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Appendix:English contranyms

This is a list of contranyms in English. A contranym or contronym is a word which has two or more generally accepted meanings in the English language that directly or generally contradict each other. Such words are also known as antagonyms, auto-antonyms, and words having self-contradictions. New items are collected in Category:Contranyms by language. Many such contra-definitions arise from slang usage. Others develop as a result of their frequent use in sarcasm.

A similar concept, where a commonly used phrase contains two words which have or can be construed to have definitions in opposition to each other is known as an oxymoron.

There are two forms of contranyms: homographic, where two words with the same spelling can have opposing definitions; and homophonic, where two words with the same pronunciation can have opposing definitions. In general, the terms below are both homographic and homophonic contranyms.

Richard Lederer included a list of self-contradicting words in a chapter on Janus-faced words in his book Crazy English.

Homophonic contranyms
These phonetic examples are contranyms under different spellings:

 * enumerable/innumerable: countable / beyond countable
 * raise/raze: build up / cut down
 * petalless/petalous: without petals / with petals
 * oral/aural: pertaining to the mouth or speech / pertaining to the ears
 * prescribe/proscribe: authorize / prohibit

Homophonic contronyms are often accent-specific.

Homographic contranyms
These examples are contranyms for different pronunciations:

 * resign/re-sign: (two pronunciations) cease working for / continue working for

Contranyms
These examples have both the same spelling and pronunciation:

A

 * : (1) To disclose; (2) To obscure

 * : (1) A military advance; (2) A difficult and dangerous military retreat

 * : (1) recurring every year; (2) (botany) only lasting a single year

 * : (1) An admission of error accompanied by a plea for forgiveness; (2) A formal defense or justification (as in Plato's Apology), also referred to as an apologia

 * : (1) Anything; (2) Zero, nothing

 * : (1) Originally used as a term to mean full of awe, a synonym of awesome; (2) now means something exceptionally bad.

B

 * : (1) To retreat; (2) to give support, therefore holding your ground.

 * : (1) Undesirable or unpleasant; (2) (informally) desirable or fashionable.

 * : (1) prohibited, obstructed the passage of; (2) admitted to the bar, allowed to practice law.

 * : (1) Primarily British: in advance of ("the future is before us"). In American English, the phrase would typically be "The future is ahead of us."; (2) at an earlier time, previously ("our forefathers came before us")

 * : (1) A flat piece of land; (2) an artificial ridge of land.

 * : (1) A medium of money (e.g. "a $10 bill"); (2) a medium of money owed (e.g. "a bill for $10").

 * : (1) To fasten into a fixed position or place; (2) to leave one's current place rapidly, with great acceleration. Similar contrary meanings to 'bound', 'buckle', and 'fast'.

 * : Success; failure.

 * : (1) an adjective describing bones (as in "big-boned"); (2) (culinary) an adjective, based on the past tense of the verb "bone", meaning that bones have been removed (as in a "boned chicken"); a synonym of deboned.

 * : Not actually a case of a contronym, but a homonym. Webster's has six separate entries for "bound".  The first is a synonym for "going", as in college-bound or hellbound, from Germanic buan.  The fourth is based on the past tense of "bind", where one is held in place, and not going at all, from Germanic bintan.  Note also: moving e.g. homeward bound and unable to move e.g. housebound.

 * : A success or a failure in the thought process.

 * : An opportunity; a problem.

 * : (1) Without any money, penniless; (2) broke off, rich, wealthy.

 * : (1) To secure, tighten, hold (by fastening with a buckle); (2) to collapse after being acted upon by an external force, as in "to buckle under the strain"

C

 * : A means of payment; an invoice requiring payment at a restaurant (Check, please!).

 * : In British slang this has come to mean "pleased", synonymous to "puffed up"; an older definition, also colloquial is "displeased, upset". Specifically, "chuff" is the sound of exhaust being emanated, as from a train engine.

 * : (1) "Cold enough to cause discomfort; feeling uncomfortably cold". (2) An alternative spelling of.

 * : A commendation; a condemnation.

 * : This is a homophone, where two words, spelled and pronounced alike, have different origins. (1) "To adhere firmly", from Old English clifian. (2) to split (as with a cleaver), from Old English cleofan

 * : This is a homophone. (1) "to clasp or fasten with a clip", is from Anglo-Saxon clyppan.  (2) "to cut or cut off" (with clippers or scissors) is from Old Norse klippa.

 * : The beginning; the end.

 * : To consist of; to constitute.

 * : (1) Following as an effect, result, or conclusion; consequent. (2) Having important consequences; significant.

 * : To give advice; to receive advice.

 * : In regard to calories, one can consume them by ingesting them, or by expending them.

 * : The verb continue means "to keep doing"; however the noun form continuation, in legal usage, means "to pick up later", particularly in the form continuance.

 * : In commonly accepted slang, cool means happy, pleasant, agreeable; but when referring to a personal interaction, especially in politics, it usually means "less than agreeable" or "polite but strained" (he received a cool reception to his speech).

 * : This malapropism of the expression "couldn't care less" is often used with its meaning of "not to care at all"; however literally it means "to care at least somewhat".

 * : Can mean "vital to success" (a critical component), or "disparaging" (a critical comment).

 * : As a noun, this means "conventional behavior"; but as an adjective, it means "specially designed".

D

 * : To purify; to make impure.

 * : To leave uncounted/unchecked, OR counting off/down of a price.

 * : In essay structure, it can mean: (1) to be rambling or freeform (American usage); (2) to be strictly structured (British usage).

 * : As a past tense verb, disposed means "removed" or "gotten rid of"; as an adjective; disposed means "available".

 * : To be on something is to feel unfavorably disposed toward it, but to be  with it, or down for it, is to feel neutrally or positively disposed toward it.

 * : When referring to difficulty, it means "progressively easier"; but when referring to status or condition, it means "progressively worse".

 * : When referring to a film or video or especially an advertisement, it can either mean that it has been abolished, cancelled or withdrawn from circulation, or that it has been published or released into circulation.

 * : As a verb, "to dust" can mean either "to remove dust from" (as in "dusting furniture") or "to add dust to" (as in "dusting a cake with powdered sugar"); also commonly used to refer to "dusting for fingerprints."

 * : Ditch dug for irrigation, or flood defence built from material dug from ditch.

E

 * : Adjective meaning outstandingly bad or shocking; in a different context it can mean remarkably good.

 * either : As an adjective, it can either mean "one or the other of two", as in "you either passed or failed your test" or "each of two; the one and the other" as in "there are trees on either side of the river".

 * : Can mean either "long lasting" or "suffering through". In some context this can lead to antonymic word play, as Noam Chomsky pointed out in connection with George W. Bush's name for the war in Afghanistan: "Enduring Freedom".

 * : A verb meaning "instruct" or "command" can be used as "to require" or "to forbid," as in a judicial order -- not really an autoantonym, but fun just the same. Notice that "instruct" and "command" could as easily be pressed into the same service.

 * : Current use, applied to a future event or occurrence, means "inevitable, given enough time": "His eventual appointment to the Board..." An older usage, applied in the same situation, means "possible, subject to contingencies".

 * : To execute a person is to end their life; to execute a program is to start it [Note: This contradiction arises from a shift in meaning of execution in the sense of capital punishment; what is being executed is technically the sentence of death (i.e. it is being started, just like starting a program), but the usage has shifted away from the sentence and to the prisoner].  [RLC 19 July 2007]

F

 * : A factoid is a false claim that spreads through unreliable mass media, which is the traditional meaning, or an interesting and true bit of trivia.

 * : Fast can mean either "to move or do quickly" or it can mean "not to move," as in "holding fast". As an adjective, it can also convey both meanings: "The rabbit is fast;" "The door is fast."

 * : Fearful can mean either "causing fear" or "[being] full of fear".

 * : Similar to "fearful", "fearsome" can also mean either "causing fear" or "inclined to fear".

 * : Fine can mean either "of superior quality", or (informally) "acceptable or satisfactory".

 * : Fix can mean either "to mend" or it can mean "to break", as in "I'll fix you". (It can also mean to render an animal infertile, which relates to the latter.)

 * : Flank can either mean to protect the sides of something or to attack the flanks.

 * : Free can mean "without" OR "access available" and/or "costless". Also "free" can also be readily (or unwillingly)taken OR can choose not to be taken.

 * : Fulsome can mean offensively flattering or insincere, or abundant or copious.

G

 * : With food, the verb means "to add to"; with wages, it means "to take from". (Strictly speaking, though, the intention of the latter is to mean something added to the charges against the wages, alongside insurance, taxes, etc.)

 * : Usually true, but also subject to exception. The meaning "all-inclusive, without exception" is now obsolete, except in mathematics, where it still occasionally causes confusion.

H

 * : A hack can be a clever, ingenious solution; or an ugly, temporary one.

 * : Advantage (e.g. in sport) or disadvantage/disability.

 * : Either barely just, or with extreme power.

 * : Tremendous, remarkable; extremely unpleasant, dreadful.

 * : "To separate" as well as "to stick (to)" (when used with "to"); cf. "cleave" above.

 * : The ordinary people; or the fancy or rich people, the elite.

 * : To hold up can mean to support or aid, or to hinder or impede.

I

 * : (1) Strongly affected; (2) without passion or feeling.

 * : (1) Impossible to enter; (2) able to be entered and impregnated.

 * (adjective): 1) having a body, having been incorporated; 2) having no body; incorporeal.

 * : (1) Flammable; (2) nonflammable.

 * : To injoint can mean to separate, or to join. (Both meanings are obsolete.)

J

 * : (1) A moment ago (past); (2) Now (in the present); (3) (Scotland, South Africa) In a little while (future).

K

 * : (1) To start, launch, become active or angry; (2) to stop/die/quit.

L

 * : (1) To lend; (2) to borrow.

 * : As a past tense verb, it means "to have gone"; as an adjective; it means "remaining".

 * : As a verb usually means "allow"; in an older (but not obsolete) sense it means "prevent".

 * : With one's utmost power and effort ("to run like hell"); or not at all ("like hell I did!").

 * : In addition to the standard meaning of "word for word", "not figuratively", this has long had an additional, informal usage as a general intensifier for figurative statements.

 * : Discolored as from a bruise or ashen with shock or dull blue or grayish-blue; reddish or flushed or enraged or furiously angry.

 * : Can mean either pale or glowing with color.

M

 * : It can mean ordinary, neither good nor bad; or rather poor or inferior.

 * : Formerly and more acceptably meaning "open for discussion, debatable", it is now more commonly used to mean "irrelevant to discussion or debate".

 * : It can mean to move quickly; or to move leisurely.

N

 * : Nerveless can mean fearful and lacking courage, or calm and controlled.

 * : Nerve out can mean to have a panic attack or to avoid panic in a stressful situation.

 * : In traditional use, a synonym for – "Will you be there?" "No fear!" would mean the replier would definitely not be there. In modern use, a synonym for  – "Will you be there?" "No fear!" would mean the replier promises to be there.

 * : It can mean so surprised and confused that one is unsure how to react or not disconcerted, unperturbed.

O

 * : Generally, something being off means it is not operating; however when an alarm goes off, it means it has started operating (or when a person goes off, it means they have become very agitated).

 * : Original either means plain, or unchanged (as in original flavour), or it could mean something creative or new (an original idea).

 * : Similar to off, to take something out means to remove it; but to bring something out is to exhibit it prominently. For instance saying that "the lights are out" means they are not shining, but saying "the stars are out" means they are easily visible.

 * : Exceptional, prominent, excellent; but also unsettled, unresolved, overdue.

 * : (1) To watch closely; (2) to fail to notice.

 * : When used as an adjective, it means the subject in question possesses more power than expected. But if used as a passive verb, it is a form of "overpower," meaning that the subject has been defeated by a greater power.

 * : When used as a general concept, this word is the noun form of oversee, which means "to manage and be in charge of". But when used to refer to a specific incident, it becomes the noun form of overlook, meaning "error" or lapse in proper management.

P

 * : As a verb, "to pants someone" can mean to either to apply pants to or to remove them from their body.

 * : Although considered an error by most usage experts, the word peruse is commonly understood to mean "to skim over" or "to glance at". The accepted definition is "to examine closely".

 * : [idiomatic] To discard. Also, to promote.  A headline from the washingtonpost.com edition of January 6, 2009, reading "Obama Pitches Stimulus Plan" is ambiguous, though the "promote" meaning is intended.

 * : Having pits; (culinary) having pits removed. "Pitted olives" do not contain pits, but the labeling confuses some customers.

 * : Its older meaning is "immediately"; its contemporary meaning is "in a while".

 * : Usually it refers to something so valuable that no price can be set; but it can also mean worthless.

 * : As a noun, it refers to the common people of a society; however as an adjective, it normally refers to things operated by the government. (Of course, such government operations are maintained for public use.  Furthermore, under representative democracy, the people and the government are considered one and the same by definition.)  . In the UK, the term  refers to a type of.

 * : To put out can be to create or produce (the lantern puts out light), or to extinguish (put out the flame) or injure.

Q

 * : Can mean "limited" (as in "qualified success"); or "skilled, skilful" (as in "a qualified expert").

 * : In technical usage, the smallest measurable increment; informally, a radical change.

 * : Can mean either the essence of a thing, or a quibble.

R

 * : Can mean "to wrap or twist together" (e.g. "Out of boredom, my wife ravels her hair into huge knots"); or "to separate or undo the texture of" (e.g. "My son uses tweezers to ravel stubborn knots in his hair")

 * : Can mean "marked by reflection" or "characterized by habitual, unthinking behavior"

 * : Can be used to mean cancel, or to send money as a payment or gift.

 * : Can be used to mean paying to use something, as in "I'm renting an apartment", or used to mean taking money to let someone else something of yours, as in "We rent cars to anyone, no questions asked."

 * : Can mean "to restore to a former place or position" (e.g. "I replaced the old rug after washing it"), or "to put something new in the place of" (e.g. "I replaced the old rug with a new one"). Ambiguous sentence: "When the brakes are worn-out, take them out and replace them."

 * : Can mean "to cast an actor in the same role again" or "to replace one actor in a role with another".

 * : As a concrete noun, this can be "a confirmation" of availability; as an abstract noun, it is "a fear or uncertainty".

 * : When someone resigns a contract (transitive) he commits to continuing his involvement in some activity. On the other hand, when he resigns (intransitive) he relieves himself of that commitment.  The former is sometimes hyphenated (i.e. re-sign) to emphasize its pronunciation and differentiate the pair.  For example, to resign from work is to end the work, while to resign oneself to work is to give up all hope of ending the work. You can resign yourself to an idea which means you accept it. For example, he resigned himself to the fact his dog had died and was never coming back.

 * : Can mean overuse of the letter R, or the inability to pronounce it.

S

 * : "To permit"; or "to restrict" (as in "economic sanctions").

 * : "Bloody, blood-thirsty"; or "hopeful, optimistic".

 * : Originally, this word meant "to examine closely"; but has come to mean "to look over hastily".

 * : Conceal with or as if with a screen; or "to display prominently" as in screening a film.

 * : Usually obvious due to context; but this can mean either "hidden" (secreted away), or "exposed" (secreted from a wound). The former is the verb form of "secret", and is pronounced with the emphasis on the first syllable.  The latter is the past tense of "secrete" and is pronounced with the emphasis on the second syllable.  (This would not be a contronym, but a homograph, where two words from different roots are spelled the same, but pronounced differently.)

 * : Worldly, not eternal; or, lasting for many years

 * : To plant a field, or to clean seeds from a fruit.

 * : With seeds; or without seeds.
 * : can mean to fix in place or to move (e.g. in )
 * : Originally meaning "separate, single, or individual" (as in "the several states" referred to in the US Constitution), it is now understood to mean "plural, more than two".

 * : To put into a shed (as in "I'm going to shed the lawnmower for the winter"), or to remove (as in "the snake shed its skin").

 * : Shelled can describe either the result of removing a shell (e.g., we shelled the hazelnuts) or describe something that has a shell (e.g., turtles are like shelled snakes with legs) or describe the act of adding shells (e.g., the battleship shelled the island city).

 * : In the standard usage, this means "something that is strikingly attractive or has great popular appeal". Recent usage particularly in the computer industry means "something catastrophic" (often a bug that makes an implementation effectively unusable).

 * : Used with a standard definition, this word can mean "disgusted; revolted", but used colloquially, it can mean "very pleasant; agreeable".

 * : A color word that can mean either green or red, depending on usage.

 * : To add skin (e.g. "skin that kayak"), or to remove it (e.g. "skin that deer").

 * : To work like a slave; drudge or to engage in the slave trade; procure, transport, or sell slaves.

 * : Historically and legally means to hold (but not have an interest in) a stake; however, the term is now sometimes used, especially re corporate governance, to reference one who does have an interest in an issue.

 * : Can mean stopping an action ("stay the execution"), or to continue an action ("stay the course" - note: the original meaning of the phrase "stay the course" was in the first sense; that is, to stop the course of action).

 * : To make headway on something (e.g. "if the wind will only die down, we shall be able to stem the first of the flood"), or to restrict something (e.g. "we need to stem the bleeding").

 * : Normally meaning "to hit", in baseball it means "to miss", and an extension of this usage has led to the meaning "to make a mistake". Further adding to the contradiction, in bowling it refers to the best possible play. Another contradiction results with the phrase strike out: the baseball lineage leads to the meaning "to run out of hope"; but the original lineage also leads to the meaning "to start pursuing a desire".

T

 * : (1) To raise an issue for discussion (more common in the UK); (2) to lay an issue aside and discontinue discussion (more common in the US).

 * : (1) To help or nurture (nurse takes care of patients); (2) to neutralize or destroy (exterminator takes care of stink bugs).

 * : (1) To comb; (2) to back-comb.

 * : (1) To soften or mollify; (2) to strengthen (e.g. a metal).

 * : (1) Formidable; (2) lousy.

 * : Originally and still used to mean "inducing terror", but has now come to have a positive connotation as well, meaning "fantastic" or "amazing".

 * : Can mean either to "to discard" something or "to offer an idea".

 * top : Can mean either "to remove the top of" or "to put a top on".

 * top and tail : Can mean either "to add a beginning and end to something" (such as a letter) or "to remove the beginning and end of something" (such as a carrot).

 * : Can mean "to add decoration to" (trim the (Christmas) tree); or "to remove from" (trim the bushes).

 * : A fluid effortless motion; or the act of falling due to an unforeseen obstacle.

 * : As an adjective, 'hard to endure'; as a verb, 'to make an effort'. A teacher's report may say, "Your child is trying".

U

 * : Rigid, inflexible, refusing to yield or compromise, as in "his stance against reform was unbending"; or becoming less tense, relaxing, as in "unbending a little, she confided..."

 * : That can be unfolded; or not capable of being folded.

 * : Capable of being disentangled (unraveled); or impossible to disentangle (ravel: unwind, pull apart).

 * : Not removed from their shells (adjective); or having been removed from their shells (the past tense and past participle of "to unshell"). The ambiguity therefore arises when the adjective is used predicatively, as in "The eggs were unshelled", which can mean "The eggs had not been removed from their shells" or "The eggs were removed from their shells" (someone unshelled them).

 * : Not thawed out, or having been completely thawed out (the past tense and past participle of "to unthaw").

V

 * : (1) A small locked box; (2) the expanse of the heavens.

W

 * : To weather a storm means "to endure" the storm; but generally to weather means "to decay".

 * : The strict definition of the adjective is "evil"; the now generally accepted slang usage (barring regional quirks) is roughly equivalent to "very good".

 * : (1) To start; (2) to finish.

 * : Can mean 'against' or 'in opposition to', e.g. The United States fought with Great Britain in the War of 1812. Also denotes a close association between two or more participants, e.g. The United States fought with Great Britain against Germany in World War II.

title: Appendix:English contranyms


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Appendix:Longest English monosyllable words

This is a list of candidates for longest English word of one syllable, i.e. monosyllables with the most letters. Some candidates are questionable on grounds of spelling, pronunciation, or status as obsolete, dialect, proper noun, or nonce word.

Proper names
Some nine-letter proper names remain monosyllabic when adding a tenth letter and apostrophe to form the possessive:
 * Laugharne's
 * Scoughall's

It is productive in English to convert a proper noun into an eponymous verb or adjective:
 * A 2007–08 promotion in France used the slogan "Do you Schweppes?", implying a past tense Schweppesed (11 letters) for the putative verb.
 * Schwartzed (10 letters) has been used to mean "(re)designed in the style of Martha Schwartz"
 * Schwartzed has also been used to mean "crossed swords with Justice Alan R. Schwartz"
 * Schmertzed (10 letters) has been used to mean "received undue largesse from New York City through the intervention of negotiator Eric J. Schmertz"


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Appendix:English words where G is pronounced exceptionally

The following English words contain the letter "g" pronounced in a way which is an exception to the rules: the soft "g" (pronounced as /dʒ/) occurs when a single "g" comes before the letters "e", "i" or "y", and the hard "g" (pronounced as /g/) occurs elsewhere, or with double "gg".

Hard G before E, I or Y

 * altogether
 * Argyll
 * auger, ~s
 * bagel ~s
 * begin, ~ner, ~ners, ~ning, ~nings, ~s
 * besagew, ~s
 * bogey, ~s
 * bogie, ~s
 * boogie, ~s
 * burger, ~s
 * caregiver, ~s, caregiving, ~s
 * cowgirl, ~s
 * eager
 * Elgin (Scotland, Canadian places, and Texas city; pronunciation with soft "g" is for a Houston avenue and other American places)
 * fogey, ~s
 * forgive, ~n, ~ness, ~r, ~rs, ~s, forgivable, forgiving, ~s
 * gear, ~ed, ~ing, ~ings, ~s
 * gearbox, ~es
 * geas
 * gecko, ~s
 * Geddes
 * geek, ~s, ~y
 * geese
 * geegaw, gewgaw, ~s
 * Geiger (both occurrences)
 * geisha, ~s
 * gelding, ~s
 * geoduck
 * get, ~s, ~ter, ~ters, ~ting, ~tings
 * getaway, ~s
 * geyser, ~s
 * gibbon, ~s
 * gibbous
 * giddy, giddier, giddiest
 * gift, ~ed, ~ing, ~ings, ~s
 * giftware, ~s
 * gig, ~ged, ~ging, ~gings, ~s
 * giga- (sometimes pronounced with a soft "g")
 * gigabyte, ~s
 * gigaflop, ~s
 * giggle, ~d, ~r, ~s, giggling, ~s, giggly
 * Giglio (surname, chiefly American English; pronunciation with soft "g" is closer to Italian)
 * gild, ~ed, ~ing
 * gilder, ~s
 * gill, ~s, ~y (the fish organ; the unit of liquor measure is pronounced with a soft "g")
 * Gillespie
 * gillie, ~s
 * gilt, ~s
 * gimbal, ~s
 * gimble, ~ed, ~ing, ~s
 * gimlet, ~s
 * gimme, ~s
 * gimmick, ~ry, ~s, ~y
 * gingham, ~s
 * ginkgo, ~s or ~es
 * gird, ~ed, ~ing, ~ings, ~s, girt
 * girder, ~s
 * girdle, ~r
 * girl, ~s, ~ie, ~ish, ~ishly
 * girlfriend, ~s
 * girlhood
 * girth, ~s
 * git, ~s
 * give, ~n, ~nness, ~ns, ~r, ~rs, ~s, ~th
 * giveaway, ~s
 * giveback, ~s
 * giving, ~s
 * Giza
 * gizmo, ~s
 * gizzard, ~s
 * gynecolog~ ~ic, ~ical, ~ist, ~ists, ~y
 * gyre (one pronunciation, in the poem "Jabberwocky" by Lewis Carroll; in the preface to his book Through the Looking Glass, Carroll insists on this, along with "gimble")
 * headgear, ~s
 * hungey (slang)
 * lager, ~s
 * Lagevrio
 * meager
 * misgive, ~s, misgiving, ~s
 * poltergeist, ~s
 * renege, ~d,, ~s, reneging, ~s
 * target, ~ed, ~ing, ~s
 * thanksgiving, ~s
 * tiger, ~s
 * together, ~ness
 * unforgiven, unforgiving, ~s
 * yogi, ~s

NG with hard G before E, I or Y
When a suffix starting with "e", "i" or "y" is added to a word ending in "ng", either the "ng" retains its velar nasal pronunciation /ŋ/ (as in clingy, hanger) or the "g" hardens (as in longest). A few words ending in -nger are pronounced with a hard "g", although the "er" ending is not a suffix:
 * anger
 * conger
 * finger
 * hunger
 * linger
 * malinger
 * monger

Soft G not followed by E, I or Y
There are very few true exceptions in which "g" is soft (pronounced as /dʒ/) but not followed by "e", "i", or "y":
 * gaol, ~er

Some words have lost a trailing "e" due to suffixing:
 * abridgment, ~al, ~ally ~s
 * acknowledgment, ~al, ~ally, ~s
 * Bridgton
 * Bridgwater
 * Dodgson (one pronunciation)
 * Edgware
 * fledgling, ~s
 * Hodgkin, ~s, ~son
 * Hodgkison
 * Hodgkiss, ~on
 * Hodgson
 * judgment, ~al, ~ally, ~s
 * lodgment, ~al, ~ally, ~s
 * mortgagor (second occurrence), ~s
 * pledgor, ~s

The soft "g" in these words has lost its trailing "e" or "i" in the shortening from their full forms:
 * frig (variant spelling of fridge; a short form of refrigerator)
 * reg (short form of registrar, registration and registry)
 * vag (short form of vagina)
 * veg (short form of vegetable), ~es, ~ged, ~ging

Soft GG before E, I or Y
Double "gg" is usually hard (pronounced as /g/), both in cases where a suffix beginning with "e", "i" or "y" is added to a word that ends in a single vowel letter followed by "g" and the hard "g" pronunciation of the original word is retained and the "g" is doubled in spelling (as in blogger, druggie, hugging, piggish, saggy, wagged), as well as in other words (not the result of suffixing) that contain "gg" before "e", "i" or "y" where the "gg" is also hard (for example dagger). Only a few words have soft (/dʒ/) pronunciations of "gg":

 * agger (one pronunciation)
 * exaggerate, ~ed, ~es, ~ing, ~ings, ~ion,, ~ions
 * veggies, ~y
 * arpeggio and similar words from Italian

Either pronunciation

 * Asperger's syndrome
 * hegemony, ~ies (/ɡ/ mainly in Britain)
 * margarine, ~s (/dʒ/ predominant)
 * GIF/gif (both the hard "g" and soft "g" are used )
 * Argive
 * Algae
 * digoxin
 * Gillingham (Initial "g" is soft for the Kentish town, hard for the Dorset town)
 * Gillian (Predominantly with soft "g"; some women [e.g., Flynn, Jacobs, Welch] with this given name use hard "g" instead)
 * Sacagawea (/dʒ/ predominant)

G as /ʒ/
Although in most English words of French origin soft "g" came to be pronounced [dʒ], there are some words of French origin which retain the original French pronunciation [ʒ]:
 * barrage
 * beige
 * bourgeois
 * cabotinage
 * camouflage
 * collage
 * concierge
 * entourage
 * Farage (surname)
 * fuselage
 * garage (one pronunciation)
 * gendarme
 * genre (one pronunciation)
 * lingerie (one pronunciation)
 * luge (one pronunciation)
 * massage (one pronunciation)
 * mirage
 * prestige
 * regime
 * rouge
 * sabotage

GG as either /gdʒ/ or /dʒ/

 * suggest, ~ed, ~s, ~ing, ~ion, ~ions
 * suggillation, ~s

G as /x/

 * ag
 * dagga (one pronunciation)
 * moegoe (one pronunciation)

G as /h/

 * Gila and derived terms (Gila monster, Gila trout, Gila Bend, etc)
 * gitano


text:
Appendix:English words where C is pronounced exceptionally

The following English words contain the letter "c" pronounced in a way which is an exception to the rule described as Hard and soft C: the soft "c" occurs when the "c" comes before the letters "e", "i" or "y", and the hard "c" occurs elsewhere.

Hard c where soft c expected

 * arc ~ed, ~ing
 * Celt ~ic, ~s (by one pronunciation)
 * Cenozoic (by one pronunciation)
 * Cillian
 * ecce (by one pronunciation)
 * foci (by one pronunciation)
 * loci (by one British pronunciation)
 * pescetarian
 * Quebecer ~s
 * recce ~d, ~ed, ~ing, ~s
 * sceptic (first occurence)
 * soccer
 * supercalifragilisticexpialidocious (second occurrence)
 * synced, syncing
 * cyattie

Also, in any personal name beginning with the patronymic prefix or, the  is always hard, even if the name continues with ,  or. (In, the Mac- is not a patronymic prefix, and the c is soft.)

Soft c where hard c expected

 * acai, ~s. Should be spelled açaí.
 * caecilian, ~s
 * Caelum
 * Caesar, ~ean, ~eans, ~s
 * Caesarea
 * caesium
 * caetera
 * coelacanth (first occurrence), ~s
 * coeliac (first occurrence)
 * corpuscle (second occurrence), ~s
 * crepuscle, ~s
 * facade, ~s. Should be spelled façade.
 * lac (etymology 4), ~s
 * muscle, ~d, ~s, muscl~ ~ier, ~iest, ~ing, ~y. (Silent , actually.)
 * Percabeth (derived from "Percy").
 * septicaemia
 * soc ~s (etymology 1)

In many Latin loanwords, "ae" and "oe" are a single vowel resembling "e", and most such words are pronounced with a "soft" sound. This does not apply to all "cae" or "coe" words; in Caerleon and coefficient, the starting "C" makes the "hard" sound as would be expected.


text:
Appendix:English back-formations

An English back-formation refers to either the process of creating a new lexeme (less precisely, a new "word") by removing actual or supposed affixes, or to the neologism formed by such a process. Back-formations are shortened words created from longer words. Back-formations are different from clipping in that they often change the word class (part of speech) of the word.

Each back-formation in this list is followed by the original word from which it was back-formed.

A

 * from
 * as a mistaken singular for (correct Latin singular is aboriginal)
 * from (from Latin )
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * ("to practice archery") from
 * (weapon) from (from Latin )
 * from
 * from (cf. )
 * from
 * from

B

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from (and also the derived, cf. )
 * from
 * from (non-standard)
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from (which itself is a corruption of "bona fide")
 * from
 * from
 * possibly from
 * from
 * ("to clear dirty dishes from table") from
 * from
 * from

C

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from Old French
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from (cf. )
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from (cf. rare )
 * from
 * from
 * from or
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * (noun) from
 * (as a noun for a person) from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

D

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from (possibly a backformation)
 * from

E

 * from
 * from
 * from (from Latin stem ) ,
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

F

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * ("eccentric person") from
 * ("to show off") from
 * from
 * from (a back-formation)
 * from
 * from (backformed adjective-verb compound)
 * (quality of music) from

G

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from (the noun was originally "greediness", although Old English did have such a noun, grǣd, which would have led to "greed" in Modern English if it had survived, but it did not)
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

H

 * from
 * from
 * (meaning "to sell") from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

I

 * from
 * from
 * from (cf. )
 * from
 * from (possibly a backformation)
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

J

 * from
 * from

K

 * from
 * from
 * from (non-standard)

L

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * (meaning "to be idle") from
 * from
 * from

M

 * from
 * from
 * (partially) from  (adj. from Old French, misconstrued as past participle of verb)
 * from
 * (the verb, work on second job) from
 * from

N

 * from
 * from

O

 * (meaning "to behave obsessively") from
 * or from
 * from
 * from
 * from

P

 * (meaning "to accost") from
 * from
 * from
 * from Middle English
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * (nonstandard) from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

Q

 * from
 * from

R

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

S

 * (impudence) from
 * from
 * (meaning "to produce and emit") from
 * from
 * (the verb) from
 * from (cf. )
 * (adjective) from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from (also a back-formation)
 * from (backformed adjective-noun compound)
 * from and
 * from
 * from
 * (the noun) from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * (the verb) from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

T

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * (verb) from (cf. verb )
 * from
 * from (possibly backformed from verb-noun compound but may also be verb-verb compound)
 * from
 * from

U

 * from

V

 * from
 * as in (meaning to contract out to a vendor), derived from
 * from
 * from

W

 * from

title: Appendix:English back-formations


text:
nesteling

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * , the making of a nest

Etymology 2
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A  (chick confined to the nest).
 * °N, °W
 * °N, °W

title: nesteling


text:
segnuti

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to encroach, seize (+)
 * 2)  to reach

title: segnuti


text:
Appendix:Glossary of English apocopations

This is a glossary of common apocopations in the English language.

A

 * ab
 * abdominal muscle (slang)
 * abalone
 * abscess (slang)
 * ad
 * advantage (tennis)
 * advertisement
 * advert
 * advertisement
 * addy
 * (email) address
 * admin
 * administrator
 * administration
 * afish
 * aficionado
 * ag
 * agriculture (informal)
 * aggro
 * aggravation or aggression (UK slang)
 * agit-prop
 * agitational propaganda<---SOP?

 * amp
 * ampere
 * amphetamine (as in "amped up")
 * amplifier
 * amputation or amputee
 * ampoule
 * amplify
 * app
 * application
 * arco
 * arcology
 * auto
 * automobile
 * automatic

 * av or avvie (also avvy)
 * avatar

B

 * b
 * bennies
 * benzedrine (slang)
 * benefits

 * bi
 * bisexual (slang)

 * bike
 * bicycle

 * bio
 * biology
 * biography (informal)

 * Birks
 * Birkenstocks

 * biz
 * business (informal)

 * bod
 * body(slang/informal)

 * bookie
 * bookmaker

 * bra
 * brassiere

 * bread
 * bread and honey (money)

 * bro
 * brother(slang)

 * bronc
 * bronco

 * bronto
 * Brontosaurus

 * bud
 * buddy (informal)

 * budgie
 * budgerigar

 * bunk
 * bunkum

C

 * cab
 * Cabernet Sauvignon
 * cabriolet

 * caff (UK slang)
 * café

 * cal
 * calorie (in combination, especially "lo-cal")

 * Cal or Cali
 * California
 * Calcutta

 * cam
 * camera
 * camouflage

 * camo
 * camouflage

 * Can
 * Canada or Canadian (in combination)

 * cap
 * captain (UK)

 * caps
 * capitals (capital letters)

 * carbs
 * carbohydrates

 * cardio
 * cardiovascular training (aerobic exercise)

 * cat
 * catalytic converter
 * catamaran

 * chem
 * chemistry

 * chemo
 * chemotherapy

 * chimp
 * chimpanzee

 * cig
 * cigarette

 * civ
 * civilization

 * civvy or civie
 * civilian

 * civvies
 * civilian clothes (military slang)

 * clit
 * clitoris

 * coed
 * coeducational

 * coke
 * cocaine

 * Coke
 * Coca-Cola

 * com
 * command (military formation)
 * communication (especially in combinations)

 * combi or combo
 * combination

 * con
 * confidence trick
 * convention (meeting)
 * convict

 * condo
 * condominium

 * congrats
 * congratulations

 * co-op
 * cooperative

 * corp
 * corporation

 * cred
 * credibility

 * crip
 * cripple

 * croc
 * crocodile

 * curio
 * curiosity
 * cousin

 * cyber
 * cybernetic (especially in combination)

D

 * decaf
 * decaffeinated

 * decal
 * decalcomania

 * decij
 * decision

 * deco
 * decoration

 * deets
 * details

 * defrag
 * defragment

 * deli
 * delicatessen

 * delish
 * delicious

 * Dem
 * Democrat

 * demo
 * demonstration
 * demolition

 * derm
 * dermatologist
 * dermatological

 * detox
 * detoxification

 * dicot
 * dicotyledon

 * dif (or diff)
 * difference

 * digi
 * digital

 * digi cabes
 * digital cable

 * dino
 * dinosaur

 * dis (or diss)
 * disrespect

 * disco
 * discotheque

 * doc
 * doctor
 * document

 * dorm
 * dormitory

E

 * ed
 * education

 * emo
 * emotional

 * ep
 * episode

 * ex
 * ex-(boyfriend, wife, etc)
 * exhibition
 * war exercise

 * exam
 * examination

 * exec
 * executive

 * expo
 * exposition

F

 * fab
 * fabulous

 * fan
 * fanatic

 * fed
 * federal

 * frag
 * fragmentation grenade, also verb: to kill with such a grenade.

 * frank
 * frankfurter

 * fridge
 * refrigerator

G

 * ganj
 * ganja

 * gas
 * gasoline

 * gat
 * Gatling gun

 * gig
 * gigabyte

 * gin
 * Geneva

 * glutes
 * gluteus maximus

 * go fig
 * go figure

 * gov
 * governor
 * government

 * grad
 * graduate (or graduation, as in "grad night")

 * Guac
 * Guacamole

 * gym
 * gymnasium

H

 * hash
 * hashish

 * hep
 * hepatitis

 * hetero or het
 * heterosexual

 * hippo
 * hippopotamus

 * homo
 * homosexual
 * homogenized (milk)

 * hydro
 * hydroelectricity
 * hydrotherapy
 * hydrothermal
 * hydroponic

 * hype
 * hyperbole

 * hypo
 * hypodermic

 * hyper
 * hyperactive

I

 * Inc
 * Incorporated

 * inf
 * infinitely

 * info
 * information

 * infra dig
 * infra dignitatem (beneath one's dignity) (borrowed from Latin)

 * inti
 * intifada

 * intro
 * introduction

 * ipecac
 * ipecacuanha

 * Itey
 * Italian

J

 * Jap
 * Japanese (considered rude)

K

 * kilo
 * kilogram

 * klepto
 * kleptomaniac

L

 * lab
 * laboratory
 * (cap.) Labrador retriever

 * lav
 * lavatory

 * legit
 * legitimate

 * les, lez or lesbo
 * lesbian

 * lib
 * liberal
 * liberation
 * (cap.) Libertarian

 * limo
 * limousine

 * lino
 * linoleum

 * lit
 * literature

 * lo-cal
 * low-calorie

 * log
 * logarithm

M

 * mac
 * macadam
 * macaroni
 * (with initial capital) Macintosh (Apple Macintosh)
 * McIntosh apple
 * (or mack) mackintosh

 * macro
 * macroinstruction

 * mag
 * magazine
 * magnet
 * magnification
 * magnesium alloy wheels
 * magnum

 * Man United
 * Manchester United

 * Mass
 * Massachusetts

 * maths (UK) or math (U.S.)
 * mathematics

 * matric
 * matriculation

 * max
 * maximum

 * mayo
 * mayonnaise

 * med
 * medication
 * medic
 * (with initial capital) Mediterranean (the sea or the surrounding area)

 * meg
 * megabyte

 * memo
 * memorandum

 * meth
 * methamphetamine

 * meths
 * methylated spirits

 * Mex or Mexi
 * Mexican

 * mezc
 * mescaline

 * mike or mic
 * microphone
 * microgram

 * mil
 * millilitre

 * Minn
 * Minnesota

 * Miss
 * Mississippi

 * mod
 * moderator
 * modern
 * modification
 * modular
 * modulo

 * mono
 * monaural
 * monochrome
 * mononucleosis

 * monocot
 * monocotyledon

N

 * natch
 * naturally

 * negs
 * (photographic) negatives

 * neocon
 * neoconservative

 * nympho
 * nymphomaniac

O

 * op
 * optical art (op art)
 * optical
 * operation (military operation)
 * operator
 * opportunity

 * op-ed
 * "opposite the editorial (page)"

 * orang
 * orangutan

P

 * Paki
 * Pakistani (pejorative)

 * pants
 * pantaloons

 * pec
 * pectoral muscle

 * peeps
 * people (slang)

 * Peke
 * Pekingese

 * Penn
 * Pennsylvania

 * perp
 * perpetrator (slang)

 * perv
 * pervert

 * photo
 * photograph (informal)

 * photo op
 * photo(graphic) opportunity

 * phys ed
 * physical education (informal)

 * piano
 * pianoforte

 * pic (plural pics or pix)
 * (motion) picture (slang)
 * (photographic) picture (slang)

 * pol
 * politician (informal)

 * polio
 * poliomyelitis

 * poly
 * polyester
 * polyethylene
 * polygraph (U.S. government, as in "full scope poly")
 * polymer
 * polytechnic

 * po-mo
 * post-modern

 * pop
 * popular (informal)

 * porn or porno
 * pornography (slang)

 * pram
 * perambulator, a baby carriage.

 * prefs
 * preferences

 * preg
 * pregnant

 * prelim
 * preliminary (examination)

 * prep
 * preparatory

 * pres or prez
 * president

 * pro
 * professional

 * prof
 * professor

 * prom
 * promenade

 * promo
 * promotion

 * prop
 * propaganda
 * propeller
 * proposition
 * property

 * psych
 * psychology

 * psycho
 * psychopath

 * pub
 * publication
 * public house

 * pullie
 * pullover

 * pulsar
 * pulsating
 * star

 * pyro
 * pyromaniac

Q

 * quad
 * quadrangle (courtyard)
 * quadruplet

 * quin, quint (U.S. and Canada)
 * quintuplet

R

 * rad
 * radian
 * radiator
 * radical
 * (military) radio

 * radio
 * radiotelegraphy

 * raspberry
 * raspberry tart (fart; more commonly, the derisive sound made with the tongue and lips; a Bronx cheer)

 * Rasta
 * Rastafarian

 * Reb
 * Rebel (i.e., Confederate)

 * rec
 * recreation

 * recon
 * reconnaissance

 * ref
 * referee
 * reference

 * reg
 * registration ([rɛdʒ] UK; of a motor vehicle)
 * regulation ([rɛɡ])

 * rehab
 * rehabilitation

 * rep
 * repetition
 * representative
 * (with initial capital) Republican
 * reputation

 * repo
 * repossession

 * res
 * reserve (Indian or military)
 * residence
 * resolution

 * retro
 * retro-rocket

 * rev
 * revolution (of a record, engine, etc)

 * rhino
 * rhinoceros

 * ruck
 * rucksack

 * rum
 * rumbullion (obsolete)

S

 * San Fran
 * San Francisco

 * sarge
 * sergeant

 * sarky (UK)
 * sarcastic

 * Satch
 * Joe Satriani

 * sax
 * saxophone

 * schizo
 * schizophrenic

 * Scottie
 * Scottish Terrier

 * Sea-Tac
 * Seattle-Tacoma

 * sec
 * second
 * secant

 * Semper Fi!
 * Semper Fidelis

 * sig
 * significant (figures)
 * signal
 * (Internet) signature

 * sim
 * simulation

 * sis
 * sister

 * soph
 * sophomore

 * spats
 * spatterdashes

 * spec
 * specialist
 * specification
 * speculation

 * specs
 * specifications
 * spectacles

 * sperm
 * spermaceti
 * spermatozoön

 * staph
 * staphylococcus

 * stat
 * statim (borrowed from Latin)

 * stats
 * statistics

 * steno
 * stenographer

 * stereo
 * stereophony

 * strep
 * streptococcus

 * stude
 * student

 * sub
 * subaltern
 * subeditor
 * subsidiary
 * sublieutenant
 * submarine
 * subordinate
 * subscriber
 * (especially as subs) subscription
 * subsistence money (an advance payment)
 * substitute
 * subway

 * sum
 * summarize

 * sus (or suss)
 * suspect

 * sush
 * sushi

 * sync or synch
 * synchronization

 * synth
 * synthesizer

 * syph
 * syphilis

T

 * tan
 * tangent

 * tarp
 * tarpaulin

 * taxi or taxicab
 * taximeter cabriolet

 * tech
 * technician
 * technology

 * techno
 * technology

 * teddy
 * teddy bear

 * teen
 * teenager

 * tele or telly
 * television

 * titfer
 * tit for tat (hat)

 * tog
 * obsolete togeman, from obsolete French togue, cloak, from Latin toga, garment

 * trad
 * tradition(al)

 * tranq
 * tranquilizer

 * trig
 * trigonometry

 * tux
 * tuxedo

 * typo
 * typographical error

U

 * undies
 * underwear

 * uni
 * university

 * unicam
 * (unicameral) legislature (Nebraska, United States only)

V

 * veg
 * vegetate

 * veg or veggie
 * vegetable
 * vegetarian

 * vet
 * veterinarian
 * veteran

W

 * Wisc
 * Wisconsin

X

 * xolo
 * xoloitzcuintli

Y

 * Yank
 * Yankee

Z

 * zep
 * zeppelin

 * Zin
 * Zinfandel

 * zinco
 * zincograph

 * zoo
 * zoological garden


text:
werkman

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) workman, (employed) working man; commoner
 * 2) worker, laborer

title: werkman


text:
Appendix:Glossary of South African English regionalisms

This is a list of words used in mainstream South African English but not usually found in other dialects of the English language.

A-B

 * bakkie - a utility truck, pickup truck or ute in Australia
 * bergie - refers to a particular subculture of vagrants in Cape Town (from Afrikaans berg (mountain), originally referring to vagrants who sheltered in the forests of Table Mountain.) Increasingly used in other cities to mean a vagrant of any description.
 * bioscope - cinema, movie theatre (now dated)
 * billion - as in the UK this officially means one million million (long scale). Nowadays the American meaning of one thousand million (short scale) is almost exclusively used.
 * biltong - cured meat, similar to jerky
 * biscuit - same as American cookie, in South Africa, cookie is used for cupcake
 * boerewors - spicy sausage from (Afrikaans) "farmer-sausage" (usually made mostly with beef)
 * bonnet - hood of a car
 * book of life - national identity document (now dated)
 * boot - trunk of a car
 * braai - a barbecue, to barbecue (from Afrikaans braaivleis)
 * buck - a Rand
 * brinjal - eggplant (from Portuguese berinjela, also used in Indian English)
 * bundu - a wilderness region, remote from cities (from Shona bundo, meaning grasslands)
 * bunking - as used in the UK, playing truant, skipping school/class
 * bunny chow - loaf of bread filled with curry, speciality of Durban, particularly Durban Indians

C-E

 * cafe - when pronounced, it refers to a convenience store instead of a coffee shop (originally such stores sold coffee and other basic items)
 * call - when someone says that they will "call" this typically means that they will make a telephone call, not visit in person; phone and (less commonly) ring are also used
 * cell - mobile phone
 * candy floss - as in Britain this is used for cotton candy
 * chemist - besides meaning a scientist specializing in chemistry, the term is also used for a pharmacist and for a pharmacy (short for chemist shop in the latter case)
 * chips - used for both French fries and potato crisps
 * circle - traffic circle or roundabout
 * Coloured - refers to typically light skinned South Africans of mixed European and Khoisan and/or Malay ancestry.

 * costume - besides meaning attire worn to a dress-up party/play it also refers to a bathing suit (short for "swimming costume" or "bathing costume"), sometime abbreviated cozzie also used in Britain.
 * cookie - used exclusively for a cupcake
 * cool drink, cold drink - soft drink, fizzy drink not necessarily chilled
 * cubby hole - car glove compartment, also used in Britain
 * dagga - marijuana, dag-gah, dagca (similar in pronunciation to an Arabic herb)
 * dam - also used to mean a reservoir
 * donga - a ditch of the type found in South African topography (from Zulu, 'wall')
 * erf plural erven - a plot of land for a building (from Cape Dutch).

F-J

 * flat - as in Britain this is used for an apartment
 * football - typically refers to soccer
 * freeway, highway - as in the United States and Australia refers to what is known as a motorway in Britain. The dominant forms are the National Roads, e.g the N1 from Johannesburg to Cape Town, and this term is also used as a referent.
 * garden boy - a male gardener (of any age), typically Black (Commonly used by older white South Africans, now considered politically incorrect)
 * geyser - domestic water boiler
 * globe - as formerly used in Britain, a light bulb
 * green pepper, red pepper, etc - terms for Capsicum of various colours
 * homeland - under apartheid, typically referred to a self-governing "state" for black South Africans
 * house - a free-standing dwelling. Usage differs from the UK, where a house is not free-standing, unlike a bungalow.
 * how's it - hello, how are you, good morning (despite being a contraction (grammar) of 'how is it', howzit is almost exclusively a greeting, and seldom a question) [very colloquial]
 * is it? - an all purpose exclamative, can be used in any context where "really?", "uh-huh", etc. would be appropriate; for example: "I'm feeling pretty tired." "Is it?" (very colloquial). Often contracted in speech to "izit"
 * indaba - conference (from Zulu, 'a matter for discussion')
 * jam - a fruit preserve spread whether containing pieces of fruit or not, seldom called a "jelly" in South Africa. Similar to use in UK
 * jelly - when referring to food this always means what in American English is called 'jello', ie. a flavoured gelatine dessert never a fruit preserve spread
 * just now - idiomatically used to mean soon, later, or in a short while, but not immediately.

K-L

 * koki, koki pen, a fibre-tip (coloured) art pen (from a local brand name)
 * kombi - a minivan, esp. Volkswagen (from the Volkswagen 'Kombi' van)
 * lift - as in Britain this terms is used for an elevator, but can also mean a passenger ride to a desired destination.
 * location - an apartheid-era urban area populated by Blacks, Coloureds or Indians (dated, replaced "township" in common usage amongst Whites, but still widely used by Blacks)

M-N

 * main road - what is generally called a "high street" in Britain
 * matric - school-leaving certificate or the final year of high school or a student in the final year, short for matriculation exemption. Equivalent internationally to A-Levels or Grade 12.
 * mielie - an ear of maize (from Afrikaans mielie)
 * mielie meal - used for both maize flour and the traditional porridge made from it similar to American grits, the latter also commonly known by the Afrikaans word pap
 * monkey's wedding - a sunshower.
 * muti - traditional medicine, but also used to refer to all types of medicine, eg. cough muti is cough mixture.
 * naartjie - orange-colored citrus fruit with separable segments and skin that is easily peeled (from Afrikaans), known as a Tangerine in Britain
 * now now - idiomatically used to mean soon (sooner than just now in South Africa, but similar to just now in the United Kingdom)
 * nappy- as used in the UK, what is generally known as a diaper

O-R

 * Pacer - a mechanical pencil, named after the first commercially inexpensive brand advertised on South African television in the 1980's.
 * plastic bag / packet - a disposable plastic shopping bag.
 * Rand - currency, divided into 100 cents. The plural of rand is Rand, not Rands
 * robot, robots - besides the standard meaning, in South Africa this is also used for traffic lights. The etymology of the word derives from a description of early traffic lights as robot policemen, which then got truncated with time.
 * rondavel - round free-standing building, usually with a thatched roof
 * rubber - as in Britain, a rubber eraser, but colloquially may also refere to a condom

S

 * samoosa - Indian samosa
 * shame - an exclamation denoting sympathy as in "shame, you poor thing, you must be cold"
 * shebeen - illegal drinking establishment (also used in Scotland)
 * shongololo - millipede (from Zulu and Xhosa, ukushonga, to roll up)
 * shop - as a noun the same as American store
 * sosatie - a kebab on a stick
 * spanspek - a cantaloupe (from Afrikaans)
 * spaza - an informal trading post/convenience store found in townships and remote areas
 * spit - as a verb, this is only used for the present tense unlike in America where it is also sometimes used for the past tense. The form spat (which is also used in North America) is used for the past tense.
 * standard - besides other meanings referred to a school grade higher than grades 1 and 2 (now defunct)
 * State President - head of state between 1961 and 1994 - now known as President
 * stiffy, stiffy disk - a 3.5 inch floppy disk, floppy is used exclusively for the old 5.25 inch or larger disks
 * sub-standard - besides other meanings referred to first two school grades sub A/B (now grades 1 and 2)
 * sucker - used for both a popsicle (frozen sucker) and a lollipop
 * sweets - confectionery, candy (singular sweet used for an item of confectionery)

T-Z

 * takkies - sneakers, trainers (from Afrikaans tekkies)
 * taxi - shared taxi (usually a minibus taxi) as well as taxicab
 * third force - agents provocateur having no official sanction from either the government or its opposition regardless of which one they consider themselves to be benefiting, used especially for alleged unknown provocateurs behind political unrest, their actions being described as third force activity
 * toasted cheese - a grilled cheese sandwich, in contrast cheese on toast refers to unmelted cheese on toasted bread.
 * torch - used for a modern battery operated flashlight as well as a traditional flaming torch
 * township - large residential suburb lacking city infrastructure, in particular the areas allocated to non-white South Africans under apartheid
 * veld - virgin bush, especially grassland or wide open rural spaces


text:
Appendix:Malay words of Tamil origin

This article lists Malay words that are derived from Tamil. There may be a lack of direct peer-reviewed references for the individual words.

People from the various parts of the Indian subcontinent have been in communication with Southeast Asia for several millennia, and influence of various Indian languages may be seen in Malay. Moreover, Tamil, a language of great antiquity, while influencing other Indian languages, has also been influenced in turn by other languages of India. Hence the term Tamil used in this article must be taken to mean words found in Tamil, and not necessarily words of pure Tamil stock.

Several words are bound to have their origin from Sanskrit or Pali, entering Malay through Tamil, and have cognates in other Asian languages. Sanskrit and Tamil have coexisted for so long in India that it is often difficult to separate which word originated from which language. You can find similar words in Thai, Sinhala, Hindi, etc. Malayalam may have borrowed some of them from Tamil.

A

 * from
 * from
 * from

B

 * . Tamil (Azadirachta indica)
 * . Tamil

C

 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil

G

 * from
 * from

J

 * from

K

 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil
 * . Tamil

L

 * from

M

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

N

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

P

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

S

 * from

T

 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from
 * from

U

 * from

title: Appendix:Malay words of Tamil origin


text:
Talk:Rainbow Brite

Requests for deletion - kept
Kept. See archived discussion of January 2009. 07:00, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

RFV
Greeting card character. Passed a lukewarm RFD in 2009. Can it now be cited to meet WT:BRAND? Equinox ◑ 07:54, 9 January 2015 (UTC)

 * RFV failed. —Mr. Granger (talk • contribs) 23:31, 20 April 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rainbow Brite


text:
Appendix:Macedonian given names of biblical origin

__

Macedonian Male Names of Biblical Origin
From the 1996 Orthodox Calendar, published by the Holy Synod of the Macedonian Orthodox Church

A Avakum Avram Agapij Adam Aleksandar Alimpij Atanas Angel Angelarij Andon Andrej Angjelko Antim Antonij Apostol Ariton Arsenij Artemij Arhangle Atanasij

B Blagoj Blagun Blazhe Bogatin Jacob, Bogdan Bogoja Bogoljub Bogomil Bogoslav Bozhidar Bozhin Bojan Boris Boshko Branimir Branslav Branko

V Vangel Varnava Vasil Veljan Venijamin Veselin Vidoe Vikentij Vladimir Vlastimir

G Gavril Georgij Gerasim Gligor Gligorij Gorazd Goran Gorjan Goce Grigor Grigorij Grozdan

D David Damaskin Damjan Danail Dejan Deljan Despot Dimitar Dimitrij Diogen Dobre Dojchin Doksim Doncho Dorotej Dragan Dukdin Dushan

GJ GJerasim GJero GJoko GJore GJoshe GJorgjija GJorche GJuro GJurchin GJurshin

E Evgenij Elisie Erazmo Eremija Efimij Emanuel

ZH ZHarko ZHelimir ZHivko ZHivorad

Z Zafir Zaharie Zdravko Zlatan Zlatko Zograf Zoran

DZ DZvezdan DZvonko

I Ivan Ignat Ignatij Igor Ilarion Ilija Inokentij Iraklij Irinej Isaija Isidor Ice

J Jakim Jakov Janaki Jane Joanikij Joakim Jovan Jonko Jordan Josif

K Kalistrat Kiprijan Kiril Kitan Kliment Kozma Konstantin Kostadin Krale Krste Kuzman

L Lavrentij Lazar Lambe Leonid Leontie Lefter Luka

LJ LJube LJuben LJubomir LJupcho LJudmil

M Makaraie Makedon Maksim Manoil Manol Manojlo Marin Marko Matea Matej Metodij Miladin Mile Mirko Miron Miroslav Misail Mitan Mitre Mihail Mladen Mojsej Mojsie

N Najden Nase Naste Natanail Naum Nace Nakje Neven Nedelko Nektarij Noefit Nestor Nikanor Nikita Nikifor Nikodim Nikola Novak Nove

O Ognen Ordan Orce

P Pavle Pandil Pane Pantelejmon Panche Partenij Paskal Pahomij Pejko Petar Petko Pimen Plamencho Polikarp Prodan Projko Prokopij Prohor

R Radovan Radomir Radoslav Razmo Rajko Rangel Ranko Rastko Ratko Ratomir Rafael Ristan Riste Rodoljub Romil Ruse Rusomir

S Save Sazdan Samoil Sande Sarafil Sare Sasho Svetislav Svetozar Svetolik Svetomir Serafim Siljan Simon Slave Slavoljub Slobodan Smile Solunche Sofronija Spasen Spiridon Srebre Sreten Stamen Stefan Stojan

T Tanas Tase Tashko Temelko Teodor Teodosij Teofan Teofil Teofilakt Timotej Tihomir Trajan Todor Trifun Trpe

KJ KJire KJirko

F Fidan Filimon Filip Firfo Flore Fotij

H Hranislav Hristijan Hristo Hristifor

C Cane Cvetan

CH CHaslav CHedo CHedomir

SH SHane SHishko

Macedonian Female Names of Biblical Origin
From the 1996 Orthodox Calendar, published by the Holy Synod of the Macedonian Orthodox Church

A Agnija Aleksandra Ana Anamarija Anastasija Angela Angelina Angja Anisija Arsenija Atanasija

B Bebcena Biljana Bisera Bistra Blagica Blagorodna Blaguna Blazhena Bogdana Bogoslava Bozhana Bozhidarka Bojana Borjana Bosilka

V Valentina Vangelija Vangja Vanka Varvara Vasa Vasilija Vasilka Velika Veljana Vera Veronika Vesela Vesna Veta Vida Vita Vishna Vosreksija Vrosinka

G Gajtana Galena Gena Gerasimka Gina Glikerija Gordana Gorica Gorjana Grozda Gulapka

D Damjana Dana Danica Dara Darinka Dafina Deva Denica Despina Divna Dimana Dobrinka Dominika Donka Dosta Dragana Dukadinka Dushanka Dushica

GJ GJorgjivka GJurgjina GJurgja GJurgjica

E Eva Evangelija Evgenija Evlampija Evpraksija Evrosija Evosina Evtimija Ekaterina Elena Elisaveta Efimija

ZH ZHivana ZHivka

Z Zagoarka Zafirka Zaharinka Zdravka Zlata Zografka Zoja Zora Zorica

DZ DZvezda DZena DZuna

I Ivana Ilina Ilindenka Ina Irina Isidora Iskra Ica

J Javorka Jaglika Jagnula Jagoda Jana Jasna Jovana Jovka Jordana Jordanka

K Kalina Kamenka Karanfilka Katerina Katina Kirana Kira Kiska Kita Klimentina Konstantina Kosara Kostadinka Krstana Kruna Ksenija Kupenka

L Lenka Lefterija Lidija Lila Lina Liljana Lozanka

LJ LJuba LJubena LJubinka LJubica

M Magdalena Makedonka Makrina Marena Marika Marina Marta Matrona Meglena Melanija Menka Mileva Milena Milica Milka Mirjana Miladinka Milkana Mila Miroslava Mitana Mitrodora Mitra Mladenka

N Nada Nedezhda Najdenka Nastasija Naumka Nevena Neda Nedelka Nikodinka Nikolna

O Ognena Olga Ordanka

P Pavlenka Paca Pantelejmona Paraskeva Pauna Pelagija Pera Perjana Petkana Petra Petranka Pisana Plamenka Planika Pravoslavka Prvenka

R Rada Radovanka Radoslava Razmenka Rajka Rajna Rakita Ratka Ratomirka Rafaela Rahela Reveka Rina Risimika Ristosija Ristana Rodna Rozalija Rosa Roska Ruzha Rumena Rusalina Rusanka

S Sava Saveta Savka Sandra Sara Sarafilka Sashka Svetlana Sena Serafima Simjana Simona Sinolichka Slavenka Slavjanka Slavica Slavka Slobodanka Smilja Snezhana Solzica Solunka Sonchica Sonja Sofija Spasena Spomenka Srebra Stamena Stana Stojanka Stojmena Stefanija Stefanka Suzana

T Tajana Tatijana Tamara Tana Taska Temenuga Temjana Teodora Teodosija Teofilka Todorka Tina Trajana Trena Trendafilka Trifunka Trpana

KJ KJira KJirana

U Ubavka

F Fanija Fidanka Filimena Fimka Florinka Fotina Frosina

H Hranislava Hristina

C Cana Canka Cveta Cena Cara Ceca Cona Cola

CH CHedomirka

SH SHana


text:
Appendix:Romanian names of Hungarian origin

This list enumerates Romanian names with a Hungarian-language origin, as well as a translation of their meanings into English (most commonly an occupation, a personal trait or a proper name used in the Apuseni Mountains).


text:
Appendix:Serbian given names

This is a list of first names that are common for Serbs, have origin in Serbia or that are unique to the Serbian culture.

Information on Serbian names
As with most Western cultures, a child is given a first name chosen by their parents but approved by the godparents of the child (the godparents usually approve the parent's choice). The given name comes first, the surname last, e.g. "Zeljko Popovic", where "Zeljko" is a first name and "Popovic" is a family name.

Serbian first names mostly originate from the wider Slavic (e.g. Miroslav, Vladimir, Zoran) or Orthodox Christian (e.g. Nikola, Djordje, Petar) tradition. The Christian names are derived from the Greek language standard.

As the result of the unification (and Serbianisation) of Republic of Macedonia to Serbia, subsequently Yugoslavia, Serbian names are today very popular in the Republic of Macedonia. Names such as Nenad, Zoran and Slobodan were introduced via Serbian, evidently as; Nenad - Medieval ethnic Serb name, Zoran - traditionally non existant among the Eastern South Slavs (Macedonians and Bulgarians), Slobodan - Sloboden is the correct variant in the Macedonian-Bulgarian languages.

Names with Western cognates

 * Aleksa - Alexis (Greek)
 * Aleksandar - Alexander (from Greek Alexandros)
 * Andrej / Andrija - Andrew (from Greek Andreas)
 * Avram - Abraham (Biblical)
 * Boris (Slavic)
 * Božidar ("God's gift) - Theodore (from Greek Theodoros)
 * Damjan - Damian (from Greek Damianos)
 * Danilo / Danijel - Daniel (Biblical)
 * Dimitrije - Demeter (from Greek Dimitrios)
 * Draža - Draže (from Greek Dimitrios)
 * Dražen - Dražan (from Greek Dimitrios)
 * Đorđe / Đurađ - George (from Greek Giorgos)
 * Filip - Philip (from Greek Philippos)
 * Gavrilo / Gabrijel - Gabriel (Biblical)
 * Grgur - Gregory (from Greek Gregorios)
 * Igor - Ingwar (from Norse Ingwar)
 * Ilija - Elias (Greek)
 * Jakov - Jacob, James (Biblical)
 * Jovan / Ivan - John (Biblical)
 * Kosta / Konstantin - Constantine (from Greek Kostantinos/Kostas)
 * Kristijan - Christian
 * Lazar - Lazarus (Biblical, from Hebrew Eleazar)
 * Luka - Luke (from Greek Loukas)
 * Marko - Mark (from Roman Marcus)
 * Matija - Matthew, (Biblical, from Greek Matthaios)
 * Mihailo / Mihajlo - Michael (Biblical)
 * Nikola - Nicholas (from Greek Nikolaos)
 * Pavle - Paul (Biblical, from Greek Pavlos)
 * Petar - Peter (Biblical, from Greek Petros)
 * Sava - Sabbas (Biblical)
 * Sergej - Sergius (Roman)
 * Stefan / Stevan - Steven (from Greek Stephanos)
 * Zoltanovic - Zoltanislav

Names ending with -an

 * Boban
 * Bogdan
 * Bojan
 * Borjan
 * Damjan
 * Dejan
 * Dragan
 * Dušan
 * Fazan
 * Goran
 * Kristijan
 * Kokan
 * Milan
 * Miljan
 * Milovan
 * Miran
 * Radoman
 * Radovan
 * Sežan
 * Slobodan
 * Srđan
 * Stojan
 * Vladan
 * Vuksan
 * Zlatan
 * Zoran
 * Živan
 * Zvezdan

Names ending with -slav

 * Berislav
 * Borislav
 * Branislav
 * Dragoslav
 * Jugoslav
 * Miroslav
 * Radoslav
 * Stanislav
 * Svetislav
 * Tomislav
 * Višeslav
 * Vladislav
 * Vojislav
 * Zdeslav

Names ending with -mir
The Serbian word "mir" means "peace" in English.

 * Branimir
 * Budimir
 * Čedomir
 * Desimir
 * Dragomir
 * Jezdimir
 * Ljubomir
 * Milomir
 * Miomir
 * Momir
 * Predimir
 * Ratimir
 * Sretomir
 * Stracimir
 * Tihomir
 * Velimir
 * Vladimir

Names ending with -oje

 * Blagoje
 * Borivoje
 * Dobrivoje
 * Ljubivoje
 * Milivoje
 * Radivoje
 * Radoje
 * Spasoje
 * Sredoje
 * Vidoje

Names ending with -in

 * Cvijetin
 * Dragutin
 * Kostadin
 * Miladin
 * Milutin
 * Veselin
 * Vojin
 * Vujadin, Vukašin
 * Živojin
 * Lagundzin

Names ending with -ko

 * Boško
 * Branko
 * Cvetko
 * Danko
 * Darko
 * Draško
 * Đoko
 * Janko
 * Marinko
 * Matko
 * Milanko
 * Milenko
 * Mirko
 * Nedeljko
 * Rajko
 * Rastko
 * Raško
 * Ratko
 * Slavko
 * Srećko
 * Stanko
 * Vasko
 * Veljko
 * Vlatko
 * Zdravko
 * Zvonko
 * Žarko
 * Željko
 * Živko

Other typical names

 * Aca - Short form of Aleksandar
 * Bogoljub - "God's love"
 * Boža - Short form of Božidar
 * Dragoljub
 * Dražen
 * Đura
 * Ivica
 * Jovica
 * Ljuba
 * Ljubiša
 * Mika
 * Mikica
 * Miloje
 * Milorad
 * Miloš
 * Miodrag
 * Miša
 * Mitar, Short form of Dimitar, Dimitrije
 * Mladen - "young"
 * Momčilo
 * Nebojša
 * Nemanja
 * Nenad
 * Nikša
 * Novak
 * Novica
 * Obrad
 * Ognjen
 * Pera - Short form for Petar
 * Periša
 * Predrag
 * Radič
 * Rodoljub - "patriot"
 * Siniša
 * Svetozar
 * Strahinja
 * Uroš
 * Velibor
 * Vlado
 * Vuk, Vukota - wolf
 * Života

Names with Western cognates

 * Adrijana - Adrienne
 * Aleksandra - Alexandra
 * Ana - Anna
 * Andrea - Andrea
 * Andrijana - Andriana
 * Anđela - Angela
 * Dajana, Dijana - Diana
 * Danijela - Danielle
 * Jasmina - Jasmin, Yasmin
 * Jelena / Helena - Helen
 * Katarina - Catherine
 * Kristina - Christina
 * Ksenija - Xenia
 * Magdalena - Magdalene
 * Marija - Mary
 * Marina - Marina
 * Natalija - Natalie
 * Nataša - Natasha, Natalie
 * Sandra - Sandra
 * Sonja - Sonya
 * Tamara - Tamara
 * Suzana - Susan
 * Tanja - Tanya
 * Tatjana - Tatiana
 * Tijana - Tianna
 * Teodora - Theodora

Names ending with -ica

 * Anica
 * Blagica
 * Dobrica
 * Danica
 * Dragica
 * Dušica
 * Đurica
 * Ljubica
 * Marica
 * Milica
 * Ružica
 * Slavica
 * Verica
 * Vujica

Names ending with -ana

 * Biljana
 * Bobana - feminine form of Boban
 * Bogdana - feminine form of Bogdan
 * Bojana - feminine form of Bojan
 * Dragana - feminine form of Dragan
 * Gordana
 * Ivana - feminine form of Ivan
 * Jovana - feminine form of Jovan
 * Ljiljana
 * Milana - feminine form of Milan
 * Mirjana
 * Slađana - feminine form of Slađan
 * Smiljana
 * Snežana
 * Svetlana
 * Vladana - feminine form of Vladan
 * Zorana - feminine form of Zoran

Names ending with -ka

 * Anka
 * Bosiljka
 * Borka
 * Danka
 * Darinka
 * Desanka
 * Dubravka
 * Dušanka - feminine form of Dušan
 * Duška - feminine form of Duško
 * Ivanka - feminine form of Ivan
 * Jadranka
 * Jovanka - feminine form of Jovan
 * Ljubinka
 * Milanka - feminine form of Milan
 * Milka
 * Radojka
 * Slavka - feminine form of Slavko
 * Stojanka - feminine form of Stojan
 * Varadinka
 * Veselinka - feminine form of Veselin
 * Vlatka - femenine form of Vlatko

Other typical female names

 * Draginja
 * Jasna
 * Milena
 * Mina
 * Nada - "hope"
 * Nevena - "marigold"
 * Radmila
 * Sanja
 * Vesna
 * Vida

title: Appendix:Serbian given names


text:
wild turkey

Noun

 * 1) A large gamebird,, native to North America.

Translations

 * Arabic: دِيك رُومِي
 * Bengali:
 * Bulgarian:, мисирка
 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 野火雞
 * Czech: krocan divoký
 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian:
 * Finnish:
 * French: dindon sauvage,
 * Galician:
 * German:, Wildes Truthuhn, Wildtruthuhn
 * Greek:
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian: vadpulyka
 * Indonesian:
 * Irish: turcaí, turcach
 * Italian:
 * Japanese:
 * Korean: 칠면조
 * Malay: Ayam Piru, Ayam Belanda
 * Maltese: dundjan
 * Mandarin:
 * Norwegian:
 * Norwegian Bokmål: kalkun
 * Norwegian Nynorsk: kalkun
 * Ojibwe: gichi-bine, mizise
 * Persian:
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian:
 * Scottish Gaelic: cearc frangach
 * Spanish:, ,
 * Swahili: kalkon
 * Turkish:
 * Urdu: feel murgh
 * Vietnamese: ,
 * Yiddish: אינדיק

title: wild turkey


text: porciones

title: porciones


text:
piantone

Noun

 * 1) guard
 * 2)  shoot, scion, sucker
 * 3)  steering column
 * 1)  steering column

title: piantone


text: imaginers

title: imaginers


text:
piantone dello sterzo

Noun

 * 1)  steering column

title: piantone dello sterzo


text:
User:Vangelis

Vangelis-NL

title: User:Vangelis


text:
pievano

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) parish priest
 * 2)  priest
 * 1)  priest

title: pievano


text:
pizzino

Noun

 * 1) small slips of paper that the Sicilian Mafia uses for high-level communications

title: pizzino


text: colonias

title: colonias


text:
polacchino

Noun

 * 1) ankle boot (tied just above the ankle)

title: polacchino


text: sacerdotisas

title: sacerdotisas


text: murmurers

title: murmurers


text: sacerdotes

title: sacerdotes


text: condenadas

title: condenadas


text: condenada

title: condenada


text: condenados

title: condenados


text:
săpun

Etymology
, accusative singular of, taken from. Less likely through the intermediate of Greek. Compare 🇨🇬,.

Noun

 * 1) soap

title: săpun


text: săpunuri

title: săpunuri


text:
Nizhny Novgorod

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Proper noun

 * , the fourth-largest in the country by population.
 * , the fourth-largest in the country by population.

Synonyms

 * (name from 1932 to 1990)

Translations

 * Arabic: نِيجْنِي نُوفْغُورُود
 * Armenian: Նիժնի Նովգորոդ
 * Belarusian: Ні́жні Но́ўгарад
 * Bulgarian: Ни́жни Но́вгород
 * Catalan: Nijni Nóvgorod
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 下諾夫哥羅德
 * Chuvash: Чулхула
 * Czech: Nižnij Novgorod
 * Danish: Nisjnij Novgorod
 * Dutch: Nizjni Novgorod
 * Esperanto: Niĵnij Novgorod
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * Georgian: ნიჟნი-ნოვგოროდი
 * German:
 * Greek: Νίζνι Νόβγκοροντ
 * Hebrew: ניז׳ני נובגורוד
 * Hindi: निज़्नी नॉवग्रोद
 * Hungarian:
 * Indonesian: Nizhny Novgorod
 * Italian: Nižnij Novgorod
 * Japanese: ニジニ・ノヴゴロド
 * Kazakh: Төменгі Новгород
 * Korean: ^니즈니노브고로드
 * Latin: Novogardia Inferior
 * Latvian: Ņižņijnovgoroda
 * Lithuanian: Žemutinis Naugardas
 * Macedonian: Нижни Новгород
 * Mongolian: Нижний Новгород
 * Ossetian: Дӕллаг Новгород
 * Persian: نیژنی نووگورود
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: Nijni Novgorod, Nijni-Novgorod
 * Romanian: Nijni Novgorod
 * Russian: ,
 * Serbo-Croatian: Нижњи Новгород,
 * Slovene: Nižni Novgorod
 * Spanish: Nizhni Nóvgorod
 * Swedish: Nizjnij Novgorod
 * Thai: นิจนีนอฟโกรอด
 * Ukrainian: Ни́жній Но́вгород
 * Vietnamese: Nizhny Novgorod

title: Nizhny Novgorod


text: mătuși

title: mătuși


text: sweatmeat

title: sweatmeat


text:
வண்ணாத்திப்பூச்சி

Noun

 * 1) Colloquial form of

title: வண்ணாத்திப்பூச்சி


text:
murdar

Etymology 1
.

Adjective

 * 1) filthy, dirty, unclean
 * 2) vulgar, indecent
 * 1) vulgar, indecent

Noun

 * 1) foul creature

Noun

 * 1) whim, caprice

Etymology
Borrowed from, ultimately from.

Adjective

 * 1) dirty

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) unclean, dirty, impure, provoking disgust
 * 2)  ritually unclean

Etymology
Borrowed from, ultimately from.

Adjective

 * 1) dirty

Etymology
, ultimately from. .

Adjective

 * 1) dirty

Adverb

 * 1) dirty, dirtily

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1)  unclean, dirty, dissolute

Noun

 * 1)  unclean, dirty, dissolute person, person who has fallen into physical and moral ruin

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) dirty, unclean
 * 2) * "tr"
 * 1) * "tr"

- Bu murdar kümeste nasıl oturuyorsun bilmem?

 * 1) (someone) who hasn't washed after sexual intercourse
 * 2)  (an animal) not slaughtered in accordance with religious laws

title: murdar


text:
kyle

Etymology

From (  form ), from, from , from.

Noun

 * 1)  A narrow arm or channel of the sea between an island and the mainland, or between two islands.

Translations

 * Irish: caol
 * Scottish Gaelic: caol, caolas

Noun

 * 1) woman

Noun

 * 1) a ninepin; a skittle

title: kyle


text:
lintulauta

Noun

 * 1) bird table type of bird feeder, consisting basically of a piece of board and possibly a wooden roof

title: lintulauta


text:
-fest

Etymology
From, from.

Suffix

 * 1) A festival, a fest;

Etymology
From, whence also.

Suffix

 * 1) place to moor boats

title: -fest


text:
Pindaro

Proper noun

 * 1) Pindar

title: Pindaro


text:
pindarico

Adjective

 * 1) Pindaric (characteristic of Pindar or his works)

title: pindarico


text:
rebound tenderness

Noun

 * 1)  Pain felt upon the removal of pressure on the abdomen.

Translations

 * German: Loslaßschmerz
 * Korean: 반발통

title: rebound tenderness


text:
教科

Noun

 * 1) subject; course; discipline

Noun

 * 1) subject; curriculum

Derived terms

 * : textbook

title: 教科


text: きょうかしょ

title: きょうかしょ


text: acércate

title: acércate


text: agáchate

title: agáchate


text: apártate

title: apártate


text:
nondidactically

Adverb

 * 1) In a way that is not didactic, or is free of didacticism

title: nondidactically


text: ayudarlos

title: ayudarlos


text:
buscarla

Noun

 * 1) grass warbler

title: buscarla


text: cállense

title: cállense


text: cállese

title: cállese


text: cálmense

title: cálmense


text: cálmese

title: cálmese


text:
burggraaf

Etymology
From. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1)  keeper of certain castles (and surrounding jurisdictions)
 * 2) viscount, a peerage rank, below graaf (count)

title: burggraaf


text: concéntrate

title: concéntrate


text: conocerla

title: conocerla


text: contarte

title: contarte


text: danos

title: danos


text: déjenlo

title: déjenlo


text: denme

title: denme


text: detenerlos

title: detenerlos


text: detenerme

title: detenerme


text: deténganse

title: deténganse


text: deténgase

title: deténgase


text: acercamientos

title: acercamientos


text: disculparme

title: disculparme


text: dispararle

title: dispararle


text: encontrarme

title: encontrarme


text:
yearbookish

Adjective

 * 1)  In the style or semblance of a, especially a high-school or college yearbook.

title: yearbookish


text: enseñarle

title: enseñarle


text: enseñarte

title: enseñarte


text: entenderlo

title: entenderlo


text:
woundingly

Adverb

 * 1) In a way that wounds

title: woundingly


text: escucharme

title: escucharme


text: escúcheme

title: escúcheme


text: espérame

title: espérame


text: estarlo

title: estarlo


text: explicarlo

title: explicarlo


text: hacerla

title: hacerla


text: hacernos

title: hacernos


text: hágalo

title: hágalo


text: llévate

title: llévate


text: lograrlo

title: lograrlo


text: matarla

title: matarla


text: matarlos

title: matarlos


text: matarnos

title: matarnos


text: meterte

title: meterte


text: métete

title: métete


text: oírlo

title: oírlo


text: oírme

title: oírme


text: párate

title: párate


text: jódete

title: jódete


text: perdóneme

title: perdóneme


text: ponerlo

title: ponerlo


text: probarlo

title: probarlo


text: prométeme

title: prométeme


text: sácame

title: sácame


text: sentarte

title: sentarte


text: sentirme

title: sentirme


text: siéntense

title: siéntense


text: síganme

title: síganme


text: sígueme

title: sígueme


text: suéltala

title: suéltala


text: suéltalo

title: suéltalo


text: verrry

title: verrry


text: traerlo

title: traerlo


text:
unbusy

Etymology
From, , equivalent to.

Adjective

 * 1) Not busy

Verb

 * 1)  To make or render unbusy

title: unbusy


text:
uncelebrated

Adjective

 * 1) Not celebrated; ignored

title: uncelebrated


text: sacarlo

title: sacarlo


text: unwearables

title: unwearables


text:
streamable

Adjective

 * 1)  Able to be streamed

title: streamable


text:
pummeler

Noun

 * 1) One who pummels (someone or something)

title: pummeler


text: pummelers

title: pummelers


text:
trunkload

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A quantity sufficient to fill the trunk of a car

title: trunkload


text:
sexlessly

Adverb

 * 1) In a sexless manner, or in a way that lacks sex appeal

title: sexlessly


text: trunkloads

title: trunkloads


text:
olach

Adjective

 * 1) oily

title: olach


text: paradas

title: paradas


text: olaichean

title: olaichean


text:
olejový

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  oil relating to oil

title: olejový


text:
olejnatý

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) oily containing oil

title: olejnatý


text:
podlézavý

Adjective

 * 1) servile

title: podlézavý


text:
iudico

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to examine judicially, judge, pass judgement, decide; condemn
 * 2)  to judge; proclaim; determine, conclude; adjudge
 * 1)  to judge; proclaim; determine, conclude; adjudge

Descendants

 * Old
 * Old
 * Old
 * Old
 * Old
 * Old
 * Old
 * Old
 * Old
 * Old
 * Old

title: iudico


text:
iudicare

Etymology
Inherited from. Replaced in modern Sardinian by forms like or, all borrowed from Italian.

Verb

 * 1)  to judge

title: iudicare


text:
Talk:eunuch

I was recently talking to someone in India who said something about the Eunuch taking males over the age of 21 and castrating them because they are gay. Is this true?

 * Not exactly. India had two kinds of eunuchs, the traditional ones who were castrated at a young age and raised in the palaces to serve as guards and messengers, etc., for the royal women; and true homosexuals, who sometimes undergo ritual castration (their own choice), though most do not. The latter eunuchs, or the third sex, may dress in men’s or women’s clothes and offer the services of fellatio to heterosexual men. —Stephen 10:56, 3 February 2009 (UTC)

I was not sure if he were explaining it correct because English was not his first language. Is there something like that happening? I understand men volunteering to get castrated, but are they doing it to "punish" as well?

 * No punishment, all voluntary. It happens because some homosexual Indian men feel better about themselves as true eunochs. It is part of the Ancient Indian Kamasutra. Nobody is sentenced to castration and eunification as a punishment. They call this third sex the hijra. You can read about them and how to become one at Hijra_(South_Asia). —Stephen 08:27, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

eunuch rule
Apparently, in US politics, this is/was a rule barring a governor from serving consecutive terms (or something of the kind). Equinox ◑ 19:00, 18 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Only in Virginia now, apparently. Wikipedia makes no mention of the name of the law, but I suppose it makes sense ... just might not be widely understood without explanation. I suspect there's not much use outside this page and its originator (William Safire).  It's possible Safire created the term. — Soap — 12:02, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Sense 3
We have the celibate sense labeled as a translation of ancient texts. Do we know what word or words are being trarnslated? I know of Matthew 19:12, but the original word in that verse is in fact εὐνοῦχος and the use for celibacy, i think, is metaphorical. — Soap — 12:04, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:eunuch


text:
pouf

Pronunciation

 * (with certain dialects and/or accents)
 * (with certain dialects and/or accents)
 * (with certain dialects and/or accents)
 * (with certain dialects and/or accents)
 * (with certain dialects and/or accents)
 * (with certain dialects and/or accents)

Etymology 1
From, , of imitative origin; compare.

Noun

 * 1)  A headdress for women popular in 18th century France.
 * 2) A high hair style for women consisting of a roll or pad of hair, worn up.
 * 3)  Part of an item of clothing consisting of gathered fabric in a bunch.
 * 4) A low cushioned seat with no back; a padded footstool.
 * 5) A short skirt gathered into a rounded puffy shape; a puffball.
 * 6) A ball of fabric (such as nylon monofilament netting) used for washing (as an alternative to a flannel, washcloth, sponge, etc.).
 * 7)  A small saddle cushion worn atop the buttocks (as a fashion trend – similar to a bustle).
 * 1) A short skirt gathered into a rounded puffy shape; a puffball.
 * 2) A ball of fabric (such as nylon monofilament netting) used for washing (as an alternative to a flannel, washcloth, sponge, etc.).
 * 3)  A small saddle cushion worn atop the buttocks (as a fashion trend – similar to a bustle).
 * 1) A ball of fabric (such as nylon monofilament netting) used for washing (as an alternative to a flannel, washcloth, sponge, etc.).
 * 2)  A small saddle cushion worn atop the buttocks (as a fashion trend – similar to a bustle).

Synonyms

 * , poofta; pooftah; poofter; poof
 * , poofta; pooftah; poofter; poof

Derived terms

 * pouf paste

Translations

 * Bulgarian: табуретка
 * Czech: taburet
 * Dutch:
 * French:
 * Hungarian:
 * Italian: puf
 * Polish:
 * Portuguese: pufe, banco estofado (para pés)
 * Turkish:
 * Welsh: pwffe

Verb

 * 1)  To make poufy or bouffant.
 * to pouf the hair

Etymology 2
Imitative.

Alternative forms
poof

Interjection

 * 1) Onomatopoeia indicating a cloud of smoke or wind; caused by a deflating object, or a magical disappearance.
 * Pouf, he was gone.

Noun

 * 1) pouffe thick cushion
 * 2) a girl of bad conduct

Interjection

 * 1) poof onomatopoeia

title: pouf


text: videojuegos

title: videojuegos


text:
sliomach

Adjective

 * 1) sleek, smooth
 * 2) cringing, flattering, oily
 * 3) mean
 * 4) slim

title: sliomach


text:
volo pindarico

Noun

 * 1) Pindaric flight

title: volo pindarico


text:
Pindaric flight

Noun

 * 1) A literary passage that has no logical connection to the surrounding work, or is a long digression that becomes less and less related to the original passage.

Translations

 * Italian: volo pindarico
 * Russian: пиндарический полет
 * Ukrainian: піндаричний політ

title: Pindaric flight


text:
Pindaric

Adjective

 * 1) Of or pertaining to Pindar.

Derived terms

 * anti-Pindaric

Translations

 * Italian: pindarico
 * Swedish: pindarisk

Noun

 * 1) An ode of an irregular form erroneously derived from Pindar, popular in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

title: Pindaric


text: rastros

title: rastros


text:
patrones

Noun

 * 1) ;   who supports an artist, craftsman, a scholar, etc.

title: patrones


text: instalaciones

title: instalaciones


text: guardianes

title: guardianes


text:
palos

Noun

 * 1) descent, act of going down
 * 2) disembarking, act of getting off
 * 3) takedown
 * 4) act of slipping off, getting away
 * 1) takedown
 * 2) act of slipping off, getting away

Noun

 * 1) the state of having the prepuce retractable
 * 2) the state of being able to pull back the foreskin with ease

Verb

 * 1) to pull the prepuce back

Noun

 * 1) freshwater eel ( sp.)

title: palos


text: perdedoras

title: perdedoras


text: perdedora

title: perdedora


text: perdedores

title: perdedores


text: oscuras

title: oscuras


text: oscuros

title: oscuros


text: cartuchos

title: cartuchos


text: auténtica

title: auténtica


text: auténticos

title: auténticos


text: auténticas

title: auténticas


text:
pouf paste

Noun

 * 1) Batter that rises on baking to form hollow cases for various fillings.

title: pouf paste


text: hjernestammer

title: hjernestammer


text: hjernestammerne

title: hjernestammerne


text:
a oscuras

Adverb

 * 1)  in the dark

title: a oscuras


text:
de cabeza

Adverb

 * 1)  upside down

Prepositional phrase

 * 1)  off the top of one's head

title: de cabeza


text: hjorten

title: hjorten


text: hjorte

title: hjorte


text: hjortene

title: hjortene


text:
პირამიდა

Noun

 * 1) pyramid

title: პირამიდა


text:
მაიმუნი

Etymology
Ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) monkey, ape
 * 2)  quick-witted

title: მაიმუნი


text:
poliedrico

Adjective

 * 1)  polyhedral
 * 2) multifaceted
 * 3)  eclectic

title: poliedrico


text: bonos

title: bonos


text:
conclusiones

Noun

 * 1)  opinion (judicial opinion delivered by an Advocate General to the European Court of Justice for a legal solution in a case)
 * 1)  opinion (judicial opinion delivered by an Advocate General to the European Court of Justice for a legal solution in a case)

title: conclusiones


text: comunes

title: comunes


text: comunistas

title: comunistas


text: hobbyen

title: hobbyen


text: hobbyer

title: hobbyer


text: relojes

title: relojes


text: hobbyerne

title: hobbyerne


text:
precauzionalmente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) precautionarily

title: precauzionalmente


text: reflejos

title: reflejos


text: prácticas

title: prácticas


text:
precautionarily

Adverb

 * 1) In a precautionary manner; as a precaution

Translations

 * German: ,
 * Italian:
 * Portuguese: cautelarmente

title: precautionarily


text: prácticos

title: prácticos