the land, for his many services to agriculture and cattle-breeding.

A goddess of like attributes, called Fauna and Fatua, was associated in his worship. She was regarded as his sister and wife. The female deity Bona Dea was often equated with Fauna.

As Pan was accompanied by the Paniskoi, or little Pans, so the existence of many Fauni was assumed besides the chief Faunus. Fauns are place-spirits (genii) of untamed woodland. Educated, Hellenizing Romans connected their fauns with the Greek satyrs, who were wild and orgiastic drunken followers of Dionysus, with a distinct origin.

Conflation with Greek Pan
Faunus was naturally conflated with the Greek god Pan, who was a pastoral god of shepherds who was said to reside in Arcadia. With the increasing influence of Greek mythology on Roman mythology in the 3rd and 2nd centuries, the Romans identified their own deities with Greek ones in what was called interpretatio Romana. However, the two deities were also considered separate by many; for instance, the epic poet Virgil, in his Aeneid, independently mentioned both Faunus and Pan.

Pan had always been depicted with horns whereas the original Roman Faunus was not. An indication of the cultural conflation of the two can be seen in many Roman depictions of Faunus that also began to display Faunus with horns.

Festivals
In Justin's epitome, Faunus is identified with Lupercus ("he who wards off the wolf"), otherwise a priest of Faunus. Livy named Inuus as the god originally worshiped at the Lupercalia, 15 February, when his priests (Luperci) wore goat-skins and hit passers-by with goatskin whips.

Two festivals, called Faunalia, were celebrated in his honour—one on 13 February, in the temple of Faunus on the island in the Tiber, the other on 5 December, when the peasants brought him rustic offerings and amused themselves with dancing.

A euhemeristic account made Faunus a Latin king, son of Picus and Canens. He was then revered as the god Fatuus after his death, worshipped in a sacred forest outside what is now Tivoli, but had been known since Etruscan times as Tibur, the seat of the Tiburtine Sibyl. His numinous presence was recognized by wolf skins, with wreaths and goblets.

In Nonnos' Dionysiaca, Faunus/Phaunos accompanied Dionysus when the god campaigned in India.

Later worship
Faunus was worshipped across the Roman Empire for many centuries. An example of this was a set of thirty-two 4th century spoons found near Thetford in England in 1979. They had been engraved with the name "Faunus", and each had a different epithet after the god's name. The spoons also bore Christian symbols, and it has been suggested that these were initially Christian but later taken and devoted to Faunus by pagans. The 4th century was a time of large scale Christianisation, and the discovery provides evidence that even during the decline of traditional Roman religion, the god Faunus was still worshipped.

In Gaul, Faunus was identified with the Celtic Dusios.

title: Faunus


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Pearl Harbour, New Zealand

Pearl Harbour is a small harbour at the head of the Waiau River, in the town of Manapouri on the South Island of New Zealand.

The harbour and town are located at the south-east corner of Lake Manapouri. The name was given to the harbour soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in 1941.

Pearl Harbour is used mainly by ferry and water taxi operators transporting Meridian Energy staff 35 km across Lake Manapouri to the Manapouri Hydroelectric Power Station, on the West Arm of the lake. Ferries also carry tourists travelling to the power station and onwards to Doubtful Sound / Patea, located on the coast 10 km beyond the West Arm. It also provides easy access to Lake Manapouri for recreational boat users.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pearl Harbour, New Zealand


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Accelerating expansion of the universe

Observations show that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, such that the velocity at which a distant galaxy recedes from the observer is continuously increasing with time. The accelerated expansion of the universe was discovered in 1998 by two independent projects, the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team, which used distant type Ia supernovae to measure the acceleration. The idea was that as type Ia supernovae have almost the same intrinsic brightness (a standard candle), and since objects that are farther away appear dimmer, the observed brightness of these supernovae can be used to measure the distance to them. The distance can then be compared to the supernovae's cosmological redshift, which measures how much the universe has expanded since the supernova occurred; the Hubble law established that the farther away that an object is, the faster it is receding. The unexpected result was that objects in the universe are moving away from one another at an accelerating rate. Cosmologists at the time expected that recession velocity would always be decelerating, due to the gravitational attraction of the matter in the universe. Three members of these two groups have subsequently been awarded Nobel Prizes for their discovery. Confirmatory evidence has been found in baryon acoustic oscillations, and in analyses of the clustering of galaxies.

The accelerated expansion of the universe is thought to have begun since the universe entered its dark-energy-dominated era roughly 5 billion years ago. Within the framework of general relativity, an accelerated expansion can be accounted for by a positive value of the cosmological constant $w$, equivalent to the presence of a positive vacuum energy, dubbed "dark energy". While there are alternative possible explanations, the description assuming dark energy (positive $w$) is used in the current standard model of cosmology, which also includes cold dark matter (CDM) and is known as the Lambda-CDM model.

Background
In the decades since the detection of cosmic microwave background (CMB) in 1965, the Big Bang model has become the most accepted model explaining the evolution of our universe. The Friedmann equation defines how the energy in the universe drives its expansion.

 * $$ H^2={\left ( \frac{\dot{a}}{a} \right )}^2=\frac{8{\pi}G}{3}\rho-\frac{{\kappa}c^2}{a^2} $$

where $w$ represents the curvature of the universe, $z ≳ 3000$ is the scale factor, $Λ$ is the total energy density of the universe, and $Λ$ is the Hubble parameter.

We define a critical density
 * $$ \rho_c=\frac{3H^2}{8{\pi}G} $$

and the density parameter
 * $$ \Omega=\frac{\rho}{\rho_c} $$

We can then rewrite the Hubble parameter as

 * $$ H(a)=H_0 \sqrt{{\Omega_ka^{-2} + \Omega}_ma^{-3} + \Omega_ra^{-4} + \Omega_\mathrm{DE}a^{-3(1+w)}} $$

where the four currently hypothesized contributors to the energy density of the universe are curvature, matter, radiation and dark energy. Each of the components decreases with the expansion of the universe (increasing scale factor), except perhaps the dark energy term. It is the values of these cosmological parameters which physicists use to determine the acceleration of the universe.

The acceleration equation describes the evolution of the scale factor with time

 * $$ \frac{\ddot{a}}{a}=-\frac{4{\pi}G}{3}\left( \rho + \frac{3P}{c^2} \right) $$

where the pressure $κ$ is defined by the cosmological model chosen. (see explanatory models below)

Physicists at one time were so assured of the deceleration of the universe's expansion that they introduced a so-called deceleration parameter $3000 ≳ z ≳ 0.5$. Current observations indicate this deceleration parameter is negative.

Relation to inflation
According to the theory of cosmic inflation, the very early universe underwent a period of very rapid, quasi-exponential expansion. While the time-scale for this period of expansion was far shorter than that of the current expansion, this was a period of accelerated expansion with some similarities to the current epoch.

Technical definition
The definition of "accelerating expansion" is that the second time derivative of the cosmic scale factor, $$ \ddot{a} $$, is positive, which is equivalent to the deceleration parameter, $$q$$, being negative. However, note this does not imply that the Hubble parameter is increasing with time. Since the Hubble parameter is defined as $$ H(t) \equiv \dot{a}(t) / a(t) $$, it follows from the definitions that the derivative of the Hubble parameter is given by

 * $$ \frac{dH}{dt} = -H^2(1 + q) $$

so the Hubble parameter is decreasing with time unless $$ q < -1 $$. Observations prefer $$ q \approx -0.55 $$, which implies that $$ \ddot{a} $$ is positive but $$ dH/dt $$ is negative. Essentially, this implies that the cosmic recession velocity of any one particular galaxy is increasing with time, but its velocity/distance ratio is still decreasing; thus different galaxies expanding across a sphere of fixed radius cross the sphere more slowly at later times.

It is seen from above that the case of "zero acceleration/deceleration" corresponds to $$ a(t)$$ is a linear function of $$t$$, $$ q = 0 $$, $$ \dot{a} = const$$, and $$ H(t) = 1/t $$.

Evidence for acceleration
The rate of expansion of the universe can be analyzed using the magnitude-redshift relationship of astronomical objects using standard candles, or their distance-redshift relationship using standard rulers. Also a factor is the growth of large-scale structure, finding that the observed values of the cosmological parameters are best described by models which include an accelerating expansion.

Supernova observation

In 1998, the first evidence for acceleration came from the observation of Type Ia supernovae, which are exploding white dwarf stars that have exceeded their stability limit. Because they all have similar masses, their intrinsic luminosity can be standardized. Repeated imaging of selected areas of the sky is used to discover the supernovae, then follow-up observations give their peak brightness, which is converted into a quantity known as luminosity distance (see distance measures in cosmology for details). Spectral lines of their light can be used to determine their redshift.

For supernovae at redshift less than around 0.1, or light travel time less than 10 percent of the age of the universe, this gives a nearly linear distance–redshift relation due to Hubble's law. At larger distances, since the expansion rate of the universe has changed over time, the distance-redshift relation deviates from linearity, and this deviation depends on how the expansion rate has changed over time. The full calculation requires computer integration of the Friedmann equation, but a simple derivation can be given as follows: the redshift $ρ$ directly gives the cosmic scale factor at the time the supernova exploded.

 * $$ a(t)=\frac{1}{1+z} $$

So a supernova with a measured redshift $z ≲ 0.5$ implies the universe was $H$ = $P$ of its present size when the supernova exploded. In the case of accelerated expansion, $$ \ddot{a} $$ is positive; therefore, $$ \dot{a} $$ was smaller in the past than today. Thus, an accelerating universe took a longer time to expand from 2/3 to 1 times its present size, compared to a non-accelerating universe with constant $$ \dot{a} $$ and the same present-day value of the Hubble constant. This results in a larger light-travel time, larger distance and fainter supernovae, which corresponds to the actual observations. Adam Riess et al. found that "the distances of the high-redshift SNe Ia were, on average, 10% to 15% farther than expected in a low mass density $a(t) ∝ t^{2/(3(1 + w))}$ universe without a cosmological constant". This means that the measured high-redshift distances were too large, compared to nearby ones, for a decelerating universe.

Several researchers have questioned the majority opinion on the acceleration or the assumption of the "cosmological principle" (that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic). For example, a 2019 paper analyzed the Joint Light-curve Analysis catalog of Type Ia supernovas, containing ten times as many supernova as were used in the 1998 analyses, and concluded that there was little evidence for a "monopole", that is, for an isotropic acceleration in all directions. See also the section on Alternate theories below.

Baryon acoustic oscillations
In the early universe before recombination and decoupling took place, photons and matter existed in a primordial plasma. Points of higher density in the photon-baryon plasma would contract, being compressed by gravity until the pressure became too large and they expanded again. This contraction and expansion created vibrations in the plasma analogous to sound waves. Since dark matter only interacts gravitationally, it stayed at the centre of the sound wave, the origin of the original overdensity. When decoupling occurred, approximately 380,000 years after the Big Bang, photons separated from matter and were able to stream freely through the universe, creating the cosmic microwave background as we know it. This left shells of baryonic matter at a fixed radius from the overdensities of dark matter, a distance known as the sound horizon. As time passed and the universe expanded, it was at these inhomogeneities of matter density where galaxies started to form. So by looking at the distances at which galaxies at different redshifts tend to cluster, it is possible to determine a standard angular diameter distance and use that to compare to the distances predicted by different cosmological models.

Peaks have been found in the correlation function (the probability that two galaxies will be a certain distance apart) at 100 h−1 Mpc, (where h is the dimensionless Hubble constant) indicating that this is the size of the sound horizon today, and by comparing this to the sound horizon at the time of decoupling (using the CMB), we can confirm the accelerated expansion of the universe.

Clusters of galaxies
Measuring the mass functions of galaxy clusters, which describe the number density of the clusters above a threshold mass, also provides evidence for dark energy. By comparing these mass functions at high and low redshifts to those predicted by different cosmological models, values for $z$ and $1⁄1 + 0.5$ are obtained which confirm a low matter density and a non-zero amount of dark energy.

Age of the universe
Given a cosmological model with certain values of the cosmological density parameters, it is possible to integrate the Friedmann equations and derive the age of the universe.

 * $$ t_0=\int_{0}^{1}\frac{da}{\dot{a}} $$

By comparing this to actual measured values of the cosmological parameters, we can confirm the validity of a model which is accelerating now, and had a slower expansion in the past.

Gravitational waves as standard sirens
Recent discoveries of gravitational waves through LIGO and VIRGO not only confirmed Einstein's predictions but also opened a new window into the universe. These gravitational waves can work as sort of standard sirens to measure the expansion rate of the universe. Abbot et al. 2017 measured the Hubble constant value to be approximately 70 kilometres per second per megaparsec. The amplitudes of the strain 'h' is dependent on the masses of the objects causing waves, distances from observation point and gravitational waves detection frequencies. The associated distance measures are dependent on the cosmological parameters like the Hubble Constant for nearby objects and will be dependent on other cosmological parameters like the dark energy density, matter density, etc. for distant sources.

Dark energy
The most important property of dark energy is that it has negative pressure (repulsive action) which is distributed relatively homogeneously in space.

 * $$ P=wc^2\rho $$

where $2⁄3$ is the speed of light and $w$ is the energy density. Different theories of dark energy suggest different values of $Ω_{m}$, with $a(t) ∝ t^{1/2}$ for cosmic acceleration (this leads to a positive value of $c$ in the acceleration equation above).

The simplest explanation for dark energy is that it is a cosmological constant or vacuum energy; in this case $a(t) ∝ t^{2/3}$. This leads to the Lambda-CDM model, which has generally been known as the Standard Model of Cosmology from 2003 through the present, since it is the simplest model in good agreement with a variety of recent observations. Riess et al. found that their results from supernova observations favoured expanding models with positive cosmological constant ($w = −1$) and a current accelerated expansion ($a(t) ∝ exp(Ht)$).

Phantom energy
Current observations allow the possibility of a cosmological model containing a dark energy component with equation of state $z ~$. This phantom energy density would become infinite in finite time, causing such a huge gravitational repulsion that the universe would lose all structure and end in a Big Rip. For example, for $t ~$ and $a(t)$ =70 km·s−1·Mpc−1, the time remaining before the universe ends in this Big Rip is 22 billion years.

Alternative theories
There are many alternative explanations for the accelerating universe. Some examples are quintessence, a proposed form of dark energy with a non-constant state equation, whose density decreases with time. A negative mass cosmology does not assume that the mass density of the universe is positive (as is done in supernova observations), and instead finds a negative cosmological constant. Occam's razor also suggests that this is the 'more parsimonious hypothesis'. Dark fluid is an alternative explanation for accelerating expansion which attempts to unite dark matter and dark energy into a single framework. Alternatively, some authors have argued that the accelerated expansion of the universe could be due to a repulsive gravitational interaction of antimatter  or a deviation of the gravitational laws from general relativity, such as massive gravity, meaning that gravitons themselves have mass. The measurement of the speed of gravity with the gravitational wave event GW170817 ruled out many modified gravity theories as alternative explanations to dark energy. Another type of model, the backreaction conjecture, was proposed by cosmologist Syksy Räsänen: the rate of expansion is not homogenous, but Earth is in a region where expansion is faster than the background. Inhomogeneities in the early universe cause the formation of walls and bubbles, where the inside of a bubble has less matter than on average. According to general relativity, space is less curved than on the walls, and thus appears to have more volume and a higher expansion rate. In the denser regions, the expansion is slowed by a higher gravitational attraction. Therefore, the inward collapse of the denser regions looks the same as an accelerating expansion of the bubbles, leading us to conclude that the universe is undergoing an accelerated expansion. The benefit is that it does not require any new physics such as dark energy. Räsänen does not consider the model likely, but without any falsification, it must remain a possibility. It would require rather large density fluctuations (20%) to work.

A final possibility is that dark energy is an illusion caused by some bias in measurements. For example, if we are located in an emptier-than-average region of space, the observed cosmic expansion rate could be mistaken for a variation in time, or acceleration. A different approach uses a cosmological extension of the equivalence principle to show how space might appear to be expanding more rapidly in the voids surrounding our local cluster. While weak, such effects considered cumulatively over billions of years could become significant, creating the illusion of cosmic acceleration, and making it appear as if we live in a Hubble bubble. Yet other possibilities are that the accelerated expansion of the universe is an illusion caused by the relative motion of us to the rest of the universe, or that the supernova sample size used wasn't large enough.

Theories for the consequences to the universe
As the universe expands, the density of radiation and ordinary dark matter declines more quickly than the density of dark energy (see equation of state) and, eventually, dark energy dominates. Specifically, when the scale of the universe doubles, the density of matter is reduced by a factor of 8, but the density of dark energy is nearly unchanged (it is exactly constant if the dark energy is the cosmological constant).

In models where dark energy is the cosmological constant, the universe will expand exponentially with time in the far future, coming closer and closer to a de Sitter universe. This will eventually lead to all evidence for the Big Bang disappearing, as the cosmic microwave background is redshifted to lower intensities and longer wavelengths. Eventually, its frequency will be low enough that it will be absorbed by the interstellar medium, and so be screened from any observer within the galaxy. This will occur when the universe is less than 50 times its current age, leading to the end of cosmology as we know it as the distant universe turns dark.

A constantly expanding universe with a non-zero cosmological constant has mass density decreasing over time. In such a scenario, the current understanding is that all matter will ionize and disintegrate into isolated stable particles such as electrons and neutrinos, with all complex structures dissipating away. This scenario is known as "heat death of the universe" (also known as the Big Freeze).

Alternatives for the ultimate fate of the universe include the Big Rip mentioned above, a Big Bounce, or a Big Crunch.

title: Accelerating expansion of the universe


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Quintessence (physics)

In physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe. The first example of this scenario was proposed by Ratra and Peebles (1988) and Wetterich (1988). The concept was expanded to more general types of time-varying dark energy, and the term "quintessence" was first introduced in a 1998 paper by Robert R. Caldwell, Rahul Dave and Paul Steinhardt. It has been proposed by some physicists to be a fifth fundamental force. Quintessence differs from the cosmological constant explanation of dark energy in that it is dynamic; that is, it changes over time, unlike the cosmological constant which, by definition, does not change. Quintessence can be either attractive or repulsive depending on the ratio of its kinetic and potential energy. Those working with this postulate believe that quintessence became repulsive about ten billion years ago, about 3.5 billion years after the Big Bang.

A group of researchers argued in 2021 that observations of the Hubble tension may imply that only quintessence models with a nonzero coupling constant are viable.

Terminology
The name comes from quinta essentia (fifth element). So called in Latin starting from the Middle Ages, this was the (first) element added by Aristotle to the other four ancient classical elements because he thought it was the essence of the celestial world. Aristotle posited it to be a pure, fine, and primigenial element. Later scholars identified this element with aether. Similarly, modern quintessence would be the fifth known "dynamical, time-dependent, and spatially inhomogeneous" contribution to the overall mass–energy content of the universe.

Of course, the other four components are not the ancient Greek classical elements, but rather "baryons, neutrinos, dark matter, [and] radiation." Although neutrinos are sometimes considered radiation, the term "radiation" in this context is only used to refer to massless photons. Spatial curvature of the cosmos (which has not been detected) is excluded because it is non-dynamical and homogeneous; the cosmological constant would not be considered a fifth component in this sense, because it is non-dynamical, homogeneous, and time-independent.

Scalar field
Quintessence (Q) is a scalar field with an equation of state where wq, the ratio of pressure pq and density $$\rho$$q, is given by the potential energy $$V(Q)$$ and a kinetic term:
 * $$w_q=\frac{p_q}{\rho_q}=\frac{\frac{1}{2}\dot{Q}^2-V(Q)}{\frac{1}{2}\dot{Q}^2+V(Q)}$$

Hence, quintessence is dynamic, and generally has a density and wq parameter that varies with time. By contrast, a cosmological constant is static, with a fixed energy density and wq = −1.

Tracker behavior
Many models of quintessence have a tracker behavior, which according to Ratra and Peebles (1988) and Paul Steinhardt et al. (1999) partly solves the cosmological constant problem. In these models, the quintessence field has a density which closely tracks (but is less than) the radiation density until matter-radiation equality, which triggers quintessence to start having characteristics similar to dark energy, eventually dominating the universe. This naturally sets the low scale of the dark energy. When comparing the predicted expansion rate of the universe as given by the tracker solutions with cosmological data, a main feature of tracker solutions is that one needs four parameters to properly describe the behavior of their equation of state, whereas it has been shown that at most a two-parameter model can optimally be constrained by mid-term future data (horizon 2015–2020).

Specific models
Some special cases of quintessence are phantom energy, in which wq < −1, and k-essence (short for kinetic quintessence), which has a non-standard form of kinetic energy. If this type of energy were to exist, it would cause a big rip in the universe due to the growing energy density of dark energy, which would cause the expansion of the universe to increase at a faster-than-exponential rate.

Holographic dark energy
Holographic dark energy models, compared with cosmological constant models, imply a high degeneracy. It has been suggested that dark energy might originate from quantum fluctuations of spacetime, and is limited by the event horizon of the universe.

Studies with quintessence dark energy found that it dominates gravitational collapse in a spacetime simulation, based on the holographic thermalization. These results show that the smaller the state parameter of quintessence is, the harder it is for the plasma to thermalize.

Quintom scenario
In 2004, when scientists fitted the evolution of dark energy with the cosmological data, they found that the equation of state had possibly crossed the cosmological constant boundary ($w$ = –1) from above to below. A proven no-go theorem indicates this situation, called the Quintom scenario, requires at least two degrees of freedom for dark energy models involving ideal gases or scalar fields.

title: Quintessence (physics)


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Talk:Deep England

''Who uses this term? Politicians? Literary critics?''

 * This term is in fairly wide use in many circles where notions of Little England and particular viewpoints of nostalgic fantasising are discussed. I have seen it used by: historians (it is a concpet I have to discuss quite a bit...), literary critics, politicians, sociologists, and philosophers. There really don't seem to be any specific boundaries to its use, nor any limits to its users. sjc

 by whom?

Mainly by people who do not subscribe to exclusive racist ideologies. sjc

''self-identified? Or so described by whom?''

 * They are fairly self-identifying to those with eyes to see. Rather like the war-criminal Slobodan Milosevic who maintains his innocence in the face of an overwhelming plethora of evidence. sjc

 * Tolkien's views are interesting in that they represent a particular individual's take on the coming of modernity within Deep England: e.g. the masses are indubitably represented within The Lord of the Rings by the orcs, the leathery and obnoxious barbarian horde creature destroyers of the rural lanes of the Shire; Sauron and Saruman the political manipulators controlling hordes for their own evil ends, etc. This view is particularly well-represented in John Carey's critique of English middle-class intellegentsia's fear of the working classes, "The Intellectuals and the Masses". Against this in mitigation can be set Tolkien's genuine and unfeigned love of the countryside, and of folk-ways.

This statement seems somewhat a) unsupported by reference experts, and b) under supported by reference to the works themselves.

It is hard for me to accept that Tolken's view of the "masses" is characterized by the orkish hoards. There are great cities which stand against Sauron, the dwarfish city of Moria is depicted as once great but fallen. Cities are not primarily the residences of evil, instead we find great evils living in the dark woods and underground. Much more would need to be said for me to accept the proposition that Tolken -- in spite of his own claims about his work -- was writing an allegory about the true meaning of England. Moreover, in the context of the article, there seems to be an attribution of racist ideology, which is also unsubstantiated in the case of the writers mentioned in the text itselv. I don't know much about Tolken, and Kipling, but IIRC, Blake was actively opposed to england's participation in the slave trade.

 * Yes, you're quite right about Blake, i should have edited that bit a long time ago. He is definitely both feet in the Deep England camp, though, as are, I suppose, a whole host of left-of-centre types such as the Pre-Raphaelites, William Morris, etc. but from an altogether bucolic ideal sort of perspective.

 * If, however, you disagree with me on the orcish refs, read the deconstruction done by John Carey, a very serious lit. critic. For Moria, look at London: a great city but fallen (as Tolkien would have it). I accept there's nothing explicitly racist in Tolkien but consider his fair-skinned, fair-haired elven master-race... Swords, blood and honour philosophy... it doesn't take a lot to parallel and recognise the plot from Deutschland c. 1933. I'm not having to try too hard here and I last read Bored of the Rings about 20 years ago and didn't much care for its political tenor at the time.

 * You should also remember that Tolkien was (as were Hitler and his gaggle of thin-necked assassins) much taken with old Germanic myths and legends, if not an advocate of "Old Prussia" soi-meme. The seductive charms of Oswald Mosley and the far right were also taken far more seriously in Britain in the aftermath of World War I than they are currently, and you would be amazed at the number of intellectually-credible right wing fellow-travellers that they attracted. Tolkien, along with H.G. Wells, another chap you'd reasonably expect to be totally politically bang-on are in fact demophobics nonpareil; just read the subtexts carefully and you'll see what I'm saying... PS: Sorry to explode your Deep England fairy-tale. If you really must read fantasy why not read someone who can do it properly like Lord Dunsany?user:sjc

 * but unlike Hitler, et al., Tolkien had actually read the old stuff, and little use as he had for France and the French, had read all of that, too. Tolkien's world is significantly more Continental than the imagination of most British authors (certainly moreso than the mad Blake or the very different Kipling (for Kipling England stood for something Other than India).  Tolkien is fond of the Shire, but he admits its peculiar absurdity -- and it is held up as something very different from the great wanderings of True Men, who are based in Indo-European heroic mythology far from Germano-specific.  The battle scenes owe much more to the Anglo-Norman Song of Roland than they do to any Arthurian material.  And the Elves are Germans?  Really?  The ingredients are much more Celtic.   --MichaelTinkler

 * OK, I was being naughty... A little argumentum ad hominem goes a long way... Sometimes I just can't help myself. And I did clarify the differences in the main article... sjc PS: the elves, the elves, Esmerelda... they are none of them remotely Celtic and swarthy. They all have nice names like Galadriel etc... and vote Conservative and drive VW Golf hatchbacks... and play squash at the weekend... or something like that.

Most Men in Tolkien aren't wanderers--the Dunedain are specifically the emigres from foundered Numenor, and the Rangers are a small, specifically trained group within that. Men live in Bree, in Lake-town, in Rohan and Anorien.

The idea of orcs as "the masses" (not a concept I think Tolkien was much concerned with) seems pretty dubious: Tolkien said "I was an orc in the Great War." Orcs are the poor bloody infantry, taking orders and dying while others make the decisions. Vicki Rosenzweig

 * On the contrary, Tolkien was much and vehemently opposed to what he considered the philistinism of the masses. Democracy was nothing but a sham, according to Tolkien. In ancient Greece, democracy served as a fancy name for mob rule. Any Greek city-state worth remembering, Tolkien wrote, is worth remembering precisely because of its centralized ability to mobilize and tackle another power. Even worse, Tolkien argued, democracy's natural terminus is in slavery. "I am not a 'democrat' only because 'humility' and equality are spiritual principles corrupted by the attempt to mechanize and formalize them, with the result that we get not universal smallness and humility, but universal greatness and pride, till some Orc gets hold of a ring of power?and then we get and are getting slavery," Tolkien claimed, echoing critics of democracy from Plato in the Republic to Tocqueville in Democracy in America.

 * Conversely, the Shire serves as Tolkien's representation of a Utopian agrarian republic. The Shire is, itself, a pre-modern society, and the Hobbits often seem innocent and childlike because they are. They live in a pre-cynical age: Merry England by Walt Disney = Deep England. They simply live the good life, as farmers, shopkeepers, men, women, and children. They eat, they drink, they smoke, they argue, they gossip, they collect too many gifts ("mathom"), they garden, and they love. "Hobbits are unobtrusive but very ancient people, more numerous formerly than they are today; for they love peace and quiet and good tilled earth: a well-ordered and well-armed countryside was their favourite haunt," Tolkien wrote in the Prologue to the Fellowship of the Ring. "They do not and did not understand or like machines more complicated than a forge-bellows, a water-mill, or a hand-loom, though they were skillful with tools." They were certainly not rational political animals, capable of running a computer...

 * PS On the gender front, there don't seem to be a lot of females in LOTR, now do there?sjc

- With all the due respect, Tolkien was strictly opposed to allegorical interpretation of his works (just read his Prologue to the Second Edition of the Lord of the Rings). So while it's possible to analyze the literary and psychological motives behind LoTR, I really doubt whether one can dig something conclusive out of it. This is reaffirmed by what I've read so far in this discussion. --Uriyan

 * There is an almost overwhelming degree of unwitting testimony relative to Tolkien's perceptions of Deep England within his work. He may not have consciously been aware of it, but it's there nevertheless... I read it a long time ago and still remember being truly staggered by the extent of it.

 * Tolkien hated socialism in any form, and wrote that the saints living in the modern world were those "who have for all their imperfections never finally bowed head and will to the world or the evil spirit (in modern but not universal terms: mechanism, 'scientific' materialism, Socialism in either of its factions now at war)."

 * I also think it is perfectly possible to analyse what someone writes and figure out what is being said between the lines. It is what we are all doing here. sjc

PPS: I just found this really nice piece of dissection by a truly intelligent writer of fantasy, Michael Moorcock, which strikes a chord with me:

 * The little hills and woods of that Surrey of the mind, the Shire [where the protagonist "hobbits" live], are "safe" but the wild landscapes everywhere beyond the Shire are "dangerous"... Lord of the Rings is a pernicious confirmation of the values of a morally bankrupt middle class... If the Shire is a suburban garden, Sauron [the "evil" dark lord] and his henchmen are that old bourgeois bugaboo, the mob - mindless football supporters throwing their beer bottles over the fence - the worst aspect of modern urban society represented as the whole by a fearful, backward-yearning class.

sjc

Wouldn't it be useful simply to distinguish between Tolkien and Tolkien's work? Tolkien surely had his own views, some of which were expressed explicitly in print. But Tolkien's claimed intentions, or his own way of reading his work, is not quite the same thing as how others have read his work. It seems to me that regardless of Tolkien's intentions, many people have found reasons of their own to enjoy his books, and have found their own meaning in it. How other people have read and interpreted these books seems to me to be an entirely legitimate, and interesting, topic. All I am saying is that the two readings of the books need to be distinguished clearly,

SR
 * I agree entirely with SLR on the approach. Authors are not so easily reduced to their work, even authors of genre fiction.  Critics are sometimes, but far from always, more perceptive than those they study.  Only really, deeply banal art is entirely explicable. MichaelTinkler

 * The American novelist Diane Johnson said it better than I could: The novelist, afraid his ideas may be foolish, slyly puts them in the mouth of some other fool and reserves the right to disavow them.

 * I wasn't suggesting that Tolkien can be entirely reduced to his work. But short of resurrecting him and putting the hard questions, we only have his work and his epistolary legacy against which to assess him. I think I am fairly clear in my mind that his work is suspect; I am not entirely alone in this respect; the main thrust of my argument is that Tolkien is basically Deep England to the bone.sjc
 * Since you've admitted not reading it in 20 years, I tend to think more highly of your practice of history than of liteary criticism. ; ) MichaelTinkler

 * I guess I'm not alone, though. I was reading Jonathan Coe's novel "The Rotters Club" (a tale of life in Birmingham) the other day and came across this: "Birmingham, Doug maintained, had produced two notable racist thinkers in the last few decades: Enoch Powell and J.R.R. Tolkien." Laugh? The cat nearly had an epileptic fit.sjc

Removing this paragraph from the main page; perhaps it should be rewritten by someone who has read the works in question (destroyers of the rural lanes of the Shire? fair-haired elven master-race)?

 * Tolkien's views are interesting in that they represent the complexity of a particular individual's take on the coming of modernity within Deep England: e.g. the masses may be said to be represented within The Lord of the Rings by the orcs, the leathery and obnoxious barbarian horde creature destroyers of the rural lanes of the Shire; Sauron and Saruman the political manipulators controlling hordes for their own evil ends, etc. This view is particularly well-represented in John Carey's critique of English middle-class intelligentsia's fear of the working classes, "The Intellectuals and the Masses". Against this in mitigation can be set Tolkien's genuine and unfeigned love of the countryside, and of folk-ways.

 * Well actually, I read them once, admittedly not with the fawning eye of the school of Tolkien sycophants. About 20 years ago. Then I started rereading them again. And frankly I found it even more appalling the second time around. The stuff is pernicious garbage of a low order of intellectual magnitude: what we have with Lord of the Rings is a crypto-fascist staircase mystery masquerading as a fantasy novel. user:sjc:sjc

That's fine, but not very relevant to this page. The trouble I find with the page as presently written is that it doesn't make it very clear what its subject is. Deep England is variously a vision, an ideological construct, a concept, a place in which J B Priestly could reside, and a perspective with proponents and opponents. The most important thing which I would like to see clarified is whether the various writers listed would have seen themselves as part of a school with something in common (and if so, what), or whether this school is identified by others. If the latter, is the school only identified by those critical of it? Is the term Deep England particularly used by those critical of it? Is the used for anyone who writes (or paints?) positively of rural England, or only those who combine this with a reactionary viewpoint?

As to Tolkien, I don't think it's controversial that he was deeply politically reactionary. But symbolic interpretations of literary works in ways that wouldn't be recognised by the author need a little more context than the psychohistory suggested above. I think there is something interesting to be written here, and I agree that the connections between Tolkien's racial mythology and the myths built on by the Nazi party for their own purposes go deeper than is often observed. If this John Carey is interesting, please write about him - but don't expect people to accept a point of view merely because it is propounded by a 'serious literary critic'. Many people so described don't actually read the works they criticise.

 * Oh dear. This really is an argument of infinite regress, isn't it? Deep England is all of the things which you detail above and more. It is not a school, but certainly inclusion within its rank of members is a self-selecting process. It is moreover a term which can be used not only by critics but occasionally by its adherents, who would depict it positively. Unfortunately its adherents are not usually the brightest of folk, so intellectual Darwinism tends to reduce their outpourings to yesterday's chip-paper wrappings long before they become common currency. sjc

There's no need for this to be infinite regress. If the term is used in an incoherent manner, that's fine, but the explanation needs to be on the main page, not here.

What's missing from this page at present is the step between an artistic portrayal of an ahistorical rural idyll and the reactionary political points of view associated with it? Why (according to its critics) does this connection arise?

At the moment, this page has little more useful content than:

 * Reactionary people often romanticise the past. The term 'Deep England' is used by people who criticise this.

plus a pile of name-checks.

And don't fall into the trap of believing your enemies are stupid. Neither Priestly nor Kipling was a stupid person. Nor was Enoch Powell, come to that. Being clever and being correct don't automatically go together, right?

--Matthew Woodcraft

Fine. I accept your reductionist argument. I have better things to do than argue the toss.sjc

 * PS: On the subject of John Carey, I fully intend to do an article on him at some future point. As well as QD & FR Leavis, Terry Eagleton, Uncle Tom Cobbley and all. But I only have one pair of hands.

Me again: sjc writes "They were certainly not rational political animals, capable of running a computer... " The latter I'll grant you, but not the former. They have a higher tech than, for example, the writer who first claimed that Humans are political animals; about the same level as the writers of the US Constitution, or higher than that in the UK at the time of the Glorious Revolution. I'm unconvinced about "Deep England," but fairly sure that being agrarian doesn't mean people are politically unsophisticated.

 * Struggling with this Vicky...

I have trouble giving credence to Moorcock as an authority here, given that he blithely ignores the differences, *for story purposes*, that is, within the secondary creation that is Lord of the Rings, between magic and technology: he doesn't see why the good guys didn't take cannon up against Barad-dur, ignoring both the military strength of Sauron and the point that Gandalf and Elrond know that it wouldn't do any good, that the need is to destroy the Ring. (See Ansible 174, at http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/SF-Archives/Ansible/a174.html). Vicki Rosenzweig

 * Yes, I read that too. Moorcock was really attacking Tolkien's characteristic paucity of emplotment here, I think. Moorcock isn't first and foremost a literary critic, but he certainly is a writer possessed of more imagination in his little finger than exist in the entire canonical output of the Inklings. But frankly, if you guys are so upset about the dehagiographication of St Tolkien, then I will let it ride. But please expect an article really soon on the case for the extermination of hobbits... :-) sjc the bad

 * You clearly have a higher opinion of Moorcock's fiction than I do, which is fine: but I think it belongs on a page about Moorcock. VR

Calder cites, amidst a myriad of examples, the city-bred northener J.B. Priestley who by inclination had become a denizen of Deep England ''What does this last mean? He was walking around in a vision?''.

 * It means that his intellect had been usurped by the seductive lure of post-Georgian romanticism. It is not terribly difficult to comprehend. Or is it? sjc

If you mean that, then say it. Yes, your page is difficult to comprehend. Please help to improve it. You're not just writing for an audience whose political views will match yours; people will read this page whose point of view is closer to that of the writers you criticise. Be direct, not allusive.

You seem to be saying that Priestley, who ought to know better, found a romanticised view of (particularly English?) rural life sufficiently attractive that he overlooked the opression historically involved. Or do you mean that he was deliberately colluding with the 'various interested organisations'?

Phrases like a clearly defined political and cultural purpose in the hands of various interested agencies are unclear. Why not just say what the purpose was, and who the agencies were? You're already making it clear whose view this is, so if you mean oppressive, or racist, or sexist, then just say so.

This ought to be a useful page, if it can focus on the movement (?) described by its title.

--Matthew Woodcraft

Fine. I accept your reductionist argument (bis). I still have better things to do than argue the toss. sjc
 * It's not "arguing the toss, it's asking for clarification. If I agreed with you (and I think I do, in part), I'd want more detail on this, to make the article useful. If someone had a clearly defined purpose, it's worth identifying--especially 60 years on, when you can't expeect most readers to have heard the broadcasts or otherwise be intimately familiar with the experience of hiding in the Underground during the Blitz. Vicki Rosenzweig

I have re-edited an earlier version of the article, which appears to describe a concept actually used in criticism: Google gives examples. I have tried to turn the rhetoric down a bit (actually, a lot), and edit for NPOV. I hope that in doing so I have not created any distortions of fact. And yes, more research is needed to make the article useful. The Anome

-

Google search gives about 85 hits for "Deep England" - about 40 are in the same usage as this article. So people are using this term, but it's pretty rare.

I'm not sure about the validity of this term as an encyclopaedia article. It appears to be an idiosyncratic term used by Robert Hewison and Angus Calder and few others as a criticism of Priestley.

Google hits: +"deep england" +"julian barnes" = 0 +"deep england" +utopian = 0 +"deep england" +"john major" = 1 (out of context) +"deep england" +"Angus Calder" = 2 +"deep england" +"Robert Hewison" = 3 +"deep england" +"J.B. Priestley" = 5 +"deep england" +"Rudyard Kipling" = 1 (out of context) +"deep england" +"Tolkien" = 0 +"deep england" +"Beatrix Potter" = 0

The term "Merry England" which has similar meanings deserves an article. Mintguy

- Strongly recommend moving much of the above to Talk:Lord of the Rings and Talk:Tolkien.

Also consider role of C. S. Lewis, another notable Catholic Englander... like Tolkien he tended to see the enemy as TECHNOLOGY (note "the one ring" is a TECHNOLOGY, and the Orcs and Saruman are delighted/seduced by killing machines) - so most of the allegorical reads are just off the mark above.

-

This is certainly a real subject, with major importance in British culture and politics, even if "Deep England" might be the wrong title: possible alternative titles might be "Merrie England", or "English reactionary romanticism"?

There is most certainly a good article in here somewhere, but first we must give it a good NPOV kicking, and the benefit of some more research...

title: Talk:Deep England


text:
Proso millet

Panicum miliaceum is a grain crop with many common names, including proso millet, broomcorn millet, common millet, hog millet, Kashfi millet, red millet, and white millet. Archaeobotanical evidence suggests millet was first domesticated about 10,000 BP in Northern China. Major cultivated areas include Northern China, Himachal Pradesh of India, Nepal, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, the Middle East, Turkey, Romania, and the Great Plains states of the United States. About 500,000 acre are grown each year. The crop is notable both for its extremely short lifecycle, with some varieties producing grain only 60 days after planting, and its low water requirements, producing grain more efficiently per unit of moisture than any other grain species tested. The name "proso millet" comes from the pan-Slavic general and generic name for millet (proso, proso, proso, просо).

Proso millet is a relative of foxtail millet, pearl millet, maize, and sorghum within the grass subfamily Panicoideae. While all of these crops use C4 photosynthesis, the others all employ the NADP-ME as their primary carbon shuttle pathway, while the primary C4 carbon shuttle in proso millet is the NAD-ME pathway.

Evolutionary history
Panicum miliaceum is a tetraploid species with a base chromosome number of 18, twice the base chromosome number of diploid species within its genus Panicum. The species appears to be an allotetraploid resulting from a wide hybrid between two different diploid ancestors. One of the two subgenomes within proso millet appears to have come from either P. capillare or a close relative of that species. The second subgenome does not show close homology to any known diploid Panicum species, but some unknown diploid ancestor apparently also contributed a copy of its genome to a separate allotetraploid species P. repens (torpedo grass). The two subgenomes within proso millet are estimated to have diverged 5.6 million years ago. However, the species has experienced only limited amounts of fractionation and copies of most genes are still retained on both subgenomes. A sequenced version of the proso millet genome, estimated to be around 920 megabase pairs in size, was published in 2019.

Domestication and history of cultivation

Weedy forms of proso millet are found throughout central Asia, covering a widespread area from the Caspian Sea east to Xinjiang and Mongolia. These may represent the wild progenitor of proso millet or feral escapes from domesticated production. Indeed, in the United States, weedy proso millet, representing feral escapes from cultivation, are now common, suggesting current proso millet cultivars retain the potential to revert, similar to the pattern seen for weedy rice. Currently, the earliest archeological evidence for domesticated proso millet comes from the Cishan site in semiarid north east China around 8,000 BCE. Because early varieties of proso millet had such a short lifecycle, as little as 45 days from planting to harvest, they are thought to have made it possible for seminomadic tribes to first adopt agriculture, forming a bridge between hunter-gatherer-focused lifestyles and early agricultural civilizations. Archaeological charred grains of common millet were found in several Neolithic sites in Europe and Transcaucasia but radiocarbon dates obtained thanks to AMS method directly from the grains, indicated that it appeared in that area in the 2nd millennium BC.

Cultivation
Proso millet is a relatively low-demanding crop, and diseases are not known; consequently, it is often used in organic farming systems in Europe. In the United States, it is often used as an intercrop. Thus, proso millet can help to avoid a summer fallow, and continuous crop rotation can be achieved. Its superficial root system and its resistance to atrazine residue make proso millet a good intercrop between two water- and pesticide-demanding crops. The stubbles of the last crop, by allowing more heat into the soil, result in a faster and earlier millet growth. While millet occupies the ground, because of its superficial root system, the soil can replenish its water content for the next crop. Later crops, for example, a winter wheat, can in turn benefit from the millet stubble, which act as snow accumulators. P. miliaceum is commonly classified into five races, miliaceum, patentissimum, contractum, compactum, and ovatum.

Climate and soil requirements
Due to its C4 photosynthetic system, proso millet is thermophilic like maize, so shady locations of the field should be avoided. It is sensitive to temperatures lower than 10 to 13 C. Proso millet is highly drought-resistant, which makes it of interest to regions with low water availability and longer periods without rain. The soil should be light or medium-heavy. Due to its flat root systems, soil compaction must be avoided. Furthermore, proso millet does not tolerate soil wetness caused by dammed-up water.

A 2019 study found different cultivars have significantly different effects on rhizosphere assemblage, and also that Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and Planctomycetes are the most common members, in declining order.

Seedbed and sowing
The seedbed should be finely crumbled as for sugar beet and rapeseed. In Europe, proso millet is sowed between mid-April and the end of May. About 500 g/acre of seeds are required, which is roughly 500 /m2. In organic farming, this amount should be increased if a harrow weeder is used. For sowing, the usual sowing machines can be used similarly to how they are used for other crops such as wheat. A distance between the rows of 16 to 25 cm is recommended if the farmer uses an interrow cultivator. The sowing depth should be 1.5 to 2 cm in optimal soil or 3 to 4 cm in dry soil. Rolling of the ground after sowing is helpful for further cultivation. Cultivation in no-till farming systems is also possible and often practiced in the United States. Sowing then can be done two weeks later.

Field management
Only a few diseases and pests are known to attack proso millet, but they are not economically important. Weeds are a bigger problem. The critical phase is in juvenile development. The formation of the grains happens in the 3- to 5-leaf stage. After that, all nutrients should be available for the millet, so preventing the growth of weeds is necessary. In conventional farming, herbicides may be used. In organic farming, harrow weeder or interrow cultivator use is possible, but special sowing parameters are needed. For good crop development, fertilization with 50 to 75 kg nitrogen per hectare is recommended. Planting proso millet in a crop rotation after maize should be avoided due to its same weed spectrum. Because proso millet is an undemanding crop, it may be used at the end of the rotation.

Harvesting and postharvest treatments
Harvest time is at the end of August until mid-September. Determining the best harvest date is not easy because all the grains do not ripen simultaneously. The grains on the top of the panicle ripen first, while the grains in the lower parts need more time, making compromise and harvest necessary to optimize yield. Harvesting can be done with a conventional combine harvester with the moisture content of the grains around 15-20%. Usually, proso millet is mowed into windrows first, since the plants are not dry like wheat. There, they can wither, which makes the threshing easier. Then the harvest is done with a pickup attached to a combine. Possible yields are between 2.5 and 4.5 t/ha under optimal conditions. Studies in Germany showed that even higher yields can be attained.

Geographical distribution
In the United States, as of 2015, the total cultivated area of proso millet was 204,366 ha, mostly in the Great Plains states. The top three producers in 2015 were Colorado, Nebraska, and South Dakota, with 109,265 ha, 42,492 ha, and 28,328 ha. Historically grown as animal and bird seed, as of 2020, it has found a market as an organic gluten-free grain.

Proso millet is one of the few types of millet not cultivated in Africa.

Humans
In Inner Mongolia and northwestern Shanxi, China, fermented proso millet porridge known as "suan zhou" (酸粥) is popular. Millet is soaked to allow fermentation, then water is emptied to obtain porridge. The emptied water is served as a millet drink called "suan mi tang" (酸米湯). The porridge is eaten alongside pickles, e.g. turnips, carrots, radish and celery. The porridge may be stirred-fried and is called "chao suan zhou" (炒酸粥). The porridge may also be steamed into solids known as "suan lao fan" (酸撈飯). While the traditional grain is proso millet, it is mixed with rice when available. Many folk idioms of sourness derive from this dish.

In the United States, proso millet is used to brew gluten-free beer, being mixed with other grains to produce a texture.

Livestock and poultry
Proso millet is primarily grown as livestock and poultry fodder. As food it is very deficient in lysine and needs complementation. Proso millet is also a poor fodder due to its low leaf-to-stem ratio and a possible irritant effect due to its hairy stem. Foxtail millet, having a higher leaf-to-stem ratio and less hairy stems, is preferred as fodder, particularly the variety called moha, which is a high-quality fodder.

Nutrition
Millet flour is 9% water, 75% carbohydrates, 11% protein, and 4% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g, millet flour supplies 382 calories, and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of several B vitamins and dietary minerals (table).

The demand for more diverse and healthier cereal-based foods is increasing, particularly in affluent countries. Protein content in proso millet grains is comparable with that of wheat, but the share of some essential amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and methionine) is substantially higher in proso millet. Among the most commonly consumed products are ready-to-eat breakfast cereals made purely from millet flour, and a variety of noodles and bakery products that are, however, often produced from mixtures with wheat flour to improve their sensory quality.

Fermentation products
Starch derived from millets has been shown to be a good substrate for fermentation and malting with grains having similar starch contents as wheat grains. One study suggested that starch derived from proso millet can be converted to ethanol with an only moderately lower efficiency than starch derived from corn. As proso millet is compatible with low-input agriculture, cultivation on marginal soils for biofuel production may present a new market for farmers.

Pests
Insect pests include:

 * Seedling pests
 * shoot fly Atherigona pulla (proso millet shoot fly, a major pest in India and Africa)
 * Atherigona miliaceae, Atherigona soccata, and A. punctata
 * wheat stem maggot Meromyza americana occurs in the United States
 * thrip, Haplothrips aculeatus
 * armyworms Mythimna separata, M. unipuncta, Spodoptera exempta, and S. frugiperda
 * field cricket Brachytrupes sp.

 * Stem borers
 * Chilo partellus, Ch. suppressalis, Chilo orichalcociliellus, Sesamia inferens, S. cretica, and Ostrinia furnacalis

 * Leaf feeders
 * leaf folders Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Cn. patnalis
 * hairy caterpillar Spilosoma obliqua
 * rice butterfly Melanitis leda ismene
 * Moroccan locust Dociostaurus maroccanus
 * migratory locust Locusta migratoria
 * grasshoppers Hieroglyphus banian and Oxya chinensis

 * Earhead feeders
 * cotton boll worm Helicoverpa zea (in the United States)

 * Other pests
 * aphid Sipha flava (in North America)
 * earhead bug Leptocorisa acuta and green bug Nezara viridula suck the milky developing grains in India
 * termites, Odontotermes spp. and Microtermes spp., are the common species recorded on proso millet during dry seasons in India.

As a weed
Weedy and feral types are classified as Panicum ruderale(Kitag.) Chang comb. Nov. or Panicum miliaceum subsp. ruderale. A 2018 report developed a morphometric analysis method which distinguishes seeds of P. miliaceum and P. ruderale on the basis of micromorphology.

Local names
Native names for proso millet in its cultivated area include:
 * Jin Chinese: 糜米
 * cheena
 * china bachari bagmu
 * baragu
 * variga
 * chena or barri
 * cheena
 * cheno
 * varaī
 * pani varagu
 * dudhe
 * Kazakh: тары

title: Proso millet


text:
Dyson's eternal intelligence

Dyson's eternal intelligence (the Dyson Scenario) is a hypothetical concept, proposed by Freeman Dyson in 1979, by which an immortal society of intelligent beings in an open universe may escape the prospect of the heat death of the universe by performing an infinite number of computations (as defined below) though expending only a finite amount of energy.

Bremermann's limit can be invoked to deduce a lower bound on the amount of time required to distinguish two discrete energy levels of a quantum system using a quantum measurement. One can interpret this measurement as a computation on 1 bit for this system; however, Bremermann's limit is difficult to interpret physically, since there exist quantum Hamiltonians for which this interpretation would give arbitrarily fast computation speeds at arbitrarily low energy. Following this interpretation, the upper bound on the number of such measurements that can be performed grows over time. Assuming that the energy in the quantum system on which the measurement is performed is lost (while ignoring energy that is lost due to the measurement apparatus itself), the energy available from the mechanism suggested below slows logarithmically, but never stops.

The intelligent beings would begin by storing a finite amount of energy. They then use half (or any fraction) of this energy to power their computation. When the energy is used up, they would enter a state of zero-energy-consumption until the universe cooled. Once the universe had cooled sufficiently, half of the remaining half (one quarter of the original energy) of the intelligent beings' fuel reserves would once again be released, powering a brief period of computation once more. This would continue, with smaller and smaller amounts of energy being released. As the universe cooled, the computations would be slower and slower, but there would still be an infinite number of them.

In 1998, it was discovered that the expansion of the universe appears to be accelerating rather than decelerating due to a positive cosmological constant, implying that any two regions of the universe will eventually become permanently separated from one another. Dyson noted that "in an accelerated universe everything is different". However, even if the cosmological constant is $$0$$, the matter density in an FLRW universe would converge to $$0$$ at rate $$ t^{-1/2}$$, suggesting that the stored energy would become unavailable even if it is not used.

Legacy
Frank J. Tipler has cited Dyson's writings, and specifically his writings on the eternal intelligence, as a major influence on his own highly controversial Omega Point theory. Tipler's theory differs from Dyson's theory on several key points, most notable of which is that Dyson's eternal intelligence presupposes an open universe while Tipler's Omega Point presupposes a closed/contracting universe. Both theories will be invalidated if the observed universal expansion continues to accelerate.

title: Dyson's eternal intelligence


text:
User:Slrubenstein

 This is the userpage of Slrubenstein, a great guy and a dedicated and skillful Wikipedian, who contributed more than 30,000 edits to Wikipedia since his [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_selection&diff=332257137&oldid=332257136 first] edit on December 12, 2001 to his [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Thompsma&diff=prev&oldid=479728140 last] on March 1st 2012.

Being a cultural anthropologist by profession he made most of his contributions in areas related to human culture, but he was also a prolific editor in other areas, contributing hundreds of edits to pages such as Jesus, Race and Franz Boas. In the world of academia he was a recognized expert on the culture of the Shuar people of Ecuador, as well as an ardent spokesperson for indigenous rights. He was also a dedicated proponent of free knowledge, and over the 11 years he edited he also made many important contributions to developing the basic policies and guidelines by which Wikipedia operates. He will be sorely missed by the Wikipedia community and by all who knew him.

"The tale of the fool, the naif, the adventurer, the wiseacre, may be the best weapon against the myths of the state."

- Steven Rubenstein, 2002.

Hi. I used to believe I had nothing to say about myself beyond what I contribute to articles, which I hope reflects my knowledge and interests but not my biases, and to talk pages, in which I try to be honest about my biases, especially if someone asks. I still think that as a Wikipedian I am best judged by my work on Wikipedia, although those who now care to, may judge me by what I read and what I watch. Of course, I am always willing to answer a question if you ask me.

Anyway, I now believe I can do what so many other Wikipedians have done on their user pages: introduce myself:

Everyone has one question. For the Little Prince, the question is whether his drawing #1 frightened them. If they answer "Why should I be frightened of a hat?" he knew that they understand nothing.

Here is my question:

 * Do you believe that ...
 * (CHOOSE ONE: Michaelangelo's ceiling of the Sistine Chapel or statue of David, the Dome of the Rock, The Gilgamesh Epic, the Iliad, Shakespeare's Hamlet, Diderot's Jacques the Fatalist, Keats' "Ode on a Grecian Urn," Arnold's "Dover Beach," Melville's Moby-Dick, Rilke's Sonnets to Orpheus, Forster's A Passage to India, Somerset Maugham's The Razor's Edge, Greene's The End of the Affair, Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince, Fowles's The Magus, Le Guin's Earthsea trilogy (see, , ), Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians, Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony or Ninth symphony, Ellington and Coltrane's Duke Ellington & John Coltrane, and for the cognoscente, Springsteen's "Darkness on the Edge of Town," and Elvis Costello's "Alison")
 * ...expresses some great truth?

If the person answers yes (or can answer yes to an appropriate addition), I know they will understand why the fact that I think the Bible was written by human beings and that many parts of it are not historically accurate does not mean that I think it a fraud or an anachronism, nor does it mean that I am a blaspheming heretic, but on the contrary that I believe it to be a divinely profound and truthful work. And if the person answers yes, they will understand why as a scientist I think that research with living people, the aim of which is to understand how they make meaning of their lives and their world — something that cannot be measured and subjected to statistical analysis, and research that is not reproducible — is nevertheless among the most significant and valuable research one can conduct and learn from.

If the person answers "no," I know that they understand nothing. I think of those people who would answer "no" to my question whenever I read this passage from Umberto Eco's Foucault's Pendulum:

 * Idiot. Above her head was the only stable place in the cosmos, the only refuge from the damnation of the panta rei, and she guessed it was the Pendulum's business, not hers. A moment later the couple went off — he, trained on some textbook that had blunted his capacity for wonder, she, inert and insensitive to the thrill of the infinite, both oblivious of the awesomeness of their encounter — their first and last encounter — with the One, the Ein-Sof, the Ineffable. How could you fail to kneel down before this altar of certitude?

Comments or Questions for me
Since I have been here people have posted questions and comments to my user page and talk page indiscriminately. I have archived all of this material on this page. But if you wish to make a comment, please do so on my talk page.

The rest of this page is somewhat self-indulgent

Some pages I care about
Since I started contributing to Wikipedia I have edited a number of pages. However, there are a few where I am especially proud of the research I did in order to contribute to the article:

Articles
Anthropology

Biblical canon

Cultural anthropology

Cultural evolution

Cultural and historical background of Jesus

Cultural relativism

Culture

Ethnic group

Franz Boas

Incest taboo

Jivaroan peoples

Judaism and Christianity

Karl Marx

Pharisees

Race

Shuar

Tribe

Policies and guidelines
Over the years I have at times put considerable work into:

No original research

Disruptive editing

which I believe have helped maintain the encyclopedic quality of Wikipedia.

Essays on Wiki-Process
Advice for new administrators

The role of policies in collaborative anarchy

The Durova Incident (by JzG) (Note: I care about this very clear-headed and informative analysis of one of the many overblown incidents here that are symptomatic of a whole set of systemic problems at Wikipedia. I did not play any significant role in the incident, and did not write or edit this page.)

The continued harassment of Slim Virgin (an account by the victim) (Note: I neither wrote nor edited this page, but consider it another very instructive example of a crippling weakness of Wikipedia.)

Dealing with harassment on wikipedia by User:JzG

Essays on Wiki-Research
Advice on researching with Wikipedia

Suggestions for excellent content by User:AndyZ

Librarian's Guide to the way Wikipedia works by User:DGG

Librarian's view of Wikipedia and Reliability also by User:DGG

Literature
Matthew Arnold
 * "Dover Beach"

Ray Bradbury
 * The Martian Chronicles

J. M. Coetzee
 * Waiting for the Barbarians

Denis Diderot
 * Jacques the Fatalist

Umberto Eco
 * Foucault's Pendulum

E.M. Forster
 * A Passage to India

John Fowles
 * The Magus

Graham Greene
 * The End of the Affair

Homer
 * Iliad

John Keats
 * "Ode on a Grecian Urn"

Ursula K. Le Guin
 * A Wizard of Earthsea
 * The Tombs of Atuan
 * The Farthest Shore
 * The Dispossessed

William Somerset Maugham
 * The Razor's Edge

Herman Melville
 * Moby-Dick

Rainer Maria Rilke
 * Sonnets to Orpheus

Philip Roth
 * The Ghost Writer

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
 * The Little Prince

John Steinbeck
 * Of Mice and Men

Leo Tolstoy
 * Anna Karenina

Unknown
 * The Gilgamesh Epic trans. by Herbert Mason

Various Authors
 * Tanakh

Jewish
Daniel Boyarin
 * A Radical Jew: Paul and the Politics of Identity (1997) The University of California Press ISBN 0520212142

Abraham Joshua Heschel
 * God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism (1976) Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 0374513317
 * The Prophets (2001) Perennial Classics ISBN 0060936991

Max Kadushin
 * The Rabbinic Mind (2001) Global Publications at SUNY Binghamton University ISBN 1586840940

Yechezkel Kaufmann
 * The Religion of Israel: From Its Beginnings to the Babylonian Exile (1972) Schocken ISBN 0805203648

Franz Rosenzweig
 * The Star of Redemption (2005) University of Wisconsin Press ISBN 0299207242

Leo W. Schwarz, editor
 * Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People (1977) Modern Library ISBN 039460413X

For the Neophyte
Ruth Benedict
 * Patterns of Culture (1989) Mariner Books ISBN 0395500885

Marvin Harris
 * Our Kind: Who We Are, Where We Came From, Where We Are Going (1990) Perennial ISBN 0060919906

Hortense Powdermaker
 * Stranger and Friend (1966) W.W. Norton & Company ISBN 0393004104

Eric Wolf
 * Europe and the People Without History (1997) University of California Press ISBN 0520048989

For the Veteran
Gregory Bateson
 * Naven (1958) Stanford University Press ISBN 0804705208

Franz Boas
 * Race, Language, Culture (1940) The University of Chicago Press ISBN 0226062414

Alan Tormaid Campbell
 * To Square with Genesis: Causal Statements and Shamanic Ideas in Wayãpí(1989) The University of Iowa Press ISBN 0877452482

Terrence Deacon
 * The Symbolic Species: The Coevolution of Language and the Brain (1998) W. W. Norton & Company ISBN 0393317544

Johannes Fabian
 * Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object (2002) Columbia University Press ISBN 0231125771

James Ferguson
 * The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development," Depoliticization, and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho (1994) University of Minnesota Press ISBN 0816624372

William H. Fisher
 * Rain Forest Exchanges: Industry and Community on an Amazonian Frontier (200) Smithsonian Books ISBN 1560989831

Ronald Frankenberg Morton H. Fried
 * Village on the Border: A Social Study of Religion, Politics and Football in a North Wales Community (1989) Waveland Press ISBN 0881334855
 * The Evolution of Political Society: An Essay in Political Anthropology (1967) Random House
 * The Notion of Tribe (1975), Cummings ISBN 0846515482

Judith Friedlander
 * Being Indian in Hueyapan: A Study of Forced Identity in Contemporary Mexico (1975) Bedford/St Martins ISBN 0312073151

Thomas Gregor
 * The Mehinaku: The Dream of Daily Life in a Brazilian Indian Village (1980), University Of Chicago Press ISBN 0226307468

Bruno Latour and Steve Woolgar
 * Laboratory Life (1986), Princeton University Press ISBN 069102832X

Claude Lévi-Strauss
 * Tristes Tropiques (1992) Penguin Books ISBN 0140165622

Robert F. Murphy
 * The Dialectics of Social Life (1971) George Allen and Unwin ISBN 0043010490

Yolanda and Robert F. Murphy
 * Women of the Forest (1985) Columbia University Press ISBN 0231060890

Marshall Sahlins
 * Culture and Practical Reason (1978) The University of Chicago Press ISBN 0226733610

Gerald M. Sider
 * Lumbee Indian Histories: Race, Ethnicity, and Indian Identity in the Southern United States (1994) Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521466695

Michael Taussig
 * Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America (1983), University of North Carolina Press ISBN 0807841064
 * Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing (1991) University Of Chicago Press ISBN 0226790134
 * The Nervous System (1991) Routledge ISBN 0415904455
 * Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses (1992) Routledge ISBN 0415906873
 * Defacement: Public Secrecy and the Labor of the Negative (1999) Stanford University Press ISBN 0804732000

D. Lawrence Wieder Paul Willis
 * Language and social reality: The case of telling the convict code (1974) Mouton ASIN B0006C9O5E
 * Learning to Labor (1981) Columbia University Press ISBN 0231053576

Social Sciences and the Humanities
Jessica Benjamin
 * The Bonds of Love: Psychoanalysis, Feminism, and the Problem of Domination (1988) Pantheon Bools ISBN 0394757303

John Berger
 * Ways of Seeing (1995) Penguin Books ISBN 0140135154

Marshall Berman
 * All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity (1988) Penguin Books ISBN 0140109625

Martin Buber
 * I and Thou (1971) Free Press ISBN 0684717255

Nicholas Cook
 * Music: A Very Short Introduction (2000) Oxford University Press ISBN 0192853821

Jonathan Culler
 * On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism After Structuralism (1983) Cornell University Press ISBN 0801492017

Charles Darwin
 * The Origin of Species (2004) Castle Books ISBN 0785819118

Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari
 * Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1983) University of Minnesota Press ISBN 0816612250

Jacques Derrida
 * Of Grammatology (1998) Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0801858305
 * Dissemination (1983) University of Chicago Press ISBN 0226143341

Isaac Deutscher
 * The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1879-1921 (2003) Verso ISBN 1859844413
 * The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-1929 (2003) Verso ISBN 1859844464
 * The Prophet Outcast: Trotsky 1929-1940 (2003) Verso ISBN 1859844510

Frantz Fanon
 * The Wretched of the Earth (1965) Grove Press ISBN 0802150837

Michel Foucault
 * Discipline & Punish : The Birth of the Prison (1995) Vintage ISBN 0679752552
 * The History of Sexuality : An Introduction (History of Sexuality) (1990) Vintage ISBN 0679724699

Paulo Freire
 * Pedagogy of the Oppressed (2000) Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 0826412769

Sigmund Freud
 * Dora: An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria (1997) Touchstone ISBN ISBN 0684829460
 * Three Case Histories (1996) Touchstone ISBN 0684829452
 * The Interpretation of Dreams (1980) Avon ISBN 0380010003
 * Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (2000) Basic Books ISBN 0465097081

Anthony Giddens
 * Central Problems in Social Theory (1979) University of California Press ISBN 0520039750

David Halberstam
 * The Best and the Brightest (1993) Ballentine Books ISBN 0449908704

William Hinton
 * Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village (1997) University of California Press ISBN 0520210409

Bruno Latour
 * We Have Never Been Modern (1993) Harvard University Press ISBN 0674948394

Jonathan Lee
 * Jacques Lacan (1991) University of Massachusetts Press ISBN 0870237373

Karl Marx
 * Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1963) International Publishers ISBN 0717800563

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
 * The German Ideology: Including Thesis on Feuerbach (1998) ISBN 1573922587

Louis Menand
 * The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America (2002) Farrar, Straus and Giroux ISBN 0374528497

James Miller
 * The Passion of Michel Foucault (2000) Harvard University Press ISBN 0674001575

Juliet Mitchell
 * Psychoanalysis and Feminism: A Radical Reassessment of Freudian Psychoanalysis (2000) Basic Books ISBN 0465046088

Ray Monk
 * Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius (1991) Penguin Books ISBN 0140159959

Friedrich Nietzsche
 * Beyond Good and Evil (1989) Vintage ISBN 0679724656
 * The Genealogy of Morals (2003) Dover ISBN 0486426912

Stephen C. Pepper
 * World Hypotheses: a Study in Evidence (1961) University of California Press ISBN 0520009940

Thirty-nine of my favorite movies

 * The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (Terry Gilliam)
 * Apocalypse Now (Francis Ford Coppola)
 * The Big Country (William Wyler)
 * Blazing Saddles (Mel Brooks)
 * Blue Velvet (David Lynch)
 * The Bridge on the River Kwai (David Lean)
 * Biruma no Tategoto (The Burmese Harp) (Kon Ichikawa)
 * Cabaret (Bob Fosse)
 * City Lights (Charlie Chaplin)
 * Cop Land (James Mangold)
 * Cradle Will Rock (Tim Robbins)
 * Le Crime de Monsieur Lange (The Crime of Monsieur Lange) (Jean Renoir)
 * Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (Stanley Kubrick)
 * Dr. Zhivago (David Lean)
 * La Dolce Vita (The Sweet Life) (Federico Fellini)
 * 8½ (Federico Fellini)
 * Les Enfants du Paradis (Children of Paradise) (Marcel Carne)
 * The Godfather (Francis Ford Coppola)
 * The Graduate (Mike Nichols)
 * Ikiru (To Live) (Akira Kurosawa)
 * Last Tango in Paris (Bernardo Bertolucci)
 * The Last Temptation of Christ (Martin Scorsese)
 * Little Big Man (Arthur Penn)
 * The Manchurian Candidate (John Frankenheimer)
 * Mary Poppins (Robert Stevenson)
 * Moonstruck (Norman Jewison)
 * North by Northwest (Alfred Hitchcock)
 * Once Upon a Time in the West (Sergio Leone)
 * Les Parapluies de Cherbourg (The Umbrellas of Cherbourg) (Jacques Demy)
 * Pecker (John Waters)
 * Rear Window (Alfred Hitchcock)
 * Salvador (Oliver Stone)
 * To Kill a Mockingbird (Robert Mulligan)
 * Tom Jones (Tony Richardson)
 * Twelve Angry Men (Sidney Lumet)
 * 2001: A Space Odyssey (Stanley Kubrick)
 * I Vitelloni (The Yearlings) (Federico Fellini)
 * Young Frankenstein (Mel Brooks)
 * Z (Costa-Gavras)

Movies I have a soft spot for

 * Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes (Aguirre, Wrath of God) Werner Herzog
 * Amarcord (I Remember) (Federico Fellini)
 * The Best Years of Our Lives (William Wyler)
 * Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Ang Lee)
 * Die Hard (John McTiernan)
 * Excalibur (John Boorman)
 * Lili (Charles Walters)
 * The Lion in Winter (Anthony Harvey)
 * The Natural (Barry Levinson)
 * Network (Sidney Lumet)
 * The Philadelphia Story (George Cukor)
 * The Pianist (Roman Polanski)
 * Raging Bull (the cure to any chick-flick) (Martin Scorcese)
 * Searching for Bobby Fischer (Steven Zaillian)
 * Secrets & Lies (Mike Leigh)
 * Shane (George Stevens)
 * The Sixth Sense (M. Night Shyamalan)
 * Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (Kerry Conran)
 * Star Wars (George Lucas)
 * A Streetcar Named Desire (Elia Kazan)
 * The Sweet Hereafter (Atom Egoyan)
 * The Thin Red Line (1998 film) (Terrence Malick) (with Paths of Glory, one of the two greatest war films)
 * True Grit (1969 film) (Henry Hathaway)
 * Unforgiven (Clint Eastwood)
 * West Side Story (Robert Wise, Jerome Robbins)
 * The Wild Bunch (Sam Peckinpah)
 * The Wizard of Oz (Victor Fleming)

"Great" movies I hate

 * Dances With Wolves (Kevin Costner)
 * E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial (Steven Speilberg)
 * Gone With the Wind (Victor Fleming)
 * Intolerance (D.W. Griffith)
 * On the Waterfront (Elia Kazan)

How I learned to hate Chick Flicks

 * An Officer and a Gentleman (Taylor Hackford)
 * Terms of Endearment (James L. Brooks)
 * Beaches (Garry Marshall)
 * Sleeping with the Enemy (Joseph Ruben)

The answers to two common questions

 * Kirk
 * Ringo

Tools

 * Wikiblame
 * Quick Index
 * Kate's edit counting tool
 * Interiot's edit counting tool
 * Interiot's "wannabe kate" edit counter
 * Block user
 * Unblock user
 * assorted Wikipedia tracking tools
 * Wikipedia Page History Statistics
 * What's hot at WP right now
 * Alexa webtraffic tool
 * IP address locator
 * Another IP address locator
 * smear-monitor

 * How to move a page
 * How to fix cut-and-paste moves

 * List of administrators
 * Administrators' how-to guide
 * Administrators' reading list
 * Blocking Policy
 * Banning policy
 * Checkuser
 * Checkuser Access
 * Requests for arbitration/How to present a case

For repeated vandalism by an anonymous IP address, it is helpful to take the following additional steps:
 * 1) Trace the IP address (cf. http://dnsstuff.com) and add  to the user talk page of the address. If it appears to be a shared IP address, add  or.
 * 2) For repetitive anonymous vandalism, particularly where registered to a school or other kind of responsive ISP, consider listing it on Abuse reports.

Frequently used templates

 * Template messages/User talk namespace

Archives
User:Slrubenstein/archive 1

User:Slrubenstein/archive 2

User:Slrubenstein/archive 3

User:Slrubenstein/archive 4

The Closet

 * User:Slrubenstein/Hey 172!!
 * User:Slrubenstein/Case Against CheeseDreams
 * My first RfC! - RIP
 * Neutral point of view/BCE-CE Debate
 * Neutral point of view/BCE-CE Debate/Discussion
 * Neutral point of view/BCE-CE Debate/Votes
 * Fourdee goes down
 * Another anti-Semite
 * Jagz attracts attention
 * Jagz — the final days:,, ,
 * What a night!, ,
 * Charles Matthews
 * User:Slrubenstein/MathSci unblocked
 * My second RfC!!
 * User:Noloop
 * My third RfC!!!
 * TechnoFaye crash and burn
 * User:Noleander
 * Jews and Money deletion

The Closet Shelf
User:Slrubenstein/The box on the shelf in the closet

User:Slrubenstein/Pharisees

My Sandbox

 * User:Slrubenstein/Sandbox
 * User:Slrubenstein/Sandbox/history of Judaism
 * User:Slrubenstein/sandbox/covenant code
 * User:Slrubenstein/sandbox/Jews and Money
 * User:Slrubenstein/sandbox/Economic history of the Jews

My filing cabinet

 * User:Slrubenstein/Jewish authorities
 * User:Slrubenstein/Local news
 * User:Slrubenstein/NOR
 * User:Slrubenstein/Judaism
 * User:Slrubenstein/old race
 * User:Slrubenstein/molecular genetics
 * user:Slrubenstein/Verifiability

WP:Areas for Reform -- I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Slrubenstein


text:
User:Skeeter451

= About Me =
 * Name: Susan
 * Handle: "Skeeter" was my beloved tomcat and "451" from Bradbury.

Greetings...

I have lived in Fort Lauderdale, Florida most of my life, but now live in West Palm Beach. I've been writing since I was twelve. I've worked as an editor for a publishing company and a proof-reader for a catalog sales company -- yes, I've actually gotten paid to proof. What a concept!

= Contributions =

Anthropology

 * Bronislav Malinowski
 * Robert Broom (1866-1951)
 * Colin Turnbull
 * Colin Renfrew
 * Dendrochronology
 * Epidemic Typhus
 * Kinship and Descent
 * Milford H. Wolpoff
 * Thor Heyerdahl
 * Subsistence
 * Zooarchaeology

Literature

 * The Journeyer by Gary Jennings

Email: skeeter451@yahoo.com

Florida Atlantic University: http://www.fau.edu FAU's Department of Anthropology: http://www.fau.edu/anthro/

title: User:Skeeter451