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Appendix:Glossary of topology

This is a glossary of some terms used in the branch of mathematics known as topology. Although there is no absolute distinction between different areas of topology, the focus here is on general topology. The following definitions are also fundamental to algebraic topology, differential topology and geometric topology.

All spaces in this glossary are assumed to be topological spaces unless stated otherwise.

A

 * accessible: See $T_1$.

 * accumulation point: See limit point.

 * Alexandrov topology: A space $$X$$ has the Alexandrov topology (or is finitely generated) if arbitrary intersections of open sets in $$X$$ are open, or equivalently, if arbitrary unions of closed sets are closed.

 * almost discrete: A space is almost discrete if every open set is closed (hence clopen). The almost discrete spaces are precisely the finitely generated zero-dimensional spaces.

 * approach space: An approach space is a generalization of metric space based on point-to-set distances, instead of point-to-point.

B

 * Baire space: This has two distinct common meanings:
 * A space is a Baire space if the intersection of any countable collection of dense open sets is dense; see Baire space.
 * Baire space is the set of all functions from the natural numbers to the natural numbers, with the topology of pointwise convergence; see.

 * base: A collection $$B$$ of open sets is a (or basis) for a topology $$\tau$$ if every open set in $$\tau$$ is a union of sets in $$ B $$. The topology $$\tau$$ is the smallest topology on $$X$$ containing $$B$$ and is said to be generated by$$B$$.

 * basis: See base.

 * Borel algebra: The Borel algebra on a topological space $$ (X,\tau)$$ is the smallest $\sigma$-algebra containing all the open sets. It is obtained by taking intersection of all $$\sigma$$-algebras on $$ X $$ containing $$ \tau $$.

 * Borel set: A Borel set is an element of a Borel algebra.

 * boundary: The (or frontier) of a set is the set's closure minus its interior.  Equivalently, the boundary of a set is the intersection of its closure with the closure of its complement. Boundary of a set $$ A $$ is denoted by $$ \partial A$$

 * bounded: A set in a metric space is bounded if it has finite diameter. Equivalently, a set is bounded if it is contained in some open ball of finite radius. A function taking values in a metric space is bounded if its image is a bounded set.

C

 * category of topological spaces: The category Top has topological spaces as and continuous maps as morphisms.

 * Cauchy sequence: A sequence $$x_n$$ in a metric space $$(M, d)$$ is a Cauchy sequence if, for every positive real number $$r$$, there is an integer $$N$$ such that for all integers $$m, n > N$$, we have $$d(x_m, x_n) < r$$.

 * clopen set: A set is clopen if it is both open and closed.

 * closed ball: If $$(M, d)$$ is a metric space, a closed ball is a set of the form $$D(x; r) := \{y \text{ in } M : d(x, y) \le r\}$$, where $$x$$ is in $$M$$ and $$r$$ is a positive real number, the radius of the ball. A closed ball of radius $$r$$ is a closed $$r$$-ball. Every closed ball is a closed set in the topology induced on $$M$$ by $$d$$. Note that the closed ball $$D(x; r)$$ might not be equal to the closure of the open ball $$B(x; r)$$.

 * closed set: A set is closed if its complement is a member of the topology.

 * closed function: A function from one space to another is closed if the image of every closed set is closed.

 * closure: The of a set is the smallest closed set containing the original set. It is equal to the intersection of all closed sets which contain it. An element of the closure of a set $$S$$ is a point of closure of $$S$$.

 * closure operator: See Kuratowski closure axioms.

 * coarser topology: If $$X$$ is a set, and if $$T_1$$ and $$T_2$$ are topologies on $$X$$, then $$T_1$$ is coarser (or smaller, weaker) than $$T_2$$ if $$T_1$$ is contained in $$T_2$$. Beware, some authors, especially analysts, use the term stronger.

 * comeagre: A subset $$A$$ of a space $$X$$ is comeagre (comeager) if its $$X \backslash A$$ is meagre. Also called residual.

 * compact, compact space: A space is compact if every open cover has a finite subcover. Every compact space is Lindelöf and paracompact. Therefore, every compact Hausdorff space is normal. See also quasicompact.

 * compact-open topology: The compact-open topology on the set $$C(X, Y)$$ of all continuous maps between two spaces $$X$$ and $$Y$$ is defined as follows: given a compact subset $$K$$ of $$X$$ and an open subset $$U$$ of $$Y$$, let $$V(K, U)$$ denote the set of all maps $$f$$ in $$C(X, Y)$$ such that $$f(K)$$ is contained in $$(U)$$. Then the collection of all such $$V(K, U)$$ is a subbase for the compact-open topology.

 * complete, complete space: A metric space is complete if every Cauchy sequence converges.

 * completely metrizable/-isable: See complete space.

 * completely normal: A space is completely normal if any two separated sets have disjoint neighborhoods.

 * completely normal Hausdorff: A completely normal Hausdorff space (or $T_5$ space) is a completely normal $$T_1$$ space. (A completely normal space is Hausdorff if and only if it is $$T_1$$, so the terminology is consistent.) Every completely normal Hausdorff space is normal Hausdorff.

 * completely regular: A space is completely regular if, whenever $$C$$ is a closed set and $$x$$ is a point not in $$C$$, then $$C$$ and $$\{x\}$$ are functionally separated.

 * completely $T_3$: See Tychonoff.

 * component: See connected component/Path-connected component.

 * connected: A space is connected if it is not the union of a pair of disjoint nonempty open sets. Equivalently, a space is connected if the only clopen sets are the whole space and the empty set.

 * connected component: A connected component of a space is a maximal nonempty connected subspace. Each connected component is closed, and the set of connected components of a space is a partition of that space.

 * continuous: A function from one space to another is if the preimage of every open set is open.

 * contractible: A space $$X$$ is contractible if the identity map on $$X$$ is homotopic to a constant map. Every contractible space is simply connected.

 * coproduct topology: If $$\{X_i\}$$ is a collection of spaces and $$X$$ is the (set-theoretic) disjoint union of $$\{X_i\}$$, then the coproduct topology (or disjoint union topology, topological sum of the $$\{X_i\}$$ on $$X$$ is the finest topology for which all the injection maps are continuous.

 * countably compact: A space is countably compact if every countable open cover has a finite subcover. Every countably compact space is pseudocompact and weakly countably compact.

 * countably locally finite: A collection of subsets of a space $$X$$ is countably locally finite (or $$\sigma$$-locally finite) if it is the union of a countable collection of locally finite collections of subsets of $$X$$.

 * cover: A collection of subsets of a space is a cover (or covering) of that space if the union of the collection is the whole space.

 * covering: See cover.

 * cut point: If $$X$$ is a connected space with more than one point, then a point $$x$$ of $$X$$ is a cut point if the subspace $$X - \{x\}$$ is disconnected.

D

 * dense set: A set is dense if it has nonempty intersection with every nonempty open set. Equivalently, a set is dense if its closure is the whole space.

 * derived set: If $$X$$ is a space and $$S$$ is a subset of $$X$$, the derived set of $$S$$ in $$X$$ is the set of limit points of $$S$$ in $$X$$.

 * diameter: If $$(M, d)$$ is a metric space and $$S$$ is a subset of $$M$$, the diameter of $$S$$ is the supremum of the distances $$d(x, y)$$, where $$x$$ and $$y$$ range over $$S$$.

 * discrete metric: The discrete metric on a set $$X$$ is the function $$d : X \times X \rightarrow$$ ; R such that for all $$x$$, $$y$$ in $$X$$, $$d(x, x) = 0$$ and $$d(x, y) = 1$$ if $$x \ne y$$. The discrete metric induces the discrete topology on X.

 * discrete space: A space $$X$$' is discrete if every subset of $$X$$ is open. We say that $$X$$ carries the discrete topology.

 * discrete topology: See discrete space.

 * disjoint union topology: See coproduct topology.

 * dispersion point: If $$X$$ is a connected space with more than one point, then a point $$x$$ of $$X$$ is a dispersion point if the subspace $$X - \{x\}$$ is hereditarily disconnected (its only connected components are the one-point sets).

 * distance: See metric space.

 * dunce hat

E

 * entourage: See uniform space.

 * exterior: The exterior of a set is the interior of its complement.

F

 * $F_\sigma$ set: An $F_\sigma$ set is a countable union of closed sets.

 * filter: A filter on a space $$X$$ is a nonempty family $$F$$ of subsets of $$X$$ such that the following conditions hold:
 * The empty set is not in $$F$$.
 * The intersection of any finite number of elements of $$F$$ is again in $$F$$.
 * If $$A$$ is in $$F$$ and if $$B$$ contains $$A$$, then $$B$$ is in $$F$$.

 * finer topology: If $$X$$ is a set, and if $$T_1$$ and $$T_2$$ are topologies on $$X$$, then $$T_2$$ is finer (or larger, stronger) than $$T_1$$ if $$T_2$$ contains $$T_1$$. Beware, some authors, especially analysts, use the term weaker.

 * finitely generated: See Alexandrov topology.

 * first category: See meagre.

 * first-countable: A space is if every point has a countable local base.

 * Fréchet: See $$T_1$$.

 * frontier: See .

 * full set: A compact subset $$K$$ of the complex plane is called full if its complement is connected. For example, the closed unit disk is full, while the unit circle is not.

 * functionally separated: Two sets $$A$$ and $$B$$ in a space $$X$$ are functionally separated if there is a continuous map $$f: X \rightarrow [0, 1]$$ such that $$f(A) = 0$$ and $$f(B) = 1$$.

G

 * $G_\delta$ set: A $G_\delta$ set is a countable intersection of open sets.

H

 * Hausdorff: A Hausdorff space (or $T_2$ space) is one in which every two distinct points have disjoint neighbourhoods. Every Hausdorff space is $$T_1$$.

 * hereditary: A property of spaces is said to be hereditary if whenever a space has that property, then so does every subspace of it. For example, second-countability is a hereditary property.

 * homeomorphism: If $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are spaces, a homeomorphism from $$X$$ to $$Y$$ is a bijective function $$f: X \rightarrow Y$$ such that $$f$$ and $$f^{-1}$$ are continuous. The spaces $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are then said to be homeomorphic. From the standpoint of topology, homeomorphic spaces are identical.

 * homogeneous: A space $$X$$ is homogeneous if, for every $$x$$ and $$y$$ in $$X$$, there is a homeomorphism $$f : X \rightarrow$$; $$X$$ such that $$f(x) = y$$. Intuitively, the space looks the same at every point. Every topological group is homogeneous.

 * homotopic, homotopic maps: Two continuous maps $$f, g : X \rightarrow Y$$ are homotopic (in $$Y$$) if there is a continuous map $$H : X \times [0,1] \rightarrow Y \rightarrow Y$$ such that $$H(x, 0) = f(x)$$ and $$H(x, 1) = g(x)$$ for all $$x$$ in $$X$$. Here, $$X \times [0,1]$$ is given the product topology. The function $$H$$ is called a homotopy (in $$Y$$) between $$f$$ and $$g$$.

 * homotopy: See homotopic maps.

 * hyper-connected: A space is hyper-connected if no two non-empty open sets are disjoint. Every hyper-connected space is connected.

I

 * identification map: See quotient map.

 * identification space: See quotient space.

 * indiscrete space: See trivial topology.
 * Infinite-dimensional topology: See Hilbert manifods and Q-manifolds, i.e. (generalized) manifolds modelled on the Hilbert space and on the Hilbert cube respectively.

 * interior: The interior of a set is the largest open set contained in the original set. It is equal to the union of all open sets contained in it. An element of the interior of a set $$S$$ is an interior point of $$S$$.

 * interior point: See interior.

 * isolated point: A point $$x$$ is an isolated point if the singleton $$\{x\}$$ is open. More generally, if $$S$$ is a subset of a space $$X$$, and if $$x$$ is a point of $$S$$, then $$x$$ is an isolated point of $$S$$ if $$\{x\}$$ is open in the subspace topology on $$S$$.

 * isometric isomorphism: If M1 and M2 are metric spaces, an isometric isomorphism from M1 to M2 is a bijective isometry f : M1 →  M2. The metric spaces are then said to be isometrically isomorphic. From the standpoint of metric space theory, isometrically isomorphic spaces are identical.

 * isometry: If (M1, d1) and (M2, d2) are metric spaces, an isometry from M1 to M2 is a function f : M1 →  M2 such that d2(f(x), f(y)) = d1(x, y) for all x, y in M1. Every isometry is injective, although not every isometry is surjective.

K

 * Kolmogorov axiom: See $T_0$.

 * Kuratowski closure axioms: The Kuratowski closure axioms is a set of axioms satisfied by the function which takes each subset of $$X$$ to its closure:
 * isotonicity: Every set is contained in its closure.
 * idempotence: The closure of the closure of a set is equal to the closure of that set.
 * Preservation of binary unions: The closure of the union of two sets is the union of their closures.
 * Preservation of nullary unions: The closure of the empty set is empty.
 * If $$c$$ is a function from the power set of $$X$$ to itself, then $$c$$ is a closure operator if it satisfies the Kuratowski closure axioms. The Kuratowski closure axioms can then be used to define a topology on $$X$$ by declaring the closed sets to be the fixed points of this operator, i.e. a set $$A$$ is closed if and only if $$c(A) = A$$.

L

 * larger topology: See finer topology.

 * limit point: A point $$x$$ in a space $$X$$ is a limit point of a subset $$S$$ if every open set containing $$x$$ also contains a point of $$S$$ other than $$x$$ itself. This is equivalent to requiring that every neighbourhood of $$x$$ contains a point of $$S$$ other than $$x$$ itself.

 * limit point compact: See weakly countably compact.

 * Lindelöf: A space is Lindelöf if every open cover has a countable subcover.

 * local base: A set $$B$$ of neighbourhoods of a point $$x$$ of a space $$X$$ is a local base (or local basis, neighbourhood base, neighbourhood basis) at $$x$$ if every neighbourhood of $$x$$ contains some member of $$B$$.

 * local basis: See local base.

 * locally closed subset: A subset of a topological space that is the intersection of an open and a closed subset. Equivalently, it is a relatively open subset of its closure.

 * locally compact: A space is locally compact if every point has a local base consisting of compact neighbourhoods. Every locally compact Hausdorff space is Tychonoff.

 * locally connected: A space is locally connected if every point has a local base consisting of connected neighbourhoods.

 * locally finite: A collection of subsets of a space is locally finite if every point has a neighborhood which has nonempty intersection with only finitely many of the subsets. See also countably locally finite, point finite.

 * locally metrizable/-isable: A space is locally metrizable if every point has a metrizable neighborhood.

 * locally path-connected: A space is locally path-connected if every point has a local base consisting of path-connected neighborhoods. A locally path-connected space is connected if and only if it is path-connected.

 * locally simply connected: A space is locally simply connected if every point has a local base consisting of simply connected neighborhoods.

 * loop: If $$x$$ is a point in a space $$X$$, a at $$x$$ in $$X$$ (or a loop in $$X$$, with basepoint $$x$$) is a path $$f$$ in $$X$$, such that $$f(0) = f(1) = x$$. Equivalently, a loop in $$X$$ is a continuous map from the unit circle $$S^1$$, into $$X$$.

M

 * meagre: If $$X$$ is a space and $$A$$ is a subset of $$X$$, then $$A$$ is meagre in $$X$$ (or of first category in $$X$$) if it is the countable union of nowhere dense sets. If $$A$$ is not meagre in $$X$$, $$A$$ is of second category in $$X$$.

 * metric: See metric space.

 * metric invariant: A metric invariant is a property which is preserved under isometric isomorphism.

 * metric map: If $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are metric spaces with metrics $$d_X$$ and $$d_Y$$ respectively, then a metric map is a function $$f$$ from $$X$$ to $$Y$$, such that for any points $$x$$ and $$y$$ in $$X$$, $$d_Y(f(x), f(y)) \le d_X(x, y)$$. A metric map is strictly metric if the above inequality is strict for all $$x$$ and $$y$$ in $$X$$.

 * metric space: A metric space $$(M, d)$$ is a set $$M$$ equipped with a function $$d : M \times M \rightarrow$$ $\mathbb{R}$ satisfying the following axioms for all $$x$$, $$y$$ and $$z$$ in $$M$$:
 * $$d(x, y) \ge 0$$
 * $$d(x, x) = 0$$
 * $$\text{if }d(x, y) = 0 \text{ then } x = y$$ — identity of indiscernibles
 * $$d(x, y) = d(y, x)$$ — symmetry
 * $$d(x, z) \le d(x, y) + d(y, z)$$ — triangle inequality

 * The function $$d$$ is a metric on $$M$$, and $$d(x, y)$$ is the distance between $$x$$ and $$y$$. The collection of all open balls of M is a base for a topology on $$M$$; this is the topology on $$M$$ induced by $$d$$. Every metric space is Hausdorff and paracompact (and hence normal and Tychonoff). Every metric space is first-countable.

 * metrizable/Metrisable: A space is metrizable if it is homeomorphic to a metric space. Every metrizable space is Hausdorff and paracompact (and hence normal and Tychonoff). Every metrizable space is first-countable.

 * monolith: Every non-empty ultra-connected compact space $$X$$ has a largest proper open subset; this subset is called a monolith.

N

 * neighbourhood/neighborhood: A neighbourhood of a point $$x$$ is a set containing an open set which in turn contains the point $$x$$. More generally, a neighbourhood of a set $$S$$ is a set containing an open set which in turn contains the set $$S$$. A neighbourhood of a point $$x$$ is thus a neighbourhood of the singleton set $$\{x\}$$. (Note that under this definition, the neighbourhood itself need not be open. Many authors require that neighbourhoods be open; be careful to note conventions.)

 * neighbourhood base/basis: See local base.

 * neighbourhood system: A neighbourhood system at a point $$x$$ in a space is the collection of all neighbourhoods of $$x$$.

 * net: A net in a space $$X$$ is a map from a directed set $$A$$ to $$X$$. A net from $$A$$ to $$X$$ is usually denoted ($$x_\alpha$$), where $$\alpha$$ is an index variable ranging over $$A$$. Every sequence is a net, taking $$A$$ to be the directed set of natural numbers with the usual ordering.

 * normal: A space is normal if any two disjoint closed sets have disjoint neighbourhoods. Every normal space admits a partition of unity.

 * Normal Hausdorff: A normal Hausdorff space (or $T_4$ space) is a normal $$T_1$$ space. (A normal space is Hausdorff if and only if it is $$T_1$$, so the terminology is consistent.) Every normal Hausdorff space is Tychonoff.

 * nowhere dense: A nowhere dense set is a set whose closure has empty interior.

O

 * open cover: An open cover is a cover consisting of open sets.

 * open ball: If $$(M, d)$$ is a metric space, an open ball is a set of the form $$B(x; r) := \{y\text{ in }M : d(x, y) < r\}$$, where $$x$$ is in $$M$$ and $$r$$ is a real number, the radius of the ball. An open ball of radius $$r$$ is an open $$r$$-ball. Every open ball is an open set in the topology on $$M$$ induced by $$d$$.

 * open condition: See open property.

 * open set: An open set is a member of the topology.

 * open function: A function from one space to another is open if the of every open set is open.

 * open property: A property of points in a topological space is said to be "open" if those points which possess it form an open set.  Such conditions often take a common form, and that form can be said to be an open condition; for example, in metric spaces, one defines an open ball as above, and says that "strict inequality is an open condition".

P

 * paracompact: A space is paracompact if every open cover has a locally finite open refinement. Paracompact Hausdorff spaces are normal.

 * partition of unity: A partition of unity of a space $$X$$ is a set of continuous functions from $$X$$ to $$[0, 1]$$ such that any point has a neighbourhood where all but a finite number of the functions are identically zero, and the sum of all the functions on the entire space is identically $$1$$.

 * path: A path in a space $$X$$ is a continuous map $$f$$ from the closed unit [0, 1] into $$X$$. The point $$f(0)$$ is the initial point of $$f$$; the point $$f(1)$$ is the terminal point of $$f$$.

 * path-connected: A space $$X$$ is path-connected if, for every two points $$x$$, $$y$$ in $$X$$, there is a path $$f$$ from $$x$$ to $$y$$, i.e., a path with initial point $$f(0) = x$$ and terminal point $$f(1) = y$$. Every path-connected space is connected.

 * path-connected component: A path-connected component of a space is a maximal nonempty path-connected subspace. The set of path-connected components of a space is a partition of that space, which is finer than the partition into connected components. The set of path-connected components of a space X is denoted $\pi_0(X)$.

 * point: A point is an element of a topological space. More generally, a point is an element of any set with an underlying topological structure; e.g. an element of a metric space or a topological group is also a "point".

 * point of closure: See closure.

 * polish: A space is Polish if it is separable and topologically complete, i.e. if it is homeomorphic to a separable and complete metric space.

 * pre-compact: See relatively compact.

 * product topology: If $$\{X_i\}$$ is a collection of spaces and $$X$$ is the (set-theoretic) product of $$\{X_i\}$$, then the product topology on $$X$$ is the coarsest topology for which all the projection maps are continuous.

 * proper function/mapping: A continuous function f from a space $$X$$ to a space $$Y$$ is proper if $$f^{-1}(C)$$ is a compact set in $$X$$ for any compact subspace $$C$$ of $$Y$$.

 * proximity space: A proximity space $$(X, \mathbf{\delta})$$ is a set $$X$$ equipped with a binary relation $$\mathbf{\delta}$$ between subsets of $$X$$ satisfying the following properties:

 * For all subsets $$A$$, $$B$$ and $$C$$ of $$X$$,
 * $$A \mathbf{\delta} B$$ implies $$B \mathbf{\delta} A$$
 * $$A \mathbf{\delta} B$$ implies $$A$$ is non-empty
 * If $$A$$ and $$B$$ have non-empty intersection, then $$(A \mathbf{\delta} B)$$
 * $$A \mathbf{\delta} (B \cup C)$$ iff ($$A \mathbf{\delta} B$$ or $$A \mathbf{\delta} C$$)
 * If, for all subsets E of X, we have ($$A \mathbf{\delta} E$$ or $$B \mathbf{\delta} E$$), then we must have $$A \mathbf{\delta} (X - B)$$

 * pseudocompact: A space is pseudocompact if every real-valued continuous function on the space is bounded.

 * pseudometric: See pseudometric space.

 * pseudometric space: A pseudometric space $$(M, d)$$ is a set $$M$$ equipped with a function $$d : M \times M \rightarrow$$ $\mathbb{R}$ satisfying all the conditions of a metric space, except possibly the identity of indiscernibles. That is, points in a pseudometric space may be "infinitely close" without being identical. The function $$d$$ is a pseudometric on $$M$$. Every metric is a pseudometric.

 * punctured neighbourhood/punctured neighborhood: A punctured neighbourhood of a point $$x$$ is a neighbourhood of $$x$$, minus $$\{x\}$$. For instance, the interval $$(-1, 1) = \{y : -1 < y < 1\}$$ is a neighbourhood of $$x = 0$$ in the real line, so the set $$(-1, 0) \cup (0, 1) = (-1, 1) - \{0\}$$ is a punctured neighbourhood of $$0$$.

Q

 * quasicompact: See compact. Some authors define "compact" to include the Hausdorff separation axiom, and they use the term quasicompact to mean what we call in this glossary simply "compact" (without the Hausdorff axiom). This convention is most commonly found in French, and branches of mathematics heavily influenced by the French.

 * quotient map: If $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are spaces, and if $$f$$ is a surjection from $$X$$ to $$Y$$, then $$f$$ is a quotient map (or identification map) if, for every subset $$U$$ of $$Y$$, $$U$$ is open in $$Y$$ if and only if $$f^{-1}(U)$$ is open in $$X$$. In other words, $$Y$$ has the $$f$$-strong topology.  Equivalently, $$f$$ is a quotient map if and only if it is the transfinite composition of maps $$X\rightarrow X/Z$$, where $$Z\subset X$$ is a subset. Note that this doesn't imply that f is an open function.

 * quotient space: If $$X$$ is a space, $$Y$$ is a set, and $$f : X \rightarrow Y$$ is any surjective function, then the quotient topology on $$Y$$ induced by $$f$$ is the finest topology for which $$f$$ is continuous. The space $$X$$ is a quotient space or identification space. By definition, $$f$$ is a quotient map. The most common example of this is to consider an equivalence relation on $$X$$, with $$Y$$ the set of equivalence classes and $$f$$ the natural projection map. This construction is dual to the construction of the subspace topology.

R

 * refinement: A cover $$K$$ is a refinement of a cover $$L$$ if every member of $$K$$ is a subset of some member of $$L$$.

 * regular: A space is regular if, whenever $$C$$ is a closed set and $$x$$ is a point not in $$C$$, then $$C$$ and $$x$$ have disjoint neighbourhoods.

 * regular Hausdorff: A space is regular Hausdorff (or $$T_3$$) if it is a regular $$T_0$$ space. (A regular space is Hausdorff if and only if it is $$T_0$$, so the terminology is consistent.)

 * regular open: An open subset $$U$$ of a space $$X$$ is regular open if it equals the interior of its closure. An example of a non-regular open set is the set $$U = (0, 1) \cup (1, 2) \text{ in } R$$ with its normal topology, since 1 is in the interior of the closure of U, but not in U. The regular open subsets of a space form a complete Boolean algebra.

 * relatively compact: A subset $$Y$$ of a space $$X$$ is relatively compact in $$X$$ if the closure of $$Y$$ in $$X$$ is compact.

 * residual: If $$X$$ is a space and $$A$$ is a subset of $$X$$, then $$A$$ is residual in $$X$$ if the complement of $$A$$ is meagre in $$X$$. Also called comeagre or comeager.

S

 * Second category: See meagre.

 * second-countable: A space is second-countable if it has a countable base for its topology. Every second-countable space is first-countable, separable, and Lindelöf.

 * semilocally simply connected: A space $$X$$ is semilocally simply connected if, for every point $$x$$ in $$X$$, there is a neighbourhood $$U$$ of $$x$$ such that every loop at $$x$$ in $$U$$ is homotopic in $$X$$ to the constant loop $$X$$. Every simply connected space and every locally simply connected space is semilocally simply connected. (Compare with locally simply connected; here, the homotopy is allowed to live in $$X$$, whereas in the definition of locally simply connected, the homotopy must live in $$U$$.)

 * separable: A space is separable if it has a countable dense subset.

 * separated: Two sets $$A$$ and $$B$$ are separated if each is disjoint from the other's closure.

 * sequentially compact: A space is sequentially compact if every sequence has a convergent subsequence. Every sequentially compact space is countably compact, and every first-countable, countably compact space is sequentially compact.

 * short map: See metric map

 * simply connected: A space is simply connected if it is path-connected and every loop is homotopic to a constant map.

 * smaller topology: See coarser topology.

 * $$f$$-Strong topology: Let $$f\colon X\rightarrow Y$$ be a map of topological spaces.  We say that $$Y$$ has the $$f$$-strong topology if, for every subset $$U\subset Y$$, one has that $$U$$ is open in $$Y$$ if and only if $$f^{-1}(U)$$ is open in $$X$$

 * stronger topology: See finer topology. Beware, some authors, especially analysts, use the term weaker topology.

 * subbase: A collection of open sets is a subbase (or subbasis) for a topology if every non-empty proper open set in the topology is a union of finite intersections of sets in the subbase. If $$B$$ is any collection of subsets of a set $$X$$, the topology on $$X$$ generated by $$B$$ is the smallest topology containing $$B$$; this topology consists of the empty set, $$X$$ and all unions of finite intersections of elements of $$B$$.

 * subbasis: See subbase.

 * subcover: A cover $$K$$ is a subcover (or subcovering) of a cover $$L$$ if every member of $$K$$ is a member of $$L$$.

 * subcovering: See subcover.

 * subspace: If T is a topology on a space $$X$$, and if $$A$$ is a subset of $$X$$, then the subspace topology on $$A$$ induced by $$T$$ consists of all intersections of open sets in $$T$$ with $$A$$. This construction is dual to the construction of the quotient topology.

T

 * $T_0$: A space is $T_0$ (or Kolmogorov) if for every pair of distinct points x and y in the space, either there is an open set containing x but not y, or there is an open set containing y but not x.

 * $T_1$: A space is $T_1$ (or Fréchet or accessible) if for every pair of distinct points x and y in the space, there is an open set containing x but not y. (Compare with $$T_0$$; here, we are allowed to specify which point will be contained in the open set.) Equivalently, a space is $$T_1$$ if all its singletons are closed. Every $$T_1$$ space is $$T_0$$.

 * $T_2$: See Hausdorff space.

 * $T_3$: See regular Hausdorff.

 * $T_{3.5}$: See Tychonoff space.

 * $T_4$: See normal Hausdorff.

 * $T_5$: See completely normal Hausdorff.

 * top: See category of topological spaces.

 * topological invariant: A topological invariant is a property which is preserved under homeomorphism. For example, compactness and connectedness are topological properties, whereas boundedness and completeness are not. Algebraic topology is the study of topologically invariant abstract algebra constructions on topological spaces.

 * topological space: A topological space $$(X, T)$$ is a set $$X$$ equipped with a collection $$T$$ of subsets of $$X$$ satisfying the following axioms:

 * The empty set and $$X$$ are in $$T$$.
 * The union of any collection of sets in $$T$$ is also in $$T$$.
 * The intersection of any pair of sets in $$T$$ is also in $$T$$.

 * The collection $$T$$ is a topology on $$X$$.

 * topological sum: See coproduct topology.

 * topologically complete: A space is topologically complete if it is homeomorphic to a complete metric space.

 * topology: See topological space.

 * totally bounded: A metric space $$M$$ is totally bounded if, for every $$r > 0$$, there exist a finite cover of $$M$$ by open balls of radius $$r$$. A metric space is compact if and only if it is complete and totally bounded.

 * totally disconnected: A space is totally disconnected if it has no connected subset with more than one point.

 * trivial topology: The trivial topology (or indiscrete topology) on a set $$X$$ consists of precisely the empty set and the entire space $$X$$.

 * Tychonoff: A Tychonoff space (or completely regular Hausdorff space, completely $$T_3$$ space, $$T_{3.5}$$ space) is a completely regular $$T_0$$ space. (A completely regular space is Hausdorff if and only if it is $$T_0$$, so the terminology is consistent.) Every Tychonoff space is regular Hausdorff.

U

 * ultra-connected: A space is ultra-connected if no two non-empty closed sets are disjoint. Every ultra-connected space is path-connected.

 * ultrametric: A metric is an ultrametric if it satisfies the following stronger version of the triangle inequality: for all $$x, y, z$$ in $$M, d(x,z)\le max(d(x,y), d(y, z))$$.

 * uniform isomorphism: If $$X$$ and $$Y$$ are uniform spaces, a uniform isomorphism from $$X$$ to $$Y$$ is a bijective function $$f : X \rightarrow Y$$ such that $$f$$ and $$f^{-1}$$ are uniformly continuous. The spaces are then said to be uniformly isomorphic and share the same uniform properties.

 * uniformisable: A space is uniformizable if it is homeomorphic to a uniform space.

 * uniform space: A uniform space is a set $$U$$ equipped with a nonempty collection $$\Phi$$ of subsets of the Cartesian product $$X \times X$$ satisfying the following axioms:

 * if $$U$$ is in $$\Phi$$, then $$U$$ contains $$\{ (x, x) | x \text{ in} X \}$$.
 * if $$U$$ is in $$\Phi$$, then $$\{ (y, x) | (x, y) \text{ in} U \}$$ is also in $$\Phi$$
 * if $$U$$ is in $$\Phi$$ and $$V$$ is a subset of $$X \times X$$ which contains $$U$$, then $$V$$ is in $$\Phi$$
 * if $$U$$ and $$V$$ are in $$\Phi$$, then $$U \cap V$$ is in $$\Phi$$
 * if $$U$$ is in $$\Phi$$, then there exists $$V$$ in $$\Phi$$ such that, whenever $$(x, y)$$ and $$(y, z)$$ are in $$V$$, then $$(x, z)$$ is in $$(U)$$.

 * The elements of $$\Phi$$ are called entourages, and $$\Phi$$ itself is called a uniform structure on $$U$$.

 * uniform structure: See uniform space.

W

 * weak topology: The weak topology on a set, with respect to a collection of functions from that set into topological spaces, is the coarsest topology on the set which makes all the functions continuous.

 * weaker topology: See coarser topology. Beware, some authors, especially analysts, use the term stronger topology.

 * weakly countably compact: A space is weakly countably compact (or limit point compact) if every infinite subset has a limit point.

 * weakly hereditary: A property of spaces is said to be weakly hereditary if whenever a space has that property, then so does every closed subspace of it. For example, compactness and the Lindelöf property are both weakly hereditary properties, although neither is hereditary.

 * weight: The weight of a space $$X$$ is the smallest cardinal number $$\kappa$$ such that $$X$$ has a base of cardinal $$\kappa$$. (Note that such a cardinal number exists, because the entire topology forms a base, and because the class of cardinal numbers is well-ordered.)

 * well-connected: See ultra-connected. (Some authors use this term strictly for ultra-connected compact spaces.)

Z

 * zero-dimensional: A space is zero-dimensional if it has a base of clopen sets.

title: Appendix:Glossary of topology


text: koelkasten

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: koelkasten


text: koelkastje

title: koelkastje


text: koelkastjes

title: koelkastjes


text:
falangetta

Noun

 * 1)  distal phalanx

title: falangetta


text:
falange distale

Noun

 * 1)  distal phalanx

title: falange distale


text:
falange ungueale

Noun

 * 1)  distal phalanx

title: falange ungueale


text:
falange prossimale

Noun

 * 1)  proximal phalanx

title: falange prossimale


text:
falangina

Noun

 * 1)  intermediate phalanx, middle phalanx

title: falangina


text:
falange media

Noun

 * 1)  intermediate phalanx, middle phalanx

title: falange media


text:
falange intermedia

Noun

 * 1)  intermediate phalanx, middle phalanx

title: falange intermedia


text:
coxofemorale

Adjective

 * 1)  coxofemoral

title: coxofemorale


text:
Großherzogtum

Noun

 * 1) A grand duchy, the princely territory of a grand duke

Related terms

 * (adjective)
 * (adjective)
 * (adjective)

title: Großherzogtum


text:
Stammherzogtum

Etymology
Germanic: Stamm 'trunk, stem, tribe' + Herzogtum 'dukedom, duchy' (from Herzog 'duke' (from Heer 'army' + ziehen 'to pull, lead') + -tum '-dom, -ship')

Noun

 * 1) A stem duchy, the princely territory of a stem duke

Related terms

 * (adjective)
 * (adjective)

title: Stammherzogtum


text:
trocantere

Noun

 * 1)  trochanter

title: trocantere


text:
trocanterico

Adjective

 * 1)  trochanteric

title: trocanterico


text:
trocanterite

Noun

 * 1)  trochanteritis

title: trocanterite


text:
rugzaktoerist

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * A, who carries all his or her luggage in a.

title: rugzaktoerist


text:
gran trocantere

Noun

 * 1)  greater trochanter

title: gran trocantere


text:
grande trocantere

Noun

 * : greater trochanter

title: grande trocantere


text:
piccolo trocantere

Noun

 * 1)  lesser trochanter

title: piccolo trocantere


text:
vowelization

Noun

 * 1)  In Arabic and Hebrew - supplying the vowels (diacritics), normally not written to show the correct pronunciation, used in dictionaries, children's books, religious texts and textbooks for learners. Arabic terms: tashkiil, taHriik  - (action of supplying the vowel points), also known as ḥarakāt ( — the singular is ḥaraka ) - (the diacritical marks), Hebrew term:  nikud.

Synonyms

 * ,, , (of Arabic vocalization)
 * ,, , (of Hebrew vocalization)
 * ,, , (of Arabic vocalization)
 * ,, , (of Hebrew vocalization)

title: vowelization


text: vowelizations

title: vowelizations


text: vowelisation

title: vowelisation


text: vowelisations

title: vowelisations


text:
Talk:nerd

Nerdiludium
Any connection to "nerdiludium" (Latin for backgammon)?

1. There may be an expression of silly excessive scholarship denoted "nerdiludium" In Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, an instance of excessive scholarship is given in a footnote (Chapter 31 footnote 46), on the subject of the game of Nerdiludium: "Dr. Hyde, who diligently traces the history and varieties of the nerdiludium (a name of Persic etymology) from Ireland to Japan, pours forth, on this trifling subject, a copious torrent of classic and Oriental learning." De Ludis Orientalibus, Oxford, 1694, Dr. Thomas Hyde, p. 65. Chinensium-Nerdiludium (The Nerd Game of the Chinese)

2. Equally possible is the concept of one obsessed with knowledge of a "Nerd Game" as indicated in the Gibbon text to which the above is a footnote, concerning skill in the Nerdiludium game as a measure of status among the Romans: "The confederates are united by a strict and indissoluble bond of friendship, or rather of conspiracy; a superior degree of skill in the Tesserarian art (which may be interpreted the game of dice and tables) (footnote 46) is a sure road to wealth and reputation."

Not always derogatory
In the community of skilled informaticians, words 'geek' and 'nerd' are not considered as derogatory. On a contrary - they are synonyms of true professionals devoted to their job/hobby. Maybe the etymology was derogatory but now - as the language is alive - the meaning is different. Especially in IT-specialists' world, maybe for other it remains unchanged and is still derogatory. Chesteroni 16:46, 27 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, your last disclaimer CYA - because is sounds like you don't hear much converstion outside your 'community'. Adopting the pejorative term and using it in a not-derogatory way does not mean the meaning has changed significantly. For an analogy, see "nigger". Same goes for 'geek' and 'engineer'. A sub-definition that might be added might be 'someone that fantasizes that they control information and people just because they are responsible for maintaining the communications hardware'. 71.164.227.51 17:36, 24 September 2011 (UTC)

Alternative Etymology
During my first day at Dartmouth College, I was told that students there were either 'drunks' (geologists rolled kegs of beer into their classrooms, as the sun set) or 'knurds' ('drunk' spelled backward). All, somehow, were fine scholars. (Check an early scene in 'MASH', the movie.) Dartmouth has a ski jump, from its days as training site for the winter Olympics, I was told. (Not all may have been so scholarly.)

'Dr Seuss' had written for the student magazine while there; and I suspect an industrious scholar might find a reference in one of these early articles for 'knurd'. Whether the word preceded Geissel's attendance, I don't know. However, I used 'knurd' as common slang at college long before I was aware of 'nerd' in national use. -Bruce Bathurst, Geologist 209.218.108.22 23:06, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Would be nice to have a date for this reminiscence. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 16:56, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Def is way off.
"intellectual,skilled in one or more fields, and generally introverted." That def is WAY off. First, it says that simply being intellectual makes you a nerd. second, it says that nerds are introverted. The key term is "overly intellectual". Having A's in school doesn't necessarily make one nerdy.

As for the introversion, that may not be the case. Most nerds are either socially excluded (not allowed in conversations and peer groups), or socially inept (lacking social skills entirely.) I have heard of many nerds in schools that want to be extroverted, but cant, because of bullies, sometimes leading them to suicide. If they were introverted, they wouldn't care.

Also, "nerd" is a really common term for referring to a person heavily obsessed with a fantasy interest (e.g. comics, Pokémon), both as a derogatory ref and a reclaimed term.

Nerd is one of the few derogatory terms with no standard definition. It just refers to people with odd interests, personalities, appearance, etc. It also has a different meaning when reclaimed by a targeted group (e.g. scientists, retro video game enthusiasts). The more common derogatory meaning is "a person who is overly intellectual, obsessive, odd, or socially impaired." But in reclaimed usage, it refers to any person heavily interested in something. Ticklewickleukulele (talk) 21:20, 14 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Would you like me to take this discussion to the Tea room for more visibility (which I think it deserves)? Jamesjiao → T ◊ C 21:38, 14 October 2012 (UTC)
 * yes Ticklewickleukulele (talk) 01:46, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

alternative etymology from reliable source
https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=nerd --Espoo (talk) 10:28, 17 April 2016 (UTC)
 * You're talking about the "Mortimer Snerd" theory, I guess. It would be interesting to see that 1941 work mentioned in text. Wakuran (talk) 14:12, 8 August 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:nerd


text:
patellare

Adjective

 * 1)  patellar

title: patellare


text:
gonorrhée

Etymology
, from, from +.

Noun

 * 1)  gonorrhea

title: gonorrhée


text:
User:Dan Polansky/Number

Terms whose meanings contain the concept of whole positive number, also called natural number:

One, two, several, many:
 * one - mono-
 * two - di-
 * several, few - oligo-
 * many - poly-

Combined in names of:
 * polygon
 * polyhedron

First, second, third, etc.:
 * first
 * second
 * third
 * fourth
 * fifth
 * sixth
 * seventh
 * eighth

Onefold, twofold, threefold, etc.:
 * onefold
 * twofold
 * threefold
 * fourfold
 * fivefold
 * sixfold
 * sevenfold
 * eightfold
 * ninefold
 * tenfold

Unary, binary, ternary, etc; also used for arity of predicates and functions:
 * nullary (0)
 * unary (1)
 * binary (2)
 * ternary (3)

Arity of a predicate (also in the table above):
 * niladic (0)
 * monadic (1)
 * dyadic (2)
 * triadic (3)
 * tetradic (4)
 * pentadic (5)
 * hexadic (6)
 * heptadic (7)
 * octadic (8)
 * nonadic (9)
 * decadic (10)
 * polyadic (many)

Primary, secondary, etc:[verify]
 * primary (1)
 * secondary (2)
 * tertiary (3)
 * quaternary (4)
 * quinary (5)
 * senary (6)
 * septenary (7)
 * octonary (8)
 * nonary (9)
 * denary (10)
 * duodenary (12)
 * vigenary (20)

Numeral system:
 * unary (1)
 * binary (2)
 * quaternary (4)
 * quinary (5)
 * senary (6)
 * septenary (7)
 * octal (8)
 * nonary (9)
 * decimal (10)
 * duodecimal (12)
 * tetradecima (14)
 * pentadecimal (15)
 * hexadecimal (16)
 * octadecimal (18)
 * vigesimal (20)
 * hexavigesimal (26)
 * sexadecimal (60)

Dichotomy, trichotomy:
 * dichotomy
 * trichotomy
 * polytomy

Monarchy, diarchy:
 * monarchy
 * diarchy
 * triarchy[verify]
 * tetrarchy (4)
 * dodecarchy (12)
 * oligarchy (several)
 * polyarchy (many)

Triumvirate, quadrumvirate:
 * triumvirate
 * quadrumvirate

Vicenarian, tricenarian, etc:
 * vicenarian (20)
 * tricenarian (30)
 * quadragenarian
 * quinquagenarian
 * sexagenarian
 * septuagenarian
 * octogenarian
 * nonagenarian
 * centenarian

Dilogy, trilogy (series of books or films):
 * dilogy (2)
 * trilogy (3)
 * tetralogy (4)
 * pentalogy (5)
 * hexalogy (6)
 * heptalogy (7)
 * octology (8)
 * ennealogy (9)
 * decalogy (10)
 * polylogy (2+)

-gram:
 * pentagram (5)
 * hexagram (6)
 * heptagram (7)

Athletic compound activity:
 * triathlon (3)
 * pentathlon (5)
 * decathlon (10)

Athlete:
 * triathlete (3)
 * pentathlete (5)
 * decathlete (10)

Pentameter, hexameter, etc. (poetry):
 * bimeter (2)
 * trimeter (3)
 * tetrameter (4)
 * pentameter (5)
 * hexameter (6)

Pentatonic, hexatonic (music):
 * pentatonic (5)
 * hexatonic (6)
 * heptatonic (7)
 * octatonic (8)

Pentomino, hexomino (see polyomino):
 * tetromino (4)
 * pentomino (5)
 * hexomino (6)
 * dodecomino (12)

Number of atoms:
 * tetratomic (4)
 * pentatomic (5)
 * hexatomic (6)

-chord:
 * tetrachord (4)
 * hexachord (6)

-pod, number of legs or feet:
 * bipod (2)
 * tripod (3)
 * tetrapod (4)
 * hexapod (6)
 * octopod (8)
 * decapod (10)

Monologue, dialogue:
 * monologue (1)
 * dialogue, duologue (2)
 * trialogue (3)
 * tetralogue (4)
 * pentalogue (5)

Monism, dualist
 * monism (1)
 * dualism (2)
 * pluralism (many)

Monopoly, etc.
 * monopoly (1)
 * duopoly (2)
 * oligopoly (few, several)

Biped, quadruped
 * biped (2)
 * quadruped (4)

Quadrumana
 * Bimana (2)
 * Quadrumana (4)

Wheeled
 * one-wheeled
 * two-wheeled
 * three-wheeled
 * four-wheeled
 * five-wheeled
 * six-wheeled
 * seven-wheeled
 * eight-wheeled
 * nine-wheeled
 * ten-wheeled
 * eleven-wheeled
 * twelve-wheeled
 * thirteen-wheeled
 * fourteen-wheeled
 * fifteen-wheeled
 * sixteen-wheeled
 * eighteen-wheeled
 * twenty-wheeled
 * twenty-one-wheeled
 * twenty-two-wheeled
 * twenty-three-wheeled
 * twenty-four-wheeled
 * twenty-five-wheeled

Number of synapses:
 * monosynaptic (1)
 * disynaptic (2)
 * trisynaptic (3)
 * polysynaptic (*)

title: User:Dan Polansky/Number


text:
Thesaurus:number

Instances

 * cardinal numbers

(the golden ratio)

 * cardinal numbers by Roman numerals

 * ordinal numbers

 * ordinal numbers abbreviated

 * ordinal numbers via Roman numerals

Various
Monad, pair, duo, etc. - a group

Greek-based prefixes

Latin-based prefixes

-ad name for a group from Greek

Plets

Tets: group of musicians or musical composition of n parts

-ary

Singular, dual, etc.

Number of times

Fold

Numeral systems

Fractions

Ary

Single, double, etc.

Letters

Arity of predicate

Dilogy, trilogy (series of books or films)

Vicenarian, tricenarian, etc

Merous

Polygon - see there for full list

Polyhedron

title: Thesaurus:number


text:
ngarlmarr

Noun

 * 1) armpit

title: ngarlmarr


text:
gidkot

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to be arrested

title: gidkot


text:
reukwerk

Etymology
Compound of 🇰🇲; akin to and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) An incense product, an aromatic product that spreads a smell when burned, used often as a cultic or therapeutic activity
 * 2)  Any perfume, luxury product to provide a scent
 * 1)  Any perfume, luxury product to provide a scent

title: reukwerk


text:
jinuj

Noun

 * 1) sinew; muscle; tendon

title: jinuj


text:
reukwerkbrander

Etymology
Compound of 🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1)  An incense burner, a fireproof device to burn incense in, so as to release the scented smoke.

title: reukwerkbrander


text: olecrani

title: olecrani


text: aritenoidi

title: aritenoidi


text: falangette

title: falangette


text: falangi distali

title: falangi distali


text: falangi ungueali

title: falangi ungueali


text: falangi prossimali

title: falangi prossimali


text: falangine

title: falangine


text: falangi medie

title: falangi medie


text: falangi intermedie

title: falangi intermedie


text: trocanteri

title: trocanteri


text: gran trocanteri

title: gran trocanteri


text: grandi trocanteri

title: grandi trocanteri


text: piccoli trocanteri

title: piccoli trocanteri


text: coronoidea

title: coronoidea


text: coronoidei

title: coronoidei


text: coronoidee

title: coronoidee


text: stilodea

title: stilodea


text: stilodei

title: stilodei


text: stilodee

title: stilodee


text: tracheali

title: tracheali


text: sesamoidea

title: sesamoidea


text: sesamoidei

title: sesamoidei


text: sesamoidee

title: sesamoidee


text:
cricoidea

Adjective

title: cricoidea


text: cricoidei

title: cricoidei


text: cricoidee

title: cricoidee


text: epiglottica

title: epiglottica


text: epiglottici

title: epiglottici


text: epiglottiche

title: epiglottiche


text: aritenoidea

title: aritenoidea


text: aritenoidei

title: aritenoidei


text: aritenoidee

title: aritenoidee


text: cornicolata

title: cornicolata


text: cornicolati

title: cornicolati


text: cornicolate

title: cornicolate


text: coxofemorali

title: coxofemorali


text: trocanterica

title: trocanterica


text: trocanterici

title: trocanterici


text: trocanteriche

title: trocanteriche


text: patellari

title: patellari


text:
ιστοσελίδα

Noun

 * 1)  web page

title: ιστοσελίδα


text: ιστοσελίδες

title: ιστοσελίδες


text: brings down

title: brings down


text: bringing down

title: bringing down


text: brought down

title: brought down


text: Category:sh:Christianity

title: Category:sh:Christianity


text:
аутобиографија

Noun

 * 1) autobiography

title: аутобиографија


text:
Noor

Etymology
From.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  person from Norway or of Norwegian descent

Etymology 1
, shortened from, from. Equivalent to +.

Noun

 * 1) A Norwegian, member or descendant of the (Germanic) people of Norway
 * 2)  Something (originally or typically) Norwegian
 * 3) notably a type of skates - usually in the plural: Noren
 * 4)  A Norseman, Nordic man, Scandinavian

Synonyms

 * (en)
 * (en)

Derived terms

 * (adjective)

Related terms

 * (Archaic adjective)

Etymology 2
Shortening of Eleonoor, from, perhaps of or  origin. Variant of. More at Eleanor. Also see.

Proper noun

 * 1) A female given name, equivalent to English Nora (from Eleonora)

Etymology
From.

title: Noor


text: mismísima

title: mismísima


text: mismísimos

title: mismísimos


text: mismísimas

title: mismísimas


text: desempleada

title: desempleada


text: desempleados

title: desempleados


text: desempleadas

title: desempleadas


text: envuelta

title: envuelta


text: envueltos

title: envueltos


text: envueltas

title: envueltas


text:
provjera

Noun

 * 1) audit
 * 2) check, checking
 * 3) verification

title: provjera


text:
провјера

Noun

 * 1) audit
 * 2) check, checking
 * 3) verification

title: провјера


text:
exesposo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ex-husband

title: exesposo


text:
provera

Noun

 * 1) audit
 * 2) check, checking
 * 3) verification

title: provera


text:
exesposa

Noun

 * , ex-wife

title: exesposa


text: exesposas

title: exesposas


text:
провера

Noun

 * 1) audit
 * 2) check, checking
 * 3) verification

title: провера


text: exesposos

title: exesposos


text:
вјера

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) belief, faith
 * 2) religion

title: вјера


text:
բիստրո

Noun

 * 1) bistro

title: բիստրո


text:
бистро

Adverb

 * 1) limpidly, clearly

Noun

 * 1) bistro

Etymology
, according to folk etymology version borrowed from Russian "quickly" in 1814, when Russian Army was in Paris.

In actual fact, the word is pure French, first attested only in 1884.

Noun

 * 1) bistro

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) bistro

title: бистро


text: Thesaurus:make a mistake

title: Thesaurus:make a mistake


text:
derechazo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) right-handed punch, forehand

title: derechazo


text:
IJslander

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) An, member or descendant of the people of Iceland
 * 2) An, a small, sturdy and longhaired breed of horse

title: IJslander


text:
zurdazo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) left-handed punch, backhand
 * 2) left-footed shot
 * 1) left-footed shot

title: zurdazo


text: zurdazos

title: zurdazos


text: derechazos

title: derechazos


text: righthanded

title: righthanded


text:
смјер

Etymology
Borrowed by Bogoslav Šulek from.

Noun

 * 1) direction, course

title: смјер


text:
смер

Noun

 * 1) direction, course

Etymology
Borrowed by Bogoslav Šulek from.

Noun

 * 1) direction, course

title: смер


text: Atlántida

title: Atlántida


text:
новац

Etymology
From, from an earlier.

Noun

 * 1) money

title: новац


text: casadas

title: casadas


text: tabacalera

title: tabacalera


text: tabacaleras

title: tabacaleras


text:
sekcija

Noun

 * 1) section
 * 2) division

title: sekcija


text:
секција

Noun

 * 1) section

Noun

 * 1) section
 * 2) division

title: секција


text:
bellísimo

Adjective

 * : very beautiful

title: bellísimo


text:
odjeljak

Noun

 * 1) department (in a train)
 * 2) small section, division

title: odjeljak


text:
одјељак

Noun

 * 1) department (in a train)
 * 2) small section, division

title: одјељак


text:
bellísima

Noun

 * 1) coral vine

title: bellísima


text: bellísimos

title: bellísimos


text: bellísimas

title: bellísimas


text:
odeljak

Noun

 * 1) department (in a train)
 * 2) small section, division

title: odeljak


text:
одељак

Noun

 * 1) department (in a train)
 * 2) small section, division

title: одељак


text:
mujercita

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a sissy, a nancy, a fagboy, a girl:
 * 1) a sissy, a nancy, a fagboy, a girl:

title: mujercita


text: mujercitas

title: mujercitas


text:
panecillo

Etymology
From.

title: panecillo


text: panecillos

title: panecillos


text: colombianos

title: colombianos


text: colombianas

title: colombianas


text:
граматика

Noun

 * 1) grammar

Noun

 * 1) grammar

Noun

 * 1) grammar

Etymology 1
Borrowed from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) grammar

title: граматика


text:
ortografija

Noun

 * 1)  orthography

Noun

 * 1) orthography

title: ortografija


text:
ортографија

Noun

 * 1) orthography

Noun

 * 1) orthography

title: ортографија


text:
порука

Noun

 * 1) bail, surety, guarantee, responsibility

Etymology
From sh. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) message

title: порука


text:
telón

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) curtain
 * 2) fabric material made of fibers
 * 1) fabric material made of fibers

title: telón


text:
Talk:hot

Remove incorrect translation
I want to remove an incorrect translation. How do I do that on this protected page ? --Fenring 08:44, 29 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I unprotected it. 9 months in a row seems enough for me; of course, it can easily be locked again if necessary. Mglovesfun (talk) 12:04, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

A hot issue
Tech support desk talks about "a hot issue" when it's one that is being reported by many users (and thus needing an urgent fix). The closest sense we have for this seems to be "popular; in demand", which sounds overly positive. Equinox ◑ 15:06, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

adverb: intensely
adv: in an eager, intense, or angry way They argued hot and long. Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 --Backinstadiums (talk) 12:25, 30 March 2020 (UTC)

hot on one’s tail
I don’t think any of the current senses include the meaning that ‘hot’ has when one says ‘I was hot on his tail’, ‘he was hot on my tail’, etc. Overlordnat1 (talk) 14:15, 5 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Actually adjective sense 6 covers this, I’ve just added a usex (though perhaps we could do with an entry for hot on ones tail or hot on someones tail?). Overlordnat1 (talk) 09:16, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

In sense of hot cargo
I just created but now realise that "hot" may stand alone in a sentence, like this:

 * 2012, Arthur Webster, Down To The Sea: A Merchant Mariner's Story
 * They decided that all cargo was hot and the ships would not be worked. Not even foreign flag ships would be exempt from this secondary boycott.

Perhaps worth adding into this entry at some stage, if we can find more examples. Equinox ◑ 03:52, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

noun hot top
heard what might be this today ... "[you're] on the hot" for some boys practicing a sport in the parking lot; that is, the hot top. But maybe it means hot zone and is sport-specific (but i'd expect in then). i will try to find more information. a third noun sense is the hots. — Soap — 13:25, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:hot


text: telones

title: telones


text:
golpiza

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  beating, bashing

title: golpiza


text: golpizas

title: golpizas


text:
vrućina

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) heat

title: vrućina


text:
врућина

Noun

 * 1) heat

title: врућина


text: estatales

title: estatales


text:
budista

Adjective

 * 1) Buddhist

Noun

 * 1) Buddhist

Adjective

 * 1) Buddhist of, relating to, or practicing Buddhism

Noun

 * 1) Buddhist practitioner of Buddhism

Etymology
From

Adjective

 * 1) Buddhist of, relating to, or practicing Buddhism

Noun

 * 1) Buddhist practitioner of Buddhism

Adjective

 * 1) Buddhist

Noun

 * 1) Buddhist

title: budista


text: budistas

title: budistas


text: lunáticas

title: lunáticas


text: lunáticos

title: lunáticos


text: lunática

title: lunática


text:
феномен

Noun

 * 1) phenomenon

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) phenomenon unusual occurrence
 * 2)  phenomenon exceptional person
 * 3)  paradox

Usage notes
The pronunciation with the stress on the second syllable (фено́мен) is more common and is used in the scientific meaning. The pronunciation variant with the stress on the last syllable (феноме́н) is sometimes used to describe an unusual person (usually in a condescending way).

Noun

 * 1)  phenomenon

Noun

 * 1) phenomenon

Etymology
Derived via Western European languages from.

Noun

 * 1) phenomenon

title: феномен


text:
utrka

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A race, as in a competition

title: utrka


text:
утрка

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) race

title: утрка


text: vikingos

title: vikingos


text:
entitet

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) entity

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) entity

title: entitet


text:
ентитет

Noun

 * 1) entity

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) entity

title: ентитет


text: vikingas

title: vikingas


text:
vikinga

Adjective

 * 1)  of or related to Vikings

title: vikinga


text:
наставак

Noun

 * 1)  ending
 * 2) continuation, sequel
 * 3) extension

title: наставак


text:
Appendix talk:Turkic Swadesh lists

Languages and corrections added between 01.2009 - 07.2009 were mostly added by Darkstar. Murator worked on Tatar and Bashkir. Ali added Karachay-Balkar (checked and corrected by Darkstar). The Altai list needs double-checking and may be no more than 97% reliable (as of 07.2009).

Check out the Russian page for possible updates not connected with the English version.

The Bashkir and Tatar, and the Kazakh and Kyrgyz lists coincide by ~97% and may be viewed as dialects or very closely related languages. The lexicostatistical relatedness of Chuvash to any other language is about 70% (+/-1%) (Darkstar)

NB: Only words with regular, ordinary, standard or everyday meaning may be added to a Swadesh list. For an English example, "big" for something of more than average size but probably not (or less likely) "large", let alone "great" (too formal or a different meaning). However, in many cases it's very difficult to deliniate two meanings in a remote language, in that case you may add secondary meanings after a semicolon if you provide a very short explanation using small-tags, e.g. "large" (more formal). No words should be added just because they look alike but have a different meaning, such as Turkish "duman" (smoke), but normally Turkic "tuman" (fog), however you may add words of interest as long as you provide a short explanation. Adding unnecessary and redundant synonyms clutters up the lists and makes them poorly interpretable.

missing entries for proto-turkic
I think the missing entries in the Proto-Turkic list can and should be filled in. but i suspect more research is needed for those particular missing entries - examples include "and", "husband", "there", "here", "they", "because", &c. as these words cannot be filled in based on the information available on Wiktionary now - we would need evidence to prove that Proto-Turkic used the same word for "man" and "husband", or in the case of "and" we have no common Turkic root - though surely there would have been one. L0ngh3nry89 (talk) 09:45, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Appendix talk:Turkic Swadesh lists


text:
синоним

Etymology
Borrowed from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) synonym

Noun

 * 1) synonym

Noun

 * 1) synonym

Noun

 * 1) synonym

title: синоним


text:
User talk:Widsith/archive6

Welsh native speaker template
It's not the language I used growing up, so technically I'm not a native speaker. I'm more 'level 4' which is 'comparable to a native speaker', right? Thanks for informing me though :)
 * Diolch yn fawr i chi. Thanks a lot :) YngNghymru 17:53, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

clave
Hi again. I come to tap your seemingly bottomless well of linguistic knowledge. Reading a bit of Mallory, I came across this. Sir Launcelot put his shield afore him, and put the stroke away of the one giant, and with his sword he clave his head asunder. Is this yet another past form of cleave do you think?. -- A LGRIF  talk 13:31, 15 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes that pops up in the KJV as well I think. It's weird, because in OE (see cleofian...oh you can't) the preterite form was cleaf which gave regular ME clef.  But apparently what seems to have happened is that the past form became assimilated to the past participle (cloven), making a new form clove.  I don't really udnerstand where clave itself came from.  The OED says this: "A pa. tense clave occurs in northern writers in 14th c., passed into general use, and was very common down to c 1600; it survives as a Bible archaism."  Although Malory was from Warwickshire, so he wasn't really that Northern...  Ƿidsiþ 17:22, 15 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I'll add an archaic/obsolete entry at clave. BTW, Warwickshire is north of Watford, isnt it? Lol. -- A LGRIF  talk 10:38, 16 January 2009 (UTC)

brang, brung
An anon has added some etymological information, essentially saying that these are analogous to forms in other English verbs. Is there more to the story? --EncycloPetey 21:45, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Updates to bugger
I have just added some examples to this entry, taken from a Wikipedia article about the word that is being considered for deletion (see discussion). I do not often add content to Wiktionary, so may well have got the conventions wrong - any help would be appreciated. Also, I would invite you to contribute to the Wikipedia debate. Thanks. Aymatth2 15:28, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Yep, I saw what you did, it was mostly good. I'll try not to get too involved in the 'pedia politics though....  Ƿidsiþ 15:46, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Thanks for the feedback. It helps to know I am not completely off base. You are probably right to stay out of the Wikipedia debates - sometimes they get very emotional. Wiktionary seems much more logical and objective. Aymatth2 16:43, 22 January 2009 (UTC)

Hullo old chap
I was going to e-mail you, but you don't have that e-mail linky thing. This is too bad for you, because I won't remember what I was going to say tomorrow. Equinox 22:39, 22 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Email should be enabled now. Ƿidsiþ 06:54, 23 January 2009 (UTC)

Feb WOTD
The February list is up at User:EncycloPetey/WOTD. If you add this page to your watchlist, then I shouldn't ever have to notify you. ;) --EncycloPetey 23:26, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Question about verification
Hi, I am new to wiktionary. Thanks for fixing by addition to alienism.

Until now I contributed only to wikipedia. My main question is how the entered dicdefs are verified. in wiktionary. I don't see the tradition of references to sources accepted in wikipedia. I understand that it is done by "wikipeer review". But are there any rules? Also, if I find some definition dubious, what are my actions? Sory to bother you, but I failed to quickly find the answers in wiktionary's "help" and "faq". Mukadderat 19:11, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * By and large we avoid the culture of referencing which is necessary at the 'pedia. Citations from "durably-archved sources" (ie books, primarily) are what will convince us of a word's existence.  Of course, some definitions are more contentious than others and there is a lot of lively debate here over those.  If you are suspicious of an entry, add the template  to the page, which adds it to Requests for verification.  If it is an individual definition, you can use  on the definition line concerned.  Ƿidsiþ 14:07, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

ຖົ່ວລຽນ
Hi there. Thank you for your response. I added ຖົ່ວລຽນ, but without IPA. How do you generate IPA for Lao words? Regards. Tuinui 08:11, 5 February 2009 (UTC).

Plural of Old English hæþen
Hi Widsith. Does the Old English have a plural form? The entry says that it’s just an adjective in Old English. I’m very ignorant of Old English grammar, so: Was it used as a noun? Do Old English adjectives agree in number? Either way: What is the plural form of ? Or what would it be, even if it doesn’t have one? Thanks in advance… †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 18:41, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Adjectives in OE could be used substantively, as they can in modern English. ("I am here to help the disaffected....", "I seek a fair wife and a true.."  etc etc, in fact this kind of construction was even more common in OE.)  It was never a proper noun, and always inflected as an adjective, as though there were an implied subject "the heathen (ones)".  I've added a declension template to the page which should help you work out whatever you're currently trying to work out..  Ƿidsiþ 18:57, 1 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks, this was for a friend. He says: “Diolch yn fawr, a Dydd Gŵyl Dewi Hapus!” (That’s Welsh for “Thank you very much, and Happy St. David’s Day!”, by the way.) †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 19:20, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

borgnes
Isn't borgnes also a feminine plural? If so, why isn't it listed on the entry? Just wanted to let you know :). Cheers, Razorflame 21:13, 3 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah it is, of course – that was just laziness of using accelerated plurals... Ƿidsiþ 21:15, 3 March 2009 (UTC)

Regarding referencing
Come on, you know that this is the sort of assertion that should be referenced; it shouldn’t be difficult to find an example to support the claim if it is indeed the case. (On Wikipedia, they’d call those weasel words.) †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 02:07, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't know what you mean. The unreferenced tag came after four separate references, all of which do support the claim; I assumed it had been left there by mistake.  Or are you talking about a different assertion?  Ƿidsiþ 06:58, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes; I refer to the assertion that follows it: “However, some linguists use the term undefined:.” Can you suggest a way to make it more explicit which assertion is being challenged? †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 04:28, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't know, I just think this kind of usage note is so clumsy and awkward-looking. Can't we just get rid of it?  There aren't any prescriptivist authorities who actually talk about this word, because it's so rare – it's assumed that they wouldn't like it because it's not in any dictionaries.  But that point is well enough made by the Dictionary Notes, and the opposing point of view – that some people use it anyway – would be better made by citations.  The etymological point is frankly a bit of a red herring, considering words like television or homosexual.  Ƿidsiþ 07:05, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Indeed, all that’s needed as a reference to support the opposing view is citations of the use of in the works of two or more somewhat-notable linguists (then the  template can be removed). I don’t really agree that the usage note is “clumsy and awkward-looking” — I reckon that it makes the necessary points clearly and fairly succinctly. I don’t think that the etymological point is a red herring — there are exceptions to it, just like any other prescriptive rule; however, resisting etymological hybrids tend to be more consistently done when it’s a choice between number affixes from different roots ( words always use Latinate prefixes and  words always use Grecian ones, for example). †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 20:13, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, to me, the "weasel words" are the onces which say that prescriptivist "language users" consider it malformed. This seems to me to be a way of implying that language authorites dislike "bisyllabic", but without having to actually find any authorities which say so.  Some "language users" may not like it, but "language users", whatever they are, have all sorts of strange ideas, which are not always especially helpful to list in an entry.  Ƿidsiþ 16:39, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Template:oe-noun
I removed the categorization feature of this template, as categorization should (and does) happen in the inflection line templates. A user was creating some proper noun entries, and they kept getting categorized as nouns simply because they had an inflection. Let me know if this is a problem. -Atelaes λάλει ἐμοί 19:47, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

Category:enm:Nonstandard
Hi Widsith,

Currently there are two entries in Category:enm:Nonstandard, both by the same editor, many of whose edits were vandalism. Could you take a look? (Is enough even known about Middle English dialects and registers to determine whether a given word was necessarily nonstandard?)

Thanks in advance!

—Ruakh TALK 03:02, 21 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Er...the category is meaningless. There was no "standard" form of the language in Middle English.  Ƿidsiþ 09:42, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

Requests_for_cleanup
Hi, would you know a solution to this one? It's been in the RFC room, unnoticed, for two months now... --Duncan 14:12, 21 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Perfect. Thanks. --Duncan 17:10, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Equinox
Because you voted last time, I'm informing you of Wiktionary:Votes/sy-2009-03/User:Equinox for admin.—msh210 ℠  17:59, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

à la pointe
What is the similar term for how a steak should be cooked (pink in the middle) - is it au point:? fr.wiktionary does not have that meaning. SemperBlotto 11:38, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * That's à point -- the equivalent to medium in English. Ƿidsiþ 12:15, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Old English noun templates
So, since I was the one who removed the categorization feature in (which, incidentally, should really be moved to  or something), I'd be willing to put  into all the entries which became uncategorized by that move. However, I was wondering if you could help me use the template. It appears that there are a bunch of optional parameters, such as genitive, dative, and accusative built into the template. I guess I'm a bit confused by this. Is there a form which is usually put into the inflection line, and if so, why are all the others built into the template? Many thanks. -Atelaes λάλει ἐμοί 20:11, 29 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The short answer is, I don't know.  wasn't designed by me but by User:Williamsayers79, and I never use it.  The inflection line only needs the nominative singular really, and the gender.  But coding in the diacritics is important, which is why I usually tend to do it all manually.  Ƿidsiþ 20:39, 29 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I see. Well could you show me an example of an entry where you have the inflection line exactly (and I mean perfect) how you want it, and I'll make  do just that and start adding it where necessary.  -Atelaes λάλει ἐμοί 21:09, 29 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, say stan: for example. Ƿidsiþ 06:45, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Done. The template takes two parameters, g and head, and is now in place at .  You don't need any sorting feature, do you?  -Atelaes λάλει ἐμοί 07:13, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, I've gone ahead and added it to all the entries which were categorized by Mutante, reinserting the alt displays with diacritics where applicable. Let me know if you see any problems or need anything else added to the template.  -Atelaes λάλει ἐμοί 07:54, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

manslot
I'm requesting a check on the term manslot, which appears to be nothing more than a smallholding in mediaeval England, but it might also be a peasant's smallholding. You seem to be the best person to ask about this sort of thing. --Jackofclubs 18:22, 31 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Also, an unresearched etymology would be man's + hold, but I don't take guesses when adding words. --Jackofclubs 18:23, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Just as well – despite appearences, it seems to be from a Scandinavian language! I've expanded the entry somewhat.  Ƿidsiþ 20:47, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

hale
Could you state your sources for this splitting of etymology of hale? Firstly there is no Old Norse noun meaning health, the Old Norse noun means only omen. Then Vigfússon and explain the Old Norse origin of both the English adj. and noun. If this northern English claim stems from OED, meseems that it would be good if we mention both versions, yours and Webster's. But before that would you clarify from which Old Norse word you claim the descendance of hale? (I am asking only about the noun and adjective, not the verb) The uſer hight Bogorm converſation 09:33, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * You're right, I was apparently getting confused; the source for the noun is Old English and not Old Norse. In fact the OED has citations for both going back to the 11th century.  They are both northern forms though, so probably were influenced in some way by whatever forms of early Danish were being spoken nearby.  However, they are definitely different words (though ultimately from the same proto-Germanic origin).  Ƿidsiþ 19:30, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Look, hal: is a very common word in OE. From Genesis, ‘Iosep axode hwæðer hira fæder wære hal’; from Beowulf, ‘Higelace wæs sið Beowulfes snude gecyðed, þæt ðær on worðig wigendra hleo, lindgestealla, lifigende cwom, heaðolaces hal to hofe gongan.’   It developed in two ways in modern English.  In the south, the vowel changed as expected and it became whole:.  In the north – probably influenced by the Old Norse dialects spoken round about – it did not change quite so much, and became hale:.  There is clear evidence in the citation history at the OED that it has been used continuously in English from the earliest times.  The ON was probably an influence on the northern forms, but the word already existed.  Ƿidsiþ 20:13, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I understand your point. Probably it has something to do with the fact that MW admits a partial origin from OE. But as partial as from Old Norse. The other two sources do not mention OE and Vigfússon is an illustrious scholar in the realm of Germanic languages. The uſer hight Bogorm converſation 21:12, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * It is also vital to mention that the word was spelt heil, which suggests the opposite version. The uſer hight Bogorm converſation 21:15, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Aha, all right I think I see where the confusion is now. The word which was spelt heil is different.  That is the word which we have at hail, and it does indeed come from Old Norse.  But it was never spelled hale.  In northern Middle English, there were therefore two ‘doublet’ words of the same meaning.  The first can be seen in quotes like ‘Al heil and sund’ (from a 13th-century bestiary), or ‘He es bath hail and fere’ (from the turn of the 14th century) – this was from ON, and was later spelt hail (now obsolete).  It was pronounced with a diphthong.  Alongside that was the word seen in quotes such as, ‘Godess follc all hal & sund Comm [...] to lande’ (from c. 1200), or ‘It kepez þe lymmes of a man hale’ (from Mandeville) – this was from OE and is now spelt hale.  It was pronounced with a long central vowel.  Both words meant the same thing and only the second survived (and even that's no longer common).
 * The situation is confused slightly by the fact that the second (OE) form was sometimes also spelt hail. The OED says the following: ‘In Scotch from 15th c., long ā was spelt ay, ai; hence, the later Sc. forms hayl, hail, haill, for earlier hale, OE. hál, must be distinguished from original north Eng. HAIL, in same sense, derived from Norse heill.’  I think that gets to the root of the confusion we have been discussing.
 * In conclusion. ON heill: > E hail:.  OE hal: > E whole:, hale:.
 * I don't know what to say about Webster's except that it seems they got it wrong; it's an old source. If you look in modern works (OED 1993, Shorter OED 2002, Ayto's Dictionary of Word Origins from 1990, Etymology Online), they all give OE as the root of hale:.  Ƿidsiþ 09:27, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

brýne
Could you have a look at that entry, since it seems to be created in discordance with About Old English, where editors are dissuaded from using diacritical signs in captions. I am not conversant with that language, so I contented myself with apprising you. The uſer hight Bogorm converſation 18:57, 4 April 2009 (UTC)

wic
Would you be willing to check the ety on this when you get a sec. My source seems to imply that the Gothic at least is a natural PIE reflex, and cognate with the Latin, instead of descended from it. Many thanks. -Atelaes λάλει ἐμοί 22:53, 13 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Ah - you're right. The Gothic is indeed a Latin cognate.  My mistake.  Ƿidsiþ 06:15, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Excellent. Thanks.  -Atelaes λάλει ἐμοί 06:32, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * But all West Germanic nouns (de, nl, OHG...) are loanwords from Latin according to . The uſer hight Bogorm converſation 08:34, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, exactly -- Gothic is an exception. Ƿidsiþ 15:22, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Etymology of flake
good morning Does it suit you ? --Mark Mage 23:29, 25 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I worked on this word and it seems to me that you can relate it to floccus ( same sense in latin) and flectus( curved)
 * I noticed the folllowing variations :
 * sectus ( cut) =>soccus( cut shoe, English sock)
 * flectus( curved) ==>floccus== >flake
 * fictus( false, moulded)==>fake
 * lectus( chosen, bed)==>?lake, locus( place)
 * rectus( right) ==>rake( right tool to return the earth)
 * coctus( cooked) ==>coquus( cooker) engliish cake
 * tectus( protected, laid) ==>take
 * vectus( transported) ==>wake
 * sanctus( holy) ==>sake( in the expression for heaven's sake)

Élysée
You that the proper noun Élysée is feminine. Are you sure? Quine writes in Quiddities:
 * Even the adjective élysée is masculine, as in Champs Elysées [sic]. If it were ever called for in a feminine context, it would be a museum piece; thus vallées élyséees. The explanation of élysée and musée is that the -é- is not participial here, but represents rather a Greek ai.

Of course, he is writing about the adjective, not the proper noun.—msh210 ℠  21:53, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
 * It's masculine, of course, like the Latin source. I can only plead a slip of the mind/keyboard.... Ƿidsiþ 09:08, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

глотать
Hello, Widsith. Thank you for correcting my entry on глотать, I didn't know about Template:infl, --Joti 10:26, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

About manade/manado/manada
Hi Widsith Your source is accurate; nonetheless there is some kind of orthography problem. The dominant Occitan orthography in the 19th century was the Mistralian graphy which stuck closer to the local pronunciation. From the 20th century on, the classical or Alibertian orthography (which respects oral variations better, is true to its Latin origins and akin to the Mediaeval spelling) has become the dominant orthography nowadays. So standard Occitan writes manada but pronounces [ma'nado]. Have a nice day/Adieussiatz! Capsot 13:35, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I thought it might have something to do with that....thanks. Ƿidsiþ 13:53, 5 May 2009 (UTC)
 * A thousand (actually a million!) thanks for the Babel sign, I was just trying to figure out how to do it!
 * No worries! Ƿidsiþ 14:15, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

-gietan/gietan
I was under the impression that * was unattested. An anon has changed it. He may be knowledgeable: his contributions don't seem stupid, but I am not the one to judge. DCDuring TALK 21:11, 6 May 2009 (UTC)
 * No, you're right. It's unattested on its own.  Ƿidsiþ 08:28, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Do the anon's other contributions seem good? Perhaps he should be actively recruited, especially if he has interests in Middle English and other languages ancestral to English, where we still have many redlinked terms. Gentle corrections could be used to attempt the recruiting. DCDuring TALK 11:02, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

orteil
Is this really anatomical jargon? What is the usual word for "toe" in French? --EncycloPetey 15:32, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * That is the usual word. But I think we have different ideas about how context labels should work.  Ƿidsiþ 15:40, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Perhaps. My view has been held correct in both past and recent RFDO discussions.  --EncycloPetey 20:11, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's a matter of correctness, rather convention. A lot of dictionaries do use context labels in this way -- including us, eg elbow:.  So it's a bit difficult to work out what the idea is.  I am actually completely ambivalent in the case of orteil, but where I think they are useful is with words that have a lot of meanings, where context labels are a clearer and in my opinion better way of separating senses than other kinds of bracketed explanatory comments.  For instance....I don't know, bouton say.  None of the senses are really jargon, but this is surely the most useful way to distinguish between realms of useage.  Ƿidsiþ 07:02, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Deus
Was this word borrowed into Galician, Old French, etc., as the entires currently state? Or, was the word inherited from the Latin parent language? --EncycloPetey 14:00, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, absolutely, they're borrowings (though pretty early ones in many cases). The natural descendants are French dieu:, Occitan diéu: etc.  Ƿidsiþ 14:34, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks. --EncycloPetey 02:12, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Context labels in ELE
Hi. I've made an abbreviated version of this proposal at Votes/pl-2009-03/Context labels in ELE v2. Please have a look. —Michael Z. 2009-05-17 18:07 z

-phagy
Hi. Atelaes thinks combining forms of Ancient Greek like -φαγία should not have independent entries, instead the full form should be used. See this discussion, for example. Do you disagree? --Vahagn Petrosyan 17:48, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I am ambivalent over whether or not they need entries, I'll defer to Atelaes on that, but I do think they should appear in etymology sections if necessary. Otherwise it makes little sense.....how would phagein become English phagy?  Ƿidsiþ 07:22, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Thanks
Hi, thanks. I've believed the latin lemmata write (for example) culō, but they write culo. Ok. Best regards --Ivocamp96 14:10, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Context/Usage and labelling
Rather than burden the vote further, I am posting a quick note here. In adding Galician terms, I came across a good example of where a context label must be used strictly to inform of restictions on usage, and cannot be used to indicate general sense of meaning. See (Galician section). Note that this same distinction occurs in Galician and in English "arm" and "leg", where the colloquial sense is quite different from the sense used by the anatomist. --EncycloPetey 02:06, 26 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, that is a good example of that situation. Ƿidsiþ 13:27, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Mandinka sort order.
Hi Widsith,

I asked you this at my talk-page, but I'm not sure if you noticed. Do you happen to know the right sort order for the Mandinka alphabet? The U.S. Peace Corps dictionary linked from here seems to use this sort order:

a b c e f h i j k l m n ñ [ŋ/o] p r s t u ü w y

with ŋ and o sharing a sort position, but that just seems so unlikely. (Not to mention incomplete.)

—Ruakh TALK 19:15, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the order is:

a b c d e f (g) h i j k l m ñ ŋ o p r s t u w (x) y

 * I'm not sure where you got the u-umlaut from...I can't see it in the doc you link to. G and X are not really part of the Mandinka alphabet but they turn up sometimes in loanwords.  < class="latinx">Ƿidsiþ</> 19:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * O.K., thanks for the info. That works pretty well, then; we just need to replace <tt>n</tt> with <tt>nn</tt>, <tt>ñ</tt> with <tt>nñ</tt>, and <tt>ŋ</tt> with <tt>nŋ</tt>. (Replacing <tt>n</tt> with <tt>nn</tt> will probably be easy to forget, but I don't think there's a better way, unfortunately.) I'll add a note to . The u-umlaut I got from headwords such as undefined:, but I notice now that the corresponding example sentences lack the umlaut, so it's probably a weird encoding issue or something. (I notice that copying and pasting from the main part of the dictionary is totally b0rked, which makes me suspect they used dirty font hacks that may have backfired a bit.) —Ruakh TALK 19:46, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Oh wait, I forgot the n. There's a normal n as well, between m and ñ!  < class="latinx">Ƿidsiþ</> 22:46, 1 June 2009 (UTC)

 * O.K., I'm an idiot. I've thought about it further, and we don't actually need to replace <tt>n</tt> with <tt>nn</tt>; if we leave <tt>n</tt> be, but replace <tt>ñ</tt> with <tt>nñ</tt>, and <tt>ŋ</tt> with <tt>nŋ</tt>, it should all work out O.K. (as long as we're consistent about it). I'll fix the ones I've already done … —Ruakh TALK 12:57, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

liquor/liqueur
Well, the problem is, "liqueur" in modern literary use =/= the same as English modern uses of "liquor". I think it's safe to say that if we give this translation, it's most likely the reader will read "liquor" in its modern use, and even if they go look, how are they to know that we mean specifically the obsolete use?

Although theoretically foreign language entries are a language-to-french billingual dictionary, in practice, they act as a foreign language dictionary with entries in English (I refuse to give one word definition that do not accurately carries the nuances of meaning). As such, we cannot just mix and match the levels of languages we use in defining these entries (which is in a fact a longstanding principle of billingual lexicography and translation: use the same level of language). Circeus 13:22, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, perhaps you're right. I wasn't trying to mix and match -- my instinct is that liquor can still be used in elevated forms of writing to mean "drinkable liquid", but on the other hand I haven't seen Fr. liqueur used enough to have a strong sense of what the equivalent should be.  < class="latinx">Ƿidsiþ</> 13:31, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

marshmallow - pronunciation
Hi. Could you, please take a look at the entry mentioned in the headline if the British pronunciation you added is correct because I cannot pronounce the stress on the second syllable and American puts it on the first one. However it might be just because of me as I ain't native. I forethank you - as we say in Hungarian. Ferike333 16:35, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Answered. --Duncan 17:42, 2 June 2009 (UTC)
 * It seems to be just me ;) Sorry for bothering you. Ferike333 18:09, 2 June 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Widsith/archive6


text:
취소

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) bromine (Br)

Etymology 2
, from an.

Noun

 * 1) cancellation

title: 취소


text: i.i.d.

title: i.i.d.


text:
gebroed

Etymology 1
From. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) brood, hatch, spawn
 * 2) hatched offspring
 * 3)  children, youth in general
 * 4)  riffraff, motley of people, scum
 * 1)  riffraff, motley of people, scum

title: gebroed


text:
배낭

Noun

 * 1) backpack, knapsack, rucksack

Noun

 * 1) an embryo sack

title: 배낭


text:
숙소

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) lodging; accommodation

title: 숙소


text:
instorting

Etymology
The root of.

Noun

 * 1) A collapse, implosion etc.
 * 2)  A breakdown, downfall, undoing; decay; grave medical relapse
 * 3) An influx, flood
 * 4) An infusion
 * 5)  An inspiration; suggestion

title: instorting


text:
새해

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) new year

title: 새해


text:
Talk:instorting

Definitions
I'm a native speaker of Dutch, and I can't remember ever having anyone used instorting for definition 3-5 as listed now, does anyone have a source for those? --InaVegt 09:27, 29 July 2009 (UTC)
 * True, only collapse is common, but the ultimate source is beyond mortal doubts: Taalunie's WNT online (not using it comes close to a pardonable crime), and the semantic consistency concurs - : http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WNT&id=M028105.re.2&lemmodern=instorting Verbo 09:41, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:instorting


text:
instorter

Etymology
From the root of instorten 'to collopse, infuse, inspire' (from in- + storten 'to fall') + -er.

Noun

 * 1) An inspirer, human source of inspiration and/or motivation

title: instorter


text:
ոսկե գեղմ

Noun

 * 1)  Golden Fleece

title: ոսկե գեղմ


text:
գեղմ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  fleece, wool

title: գեղմ


text:
cacologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cacology

title: cacologia


text:
caratterologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) characterology

title: caratterologia


text:
épouvanter

Etymology
, from, derived from the present participle of Classical. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, also 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to terrify, horrify

title: épouvanter


text:
effaré

Adjective

 * 1) aghast, alarmed

title: effaré


text:
carcinologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) oncology
 * 2) arthropodology

title: carcinologia


text:
barndom

Etymology
From. .

Noun

 * 1) childhood

Usage notes
In compounds: barndoms-.

Etymology
From. .

Noun

 * 1) childhood

Etymology
From. .

Noun

 * 1) childhood

Etymology
From. .

Noun

 * 1) childhood

title: barndom


text:
skjebne

Etymology
From, compare with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) fate, destiny

Etymology
From, compare with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) fate, destiny

title: skjebne


text:
carfologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) carphology

title: carfologia


text:
bakgrunn

Etymology
From, after.

Noun

 * 1) background

Etymology
From, after.

Noun

 * 1) background

title: bakgrunn


text:
enighet

Noun

 * 1) agreement

Noun

 * 1) agreement, consensus

title: enighet


text:
cariologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) karyology

title: cariologia


text:
cario-

Prefix

 * 1) dental caries

Prefix

 * 1) karyo-

title: cario-


text:
předevčírem

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) day before yesterday

title: předevčírem


text:
villfarelse

Etymology
From ++.

Noun

 * 1) aberration
 * 2) fallacy

Noun

 * 1) a delusion, an aberration

title: villfarelse


text:
pozítří

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) the day after tomorrow

Adverb

 * 1) on the day after tomorrow

title: pozítří


text:
karyo-

Alternative forms

 * kary-, caryo-, cary-

Etymology
From.

Prefix

 * 1) relating to the nucleus of cells
 * 2) nut, kernel, grain

Translations

 * Italian: cario-

title: karyo-


text:
dåp

Etymology
From, via ,.

Noun

 * 1) baptism, christening

Etymology
From, via ,. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) baptism, christening

title: dåp


text:
carpologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  carpology

title: carpologia


text:
castellologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  the study of castles and similar fortifications

title: castellologia


text:
cecidiologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  the study of galls

title: cecidiologia


text:
cefalologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  cephalology

title: cefalologia


text:
cefalo-

Etymology
From.

Prefix

 * 1) cephalo-

title: cefalo-


text:
brodequin

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A buskin or half-boot.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  buskin, half-boot
 * 2)  buskin
 * 3) work boot
 * 1) work boot

title: brodequin


text: Thesaurus:clothing

title: Thesaurus:clothing


text:
ceramologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ceramology

title: ceramologia


text:
ceramology

Noun

 * 1) The study of ceramics

Related terms

 * ceramologist

Translations

 * Italian: ceramologia

title: ceramology


text: Category:fr:Footwear

title: Category:fr:Footwear


text:
chirologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) chiromancy

title: chirologia


text:
cinesiologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) kinesiology

Noun

 * 1)  kinesiology the study of body movement

title: cinesiologia


text:
cinesio-

Prefix

 * 1) kinesio-

title: cinesio-


text:
cinologia

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cynology; the veterinary study of dogs

title: cinologia


text:
cino-

Etymology 1
From.

Prefix

 * 1) cyno-

Etymology 2
, from +. .

Prefix

 * 1) Sino-

title: cino-


text: O.M.

title: O.M.


text:
Thesaurus:underwear

Hyponyms

 * Undershirts

 * Foundation garments

 * Bras

 * Underpants

title: Thesaurus:underwear


text:
πρασουλίδα

Noun

 * 1)  chives, chive

title: πρασουλίδα


text:
débouché

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  An exit or outlet.
 * 2)  A market for goods.
 * 3) * The Century
 * The débouchés were ordered widened to afford easy egress.

Noun

 * 1)  market; outlet
 * 2) job opportunity
 * 3) mouth (of valley)

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to unplug

title: débouché


text:
sophistiqué

Adjective

 * 1) sophisticated

title: sophistiqué


text: linguistiques

title: linguistiques


text:
Talk:vague

Unnecessary number of definitions
We could replace all of the definitions -- "not clearly expressed", "not having a precise meaning", "not being clearly understood", "not clearly felt" -- with a singled definition: "not clear". All in favour say "aye".Gregcaletta 11:11, 29 July 2009 (UTC)

Audios
The audios are bad. Both UK and US. Hedgehog83 19:28, 21 March 2010 (UTC)
 * The UK one is really quiet, but the US one seems fine. Why do you say they are broken? Conrad.Irwin 19:29, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I've heard (rhymes with "bag") in North American dialects before. Not sure how common it is, though. --334a (talk) 06:04, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

New Internet slang verb?
You can "vague" someone on social media. It's some kind of offensive thing, I can't tell what, perhaps indirectly insulting someone? Equinox ◑ 19:39, 25 February 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:vague


text: sophistiquées

title: sophistiquées


text: sophistiquée

title: sophistiquée


text: sophistiqués

title: sophistiqués


text: rebelles

title: rebelles


text:
conjointement

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) jointly, together

title: conjointement


text: truffes

title: truffes


text: déposée

title: déposée


text: réputée

title: réputée


text: réputées

title: réputées


text: déposées

title: déposées


text:
երթ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) moving, walking, driving in some direction
 * 2) procession, train; march

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) going, journey

title: երթ


text: déposés

title: déposés


text: réputés

title: réputés


text: brillants

title: brillants


text: analepses

title: analepses


text:
raffiné

Adjective

 * 1) refined, sophisticated

title: raffiné


text: juristes

title: juristes


text:
NuLab

Etymology
rendered in Orwellian Newspeak.

Proper noun

 * 1)  New Labour.

title: NuLab


text:
résultant

Adjective

 * 1) resulting
 * 2) resultant

title: résultant


text: émanant

title: émanant


text:
holorhyme

Noun

 * 1)  An extreme form of rhyme in which two lines are phonetically identical (as in "For I scream / for ice-cream").

title: holorhyme


text: holorhymes

title: holorhymes


text: musulmans

title: musulmans


text: facettes

title: facettes


text:
lágmynd

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) bas-relief

title: lágmynd


text:
raffiner

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to refine
 * 2) to rarefy

title: raffiner


text:
émaner

Etymology
, itself from.

Verb

 * 1) to emanate, to come (from)
 * 2) to radiate
 * 1) to radiate

title: émaner


text:
squashingly

Adverb

 * 1) In a squashing way; belittlingly.

title: squashingly


text:
քայլերգ

Noun

 * 1)  march

title: քայլերգ


text:
Emmabel

Etymology
Perhaps a or.

title: Emmabel


text:
քայլերթ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  marching, march

Usage notes
Among Eastern Armenians (except Iran) colloquially Russian is much more common.

title: քայլերթ


text:
unthickened

Adjective

 * 1) Not thickened.

title: unthickened


text:
résulter

Verb

 * 1) to result, to happen

title: résulter


text:
sophistiquer

Etymology
. The sense "to make more complex" is probably due to later developments in, influenced by changes in sense in.

Verb

 * 1)  to falsify
 * 2)  to corrupt
 * 3)   to use sophistic arguments
 * 4) to render more sophisticated

title: sophistiquer


text:
ichthyosiform

Adjective

 * 1)  Resembling ichthyosis.

Derived terms

 * CHILD syndrome

title: ichthyosiform


text:
շքերթ

Noun

 * 1) parade
 * 2)  military review

Usage notes
In colloquial speech 🇨🇬 is used instead.

title: շքերթ


text: fériée

title: fériée


text: fériées

title: fériées


text: fériés

title: fériés


text:
metafictionally

Adverb

 * 1) In a metafictional way.

title: metafictionally


text:
unfictionalized

Adjective

 * 1) Not fictionalized.

title: unfictionalized


text: raffinés

title: raffinés


text: raffinées

title: raffinées


text: raffinée

title: raffinée


text: Thesaurus:part

title: Thesaurus:part


text:
appendersi

Verb

 * 1) to hang (on)
 * 1) to hang (on)

title: appendersi


text:
coopérant

Noun

 * 1) aid worker (especially one deployed by a communist state, to a friendly developing country)

title: coopérant


text:
packmate

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A member of the same pack (social group).

title: packmate


text: packmates

title: packmates


text: louched

title: louched


text:
avéré

Adjective

 * 1) recognized, known

title: avéré


text: évoquant

title: évoquant


text: unfictionalised

title: unfictionalised


text: conservateurs

title: conservateurs


text: conservatrices

title: conservatrices


text:
երթալ

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to go

Usage notes
While used mainly dialectally in Eastern Armenian, is the main word meaning "to go" in Western Armenian.

title: երթալ


text: implantations

title: implantations


text: էթալ

title: էթալ


text: viandes

title: viandes


text: entretiens

title: entretiens


text: jolis

title: jolis


text: jolies

title: jolies


text: payante

title: payante


text: basées

title: basées


text: confrontée

title: confrontée


text: confrontées

title: confrontées


text: reliés

title: reliés


text: reliées

title: reliées


text: payants

title: payants


text: payantes

title: payantes


text: reliée

title: reliée


text: relié

title: relié


text:
exécuté

Adjective

 * 1) executed (all senses)

title: exécuté


text: octroyé

title: octroyé


text:
երթուղի

Noun

 * 1) route, itinerary, path, course

title: երթուղի


text: sélectionnés

title: sélectionnés


text: sélectionnées

title: sélectionnées


text: Indiens

title: Indiens


text: Indiennes

title: Indiennes


text:
маршрут

Etymology
, from +.

Noun

 * 1) route, itinerary, path, course

Etymology
Borrowed from, from +.

Noun

 * 1) route, itinerary, course

title: маршрут


text: urbaine

title: urbaine


text: urbains

title: urbains


text: Indienne

title: Indienne


text:
octroyer

Etymology
, from, from. The ‹c› was reinserted after the Latin etymon, at first in spelling, since Early Modern French also in speech. .

Verb

 * 1) to grant

title: octroyer


text: rejeté

title: rejeté


text: sélectionnée

title: sélectionnée


text:
Marschroute

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1)  route of marching
 * 2)  line of approach, tactics

title: Marschroute


text: Routen

title: Routen


text: urbaines

title: urbaines


text: Marschrouten

title: Marschrouten


text: octrois

title: octrois


text:
DELF

Noun

 * 1)  Diplôme d'étude de langue française, a French-language qualification.

Translations

 * French:

Noun

 * 1)  a French-language qualification

title: DELF


text:
մարշրուտ

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) route, itinerary, path, course
 * 2) * 1973,, The Good Soldier Švejk (translation):
 * "hy"
 * "hy"

- Ըստ մարշրուտի մենք միայն երկու ժամ կանգնելու ենք այստեղ։

title: մարշրուտ