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Citations:Kyiv

 * 1614, Samuel Purchas, Purchas his Pilgrimage: Or Relations of the World and the Religions Observed in All Ages and Places Discovered, from the Creation unto this Present, 2nd ed., v 4, ch 2, London: Henrie Fetherstone, p 403:
 * Thence they paſſed into Ruſſia, and made foule hauocke there, deſtroying Kiou, the chiefe Citie.
 * 1625, Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas his Pilgrimes, v 3, book 3, ch 21, Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons:
 * [P 632] They had alſo innumerable herds of Horſes, Turkiſh and Tartarian; Kine and Sheepe which fedde there, by the borderers of Ruſſia, Volſinia, Kiow, Podolia, and Moldauia, not long ſince deſtroyed.
 * [p 634] The Ruſſian and Polonian Chronicles relate that Volodomir, great Duke of the Ruſſians or Kiou, carried thence two doors of Corinthian Braſſe, and ſome artificiall Greeke Images which Brolesaus the ſecond King of Poland tranſlated from Kiou to Gneſna, there yet in the great Church to be ſeene.
 * 1723, An Impartial History of the Life and Actions of Peter Alexowitz, the Present Czar of Muſcovy, London: W. Chetwood, pp 354–55:
 * III. That the Czar ſhall remain in Poſſeſſion of Kiou and Ukrania, with their ancient Limits, but ſhall renounce all his Pretentions to the Country of the Coſſacks on this side of the Boriſthenes, that are not in the Dependence of Kiof, and on a certain Iſland in that River, and that good Orders ſhall be given on both ſides, to prevent the Excurſions of the Coſſacks and Tartars.
 * 1833, A Digest of All the Accounts Relating to the Population, Productions, Revenues, Financial Operations, Manufactures, Shipping, Colonies, commerce, &c. &c, of the United Kingdom, London: J. Marshall:
 * [p 54] No. 4, is bounded on the East by the Sea of Asoph, and the Government of the Don-Kosacs, and is intersected by the Dneiper: Podolia, and Kiou, lie between the Dniester and the Dneiper, they formed the S. E. part of Poland, annexed to Russia in 1793. [. . .] The Dneiper, has its source in the Government of Smolensk and runs South bast Mohileff, and Kiou to Jecatrinoslau, and from thence into the Black Sea at Kherson, 120 miles East of Odessa. [table] GOVERNMENTS [: ]  Kiou .. [. . .] Capital Town [: ]  Kieff.
 * 1897, Thomas C. Minor transl., “The Plague,” The Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic, v 38 [77] (February), p 229:
 * The following summer the pestilence devastated Podolia, and spread as far as Kiou, where four thousand persons died. Nevertheless, all communication between this place and Moscow was closed, and all individuals who left Kiow were quarantined.

 * 1625, Samuel Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas his Pilgrimes, v 3, book 3, ch 21, Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons:
 * [P 632] They had alſo innumerable herds of Horſes, Turkiſh and Tartarian; Kine and Sheepe which fedde there, by the borderers of Ruſſia, Volſinia, Kiow, Podolia, and Moldauia, not long ſince deſtroyed.
 * [p 634] The Ruſſian and Polonian Chronicles relate that Volodomir, great Duke of the Ruſſians or Kiou, carried thence two doors of Corinthian Braſſe, and ſome artificiall Greeke Images which Brolesaus the ſecond King of Poland tranſlated from Kiou to Gneſna, there yet in the great Church to be ſeene.
 * 1651, Mercurius Politicus, (July 3–10), p 907:
 * From Stetin in Pomerania, 8. June. ¶ They write that the Cosacks have met some part of the Polish Forces coming from Lublin and Qarnikow, that were marching to the Kings Army, whom they engaged and routed : But on the other side, that Prince Ratziwil, from Littaw, is falne into the Cosacks Countrey, called Ukrain [sic], and hath taken the chief City thereof, called Kiow : But hereof is no certainty.
 * 1737, A New Geographical Dictionary, London: D. Midwinter:
 * [s.v. Kiovia] KIOVIA, or KIOW, a C. of Red Russia in Poland, in the Pal. of Kiow or Lo. Volhinia, on the R. Boristhenes, about 60 Lea. fr. Lusuc to the E. & about 150 E. of Cracow & Warsaw.
 * KIOW, or KIOVIA PALATINATE : V. Volhinia.
 * 1746, Thomas Salmon, The Modern Gazetteer: Or, a Short View of the Several Nations of the World (1st ed), London: S. and E. Ballard:
 * [s.v. Kiof] Kiof, or Kiow, E. lon. 30. 30. lat. 51. the capital city of the Ruſſian Ukrain, ſit. on the river Nieper, on the frontiers of Poland.
 * 1852, Universal Gazetteer of the World, North Middleboro: Z. & B. F. Pratt, pp 461–62:
 * Kiof, town of Polish Russia, and capital of the Ukraine, in a palatinate of the same name, with an archbishop’s see and a castle. It is the capital of the Russian government of Kiof, and carries on a considerable trade.
 * Kiof, or Kiow, government of the Russian Empire, being part of the Ukraine, or Little Russia. It lies on the E. side of the Dnieper, although Kiof, the capital, is on the W. side.
 * Kiof, or Kiow, palatinate of Poland, in that part of the Ukraine which lies on the W. side of the Dnieper. It contains only two districts, and several small towns scarcely worthy of notice; its capital, Kiof, being subject to Russia.
 * 1897, Thomas C. Minor transl., “The Plague,” The Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic, v 38 [77] (February), p 229:
 * The following summer the pestilence devastated Podolia, and spread as far as Kiou, where four thousand persons died. Nevertheless, all communication between this place and Moscow was closed, and all individuals who left Kiow were quarantined.

 * 1672, A Discourse of the Original, Countrey, Manners, Government and Religion of the Cossacks, London: Hobart Kemp, p 17–18:
 * The Countrey inhabited by the Coſſacks is called Ukrain, which ſignifies the Frontier, it extends it ſelf beyond Volhinia and Podolia, and taketh a part of the Palatinates of Kiovia and Braclaw, ſome years ſince they made themſelves Maſters of theſe Provinces, and of a part of black Ruſſia, which they have been forced ſince to quit: this Countrey lieth between the 51 and 48 degree of Latitude, below which there is nothing but deſart Plains as far as the Black Sea, which on one hand are extended to the Danube, and on the other to Palus Mæotis, the Graſs of which Countrey groweth to an incredible length.
 * 1737, A New Geographical Dictionary, London: D. Midwinter:
 * [s.v. Kiovia] KIOVIA, or KIOW, a C. of Red Russia in Poland, in the Pal. of Kiow or Lo. Volhinia, on the R. Boristhenes, about 60 Lea. fr. Lusuc to the E. & about 150 E. of Cracow & Warsaw.
 * KIOW, or KIOVIA PALATINATE : V. Volhinia.
 * 1799, William Tooke, View of the Russian Empire, v 1, October, London: T. N. Longman and O. Rees, p 19:
 * [p 19] Moreover, the Poles, the Swedes, the Hungarians, even the far diſtant French, had kiovian Princeſſes on their thrones.
 * [p 388] None of theſe diviſions left ſo many viſible traces in the nation an in the political conſtitution, after its re-union, as the defalcation of the grand-duchy of Kief. Their origin from two ſtems, diſtinct though belonging to one nation, already ſeparated the kievian from the novgorodian Slavi.
 * 1850, Archibald Alison, Essays: Political, Historical, and Miscellaneous, v 3, Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, p 266:
 * The town Tretchmiron, in Kiovia, is the arsenal of their warlike implements and their treasure.
 * 1863, R. G. Latham, “Correspondence: Poland—Last Words—Notice of Objections,” in The Examiner (London), n 2905 (October 3), p 628:
 * The allusion to the language of the Kiovian peasants is more to the purpose; and, if the fact be exactly as Mr Szyrma wishes his readers to understand it, it is a weighty one. If the Kiovian movements have been of sufficient magnitude to be called a revolt, if they have been purely Kiovian instead of more than half Polish, and, above all, if the Kiovian peasants have not only called the Great Russians Moscovites, but used the term with the sense given to it by Mr Szyrma, the details of the transaction would give a better answer to my main argument than all that has been written against it. But can any one of the three foregoing conditions be verified? I think not. Kiov, as is well known, is the old metropolis, and, in many respects, preserves a metropolitan character at the present moment. The extent to which Moscow has superseded it has always been a cause of jealousy. When a Kiovian talks of a Moscovite he simply means a man of Moscow—the opposition capital.
 * 1878, R. G. Latham, Russian and Turk, from a Geographical, Ethnological, and Historical Point of View, London: William H. Allen and Co., p 329:
 * In this lay the nucleus of Great, or Moscovite, as opposed to Little, or Kiovian, Russia.
 * 1921, Polish Encyclopedia, n 3–5, p 194:
 * These four northern districts of Volhynia: Kowel, Łuck, Rowno, and Owruck, with the district of Radomyśl in Kiovia, cover altogether 16,869·5 square miles, with 1,702,700 inhabitants, or 101 to the square mile.
 * 1939, Catherine Drinker Bowen, “Free Artist”: The Story of Anton and Nicholas Rubinstein, Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., p 12:
 * He had seen the Scythian tumuli ranged beneath Kiovian cliffs and had watched the little earth-hares scuttle before the sound of the approaching caravan.

 * 1698, Hauteville, An Account of Poland: Containing, a Geographical Deſcription of the Country, London: T. Goodwin, pp 50–51:
 * Chemelnski dying Anno 1658, the Coſſacks choſe one Vihowski for their General, and threaten’d, that they would put themſelves into the hands of the Turk or the D. of Muſcovy, if the Republic would not grant all that they demanded; upon which King John Caſimir conſidering that it would be equally diſadvantageous to his Kingdom, whether they ſubmitted to the Duke of Muſcovy or the Turks, concluded a Peace with ’em, by which it was agreed, that all their Captains ſhould be Gentlemen of Poland, That Vihowski their General ſhould be Palatin of Kiowia; That the Biſhops of the Greek Religion ſhould be admitted to the chief Offices; and, That the Metropolitan of Kiowia ſhould have the rank of a Senator.
 * 1742, M. Gustavus Adlerfeld, James Ford transl., The Genuine History of Charles XII. King of Sweden, London: Booksellers, p 270:
 * His Majeſty, immediately after his Coronation, gave Orders to the Palatine of Kiowia to march towards Pruſſia with a Part of the Crown-Army, to diſlodge a great Number of Quartians who were poſted there, and committed the moſt horrrible [sic] Exceſſes.
 * 1881, Edward H. R. Tatham, John Sobieski: Lothian Prize Essay for 1881, Oxford: A. Thomas Shrimpton & Son, p 11:
 * He gave them the city of Tretchimirow in Kiowia, and formed them into regiments, for the defence of Poland against the Tartars.

 * 1723, An Impartial History of the Life and Actions of Peter Alexowitz, the Present Czar of Muſcovy, London: W. Chetwood, pp 354–55:
 * III. That the Czar ſhall remain in Poſſeſſion of Kiou and Ukrania, with their ancient Limits, but ſhall renounce all his Pretentions to the Country of the Coſſacks on this side of the Boriſthenes, that are not in the Dependence of Kiof, and on a certain Iſland in that River, and that good Orders ſhall be given on both ſides, to prevent the Excurſions of the Coſſacks and Tartars.
 * 1729, Thomas Consett translator, The Present State and Regulations of the Church of Russia: Eſtabliſh’d by the Late Tſar’s Royal Edict, London: S. Holt, p vi:
 * In Obedience to this Command the Ruſſes flock’d in from all Parts to Kioff, and were baptiz’d by the aforeſaid Biſhop, in the Nieper.
 * 1746, Thomas Salmon, The Modern Gazetteer: Or, a Short View of the Several Nations of the World (1st ed), London: S. and E. Ballard:
 * [s.v. Kiof] Kiof, or Kiow, E. lon. 30. 30. lat. 51. the capital city of the Ruſſian Ukrain, ſit. on the river Nieper, on the frontiers of Poland.
 * 1852, Universal Gazetteer of the World, North Middleboro: Z. & B. F. Pratt, pp 461–62:
 * Kiof, town of Polish Russia, and capital of the Ukraine, in a palatinate of the same name, with an archbishop’s see and a castle. It is the capital of the Russian government of Kiof, and carries on a considerable trade.
 * Kiof, or Kiow, government of the Russian Empire, being part of the Ukraine, or Little Russia. It lies on the E. side of the Dnieper, although Kiof, the capital, is on the W. side.
 * Kiof, or Kiow, palatinate of Poland, in that part of the Ukraine which lies on the W. side of the Dnieper. It contains only two districts, and several small towns scarcely worthy of notice; its capital, Kiof, being subject to Russia.

 * 1762, The Modern Part of an Univerſal Hiſtory, from the Earlieſt Account of Time, v 35, London: T. Osborne et al:
 * [p 17] VI. The Government of Kiew. This government is a part of Little Ruſſia, and is inhabited by the Coſaks, which word implies irregular troops of horſe.
 * [p 22] Kiew, or Kiow, formerly Kiſovia [sic], the capital of this government, ſaid to owe its origin to Kius, a Slavonian prince; and, according to the Poliſh writers, to have been built in the year 430: but this account is not to be depended on.
 * 1825, The Modern Traveller: Russia, London: James Duncan:
 * [p 3] She had assumed the sceptre on the death of her husband; and in A.D. 935, sailed from Kiew to Constantinople, where she was baptized.
 * [p 221] Having been granted as an appanage to one of the family of the tzars, it afterwards passed into the hands of the kings of Poland, and was given up by them, together with Smolensko and Kiev, in 1686, as the price of the accession of Russia to an alliance between Poland and Venice against the Turks.
 * [note]† The name of this town has been very variously written, Kiew, Kiev, Kief, Kioff, Kiow, Kiowia, Kiovia, &c. Kiev or Kief given the real pronunciation, though written Kiew by the Russians. It is supposed to be derived from Kiovia or Kii, a Sarmatian word signifying heights or mountains; and its inhabitants, a Sarmatian tribe, were denominated Kivi, or mountaineers.
 * 1922, Charles Halliday, “Conditions in Poland, 1919–1920,” The Military Surgeon, v 51, pp 439–440:
 * In the last two years Kief was in the hands of sixteen governments. [. . .] The conditions in Kiew were probably the most critical that any American Red Cross Unit has ever had to context with.

 * 1782, M. L’Eveſque, “Hiſtory of Ruſſia,” New Review with Literary Curiosities, and Literary Intelligence, v 1, London: Henry Maty, p 118:
 * There is no regular hiſtory of Ruſſia carried up higher than the 9th century; but we learn from traditions preſerved in the moſt antient chronicles, that the cities of Kief and Novgorod were founded in the fifth.
 * 1799, William Tooke, View of the Russian Empire, v 1, October, London: T. N. Longman and O. Rees, p 19:
 * [p 19] Moreover, the Poles, the Swedes, the Hungarians, even the far diſtant French, had kiovian Princeſſes on their thrones.
 * [p 388] None of theſe diviſions left ſo many viſible traces in the nation an in the political conſtitution, after its re-union, as the defalcation of the grand-duchy of Kief. Their origin from two ſtems, diſtinct though belonging to one nation, already ſeparated the kievian from the novgorodian Slavi.
 * 1833, A Digest of All the Accounts Relating to the Population, Productions, Revenues, Financial Operations, Manufactures, Shipping, Colonies, commerce, &c. &c, of the United Kingdom, London: J. Marshall:
 * [p 54] No. 4, is bounded on the East by the Sea of Asoph, and the Government of the Don-Kosacs, and is intersected by the Dneiper: Podolia, and Kiou, lie between the Dniester and the Dneiper, they formed the S. E. part of Poland, annexed to Russia in 1793. [. . .] The Dneiper, has its source in the Government of Smolensk and runs South bast Mohileff, and Kiou to Jecatrinoslau, and from thence into the Black Sea at Kherson, 120 miles East of Odessa. [table] GOVERNMENTS [: ]  Kiou .. [. . .] Capital Town [: ]  Kieff.
 * [p 97] Kieff
 * 1922, Charles Halliday, “Conditions in Poland, 1919–1920,” The Military Surgeon, v 51, pp 439–440:
 * In the last two years Kief was in the hands of sixteen governments. [. . .] The conditions in Kiew were probably the most critical that any American Red Cross Unit has ever had to context with.

 * 1792, Sergey Pleschééf, transl. James Smirnove, Survey of the Russian Empire, London: J. Debrett:
 * [p 186] This and the government of Kiev and Novgorod-Sieverſkoy conſtitute Little Ruſſia, and are all under the ſame Governor General.
 * [p 293–94] XXXIX. The Government of Kiev Lies in the ſouthern diviſion, and, together with the governments of Tchernigov and Novgorod-Sieverſkoy, conſtitutes Little Ruſſia, and is under the direction of the ſame Governor General.
 * 1. Kiev, The capital of the government, and a fortreſs on the river Dniepr, in 50° 27′ latitude and 48° 47′ 30″ longitude, diſtant from St. Peterſburg 1307, and from Moſqua 852 verſts.
 * 1799, William Tooke, View of the Russian Empire, v 1, October, London: T. N. Longman and O. Rees, p 19:
 * [p 19] Moreover, the Poles, the Swedes, the Hungarians, even the far diſtant French, had kiovian Princeſſes on their thrones.
 * [p 388] None of theſe diviſions left ſo many viſible traces in the nation an in the political conſtitution, after its re-union, as the defalcation of the grand-duchy of Kief. Their origin from two ſtems, diſtinct though belonging to one nation, already ſeparated the kievian from the novgorodian Slavi.
 * 1825, The Modern Traveller: Russia, London: James Duncan:
 * [p 3] She had assumed the sceptre on the death of her husband; and in A.D. 935, sailed from Kiew to Constantinople, where she was baptized.
 * [p 221] Having been granted as an appanage to one of the family of the tzars, it afterwards passed into the hands of the kings of Poland, and was given up by them, together with Smolensko and Kiev, in 1686, as the price of the accession of Russia to an alliance between Poland and Venice against the Turks.
 * [note]† The name of this town has been very variously written, Kiew, Kiev, Kief, Kioff, Kiow, Kiowia, Kiovia, &c. Kiev or Kief given the real pronunciation, though written Kiew by the Russians. It is supposed to be derived from Kiovia or Kii, a Sarmatian word signifying heights or mountains; and its inhabitants, a Sarmatian tribe, were denominated Kivi, or mountaineers.
 * 1919, Aleš Hrdlička, “The Races of Russia,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v 69, n 11 (publication 2532), Washington: Smithsonian Institution, p 12:
 * The exodus from Kievan Rus took two different directions, and flowed in two different streams.
 * 1974, “Second Ukrainian Week Promotes Culture and Fun”, Winnipeg Free Press, January 26, 1974.
 * Miss Kyiv (Kiev) will be crowned at the Independence Ball and will represent the Ukrainian community of Winnipeg at Folklorama 74.
 * 2000, Fred Weir, “Kiev or Kyiv: Language an Issue in Ukraine”, in The Christian Science Monitor, June 28, 2000.
 * A stroll down the main street in the capital, Kyiv – the spelling the Ukrainian government prefers to the familiar, Russianized “Kiev” – seems to confirm his complaint.
 * "Language was never an issue in Ukraine," says Anatoly Grytsenko, director of the Center for Economic and Political Studies in Kyiv.

 * 1929, Edward H. Heffner ed., “Archaeological News (1928, July–December)” American Journal of Archaeology, v 33, n 1 (Jan.–Mar.), p 124:
 * DISTRICT OF KYIV.—In Antropologiya, 1927, pp. 107–118, describes explorations of prehistoric sites along the Teterev River.
 * 1934, S. Lunacharskase, “The System of Art Education in New Russia,” The School Arts Magazine, v 33, n 6, p 347:
 * WOODBLOCKS CUT BY THE CHILDREN OF THE REFORMATORIUM SCHOOL AT KYIV
 * 1937, American Bee Journal, vv 77–78, p 32:
 * And in other caravans honey and wax moved out of the town of Kyiv, going to the Russian city of Moscow and the Turkish city of Constantinople.
 * 1950, Vasylʼ Chaplenko, Slavistica, n 7 (The Language of „Slovo o Polku Ihorevi‟), Winnipeg: Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences, p 28:
 * Generally speaking, in the language of “Slovo” there are present the phenomena from the Eastern Slavic South, especially from Kyiv- and Chernihiv- territory, from which at a later date the contemporary Ukrainian language evolved. Such a conclusion confirms the opinion of these scholars (particularly of such early ones as Kalaydovich, Polevoy and Belinskiy) who regarded “Slovo” as a Kyiv-Cherniniv [sic] work both in origin and in character.
 * 1952, Walla Walla Union-Bulletin, January 6, 1952.
 * The inconsistent Russian "thought police" are harassing Ukrainian writers. Recently the top men in literature and music were examined in Kyiv by a plenum of the leads of the Union of Soviet Composers of the Ukraine. "Idological perversions" were purged from their works.
 * 1952, Ukrainian Observer v 4, Ukrainian Publishers, p 14:
 * These bourgeois historians attempted to prove that the Kyiv state, with its high level of culture, belonged exclusively to the history of the Ukrainian people . . . Both volumes of the “History of Ancient Russ” give a convincing picture of the unity and common Russian character of the culture of the Kyiv State.
 * 1956, Yar Slavutych, “The Poetry of Mykhaylo Orest and Its Background,” The Ukrainian Review, v 3, n 1, London: Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, (1955 dissertation) 43:
 * Orest’s predecessors are the representatives of the Kyivan neo-classical school which flourished and dominated the literary scene during the twenties, the time of Ukraine’s new literary and cultural renaissance.
 * 1957, Vasyl Oreletsky, “The Leading Feature of Ukrainian Law,” The Ukrainian Review, v 4, n 3 (Autumn), London: Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, p 49:
 * The Ukrainian attitude to life has found its expression in the old Ukrainian law, above all in the penal law, in the epoch of the old Ukrainian state of Kyiv, called also the Kyivan Rus’ (Ruthenia).
 * 1959, Yar Slavutych, Conversational Ukrainian, v 1, Winnipeg and Edmonton: Gateway Publishers, p 413:
 * What is the idea in The Tale of Ihor’s Campaign? / The idea in this book is the unity of the princes in a struggle against the polovtsi, who frequently invaded the Kyivan State.
 * 1963, Nataliia Polonska-Wasylenko, “The Beginnings of the State of Ukraine-Ruś,” The Ukrainian Review, v 10, n 2, London: Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, 53:
 * The intellectual culture of the Kyivan Ruś was equalled by the material culture.
 * 1966, The Ukrainian Review, v 13, nn 2–4, London: Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, p 56:
 * [p 56] To mention a quite striking example, there was the burning of the library of the Kyïv Academy of Sciences, in which about 600,000 volumes, in books and documents, ere destroyed in 1964.
 * [p 84] On July 12, 1917, the delegation of the Russian Provisional Government headed by Alexander Kerensky arrived in Kyïv to negotiate with the Rada’s General Secretariat.
 * 1974, “Second Ukrainian Week Promotes Culture and Fun”, Winnipeg Free Press, January 26, 1974.
 * Miss Kyiv (Kiev) will be crowned at the Independence Ball and will represent the Ukrainian community of Winnipeg at Folklorama 74.
 * 1975, Ukrainian Review, v 23, London: Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, p 347:
 * [...] Council when for a short period of time the unity of the Churches was restored again, the participation of our Church, represented by the Kyivan Metropolitan Cardinal Isidore, was decisive. When this Union (due to Muscovite Church intrigue) failed to last in Ukraine, a new Union was realised at the Brest Synod now only of the Kyivan (Ukrainian) metropolitanate in 1506.
 * 1976, Nicholas L. Chirovsky, On the Historical Beginnings of Eastern Slavic Europe: Readings, New York: Shevchenko Scientific Society, p 3:
 * Yet contemporary scholarship looks for a generic connection and cannot by any means links the “Kyivan era” to the “Vladimirian era,” improperly called so, as subsequent stages of the same political and cultural process of development. We know that the Kyivan state, its laws and civilization, were the creation of one nationality, the Ukrainian-Rusʼian one, while the Vladimirian-Muscovite principality was the creation of another people — the Russian nationality.
 * 1982, Ukraine and the Ukrainians: A Collection of Selected Articles, London: Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, p 51:
 * The Suzdal principality, as the Tsardom of Moscow later on, was neither the successor nor the inheritor of the Kyivan Kingdom of Rusʹ.
 * 2000, Fred Weir, “Kiev or Kyiv: Language an Issue in Ukraine”, in The Christian Science Monitor, June 28, 2000.
 * A stroll down the main street in the capital, Kyiv – the spelling the Ukrainian government prefers to the familiar, Russianized “Kiev” – seems to confirm his complaint.
 * "Language was never an issue in Ukraine," says Anatoly Grytsenko, director of the Center for Economic and Political Studies in Kyiv.
 * 2000, “Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Closes: Site of 1986 Disaster”, in The National Post, December 16, 2000.
 * Nine years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Chernobyl's last functioning reactor was extinguished yesterday in a celebrity-studded ceremony that saw 2,000 specially invited guests crowd into Kyiv's glitzy concert hall, the Palace of Ukraine, to watch Leonid Kuchma, Ukraine's President, preside via television over the plant's final shutdown.
 * 2001, Richard Stone, “Nuclear Radiation: Dealing with a Slumbering Hulk”, in Science, April 20, 2001.
 * "The sarcophagus is unstable," says Viktor Baryakhtar, director of the Institute of Magnetism in Kyiv.
 * 2007, Serhy Yekelchyk, Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation. Oxford University Press.
 * 3: The events in Kyiv were one of the most televised revolutions in history.
 * 18: The ensuing unification of the Eastern Slavs under Varangian rule led to the creation of Kyivan Rus, a state from which the present-day Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia all trace their history of statehood.
 * 25: However, a revisionist Ukrainian scholar has argued recently that the Ruthenian princely and noble families continued functioning as a national elite until the early seventeenth century, thus ensuring the continuity of indigenous social and cultural structures between Kyivan times and the Cossack period.
 * 136: In September, the Panzer army of Heinz Guderian helped to encircle five Soviet armies around Kyiv.

 * 1973, Dmytro Doroshenko, transl. D. M. Elcheshen, History of Ukraine, 1917–1923, V II: The Ukrainian Hetman State of 1918, Winnipeg: Hetman Movement Leadership, p 392:
 * After the murder of Volodymyr, Metropolitan of Kyjiv, by the Bolsheviks, the Kyjivan eparchy was administered temporarily by Nykodym, bishop of Chyhyryn..

 * 1973, Matviĭ Stakhiv, Peter George Stercho, and Nicholas L. Chirovsky, Ukraine and the European Turmoil, 1917-1919, v 1, p 7:
 * At the time of the fall of Kyyiv, the Kyyivan throne was in the possession of Danylo (Daniel) Prince (later King) of Galicia and Volhynia (1237–64). These western provinces of the Kyyivan Empire thereafter perpetuated the political, social and cultural tradition of Kyyivan Rus’.
 * 1992, Ukrainian Business Digest, v 2, n 11, International Information Systems:
 * Benetton is Argo Trading’s third store in Kyyiv’s centre.
 * Kyyiv municipal deputies have just approved two important documents, signalling the beginning of the privatization program in Kyyiv, said Arnold Nazarchuk, head of Kyyiv’s Municipal . . .
 * 2005, The Encyclopedia Americana International Edition, v 6 (Jefferson to Latin), Danbury, CT: Grolier, p 437:
 * Kiev, kē′ef, transliterated as Kyyiv, the capital of Ukraine and the administrative centre of the Kyyiv oblast. [. . .] Vladimir adopted Christianity as the state religion about 988, and a bas-relief on the pedestal shows the baptism of the Kyyivan people. ¶ Farther south, in the area of the Botanical Gardens, where Vladimirskaya Street crosses Taras Shevchenko Boulevard, stands the University of Kyyiv, whose main, dark red building dates from 1837–1842.

 * 2001, Mykhaĭlo Kal’nyt͡s’kyĭ, Kyiv Sightseeing Guide, Kyiv: Tsentr Ievropy, p 118:
 * Now the street bears the the name of A. Tarasova, the eminent actress and Kyivite by birth.
 * 2001, Myroslav Shkandrij, Russia and Ukraine: Literature and the Discoure of Empire from Napoleonic to Postcolonial Times, Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, ISBN: 0-7735-2234-4, p 146:
 * Svydnytsky also wrote a series of stories on Ukrainian themes for the Russian-language Kyivite (Kievlianin) in 1896–71.
 * 2005, Laada Bilaniuk, Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, p 138:
 * For example, one Kyivite expressed his dislike of the čokannja of Western Ukrainians, referring to their harder (less palatalized) pronunciation of sibilants.
 * 2014, Serhy Yekelchyk, Stalin’s Citizens: Everyday Politics in the Wake of Total War, New York: Oxford University Press, p 57:
 * Festive food provisions had come a long way since 1945, when 1 May was marked by the distribution of 2 kilograms of potatoes to every employed Kyivite and 1 kilogram to a dependent, as well as the guarantee that for a two-day period the usual inferior bread rations would be replaced with white bread.
 * 2015, Chrystia Freeland, “My Ukraine: A personal reflection on a nation’s dream of independence and the nightmare Vladimir Putin has visited upon it,” Brookings, May 12:
 * A steady stream of Kyivites, many of them stylish matrons in long fur coats and high-heeled leather boots, made their way to Institytska, the steep street leading up from the Maidan.

title: Citations:Kyiv


text: Citations:Kievan

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Citations:Kievan


text:
Citations:Odessa

 * 1685, William Howell, An Institution of General History of the Ecclesiastical Affairs of the World, Part II, London, p 390 [likely a reference to ancient Odessos]:
 * The Roman Empire going to decay, firſt the Goths pierced into this Countrey, and quitting it upon better hopes, theſe Sclavi, a Hunniſh Nation, barbarous and fierce, whoſe Dominions extended as far as Odeſa, and were ſeparated from the Saxons onely by the River Albis, as wrote Helmoldus, though other ſay, formerly ſeated upon the Lake of Mæotis, invaded and made it their Habitation.
 * 1819, John Martin Baker, A View of the Commerce of the Mediterranean, Washington,, p 46:
 * . . . the low price of wheat at Odesa, and other wheat shipping ports in the Levant, and the prices generally ruling in the Mediterranean ports west of Marseilles, insure them profit; and, most generally, their voyages with cargoes of wheat terminate prosperous and profitable.
 * 1819, The Register of Shipping, for 1820 (Lloyd’s), London: Society of Merchants, Ship-Owners, and Underwriters,, entry 1819–1820.G.440:
 * Lo Odesa
 * 1872, Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, v 210 (March 15–April 30), p 402 (March 21):
 * ENFIELD: Sir, the only information possessed on this subject by the Foreign Office is contained in an extract from a Russian newspaper, under date February 20, a translation of which has been sent home from Odesa by the Consul General there, Mr. Abbott; it is as follows— . . .
 * 2000, Andrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002) ISBN 0-300-09309-8.
 * 81: The outpouring of all-Russian and anti-German patriotism in cities such as Kiev, Odesa and Kharkiv in 1914 was genuine enough and might have become a more powerful factor if the war had been prosecuted more successfully.
 * 216: Akhmatova (née Horenko) was born in Odesa, but in the Russian-Jewish Odessa beloved of Isaac Babel and Irina Ratushinskaia.
 * 2007, Serhy Yekelchyk, Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation. Oxford University Press ISBN 9780190294137.
 * 16: With the beginning of the war, the Soviet high command transformed the Kyiv and Odesa military districts into Southwestern and Southern Fronts, respectively.
 * 16: With the fall of Odesa to Romanian forces on October 16 and that of Kharkiv to the Germans on October 25, the battle for Ukraine was over.

title: Citations:Odessa


text:
Citations:Kharkiv

 * 2007—Serhy Yekelchyk, Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation. Oxford University Press.
 * 16: With the fall of Odesa to Romanian forces on October 16 and that of Kharkiv to the Germans on October 25, the battle for Ukraine was over.

title: Citations:Kharkiv


text:
Kyiv

Etymology
, from, which derives from the name of city's legendary founder, Kyi, means Kyi's city. Other proposals derive it from (compare to 🇨🇬). See also at the article about 🇨🇬.

Proper noun

 * 1)  The Ukrainian government.
 * 1)  The Ukrainian government.
 * 1)  The Ukrainian government.

Usage notes

 * In the 20th century, the city was almost universally known as . Style guides updated since 2005 recommend using the spelling Kyiv, which is the Ukrainian government's official Roman-alphabet name for the city according to the national standard for romanization of Ukrainian . The spelling Kyiv has been adopted by geographic naming databases, international organizations, major newspapers, dictionaries, and many other reference sources. See the Wikipedia article.
 * Due to the former imposition of Russian language on Ukraine before its independence in 1991, the choice of spelling may be interpreted as having political overtones. The Ukrainian-derived spelling Kyiv is the overall most neutral English spelling; however, it may be viewed as supportive or sympathetic towards Ukraine's self-determination. The Russian-derived spelling may be viewed as supportive or sympathetic towards Russia's imperial views of Ukraine. These issues have come to the fore during the  which began in 2014.

Translations

 * Abkhaz: Киев
 * Adyghe: Киев
 * Afrikaans: Kijif, Kiëf
 * Albanian: Kievi, Kiev
 * Amharic: ኪየቭ
 * Arabic: ,
 * Hijazi: كِييف
 * Aragonese: Kiev
 * Armenian:
 * Assamese: কিয়েভ, কীভ
 * Asturian: Kíiv, Kiev
 * Avar: Киев
 * Azerbaijani:, Kiyif
 * South Azerbaijani:
 * Bashkir: Киев
 * Bavarian: Kiew
 * Belarusian: Кі́еў
 * Roman: Kijeŭ
 * Bengali: কিয়েভ
 * Breton: Kyiv, Kyiv
 * Bulgarian: Ки́ев
 * Burmese: ကီးယက်မြို့
 * Carpathian Rusyn: Ки́їв, Кыёв
 * Catalan:, Kiev
 * Chechen: Киев
 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 基輔
 * Mandarin:
 * Chuvash: Кейӳ, Киев
 * Crimean Tatar: Kıyiv, Kiyev, Qıyab
 * Czech:
 * Danish: Kiev
 * Dutch: ,
 * Erzya: Кеёв
 * Esperanto: Kievo
 * Estonian:
 * Farefare: Kiyiu, Kiyu
 * Faroese: Kyiv
 * Finnish:
 * Franco-Provençal: Kiev
 * French:, ,
 * Galician: Kíiv
 * Georgian:
 * German: ,
 * Greek:
 * Ancient Greek: Κιωουία
 * Gujarati: કિવ
 * Haitian Creole: Kyèv
 * Hawaiian: Kiewa
 * Hebrew: קייב
 * Hindi: कीव
 * Hungarian:, Kijiv
 * Icelandic:, Kíev
 * Indonesian: Kiev
 * Ingush: Киев
 * Interlingua: Kiev
 * Irish: Cív
 * Italian: Kijev
 * Jamaican Creole: Kiev, Kyiv
 * Japanese: ,
 * Kalmyk: Киев
 * Kannada: ಕೀವ್
 * Karakalpak: Kyiv
 * Kashubian: Czijew
 * Kazakh: Киев
 * Khmer:
 * Komi-Permyak: Киев
 * Komi-Zyrian: Киев
 * Korean:,  ,
 * Kurdish:
 * Northern Kurdish:, Kiyêv
 * Kyrgyz: Киев, Кейип
 * Ladino: Kyiv
 * Lao: ຄີຢິບ
 * Latin: Kiovia, Chiovia
 * Latvian: Kijeva
 * Lezgi: Киев
 * Lithuanian:, Kyjivas
 * Low German:
 * German Low German: Kiew
 * Macedonian: Ки́ев
 * Malay: Kiev, Kyiv
 * Malayalam: കീവ്
 * Maltese: Kiev, Kjev
 * Manchu: ᡤᡳᡳᠣ
 * Marathi: क्यीव
 * Mari:
 * Western Mari: Киев
 * Moksha: Кыив
 * Mongolian:
 * Cyrillic: Киев
 * Mongolian: ᠻᠢᠶᠧᠸ
 * Nahuatl: Kiev
 * Navajo: Kííyeb, Tsinaaʼeełíkʼeh
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Nynorsk: Kiev
 * Old Church Slavonic:
 * Cyrillic: Кꙑѥвъ
 * Old East Slavic: Кꙑевъ, Киевъ
 * Old Norse: Kœnugarðr
 * Ossetian: Киев
 * Ottoman Turkish: كيف
 * Papiamentu: Kiev
 * Pashto: کييف
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Pontic Greek: Κίεβο
 * Portuguese:, , Kyiv
 * Quechua: Kiyiw
 * Romanian:
 * Russian:
 * Sami:
 * Inari Sami: Kiova
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Cyrillic: Ки̏јев
 * Roman:
 * Silesian: Kijůw
 * Sinhalese: කීව්
 * Slovak:
 * Slovene: Kijev
 * Sorbian:
 * Lower Sorbian: Kijew
 * Upper Sorbian: Kijew
 * Spanish:
 * Sranan Tongo: Kyiv
 * Swedish:
 * Tagalog: Kiev
 * Tajik:
 * Tamil: கீவ்
 * Tatar: Киев
 * Telugu: క్యివ్
 * Thai:
 * Tibetan: ཀིབ
 * Turkish:, Kıyiv
 * Turkmen: Kyýiw, Kiýew
 * Udmurt: Киев
 * Ukrainian:
 * Urdu: کِیف
 * Uyghur: كىيېۋ
 * Uzbek: Kiyev
 * Venetian: Kyiv
 * Vietnamese: Ki-ép
 * Volapük: Küyiv
 * Welsh:
 * Yakut: Киев
 * Yiddish: קיִעוו
 * Zazaki: Kyiv, Kiev

 * Afrikaans: Kijif, Kiëf
 * Asturian: Óblast de Kíiv, Óblast de Kiev, Provincia de Kíiv, Provincia de Kiev
 * Basque: Kieveko oblasta, Kyiveko oblasta
 * Belarusian: Кі́еўская во́бласць
 * Catalan: Óblast de Kíiv, Óblast de Kíev, Província de Kíiv, Província de Kíev
 * Galician: Óblast de Kíiv, Óblast de Kiev
 * Macedonian: Ки́евска о́бласт
 * Marathi: क्यीव
 * Russian: ,
 * Swedish: Kiev oblast
 * Ukrainian:, Ки́ївщина

Etymology
.

title: Kyiv


text:
Kyivan

Etymology
, from.

Adjective

 * 1) Of or associated with the city of.

Translations

 * Afrikaans: Kijifs, Kiëfs
 * Armenian: կիեւյան
 * Belarusian: кі́еўскі
 * Bulgarian: киевски
 * Catalan: kiïvià, kievià
 * Czech:
 * Finnish: kiovalainen
 * French: ,
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian: di, kieviano
 * Macedonian: киевски
 * Old Ruthenian: ки́евскїй
 * Polish:
 * Russian:
 * Slovak: kyjevský
 * Slovene: kijevski
 * Ukrainian:

Noun

 * 1) A resident of Kyiv.

Translations

 * Belarusian: кіяўля́нін, кіяўля́нка
 * Catalan: kiïvià, kiïviàna, kievià, kieviana
 * Czech: Kyjevan, Kyjevanka
 * Finnish: kiovalainen
 * French:, , , Kiévaine
 * German: Kiewer, Kiewerin
 * Hungarian:
 * Macedonian: кие́вјанец, кие́вјанка
 * Marathi: क्यीवकर
 * Old East Slavic: *кꙑꙗне
 * Old Ruthenian: кия́нинъ
 * Polish: ,
 * Russian:, , ,
 * Turkish: Kiyevli, Kıyivli
 * Ukrainian:, кия́нка; київля́нин, київля́нка,

Usage notes

 * See usage notes at in regards to using spelling derived from Ukrainian or Russian.

title: Kyivan


text: Citations:Kyivan

title: Citations:Kyivan


text:
赤眉

Proper noun

 * 1)  Chimei refers, as an umbrella term, to one of the two major agrarian rebellion movements against Wang Mang's Xin Dynasty

title: 赤眉


text:
瓦礫

Noun

 * 1) broken bricks and tiles: rubble

Usage notes

 * Often used when describing a desolate and run-down place.

Noun

 * 1) rubble

title: 瓦礫


text: 瓦砾

title: 瓦砾


text:
tsuridono

Etymology
Borrowed from, literally "fishing pavilion".

Noun

 * 1)  One of a set of small pavilions connected to a tainoya by watadonos in the Japanese Court architecture of the Heian Period; used for concerts or garden viewing.

title: tsuridono


text:
更兼

Adverb

 * 1)  moreover; furthermore

title: 更兼


text:
subspectrum

Noun

 * 1)  Any of a number of spectra of components of a mixture that together make an observed spectrum

title: subspectrum


text:
流移

Verb

 * 1)  to leave; to move away

title: 流移


text:
百無一二

Idiom

 * 1) there are no more than a few people left

title: 百無一二


text: 百无一二

title: 百无一二


text:
宮室

Noun

 * 1) imperial palace; residence of the emperor
 * 2)  house; building

title: 宮室


text: 宫室

title: 宫室


text:
所宜

Adjective

 * 1)  appropriate; fitting

title: 所宜


text:
love drug

Noun

 * 1)  The drug Viagra.
 * 2)  The drug ecstasy.

title: love drug


text: lovedrug

title: lovedrug


text:
Talk:大和

Etymology
Why did the Japanese call themselves "great harmony" and what is the origin of this name? 24.29.228.33 07:27, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added a referenced explanation for where the “great harmony” spelling originated. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │ Tala við mig 01:14, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

Other usages
Why is the list of alternative usages so limited? I went ahead and added the city of Yamato, since I think it may be the largest, but there are many other interpretations of the bare word. The WW II battleship comes to mind as the next one on my mental list... Shanen 05:17, 8 September 2011 (UTC)

Etymology 1 Japanese
Is there any source for the part that says "possibly because they were actually smaller, or more likely as an insult"
 * See also w:Wa (Japan), particularly the w:Wa (Japan) section.
 * PS: Don't forget to sign your posts by adding four tildes at the end, like this:
 * ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 19:07, 10 April 2020 (UTC)

RFD discussion: September 2020–July 2022

 * See Talk:明.

和
Yawa is from yapa, so shift for yapa > yaba > yama???

Chuterix (talk) 19:54, 19 July 2023 (UTC)

 * @Chuterix, not entirely sure what you're asking here? The use of the 和 kanji in the spelling of Yamato is not documented until the early 700s, long after the first textual records of a term yamatəi » yamato in reference to what became the nascent state of Japan, so the Japonic term yapa is likely irrelevant to the derivation of the term Yamato. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 22:10, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * "The 和 character also has a kun'yomi of yawa, which would have been yaba in ancient times, suggesting another possible phonetic reason to use 和 to spell Yamato (on a softening of the “b”: yaba → yama)." Someone modify/remove this.
 * @Eirikr: This is what Iom talking aboitu. Chuterix (talk) 22:41, 19 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Never, /w/ can't had been /b/. In that niche, prehistoric enigmamic m/b shift existed, which didn't give any room for the /p/.
 * Combined with another enigmatic shift of mʲ/n, /n/ and /b/ can become dialectal variants like : /nina/ vs /binna/ (sado dialect) and : /nira/ vs /bira/ though, I never heard Japanese dialectal variation between /m/ and /w/.--荒巻モロゾフ (talk) 01:07, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
 * this is why someone needs to remove the yawa info from yamato etym. Chuterix (talk) 01:23, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

RFD discussion: March–July 2023

 * See Talk:扶桑.

RFD-sense for WWII battleship
@Theknightwho, curious about your reversion to restore the rfd-sense.

The ZH term sense was recently for failing an RFD, and Wpi had similarly  only moments later. TBH, I thought @Wpi might have goofed in tagging the JA term sense, particularly with no useful detail in either the edit comment or content.

The relevant portion of Criteria for Inclusion would seem to be Names of specific entities. I see nothing in the text there that suggests we should specifically exclude the WWII battleship name sense. Could you clarify your views on this? ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 23:02, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

 * @Eirikr there is an RFD thread: Requests for deletion/CJK. Since the ja and zh terms essentially refer to battleships, I think there is ample grounds for deletion based on the previous RFD. – Wpi (talk) 04:20, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Aha, thank you! Unfortunately, because of the way the header of that section was created, it is not connected at all to the rfd-sense template calls you added.  In future, for such cases, please use the   or   template parameter to link correctly.
 * I see your point, and I'll respond more fully over there. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 17:08, 9 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:大和


text:
taenite

Noun

 * 1)  A mineral, found in certain meteorites, that is a magnetic alloy of iron and nickel

title: taenite


text: hagaki

title: hagaki


text:
tetrataenite

Noun

 * 1)  The tetragonal crystalline form of taenite

title: tetrataenite


text:
China White

Etymology
From its color and supposed origin in China.

Noun

 * 1)  α-Methylfentanyl, a recreational drug related to heroin.

title: China White


text:
thuringite

Noun

 * 1)  A hydrous silicate of iron and aluminium occurring as an aggregation of minute olive-green scales

title: thuringite


text:
trioctahedral

Adjective

 * 1)  Having all three octahedral sites occupied by cations

title: trioctahedral


text:
dioctahedral

Adjective

 * 1)  Having two of the octahedral sites occupied by cations

title: dioctahedral


text:
bioaffluent

Adjective

 * 1) Having a rich diversity of biota

Related terms

 * biodeficient

title: bioaffluent


text: サクラ

title: サクラ


text:
Anson

Etymology
From (the former word is a diminutive).

Proper noun

 * 1)  meaning "son of Agnes".
 * 2) The Avro Anson
 * 1) The Avro Anson

Etymology
, from.

Proper noun

 * 1)  common among Filipinos of Chinese ancestry
 * 2)  common among Filipinos of Chinese ancestry

title: Anson


text:
biocomponent

Noun

 * 1) Any component having a biological origin

title: biocomponent


text:
biodeficient

Adjective

 * 1) Having a poor diversity of biota

Related terms

 * bioaffluent

title: biodeficient


text:
alkanoate

Noun

 * 1)  Any salt or ester formed from the reaction of an alkanoic acid and alkanol

Translations

 * Malay: alkanoat
 * Portuguese: alcanoato

title: alkanoate


text:
關東

Proper noun

 * 1) the area to the east of Shanhaiguan
 * 2)  the area to the east of Hangu Pass
 * 3)  a nickname for Luoyang (during the Tang Dynasty)

title: 關東


text:
alkanoic acid

Noun

 * 1)  Any aliphatic carboxylic acid.

title: alkanoic acid


text:
お花見

Noun

 * 1) cherry blossom viewing
 * 2) picnic party under the cherry blossoms

title: お花見


text: 关东

title: 关东


text:
播亂

Verb

 * 1)  to rebel; to rise up in rebellion

title: 播亂


text: 播乱

title: 播乱


text:
amphitropic

Adjective

 * 1)  Having both lipotropic and hydrotropic characteristics (used especially of proteins)

Related terms

 * amphitropism

title: amphitropic


text:
Odesa

Etymology
Borrowed from (cognate with 🇨🇬).

Etymology
From. This form has been gaining currency particularly since the.

title: Odesa


text:
弁当箱

Noun

 * 1) lunchbox

title: 弁当箱


text:
piece rate

Noun

 * 1) The monetary amount paid per unit of production in the reward scheme of piece work, contrasting with hourly wage and salary.

Translations

 * Bulgarian: на парче, на акорд
 * Dutch: ,
 * Finnish:, kappalepalkka
 * French:
 * German: Stückgeldsatz, Stückgeldakkordlohn
 * Hungarian:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: сде́льная опла́та
 * Spanish:

title: piece rate


text:
お弁当箱

Noun

 * 1) lunchbox

Usage notes
More polite than

Alternative forms

 * 弁当箱 (べんとうばこ, bentōbako)

title: お弁当箱


text:
崤函

Proper noun

 * 1)  the area between Mount Xiao and Hangu Pass

title: 崤函


text:
slezština

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Silesian West Slavic language spoken in southwestern parts of Poland and the Czech Republic
 * 2) Silesian German West Germanic language or dialect spoken in southwestern parts of what is now Poland

title: slezština


text:
隴右

Etymology
Literally “to the right of Longshan ". In ancient times, west was on the right side of a map as Chinese compasses pointed south.

Proper noun

 * 1)  the area to the west of Longshan Mountain (in present day Gansu)

title: 隴右


text: 陇右

title: 陇右


text:
Slezan

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Silesian person

title: Slezan


text:
ramoscello

Etymology
From, diminutive of , itself a diminutive of.

Noun

 * : small branch, twig, sprig

title: ramoscello


text:
rametto

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) small branch, twig, sprig

title: rametto


text:
riavviare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to restart
 * 2)  to reboot

title: riavviare


text:
riavvio

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1)  reboot, rebooting
 * 2) restart

title: riavvio


text: Category:Northern Sami interjections

title: Category:Northern Sami interjections


text: riavvii

title: riavvii


text: riavviato

title: riavviato


text:
hyperbolize

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  To exaggerate, use hyperbole.
 * 2)  To represent or talk about with hyperbole.
 * , Folio Society, 2006, vol.1, p.203:
 * to purchase credit to their judgement, and draw you on to beleeve them, they commonly adorne, enlarge, yea, and Hyperbolize the matter.

title: hyperbolize


text: Category:Aymara adverbs

title: Category:Aymara adverbs


text: rilento

title: rilento


text:
a rilento

Adverb

 * 1) slowly

title: a rilento


text:
rilegare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to bind (books)
 * 2) to tie or bind again; retie, rebind, reconnect

title: rilegare


text:
rilegato

Adjective

 * 1) bound

title: rilegato


text: rilegata

title: rilegata


text: rilegate

title: rilegate


text: rilegati

title: rilegati


text:
rilegatura

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) binding

title: rilegatura


text: Category:Pali verbs

title: Category:Pali verbs


text:
rigagnolo

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) trickle, streamlet, rivulet

title: rigagnolo


text:
Friesisch

Proper noun

 * 1) the Frisian language group

title: Friesisch


text:
rimanenza

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) remnant
 * 2) leftover
 * 3)  balance

title: rimanenza


text: Category:Motu adjectives

title: Category:Motu adjectives


text: Category:Motu language

title: Category:Motu language


text:
rielezione

Noun

 * 1) reelection

title: rielezione


text:
rilettura

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) rereading

title: rilettura


text: Category:Kikuyu nouns

title: Category:Kikuyu nouns


text: Category:Kikuyu language

title: Category:Kikuyu language


text: Category:Luganda verbs

title: Category:Luganda verbs


text:
User talk:DeadlyAssassin

Transwiki
There is already a process for copying transwiki's across from Wikipedia. Please do not do it manually as it could infringe the GFDL. I think you need something like added to the article on Wikipedia. Conrad.Irwin 09:48, 3 May 2008 (UTC)
 * OK - thanks for the information. --DeadlyAssassin 09:50, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi, for future reference, to Transwiki, please do not do it manually. Instead you can use Special:Import to import pages from the English Wikipedia to Wiktionary, which will preserve the history of the page and do it correctly. :-) Goldenrowley 05:35, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:DeadlyAssassin


text:
Talk:embarrass

Shouldn't the meanings "to humiliate" and "to abash" be split? They seem to be quite different from one another. --One half 3544 09:52, 3 May 2008 (UTC)

The International Rules for the Prevention of Collision at Sea make use of the word 'embarrass' in the same context as is described under the entry for embarrassment; that is, to cause disarray or worry as to regards ones actions. This is an important context as Rule 36 of the IRPCS describes that signals to attract attention should not be bright or confusing so as not to embarrass another vessel. 109.71.145.78 13:43, 20 June 2011 (UTC)

Intransitive
To become disconcerted, abashed, or confused --Backinstadiums (talk) 10:36, 12 August 2021 (UTC)

Etymology
Eytmology online gives a different derivation:

 * From French embarrasser (16c.), literally "to block," from Italian imbarrazzo, from imbarrare "to bar," from assimilated form of in- "into, upon" (from PIE root *en "in") + Vulgar Latin *barra "bar" https://www.etymonline.com/word/embarrass

I'm unable to say if this is correct, or if the one given in the entry page tracing the "bar" element back to a semitic origin and coming to French via Spanish is correct. But I note that far more words came into French from Latin/Italic than from Spanish. Zeimusu (talk) 13:03, 2 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:embarrass


text:
hyvää vappua

Phrase

 * 1) happy May Day

title: hyvää vappua


text: verkochten

title: verkochten