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Appendix:French irregular verbs

There are approximately 350 irregular verbs that do not conjugate in either the first or second conjugation. For simplicity, these highly varying verbs have been traditionally “lumped” into a third group. All existing non-defective conjugation are detailed and discussed in this page. Some of them were defective, impersonal, or rarely used.

Defective verbs are discussed in Appendix:French defective verbs.

Classification of irregular verbs
Verbs in the third group can be further classified into the following subgroups:
 * and
 * Irregular verbs in -er:, and.
 * Irregular verbs in -ir:
 * Verbs in -ir whose conjugation appears to mix the first and second conjugation. Almost all verbs ending in -llir, -vrir and -frir are part of this group.
 * Verbs in -ir with present singular indicative conjugation ending in a consonant sound, but otherwise like the previous type. These verbs are mostly in -tir.
 * Verbs in -ir with a variable stem, mostly these are in -enir (i.e., and their derived verbs)
 * Verbs in -oir
 * Verbs in consonant+re
 * Verbs in -dre, -pre, -ttre and -cre
 * Verbs in -dre and -tre where the root varies, either because a root vowel, or the are replaced.
 * Verbs in -vre
 * Verbs in -aître and -oître
 * Verbs in vowel+re
 * Verbs in -uire
 * Verbs in -oire
 * Verbs in -ure
 * Verbs in -aire
 * Verbs in -ore
 * Verbs in -ire

Auxiliary verbs: être and avoir
The auxiliaries and  are both highly irregular. Owing to its first vowel in, shows some of the alternation seen in verbs of the first group. It is the only verb to have a first-person plural in -mes instead of -ons outside the past historic, and one of only three to have a second-person plural in -tes instead of -ez (alongside and ). The auxiliaries are also the only verbs whose subjunctive present first- and second- person plural are in -ons, -ez rather than -ions, -iez (compare, ). This often leads to spelling mistakes in both directions. Both verbs contain subjunctive forms of imperative (compare with most Romance languages which supply its missing forms of the imperative with the subjunctive present forms).

Irregular pronunciations of these verbs include (, not  or ) and eu- pronounced  in all of 's conjugation. Note also the prototypical is pronounced, not.

Être
has four different stems: (e)s-, fu- (both from Latin, perfect , this verb is also suppletive), ét- (from ), and soy- (from a conflation of the subjunctive of with ; whence also ). See article on Wikipedia for more.

 * Être
 * Participles: été, étant
 * Indicative
 * Present: suis, es, est, sommes, êtes, sont
 * Imperfect: ét+first-group endings
 * Past historic: fus, fus, fut, fûmes, fûtes, furent
 * Future/conditional: ser+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient
 * Imperfect: fusse, fusses, fût, fussions, fussiez, fussent
 * Imperative: sois, soyons, soyez

Avoir

 * Avoir
 * Participles: eu, ayant
 * Indicative
 * Present: ai, as, a, avons, avez, ont
 * Imperfect: av+first-group endings
 * Past historic: eus, eus, eut, eûmes, eûtes, eurent
 * Future/conditional: aur+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: aie, ais, ait, ayons, ayez, aient
 * Imperfect: eusse, eusses, eût, eussions, eussiez, eussent
 * Imperative: aie, ayons, ayez

Irregular verbs in -er
There are only three verbs in -er considered to be part of the third conjugation:,  and.

Aller
The conjugation of involves no less than four distinct stems from completely different origins: all-/aill- (from the Late Latin ), v- (from ) and ir- (from ). Aside from this, most endings are those of first-group verbs:

 * Aller
 * Participles: all-+First group endings
 * Indicative
 * Present: vais, vas, va, allons, allez, vont
 * Imperfect: all+first-group endings
 * Past historic: all+first-group endings
 * Future/conditional: ir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: aille, ailles, aille, allions, alliez, aillent
 * Imperfect: all+first-group endings
 * Imperative: va, allons, allez

Formerly the first-person present indicative was (hence the imperative), which is now restricted to either dialectal or archaic writing, but it is still used when  added into front of the imperative form (vas-y) instead of forming *va-y. always uses for its auxiliary.

Envoyer and renvoyer
The verbs and its derivative  are conjugated mostly like other verbs in -yer, except in the future and conditional. If they were regular (as they indeed were in Old French), they would look like incorrect conjugations of. This analogy has resulted in these tenses being identical to those of that verb:

 * Envoyer
 * Participles: envoyé, envoyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: envoie, envoies, envoie, envoyons, envoyez, envoient
 * Imperfect: envoy+first-group endings
 * Past historic: envoy+first-group endings
 * Future/conditional: enverr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: envoie, envoies, envoie, envoyions, envoyiez, envoient
 * Imperfect: envoy+first-group endings
 * Imperative: envoie, envoyons, envoyez

Verbs that combine first- and second-group endings
The irregularity in indicative present was due to tendencies to drop the /i/ from the /ji/ sequences, and historic addition of /ə/ to impermissible consonant clusters.

Cueillir and related verbs
The verbs, and  are conjugated as if they were first-group verbs, except in the past historic, past participle and subjunctive imperfect, whose endings are those of second-group verbs:

 * Cueillir
 * Participles: cueilli, cueillant
 * Indicative
 * Present: cueill+ first-group endings
 * Imperfect: cueill+first-group endings
 * Past historic: cueill+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: cueiller+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: cueill+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: cueill+second-group endings
 * Imperative: cueill+first group endings

Assaillir and related verbs
These verbs are conjugated like the above verbs, but their normal conjugation in the future and conditional is that of second-group verbs. Significant hesitation exists and they are often conjugated like instead. This is because the final of the syllable  tends to be reduced to a schwa in pronunciation or dropped entirely in the future and conditional, rendering those forms homophonous with those of -type verbs (which have a first-group future/conditional stem).

 * Assaillir
 * Participles: assailli, assaillant
 * Indicative
 * Present: assaill+ first-group endings
 * Imperfect: assaill+first-group endings
 * Past historic: assaill+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: assaillir/assailler+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: assaill+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: assaill+second-group endings
 * Imperative: assaill+first group endings

 * According to traditional grammarians, is conjugated like a second-group verb in some of its meanings. However these meanings may be hard to distinguish, and there is some hesitation in both directions.
 * has an archaïc alternative conjugation (unsurprisingly identical to the archaic forms of, which is now conjugated as a second-group verb) where the future and conditional use the root défaudr- and the present singular is , ,.

Offrir, ouvrir, souffrir and related verbs
The verbs, , and the latter's derivatives are conjugated like , except that futures and conditionals in -er are much rarer, and they have a past participle in -ert.

 * Souffrir
 * Participles: souffert, souffrant
 * Indicative
 * Present: souffr+ first-group endings
 * Imperfect: souffr+first-group endings
 * Past historic: souffr+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: souffrir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: souffr+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: souffr+second-group endings
 * Imperative: souffr+first group endings

Verbs with an indicative singular shorter than the plural
These verbs represent the original pattern resulting from Latin verbs ending in -īre, whereas those verbs with -iss- formed from Latin verbs in -ēscere. Originally both patterns existed side by side (as in Italian), but over time most moved to the -iss- pattern leading to that pattern being considered "regular" and the short pattern "irregular".

Mentir
A series of verbs lose entirety of the last syllable in the singular present indicative due to historic loss of unstressed vowels followed by consonant assimilations. Compare with Old French verbs — ment, menz, ment,  — dorm, dors, dort, and  — serf, sers, sert, but regular Old French verb  — fenis, fenis, fenist (preserving the -iss- infix, later -ist lost its -s-).

 * Mentir
 * Participles: menti, mentant
 * Indicative
 * Present: mens, mens, ment, mentons, mentez, mentent
 * Imperfect: ment+first-group endings
 * Past historic: ment+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: mentir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: ment+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: ment+second-group endings
 * Imperative: mens, mentons, mentez

 * The verb is derived from  and is a second-group verb.
 * There are two verbs, the first means "come out again" or "stand out" and conjugates like , the other means "to come within the province, the jurisdiction, the purview", and is a second-group verb. They are often confused.
 * There is a tendency to move to a second- instead of a third-group conjugation.

Chauvir
is conjugated similar to, but in the singular indicative present forms, it does not lose the stem's last letter and keeps the regular -ir verb paradigm. This conjugation is dated in usage, and the verb has an alternate conjugation with the -iss- infix, identical to regular -ir verbs, which is more common in the modern day although it is regarded as incorrect.

 * Chauvir
 * Participles: chauvi, chauvant
 * Indicative
 * Present: chauvis, chauvis, chauvit, chauvons, chauvez, chauvent
 * Imperfect: chauv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: chauv+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: chauvir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: chauv+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: chauv+second-group endings
 * Imperative: chauvis, chauvons, chauvez

Bouillir
is very similar to, but loses more letters due to its spelling (the consonant lost, , is spelled -ill-). Its future and conditional are often in -er-, but much less commonly than with and its relatives. The verb is also often conjugated as if its infinitive was, and its subjunctive present singular has been conjugated boue, boues, boue instead of.
 * Bouillir
 * Participle: bouilli, bouillant
 * Indicative
 * Present: bous, bous, bout, bouillons, bouillez, bouillent
 * Imperfect: bouill+first-group endings
 * Past historic: bouill+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: bouillir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: bouill+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: bouill+second-group endings
 * Imperative: bous, bouillons, bouillez

Vêtir and courir
These verbs have a past participle in -u. (unlike ) keeps the -t in the indicative present singular. As in earlier periods, literary usage will often conjugate it as a second-group verb. This hesitation goes back to the earliest period of French, though the conjugation given here now predominates. In normal usage, however, the verb and its derivatives have been completely superseded by.

The conjugation of is a mix of  and. This is not surprising given that its original infinitive was (which is still used as the future stem), and was later altered to be more like the latter verb. as a verbal noun is still part of the vocabulary of doghunting:.

 * Vêtir
 * Participle: vêtu, vêtant
 * Indicative
 * Present: vêts, vêts, vêt, vêtons, vêtez, vêtent
 * Imperfect: vêt+first-group endings
 * Past historic: vêt+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: vêtir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: vêt+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: vêt+second-group endings
 * Imperative: vêts, vêtons, vêtez

 * Courir
 * Participle: couru, courant
 * Indicative
 * Present: cours, cours, court, courons, courez, courent
 * Imperfect: cour+first-group endings
 * Past historic: courus, courus, courut, courûmes, courûtes, coururent
 * Future/conditional: courr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: cour+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: courusse, courusses, courût, courussions, courussiez, courussent
 * Imperative: cours, courons, courez

Verbs with a variable stem
These verbs display stem variation in the same places as verbs like (future, conditional, indicative and subjunctive present), with the addition of the past historic and subjunctive imperfect (except for ).

Compounds of
The verb itself has fallen out of usage, replaced by   and , but its compounds  are still used.

 * Acquérir
 * Participles: acquis, acquérant
 * Indicative
 * Present: acquiers, acquiers, acquiert, acquérons, acquérez, acquièrent
 * Imperfect: acquér+first-group endings
 * Past historic: acqu+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: acquerr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: acquière, acquières, acquière, acquérions, acquériez, acquièrent
 * Imperfect: acqu+second-group endings
 * Imperative: acquiers, acquérons, acquérez

Tenir and venir
These two verbs are conjugated the same way, as are their derivatives. These verbs are the only verbs where the "perfect" endings (of the past historic and imperfect subjunctive) uses a nasal vowel instead of an oral one. Note the presence of an unusual -ss- after consonants in the imperfect subjunctive and -î- before two consonants.

 * Venir
 * Participles: venu, venant
 * Indicative
 * Present: viens, viens, vient, venons, venez, viennent
 * Imperfect: ven+first-group endings
 * Past historic: vins, vins, vint, vînmes, vîntes, vinrent
 * Future/conditional: viendr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: vienne, viennes, vienne, venions, veniez, viennent
 * Imperfect: vinsse, vinsses, vînt, vinssions, vinssiez, vinssent
 * Imperative: viens, venons, venez

 * Tenir
 * Participles: tenu, tenant
 * Indicative
 * Present: tiens, tiens, tient, tenons, tenez, tiennent
 * Imperfect: ten+first-group endings
 * Past historic: tins, tins, tint, tînmes, tîntes, tinrent
 * Future/conditional: tiendr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: tienne, tiennes, tienne, tenions, teniez, tiennent
 * Imperfect: tinsse, tinsses, tînt, tinssions, tinssiez, tinssent
 * Imperative: tiens, tenons, tenez

Mourir
The conjugation of is similar to that of, but has vowel variation and a very different past participle.

 * Mourir
 * Participle: mort, mourant
 * Indicative
 * Present: meurs, meurs, meurt, mourons, mourez, meurent
 * Imperfect: mour+first-group endings
 * Past historic: mourus, mourus, mourut, mourûmes, mourûtes, moururent
 * Future/conditional: mourr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: meure, meures, meure, mourions, mouriez, meurent
 * Imperfect: mourusse, mourusses, mourût, mourussions, mourussiez, mourussent
 * Imperative: meurs, mourons, mourez

Fuir
The conjugation of and  is particular in having an alternate stem in the indicative imperfect:

 * Fuir
 * Participles: fui, fuyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: fuis, fuis, fuit, fuyons, fuyez, fuient
 * Imperfect: fuy+first-group endings
 * Past historic: fu+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: fuir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: fuie, fuies, fuie, fuyions, fuyiez, fuient
 * Imperfect: fu+second-group endings
 * Imperative: fuis, fuyons, fuyez

was once conjugated like (hence the adjective ) with an infinitive  (, modern ), but this conjugation has been mostly superseded by  a regular second-group conjugation.

Verbs in -oir
These verbs stem from the Latin second conjugation, whose infinitives ended in -ēre. -ē- regularly became -oi- when stressed in French. Unlike -re, there are no regular -oir verbs.

Verbs with a singular present indicative in "-eu-"
These verbs share an irregular future and conditional, and a monosyllabic singular indicative using the vowel ~. They have identical conjugations in several tenses. Vouloir and pouvoir are two of the few verbs whose second-person singular does not always end in -s (in the indicative present, it ends in -x).

Pouvoir
has two possible conjugation in the first person present indicative. The very formal is the original form, supplanted in everyday usage in the 17th century by, reconstructed on the third and second persons. is still considered the only possible form in inverted interrogative construction: The verb, by its very meaning, is unused in the imperative.

 * Participles: pu, pouvant
 * Indicative
 * Present: peux (puis), peux, peut, pouvons, pouvez, peuvent
 * Imperfect: pouv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: pus, pus, put, pûmes, pûtes, purent
 * Future/conditional: pourr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: puisse, puisses, puisse, puissions, puissiez, puissent
 * Imperfect: pusse, pusses, pût, pussions, pussiez, pussent
 * Imperative: nonexistent

Vouloir
The use of the subjunctive forms in the imperative, and indicative present first- and second-person plural for the subjunctive, are 17th century innovations. In the imperative, significant semantic differences exist between the forms. In the subjunctive, the original forms are still in occasional literary usage. The present participle has occasionally been used, particularly in Middle French. It is not entirely clear whether the alternative subjunctive forms and  should be spelt with endings in -iez/-ions or -ez/-ons, since these forms were replaced at a time when spelling was still in significant flux. The spelling with extra is is given here for consistency with most verbs.

 * Participles: voulu, voulant
 * Indicative
 * Present: veux, veux, veut, voulons, voulez, veulent
 * Imperfect: voul+first-group endings
 * Past historic: voulus, voulus, voulut, voulûmes, voulûtes, voulurent
 * Future/conditional: voudr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: veuille, veuilles, veuille, voulions/veuillions, vouliez/veuilliez, veuillent
 * Imperfect: voulusse, voulusses, voulût, voulussions, voulussiez, voulussent
 * Imperative: veuille, veuillons, veuillez OR veux, voulons, voulez
 * The obsolete yet reflexive verb is nearly conjugated the same as vouloir, except the conjugations are more uniform: the 1st and 2nd plural subjunctive present forms use the first set endings (doulions, douliez), and the imperative forms use the second set endings (deux, doulons, doulez).

Mouvoir and pleuvoir
Barring the fact that is an impersonal verb, and hence hardly used outside the third person singular or plural (literary license has often done so, but this is rare), and that  traditionally had a circumflex accent on its singular masculine past participle (see below), these verbs are, in fact, conjugated identically:

 * Mouvoir
 * Participles: mu/mû, mouvant
 * Indicative
 * Present: meus, meus, meut, mouvons, mouvez, meuvent
 * Imperfect: mouv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: mus, mus, mut, mûmes, mûtes, murent
 * Future/conditional: mouvr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: meuve, meuves, meuve, mouvions, mouviez, meuvent
 * Imperfect: musse, musses, mût, mussions, mussiez, mussent
 * Imperative: meus, mouvons, mouvez

 * Pleuvoir
 * Participles: plu, pleuvant
 * Indicative
 * Present: pleut, pleuvent
 * Imperfect: pleuvait, pleuvaient
 * Past historic: plut, plurent
 * Future/conditional: pleuvr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: pleuve, pleuvent
 * Imperfect: plût, plussent
 * Imperative: unused

Traditionally, the masculine singular of mouvoir's past participle was written with a circumflex (although not in its derivatives such as ). Abandonment of this diacritical was recommended by the Académie Française in 1990, though usage remains mixed.

Verbs in -evoir
This conjugation includes verbs in -cevoir such as and, as well as  and  (minus the cedillas present in the conjugation of the other verbs). Devoir is slightly distinct in that its masculine singular past participle has a circumflex to distinguish it from the homographic preposition. It was recommended in 1990 that the same accent on redevoir's past participle be abandoned, but usage has not settled on this issue (which is hard to ascertain as redevoir is very rarely used).

 * Recevoir and devoir
 * Participles: reçu, recevant // dû, devant
 * Indicative
 * Present: reçois, reçois, reçoit, recevons, recevez, reçoivent // dois, dois, doit, devons, devez, doivent
 * Imperfect: recev+first-group endings // dev+first-group endings
 * Past historic: reçus, reçus, reçut, reçûmes, reçûtes, reçurent // dus, dus, dut, dûmes, dûtes, durent
 * Future/conditional: recevr+first-group endings // devr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: reçoive, reçoives, reçoive, recevions, receviez, reçoivent // doive, doives, doive, devions, deviez, doivent
 * Imperfect: reçusse, reçusses, reçût, reçussions, reçussiez, reçussent // dusse, dusses, dût, dussions, dussiez, dussent
 * Imperative: reçois, recevons, recevez // dois, devons, devez

Savoir
The original present participle of was, now a noun ("scientist"). Its first-person singular present indicative is pronounced or. Like the verbs, and , this is the last verb with irregular imperative forms (different from present forms) with use of subjunctive forms. The -ch- is a regular development of Latin >.

 * Savoir
 * Participles: su, sachant (archaic savant)
 * Indicative
 * Present: sais, sais, sait, savons, savez, savent
 * Imperfect: sav+first-group endings
 * Past historic: sus, sus, sut, sûmes, sûtes, surent
 * Future/conditional: saur+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: sache, saches, sache, sachions, sachiez, sachent
 * Imperfect: susse, susses, sût, sussions, sussiez, sussent
 * Imperative: sache, sachons, sachez

Voir and its derivatives, including pourvoir
, and  have an euphonic  in several forms (as with verbs in -oyer, this consonant is often extended to all conjugated forms in ), and are the only verbs in -oir whose past historic and imperfect subjunctive is in i instead of u. and have a future in -oira, with pourvoir further conjugating like other verbs in -oir in the past historic and imperfect subjunctive.

 * Voir
 * Participles: vu, voyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: vois, vois, voit, voyons, voyez, voient
 * Imperfect: voy+first-group endings
 * Past historic: v+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: verr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: voie, voies, voie, voyions, voyiez, voient
 * Imperfect: v+second-group endings
 * Imperative: vois, voyons, voyez

 * Prévoir
 * Indicative
 * Future/conditional: prévoir+first-group endings

 * Pourvoir
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: pourvus, pourvus, pourvut, pourvûmes, pourvûtes, pourvurent
 * Future/conditional: pourvoir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: pourvusse, pourvusse, pourvût, pourvussions, pourvussiez, pourvussent

Avoir

 * See

Falloir
This impersonal verb, originally a variant form of is used only in the third person singular, and thus lacks an imperative. Although it once had a present participle, this form has fallen out of usage completely.
 * Participles: fallu, fallant (present participle unused)
 * Indicative
 * Present: faut
 * Imperfect: fallait
 * Past historic: fallut
 * Future/conditional: faudra/faudrait
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: faille
 * Imperfect: fallût
 * Imperative: unused

Valoir
The verbs in this group are the only other verbs beside pouvoir and vouloir with an -x in the second person singular. preserves 's archaic other subjunctive.

 * Valoir
 * Participles: valu, valant
 * Indicative
 * Present: vaux, vaux, vaut, valons, valez, valent
 * Imperfect: val+first-group endings
 * Past historic: valus, valus, valut, valûmes, valûtes, valurent
 * Future/conditional: vaudr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: vaille, vailles, vaille, valions, valiez, vaillent
 * Imperfect: valusse, valusses, valût, valussions, valussiez, valussent
 * Imperative: vaux, valons, valez

 * Prévaloir
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: prévale, prévales, prévale, prévalions, prévaliez, prévalent

Regularisation of the subjunctive is often encountered in all three directions: ;  and   etc.

Asseoir and derivatives
has a complex conjugation history going all the way back to Old French, where variation in the now rare and defective was known to exist. In modern usage, it has two generally accepted conjugation (dubbed the "oi" and "e" conjugations) and one variant markedly dated future/conditional conjugation (dubbed "eye" conjugation). An additional, nonstandard conjugation (using "i") used mostly in informal usage now exist, tracing back to the origins of the verb, but it is not entirely clear whether its infinitive should be or.

By far the -oi- conjugation predominates in spoken and informal usage, with the -e- forms being considered more literary in most areas (except Belgium). The -eye- forms are even more strongly marked, and are now rare, whereas the -i- are restricted to marked dialectal or informal usage, and more common in North America than Europe (where they are most common in the indicative present). The conjugation in -i- is, in fact, that of (see below), a variation of 's conjugation.

Although has the same conjugation problems as,  uses only forms in -oi-. However, usage has generally been to use a -e- in the future that is not present in. and are defective and use forms in -e- The 1990 spelling reforms recommended suppressing all the extra es in the infinitive or future of these verbs, but usage has not completely settled. An analogical -e- is often restored in the present and future forms of (r)asseoir and surseoir.

 * Asseoir (-oi- conjugation)
 * Participle: assis, assoyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: assois, assois, assoit, assoyons, assoyez, assoient
 * Imperfect: assoy+first-group endings
 * Past historic: ass+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: assoir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: assoie, assoies, assoie, assoyions, assoyiez, assoient
 * Imperfect: ass+second-group endings
 * Imperative: assois, assoyons, assoyez

 * Asseoir (-e- and -eye- conjugations)
 * Participle: assis, asseyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: assieds, assieds, assied, asseyons, asseyez, asseyent (archaically assiéent)
 * Imperfect: assey+first-group endings
 * Past historic: ass+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: assiér/asseyer+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: asseye, asseyes, asseye, asseyions, asseyiez, asseyent
 * Imperfect: ass+second-group endings
 * Imperative: assieds, asseyons, asseyez

 * Asseoir/Assire (-i- conjugation)
 * Participle: assis, assisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: assis, assis, assit, assisons, assisez, assisent
 * Imperfect: assis+first-group endings
 * Past historic: ass+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: assir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: assis+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: ass+second-group endings
 * Imperative: assis, assisons, assisez

Déchoir and échoir
Several forms of these verbs are very uncommon. (The base form is obsolete in Modern French.) Due to their meaning, they are not used in the imperative.

 * Déchoir
 * Participle: déchu, déchéant
 * Indicative
 * Present: déchois, déchois, déchoit, déchoyons, déchoyez, déchoient
 * Imperfect: déché+first-group endings (alternative: déchoy+first-group endings)
 * Past historic: déchus, déchus, déchut, déchûmes, déchutes, déchurent
 * Future/conditional: déchoir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: déchoie, déchoies, déchoie, déchoyions, déchoyiez, déchoient
 * Imperfect: déchusse, déchusses, déchût, déchussions, déchussiez, déchussent
 * Imperative: unused

In older writings a conjugation analogous to the e conjugation of was sometimes used: déchets, déchets, déchet, décheyons, décheyez, décheyent/déchiéent.

Verbs in consonant+re
These verbs stem from the Latin third conjugation, whose infinitives ended in -ere.

General verbs in consonant +re
These verbs (ending in -endre, -andre, -ondre and -rdre, with the addition of, , and ) with all their derivatives differ mostly in a few minor spelling variations, usually to preserve pronunciation.

Common verbs in -dre, battre, foutre and rompre
The only variation between these three groups of verbs is in the treatment of the singular indicative present and imperative. Almost all verbs in -dre have -ds, -ds, -d, but verbs in -ttre may not have *-tts, and so have -ts, -ts, -t, while has -s, -s, -t, although forms in -ts are often encountered. It is also very uncommon in the imperfect subjunctive and past historic, to the point of often being given as defective. The verb is unusual in having the pattern -ps, -ps, -pt.

The -dre verbs (i.e. rendre) are sometimes called "regular" -re verbs despite their relative infrequency. For this reason, among others, while such verbs are included in the third-group verbs category, they were not included in the French irregular verbs category until late 2022.

 * Rendre
 * Participles
 * Past: rendu
 * Present: rendant
 * Indicative
 * Present: rends, rends, rend, rendons, rendez, rendent
 * Imperfect: rend+first-group endings
 * Past historic: rend+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: rendr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: rend+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: rend+second-group endings
 * Imperative
 * tu form: rends
 * nous form: rendons
 * vous form: rendez

 * Battre
 * Indicative
 * Present: bats, bats, bat, battons, battez, battent
 * Imperative: bats, battons, battez

 * Foutre
 * Indicative
 * Present: fous, fous, fout, foutons, foutez, foutent
 * Imperative: fous, foutons, foutez

 * Rompre
 * Indicative
 * Present: romps, romps, rompt, rompons, rompez, rompent
 * Imperative: romps, rompons, rompez

Vaincre and convaincre
The conjugation of and its derivatives is characterised by the change of c to qu before vowels (all vowels, unlike Spanish verbs in -car), except for the past participle, where this is not possible. The form vainc takes a euphonic when inverted (Vainc-t-il ? ), by analogy with other third-person singulars ending in -t and -d. These changes are purely orthographic; in pronunciation it is conjugated identically to :

 * Vaincre
 * Participle: vaincu, vainquant
 * Indicative
 * Present: vaincs, vaincs, vainc, vainquons, vainquez, vainquent
 * Imperfect: vainqu+first-group endings
 * Past historic: vainqu+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: vaincr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: vainqu+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: vainqu+second-group endings
 * Imperative: vaincs, vainquons vainquez

Verbs in -indre
These verbs in -aindre (, ...), -eindre (, ...) or -oindre (...) differ from the more widespread conjugation of in having forms in -gn- and singular present forms ending in -s and -t rather than -ds and -d.

 * Craindre

 * Participle: craint, craignant
 * Indicative
 * Present: crains, crains, craint, craignons, craignez, craignent
 * Imperfect: craign+first-group endings
 * Past historic: craign+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: craindr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: craign+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: craign+second-group endings
 * Imperative: crains, craignons, craignez

The future and conditional are often formed with a root in -igner- instead of -indr-.

Verbs in -soudre
The verbs, and  all all derived from an obsolete verb. The original regular past participles of dissoudre and absoudre have become adjectives, leading to their modern participles. The masculine form of these participles are anomalous, ending in -s, whereas the feminine is in -te. The 1990 spelling reform recommended masculines in -t. Further, they are commonly given as having no past historic or imperfect subjunctive. Although these two forms are very uncommon, they are in use and easily reconstructed from those of

 * Résoudre
 * Participle: résolu, résolvant (but absous/absoute, absolvant and dissous/dissoute, dissolvant)
 * Indicative
 * Present: résous, résous, résout, résolvons, résolvez, résolvent
 * Imperfect: résolv+first group endings
 * Past historic: résolus, résolus, résolut, résolûmes, résolûtes, résolurent
 * Future/conditional: résoudr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: résolve, résolves, résolve, résolvions, résolviez, résolvent
 * Imperfect: résolusse, résolusses, résolût, résolussions, résolussiez, résolussent
 * Imperative:résous, résolvons, résolvez

As with verbs in -indre, the future and conditional are often formed with a root -solver- instead of -soudr-

Prendre
The conjugation of and its derivatives has superficial similarities with that of, but differs in several areas, most noticeably in having a monosyllabic past historic and participle, and losing the d in a number of other places.

 * Prendre
 * Participle: pris, prenant
 * Indicative
 * Present: prends, prends, prend, prenons, prenez, prennent
 * Imperfect: pren+first-group endings
 * Past historic: pr+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: prendr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: prenne, prennes, prenne, prenions, preniez, prennent
 * Imperfect: pr+second-group endings
 * Imperative: prends, prenons, prenez

Être
See

Mettre
The conjugation of this verb and its derivatives is mostly that of, but for the past historic, past participle and imperfect subjunctive, which are those of.

 * Mettre
 * Participle: mis, mettant
 * Indicative
 * Present: mets, mets, met, mettons, mettez, mettent
 * Imperfect: mett+first-group endings
 * Past historic: m+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: mettr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: mette, mettes, mette, mettions, mettiez, mettent
 * Imperfect: m+second-group endings
 * Imperative: mets, mettons, mettez

Coudre
The verb and its derivatives have a root in  where  has a root in pren(n)- or pr-.

 * Coudre
 * Participle: cousu, cousant
 * Indicative
 * Present: couds, couds, coud, cousons, cousez, cousent
 * Imperfect: cous+first-group endings
 * Past historic: cous+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: coudr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: cous+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: cous+second-group endings
 * Imperative:couds, cousons, cousez

Moudre
The conjugation of and, which uses the root moul- where  has pren(n)- or pr-, is slowly eroding, with periphrasis used in speech to avoid the forms homonymous with.

 * Moudre
 * Participle: moulu, moulant
 * Indicative
 * Present: mouds, mouds, moud, moulons, moulez, moulent
 * Imperfect: moul+first-group endings
 * Past historic: moulus, moulus, moulut, moulûmes, moulûtes, moulurent
 * Future/conditional: moudr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: moul+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: moulusse, moulusses, moulût, moulussions, moulussiez, moulussent
 * Imperative: mouds, moulons, moulez

Suivre
The conjugation of this verb and its relatives are very similar to that of, except for the past participle and the orthographic changes to the singular present indicative:

 * Suivre
 * Participle: suivi, suivant
 * Indicative
 * Present: suis, suis, suit, suivons, suivez, suivent
 * Imperfect: suiv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: suiv+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: suivr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: suiv+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: suiv+second-group endings
 * Imperative: suis, suivons, suivez

Vivre
The conjugation of follows that of suivre, but for the past participle, past historic and subjunctive imperfect in vécu- (the stem was originated from metathesis of Latin irregular perfect stem vīx-):

 * Vivre
 * Participle: vécu, vivant
 * Indicative
 * Present: vis, vis, vit, vivons, vivez, vivent
 * Imperfect: viv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: vécus, vécus, vécut, vécûmes, vécûtes, vécurent
 * Future/conditional: vivr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: viv+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: vécusse, vécusses, vécût, vécussions, vécussiez, vécussent
 * Imperative: vis, vivons, vivez

Verbs in -aître and -oître
The circumflex accent in these verbs was recommended for elimination, except for the forms of that would become homographs of.

Verbs in -aître
All verbs in -aître except and  are conjugated this way. The latter two verbs have a different past participle, past historic and subjunctive imperfect. While some endings are superficially similar to those of, they are etymologically distinct (irregular verbs that do conjugate like finir include and ).

 * Paraître
 * Participle: paru, paraissant
 * Indicative
 * Present: parais, parais, paraît, paraissons, paraissez, paraissent
 * Imperfect: paraiss+first-group endings
 * Past historic: parus, parus, parut, parûmes, parûtes, parurent
 * Future/conditional: paraîtr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: paraiss+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: parusse, parusses, parût, parussions, parussiez, parussent
 * Imperative: parais, paraissons, paraissez

 * Although conjugates this way, it is defective.

 * Naître
 * Participle: né, naissant
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: naqu+second-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: naqu+second-group endings

 * is very rare in compound forms, and uncommon in the past historic and subjunctive imperfect. conjugates as  (it is in fact unrelated to ).

Croître and derivatives
Amongst the derivatives of, only has a past participle with a circumflex accent. They are the only word where circumflex accents are added in revised spelling, as all the participles' forms (as opposed to only the masculine singular) would gain one to distinguish them from the forms of and.

The verbs and  only have the accent in the future, conditional, and third-person singular present indicative (there being no such verbs as *accroire and *décroire to confuse them with). Following the 1990 orthographic reforms they have no accent at all (apart from the obligatory one in the third-person singular of the imperfect subjunctive).

 * Croître
 * Participle: crû, croissant
 * Indicative
 * Present: croîs, croîs, croît, croissons, croissez, croissent
 * Imperfect: croiss+first-group endings
 * Past historic: crûs, crûs, crût, crûmes, crûtes, crûrent
 * Future/conditional: croîtr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: croiss+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: crûsse, crûsses, crût. crûssions, crûssiez, crûssent
 * Imperative: croîs, croissons croissez

 * Accroître
 * Participle: accru, accroissant
 * Indicative
 * Present: accrois, accrois, accroît, accroissons, accroissez, accroissent
 * Imperfect: accroiss+first-group endings
 * Past historic: accrus, accrus, accrut, accrûmes, accrûtes, accrurent
 * Future/conditional: accroîtr+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: accroiss+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: accrusse, accrusses, accrût, accrussions, accrussiez, accrussent
 * Imperative: accrois, accroissons accroissez

Verbs in -uire
The conjugation of these verbs is in significant flux in the past historic. is conjugated like a second-group verb, although its original conjugation, based on, is still often encountered.

Regular verbs
In the past historic, forms based on the regular second conjugation are also encountered, particularly with monosyllabic verbs such as, and. In fact, this conjugation has all but supplanted the original in the case of and   (to the point where the tense is often given as unused entirely). and the monosyllabic verbs are almost never used in the imperfect subjunctive. , and  also differ from the "regular" -uire in having a past participle in -i, not -it.

Use of the nonstandard forms varies with the ending: verbs in -duire are found in all forms, but verbs in -truire almost never use the forms in -uîmes and -uîtes, although forms in -uirent are common for both types.

 * Produire
 * Participle: produit, produisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: produis, produis, produit, produisons, produisez, produisent
 * Imperfect: produis+first-group endings
 * Past historic: produis+second-group endings (nonstandard: produ+second-group endings)
 * Future/conditional: produir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: produis+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: produis+second-group endings
 * Imperative: produis, produisons, produisez

 * Nuire
 * Participle: nui, nuisant

 * Luire (and reluire)
 * Participle: lui, luisant
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: lu+second-group endings (archaic: luis+second-group endings)
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: Unused (would be luis+second-group endings)

 * is only exceptionally applied to animates, as such it is very rare outside the third persons.

Bruire
Bruire was originally conjugated like (see above) and spelled accordingly:. It is now conjugated like a second-group verb and exceptional out of the third person, but the archaic indicative imperfect forms / may be encountered in literary use.

 * Bruire
 * Participles: brui, bruissant
 * Indicative
 * Present: bruis, bruis, bruit, bruissons, bruissez, bruissent
 * Imperfect: bruiss+first-group endings
 * Past historic: bru+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: bruir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: bru+second-group endings
 * Imperfect: bru+second-group endings
 * Imperative: bruis, bruissons, bruissez

 * Bruire (archaic conjugation)
 * Participles: brui, bruyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: bruis, bruis, bruit, bruyons, bruyez, bruient
 * Imperfect: bruy+first-group endings
 * Imperative: bruis, bruyons, bruyez

Verbs in -ure
The verbs in -ure are in two groups: and, which have a past participle in -u, and  with the much rarer, practically defective  and , whose participle is in -us. Participles and defectivity aside, these verbs have the same conjugation. Due to the homonymy of most of it with what it would be if the infinitives were in -uer, there is a tendency to reconstruct the past historic on that basis.

 * Conclure
 * Participle: conclu, concluant
 * Indicative
 * Present: conclus, conclus, conclut, concluons, concluez, concluent
 * Imperfect: conclu+first-group endings
 * Past historic: conclus, conclus, conclut, conclûmes, conclûtes, conclurent (nonstandard: conclu+first-group endings, i.e. *concluai, *concluas, ...)
 * Future/conditional: conclur+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: conclue, conclues, conclue, concluions, concluiez, concluent
 * Imperfect: conclusse, conclusses, conclût, conclussions, conclussiez, conclussent
 * Imperative:

 * Inclure
 * Participle: inclus, incluant

Croire
All verbs derived from are either defective or obsolete.

 * Participle: cru, croyant
 * Indicative
 * Present: crois, crois, croit, croyons, croyez, croient
 * Imperfect: croy+first group ending
 * Past historic: crus, crus, crut, crûmes, crûtes, crurent
 * Future/conditional: croir+first group ending
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: croie, croies, croyions, croyiez, croient
 * Imperfect: crusse, crusses, crût, crussions, crussiez, crussent
 * Imperative: crois, croyons, croyez

Boire
As with, has no common derived verbs with a full conjugation. The conjugation is similar to that of except with a secondary stem buv- rather than *bev-:

 * Participle: bu, buvant
 * Indicative
 * Present: bois, bois, boit, buvons, buvez, boivent
 * Imperfect: buv+first group ending
 * Past historic: bus, bus, but, bûmes, bûtes, burent
 * Future/conditional: boir+first group ending
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: boive, boives, boive, buvions, buviez, boivent
 * Imperfect: busse, busses, bût, bussions, bussiez, bussent
 * Imperative: bois, buvons, buvez
 * Imperative: bois, buvons, buvez

Verbs in -aire
For and, see Appendix:French defective verbs.

Faire
is the second most frequent verb in French (after ). Its two major feature are the pronunciation of forms in fais+vowel, pronounced, as well being one of the few verbs to have a 2nd person plural and 3rd person plural whose does not end in -ez outside the past historic and -ent outside the future tense; respectively. For this reason, both analogical refection of the second person plural present indicative and -e- spellings (*fesant, *fesons, ...) are common in informal speech and writing, particularly as eye dialect.

Since, unlike with, derivatives of carry the irregular second person ending, there is a tendency in many speakers to avoid that form entirely when using those verbs because it is felt to be no less strange than forms in -faisez would be.

 * Faire
 * Participles: fait, faisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: fais, fais, fait, faisons, faites, font
 * Imperfect: fais+first-group endings
 * Past historic: f+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: fer+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: fass+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: f+second-group endings
 * Imperative: fais, faisons, faites

Plaire and taire
Verbs derived from solely differ from  in having an anomalous circumflex accent in the third person singular of the indicative present. Like other such accents on i, it was recommended to be dropped in the 1990 spelling reform. Both verbs originate from Old French verbs that ended in -aisir, an ending unrelated to the second conjugation's -ir. It is instead inherited from Latin -acēre, i.e. >,  > ,.

 * Plaire
 * Participle: plu, plaisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: plais, plais, plaît, plaisons, plaisez, plaisent
 * Imperfect: plais+first-group endings
 * Past historic: plus, plus, plut, plûmes, plûtes, plurent
 * Future/conditional: plair+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: plais+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: plusse, plusses, plût, plussions, plussiez, plussent
 * Imperative: plais, plaisons, plaisez

 * Taire
 * Indicative
 * Present: tais, tais, tait, taisons, taisez, taisent

Verbs in -traire
Usage and traditional grammar are at odds regarding the question of whether and its close derived terms  have a past historic and imperfect subjunctive or not. In 1877, Littré bemoaned the disappearance of forms in -trayi-. The word-final sequence is uncommon in French, and these verbs are the only ones that would use it. However, the form was long unused already in Littré's time (he did not, in fact, give any examples of it). Forms in -traisi- are encountered fairly often in the 19th century (for example in De Sade and Stendhal), but although still remains exceptional in the offending tenses, modern usage has shifted toward forms in -traya- for its derivatives where the tense cannot be avoided, overshadowing the occasional -trayi- that probably takes inspiration from Littré. This complex situation where no form has "official" sanction leads to other variations, such a third person plural in -airent (mirroring the form found for verbs in -uire).

 * Traire (traditional)
 * Participle: trait, trayant
 * Indicative
 * Present: trais, trais, trait, trayons, trayez, traient
 * Imperfect: tray+first-group ending
 * Past historic: Unused
 * Future/conditional: trair+first-group ending
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: traie, traies, traie, trayions, trayiez, traient
 * Imperfect: Unused
 * Imperative: trais, trayons, trayez

 * Traire (trayi-)
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: tray+second-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: tray+second-group endings

 * Traire (traisi-)
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: trais+second-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: trais+second-group endings

 * Traire (traya-)
 * Indicative
 * Past historic: tray+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Imperfect: tray+first-group endings

Verbs in -ore
Verbs in -ore pose a dilemma similar to 's family. has fallen completely out of spoken usage, and is phasing out of literary use too, so that it practically does lack the indicative imperfect and past historic as well as the subjunctive imperfect (though exceptional uses are often encountered); the "unused" status of the first and second person plural in the present indicative leaves more room to dispute. However, its derivative remains in common use and, despite what grammars say, is alive and well in these tenses. The same applies to. The major peculiarity of these verb is the presence of a circumflex in the third person singular of the present indicative. Some have expanded it to the future, but this is considered incorrect.

 * Éclore
 * Participle: éclos, éclosant
 * Indicative
 * Present: éclos, éclos, éclôt, éclosons, éclosez, éclosent
 * Imperfect: éclos+first-group endings
 * Past historic: éclos+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: éclor+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: éclos+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: éclos+second-group endings
 * Imperative: éclos, éclosons, éclosez

Verbs in -ire
All verbs in -ire, like those in -uire, show a tendency for the third-person plural past historic to be constructed in -irent on the infinitive. This is likely due to the influence of and , which are particularly common.

Dire and derived verbs
The verbs and  are the last verbs with an irregular second-person plural. Unlike with, all its derived verbs have a regular form in -disez, this provide further incentive for analogical refection of and. Note that is conjugated like, but has a past participle in -it.

 * Dire, redire
 * Participle: dit, disant
 * Indicative
 * Present: dis, dis, dit, disons, dites (nonstandard: disez), disent
 * Imperfect: dis+first-group endings
 * Past historic: d+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: dir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: dis+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: d+second-group endings
 * Imperative: dis, disons, dites

 * Interdire
 * Indicative
 * Present: interdis, interdis, interdit, interdisons, interdisez, interdisent
 * Imperative: interdis, interdisons, interdisez

 * Maudire
 * Participles: maudit, maudissant
 * Indicative
 * Present: maudis, maudis, maudit, maudissons, maudissez, maudissent
 * Imperfect: maudiss+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: maudisse, maudisses, maudisse, maudissons, maudissez, maudissent
 * Imperative: maudis, maudissons, maudissez

Suffire, confire and circoncire
These three verbs are conjugated like a "regularized" -dire verb, but differ in their past participles: 's is in -i, 's is in -it, while 's in -is.

 * Suffire
 * Participle: suffi, suffisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: suffis, suffis, suffit, suffisons, suffisez, suffisent
 * Imperfect: suffis+first-group endings
 * Past historic: suff+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: suffir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: suffis+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: suff+second-group endings
 * Imperative: suffis, suffisons, suffisez

 * Confire
 * Participle: confit, confisant

 * Circoncire
 * Participle: circoncis, circoncisant

Verbs in -crire
Future (and particularly conditional) forms in écriver- are often encountered.

 * Écrire
 * Participle: écrit, écrivant
 * Indicative
 * Present: écris, écris, écrit, écrivons, écrivez, écrivent
 * Imperfect: écriv+first-group endings
 * Past historic: écriv+second-group endings
 * Future/conditional: écrir+first-group endings (nonstandard: écriver+first-group endings)
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: écriv+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: écriv+second-group endings
 * Imperative: écris, écrivons, écrivez

Lire

 * Participle: lu, lisant
 * Indicative
 * Present: lis, lis, lit, lisons, lisez, lisent
 * Imperfect: lis+first-group ending
 * Past historic: lus, lus, lut, lûmes, lûtes, lurent
 * Future/conditional: lir+first-group ending
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: lis+first-group ending
 * Imperfect: lusse, lusses, lût, lussions, lussiez, lussent
 * Imperative: lis, lisons, lisez

Rire and sourire
Because of the same phenomenon affecting verbs in -ure, and  are often conjugated in the past historic and imperfect subjunctive as if they ended in -ier.

 * Rire
 * Participle: ri, riant
 * Indicative
 * Present: ris, ris, rit, rions, riez, rient
 * Imperfect: ri+first-group endings
 * Past historic: r+second-group endings (nonstandard: ri+first-group endings)
 * Future/conditional: rir+first-group endings
 * Subjunctive
 * Present: ri+first-group endings
 * Imperfect: r+second-group endings (nonstandard: ri+first-group endings)
 * Imperative:ris, rions, riez

title: Appendix:French irregular verbs


text: абаджийства

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: абаджийства


text: абаджийствата

title: абаджийствата


text:
vannhund

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: vannhund


text:
vattenhund

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: vattenhund


text:
vandhund

Noun

 * 1) a person who loves swimming
 * 2) water dog

title: vandhund


text: vandhundene

title: vandhundene


text: vandhunde

title: vandhunde


text: vandhunden

title: vandhunden


text:
waterhond

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: waterhond


text: waterhonden

title: waterhonden


text: waterhondje

title: waterhondje


text: Category:pt:Dogs

title: Category:pt:Dogs


text:
cão de água

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: cão de água


text: cão d'água

title: cão d'água


text:
endlos

Etymology
From, from , from. Structurally

Adjective

 * 1) endless

title: endlos


text:
ecumenic

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with French. .

Adjective

 * 1) Ecumenical.

Adjective

 * 1) ecumenical

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) ecumenical

title: ecumenic


text: абатства

title: абатства


text:
Wasserhund

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: Wasserhund


text:
propenoic

Adjective

 * 1) Acrylic.

title: propenoic


text: Wasserhündchen

title: Wasserhündchen


text: Wasserhundes

title: Wasserhundes


text: Wasserhunds

title: Wasserhunds


text: Wasserhunde

title: Wasserhunde


text: œcumenic

title: œcumenic


text: gun dogs

title: gun dogs


text:
ἀρι-

Etymology
Probably related to

Prefix

 * 1)  strengthening prefix, generally with a sense of goodness, excellence

title: ἀρι-


text: абатствата

title: абатствата


text:
chien d'eau

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: chien d'eau


text: chiens d'eau

title: chiens d'eau


text: humbugok

title: humbugok


text: Category:ro:Dogs

title: Category:ro:Dogs


text:
câine de apă

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: câine de apă


text: câini de apă

title: câini de apă


text:
Template:grc-lok

Locrian

title: Template:grc-lok


text:
cane d'acqua

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: cane d'acqua


text:
perro de agua

Noun

 * 1) water dog
 * 2)  otter
 * 3)  ferret

title: perro de agua


text: perros de agua

title: perros de agua


text:
vandens šuo

Etymology
, genitive of +

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: vandens šuo


text:
οἰκέω

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to inhabit
 * 2) to colonize, settle in
 * 3) to manage, direct, govern
 * 4) to dwell, reside, live
 * 5)  to be situated
 * 6) to be governed
 * 1) to colonize, settle in
 * 2) to manage, direct, govern
 * 3) to dwell, reside, live
 * 4)  to be situated
 * 5) to be governed
 * 1) to colonize, settle in
 * 2) to manage, direct, govern
 * 3) to dwell, reside, live
 * 4)  to be situated
 * 5) to be governed
 * 1) to manage, direct, govern
 * 2) to dwell, reside, live
 * 3)  to be situated
 * 4) to be governed
 * 1) to manage, direct, govern
 * 2) to dwell, reside, live
 * 3)  to be situated
 * 4) to be governed
 * 1) to dwell, reside, live
 * 2)  to be situated
 * 3) to be governed
 * 1) to dwell, reside, live
 * 2)  to be situated
 * 3) to be governed
 * 1) to dwell, reside, live
 * 2)  to be situated
 * 3) to be governed
 * 1) to dwell, reside, live
 * 2)  to be situated
 * 3) to be governed
 * 1) to dwell, reside, live
 * 2)  to be situated
 * 3) to be governed
 * 1)  to be situated
 * 2) to be governed
 * 1)  to be situated
 * 2) to be governed
 * 1)  to be situated
 * 2) to be governed
 * 1)  to be situated
 * 2) to be governed
 * 1)  to be situated
 * 2) to be governed
 * 1)  to be situated
 * 2) to be governed
 * 1)  to be situated
 * 2) to be governed
 * 1)  to be situated
 * 2) to be governed
 * 1)  to be situated
 * 2) to be governed
 * 1)  to be situated
 * 2) to be governed
 * 1) to be governed
 * 1) to be governed
 * 1) to be governed
 * 1) to be governed
 * 1) to be governed
 * 1) to be governed

title: οἰκέω


text: Category:pl:Dogs

title: Category:pl:Dogs


text:
pies wodny

Etymology
lit. 'water dog'.

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: pies wodny


text:
pies dowodny

Noun

 * 1) water dog

title: pies dowodny


text:
Portugese waterhond

Noun

 * 1) Portuguese Water Dog

title: Portugese waterhond


text: Portugese waterhonden

title: Portugese waterhonden


text:
metanalisi

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) meta-analysis

title: metanalisi


text: Portugees waterhondje

title: Portugees waterhondje


text:
mevalonato

Noun

 * 1)  mevalonate

Noun

 * 1)  mevalonate

title: mevalonato


text:
sleutelhanger

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) keychain

title: sleutelhanger


text:
mevalonate

Noun

 * 1)  Any salt or ester of mevalonic acid

Translations

 * Italian: mevalonato
 * Malay: mevalonat

title: mevalonate


text:
portugalinvesikoira

Noun

 * 1) Portuguese Water Dog

title: portugalinvesikoira


text:
microscopia

Noun

 * 1) A form of hallucination where objects appear smaller than they really are.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) microscopy

Noun

 * 1)  microscopy the use of microscopes

Noun

 * 1) microscopy

title: microscopia


text:
fèineil

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) selfish

title: fèineil


text: monomera

title: monomera


text: monomere

title: monomere


text:
nanostrutturato

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) nanostructured

title: nanostrutturato


text: абдали

title: абдали


text:
pericardite

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  pericarditis

title: pericardite


text: абдале

title: абдале


text: абдалите

title: абдалите


text:
piastrinico

Adjective

 * 1)  platelet

title: piastrinico


text:
pirargirite

Noun

 * 1)  pyrargyrite

title: pirargirite


text:
chien d'eau portugais

Noun

 * 1) Portuguese Water Dog

title: chien d'eau portugais


text: chiens d'eau portugais

title: chiens d'eau portugais


text:
Talk:petulante

In the English page for "smug", this is listed as a Spanish translation for "Irritatingly pleased with oneself; self-satisfied". Should this be added, or is the entry under "smug" incorrect? 76.190.152.7 21:59, 13 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:petulante


text: абдикацията

title: абдикацията


text:
cão de água português

Noun

 * 1) Portuguese Water Dog

title: cão de água português


text: cão d'água português

title: cão d'água português


text: cães de água portugueses

title: cães de água portugueses


text: cães d'água portugueses

title: cães d'água portugueses


text:
buthaid

Noun

 * 1) puffin

title: buthaid


text: cães de água

title: cães de água


text: cães d'água

title: cães d'água


text: buthaidean

title: buthaidean


text: абдикациите

title: абдикациите


text:
ポヂュギース・ウォーター・ドッグ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Portuguese Water Dog

title: ポヂュギース・ウォーター・ドッグ


text:
Krung Thep

Etymology
From -  +  +, which is a short form of the full ceremonial name of the city,.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Native name of Bangkok,.

title: Krung Thep


text: imámok

title: imámok


text:
Portugalijos vandens šuo

Noun

 * 1) Portuguese Water Dog

title: Portugalijos vandens šuo


text:
portugalų vandens šuo

Noun

 * 1) Portuguese Water Dog

title: portugalų vandens šuo


text:
crolaidh

Noun

 * 1)  curling

title: crolaidh


text:
ethosed

Adjective

 * 1)  Possessed of a particular ethos.
 * 2) * 2003: “ Jesse James Jensen ”,  alt.politics (Google group) : Liberal Bigots Will Call Her a “ House Nigger ” , the 3rd day of November at 9:59pm
 * We have a lot of wars to keep track of at the moment, but I’m pretty sure I would have remembered one against an out-moded Victorian-ethosed semi-religious woodland-based activity group. But you probably want to keep the Boy Scouts homo-free. As a private organization, it is their right to keep out the queers, but I don’t know why they’d want to; it was pretty common knowledge in my school that those outfits they had to wear were pretty gay.

title: ethosed


text:
cruadhtan

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) concrete

title: cruadhtan


text:
Ἄρη

Pronunciation
With short alpha:

With long alpha:

title: Ἄρη


text:
přechodně

Adverb

 * 1) temporarily, not permanently

title: přechodně


text:
přejít

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to cross to go from one side of something to the other

title: přejít


text:
provizorně

Adverb

 * 1) temporarily, not permanently

title: provizorně


text:
dočasně

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) temporarily

title: dočasně


text:
shoot the boots

Verb

 * 1)  To kick swiftly and violently, especially in the groin.
 * 2) * 2006, Paul Dupuis, Armageddon Forever, Trinity Enterprise (Canada), ISBN 9781897306307, p. 2:
 * It was strange because the boy I was fighting with had developed a reputation for being able to shoot the boots and I was supposed to be good with my hands.
 * It was strange because the boy I was fighting with had developed a reputation for being able to shoot the boots and I was supposed to be good with my hands.

title: shoot the boots


text:
pudelis

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) poodle

title: pudelis


text: pudelio

title: pudelio


text: pudeliui

title: pudeliui


text: pudelį

title: pudelį


text: pudeliu

title: pudeliu


text: pudelyje

title: pudelyje


text: pudeli

title: pudeli


text: pudeliai

title: pudeliai


text:
krátce

Adverb

 * 1) shortly

title: krátce


text: pudelių

title: pudelių


text: pudeliams

title: pudeliams


text: pudelius

title: pudelius


text: pudeliais

title: pudeliais


text: pudeliuose

title: pudeliuose


text:
Komondor

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A large Hungarian breed of livestock guard dog with a long, corded coat.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 可蒙犬
 * Czech: komondor
 * Dutch: komondor, Hongaarse herdershond
 * Finnish: komondor
 * French: Komondor
 * German: Komondor
 * Hebrew: קומונדור
 * Hungarian:
 * Irish: Comandóir Ungárach
 * Italian: Komondor
 * Japanese: コモンドール
 * Lithuanian: komondoras
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: komondor
 * Russian: комондор
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Slovak: komondor
 * Spanish: komondor

title: Komondor


text: Komondorok

title: Komondorok


text: Komondors

title: Komondors


text:
Shijiazhuang

Etymology
From the romanization of the  for.

Translations

 * Arabic: شيجياتشوانج, شِيجْيَاجْوَانْغ
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 石家莊
 * Mandarin:
 * Finnish: Shijiazhuang
 * Hungarian:
 * Japanese: 石家荘
 * Korean: ^스자좡
 * Macedonian: Шеџијаџуа́нг
 * Russian: Шицзячжуа́н
 * Vietnamese: Thạch Gia Trang
 * Zhuang: Sizgyahcangh

title: Shijiazhuang


text:
komondor

Etymology
From Cuman Quman-dur (“is Cuman”). This dogbreed was introduced to Hungary by migrating Turkic Cuman nomads.

Noun

 * 1) Komondor

Noun

 * 1) Komondor breed of dog

title: komondor


text: komondorok

title: komondorok


text:
ղսմաթ

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  good luck, good fortune, success

title: ղսմաթ


text:
stound

Etymology 1
From, , , from , from , from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Related to.

Noun

 * 1)  An hour.
 * 2) * 1765, Percy's Reliques, The King and the Tanner of Tamworth (original license: 1564):
 * What booth wilt thou have? our king reply'd / Now tell me in this stound
 * 1)  A tide, season.
 * 2)  A time, length of time, hour, while.
 * 3)  A brief span of time, moment, instant.
 * Listen to me a little stound.
 * 1) A moment or instance of urgency; exigence.
 * 2)  A sharp or sudden pain; a shock, an attack.
 * 3) A stroke or blow (from an object or weapon);  a lashing; scourging
 * 4) A fit, an episode or sudden outburst of emotion; a rush.
 * 5) * 1893, The Homoeopathic World:
 * Several stounds of pain in the cleft between great and second toe (anterior tibial nerve). I forget which side, but I think it was the right. Slight pains in left temple, > pressure. Pain in upper part of right eyeball.
 * 1) Astonishment; amazement.
 * 1) A fit, an episode or sudden outburst of emotion; a rush.
 * 2) * 1893, The Homoeopathic World:
 * Several stounds of pain in the cleft between great and second toe (anterior tibial nerve). I forget which side, but I think it was the right. Slight pains in left temple, > pressure. Pain in upper part of right eyeball.
 * 1) Astonishment; amazement.
 * Several stounds of pain in the cleft between great and second toe (anterior tibial nerve). I forget which side, but I think it was the right. Slight pains in left temple, > pressure. Pain in upper part of right eyeball.
 * 1) Astonishment; amazement.
 * 1) Astonishment; amazement.

Translations

 * Russian:

Verb

 * 1)  To hurt, pain, smart.
 * 2)  To be in pain or sorrow, mourn.
 * 3)  To long or pine after, desire.
 * 1)  To long or pine after, desire.

Etymology 2
From 🇨🇬,, from , from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. More at.

Verb

 * 1)  To stand still; stop.
 * 2)  To stop to listen; pause.

Noun

 * 1)  A stand; a stop.

Etymology 3
From, , , , from. Compare stand.

Noun

 * 1) A receptacle for holding small beer.

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) A while: a short span of time.
 * 2) Time, especially the proper time for doing something:
 * 3) * late 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer, The Reeve's Tale, The Canterbury Tales, line 3992-3994:
 * "enm"

- And on a day it happed, in a stounde, Sik lay the maunciple on a maladye; Men wenden wisly that he sholde dye.

 * 1) A moment, a chance, an opportunity.
 * 2) A season of the year.
 * 3) A canonical hour: one of the 3-hour divisions of the day,  its divine office.
 * 4) An hour: one of the 24 divisions of the day.

Adverb

 * 1) A while: for a short span of time.

Etymology 1
From, from , 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) A period of time, a moment.
 * 2)  A sudden pain, a pang.
 * 3)  A stroke or blow (from an object or weapon).
 * 4)  A verbal attack, invective.
 * 1)  A verbal attack, invective.
 * 1)  A verbal attack, invective.

Verb

 * 1)  To inflict pain on, to wound.
 * 2)  To hurt, to be painful.
 * 1)  To hurt, to be painful.

Etymology 2
From, from , past participle of the verb.

Verb

 * 1) To astound, to stupefy, to terrify

title: stound


text:
geitungur

Noun

 * 1) wasp

title: geitungur


text:
almannatengsl

Noun

 * 1) public relations

title: almannatengsl


text: Verwahrstelle

title: Verwahrstelle


text: goudas

title: goudas


text:
akrein

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) lane a division of a roadway for a single line of vehicles

Synonyms

 * (lane)

title: akrein


text:
burung gagak

Noun

 * 1) crow any bird of the genus Corvus

title: burung gagak


text:
Bergamasco

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A medium-sized breed of herding dog originating in the Italian Alps, known for its heavily matted coat resembling dreadlocks.

Translations

 * Finnish: bergamonpaimenkoira
 * French: ,
 * German: Bergamasker Hirtenhund
 * Irish: Sípéir Bergamasco
 * Italian: Pastore Bergamasco
 * Spanish: pastor bergamasco

Etymology
From.

title: Bergamasco


text:
legbólga

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  pyometra

title: legbólga


text: Bergamaschi

title: Bergamaschi


text: Bergamascos

title: Bergamascos


text:
allteins

Noun

 * 1) equally, just as, just as well

title: allteins


text:
tháng một

Noun

 * 1) January (first month of the Gregorian calendar)
 * 2) the eleventh month of the lunar year

title: tháng một


text:
fewral

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) February (second month of the Gregorian calendar)

title: fewral


text:
volkkari

Noun

 * 1) A car made by Volkswagen

title: volkkari


text:
رکت

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) red
 * 2) crimson

Noun

 * 1) red
 * 2) blood
 * 1) blood

title: رکت


text: Category:ur:Bodily fluids

title: Category:ur:Bodily fluids


text:
ζητητικός

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) disposed to searching, inquiry
 * 2)  Sceptic
 * 3)  Sceptic philosophy

title: ζητητικός


text:
matsoni

Etymology
Borrowed from.

title: matsoni


text: matzoun

title: matzoun


text:
მაწონი

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) matsoni

title: მაწონი


text:
lestarstjóri

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) train conductor
 * 2)  A driver who drives so slowly that a train of cars appears from behind.

title: lestarstjóri


text:
мацони

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) matsoni, matzoon a yoghurt-like dairy product made in Armenia and Georgia

title: мацони


text:
даваа

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) mountain pass, mountain range
 * 2) difficulty
 * 3) obstacle
 * 4)  round
 * 5) hard time
 * 6) brink

Etymology 2
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) Monday

title: даваа


text:
alklæddur

Etymology
From +, past participle of.

Noun

 * 1) fully clothed

title: alklæddur


text:
մած

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬,, (🇨🇬, , ), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬 (English ).

Adjective

 * 1) glued together, joined
 * 2) curdled, coagulated
 * 3) adhesive, sticking, adherent
 * 4) dense, compact

title: մած


text:
antonima

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) antonymic

Noun

 * 1) antonym word which has the opposite meaning

title: antonima


text:
semantyka

Etymology 1
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  semantics
 * 2)  semantics

title: semantyka


text:
navneord

Etymology
. Translates.

Noun

 * 1)  noun sensu stricto

title: navneord


text: עבדים

title: עבדים


text:
alphabetisch

Adjective

 * 1) alphabetical (in the sequence of the letters of the alphabet)

title: alphabetisch


text:
alfabetisk

Adjective

 * 1) alphabetical (in the sequence of the letters of the alphabet)

Adjective

 * 1) alphabetical (in the sequence of the letters of the alphabet)

Adverb

 * 1) alphabetically

Adjective

 * 1) alphabetical (as above)

Adverb

 * 1) alphabetically

Adjective

 * 1) alphabetic, alphabetical (pertaining to or sorted according to the alphabet)

title: alfabetisk


text:
folje

Etymology
Albanian verb +  (noun suffix). Compound like + ;.

Noun

 * 1) utterance, speaking, speech, talk
 * 2)  verb

title: folje


text:
saluki

Etymology
<.

Noun

 * 1) Saluki breed of dog

Noun

 * 1) Saluki a Middle-Eastern breed of sighthound

title: saluki


text:
sequential compactness

Noun

 * 1)  The property of a topological space that every sequence has a convergent subsequence.

Translations

 * German: Folgenkompaktheit

title: sequential compactness


text:
sequential continuity

Noun

 * 1)  The property of a function $$ f $$ between metric spaces, that given a convergent sequence $$ x_n \rightarrow x^* $$, then $$ f(x_n) \rightarrow f(x^*) $$, i.e. the property of a function that it preserves sequential convergence.

Translations

 * German: Folgenstetigkeit
 * Romanian: continuitate secvențială

title: sequential continuity


text:
földimalac

Noun

 * 1) aardvark

title: földimalac


text:
porco-da-terra

Etymology
lit. 'pig of the earth'. , from +.

Noun

 * 1) aardvark (mammal)

title: porco-da-terra


text:
porco-formigueiro

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) aardvark (mammal)

title: porco-formigueiro


text:
timbo

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  The pacara tree,.
 * 2) * 1894, New York Academy of Sciences, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, section on Plants Collected in Paraguay, page 216:
 * The host is sometimes called the Timbo, but it is not the true Timbo, which is.
 * The host is sometimes called the Timbo, but it is not the true Timbo, which is.

Noun

 * 1) smoke

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  aardvark, a mammal

title: timbo


text:
discrete metric

Noun

 * 1)  a metric d such that for any pair of points x and y, $$ d(x,y) = 0 $$ if $$ x = y $$ and $$ d(x,y) = 1 $$ if $$ x \ne y $$.

title: discrete metric


text:
Hausdorff space

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  A topological space in which for any two distinct points x and y, there is a pair of disjoint open sets U and V such that $$ x \in U $$ and $$ y \in V $$.

Translations

 * Finnish: Hausdorffin avaruus
 * German: Hausdorff-Raum
 * Polish: przestrzeń Hausdorffa

title: Hausdorff space


text:
Lithuanian Hound

Noun

 * 1) A large, powerful scenthound originating in Lithuania.

Translations

 * Estonian: leedu hagijas
 * Finnish: liettuanajokoira
 * German: Litauischer Jagdhund
 * Indonesian: anjing pemburu Lituania
 * Japanese: リトアニアン・ハウンド
 * Lithuanian: lietuvių skalikas
 * Malay: anjing pemburu Lithuania
 * Russian: литовская гончая
 * Spanish: sabueso lituano
 * Swedish: litauisk stövare

title: Lithuanian Hound


text: Lithuanian Hounds

title: Lithuanian Hounds


text:
abdis

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) An abbess (female superior of certain nunneries).

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  abbess

title: abdis


text:
Äbtissin

Noun

 * 1) abbess superior of an independent convent of nuns

title: Äbtissin


text:
abadessa

Etymology
or, from.

Noun

 * 1) abbess

Etymology
From or, from  +.

Noun

 * 1) abbess female superior of a nunnery or convent

Etymology
From, from or , from.

Noun

 * 1) abbess female superior of a nunnery

title: abadessa


text:
opatinja

Noun

 * 1) abbess (female superior of a nunnery)

title: opatinja


text:
Hausdorff metric

Noun

 * 1)  In the abstract metric space of all compact subsets of $$ \mathbb{R}^n$$, given a pair of compact sets A and B, the Hausdorff metric is $$ h(A,B) = \mbox{max} \{\rho(A,B), \rho(B,A)\}$$ where, where d is the Euclidean metric in $$ \mathbb{R}^n$$.

title: Hausdorff metric


text:
apátság

Noun

 * 1) abbey monastery headed by an abbot
 * 2) abbacy the rank of an abbot

title: apátság


text:
بندری

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to a port or harbour

Noun

 * 1) bandari music of southern Iran

title: بندری


text:
Euclidean metric

Noun

 * 1)  In the space, the metric  where $$ \vec x = (x_1, ..., x_n) $$ and $$ \vec y = (y_1, ..., y_n)$$.

Translations

 * Czech: Euklidovská metrika
 * Russian: евкли́дова ме́трика, евкли́дова диста́нция

title: Euclidean metric


text:
میتھن

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) sex; sexual intercourse
 * 2) coitus
 * 3) copulation
 * 4) union
 * 5) pairing

title: میتھن


text: Category:ur:Sex

title: Category:ur:Sex


text:
fraoch

Etymology 1
From, from , , from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), from an unknown non-Indo-European source (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) heather
 * 2) heath, moor
 * 1) heath, moor

Declension

 * Variant genitive singular:

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) fierceness, fury

Etymology 1
From, from , , from , from a non-Indo-European source.

Noun

 * 1) heath, heather, ling
 * 2) bristles

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1) anger, fury
 * 2) girning expression of countenance

title: fraoch


text:
uniform metric

Noun

 * 1)  The metric  where f and g are functions on X.

title: uniform metric


text:
afsky

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) dislike, disgust, aversion, loathing, detestation
 * 2) abhorrence (extreme aversion)

Verb

 * 1) hate
 * 2) loathe, detest
 * 3) abhor

title: afsky


text:
supermodular

Adjective

 * 1)  having the property that $$f(x \lor y) + f(x \land y) \geq f(x) + f(y)$$ for all x, y $$\isin $$ Rk, where x $$\vee$$ y denotes the componentwise maximum and x $$\wedge$$ y the componentwise minimum of x and y.

title: supermodular


text:
бульба

Etymology
Borrowing from either or. Ultimately from, or from.

Noun

 * 1) potato
 * 2)  bulba
 * 1)  bulba
 * 1)  bulba
 * 1)  bulba

Etymology
Borrowed from  and.

Noun

 * 1)  tuber
 * 2)  potato

Etymology
Borrowing from. Ultimately from, or from.

Noun

 * 1)  tuber
 * 2) bubble
 * мильна бульба — soap bubble
 * 1)  potato
 * 2)  bulba
 * 1)  bulba

title: бульба


text:
ششن

Etymology
,.

Noun

 * 1)  penis

title: ششن


text: Category:ur:Trees

title: Category:ur:Trees


text: seyon

title: seyon


text:
syen

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) shame, disgrace

Verb

 * 1) to feel ashamed

Adjective

 * 1) shameful

title: syen


text:
sion

Etymology
From the.

title: sion


text:
syon

Noun

 * 1) * 1513, Virgil, Maffeo Vegio, and Bishop Gawin Douglas [tr.], Eneados, book 3?, lines 19–22; reprinted in:
 * 2) * 1874, Bishop Gawin Douglas and John Small [ed.], The poetical works of Gavin Douglas, bishop of Dunkeld : with memoir, notes, and glossary, page 120 〃, 〃 (W. Paterson)
 * Bot eftir that the thrid syon of treis,
 * Apon the sandis sittand on my kneis,
 * I schupe to haue wprevin with mair preise,
 * Quhidder sall I speik now, or hald my peice ?
 * I schupe to haue wprevin with mair preise,
 * Quhidder sall I speik now, or hald my peice ?

Noun
(plural syons or maybe syonys)

 * 1) offshoot
 * 2) * circa 1450: Gertrude Mechthild?, The booke of gostlye grace of Mechtild of Hackeborn, page 330/2
 * In þe vyneȝerde were syonys of the vyne plantede.
 * 1) * ante 1475: Grafting; reprinted in:
 * 2) * 1855, James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, Early English miscellanies: in prose and verse, writ IX, page 72
 * "enm"
 * "enm"

- Also, he that wylle have rosys tymely to blowe, dewe heme abowte the space of ij. hand-brede, and moyste her syons oft tymys with hoote water.

 * 1) descendant
 * 2) * circa 1350–1390: [early poem], lines 25–28; reprinted in:

Noun

 * 1) point; tip sharp vertex

Descendants

 * (etc.)
 * (etc.)

title: syon


text:
syoun

Noun

 * 1) * ante 1415: John Wycliffe?, Lantern…, page 70/3
 * Ȝe straied al awey as if it were wilde syouns.
 * 1) * ante 1415: John Wycliffe?, Lantern…, page 70/3
 * Ȝe straied al awey as if it were wilde syouns.

title: syoun


text:
sioun

Etymology
From and, , ; ultimately of  origin.

Noun
(plural siouns or siounes)

 * 1) scion
 * 2) offshoot
 * 3) * circa 1300–1305: Land Cokaygne, page 74
 * In þe praer is a tre … Þe rote is gingeuir and galingale, Þe siouns beþ al sedwale.
 * 1) * circa 1380: John Wycliffe, Select English works, book 1, page 166
 * As a sioun mai not bere fruyt but if it stonde stable in þe vyne.
 * 1) * 1382–1388: John Wycliffe; The Holy Bible, made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and his followers; first edition (1382), Ezekiel 17:6{1}; second edition (1388), Numbers 13:24{2} and Jeremiah 5:10{3}
 * "enm"

- {1} Þe sed … is mad in to a vineȝerd & made frut in to siounes [L palmites]. {2} Thei ȝeden til to the stronde of clustre and kittiden doun a sioun with his grape, which twei men baren in a barre. {3} Do ȝe awei the siouns therof, for thei ben not seruauntis of the Lord.

 * 1) descendant

title: sioun


text:
Xining

Etymology
From the romanization of the.

Proper noun

 * , capital of Qinghai Province.

Translations

 * Arabic: شِينِينْغ
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 西寧
 * Mandarin:
 * Hungarian:
 * Japanese: 西寧
 * Korean: ^시닝
 * Macedonian: Сји́нинг
 * Mongolian:
 * Russian: Сини́н
 * Tibetan: ཟི་ལིང
 * Vietnamese:
 * Zhuang: Sihningz

title: Xining


text:
cyen

Noun

 * 1) * 1697: Virgil [aut.] and John Dryden [tr.], The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics and Æneis, volume 1, The Second Book of the Georgics, “The Argument”, lines 92–95 (7th ed., 1748)
 * From Roots hard Hazels, and from Cyens riſe Tall Aſh, and taller Oak that mates the Skies : Palm, Poplar, Firr, deſcending from the Steep Of Hills, to try the dangers of the Deep.
 * From Roots hard Hazels, and from Cyens riſe Tall Aſh, and taller Oak that mates the Skies : Palm, Poplar, Firr, deſcending from the Steep Of Hills, to try the dangers of the Deep.

title: cyen


text:
cyon

Noun

 * 1) scion (detached shoot or twig containing buds from a woody plant)
 * 2)  descendant

title: cyon


text: scyence

title: scyence


text: sient

title: sient


text: cyence

title: cyence


text: cyens

title: cyens


text:
cyons

Noun

 * 1) * ante 1722: Edward Lisle, Observations in Husbandry, volume 2, page 274 (1757 posthumous republication)
 * Cyons grafted upon ſuckers are more diſpoſed to produce ſuckers than grafts on the main ſtocks do. Ev. 140.
 * Cyons grafted upon ſuckers are more diſpoſed to produce ſuckers than grafts on the main ſtocks do. Ev. 140.

title: cyons


text:
sciance

Etymology
, from, present participle of

Noun

 * 1) knowledge
 * 2) reason (ability to reason; to make rational decisions)

title: sciance


text:
sience

Etymology
From, probably a semi-learned borrowing. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) science

title: sience


text: scyon

title: scyon


text: scioun

title: scioun


text:
scien

Noun

 * 1) * 1658: John Milton, To the Evangelick Cities of the Switzers; reprinted in:
 * 2) * 1851: John Mitford, The works of John Milton in verse and prose, printed from the original editions with a life of the author by the Rev. John Mitford, volume VIII (Prose works, volume VI), § 3 : “ Letters written in the Name of Oliver The Protector,” page 404 〃 〃 〃 〃 (London : William Pickering)
 * It ſeems to be only in your Power, next under God, to prevent the extirpation of this moſt antient Scien of the purer Religion, in theſe remainders of the Primitive Believers; whoſe preſervation, now reduc’d to the very brink of utter ruin, if you neglect, beware that the next Turn be not your own.
 * It ſeems to be only in your Power, next under God, to prevent the extirpation of this moſt antient Scien of the purer Religion, in theſe remainders of the Primitive Believers; whoſe preſervation, now reduc’d to the very brink of utter ruin, if you neglect, beware that the next Turn be not your own.

Etymology
From, derived from.

Verb

 * 1) to be frightened or startled; recoil in fear
 * 2) * c. 996, Ælfric's Lives of Saints
 * "ang"

- Þā sċīedon þā mūlas þe þæt cræt tugon, þurh his tōcyme āfyrhte, and tōmengdon þā ġetogu þæt hīe tēon ne meahton.

title: scien


text: scyen

title: scyen


text:
τραχύς

Etymology
From (whence 🇨🇬), from, from. Compare.

Adjective

 * 1) jagged
 * 2) prickly
 * 3) rugged
 * 4) rough
 * 5) shaggy
 * 6)  cracking
 * 7) harsh
 * 8)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1) rough
 * 2) shaggy
 * 3)  cracking
 * 4) harsh
 * 5)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1) rough
 * 2) shaggy
 * 3)  cracking
 * 4) harsh
 * 5)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1) shaggy
 * 2)  cracking
 * 3) harsh
 * 4)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  cracking
 * 2) harsh
 * 3)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1) harsh
 * 2)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1) harsh
 * 2)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage
 * 1)  rough, harsh, savage

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) abrasive, of coarse manner, gruff, grating

title: τραχύς


text:
απόστημα

Noun

 * 1)  abscess
 * 2)  apothem

title: απόστημα


text:
Nieuw Arch. Wisk.

Proper noun

 * 1)   ≡ New Archive for Mathematics

title: Nieuw Arch. Wisk.


text:
celebutard

Etymology
. The first documented usage of the term was in a story about Paris Hilton published in the New York Post on 21 January 2006 ("Paris With a P"), which was followed by the second documented usage of the term in another story about Hilton published in the same paper five days later ("Unedited Paris Not Cute at All").

Noun

 * 1)  A celebrity viewed as unintelligent; especially a celebrity who behaves badly in public.

title: celebutard


text:
Yangzhou

Etymology
From the romanization of the.

Translations

 * Arabic: يَانْغْجُو, يَانْغْتْشُو
 * Armenian:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Georgian: იანგჭოუ
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Hungarian:
 * Japanese: 揚州
 * Korean: ^양저우
 * Macedonian: Ја́нгџоу
 * Russian: Янчжо́у
 * Vietnamese: Dương Châu

title: Yangzhou


text:
Fraenkel

Proper noun

 * 1) a Dutch surname

title: Fraenkel


text:
Citations:celebutard

Noun: "a celebrity viewed as unintelligent; especially a celebrity who behaves badly in public"

 * 2006 — "Paris With a P", New York Post, 21 January 2006:
 * Is Paris Hilton incontinent? The celebutard stands accused by a Hawaiian taxi driver of losing control of her bladder in his cab.
 * 2006 — "Unedited Paris Not Cute at All", New York Post, 26 January 2006:
 * For those still wondering what the world-renowned celebutard is really like in person, the Web site TMZ.com got the full transcript of her deposition with lawyers representing Zeta Graff, who's suing Hilton for $10 million for defamation over her alleged role in a story that appeared on this page.
 * 2006 — Nick Curtis, "You've Been Chavved", The Evening Standard, 26 July 2006:
 * Lady Victoria and Lady Isabella Hervey — a right pair of celebutard chavutantes.
 * 2006 — "Get Serious: It's Time for Movies with Meaning", Los Angeles Daily News, 17 September 2006:
 * Marie Antoinette: Sofia Coppola interprets France's last queen as a kind of 18th-century celebutard. Luckily, Kirsten Dunst is a smart enough actress to bring more than that to the Versailles party.
 * 2006 — "Oops: Spears tops poll of worst role models", Ottawa Citizen, 30 December 2006:
 * Celebutard Hilton nabbed second place with 18 per cent, probably due to the lazy-eyed heiress' media ubiquity, vapidity, and baby-eating habit.
 * 2007 — Clayton Neuman, "The Time 100 – Are They Worthy?", Time, 20 April 2007:
 * Paris Hilton Helped inspire the buzzword "Celebutard"—a cross between "celebrity" and "retarded." From her sex tape to having her belongings auctioned on the Web, she seems to totter from one embarrassing incident to another.
 * 2007 — "Spears Given More Opportunities to Neglect Her Children", Dose.ca, 11 October 2007:
 * Britney Spears is ready for a slumber party, y'all! The disgraced celebutard won the right to one overnight visit a week with her sons after making a surprise appearance in the courtroom yesterday (Oct. 11).
 * 2007 — Abiola Abrams, Dare, Pocket Books (2007), ISBN 9781416541660, page 126:
 * "Those juvenile celebutards are not our kind of people. See the guy over there with Shell?"
 * 2007 — Zoey Dean, How to Teach Filthy Rich Girls, Warner Books (2007), ISBN 9780446197236, page 47:
 * But I'd figure that out once I was back on Planet Earth with actual humans instead of Palm Beach celebutard robots.
 * 2007 — Megan McCafferty, Fourth Comings, Three Rivers Press (2008), ISBN 9780307346513, page 254:
 * An annoying celebutard (redundant) sang "Control" by Janet Jackson tonight and sucked hard.
 * 2008 — Alonso Duralde, "'Fool's Gold' doesn't pan out", MSNBC.com, 2 April 2008:
 * There’s a pallid romance between historian Tess (Kate Hudson) and her slacker, ne'er-do-well ex-husband Finn (Matthew McConaughey); a father-daughter bonding story involving the mega-rich Nigel Honeycutt (Donald Sutherland) and his celebutard offspring Gemma (Alexis Dziena);
 * 2008 — Jules Asner, Whacked, Jules Asner Productions Inc. (2008), ISBN 9781602860612, page 11:
 * Recently though, MoreTV had shifted its focus from being the "CNN of entertainment news" to chasing celebutards, following around rejects from American Idol, and debating which stars from Desperate Housewives were feuding.
 * 2008 — Richard Doestch, The Thieves of Faith, Bantam Dell (2008), ISBN 9780440242895, page 195:
 * They were a mixture of serious academics, eccentric celebutards, and titans of industry; wayward souls in search of something to embrace.
 * 2008 — Maria Semple, This One Is Mine, Little, Brown and Co. (2008), ISBN 9780316031165, page 72:
 * "I just dropped off Her Majesty Coco Kennedy at the airport. Her sister is going on tour with the Cats of Japan and she got Coco a free plane ticket. Don't ask, because it doesn't make sense to me, either. You should hear her voice mail. It's filled with all these producers who want to make her a celebutard reality star. What a crazy bitch."
 * 2009 — Andrea Peyser, “Celebutards: A Pox on All the Celebs and Politicians Gone Wild”, New York Post, 25 January 2009:
 * [A]t some point between the moment a movie script wanders into the hands of a world-class celebutard such as George Clooney, and the words travel through lilting vocal chords and land on unsuspecting ears, something terrible occurs.
 * 2009 — Dee Davis, Set Up in SoHo, St. Martin's Griffin (2009), ISBN 9780312367619, page 123:
 * "Yes," I nodded, sipping my tea, "thankfully, they've moved on to a new celebutard."
 * 2009 — Jonathan Kellerman, True Detectives, Ballantine Books (2009), ISBN 9780345495181, page 173:
 * Her grip on his arm tightened. "First doesn't count, I need to be only. Promise me an exclusive. The one you gave me on that celebutard earned me brownie points for a month."
 * 2009 — Susan McBride, The Debs: Love, Lies, and Texas Dips, Delacorte Press (2009), ISBN 9780385735209, page 55:
 * "Okay, Lance, so which celebutard is on your wish list this week? Kate Hudson? Or some other bobble-headed actress?" she joked, getting off the Schwinn and walking beside him
 * 2009 — Andrea Peyser, Celebutards: Hollywood Hacks, Limousine Liberals, and Pandering Politicians Who Are Destroying America, Citadel Press Books (2009), ISBN 9780806531090, page 8:
 * The only recourse the public has against this captain of celebutards [Sean Penn] is simply to refuse to see his films.
 * 2009 — Annabelle Vestry, Take a Chance on Me, Poppy (2009), ISBN 9780316020664, page 69:
 * "Oh, but she's lovely. Classic beauty. She doesn't look like a celebutard at all," Cheryl Katz, the red-haired beauty director, piped up from another end of the table, dashing Avery's hopes.
 * 2010 — S. E. Cupp, Losing Our Religion: The Liberal Media's Attack on Christianity, Threshold Editions (2010), ISBN 9781439173169, page 163:
 * Forget about the Hollywood celebutards — they're a lost cause.
 * 2010 — Stona Fitch, Give + Take, Thomas Dunne Books (2010), ISBN 9780312599874, page 188:
 * I skip the section on infamous celebutard Paris Hilton and her ninny sister.
 * 2010 — Rachel Gibson, Nothing But Trouble, Avon Books (2010), ISBN 9780061579097, page 348:
 * She'd certainly done worse. Holding the hair of a certain celebutard while she puked in an ice bucket came to mind.
 * 2011 — Brenda Cullerton, The Craigslist Murders, Melville House Publishing (2011), ISBN 9781612190204, page 101:
 * Salacious snippets of info about the behavior of nameless celebutards, socialites, and players offered in the form of thinly veiled questions.
 * 2011 — Paul M. De Lorenzo, Witch Hunt: Essays on the U.S. Auto Industry and the Blithering Idiots Who Almost Killed It, Octane Press (2011), ISBN 9780982173374, page 302:
 * Now that the short-attention-span generation has taken over the world and the Internet has distilled our daily lives down to a series of talking-cat videos, vacuous celebutards emoting for the cameras, and maniacal conspiracy theorists, we are reduced to a day-in, day-out slog made of blips, burps, bites, and an occasional cogent thought every, oh, couple hours or so.

title: Citations:celebutard


text:
ختنہ

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) circumcision

title: ختنہ


text: HLL

title: HLL


text: high level language

title: high level language


text: high-level languages

title: high-level languages


text: zangeressen

title: zangeressen


text: high level languages

title: high level languages


text: koningen

title: koningen


text: абдикирания

title: абдикирания


text: koninkje

title: koninkje


text: koninginnen

title: koninginnen


text: koninginnetje

title: koninginnetje


text:
low-level language

Noun

 * 1)  A computer language whose source code is a somewhat user-friendly version of a particular computer architecture's assembly language, containing no provisions for portability between architectures.

Translations

 * Finnish: matalan tason kieli
 * French: langage de bas niveau
 * Greek:
 * Japanese: 低級言語, 低水準言語
 * Polish: język niskiego poziomu
 * Swedish: lågnivåspråk

title: low-level language


text: low-level languages

title: low-level languages


text: Category:List templates

title: Category:List templates


text: machine languages

title: machine languages


text:
Template:ase-prod PalmUpFingerBack

palm facing up, extended finger(s) pointing back

title: Template:ase-prod PalmUpFingerBack


text:
OpenB@Sternum-FingerBack OpenB@Trunk-FingerBack

Etymology
Same handshape as the other formal ASL pronouns and same location and orientation as the other first person pronouns.

Production

 * Move the hand down to the following posture.
 * Hold the hand still briefly.
 * Move the hand down to the following posture.
 * Hold the hand still briefly.
 * Hold the hand still briefly.

Pronoun

 * 1)  I; me; (royal) we

Usage notes

 * This sign may be used by someone just introduced with as an honored or esteemed guest.


text:
Template:list:recycling symbols/en

Plastics

Other

title: Template:list:recycling symbols/en


text:
♽

Symbol

 * 1) partially-recycled paper.


text:
♻

Alternative forms

 * (hollow variant)

Symbol origin
Designed by American graphic designer and architect in 1970 for a competition held by the. It was chosen as the universal symbol for recycling out of 500 other entries on 22 April that year by a panel of graphic designers.

Description
Three arrows in a triangular configuration turning clockwise in convergence towards each other through a tilting motion—originally making the arrows form a Möbius strip, though some variants of the symbol do not observe this arrangement—to represent a continuous loop.

Symbol

 * 1)  recycling,

Usage notes

 * May be used to indicate that an item is recyclable, is made from recycled material, to indicate where recycling commences—such as appearing on a trashcan—or on its own to represent recycling.
 * The design of this symbol varies; the most common difference is depicting all three arrowheads (the half-twists) as inverted so that every arrow starts as upright.
 * The symbol (named "Recycling" and designated PF 066) is part of the set of pictograms and symbols for "public information" by the.
 * As an emoji, the display of this symbol differs slightly by operating system, but almost all display it as being green in colour.


text:
♺

Symbol

 * 1) recycling symbol for generic materials.


text:
♹

Symbol

 * 1) recycling symbol for other plastics (abbreviated OTHER or O) not included in recycling symbols 1-6. Other plastics, including acrylic, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, fiberglass, nylon, polycarbonate, and polylactic acid


text:
♸

Symbol

 * 1) recycling symbol for polystyrene plastics (abbreviated PS).


text:
♷

Symbol

 * 1) recycling symbol for polypropylene plastics (abbreviated PP).


text:
♶

Symbol

 * 1) recycling symbol for low density polyethylene plastics (abbreviated LDPE).


text:
♵

Symbol

 * 1) recycling symbol for polyvinyl chloride plastics (abbreviated PVC or V).


text:
♴

Symbol

 * 1) recycling symbol for high density polyethylene plastics (abbreviated HDPE).


text: kadını

title: kadını


text: kadınlar

title: kadınlar


text:
mardana

Etymology
Borrowed from /, from.

Noun

 * 1)  A part of a house or palace reserved for men, especially on the Indian subcontinent.
 * 2)  A part of a train reserved for men.

title: mardana


text: acoels

title: acoels


text:
paedophagous

Adjective

 * 1)  Feeding off eggs or larvae.

title: paedophagous


text: paedophages

title: paedophages


text: malums

title: malums


text:
quadrobulary

Adjective

 * 1)  Having four trifling meanings

title: quadrobulary


text: pukas

title: pukas


text:
poliacetale

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  polyacetal

title: poliacetale


text:
polibasite

Noun

 * 1)  polybasite

title: polibasite


text:
masseren

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) To (give a) massage
 * 2)  To work on, prepare, position etc.; notably in billiards, give a head-shot with side-effect

title: masseren


text:
polibibita

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  cocktail

title: polibibita


text:
Wiktionary talk:Language codes

First attempt
I took a first attempt at the Macrolanguages table. I only marked those as macrolanguages if there was a language category for the macrolanguage and none of the individual codes were in use (though this might miss some text uses in translation tables). Please fill in those that are de-facto decided or link to previous discussions. --Bequw → ¢ • τ 07:51, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Finishing {etyl} merger
As there's two types of unfinished mergers, I'll make statements that people can comment on separately.

Language Families: I believe there's only three of these left (excluding ). I propose we make some code exceptions for the final few language families not covered by ISO 639-5. I see two options, (1) use the reserved ISO 639 alpha-3 space, (2) make extensions from the existing ISO 639-5 codes (e.g.  for Brythonic,   for Gaelic, and   for Judeo-Aramaic) --Bequw → ¢ • τ 03:34, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Many "dialects" or "macrolanguages" are also treated here as languages, such as various dialects of French (ex.: Gallo, ), so I think we don't have any reason to differentiate then from Brythonic, Gaelic and Judeo-Aramaic by using the   group. And, by comparison, these three extensions ,   and   all look good. Furthermore, in my opinion, they're easy to remember. --Daniel. 04:17, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Found some more. Any problem with  for "Anglo-Frisian" and   for "Cariban"? --Bequw → ¢ • τ 15:26, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

Dialects: After re-reading the discussions at Template_talk:etyl, User_talk:Robert_Ullmann/2008b, and the RFDO of fr-ca I get two things. First, what we want out of these templates is very simple, just a wiki link and category. Second, coding every regional/temporal difference could get out of hand. In an effort to find a different solution, could we add a simple text substitution parameter into so that   would produces Late Latin ? --Bequw → ¢ • τ 03:34, 28 September 2009 (UTC) I forgot we were doing stuff like. --Bequw → ¢ • τ 15:26, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

SIL language code update
SIL just completed their review of 2009 change requests for ISO 639-3. They officially gave Latgalian, which we had coded as lat-ltg. They retired (via splitting/merging/etc.) many codes, but most of them we hadn't used yet. For the following retired codes I've contacted all the editors that have used them to see if they can update the content. The only thing that may take some discussing/changing is what to do about Latvian (see WT:BP). --Bequw → ¢ • τ 23:01, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Lushootseed was retired as it was a group name. Per SIL, "Lushootseed is a group name, not an individual language name. Existing languages in this subgroup of Salish languages are Southern Puget Sound Salish [slh], Skagit [ska], and Snohomish [sno]". Usage: 1 translations  . Still pending
 * Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett was "split into Mohegan-Pequot [xpq] and Narragansett [xnt]". Usage: 1 etymology
 * Caló was "split into Caló [rmq] and Erromintxela [emx]". [rmq] is a new identifier. Usage: 7 etymologies, 1 entry
 * Sumo-Mayangna was "split into Mayangna [yan] and Ulwa [ulw]". Usage: 1 entry, 1 translation

duplicate code redirects
For languages that have both an ISO 639-1 and 639-3 code (eg French has and ), would any have a problem if we redirected the -3 code to the -1 code? That would keep the language names the same and allow easy identification of the duplicate codes. They could still be subst'ed and used in places where the language name is used. Now that we scan for use erroneous, "literal" usages of the -3 code, I don't think this will encourage hard-to-deal-with errors. --Bequw → ¢ • τ 22:44, 23 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. I wasn't sure about "deprecated"/"retired" codes ( → or  →  ), so I left them. --Bequw → ¢ • τ 20:22, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Wiktionary talk:Language codes


text:
polibutadiene

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  polybutadiene

title: polibutadiene


text:
bàsic

Adjective

 * 1) basic, essential, fundamental
 * 2)  having the chemical properties of a base

title: bàsic


text:
User:Szyx/monobook.js

importScript('User:Conrad.Irwin/editor.js');

title: User:Szyx/monobook.js


text:
polibutilentereftalato

Noun

 * 1)  polybutylene terephthalate

title: polibutilentereftalato