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Amen

Amen (אָמֵן, ; ἀμήν, ;, ; آمين, ) is an Abrahamic declaration of affirmation which is first found in the Hebrew Bible, and subsequently found in the New Testament. It is used in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim practices as a concluding word, or as a response to a prayer. Common English translations of the word amen include "verily", "truly", "it is true", and "let it be so". It is also used colloquially, to express strong agreement.

Pronunciations
In English, the word amen has two primary pronunciations,  or , with minor additional variation in emphasis (e.g., the two syllables may be equally stressed instead of placing primary stress on the second). In Anglophone North American usage, the ah-men pronunciation is used in performances of classical music and in churches with more formalized liturgy.

The ay-men pronunciation is a product of the Great Vowel Shift (i.e., it dates from the 15th century); it is associated with Irish Protestantism and with conservative evangelical denominations generally. It is also the pronunciation typically used in gospel music.

Etymology
Amen is a word of Biblical Hebrew origin. It appears many times in the Hebrew Bible as a confirmatory response, especially following blessings. The basic triconsonantal root א-מ-נ, from which the word is derived, is common to a number of languages in the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages, including biblical Aramaic. Meanings of the root in Hebrew include to be firm or confirmed, to be reliable or dependable, to be faithful, to have faith, to believe. The word was imported into Greek from the Judaism of the early Church. From Greek, amen entered other European languages. According to a standard dictionary etymology of the English word, amen passed from Greek into Late Latin, and thence into English.

From Hebrew, the word was later adopted into the Arabic religious vocabulary and leveled to the Arabic root أ م ن, which is of similar meanings to the Hebrew. The interjection occurs in the Christian and Islamic lexicons, most commonly in prayer, as well as secularly, albeit less commonly, so as to signify complete affirmation or deference. In religious texts, it occurs in Arabic translations of the Bible and after reciting the traditionally first chapter of the Quran, which is formally akin to religious supplications.

Popular among some theosophists, proponents of Afrocentric theories of history, and adherents of esoteric Christianity is the conjecture that amen is a derivative of the name of the Egyptian god Amun (which is sometimes also spelled Amen). Some adherents of Eastern religions believe that amen shares roots with the Hindu Sanskrit word Aum. Such external etymologies are not included in standard etymological reference works. The Hebrew word, as noted above, starts with aleph, while the Egyptian name begins with a yodh.

In French, the Hebrew word amen is sometimes translated as Ainsi soit-il, which means "So be it."

The linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann argues that, as in the case of Hallelujah, the word amen is usually not replaced by a translation due to the speakers' belief in iconicity, their perception that there is something intrinsic about the relationship between the sound of the signifier (the word) and what it signifies (its meaning).

Hebrew Bible
The word occurs in the Hebrew Bible 30 times; in Deuteronomy alone 12 times beginning at 27:15. The fixed phrase 'Amen, Amen' is seen five times – Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52; Numbers 5:22; Nehemiah 8:6. It is translated as 'of truth' two times in Isaiah 65:16. Three distinct Biblical usages of amen may be noted:
 * 1) Initial amen, referring back to words of another speaker and introducing an affirmative sentence, e.g. 1 Kings 1:36.
 * 2) Detached amen, again referring to the words of another speaker but without a complementary affirmative sentence, e.g. Nehemiah 5:13.
 * 3) Final amen, with no change of speaker, as in the subscription to the first three divisions of Psalms.

New Testament
In the New Testament, the Greek word ἀμήν is used as an expression of faith or as a part of a liturgical formula. It also may appear as an introductory word, especially in sayings of Jesus. Unlike the initial amen in Hebrew, which refers back to something already said, it is used by Jesus to emphasize what he is about to say (ἀμὴν λέγω, "truly I say to you"), a rhetorical device that has no parallel in contemporary Jewish practice. Raymond Brown says that Jesus's peculiar and authentic reminiscent use of amen in the Fourth Gospel is an affirmation that what he is about to say is an echo from the Father. The word occurs 52 times in the Synoptic Gospels; the Gospel of John has 25.

In the King James Bible, the word amen is seen in a number of contexts. Notable ones include:
 * The catechism of curses of the Law found in Deuteronomy 27.
 * A double amen ("amen and amen") occurs in Psalm 89 (Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52), to confirm the words and invoke the fulfillment of them.
 * Amen occurs in several doxology formulas in Romans 1:25, 9:5, 11:36, 15:33, and several times in Chapter 16. It also appears in doxologies in the Psalms (41:14; 72:19; 89:53; 106:48). This liturgical form from Judaism.
 * It concludes all of Paul's general epistles.
 * In Revelation 3:14, Jesus is referred to as, "the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of God's creation." The whole passage reads as "And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God". Notably, the text never specifically says that Jesus is the Amen. Although the letter is attributed to Jesus, the text refers to the Amen as having spoken the information that is being reported by Jesus in the letter. That the Amen is a witness, suggest some scholars, implies that the Amen is a being of some kind whose words are being referenced.
 * Amen concludes the last book of the New Testament, at Rev. 22:21.

Judaism
Although amen, in Judaism, is commonly used as a response to a blessing, it also is often used by Hebrew speakers as an affirmation of other forms of declaration (including outside of religious context).

Jewish rabbinical law requires an individual to say amen in a variety of contexts. With the rise of the synagogue during the Second Temple period, amen became a common response, especially to benedictions. It is recited communally to affirm a blessing made by the prayer reader. It is also mandated as a response during the kaddish doxology. The congregation is sometimes prompted to answer "amen" by the terms ve-'imru (ואמרו) = "and [now] say (pl.)," or, ve-nomar (ונאמר) = "and we will say." Contemporary usage reflects ancient practice: As early as the 4th century BCE, Jews assembled in the Temple responded "amen" at the close of a doxology or other prayer uttered by a priest. This Jewish liturgical use of amen was adopted by the Christians. But Jewish law also requires individuals to answer amen whenever they hear a blessing recited, even in a non-liturgical setting.

The Talmud teaches homiletically that the word amen is an acronym for אל מלך נאמן (, "God, trustworthy King"), the phrase recited silently by an individual before reciting the Shma.

Jews usually use Hebrew pronunciations of the word:  (Israeli and Sephardi) or   (Ashkenazi).

Christianity
The use of "amen" has been generally adopted in Christian worship as a concluding word for prayers and hymns and an expression of strong agreement. The liturgical use of the word in apostolic times is attested (1 Corinthians 14:16 ), and Justin Martyr (c. 150) describes the congregation as responding "amen" to the benediction after the celebration of the Eucharist. Its introduction into the baptismal formula (in the Eastern Orthodox Church it is pronounced after the name of each person of the Trinity) was probably later.

In Isaiah 65:16, the authorized version has "the God of truth" ("the God of amen" in Hebrew). Jesus often used amen to put emphasis to his own words (translated: "verily" or "truly"). In John's Gospel, it is repeated, "Verily, verily" (or "Truly, truly"). Amen is also used in oaths (Numbers 5:22; Deuteronomy 27:15–26; Nehemiah 5:13; 8:6; 1 Chronicles 16:36).

Amen is also used in standard, international French, but in Cajun French Ainsi soit-il ("so be it") is used instead.

Amen is used at the end of the Lord's Prayer, which is also called the Our Father or the Pater Noster.

In some Christian churches, the "amen corner" or "amen section" is any subset of the congregation likely to call out "Amen!" in response to points in a preacher's sermon. Metaphorically, the term can refer to any group of heartfelt traditionalists or supporters of an authority figure. The term has also been used as a place name, and as a title for musical and literary works; see Amen Corner.

Islam
ʾĀmīn (آمين) is the Arabic form of Amen. In Islam, it is used with the same meaning as in Judaism and Christianity; when concluding a prayer, especially after a supplication (du'a) or reciting the first surah Al Fatiha of the Qur'an, as in prayer (salat), and as an assent to the prayers of others.

Arabic dictionaries define ʾāmīn as an imperative verbal noun, whose meaning is answer or reply (i.e., imploring God to grant one's prayer). The word was borrowed from Hebrew into Arabic in only this context, thus it is strictly used in Arabic as a final amen to conclude supplications or to declare affirmation, and has no initial amen usage with the meaning of truly or certainly as found in the word’s original Hebrew language grammar.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Amen


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Abendana

Abendana (Abendanan, Ibn Danan, ן׳דנא, אבן – דנא) is a Sephardi Jewish surname of Arabic origin. Notable people with the name include:

 * Jacob Abendana (1630–1695), hakam of London
 * Isaac Abendana (c. 1640–1699), hakam of the Spanish Portuguese Synagogue in London
 * Isaac Sardo Abendana (c. 1662 – 1709), Dutch Jewish jeweler and diamond merchant

title: Abendana


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Rhodes piano

The Rhodes piano (also known as the Fender Rhodes piano) is an electric piano invented by Harold Rhodes, which became popular in the 1970s. Like a conventional piano, the Rhodes generates sound with keys and hammers, but instead of strings, the hammers strike thin metal tines, which vibrate next to an electromagnetic pickup. The signal is then sent through a cable to an external keyboard amplifier and speaker.

The instrument evolved from Rhodes's attempt to manufacture pianos while teaching recovering soldiers during World War II. Development continued after the war and into the following decade. In 1959, Fender began marketing the Piano Bass, a cut-down version; the full-size instrument did not appear until after Fender's sale to CBS in 1965. CBS oversaw mass production of the Rhodes piano in the 1970s, and it was used extensively through the decade, particularly in jazz, pop, and soul music. It was less used in the 1980s because of competition with polyphonic and digital synthesizers such as the Yamaha DX7 and an inconsistent quality control caused by cost-cutting.

In 1987, the company was sold to Roland, which manufactured digital versions of the instrument without authorization from Harold Rhodes. In the 1990s, the instrument experienced a resurgence in popularity, resulting in Rhodes re-obtaining the rights to the piano in 1997. Although Harold Rhodes died in 2000, the Rhodes piano has since been reissued, and his teaching methods are still in use.

Features
The Rhodes piano's keyboard is laid out like a traditional acoustic piano, but some models contain 73 keys instead of 88. The 73-key model weighs around 130 lb. The keyboard's touch and action is designed to be like an acoustic piano. Pressing a key results in a hammer striking a thin metal rod called a tine connected to a larger "tone bar". The tone generator assembly acts as a tuning fork as the tone bar reinforces and extends the tine's vibrations. A pickup sits opposite the tine, inducing an electric current from the vibrations like an electric guitar. Simply hitting tines does not need an external power supply, and a Rhodes will make sound even when not plugged into an amplifier, though like an unplugged electric guitar, the volume level and tone will be diminished.

The Suitcase model Rhodes includes a built-in power amplifier and a tremolo feature that bounces the output signal from the piano across two speakers. This feature is inaccurately labeled "vibrato" (which is a variation in pitch) on some models to be consistent with the labelling on Fender amplifiers.

Although the Rhodes functions mechanically like a piano, its sound is very different. Vibrating tines produce a mellower timbre, and the sound changes with the tine's relative position to the pickup. Putting the two close together gives a characteristic "bell" sound. The instrument has been compared with the Wurlitzer electronic piano, which uses a similar technology, but with the hammers striking metal reeds. The Rhodes has a better sustain, while the Wurlitzer produces significant harmonics when the keys are played hard, giving it a "bite". According to Benjamin Love of Retro Rentals, an equalization spectrum analysis of the instrument will have a gap where the frequency of a lead vocal can be. This means the instrument can easily support a voice performance without overpowering it.

Early models
Harold Rhodes started teaching piano when he was 19. He dropped out of the University of Southern California in 1929 to support his family through the Great Depression by full-time teaching. He designed a method that combined classical and jazz music, which became popular across the United States, and led to an hour-long nationally syndicated radio show. Rhodes continued to teach piano throughout his lifetime, and his piano method continues to be taught today. He continually refined and updated the design of the instrument up to 1984.

By 1942, Rhodes was in the Army Air Corps, where he created a piano teaching method to provide therapy for soldiers recovering from combat in hospital. From scrapped airplanes, he developed miniature pianos that could be played in bed. Rhodes won a service award for his therapy achievements and put an electric model, the Pre-Piano, into production for home use during the late 1940s.

In 1959, Rhodes entered a joint venture with Leo Fender to manufacture instruments. Fender disliked the higher tones of the Pre-Piano, and decided to manufacture a keyboard bass using the bottom 32 notes (E-B), known as the Piano Bass. The instrument introduced the design that would become common to subsequent Rhodes pianos, with the same Tolex body as Fender amplifiers and a fiberglass top. The tops came from a boat manufacturer who supplied whatever color happened to be available; consequently a number of different colored piano basses were produced.

Under CBS
Fender was bought by CBS in 1965. Rhodes stayed with the company, and released the first Fender Rhodes piano, a 73-note model. The instrument comprised parts — the piano, and a separate enclosure underneath containing the power amplifier and loudspeaker. Like the piano bass, it was finished in black Tolex, and had a fiberglass top. During the late 1960s, two models of the Fender Rhodes Celeste also became available, which used the top three or four octaves, respectively, of the Fender Rhodes piano. The Celeste did not sell well and is now hard to find. In 1969, the fiberglass lid was replaced with vacuum-molded plastic; the earlier models became known retrospectively as "silvertops".

The Student and Instructor models were introduced in 1965. They were designed to teach the piano in the classroom. By connecting the output of a network of student models, the teacher could listen to each student in isolation on the instructor model, and send an audio backing track to them. This allowed the teacher to monitor individual students' progress. Production of educational models ceased in 1974.

In 1970, the 73-note Stage Piano was introduced as a lighter (130 lb) and more portable alternative to the existing two-piece style, featuring four detachable legs (used in Fender steel pedal guitars), a sustain pedal derived from a Rogers hi-hat stand and a single output jack. Although the Stage could be used with any amplifier, catalogs suggested the use of the Fender Twin Reverb. The older style piano continued to be sold alongside the Stage and was renamed the Suitcase Piano. An 88-note model was introduced in 1971.

The Rhodes became increasingly popular during the 1970s. In 1976, the company posted an advertisement claiming that of the top 100 Billboard albums featuring electric pianos, 82% of them used a Rhodes.

Later models
During the 1970s various changes were made to the Rhodes mechanics. In 1971 the hammer tips were changed to neoprene rubber instead of felt, to avoid the excessive need for regular maintenance, while in 1975 harp supports were changed from wood to aluminum. Although this made production cheaper, it changed the resonance of the instrument slightly. In 1977 the power amplifier design was changed from an 80 to a 100-watt model. The Mk II model was introduced in late 1979, which was simply a set of cosmetic changes over the most recent Mk I models. A 54-note model was added to the range.

The Rhodes Mk III EK-10 was a combination electric piano and synthesizer, introduced in 1980 before CBS bought ARP Instruments in 1981. It used analog oscillators and filters alongside the existing electromechanical elements. The overall effect was that of a Rhodes piano and a synthesizer being played simultaneously. The instrument was unreliable with a problematic production, particularly when a shipment of 150 units to Japan caused interference with local television reception. Compared to the new polyphonic synthesizers being marketed at the same time, it was limited in scope and sound, and very few units were sold.

The final Rhodes produced by the original company was the Mk V in 1984. Among other improvements, it had a lighter plastic body and an improved action that varied the dynamics with each note. The Mark V is the easiest of the original Rhodes pianos for touring musicians to transport. Rhodes pianos produced under the original run had an inconsistent quality as the company wanted to mass-produce the instrument.

During the late 1970s and 1980s, Chuck Monte manufactured an after-market modification to the Rhodes, known as Dyno My Piano. It included a lever that moved the relative position of the tines to the pickups, modifying the sound, and fed the output signal through additional electronics. This sound was emulated by the Yamaha DX7 with a patch known as the DX7 Rhodes that was popular during the 1980s, and caused several players to abandon the Rhodes in favor of the DX7.

After CBS
In 1983, Rhodes was sold to CBS boss William Schultz, who closed the main factory in 1985 and sold the business to the Japanese corporation Roland in 1987. Roland introduced digital pianos known as the Rhodes MK80 and MK60 in 1989, and were essentially re-engineered versions of Roland's own RD-1000 (which they closely resembled), but Harold Rhodes disapproved of the instruments, which were made without his consultation.

Rhodes re-acquired the rights to the Rhodes piano in 1997. By then, he was in ill health and died in December 2000. In 2007, his former business partner Joe Brandstetter acquired the rights to the name and re-formed Rhodes Music Corporation. The company introduced a reproduction of the original electric piano, the Rhodes Mark 7, housed in a molded plexiglass enclosure.

In 2021, a new company, Rhodes Music Group Ltd, was formed by the audio company Loopmasters who licensed the trademark rights from Brandstetter. They announced a new model, the MK8, in development. The MK8 was made available for pre-order in November with 500 units planned for production in 2022. The MK8's case was designed by Axel Hartmann and its electronics were designed by former Moog Music technician Cyril Lance. At 75 lb, it is significantly lighter than earlier models.

Notable users
Doors keyboardist Ray Manzarek began using Rhodes instruments when the group formed in 1965. He played basslines on a Piano Bass with his left hand, while playing organ with his right. He also played a full-sized Rhodes in the studio, such as a Mark I Stage 73 on "Riders on the Storm". According to Manzarek, "If Mr. Rhodes hadn't created the keyboard bass, the Doors would never have existed."

The Rhodes piano became a popular instrument in jazz in the late 1960s, particularly for several sidemen who played with Miles Davis. Herbie Hancock first encountered the Rhodes in 1968 while booked for a session with Davis. He immediately became an enthusiast, noting that the amplification made him much more audible in groups when compared to the piano. Hancock continued to experiment with the Rhodes over the following years, including playing it through a wah-wah. Other former Davis sidemen, Chick Corea and Joe Zawinul, started using the Rhodes prominently during the 1970s. Beginning with In a Silent Way (1969), the Rhodes became the most prominent keyboard on Davis's recordings until the mid-1970s. Vince Guaraldi started using a Rhodes in 1968, and toured with both a piano and a Rhodes. He achieved particular prominence with his soundtrack music for A Charlie Brown Christmas and other Peanuts / Charlie Brown films.

Billy Preston was described as the "Ruler of the Rhodes" by Music Radar; he played Rhodes during the Beatles' rooftop concert in 1969, and on the Beatles' hit single "Get Back". Many of Stevie Wonder's recordings from the 1970s, such as "You Are the Sunshine of My Life" feature him playing the Rhodes. He often used one alongside the Hohner Clavinet. Donny Hathaway regularly used the Rhodes; his hit single, "This Christmas", which receives seasonal radio play on African American stations, makes a prominent use of the instrument. Although better known for playing the Wurlitzer, Ray Charles played a Rhodes on his performance of "Shake a Tailfeather" in the film The Blues Brothers.

Donald Fagen of Steely Dan has regularly used the Rhodes. He has also used the Rhodes in all his solo albums and has played it at every one of his touring performances since 1994. The Rhodes features in "Angela", the 1978 instrumental theme from the sitcom Taxi by Bob James. The French band Air make regular use of the Rhodes piano in their recordings. German pianist and composer Nils Frahm uses a Rhodes piano extensively in his studio and live performances. Film composer Angelo Badalamenti composed and recorded the theme song for the TV series Twin Peaks, created by David Lynch, using the Rhodes.

title: Rhodes piano


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Talk:Scrabble

What are the 29 official languages?
Hi all, The statistic that there are 29 official language variants of Scrabble is widely stated on different news sites, articles etc., but I've not been able to find a source of what the 29 languages actually are.

Does anyone have a verifiable list of the 29 languages, or at least a reference from Hasbro or Mattel which says how many official language variants they produce? At least, I'm assuming that's what 'official' means. Also, I don't know if it means all 29 are still produced and sold, or just that they have been produced at some point in time. Or, whether it includes officially licensed apps and software. Thanks! odg (talk) 15:59, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

 * To potentially answer my own question: on the Scrabble letter distributions page, this document is linked, apparently from JW Spears. It lists 23 languages in the main spreadsheet, then at the bottom it lists 5 more that don't use the Roman alphabet. Welsh isn't on there, but as mentioned on this article, which is cited in this Wikipedia article, the most recently published version is Welsh. That brings the total to 29. odg (talk) 16:26, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

Related AfD discussion
There is a discussion at AfD about possibility merging content from Scrabble Slam! into this article rather than deleting. If you have input, it's at: Articles for deletion/Scrabble Slam!.  // Timothy ::  talk  04:17, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

"Every man dies; not every man truly Scrabbles."
The article makes the claim that this was the tagline for the game show based on the board game - however, I believe this claim is incorrect. I can't find any other references to this tagline; it appears to be a reference to the film Braveheart, which was released several years after the game show went off the air; and the cited article itself cites this claim from a website (ezinearticles, which is on the spam blacklist) that does not make the claim. FWIW, IMDB (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0198227/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0) gives the tagline "It's the Crossword Game You've Played All Your Life, But Never Quite Like This!"
 * Yes, that is the line spoken by the announcer of the show (either Jay Stewart or Charlie Tuna) at the start of each episode. I have never heard the "every man dies" tagline associated with the game show. --  Denelson83  07:11, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

Missing information about Australian edition.
I have in front of me a Scrabble game made by murfett pty ltd which was apparently released in Australia from 1948 till I think '55

It's a purple-ish looking colour box with gold writing. 49.196.205.68 (talk) 09:49, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

Obscurity of words used in examples
While some examples given undisputably exhibit brilliant play, should we consider that Scrabble is played (and the article is read) by people of all levels, many of whom may not know words such as YEX/REVOTING, (ALI)QUANT, YEU(K)Y, and ETAERIO? Perhaps the examples should use only everyday words where possible: SEX/MOTORING, (CON)QUEST, any common word with a K, and any common seven-letter word. Cheers, cmɢʟee⎆τaʟκ 10:36, 1 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Scrabble


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Sywell Aerodrome

Sywell Aerodrome is the local aerodrome serving the towns of Northampton, Wellingborough, Kettering and Rushden, as well as wider Northamptonshire. The aerodrome is located 5 NM northeast of Northampton and was originally opened in 1928 on the edge of Sywell village.

The aerodrome caters for private flying, flight training and corporate flights. There is one fixed-wing flying school, one microlight school and a helicopter school. The 1930s Art Deco hotel (built in 1934 as the Northamptonshire Aero Club clubhouse) has bar and restaurant facilities. Aviation related industries and businesses are also located at the aerodrome. A viewing area is provided for aircraft spotters where the airfield memorial is located. The Pilots' Mess cafe is also located on site and the large Hangar One venue hosts many events throughout the year.

Northampton (Sywell) Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence (Number P496) that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee (Sywell Aerodrome Limited).

Second World War
The aerodrome opened in 1928 and during the Second World War the aerodrome, as RAF Sywell, was used as a training facility (de Havilland Tiger Moths) and later an important centre for the repair of Vickers Wellington bombers; extensive sheds from this time still remain on the site. Sywell also produced nearly 100 Avro Lancasters from 1942 to 1943. Among the Second World War pilots who underwent training at Sywell were Pierre Clostermann and Paddy Finucane, who soloed here.

Aerial shots for the film Battle of Britain were taken over the airport and nearby area.

Expansion
In 1999, the aerodrome sought planning permission for a hard runway, which was intended to allow operations to continue over the winter, when the grass runways often become waterlogged. The organisations STARE (Stop The Aerodrome Runway Expansion) and CPRE (Campaign to Protect Rural England) campaigned against this change, arguing that it would lead to more and larger aircraft flying over the area and disturb its "rural tranquility".

Permission was granted for the runway on 22 November 2007 by the Department for Transport, and though campaigners vowed to fight the decision they were unsuccessful and construction of the runway began in 2008. It opened during summer 2009 and enabled safe operations during the winter of 2009–2010 and onwards. In February 2010, the final inspection of the newly completed all-weather hard runway was carried out by the CAA who confirmed that it could be licensed for use.

Operations
Sywell has three all-grass operational runways and a fourth all-weather concrete runway. The aerodrome's operational hours are 0900–1700 during winter and 0800-1700 during summer. The aerodrome offers an Aerodrome Flight Information Service to pilots.

Sywell Aviation Museum
In 2000, construction began on the Sywell Aviation Museum. It was competed in 2001 and opened by Alex Henshaw who had test-flown Vickers Wellingtons on the site during the Second World War. The Museum contains many artefacts and models telling the story of the site and the airmen who served there. Originally it comprised three Nissen huts, it was expanded from 2010 to 2012. with the addition of two more Nissen huts, and, in the summer of 2012, the museum acquired a Hawker Hunter airframe.

In March 2021 the Museum acquired its second complete aircraft 1969 built Handley Page Jetstream 200 G-RAVL. Jetstream aircraft were built at Sywell Aerodrome from 1971 to 1972 and this machine was not only the parent company (Jetstream Ltd) demonstrator but also won the Daily Express National Air Race Challenge Cup on 12 June 1971 in a race from Sywell to Biggin Hill which was televised on the BBC.

The Museum is a volunteer-run charitable trust and entry is free. It opens between Easter and September on weekends and bank holidays.

The Aviator Hotel
The original 1930s Clubhouse was developed over the years - becoming a 'motel' in the 1960s. By the late 1990s the building was restored to its Art Deco glory and a further accommodation block added in a similar architectural style. The 3 star hotel now boasts 50 en suite rooms, a bar and restaurant and several function rooms. The Clubhouse, The Cockpit and The Briefing Room are small meeting rooms often used by local clubs and societies. The Cirrus Room is larger and caters for small events and weddings. Hangar One is a very large function space with its own bar and dancefloor which caters for larger corporate events, fairs and weddings.

Regular events at the Aerodrome include car festivals, the 'Pistons and Props' show in September (AKA 'The Sywell Classic'), craft fairs, balls, weddings, rallies, fly ins and 'car experience' days by 'Car Chase Heroes' etc.

Brooklands Flying Club
Brooklands Flying Club is based at Sywell, with a fleet of four Aero AT-3 aircraft and a Cessna 172. The club offers training for a Private Pilot's Licence (PPL), night rating and IMC rating.

The club opened in 2005 under the same name of the previous company that had been located on the airfield. Flights in a period De Havilland Tiger Moth aircraft are available as are trial flying lessons.

The Northamptonshire School of Flying (NSF) formerly based at Sywell moved to Sibson, Cambs in the 2000s and rebranded as Peterborough Aero Club.

Brooklands Engineering

Brooklands Engineering was formed October 2005 as an EASA approved Part-145 and PART-ML (Part-CAO) Maintenance organisation. BE repairs, services and sells all sorts of aircraft and is the main Fix Based Operator (FBO) at the aerodrome.

Brooklands Executive Air Travel

BEAT operate a Piper PA-31 Chieftain G-SYLL for executive charter from the aerodrome.

Training
Other flight training organisations on the airfield include:
 * Sloane Helicopters – helicopter training, sales and service of Robinson/Leonardo helicopters
 * Flylight Airsports – microlight training plus sales, manufacture, service of microlights

The Blades
The Blades aerobatic display team are based at Sywell, where their five Extra EA-300 aircraft are hangared. They perform aerobatic displays at major events around the country, in Europe, and in the Middle East. The team is the only one fully licensed by the CAA to carry paying 'passengers' in aerobatic displays, out of Sywell, or at many other locations.

In January 2023 The Blades announced that their 2022 season was their last and that they would be disbanding after 17 years of operations

https://flyer.co.uk/blades-display-team-closes-after-17-years/

2 Excel, the parent company of The Blades also have subsidiary businesses at the aerodrome and under the 2Excel Broadsword banner operate air charter services with types ranging from a Beech King Air to a Boeing 737. They also undertake work for the UK Government most especially the UK Maritime & Coastguard Agency and Oil Spill Response using a modified Boeing 727 aircraft.

Air Leasing/Ultimate Warbirds

In January 2016, Air Leasing Ltd, operators of the famous 'Grace Spitfire- Supermarine Spitfire TR.IX ML407 moved to Sywell Aerodrome. Initially based in a new build 'blister' type hangar named 'The Spitfire Blister' but known locally as 'Graceland' – they have now expanded to fill two more. AL specialise in the maintenance and restoration of vintage 'warbird' type aircraft such as the Spitfire, Hurricane, P-51 Mustang and Sea Fury.

A subsidiary, Ultimate Warbird Flights, operate several two-seat warbirds for trial experience flights in Spitfire, Mustang, and Hispano Buchon aircraft. Four of the resident warbirds operate as the Ultimate Fighters display team – usually displaying Mustang, Spitfire, Hispano Buchon and Thunderbolt aircraft across the UK and Europe.

Sywell Airshow
The aerodrome hosted a bi-annual charity airshow in aid of the local Air Ambulance where there were many classic aircraft flying and on display such as the Consolidated Catalina, North American P-51 Mustang, North American Harvards. The airshow is no longer hosted as of 2016, after the Shoreham Airshow crash. On 6 November 2020 flying legends announced its signature airshow, previously held at the IWM Duxford, would now transfer to Sywell Aerodrome. Cancelled in 2020 & 2021 due to COVID, the show was due to take place in 2022 but was subsequently also cancelled,

The Sywell Airshow 2024 will take place on the 22 and 23 June.

Light Aircraft Association Rally
The Light Aircraft Association (LAA – formerly the Popular Flying Association), is one of the UK's several bodies supporting amateur aircraft construction, and recreational and sport flying. It used to hold its annual rally at Cranfield Airport, and then at Kemble Airport. In 2006, the LAA lost so much money through poor attendances resulting from poor weather that in 2007 and 2008, much smaller (and cheaper) "regional rallies" were held. These were unpopular and in September 2009 a revived (if cut-down) LAA Rally was held at Sywell. This proved successful, and further well-attended rallies have taken place at Sywell since.

Previous events and users
Music in Flight was held at Sywell in the early 21st century. This combined orchestral music classical music with flying aircraft, hot air balloons, the Red Devils parachute display team and a fireworks display. The event subsequently moved to Biggin Hill.

Previous 'aviation experience' users of the aerodrome were Virgin Balloons, Warbird Experiences and Delta Aviation.

Business park
An industrial area in the complex accommodates firms, agencies and other commercial businesses.

title: Sywell Aerodrome


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Talk:Planets beyond Neptune

Cause of supposed "Planet X" effects?

 * I have seen a theory that supposed "Planet X" effects are caused by the gravitational effect of the central mass of the Milky Way galaxy. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 06:23, 9 January 2019 (UTC)
 * The effects of "Planet X" aren't real, so it's difficult to see how they could be due to the galactic tide.  Serendi pod ous  10:24, 9 December 2019 (UTC)

Did 1987 Encyclopedia Britannica article predict Planet Nine and Renu Malhotra's Mars-sized perturber?

 * YouTube with context: https://youtube.ca/watch?v=HLZX0i3-vPs
 * Image: http://www.nibiruupdate.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/P10_Dark-Star.gif

This diagram that appears to be from an 1987 Encyclopedia (said to be Encyclopedia Britannica, with some quick digging found to be from some technology-orientated encyclopedia) article on the Pioneer probes depicts two objects: a "tenth planet" at 4.7 billion miles (~50 astronomical units) and a "dead star" at 50 billion miles (~538 astronomical units).

The article talks about how their combined gravitational forces perturb equally at the trajectories of the Pioneer probes. That is why I think none of them are Percival Lowell's ruled-out Planet X (which was believed to be tugging at Neptune rather than the probes).

As seen above, the diagram has been mostly cited by (seems-to-be) only believers of the Nibiru cataclysm, which most of us, including I myself, do not believe in. But I do find it interesting. The tenth planet's properties look a lot like the "tenth planet" theorized in 2017 by Renu Malhotra and Kat Volk, except that their theorized planet is 10 AU further away from the Sun than the "tenth planet" depicted (additionally, "10th planet" in the diagram was in terms of distance from the Sun and including Pluto; Malhotra's "tenth planet" was dubbed in order of being theorized with the further-out Planet Nine theorized in 2016).

The "tenth planet" could also alternatively refer to Eris, but was at the other side of the Sun (along with the closer Neptune and Uranus) at the time.

As for the "dead star", it could very well be Batygin and Brown's Planet Nine ("dead star" might mean gas or ice giant); with it being 538 AU away from the Sun in the diagram, it might fill in a part of Planet Nine's eccentric orbit with an estimated semi-major axis of between 400 to 800 AU.

Any thoughts on this? 118.148.103.216 (talk) 00:55, 14 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Leaving aside the whole Nibiru thing, that page image would need a heck of a lot more context. Where is it from? What was the point? What was it illustrating? Wikipedia is not an internet discussion forum. It is not our job to hunt down your sources for you. You think you have an interesting source to offer? Then find it.  Serendi pod ous  01:27, 14 April 2020 (UTC)
 * The source appears to exist, but it's not very credible. It's the 1987 edition of The Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia—available at archive.org here—and it's filled with uncredited diagrams and artist depictions of future technology. The type of stuff you find in "pop science" content made by non-experts. In this case, you can compare their image with the actual trajectories of Pioneer 10 and 11—see Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, or this diagram from NASA—and you'll notice plenty of discrepancies. The ISIE diagram gets the basic shapes kind of correct, but it excludes Jupiter and Saturn and how those fly-bys affected their trajectories. The encyclopedia text says nothing about a "Dead Star" or a "Tenth planet", which makes you wonder why they used that image at all. It's like they needed an image and just made one up. Or more likely, it's probably a fictitious entry placed as a copyright trap, which is common enough in encyclopedias. In any case, it certainly didn't come from NASA. Woodroar (talk) 02:04, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

Varieties of English
I was going to revert this edit per WP:ENGVAR but figured I'd check to see which variety of English we're using here. As far as I can tell, the first constructive edit using any variety was this one. But now I see that has reverted. Which is fine, I don't think anyone's ever discussed this here. Thoughts on what to do at this point? Does it really matter? Woodroar (talk) 00:50, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I am the main contributor to this page, and I use British English. Personally I find the whole issue stupid. If it can be read, who cares if a few "neighbor"s are spelled "neighbour"?  Serendi pod ous  14:01, 19 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Fair enough! I've removed the tag. Cheers! Woodroar (talk) 20:37, 19 August 2020 (UTC)

Planet 10 news
Hello folks

I wish to note here that there was an update on news outlet this year about Planetary object between the size of earth and Mars.

here are the outlet and their website... I am no Hasty, but I think these kind of outlets regarding this object will increase in quantity within coming years , So it better to anticipate this and make a Separate page regrading Kuiper cliff and planet ten !!!
 * ANOTHER PLANET 9? EARTH'S TWIN MAY BE HIDING IN THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM....on inverse.com by KIONA SMITH
 * IS THERE A GHOST PLANET HIDING IN THE SHADOWS BEHIND NEPTUNE?.....on syfy.com by Elizabeth Rayne
 * Simulations suggest an Earth or Mars size planet may be lurking out beyond Neptune.....on phys.org by Bob Yirka

Have a good times folks ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.36.139.9 (talk) 20:35, 28 October 2021 (UTC)

https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/29jul_planetx.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:4040:2B48:C200:4D43:8E91:DBE:A4A6 (talk) 15:51, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
 * This appears to be from 2005... Primefac (talk) 08:25, 21 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Planets beyond Neptune


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User:Hari

I live in Bangalore, India. I'm an alumnus of the Dept. of Computer Science in the University of Minnesota.

I contributed to the following articles (some before I became a registered user)

 * Bangalore, Hyderabad, Hassan, Belur, Halebid, Shravanabelagola, Bhopal, Ooty
 * Hoysala Empire, Hoysala architecture
 * Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh
 * Kannada language, Telugu
 * Bay of Bengal, Krishna River, Godavari River, Ganges River, Kaveri River
 * ISRO
 * Moulin Rouge, Big Five record labels
 * compiler optimization, control flow graph, thread safety
 * Wheel of Time
 * Vishnu, Krishna
 * DocBook, DSSSL

title: User:Hari


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List of hypothetical Solar System objects

A hypothetical Solar System object is a planet, natural satellite, subsatellite or similar body in the Solar System whose existence is not known, but has been inferred from observational scientific evidence. Over the years a number of hypothetical planets have been proposed, and many have been disproved. However, even today there is scientific speculation about the possibility of planets yet unknown that may exist beyond the range of our current knowledge.

Planets

 * Counter-Earth, a planet situated on the other side of the Sun from that of the Earth.
 * Fifth planet (hypothetical), historical speculation about a planet between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
 * Phaeton, a planet situated between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter whose destruction supposedly led to the formation of the asteroid belt. This hypothesis is now considered unlikely, since the asteroid belt has far too little mass to have resulted from the explosion of a large planet. In 2018, a study from researchers at the University of Florida found the asteroid belt was created from the fragments of at least five or six ancient planetary-sized objects instead of a single planet.
 * Krypton, named after the destroyed native world of Superman, theorized by Michael Ovenden to have been a gas giant between Mars and Jupiter nearly as large as Saturn and also attributed for the formation of the asteroid belt
 * Planet V, a planet thought by John Chambers and Jack Lissauer to have once existed between Mars and the asteroid belt, based on computer simulations.
 * Various planets beyond Neptune:
 * Planet Nine, a planet proposed to explain apparent alignments in the orbits of a number of distant trans-Neptunian objects.
 * Planet X, a hypothetical planet beyond Neptune. Initially employed to account for supposed perturbations (systematic deviations) in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, belief in its existence ultimately inspired the search for Pluto. Though the concept has since been abandoned following more precise measurements of Neptune's mass, which accounted for all observed perturbations, it has been re-applied to account for supposed deviations in the motions of Kuiper belt objects. Such explanations are still controversial, however.
 * Hyperion, a large distant 10th planet theorized in 2000 to have had an effect on Kuiper Belt formation.
 * Tyche, a hypothetical planet in the Oort Cloud supposedly responsible for producing the statistical excess in long period comets in a band. Results from the WISE telescope survey in 2014 have ruled it out.
 * Up to three planets at 42 (named Oceanus), 56, and 72 AU (both unnamed) from the sun respectively, proposed by Thomas Jefferson Jackson See in 1909.
 * Brahma and Vishnu, proposed by Venkatesh P. Ketakar.
 * Hades, proposed by Theodor Grigull
 * "Planet Ten" as proposed by Volk and Malhotra, a Mars-sized planetoid believed to be responsible for the inclination of Kuiper Belt objects beyond the Kuiper cliff at 50 AU
 * "Planet Ten" as proposed by Sverre Aarseth and Carlos and Raúl de la Fuente Marcos, which they believe stabilizes the orbits of other Kuiper Belt objects
 * Planets O, P, Q, R, S, T, and U, proposed by William Henry Pickering
 * A Trans-Plutonian planet proposed by Tadashi Mukai and Patryk Sofia Lykawka, roughly the size of Earth or Mars with an eccentric orbit between 100 and 200 AU
 * Another Trans-Neptunian planet at 1,500 AU away from the Sun, proposed by Rodney Gomes in 2012
 * Theia or Orpheus, a Mars-sized impactor believed to have collided with the Earth roughly 4.5 billion years ago; an event which created the Moon. Evidence from 2019 suggests that it may have originated in the outer Solar System.
 * Vulcan, a hypothetical planet once believed to exist inside the orbit of Mercury. Initially proposed as the cause for the perturbations in the orbit of Mercury, some astronomers spent many years searching for it, with many instances of people claiming to have found it. The perturbations in Mercury's orbit were later accounted for via Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.
 * Vulcanoids, asteroids that may exist within a gravitationally stable region inside Mercury's orbit. They may have originated as debris resulting from a collision between Mercury and another protoplanet, stripping away much of Mercury's inner crust and mantle. None have been detected by STEREO or SOHO.
 * The lack of vulcanoids led to a suggestion in 2016 that a super-Earth planet that once orbited the Sun closer to Mercury was able to clear its neighborhood before spiraling down into the Sun.
 * In the Five-planet Nice model a fifth giant planet originally in an orbit between Saturn and Uranus is ejected from the Solar System into interstellar space after a close encounter with Jupiter, resulting in a rapid divergence of Jupiter's and Saturn's orbit which may have ensured the orbital stability of the terrestrial planets in the inner Solar System. It may have also precipitated the Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner Solar System. This giant planet may be hypothetical Planet Nine due to either the gravity of a nearby star or drag from the gaseous remnants of the Solar nebula which reduced the eccentricity of its orbit.
 * A and B, two super-Earth (or even supergiant) planets theorized by Michael Woolfson as part of his Capture theory on Solar System formation. Originally the Solar System's two innermost planets, these two collided, ejecting A (save its moons Mars, the Moon, Pluto, and the other dwarf planets) out of the Solar System and shattering B to form the Earth, Venus, Mercury, asteroid belt, and comets.
 * A captured planet from another solar system was proposed to exist in the Oort cloud much further than the hypothetical Planet Nine.

Moons

 * Chiron, a moon of Saturn supposedly sighted by Hermann Goldschmidt in 1861 but never observed by anyone else.
 * Chrysalis, a hypothetical moon of Saturn, named in 2022 by scientists of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology using data from the Cassini–Huygens mission, thought to have been torn apart by Saturn's tidal forces, somewhere between 200 and 100 million years ago, with up to 99% of its mass being swallowed by Saturn, and the remaining 1% forming the rings of Saturn.
 * Other moons of Earth, such as Petit's moon, Lilith, Waltemath's moons and Bagby's moons.
 * Mercury's moon, hypothesised to account for an unusual pattern of radiation detected by Mariner 10 in the vicinity of Mercury. Subsequent data from the mission revealed the actual source to be the star 31 Crateris.
 * Neith, a purported moon of Venus, falsely detected by a number of telescopic observers in the 17th and 18th centuries. Now known not to exist, the object has been explained as a series of misidentified stars and internal reflections inside the optics of particular telescope designs. It was also alternatively proposed by Jean-Charles Houzeau to be a heliocentric planet that orbited the Sun every 283 days and be in conjunction with Venus every 1080 days.
 * Themis, a moon of Saturn which astronomer William Pickering claimed to have discovered in 1905, but which was never observed again.

Stars

 * Nemesis, a brown or red dwarf whose existence was suggested in 1984 by physicist Richard A. Muller, based on purported periodicities in mass extinctions within Earth's fossil record. Its regular passage through the Solar System's Oort cloud would send large numbers of comets towards Earth, massively increasing the chances of an impact. Also believed to be the cause of minor planet Sedna's unusual elongated orbit. The existence of the Nemesis in the modern Solar system was ruled out in 2014 after the infrared survey performed by WISE spacecraft found no brown dwarf up to 10000 au from Sun.
 * Raymond Arthur Lyttleton's model on the formation of the Solar System had a former binary star system by the Sun, which merged and broke into two due to rotational instability forming Jupiter and Saturn.
 * Fred Hoyle's model on Solar System formation had a former and more massive binary companion to the Sun that exploded in a supernova due to nuclear fusion failing within its interior and it collapsing as a result (which had not yet been verified at the time). The star's supernova remnant would be captured by the Sun and shaped into a protoplanetary disk, from which the planets formed.
 * One assumption suggests that the hypothetical Planet Nine is actually a primordial black hole.


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The Three Little Pigs

"The Three Little Pigs" is a fable about three pigs who build their houses of different materials. A Big Bad Wolf blows down the first two pigs' houses which are made of straw and sticks respectively, but is unable to destroy the third pig's house that is made of bricks. The printed versions of this fable date back to the 1840s, but the story is thought to be much older. The earliest version takes place in Dartmoor with three pixies and a fox before its best known version appears in English Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs in 1890, with Jacobs crediting James Halliwell-Phillipps as the source. In 1886, Halliwell-Phillipps had published his version of the story, in the fifth edition of his Nursery Rhymes of England, and it included, for the first time in print, the now-standard phrases "not by the hair of my chiny chin chin" and "I'll huff, and I'll puff, and I'll blow your house in".

The phrases used in the story, and the various morals drawn from it, have become embedded in Western culture. Many versions of The Three Little Pigs have been recreated and modified over the years, sometimes making the wolf a kind character. It is a type B124 folktale in the Thompson Motif Index.

Traditional versions
"The Three Little Pigs" was included in The Nursery Rhymes of England (London and New York, c.1886), by James Halliwell-Phillipps. The story in its arguably best-known form appeared in English Fairy Tales by Joseph Jacobs, first published on June 19, 1890, and crediting Halliwell as his source. The earliest published version of the story is from Dartmoor, Devon, England in 1853, and has three little pixies and a fox in place of the three pigs and a wolf. The first pixy had a wooden house:

"Let me in, let me in", said the fox. ”I won’t”, was the pixy's answer; ”and the door is fastened.”

The story begins with the title characters being sent out into the world by their mother, to "seek out their fortune". The first little pig builds a house out of straw, but the wolf blows it down and devours him. The second little pig builds a house out of sticks, which the wolf also blows down, though with more blows and the second little pig is also devoured. Each exchange between wolf and pig features ringing proverbial phrases, namely:

"Little pig, little pig, let me come in." "No, not by the hair on my chinny chin chin." "Then I'll huff, and I'll puff, and I'll blow your house in."

The third little pig builds a house out of bricks, which the wolf fails to blow down. He then attempts to trick the pig out of the house by asking to meet him at several places at specific times, but he is outwitted each time since the pig gets to those places earlier than the wolf. Finally, the infuriated wolf resolves to come down the chimney, whereupon the pig who owns the brick house lights a fire under a pot of water on the fireplace. The wolf falls in and is fatally boiled, avenging the death of the final pig's brothers. After cooking the wolf, the pig proceeds to eat the meat for dinner.

Other versions
In some versions, the first and second little pigs are not eaten by the wolf after he demolishes their homes but instead runs to their sibling's house, who originally had to take care of the two other pigs and build a brick house in a few versions. Most of these versions omit any attempts by the wolf to meet the third pig out of the house after his failed attempt to blow the house in. After the wolf goes down the chimney, which is lit by a fire with a pot of water over it, he either dies, as in the original, or simply burns his tail and runs away and never returns to eat the three little pigs, or in some versions the wolf faints after trying to blow down the brick house. All three of the pigs survive in each case.

The story uses the literary rule of three, expressed in this case as a "contrasting three", as the third pig's brick house turns out to be the only one which is adequate to withstand the wolf. Variations of the tale appeared in Uncle Remus: His Songs and Sayings in 1881. The story also made an appearance in Nights with Uncle Remus in 1883, both by Joel Chandler Harris, in which the pigs were replaced by Brer Rabbit. Andrew Lang included it in The Green Fairy Book, published in 1892, but did not cite his source. In contrast to Jacobs's version, which left the pigs nameless, Lang's retelling cast the pigs as Browny, Whitey, and Blacky. It also set itself apart by exploring each pig's character and detailing the interaction between them. The antagonist of this version is a fox, not a wolf. The pigs' houses are made either of mud, cabbage, or brick. Blacky, the third pig, rescues his brother and sister from the fox's den after the fox has been defeated.

Analysis
Writer Bruno Bettelheim, in his book The Uses of Enchantment, interprets the tale as a showcase of the capacity for anticipation and courage in the face of adversity, symbolized by the wolf. According to him, the individual who is content to prepare themself as the first two pigs will be destroyed by the vicissitudes of life, and only a person who builds a solid base can face such hazards. He viewed the tale as a means of telling children that one cannot always act according to the pleasure principle, and must submit to the reality principle when life demands it. He exemplified this point by observing that the first two pigs valued gratification rather than planning and foresight as the third pig had.

Animated shorts

 * Three Little Pigs, a 1933 Silly Symphony cartoon, was produced by Walt Disney. The production cast the title characters as Fifer Pig, Fiddler Pig, and Practical Pig. The first two are depicted as both frivolous and arrogant. The story has been somewhat softened. The first two pigs still get their houses blown down, but escape from the wolf. Also, the wolf is not boiled to death but simply burns himself and runs away. Three sequels soon followed respectively as a result of the short film's popularity:
 * The first of them was The Big Bad Wolf, also directed by Burt Gillett and first released on April 14, 1934.
 * In 1936, a second cartoon starring the Three Little Pigs and the Big Bad Wolf followed, with a story based on The Boy Who Cried Wolf. This short was entitled Three Little Wolves and introduced the Big Bad Wolf's three pup sons, all of whom just as eager for a taste of the pigs as their father.
 * A third cartoon The Practical Pig, was released in 1939, right at the end of the Silly Symphonies' run. In this, Fifer and Piper, again despite Practical's warning, go swimming but are captured by the Wolf, who then goes after Practical only to be caught in Practical's newly built Lie Detector machine.
 * In 1941, a fourth cartoon much of the film was edited into The Thrifty Pig, which was distributed by the National Film Board of Canada. Here, Practical Pig builds his house out of Canadian war bonds, and the Big Bad Wolf representing Nazi Germany is unable to blow his house down.
 * Fiddler Pig, Fifer Pig, and Big Bad Wolf appeared in the film Who Framed Roger Rabbit.
 * In 1942, there was a Walter Lantz musical version, The Hams That Couldn't Be Cured. The wolf (claiming he is a musical instructor) explains to the court how the three little pigs harassed him through their instrument playing which ends up destroying the wolf's house.
 * In 1942, there was also a wartime version called Blitz Wolf with the Wolf as Adolf Hitler. It was produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio and directed by Tex Avery.
 * Four cartoons inspired by the Disney version were produced by Warner Bros.
 * The first was Pigs in a Polka (1943) which tells the story to the accompaniment of Johannes Brahms' Hungarian Dances, which was a serious musical treatment, directed by Friz Freleng.
 * The second was The Windblown Hare (1949), featuring Bugs Bunny, and directed by Robert McKimson. In Windblown, Bugs is conned into first buying the straw house, which the wolf blows down, and then the sticks house, which the wolf also blows down. After these incidents, Bugs decides to help the wolf and get revenge on all three pigs, who are now at the brick house.
 * The third was The Turn-Tale Wolf (1952), directed by Robert McKimson. This cartoon tells the story from the wolf's point of view and makes the pigs out to be the villains.
 * The fourth was The Three Little Bops (1957), featuring the pigs as a jazz band, who refused to let the inept trumpet-playing wolf join until after he died and went to Hell, whereupon his playing markedly improved, directed by Friz Freleng.
 * In 1953, Tex Avery directed a Droopy cartoon, "The Three Little Pups". In it, the pigs are replaced with dogs and the wolf is a Southern-accented dog catcher trying to catch Droopy and his brothers, Snoopy and Loopy, to put in the dog pound. It was produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio.
 * In 1980, the book with Erik Blegvad illustrations was made. In 1988, Weston Woods Studios created a short film based on the book.
 * In 2023, the winner of the Doric Film Festival, Spirit of the Festival Award was Aaron Gayle (note: misspelled in citation) for his animated version of the Three Wee Grumphies (Doric for three little pigs) with all characters speaking the North-east Scotland dialect, and amusing twist in the tale, which features the wolf's mother.
 * Home on the Range features a short called A Dairy Tale, where the character Mrs. Caloway tries to tell the story itself, but is constantly interrupted by other characters, who tell the story in their own ways.

Animated features

 * 3 Pigs and a Baby is the first animated film in the series based on "Three Little Pigs". The direct-to-DVD film was released on March 4, 2008, and stars Jon Cryer, Brad Garrett, Steve Zahn and Jesse McCartney.
 * The three pigs and the wolf appear in the four Shrek films.

Television

 * In 1985, the story was re-told as the first episode of Season Four of Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre, with Billy Crystal as artistic "Larry Pig" (the smart third pig), Jeff Goldblum as henpecked "Buck Wolf", Stephen Furst as capitalistic "Peter Pig" (the first pig), Fred Willard as narcissistic "Paul Pig" (the second pig), Doris Roberts as "Mother Pig" and Valerie Perrine as love interest "Tina Pig". In this version, all three pigs buy their building materials from the same junk salesman (Larry Hankin).
 * In Rabbit Ears Productions's Storybook Classics adaptation, the pigs appear to be female.
 * The 1992 Green Jellö song, Three Little Pigs was adapted to a claymation music video.
 * In the Shining Time Station episode, Schemer's Alone, Midge Smoot reads a version of this story to Schemer who paid her an IOU instead of real money, despite the fact that he's tricking his friends.
 * The characters from the 1933 film adaptation of The Three Little Pigs appeared in the 2001 television series House of Mouse in many episodes, and again in the direct-to-video film Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse.
 * In 1996, from What a Cartoon! shorts program, in William Hanna's final cartoon short "Wind-Up Wolf", The Big Bad Wolf creates a robot minion wolf to attempt to finally get the Three Little Pigs.
 * The three pigs and the wolf appear in the four Shrek films, and the TV specials Shrek the Halls and Scared Shrekless.
 * In the PBS Kids series Super Why!, Pig (Littlest Pig) is one of the main characters of the show. In the episode "The Three Little Pigs: Return of The Wolf," it is revealed that he is the youngest of the three little pigs. He transforms into Alpha Pig with Alphabet Power.
 * In 2018, the story was told in the first season of Tell Me a Story, a serialized drama that interweaves The Three Little Pigs, Little Red Riding Hood and Hansel and Gretel "into an epic and subversive tale of love, loss, greed, revenge, and murder.
 * Episode 1 of Dino Babies, "These Doors Are Made for Knocking", is based on this story.
 * In the series Between the Lions, the story itself is featured in the episode "Huff and Puff"; however, two different sequels were written by two of the main characters: Leona's sequel shows the Big Bad Wolf becoming friends with the pigs after getting his tail burned while Lionel's depicts him being brought back to life by a mad scientist and renamed "the Wolf-inator", who is able to blow the brick house down, but gets chased away by the pigs as robots.
 * In The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh episode "Three Little Piglets", an alternate version of the story is told with the pigs replaced with three Piglets, the wolf replaced by a big bad bunny (played by Rabbit), the house of sticks replaced by Eeyore's house and then a house of playing cards, and the brick house replaced with Piglet's house.
 * The Little Einsteins episode "Build it, Rocket” is based on the story itself, but the plot also involves the main characters finding materials needed to build the brick house and the wolf being blown away by the pigs after failing to blow down the brick house.

Literature

 * One of Uncle Remus' stories, "The Story of the Pigs" (alt. title: "Brer Wolf and the Pigs"), found in Nights with Uncle Remus (1883), is a re-telling of the story, with the following differences:
 * There are five pigs in this version: Big Pig, Little Pig, Speckle Pig, Blunt and Runt.
 * Blunt is the only male; all the rest are females.
 * Big Pig builds a brush house, Little Pig builds a stick house, Speckle Pig builds a mud house, Blunt builds a plank house and Runt builds a stone house.
 * The Wolf's verse goes: "If you'll open the door and let me in, I'll warm my hands and go home again."
 * The 1989 parody The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs! is presented as a first-person narrative by the wolf (here called Alexander T. Wolf), who portrays the entire incident as a misunderstanding; he had gone to the pigs to borrow some sugar to bake a cake, had destroyed their houses in a sneezing fit, ate the first two pigs not to waste food (since they had died in the house collapse anyway), and was caught attacking the third pig's house after the pig had continually insulted him.
 * The 1993 children's book The Three Little Wolves and the Big Bad Pig inverts the cast and makes a few changes to the plot: the wolves build a brick house, then a concrete house, then a steel house, and finally a house of flowers. The pig is unable to blow the houses down, destroying them by other means, but eventually gives up his wicked ways when he smells the scent of the flower house, and becomes friends with the wolves.
 * The 2008 children's book The Three Horrid Pigs and the Big Friendly Wolf changes the story: the pigs and the wolf are depicted as friends.
 * The Three Little Pigs are often parodied or referenced in Monica and Friends comics, usually in Smudge-related stories due to his strong interest in pigs.

Music

 * In 1953, Al "Jazzbo" Collins narrated a jazz version of The Three Little Pigs on a Brunswick Records 78 r.p.m. record album titled "steve allen's grimm fairy tales for hip kids" with piano blues accompaniment by Lou Stein.
 * The 1989 Mucky Pup song "Little Pigs" from the album A Boy in a Man's World is a rap/metal version of the story featuring the dialogue between the wolf and pigs.
 * The 1992 Green Jellö song, "Three Little Pigs" sets the story in Los Angeles. The wolf drives a Harley Davidson motorcycle, the first little pig is an aspiring guitarist, the second is a cannabis smoking, dumpster diving evangelist and the third holds a Master of Architecture degree from Harvard University. In the end, with all three pigs barricaded in the brick house, the third pig calls 9-1-1. John Rambo is dispatched to the scene, and kills the wolf with a machine gun.
 * In 2003, the Flemish company Studio 100 created a musical called Three Little Pigs (De 3 Biggetjes), which follows the three daughters of the pig with the house of stone with new original songs, introducing a completely new story loosely based on the original story. The musical was specially written for the band K3, who play the three little pigs, Pirky, Parky and Porky (Knirri, Knarri and Knorri).
 * Elton John's song "And the House Fell Down" (from The Captain & the Kid) is based (metaphorically) on the story.
 * In 2014, Peter Lund let the three little pigs live together in a village in the musical Grimm with Little Red Riding Hood and other fairy tale characters.
 * The second single from metal band In This Moment's 2014 album Black Widow, "Big Bad Wolf," references a little pig as well as the big bad wolf.

Other

 * The Disney version of the three pigs can be seen in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts as meet-and-greet characters.
 * The direct-to-video film Muppet Classic Theater includes The Three Little Pigs as one of the stories, featuring Miss Piggy, Andy and Randy Pig as the titular characters.
 * In The Shining, Jack Nicholson's rampaging character, Jack Torrance, recites part of the tale ("Little pigs, little pigs let me come in...") before attempting to break-in to the bathroom in which his wife, Wendy (Shelley Duvall), is hiding.

title: The Three Little Pigs


text:
Talk:Khmer language

Scouting in Khmer script
Can someone render "Be Prepared", the Scout Motto, into Khmer script? Thanks! Chris 02:56, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Three main dialects?
I have some questions, the article mentions three main dialects while listing four. Also, Cardamom and Surin are listed while Khmer Krom isn't at all. I am sure that Khmer Krom is its own independent dialect with just as much or even more speakers than the Khmer Surin dialect. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.136.27.231 (talk) 22:47, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Numbers
"Khmer numerals, which were inherited from Indian numerals, are used more widely than Hindu-Arabic numerals." As in Thailand, the spread of mobile phones has inluenced the way that people write numbers - especially telephone numbers and addresses; though this may be confined to urban centres. --Steve (talk) 00:46, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Care to explain? Besides the fact that Western numerals can also be used (moreso technology-wise), this isn't an abnormal borrowing. I've also seen the 正 unary numeral system used in some places in Cambodia as well. - Io Katai (talk) 01:59, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't understand the exact meaning of what you're trying to say, but since Khmer numerals function exactly as hindu-arabic numerals, I don't see why technology would changed its status. Joshotoken (talk) 22:05, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

What is a pseudo sprachbund?
What is it? Is it a sprachbund or not? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 151.201.148.162 (talk) 23:38, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Not sure whether the concept is a valid one, but in the article it seems to be intended to mean that the similarities are more due to common Sanskrit and Pali influence than to mutual language contacts... AnonMoos (talk) 01:09, 24 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Not sure where that term came from, but it has bothered me for a while as well. Languages in the Mainland Southeast Asia Linguistic Area have had extensive mutual contact and the similarities due to much more than just "common Sanskrit and Pali influence" (which is arguably the most superficial of similarities). Shared areal features can be seen in the morphology, syntax, lexicon, grammar and phonology of the languages in question.William Thweatt Talk | Contribs 16:03, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

Phnom Penh Dialect
Can anyone find any resources discussing the Phnom Penh dialect? Colloqial Phnom Penh has seperate pronunciation and certain grammatical differences from standard Khmer, and it does merit longer mention. ស្នេហា១សែនឆ្នាំ 16:55, 18 July 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Amamekmesumlovin (talk • contribs)

Still having Khmer language problems!
I downloaded the Unicode script following the instructions like I was supposed to, but I still can't view it properly! Kanzler31 (talk) 00:12, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

 * What exactly do you mean that you can't view it properly? Does the khmer script show up at all? Have you tried restarting your browser or computer? Otherwise, you can try going into your browser's internet options, find the font tab, then select the Khmer language and choose the Khmer OS font. In Internet Explorer, that's Tools > Internet Options, click the Fonts button at the bottom, and select Khmer from the dropdown language script list. In Firefox, go in Tools > Options, switch over to the Content tab, click the Advanced button under the Fonts & Colors section, and select Khmer from the first dropdown list. —  Io Katai  Talk  14:21, 19 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm using Safari. Kanzler31 (talk) 03:13, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Please anyone reply. And btw, I properly installed the fonts and went to fonts in internet options in control panel and still does not fix the problem. In fact, I can't even see the font. No squares appear either, it just disappears! Is it the browser I'm using?

khmer Tep Soden (talk) 04:14, 18 April 2016 (UTC)

Can someone make an Old Khmer article?
Or at least include this link in the present one. It's the only online signlist for the Old Khmer writing system: (in French)

http://www.efeo.fr/espace_prive/paleoCIK.html

Glyphist (talk) 07:47, 23 October 2010 (UTC)

External link?
I've twice reverted the addition of an external link that has been added by two IPs, as it looks a bit dodgy. The site is http://veayo.com/dictionary_installer.html, and claims it's a Khmer translation extension for Firefox. But when you try it, it tries to install something called "Select-n-Go", which Firefox blocks - and if you bypass the block you get a warning about possible malicious software - I decided not to go beyond that point. Beware if you see it added again -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 16:37, 20 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Note, IPs were from two different ISPs in Phnom Penh -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 16:40, 20 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Looks shady indeed. Thanks for weeding that out. --Dara (talk) 17:35, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

Approximation for /f/ → /p/
I don't have a source for this, but I do notice this is how many Cambodians pronounce /f/. In words such as telephone (in the US), it is pronounced something like /teːiləpoːun/, with a /p/ rather than a /pʰ/. --Dara (talk) 17:33, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

French materials on Khmer
Grammaire de la langue khmère (cambodgien) (1915)

https://archive.org/details/grammairedelala00maspgoog

Vocabulaire français-cambodgien

https://archive.org/details/VocabulaireFranais-cambodgien

Dictionnaire Cambodgien-Français (1902)

https://archive.org/details/abn6261.0001.001.umich.edu

Recherches sur le droit public des Cambodgiens (1894)

https://archive.org/details/recherchessurle00leclgoog

15:23, 9 March 2014 (UTC)

Standard/Modern Khmer based on ...
Standard Khmer, or Central Khmer, the language as taught in Cambodian schools and used by the media, is based on the Battambang dialect spoken throughout the plains of the northwest and central provinces. The reference does not list what page this is mentioned. The phonology section of the source does not mention Battambang dialect (if you can call it that) being the basis of Standard Khmer. Did I miss it somewhere else in the book? It does mention something to the tune of "Standard Cambodian" being considerably different, at a phnonological level, from Phnom Penh and the surrounding region. By that, did the Wikipedia editor just assume this means it is based on the Battambang dialect? --Dara (talk) 03:44, 7 April 2015 (UTC)

 * On page six (first paragraph of the Phonology section) Huffman says "...standard Cambodian is virtually identical with the dialect spoken...in the central provinces", which although technically would include the eastern part of Battambang, obviously includes the entirety of other provinces as well so "Battambang dialect" would be rather restrictive. I changed it to "...is based on the dialect spoken throughout the Central Plain..."
 * Regarding your "if you can call it that" remark, I agree the term "Battambang dialect" is ambiguous at best. The speech of Battambang isn't uniform across the province. As I noted, it is Standard Khmer in the low lying eastern regions but vowel quality (and breathiness to a certain extent) varies from the standard noticeably in the more westerly areas. Ratree Wayland wrote an analysis of what she called "Battambang Khmer" or "the Battambang dialect". Although I take issue with the research methodology in some of her papers on Khmer (for example she only interviewed one speaker -- who lived in the U.S. at the time -- as the sole informant for this particular paper; the discrepancies could have been personal idiosyncrasies of the informant), it does paint an accurate picture describing this speech of western Battambang as different from that spoken in the plains. But I digress. In short, there is no single dialect common to all of Battambang making the previous wording ambiguous. Good catch!--William Thweatt TalkContribs 06:32, 7 April 2015 (UTC)

The article is self-contradictory
The table of consonant pairs and triplets doesn't list "mp" or "mph" as a possible combination. However, the pronunciation of the word for 20 is listed as /mphej/. Expected: either the pronunciation of 20 doesn't contain "mp" at the beginning, or the table lists "mp" as an allowable combination of consonants. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.203.58.127 (talk) 05:28, 14 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Good point. For now, I'll change the pronunciation of 20 to the form given by Huffman (who is the source for the set of possible consonant combinations), though I think I have seen it given as [mph-] elsewhere. W. P. Uzer (talk) 08:28, 14 June 2015 (UTC)
 * That is because the experts all contradict each other when analyzing Khmer phonology. As Pinnow pointed out way back in 1980 ("Reflections of the History of the Khmer Phonemic System"; Mon-Khmer Studies Journal VIII:103-30), "The situation is all the more complicated by the...different writers who disagree in many cases in their interpretations of the articulation of vowels and consonants and of their place in the phonemic systems." For example, Pinnow himself analyzes aspirated consonants (e.g. /cʰ/) as a cluster of two phonemes (/c/ followed by /h/), a position with which most (including myself) have historically disagreed.
 * The word for 20 is indeed often given as [mpʰɨj], even by authors who don't list /mpʰ/ as a possible cluster. I think it is because in the modern Khmer orthography, the word is written "m" with "jeurng pʰ" under it which indicates a cluster with no intervening vowel. However the word is actually a contraction. Old Khmer used a base 20 number system for counting things. Twenty was bhay (modern /pʰɨj/), forty was phlon (modern ផ្លូន /pʰloːn/) or two twenties, etc. So one twenty, /muəj pʰɨj/, has evolved over time to be pronounced as /məpʰɨj/ and written as a single inseparable word. As for how to analyze the cluster, Pinnow, in that same paper (pg 28), states that clusters with an initial /m/ followed by aspirated stops (e.g. /mkʰ/, /mpʰ/) are possible but are realized with a "junctural /ə/". I personally prefer /məpʰɨj/ as it is true to the sesquisyllabic nature of Khmer words and both faithfully reproduces the pronunciation and avoids any possibility of the sequence /mpʰ/ being misconstrued as either a prenasalized stop ([ᵐpʰ]) or a syllabic nasal [m̩] followed by /pʰ/. In any case, WPUzer's edit did correct the vowel which is definitely /ɨ/ not /e/--William Thweatt TalkContribs 10:20, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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မြန်မာဘာသာ
မြန်မာဘာသာ SweSwelay (talk) 02:47, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Inaccuracies and bad citations of sources
"The more colloquial registers have influenced, and have been influenced by, Thai, Lao, Vietnamese, and Cham, all of which, due to geographical proximity and long-term cultural contact, form a sprachbund in peninsular Southeast Asia.[5]"
 * Cited source does not mention anything about colloquial forms of Khmer. Furthermore, if this is in reference to convergence in the MSEA linguistic area, Khmer is treated as a peripheral participant lacking, for example, monosyllabicity, tonality, and limited initial clusters. If it is to refer to the linguistic exchanges between Khmer and other Southeast Asian languages, there needs to be more specificity about the impact and domains of loanwords. For example, Thai influence is more apparent in poetic styles of Khmer than the colloquial register, in words relating to trade (e.g. numerals), and in some Tai-specific political terms (e.g. Chaofah). I will be removing this section.

"It is also the earliest recorded and earliest written language of the Mon–Khmer family, predating Mon and by a significant margin Vietnamese,[6]"
 * What does "significant margin" refer to? And why does it matter that Khmer predates Vietnamese by a significant margin? I will be removing this.

"Pre-Angkorian Khmer, the Old Khmer language from 600 CE through 800, is only known from words and phrases in Sanskrit texts of the era."
 * I don't know where this information is sourced, but this is absolutely false. If pre-Angkorian refers to texts written before the founding of Angkor, than there are undoubtedly many inscriptions in Old Khmer from 611 A.D. onwards until then. Please check Jenner 2009's dictionary of pre-Angkorian Khmer. I will be removing this.

"Old Khmer (or Angkorian Khmer) is the language as it was spoken in the Khmer Empire from the 9th century until the weakening of the empire sometime in the 13th century. Old Khmer is attested by many primary sources and has been studied in depth by a few scholars, most notably Saveros Pou, Phillip Jenner and Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow. Following the end of the Khmer Empire the language lost the standardizing influence of being the language of government and accordingly underwent a turbulent period of change in morphology, phonology and lexicon. The language of this transition period, from about the 14th to 18th centuries, is referred to as Middle Khmer and saw borrowing from Thai, Lao and, to a lesser extent, Vietnamese. The changes during this period are so profound that the rules of Modern Khmer can not be applied to correctly understand Old Khmer."
 * First issue, Old Khmer has been studied by more than "a few scholars," and while the aforementioned scholars are important, there's no explanation for what contributions they've made or why it is important to mention them here.
 * Second issue, Khmer was never not the language of governance for any subsequent polity in Cambodia. The two hundred year gap in epigraphic documentation, from the 15th to the 16th century, cannot be taken as evidence of lack of use. Furthermore, it is bad linguistics to suggest that the "turbulent changes" underwent by the language is due to a lack of a "standardizing influence." Furthermore, there's more extent Khmer prose and poetry in the Middle Khmer period than the Old Khmer period.
 * Third issue, there is no specificity in what domain of loanwords come from Thai, Lao, or Vietnamese. There has been studies of Thai influence on Khmer during the Middle Khmer period in literary registers of the language, but none of the other two. Unless someone wants to add systematic studies documenting this, it stands as nothing more than conjecture.
 * None of this is in the citations cited.

"This results in what appears to foreigners as separate languages and, in fact, isolated villagers often are unsure how to speak with royals and royals raised completely within the court do not feel comfortable speaking the common register."
 * I cannot find this in the citations. And this conjecture seems both uninformative and orientalizing. Should we expect the average English person to be well-versed in speaking to the English royal and nobility?

Lafleuve (talk) 10:40, 28 January 2021 (UTC)

វិប្បដិសារៈ (បទព្រហ្មគីតិ បែបផ្កាឈូករីក) ស្ដាយប្រាណធ្លាប់បីបម                        ស្ដាយធ្លាប់ថ្នមព្រួយរក្សា ស្ដាយខានបានកេសា                           ស្ដាយរូបាខានបមបី ។ ស្ដាយខានអង្អែលប្រាណ                      ស្ដាយកល្យាណបែរមានថ្មី ស្ដាយរសគន្ធាស្រី                                ស្ដាយខានបីត្រកងស្ងួន ។ ស្ដាយស្នេហ៍ធ្លាប់បានស្និទ្ធិ                     ស្ដាយវរមិត្រចាកពីខ្លួន ស្ដាយរសស្នេហ៍ពុំមួន                            ស្ដាយខ្លឹមខ្លួនបានទៅគេ ។ ស្ដាយចិត្តធ្លាប់ស្នេហា                            ស្ដាយជីវ៉ាស្រស់មាសមេ ស្ដាយនាងមានឆោមកេរ                        ស្ដាយមាសមេចាកចោលបង ។ ស្ដាយខានបីបមស្និទ្ធិ                             ស្ដាយវរមិត្រឆោមនួនល្អង ស្ដាយចិត្តធ្លាប់ស្នេហ៍ស្នង                       ស្ដាយមាសបងបានឃ្លាតទៅ ។ ស្ដាយមិនបានរក្សា                                ស្ដាយជីវ៉ាឆោមពាលពៅ ស្ដាយរូបឆោមឥឡូវ                               ស្ដាយមិននៅក្បែរឱរ៉ា      ។ ស្ដាយវរលក្ខណ៍ល្អល្អះ                           ស្ដាយខ្លាំងណាស់ណាជីវ៉ា ស្ដាយហួសវិស័យថា                              ស្ដាយកេសាធ្លាប់ក្រងលេង ។ ស្ដាយសៀងសំនៀងនៅ                         ស្ដាយឥឡូវអូនវង្វេង ស្ដាយណាស់ស្ទើរភ្លេចគេង                     ស្ដាយឆោមក្មេងវង្វេងថ្នាំ ។ ស្ដាយរូបសស្អាតប្រាណ                         ស្ដាយកល្យាណលែងចងចាំ ស្ដាយចិត្តវង្វេងថ្នាំ                                   ស្ដាយកូនចាំថ្នាំញៀននេះ ៕ កូយ សុខគង់(ត្រចៀកកាំមាស) — Preceding unsigned comment added by កូយ សុខ (talk • contribs) 08:10, 14 May 2021 (UTC)

Khmer speaker video
The speaker is not a native speaker and struggles to express himself. 203.144.73.121 (talk) 08:43, 11 April 2022 (UTC)

Khmer Speaker Video
He's not a native speaker at all! The grammar is off everything is off he struggles with vowels and doesn't sound like who knows how to speak Khmer! 58.97.225.85 (talk) 04:03, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

"Tries to speak Khmer"
It would probably make more sense to use a different clip of someone speaking Khmer than someone "trying" to speak Khmer. I'm sure there's a lot out there, but I don't know which ones Wikipedia has the right to. Should it just be removed until someone finds one? Xiphactinus B (talk) 23:22, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Removed. --Paul_012 (talk) 06:06, 11 October 2022 (UTC)

Using Ethnologue
Can we use Ethnologue to update the updated number of first and second language speakers? Cookiemonster1618 (talk) 17:50, 26 September 2023 (UTC)

Feudal language
If this language does have Sanskrit influence, it would be a feudal language. That means, there will be different word forms for different social and other levels of individuals. Can anyone confirm this fact and add this to the main article?

Sanskrit is a feudal language. And all languages of South Asia that has Sanskrit influence in them can be feudal languages. 150.129.102.175 (talk) 02:48, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

Why is the Khmer script always bolded?
The Khmer script always seems to be bolded in all wikipedia articles, is there a reason for this?

دانيالوه (talk) دانيالوه (talk) 14:53, 28 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I thought the same thing too, i'm confused whether this was intended so that it can be much more visible, or is it some kind of mistake on the template code? Need some answer though, because it sure is not good looking, though readable for most. Dogukeppanohokutotenkachojo (talk) 11:16, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It is likely a problem with whatever font is being used to display Khmer by default on your device, as there is nothing in the page itself that would cause this to happen. Remsense  诉  11:18, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I've researched about it, the font appear normal on my desktop, but not on my mobil device. Surely there are some devices that did not have the specific khmer font to be used, so it instead render the bold one, Thanks. Dogukeppanohokutotenkachojo (talk) 05:07, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Khmer language


text:
Khmer

Khmer(s) may refer to:

Cambodia

 * Srok Khmer (lit. "Khmer land" or "Land of the Khmer(s)"), a colloquial exonym used to refer to Cambodia by Cambodians; see
 * Khmer people, the ethnic group to which the great majority of Cambodians belong
 * Khmer Americans, Americans of Khmer (Cambodian) ancestry
 * Khmer Krom, Khmer people living in the Mekong Delta and Southeast Vietnam
 * Khmer Loeu, the Mon-Khmer highland tribes in Cambodia
 * Northern Khmer people, ethnic Khmer people of Northeast Thailand
 * Khmer (Unicode block), a block of Unicode characters of the Khmer script
 * Khmer architecture, the architecture of Cambodia
 * Khmer cuisine, the dominant cuisine in Cambodia
 * Khmer Empire, which ruled much of Indochina from the 9th to the 13th centuries
 * Khmer Issarak, anti-French, Khmer nationalist political movement formed in 1945
 * Khmer language, the language of the Khmers, also the official and national language of Cambodia
 * Khmer Khe dialect, a Khmeric language spoken in Stung Treng Province, Cambodia
 * Northern Khmer dialect, a dialect of the Khmer language spoken by the ethnic Khmers in Northeast Thailand
 * Western Khmer dialect, a dialect of the Khmer language spoken by the Khmers native to the Cardamom Mountains
 * Khmer nationalism, a form of nationalism founded in Cambodia
 * Khmer Republic, the official name of Cambodia from 1970 to 1975
 * Khmer Sâ (White Khmer), a pro-US force formed by the Khmer Republic's defence minister Sak Sutsakhan
 * Khmer script, the script used to write the Khmer and Khmer Loeu languages
 * Khmer Serei, anti-communist and anti-monarchist guerrilla force founded by Cambodian nationalist Son Ngoc Thanh
 * Political terms coined by Norodom Sihanouk based on the word 'Khmer':
 * Khmer Bleu, Sihanouk's domestic opponents on the right
 * Khmer Rouge, a Cambodian Communist political group and guerrilla movement
 * Khmer Việt Minh, Cambodian communists who lived in exile in North Vietnam after the 1954 Geneva Conference
 * Khmer Việt Minh, Cambodian communists who lived in exile in North Vietnam after the 1954 Geneva Conference

Other uses

 * Khmer (album), a 1997 jazz album by Nils Petter Molvær
 * Khmer (food), traditional dish native to Jizan, Saudi Arabia
 * Khmer: The Lost Empire of Cambodia, a 1997 nonfiction book by Thierry Zéphir

title: Khmer