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Appendix:Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms/W/3

wich
 * Celtic for salt spring; often used in England as the termination of names of places where salt is or has been found; e.g., Droitwich, Nantwich. Syn: wych.

wichert
 * A subsoillike chalk, Haddenham, near Thame, U.K.

wick
 * To place a soft twisted-cotton string between rod joints as they are made up or coupled.

wicket
 * a. N. Wales. A kind of pillar-and-stall, or bord-and-pillar, system of working a seam of coal, with pillars up to 15 yd (13.7 m) apart and stalls up to 24 yd (22.0 m) wide. Also called wicket work.

b. A wall built of refractories to close an opening into a kiln or furnace; it is of a temporary nature, serving as a door; e.g., in intermittent or annular kilns.

wicket conveyor
 * A conveyor comprising two or more endless chains connected by crossbars and to which vertical rods are attached at spaced intervals. The crossbars are also provided with spaced projections at the same level to form in effect a continuous carrying surface through which product cannot fall.

wicking
 * The soft twisted-cotton string used to wick drill-rod joints; the act of placing the cotton string on the rod joints. See also: wick.

wide-mouthed socket
 * A fishing tool similar to a bell-mouth socket, but lacking a latch.

wide opening
 * An underground excavation whose width is greater than two or three times its height.

widiyan
 * See: wadi.

widowmaker
 * A rock drill operated without water and hence, produces a lot of dust, leading to silicosis; often fatal to a miner.

width of lode
 * width" is often used to describe this value, in which case width of lode is used to denote the thickness passed through, irrespective of the angle of dip.

Wiedgerite
 * Trade name for a soft bitumen resembling elaterite, but containing much sulfur and water.

wiggle stick
 * See: divining rod.

wiggle tail
 * a. A rock-cutting tool or bit, used to deflect a borehole, that has an articulated pilot part, which also can be attached to a knuckle-jointed device and coupled to the bottom end of a drill string. Also called whipstock.

b. Nickname for hand-rotated stoper drill.

wightmanite
 * A monoclinic mineral, Mg (sub 5) (BO (sub 3) )O(OH) (sub 5) .2H (sub 2) O; colorless; forms pseudohexagonal prisms; at Commercial quarry, Crestmore, CA.

Wilcoxian
 * Lower or upper lower Eocene.

wildcat
 * a. A borehole and/or the act of drilling a borehole in an unproved territory where the prospect of finding anything of value is questionable. It is analogous to a prospect in mining.

b. A mining company organized to develop unproven ground far from the actual point of discovery. Any risky venture in mining.

wildcat drilling
 * The drilling of boreholes in an unproved territory. Also called: cold nosing; wildcatting.

wildcatter
 * a. An individual or corporation devoted to exploration in areas far removed from points where actual minerals or other substances of value are known to occur. Also called cold noser. See also: wildcat.

b. One who locates a mining claim far from where a deposit has been discovered or developed.

wilderness
 * a. An area or tract of land that is uncultivated and uninhabited by people.

b. North American stage: Middle Ordovician (above Porterfield, below Barnveld; it includes uppermost Black River and Rockland rocks). c. Mottled red and gray grit at Forest of Dean, U.K.

wild heat
 * A heat of molten steel that is boiling violently, and so, if poured, honeycombs an ingot with contained gases.

wild lead
 * See: sphalerite.

wild steel
 * a. Steel in, or made from, a wild heat.

b. Said of liquid steel, esp. rimmed steel, that is producing considerable effervescence.

wild work
 * A type of bord-and-pillar system of coal mining in which the very narrow pillars left to support the roof are not recovered.

Wiles' process
 * A method of reducing iron ores in which an electric furnace is fitted with two or more hollow electrodes, through which the finely divided ore, intimately mixed with reducing materials, is introduced.

Wilfley slimer
 * A form of shaking canvas table that is given a vanner motion.

Wilfley table
 * Long-established and widely used form of shaking table; rectangular; mounted horizontally and can be sloped about its long axis. It is covered with linoleum (occasionally rubber) and has longitudinal riffles tapering at the discharge end to a smooth cleaning area, triangular in the upper corner. A compound eccentric is used to create a gentle and rapid throwing motion on the table, longitudinally. Sands, usually classified for size range, are fed continuously and worked along the table with (1) the aid of feedwater, and (2) across riffles downslope by gravity tilt adjustment and added wash water. At the discharge end, the sands have separated into bands: the heaviest and smallest uppermost; the largest and lightest lowest. The Dodd, Cammet, Hallett, and Woodbury are similar types of tables. See also: Woodbury table.

Wilkinite
 * Trade name for a colloidal bentonite (jelly rock) used in papermaking. Also spelled Wilconite.

willemite
 * A trigonal mineral, Zn (sub 2) SiO (sub 4) ; white to pale tints; fluoresces bright yellow; in zinc deposits in New Jersey, New Mexico, Africa, and Greenland; a source of zinc. Syn: belgite.

willen stone
 * a. Eng. An oolitic freestone used for cornices and chimney pieces; also, a good paving stone, Halston, Northamptonshire.

b. A massive yellow to green, impure variety of antigorite resembling jade; used for decorative purposes. It commonly contains specks of chromite. c. An old "misspelling" of willemite.

Williams' hinged-hammer crusher
 * A crusher with a rotating central shaft, carrying a number of hinged hammers that fly out from centrifugal force, crushing the feed against the casing. Syn: hinged-hammer crusher.

williamsite
 * a. An apple-green impure variety of serpentine. See also: jade.

b. A translucent bright green serpentine, usually containing specks of chromite, used as a semiprecious stone. c. An old misspelling of willemite.

Wilmot jig
 * A basket-type jig, the basket being suspended in a tank of water. Pulsations are effected by moving this basket upward and downward by means of eccentrics. Has been used extensively in the preparation of anthracite of all sizes and, to a lesser extent, of bituminous coal.

Wilputte oven
 * A byproduct coke oven having two outer zones in the heating system and one double inner zone. In this oven, the gas is alternately burned upwards in the two outer zones with the products of combustion being carried down through the double inner zone and, on reversal, burned upwards in the double inner zone with the products of combustion being carried down through the two outer zones. Known as a double-divided oven.

wilsonite
 * a. A purplish-red material consisting of an aluminosilicate of magnesium and potassium; represents an altered scapolite.

b. A tuff composed of fragments of pumice and andesite in a matrix of vitric and granular material (Holmes, 1928).

Wilton stopper
 * Automatic arrangement that arrests a mine car when it runs away downslope. The car displaces a pendulum beyond its nonactivating limit of swing and a pivoted rail then falls between the rail tracks below.

wiluite
 * a. A green variety of grossular garnet.

b. A greenish variety of vesuvianite.

win
 * a. To extract ore or coal. To mine, to develop, to prepare for mining.

b. To recover (as metal) from ore.

winch
 * a. A small hand- or power-operated drum haulage used for light-duty work in surface and underground mines. A heavy-duty power winch fitted to the rear of a tractor. See also: pickrose hoist.

b. Syn: hoist. Formerly, a manually powered hoisting machine, consisting of a horizontal drum with rank handles. c. A drum that can be rotated so as to exert a strong pull while it is winding the attached line. d. A small drum haulage or hoist. A gear train is interposed between the handle and the drum. The handle is turned several revolutions to one revolution of the drum. Two handles and a pawl and ratchet may be fitted to prevent the load from running back should the pressure on the handle be reduced. See also: monkey winch.

winchellite
 * See: mesolite.

winchman
 * In metal mining, a person who operates a power-driven winch on a gold dredge to move it from one working position to another during dredging operations, winding up the cables anchored at points in advance of the dredge.

winch operator
 * See: hoist operator.

wind
 * To hoist or raise coal or ore; to spool rope or cable on the drum of a hoist.

wind beam
 * A beam incorporated into a structure for the sole purpose of resisting wind pressure.

wind blast
 * A blown-out or "windy" shot.

wind box
 * In blast furnace operation, the compartment in the bottom of the converter that receives the blast and delivers it to the tuyeres.

winder
 * a. An electrically driven winding engine for hoisting a cage or cages up a vertical mine shaft.

b. See: card tender.

winder brake
 * An appliance or piece of equipment capable of retarding or stopping cages in a shaft in an emergency. See also: brake; post brake; semiautomatic control.

wind furnace
 * Any form of furnace using the natural draft of a chimney without the aid of a bellows or blower.

wind gage
 * An anemometer for testing the velocity of air in mines.

wind hatch
 * In mining, an excavation or opening for removing ore.

winding
 * The operation of hoisting coal, ore, miners, or materials in a shaft. The conventional method is to employ two cages actuated by a drum type of winding engine. Steel ropes are attached at either end of the drum, one over and the other under it, so that as one cage ascends, the other descends. Thus the cages arrive at pit top and bottom simultaneously. See also: automatic cyclic winding; balanced winding; balance rope; deep winding; Koepe winder; winding cycle; winding rope.

winding apparatus
 * The machinery and equipment used to lower and raise loads through a shaft.

winding cycle
 * In general, a cycle refers to any series of changes or operations in which any part of the system return to its original state or position. In winding, the term usually refers to a complete wind, which is comprised of three phases: (1) acceleration to full speed; (2) full-speed running; and (3) retardation to rest. The period of the winding cycle is the sum of winding time and decking time in seconds. See also: winding speed.

winding drum
 * For haulage to the surface through a mine shaft, the surface gear includes a winding drum of cylindrical or cylindroconical form on which the winding rope (hoisting rope) is coiled as the cage, or skip or kibble, is raised, and from which it is paid off as the return journey is made. Two such receptacles are usually worked simultaneously in balanced hoisting, one rising as the other descends, from a compound drum. The drum is driven by the winding engine. See also: bicylindroconical drum; conical drum; Koepe sheave; parallel drum; winding engine.

winding engine
 * a. A steam or electric engine at the top of a shaft that powers the winding drum, thus hoisting and lowering a cage or skip by means of a winding rope. In metal mining, the winding engine is usually called a hoist. Also called: winder. See also: hoist.

b. See: winding drum.

winding engineman
 * A skilled person in charge of the steam or electric winding engine at a mine. Also called hoistman.

winding guide
 * The purpose of a winding guide is to permit winding to proceed safely at relatively high speeds by preventing collisions between the cages and between cages and the side of, or fittings in, a shaft. It must be (1) rigid enough to prevent material deviation of the cages or skips from the vertical; (2) strong, since a broken guide causes danger from damage; (3) smooth, so as to offer as little resistance to the movement of a cage as possible; and (4) firmly supported and maintained vertical. Guides may be of two types, rigid or flexible. The former may be of timber, and in new shafts have generally been replaced by steel channels, steel rails or angles; the latter are steel ropes of round or semilocked section steel rods. Rigid guides are adopted in shafts of rectangular cross section; these and the shaft sides and fittings are small. Rope guides are used in circular and elliptical shafts where adequate clearances can be provided. Rope guides maintain the vertical automatically, and expand and contract with temperature variation without complication.

winding pulley
 * See: winding sheave.

winding rope
 * The rope that carries a cage, skip, or hoppit in a shaft. The wires are twisted together symmetrically according to a definite geometrical pattern. See also: wire rope; winding drum. Syn: lay of rope.

winding sheave
 * A grooved pulley wheel, mounted on plummer blocks, at the top of the headgear. The winding rope passes from a cage or skip around the sheave and onto the winding drum. For normal loads, the sheave rim and boss are made of castiron, and the spokes are made of round, mild steel. Winding sheaves range up to about 24 ft (7.32 m) in diameter. Sheaves up to 8 ft (2.44 m) in diameter are usually made in one piece, but above this size, they are built in halves and bolted together. To give efficient service, the sheave diameter should be at least 96 times the winding rope diameter. See also: head sheave; Koepe sheave. Syn: hoisting sheave.

winding speed
 * The velocity at which a winding engine lifts a cage or skip in a shaft. Winding speeds reach up to 6,000 ft/min (1.8 km/min) for deep mines. The normal maximum speed for deep shafts is 3,500 to 4,000 ft/min (1.1 to 1.2 km/min) and for geared winders, 1,500 to 3,000 ft/min (0.46 to 0.91 km/min).

windlass
 * a. A device used for hoisting; limited to small-scale development work and prospecting because of its small capacity.

b. A drum or a section of tree trunk set horizontally on rough bearings above a shallow pit or shaft; used to raise or lower buckets of spoil in exploratory work. Handles at each end of the drum allow for manual rotation.

wind method
 * An air-blowing system of separating coal into various sizes, and extracting waste from it, which in principle depends on the specific gravity or size of the coal and the strength of the current of air.

windmill anemometer
 * An anemometer in which a windmill is driven by the air stream, and its rotation is transmitted through gearing to dials or other recording mechanism. In some instruments, the rotating vanes and dials are in the same plane; i.e., both vertical, while in others the dial is horizontal. In the windmill type, the operation of air measurement involves readings of dials at the beginning and end of a measured period. Windmill instruments may be fitted with an extension handle, providing a form of remote control; used to measure air speed in an otherwise inaccessible spot.

window
 * An eroded area of a thrust sheet that displays the rocks beneath it. Syn: fenster.

window pipe
 * A dredge discharge pipe with one or more openings in the bottom.

window-type sample
 * See: door-type sampler.

wind pressure
 * The pressure on a structure due to wind, which increases with wind velocity approx. in accordance with the formula p = 0.003 v (super 2), where p is the pressure in pounds per square feet of area affected, and v is the wind velocity in miles per hour.

wind road
 * Underground ventilation road. See also: airway.

wind rose
 * A diagram which shows the proportion of winds blowing from each of the main points of a compass at a given locality, recorded over a long period. The prevailing wind with its average strength is thereby revealed at a glance.

windrow
 * a. A row of peats or sod set up to dry, or cut in paring and burning.

b. A ridge of soil pushed up by a grader or bulldozer.

winds
 * See: winze.

windup
 * The amount of twist occurring in a string of drill rods when the string is rotated during drilling. There can be as many as several complete revolutions of the rod at the collar before the bottom member of the string begins to rotate. Also called wrap-up.

windy shot
 * A blast in a coal mine which--due to improperly placed charges, the wrong kind or quantity of explosives, or insufficient stemming--expends most of its force on the mine air; it sometimes ignites a gas mixture, coal dust, or both, thus causing a secondary explosion, which may or may not spread throughout the mine; a shot that blows out without disturbing the coal; a shot that is not properly directed or loaded; a blown-out shot.

wing
 * a. The side or limb of an anticline.

b. See: catch; chair; dog; rests; wing.

wing belt tripper
 * A belt conveyor tripper having auxiliary conveyors extending laterally to one or both sides to provide wider distribution of bulk material being discharged.

wing dam
 * See: pier dam.

winged pillar
 * Scot. Pillar of coal that has been reduced in size.

wingwall
 * A wall that guides a stream into a bridge opening or a culvert barrel.

winklestone
 * Warty, elongate pyrite nodule, Essex, U.K.

winning
 * a. The excavation, loading, and removal of coal or ore from the ground; winning follows development.

b. The operation of mining an ore and opening up a new portion of a coal seam. c. The portion of a coalfield laid out for working. d. The combined process of excavating and transporting a raw material such as clay to a brickworks or stockpile.

winning heading
 * A development heading off which oblique headings and conveyor panels are formed and worked (longwall); any of the development drivages in the solid coal, about 15 yd (13.7 m) apart, and of which bords and pillars are formed (pillar method of working).

winnowing gold
 * Air blowing. Tossing up dry powdered auriferous material in air, and catching the heavier particles not blown away.

winter dumps
 * A term used in Alaska to describe gold-bearing gravel mined during the winter and stored on the surface for sluicing in the spring and summer.

winze
 * a. A vertical opening driven downward connecting two levels in a mine. When one is standing at the top of a completed connection the opening is referred to as a winze, while when standing at the bottom, the opening is a raise, or rise. Syn: winds. CF: underground shaft.

b. A subsidiary shaft that starts underground. It is usually a connection between two levels. Syn: way shaft. c. Can. Interior mine shaft.

wire
 * a. A continuous length of metal drawn from a rod.

b. War. A haulage rope. c. See: capillary.

wirebar
 * A cast shape, particularly of tough pitch copper, which has a cross section approx. square with tapered ends; designed for hot rolling into a rod for subsequent drawing into wire.

wire cloth
 * Screen composed of wire or rod woven or crimped into a square or rectangular pattern.

wired glass
 * A form of sheet glass produced by rolling wire mesh into a ribbon of glass so that it acts as a reinforcement and holds the fragments together in the event of the sheet being fractured.

wire drag
 * A buoyed wire towed by a ship at a given depth to determine whether any isolated rocks, small shoals, etc., extend above that depth, or for determining the least depth of an area.

wire gage
 * a. A gage for measuring the diameter of wire.

b. A standard series of sizes used in the manufacture of wire (diameter) or sheet metal (thickness) and indicated by arbitrary numbers. c. A notched plate having a series of gaged slots, numbered according to the sizes of the wire and sheet metal manufactured; used for measuring the diameter of wire. The gage most widely used in the United States is the U.S. Standard Steel Wire, which name has official sanction, without legal effect. The Birmingham gage is recognized in acts of Congress for tariff purposes. Two gages (American Gage; Browne and Sharpe's) are used for copper wires and all nonferric metal wires.

wire gauze
 * A gauzelike texture of fine wire, such as that used for the chimneys of flame safety lamps.

wire hanger
 * The hanger from which wire or cable is suspended.

wire line
 * a. As used in a general sense, any cable or rope made of steel wires twisted together to form the strands. Specif., a steel wire rope 5/16 in (7.9 mm) or less in diameter. See also: cable.

b. A general term for any flexible steel line or cable drill connecting a surface winch to a tool assembly lowered in a well bore. Also spelled wireline.

wire-line barrel
 * See: wire-line core barrel.

wire-line cable
 * A wire rope 3/16 in or 1/4 in (4.8 mm or 6.4 mm) in diameter; used to handle the inner tube of a wire-line core barrel. See also: cable.

wire-line core barrel
 * Double-tube, swivel-type core barrel; available in various outside diameters corresponding to sizes of diamond- and rotary-drill boreholes; designed so that the inner-tube assembly is retractable. At the end of a core run, the drill string is broken at the top joint so that an overshot latching device can be lowered on a cable through the drill-rod string. When it reaches the core barrel, the overshot latches onto the retractable inner-tube assembly, which is locked in the core barrel during the core run. The upward pull of the overshot releases the inner tube and permits it to be hoisted to the surface through the drill rods; it is then emptied and serviced and dropped or pumped back into the hole, where it relocks itself in the core barrel at the bottom. Syn: wire-line barrel.

wire-line coring
 * The act or process of core drilling with a wire-line core barrel. See also: wire-line core barrel.

wire-line dredging
 * In this method, digging tools or buckets are suspended on a steel cable and lowered to the sediment surface, where they are loaded and retrieved. Includes the use of drag-bucket and clamshell dredges, and generally to a depth of not more than 500 ft (152 m) below sea level.

wire-line drilling
 * The drilling of boreholes with wire-line core-barrel drill-string equipment.

wire-line drill rod
 * Drill rod having couplings that are nearly flush on the inside and designed so that the inner tube of a wire-line core barrel and overshot assembly can be run inside the rod.

wireline drill-rod coupling
 * A rod coupling designed for use on wire-line drill rods. See also: wire-line drill rod; wire-line core barrel.

wire-line drum
 * A winding drum or hoist on which the wire line is wound when handling the inner tube and overshot assemblies of a wire-line core barrel. Syn: wire-line hoist.

wire-line hoist
 * See: wire-line drum.

wire-line log
 * See: well log.

wire-line socket
 * The socket connecting the wire line to a wire-line core barrel overshot assembly.

wireman
 * In mining, a person who installs and repairs underground power, light, and trolley lines, making extensions into new working places as openings advance. Also called lineman; mine wireman; wire hanger.

wireman helper
 * In mining, one who assists a wireman in installing and repairing underground power, light, telephone, and trolley lines. Also called wire-hanger helper.

wire-mesh conveyor belt
 * A woven-wire conveyor belt composed of various combinations of flattened-helical coils of wire, which may or may not be joined by straight or crimped members.

wire-mesh reinforcement
 * Expanded metal, wire, or welded fabric used as reinforcement for concrete or mortar. See also: mesh.

wire pack
 * A circular pack consisting of waste stone built within woven fencing fixed to light props. The pack is still effective as support after the props have failed. Wire packs, e.g., are used for small openings in the Rand mines in South Africa.

wire rod
 * Hot-rolled coiled stock that is to be cold-drawn into wire.

wire rope
 * a. A rope made of twisted strands of wire for winding in shafts and underground haulages. Wire ropes are made from medium carbon steels. See also: cable; flattened strand rope; locked coil rope; multiple-strand rope; winding rope.

b. Various constructions of wire rope are designated by the number of strands in the rope and the number of wires in each strand. The following are some common terms encountered: airplane strand; cable-laid rope; crane rope; elevator rope; extra-flexible hoisting rope; flat rope; flattened-strand rope; guy rope; guy strand; hand rope; haulage rope; hawser; hoisting rope; Lang lay rope; lay; left lay rope; left twist; nonspinning rope; regular lay; reverse-laid rope; rheostat rope; right lay; right twist; running rope; special flexible hoisting rope; standing rope; towing hawser; transmission rope.

wire-roper anchor
 * A device for tieing off and securing the tension in the wire ropes of a wire-rope, side-framed, intermediate section.

wire-rope spreader
 * An intermediate section consisting of interchangeable increments or parts in which the carrying idlers are supported by one or more steel wire ropes. Return idlers may or may not be supported from the ropes. �n  ��� ��� �H+��       � � DICTIONARY TERMS:wire-rope spreader That part of a wire-rope, side-f That part of a wire-rope, side-framed intermediate section that maintains a horizontal plane a fixed distance between wire ropes but does not support the wire ropes.

wire-rope support
 * That part of a wire-rope, side-framed intermediate section that positions the wire rope or ropes with respect to the roof or floor. It may or may not have provisions for mounting a return idler.

wire ropeway
 * A ropeway using a wire cable or cables. Used for conveying ore and supplies in rough mountainous districts; a wire tramway. See also: aerial tramway.

wire saw
 * A saw consisting of one- and three-strand wire cables up to 16,000 ft (4.9 km) long running over pulleys. When fed by a slurry of sand and water and held against rock by tension, the saw cuts narrow, uniform channels by abrasion. This saw is used for cutting granite, slate, marble, limestone, or sandstone blocks.

wire-saw operator
 * See: wire sawyer.

wire sawyer
 * In a stonework industry, a person who operates a wire saw to cut very large blocks of granite, limestone, marble, slate, or sandstone into smaller blocks that can be handled on gang or circular saws. Also called wire saw operator.

wire setter
 * Person who tends electrically powered unwinding machine that supplies wire netting to be embedded in sheet glass.

wire silver
 * Native silver in the form of wires or threads.

wire strand
 * Several steel wires twisted together to form one strand of a wire rope or cable.

wire-strand core
 * A core in which the number of wires shall not be less than the number of wires in a main strand of the wire rope, and the individual wires shall be of an appropriate grade of steel in accordance with the best practice and design, either bright (uncoated), galvanized, or drawn galvanized wire. See also: independent wire rope core.

wiry
 * Occurring as thin wires, often twisted like the strands of a rope; e.g., native copper.

witching stick
 * See: divining rod.

withamite
 * A red to yellow variety of epidote with a little manganese; in andesites at Glencoe, Scotland. CF: piemontite.

withdraw
 * To draw off; to take out supports.

withdrawal
 * Segregation of particular lands from the operation of specified public land laws, making those laws inapplicable to those lands. Lands may be withdrawn from all or any part of the public land laws, including the mineral location and mineral leasing laws.

witherite
 * An orthorhombic mineral, BaCO (sub 3) ; aragonite group; colorless to milky; in low-temperature hydrothermal veins. Syn: carbonate of barium.

witness corner
 * A marker set on a property line leading to a corner; used where it would be impracticable to maintain a monument at the corner itself.

witness mark
 * A mark or stake set to indicate the position (approximate or exact) of a property corner, instrument station, or other survey point. A witness may be a rock, tree, or other object; e.g., a blazed tree on the bank of a river to indicate a corner at the intersection of some survey line with the center line of the stream, which, therefore, cannot be marked directly; a stake driven so as to stand out; and a stake marked with a station number, driven flush with or below the surface of the ground.

witness post
 * Satellite beacon used to mark a claim when the correct boundary post is inaccessible.

wittichenite
 * An orthorhombic mineral, Cu (sub 3) BiS (sub 3) ; gray to tin-white; at Wittichen, Baden, Germany. Also called wittichite.

wittite
 * A monoclinic mineral, Pb (sub 9) Bi (sub 12) (S,Se) (sub 27) ; lead-gray; at Falun, Sweden.

Witton-Kramer magnet
 * A circular magnetic separator suspended over a conveyor head pulley to extract small pieces of tramp iron.

Witwatersrand
 * The gold-mining district, now usually called the Rand, in South Africa.

wobble wheel roller
 * A skip body mounted on nine or more oscillating, smooth, rubber-tired wheels for compaction and fine rolling of soil.

wodginite
 * A monoclinic mineral, (Ta,Nb,Sn,Mn,Fe) (sub 16) (sub ) O (sub 32) ; dimorphous with ixiolite; occurs in granite pegmatites; named for Wodgina, Australia.

woehlerite
 * a. A monoclinic mineral, Ca (sub 2) NaZr(Si (sub 2) O (sub 7) )(O,OH,F) (sub 2).

b. The organic matter in carbonaceous chondrites. Also spelled woehlerite.

Woehler test
 * A fatigue test in which one end of a specimen is held in a chuck and rotated in a ball bearing placed on the other end. The ball bearing carries a weight and, as the specimen rotates, the stress at each point on its surface passes through a cycle from a maximum in tension to a maximum in compression.

wold
 * A range of hills produced by differential erosion from inclined sedimentary rocks; a cuesta. CF: cuesta.

Wolf
 * a. The name of a naphtha-burning flame safety lamp.

b. The name of carbide and electric lamps.

wolfachite
 * A mineral (not established as a species), Ni(As,Sb)S, intermediate between gersdorfite and ullmannite; occurs at Wolfach, Baden, Germany.

wolf cut point
 * See: equal-errors cut point.

wolfeite
 * A monoclinic mineral, (Fe,Mn) (sub 2) (PO (sub 4) )(OH) ; forms a series with triploidite; dimorphous with satterlyite.

Wolf nickel-cadmium battery
 * While other nickel-cadmium batteries generally adopt either tubular or pocketed positive plate construction, the Wolf battery has individual features of interest. The supporting medium for the active materials consists of strips of compressed corrugated nickel foil. The method of construction is to perforate strips of the foil, which are pasted with active material. The strips are folded into corrugations and compressed into a cake. Two or more cakes are mounted in a pure nickel frame to form the finished plate. This method of construction results in a plate of satisfactory electrical conductivity, and no admixture of graphite or flake nickel in the active material is necessary.

Wolf process
 * A flotation process invented by Jacob D. Wolf in 1903. He used sulfochlorinated or other oils and aimed to secure a high extraction with a low grade of concentrate in the first step, and by washing with hot water to concentrate the concentrate in a second step. Apparently no commercial use was made of it.

wolfram
 * See: wolframite; tungsten.

wolframine
 * See: tungstite; tungstic ocher; wolframite.

wolframite
 * A monoclinic mineral, (Fe,Mn)WO (sub 4) ; within the huebnerite-ferberite series; pseudo-orthorhombic due to twinning. See also: tungsten. Syn: wolfram.

wolfram lamp
 * A tungsten lamp.

wolfram ocher
 * See: tungstic ocher.

wolfsbergite
 * See: chalcostibite; jamesonite.

wollastonite
 * A triclinic mineral of the pyroxenoid group: CaSiO (sub 3) . It is dimorphous with parawollastonite. Wollastonite is found in contact-metamorphosed limestones, and occurs usually in cleavable masses or sometimes in tabular twinned crystals; it may be white, gray, brown, red, or yellow. It is not a pyroxene. Symbol, Wo. Syn: tabular spar.

wollongite
 * See: wollongongite.

wollongongite
 * A coallike shale similar to torbanite. It is named from its type locality, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. Also spelled wollongite; wallongite.

woelsendorfite
 * An orthorhombic mineral, (Pb,Ca)U (sub 2) O,.2H (sub 2) O ; forms bright red crusts on fluorite; at Woelsendorf, Bavaria, Germany.

Wommer safety clamp
 * A type of foot operated drill-rod safety clamp, the operation of which is similar to a bulldog safety clamp. Also called automatic spider.

wonder metal
 * Applied to metals, such as beryllium, magnesium, titanium, and zirconium, that were put into expanded use following World War II.

wood agate
 * A term used for agatized wood, esp. agate formed by siliceous permineralization of wood.

Woodbury jig
 * A jig with a plunger compartment at the head end, so that the material is given a classification in the jig.

Woodbury table
 * A table of the general Wilfley-Overstrom-Card type, with riffles parallel to the tailings side, and a hinged portion without riffles (unlike the Card). The table top is a rhomboid, and the riffles gradually shorten as they near the tailings side. See also: Wilfley table.

wood chain
 * S. Staff. A hoisting chain, the iron links of which are filled with small blocks of wood.

Wooddell scale
 * A scale of resistance to abrasion based on the following method: if specimens of different materials are mounted so that they present surfaces substantially in the same plane, and if the surfaces are subjected to a lapping operation with a properly selective abrasive, the harder materials will stand out in relief, whereas the softer ones will be cut or worn to a depth, depending upon their hardness. By averaging several readings, a scale of hardness was established by which the quantitative values of the hardness of various materials could be determined. On the Woodell scale, diamond has approx. 2 times the hardness of boron carbide, 3.5 times that of tungsten carbide, and nearly 5 times that of corundum.

wooden tubbing
 * Consists of wooden staves driven down in soft ground during sinking to keep back water. The lining is stated to be capable of withstanding pressures up to a maximum of 130 psi (896 kPa). The lining resembles the sides of a wooden tub and the word tubbing is doubtless derived from this similarity. See also: tubbing.

wood hematite
 * A finely radiated variety of hematite exhibiting alternate bands of brown or yellow of varied tints.

woodhouseite
 * A trigonal mineral, CaAl (sub 3) (SO (sub 4) )(PO (sub 4) )(OH) (sub 6) ; beudantite group; forms small colorless rhombohedra.

wood iron
 * A fibrous variety of chalybite (siderite), FeCO (sub 3).

wood iron ore
 * Corn. Fibrous limonite; Land's End district.

wood opal
 * A variety of opal with woody texture by replacement. Syn: opalized wood; xylopal; lithoxyl.

wood piling
 * A method of sinking a shaft through loose surface deposits by driving a ring of wood piles down vertically. As the piles are rammed downward, the loose material is removed. Frames are set to prevent the piles being forced inward. Each new set of piles reduces the dimensions of the excavation. To avoid this reduction in size, the piles are driven at an angle away from the shaft space.

Wood process
 * A flotation process utilizing the surface tension of water, either fresh, acid, or salt.

woodrock
 * A variety of asbestos resembling wood.

woodruffite
 * A monoclinic mineral, (Zn,Mn)Mn (sub 3) O (sub 7) .H (sub 2) O ; related to todorokite; at Sterling Hill, NJ.

woodstave piping
 * Piping formed from wood boards fitted and strapped together by encircling steel bands.

wood stilt
 * A piece of wood attached to the leg of steel girders to provide a measure of yield and prevent premature distortion and damage to the ring. See also: arch girder; stilt.

woodstone
 * See: silicified wood.

wood tin
 * A nodular variety of cassiterite, or tinstone, of a brownish color and fibrous structure, and somewhat resembling dry wood in appearance. Syn: dneprovskite.

woodwardite
 * A mineral, Cu (sub 4) (super 2+) Al (sub 2) (SO (sub 4) )(OH) (sub 12) .2-4H (sub 2) O(?) ; greenish-blue; closely akin to cyanotrichite.

Worden gravimeter
 * A compact temperature-compensated gravity meter, in which a system is held in unstable equilibrium about an axis, so that an increase in the gravitational pull on a mass at the end of a weight arm causes a rotation opposed by a sensitive spring. The meter weighs 5 lb (2.25 kg) and has a sensitivity of less than 0.1 mgal.

work
 * a. The process of mining coal.

b. To crumble and yield under the action of a squeeze. Applied to pillars or roof of a coal mine. c. To be slowly closing under the action of a squeeze. Applied to portions of mine workings. d. Denoting that creep or squeeze is taking place. e. The product of a force in terms of weight and the lineal distance through which it acts. f. To undergo gradual movement, such as heaving, sliding, or sinking; said of rock materials. g. Ore before it is beneficiated. h. A place where industrial labor of any kind is carried on. Usually in the plural as saltworks, ironworks, etc. i. Objects that are to be, are being, or have been treated, such as in cleaning or finishing.

workable
 * A coal seam or orebody of such thickness, grade, and depth as to make it a good prospect for development. In remote and isolated locations, other factors influence minability, such as access, water supply, transport facilities, etc. See also: economic coal reserves.

workable bed
 * Any bed or vein that is capable of being mined, but usually applied to a coal seam or ore deposit that can be mined profitably.

workable tonnage
 * See: probable reserves.

work arm
 * The part of a lever between the fulcrum and the working end.

work capacity
 * The limit of energy expended or absorbed, within which a body is not unduly fatigued.

worked out
 * a. A mine, or large section of a mine, from which all minable coal or ore has been taken.

b. Exhausted; said of a coal seam or ore deposit.

worker cage
 * A special cage for raising and lowering workers in a mine shaft. See also: worker car.

worker car
 * A type of car for transporting miners up and down mine shafts; also cars used to transport miners from the shaft to working areas. See also: worker cage.

worker door
 * a. A small door in a stopping to allow the passage of workers.

b. Scot. A small trapdoor on a traveling road.

worker-hoist engineer
 * In mining, a person who operates the hoisting engine that serves the shaft in which only workers are raised from and lowered into a mine.

worker trip
 * a. A trip made by mine cars and locomotives to take workers, rather than mined material or supplies, to and from the working places.

b. A similar trip made by a worker cage in a shaft.

work index
 * See: Bond's third theory.

working
 * a. When a coal seam is being squeezed by pressure from the roof and floor it emits creaking noises and is said to be "working." This noise often serves as a warning to miners that additional support is needed. Sagging roof emitting noises and requiring additional timbering.

b. A working may be a shaft quarry, level, opencut, or stope, etc. Usually in the plural. See also: labor; workings.

working a claim
 * Activities such as extracting ore, building structures, and otherwise developing a mining claim after ore is discovered.

working capital
 * The amount of money available to finance the operations of a company beyond the amount required for the purchase of fixed assets, such as property.

working cycle
 * A complete set of operations. In excavation, it usually includes breaking, loading, moving, dumping, and returning to the loading point.

working face
 * The place at which mining is being done in a breast, gangway, airway, chute, heading, drift, adit, crosscut, etc. See also: face.

working gullet
 * The immediate excavation needed for opencast working of ore.

working-hole
 * In glassmaking, a small opening over pots enabling workers to introduce or withdraw material required.

working home
 * Mining toward the main shaft while extracting ore or coal, such as in longwall retreating. See also: longwall.

working interest
 * The operator's mineral ownership involving the costs of drilling, completion, equipment, and producing in contrast to the (free) royalty interest.

working level (WL)
 * Any combination of radon daughters in one liter of air that result in the ultimate emission of 1.3 X 10 (super 5) million electrons volts (MeV) of alpha energy.

working load
 * The maximum weight a hoist line or other rope or cable can carry under working conditions without danger of straining.

working on air
 * A pump is said to be working on air when air is sucked up with the water.

working-on-the-walls
 * The eroding or corroding of blast furnace linings.

working out
 * Mining away from the main shaft while extracting ore or coal, such as in longwall advancing. See also: advancing. CF: working home.

working pit
 * A mine shaft through which ore and miners are carried, as distinguished from one used only in pumping.

working place
 * a. A place in a mine at which coal or ore is actually being mined. See also: working face.

b. A miner's room or chamber.

working room
 * Generally the space between the working face and the area being backfilled.

workings
 * a. Any area of development; usually restricted in meaning to apply to breasts, etc., in contradistinction to gangways and airways. Often used in a broader sense to mean all underground developments. See also: working.

b. The entire system of openings in a mine. Typical usage restricts the term to the area where coal, ore, or mineral is actually being mined. c. Colloquial term for an anthracite mining operation.

working section
 * All areas of a coal mine from the loading point of the section to and including the working faces.

working stress
 * a. The stress considered to be a safe maximum for a particular material under ordinary conditions. See also: yield stress; load factor.

b. The maximum unit stress to which the parts of a structure are to be subjected. c. See: allowable stress.

working the broken
 * The extraction of coal pillars in a pillar method of mining. See also: pillar extraction; broken working; second working; robbing pillars.

working the whole
 * The driving of the narrow coal headings to form pillars in a pillar method of working.

work lead
 * a. Impure pig lead that is to be desilverized or refined. See also: base bullion.

b. The electrical conductor connecting the source of arc welding current to the work. Also called welding ground; ground lead.

workplace protection factor
 * A measure of the protection provided in the workplace by a properly functioning respirator when correctly worn and used.

work platform
 * A board or small platform placed at a suitable height in a drill tripod or derrick so that a worker standing on it can handle the drill rod stands.

work shaft
 * A shaft that is in daily use for hoisting coal, ore, or miners. See also: air shaft.

work stone
 * A plate in the bottom of a blast hearth or ore hearth having a groove down its center for conducting away the molten lead.

work study
 * Techniques for analyzing methods used in performing an operation and measuring the work involved. Work study fosters better use of materials, plant, and labor, thus ensuring higher productivity. See also: method study.

worm
 * A spiral tool, shaped like a carpenter's wood-boring auger, with the bottom end shaped like the cutting end of a diamond point or mud bit. The tool is rotated inside a casing to loosen and clean out debris or to loosen and drill through tough clay at the bottom of a borehole. Also called worm auger; worm-type auger.

worm auger
 * See: worm.

worm conveyor
 * a. A conveyor consisting of a spiral plate encircling and fastened to a shaft lying longitudinally within a trough; rotation of the spiral pushes the material forward. Also called screw conveyor.

b. See: helical conveyor.

worm wheel
 * A modified spur gear with curved teeth that meshes with a worm.

wough
 * The side of a mineral vein.

wound rotor motor
 * A wound rotor induction motor differs from a squirrel cage induction motor only in the construction of its rotor. The rotor, instead of having short-circuited copper bars, has a definite winding connected for the same number of poles as the stator with the leads brought out to slip rings. The stator and rotor are commonly called the primary and secondary, respectively, because under locked rotor conditions, the motor becomes a transformer with a given ratio. This ratio depends upon motor design and is not standardized. Frequently called a slip ring motor.

woven-wire vibrating screen
 * Ore screening machine whose screen is woven of steel wire and stretched tightly on a metal frame. Near the center of the screen is fastened the vibrating element of a high-speed vibrator, which produces a vibratory motion at right angles to the plane of the screen.

WP-cut
 * A tunnel blasting method in which holes are arranged in a geometrical figure as an incomplete pyramid and not parallel in the planes of the sides. For tunnel widths less than 25 ft (7.5 m), the WP-cut provides a greater advance than V-cuts and fan cuts.

wracking force
 * A horizontal force tending to distort a rectangular shape into a parallelogram.

wrap-drive conveyor
 * A conveyor in which the return strand of the belt is driven by a wrap drive which combines a drive pulley with a snub pulley.

wrap-up
 * Same as windup, as applied to the twist in a drill-rod string. See also: windup.

wreath
 * In glassmaking, a wavy appearance in glass, esp. flint glass, due to defective manufacture.

wrecking bar
 * A steel bar usually from 1 to 2 ft (0.3 to 0.6 m) in length, with one end drawn to a thin edge, the other curved to a claw.

wrench fault
 * A transverse strike-slip fault that is more or less vertical.

wrist action
 * In a bucket, the ability to change its digging or dumping angle by power.

wrought alloy
 * Type of alloy suitable for forming by mechanical means at temperatures below the melting point.

wrought iron
 * a. A low-carbon iron containing a relatively high proportion of residual slag that gives it ductility and toughness.

b. A commercial form of iron containing less than 0.3%, and usually less than 0.1%, carbon; also carrying 1.0% or 2.0% of slag mechanically mixed with it and originally made directly from ore (as in the Catalan forge) but subsequently by puddling. See also: iron. CF: ingot iron.

wrought metal
 * A metal that has been worked by cold rolling, forging, pressing, drawing, or extension.

Wuensch process
 * In metallurgy, a heavy suspension method for the concentration of ores in which the waste has a specific gravity of 2.7 or more. Minerals having a specific gravity in excess of 5.25 must be used, since a suspension containing over 40% solids by volume is too plastic for use. Galena (sp gr, 7.4 to 7.6) and ferrosilicon (sp gr, 6.7 to 7.0) have been used.

wulfenite
 * A tetragonal mineral, PbMoO (sub 4) ; prismatic cleavage; soft; resinous; yellow to brown; sp gr, 6.5 to 7.0; in oxidized zones of lead-molybdenum veins; a source of molybdenum. Syn: yellow lead ore.

wurtzilite
 * A black, massive, asphaltic pyrobitumen; sectile and infusible; closely related to uintahite; insoluble in turpentine; derived from metamorphosed petroleum; occurs in veins in Uinta County, UT. See also: elaterite.

wurtzite
 * A trigonal and hexagonal mineral, (Zn,Fe)S ; dimorphous with sphalerite; resinous; brownish black; forms hemimorphic pyramidal crystals or radiating needles and bundles within lamellar sphalerite. See also: alpha zinc sulfide; zinc sulfide.

wurtzite-8H; wurtzite-10H
 * Two polytypes, 8ZnS and 10ZnS, respectively, of wurtzite found at Joplin, MO; hexagonal. The wurtzite polytypes evidently form a homologous series (2H, 4H, 6H, etc.) resulting from growth phenomena based on screw dislocations.

wuestite
 * A mineral, FeO. Artificially prepared specimens are characteristically deficient in iron. Also spelled wustite. Syn: iozite.

wyartite
 * An orthorhombic mineral, Ca (sub 3) U(UO (sub 2) ) (sub 6) (CO (sub 3) ) (sub 2) (OH) (sub 18) .3-5) H (sub 2) O ; violet-black; occurs with ianthinite altered from uraninite; at Shinkolobwe, Katanga, Republic of the Congo.

wych
 * See: wich.

wye
 * a. Cumb. The beam-end connection above the pump rods of a winding and pumping engine.

b. A cast or wrought fitting that has one side outlet at any angle other than 90 degrees. The angle is usually 45 degrees, unless another angle is specified. The fitting is usually indicated by the letter Y.

Wyoming bentonite
 * A swelling type of bentonite that absorbs about eight times its dry volume of water to form a gel. See also: bentonite. Syn: sodium bentonite.


text:
Appendix:Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms/X-Y

xalostocite
 * A rose-pink variety of grossularite garnet. Also called rosolite; landerite. From Xalostoc, Morelos, Mex.

xanthate
 * Common specific promoter used in flotation of sulfide ores. A salt or ester of xanthic acid made of an alcohol, carbon disulfide, and an alkali.

xanthiosite
 * A monoclinic mineral, Ni (sub 3) (AsO (sub 4) ) (sub 2) ; sulfur-yellow.

xanthitane
 * a. An alteration product of titanite (sphene).

b. See: anatase.

xanthochroite
 * Amorphous cadmium sulfide. See also: greenockite.

xanthoconite
 * A monoclinic mineral, Ag (sub 3) AsS (sub 3) ; dimorphous with proustite; brilliant red, orange-yellow to brown. Syn: rittingerite.

xanthophyllite
 * See: clintonite.

xanthorthite
 * A yellow altered variety of allanite that contains considerable water.

xanthoxenite
 * A triclinic mineral, Ca (sub 4) Fe (sub 2) (PO (sub 4) ) (sub 4) (OH) (sub 2) .3H (sub 2) O ; wax-yellow; forms thin plates; at Rabenstein, Bavaria, Germany.

xanthus
 * An early name for heliotrope.

x-axis
 * a. The axis of abscissas in a plane Cartesian coordinate system. Commonly written x-axis.

b. One of the three optic axes (x, y, and z) in a biaxial crystal. The x-axis is the axis of a greatest ease of vibration. Light vibrating parallel to the x-axis travels with maximum velocity and is called the fast ray, the x-ray (not to be confused with the penetrating X-rays of extremely short wavelength), and the alpha -ray. The lowest index of refraction n (sub alpha ). in biaxial minerals is the index of the fast ray vibrating parallel to the x-axis. c. One of three axes in a three-dimensional coordinate system. Crystallographers customarily use a right-handed system with the z-axis oriented positive upward, the y-axis positive to the right, and the x-axis positive toward the viewer. For mineral parameters the x-axis is labeled a with periodic translations t (sub 1.

x-coordinate
 * a. An abscissa in a plane Cartesian coordinate system.

b. One of the three coordinates in a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system.

x-direction
 * One of three orthogonal optic directions in biaxial crystals. Light with its electric vector (vibration direction in early terminology) parallel to the x-direction has the lowest refractive index (n (sub alpha ) ) for a given crystal and is called the fast ray. In orthorhombic crystals, the x-axis is constrained by symmetry to correspond to one of the crystallographic directions, the correspondence determined empirically. In monoclinic crystals, one optic direction, commonly the y-direction, is constrained by symmetry to correspond to the unique diad. In triclinic crystals, there is no symmetrical constraint relating optic directions to crystallographic axes.

xeno-
 * A prefix meaning strange or foreign.

xenoblast
 * A crystal that has grown during metamorphism without the development of its characteristic faces. CF: idioblast. See also: crystalloblast.

xenoblastic
 * Applied to a texture of metamorphic rocks in which the constituent mineral grains lack proper crystal faces.

xenocryst
 * A crystal in an igneous rock that is foreign to the body of rock in which it occurs. CF: xenolith. Syn: accidental inclusion; chadacryst.

xenogenous
 * A little-used syn. of epigenetic.

xenolite
 * A silicate of aluminum, related to fibrolite.

xenolith
 * A foreign inclusion in an igneous rock. CF: autolith; xenocryst. Syn: inclusion; exogenous inclusion; accidental inclusion.

xenomorphic
 * a. Said of the holocrystalline texture of an igneous or metamorphic rock, characterized by crystals not bounded by their own faces but with their forms impressed upon them by adjacent mineral grains. Also said of a rock with such a texture.

b. (Syn: anhedral. in European usage.) Syn: allotriomorphic; anidiomorphic; xenomorphic-granular. CF: automorphic.

xenomorphic-granular
 * See: xenomorphic.

xenon
 * A zero-valent, very heavy, inert gaseous element; one of the so-called noble gases. Symbol, Xe. Obtained by the fractional distillation of liquid air. The gas is used in making electron tubes, stroboscopic lamps, and bactericidal lamps; also used in the atomic energy field in bubble chambers, probes, and other applications where its high molecular weight is of value.

xenothermal
 * Said of a hydrothermal mineral deposit formed at high temperature but shallow depth; also, said of that environment. CF: telethermal; epithermal; mesothermal; hypothermal deposit; leptothermal.

xenotime
 * A tetragonal mineral, YPO (sub 4) ; commonly includes small quantities of thorium, uranium, and rare-earth elements; resembles zircon in form, structure, and occurrence; shows pale tints; an accessory in granites and pegmatites; also occurs in placers.

X-frame brace
 * A brace of a square set in which two diagonal pieces of timber cross to form an X.

xonotlite
 * A monoclinic and triclinic mineral, Ca (sub 6) Si (sub 6) O (sub 17) (OH) (sub 2) ; light-gray to pink; fibrous; in serpentinites in Santa Barbara, CA, and on Isle Royale, MI.

X-ray diffraction
 * Reflection at definite and characteristic angles from space lattices of crystals of X-rays that have been caused to bombard them, thus giving data for identification of characteristic lattice structure of a given species of mineral. See also: reciprocal lattice; diffraction.

xylain
 * a. A subvariety of provitrain in which the woody origin of the cellular structure is microscopically visible. CF: periblain; suberain.

b. Those constituents of coal derived from lignified tissues in which structures were retained.

xylanthite
 * A variety of fossil resin.

xylenite
 * A maceral composed of xylain.

xylinite
 * a. A variety of provitrinite. The micropetrological constituent, or maceral, of xylain. It consists of wood (xylem or lignified tissues) almost jellified in bulk but still showing faint traces of cell walls and resin contents under the microcope.

b. A distinction of telinite, based on botanical origin (xylem or lignified tissues). To be used if desired but considered unnecessary by the Heerlen Congress of 1935. CF: suberinite; telinite.

xylocryptite
 * See: scheererite.

xyloidin
 * An explosive compound produced by the action of nitric acid on starch or woody fiber. Resembles guncotton.

xylopal
 * See: wood opal.

xyloretinite
 * A white hydrocarbon similar to hartite found in fossil wood.

YAG
 * Acronym and abbrev. for yttrium-aluminum garnet.

yard
 * The British standard of length, equal to 36 in, 3 ft, or 0.9144 m.

yardage
 * a. The extra compensation a miner receives in addition to the mining price for working in a narrow place or in deficient coal. Usually at a certain price per yard (or meter) advanced.

b. A system of payment to workers in accordance with the number of yards (or meters) driven, repaired, or packed; the length in yards (or meters) of a drivage or face which a miner or contractor has excavated in a week or from one measuring day to the next. Also called yard work. See also: piecework. c. Relates to cubic yards (or meters) of earth excavated. d. Price paid per yard (or meter) for mining or cutting coal, usually by contract agreement, not on a tonnage basis.

yardage man
 * In bituminous coal mining, a laborer who pries down loose roof rock with a bar after coal has been blasted from the working face; the worker picks out seam partings (layers of rock) in the coal working face prior to blasting, using a long handled pick.

yard price
 * The price paid per yard driven (in addition to tonnage prices) for roads of certain widths and driven in certain directions. See also: yardage.

yard work
 * See: yardage.

yavapaiite
 * A monoclinic mineral, KFe(SO (sub 4) ) (sub 2) ; at the United Verde copper mine, Jerome, AZ. Named for the local Yavapai Native Americans.

y-axis
 * a. One of the three optic axes (x,y, and z) in a biaxial crystal. The y-axis is the intermediate optic axis, at right angles to the plane containing optic axes x and z. Light vibrating parallel to the y-axis is called the intermediate ray, the y-ray, and the beta -ray. The middle-value index of refraction n (sub beta ) in biaxial minerals is the index of the intermediate ray vibrating parallel to the y-axis.

b. One of three axes in a three-dimensional coordinate system. Crystallographers customarily use a right-handed system with the z-axis oriented positive upward, the y-axis positive to the right, and the x-axis positive toward the viewer. For mineral parameters, the y-axis is labelled b with periodic translations t (sub 2). In monoclinic crystal systems, mineralogists conventionally adopt the second setting and designate the unique diad y.

y-coordinate
 * a. An ordinate in a plane Cartesian coordinate system.

b. One of the three coordinates in a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system.

y-direction
 * a. One of three orthogonal optic directions in biaxial crystals. Light with its electric vector (vibration direction in early terminology) parallel to the y-direction has a unique intermediate refractive index (n (sub beta ) ) for a given crystal and is called the fast ray, relative to light with its electric vector parallel to the z-direction, and the slow ray, relative to light with its electric vector parallel to the x-direction. In orthorhombic crystals, the y-direction is constrained by symmetry to correspond to one of the crystallographic directions, the correspondence determined being empirically. In monoclinic crystals, one optic direction, commonly the y-direction, is constrained by symmetry to correspond to the unique diad. In triclinic crystals, there is no symmetrical constraint relating optic directions to crystallographic axes.

b. One of three orthogonal optic directions in biaxial crystals. Light with its electric vector (vibration direction) parallel to the y-direction has a unique intermediate index of refraction (n (sub beta) ) for a given crystal and is fast or slow depending on crystal orientation.

yeast
 * Fungi belonging to the ascomycetes, in which the usual and dominant growth form is unicellular.

yeatmanite
 * A triclinic mineral, Mn (sub 9) Zn (sub 6) Sb (sub 2) Si (sub 4) O (sub 28) ; forms brown crystals; at Franklin Furnace, NJ.

yellow antimony
 * a. Yellow allotropic form of antimony. Obtained by oxidizing antimony hydride at a low temperature.

b. An unstable form of antimony. It can be obtained during the electrolysis of antimony trichloride, SbCl. As yellow antimony (alpha antimony) is deposited on an electrode, it forms a solid solution in the antimony chloride. When this solution is scratched or heated, metallic antimony (beta antimony) and clouds of antimony chloride form instantaneously, giving rise to the term explosive antimony. There are four allotropic forms of antimony: yellow antimony; black antimony; explosive antimony; and metallic antimony or ordinary antimony. These allotropic forms are also designated alpha antimony (yellow antimony); beta antimony (metallic antimony); and gamma antimony.

yellow arsenic
 * See: orpiment.

yellow boy
 * Deposit from the acid waters of a mine or partial neutralization. Ferrous anhydride and other impurities including fine clay carried down with it.

yellow cake
 * a. Applied to certain uranium concentrates produced by mills. It is the final precipitate formed in the milling process. Usually considered to be ammonium diuranate or sodium diuranate, but the composition is variable and depends on the precipitating conditions.

b. A common form of triuranium octoxide, the powder obtained by evaporating an amnonia solution of the oxide.

yellow coal
 * See: tasmanite.

yellow copper
 * See: chalcopyrite.

yellow copperas
 * See: copiapite.

yellow copper ore
 * See: chalcopyrite.

yellow dog
 * Field name for a drill tripod or derrick lamp, consisting of a metal container with two spouts holding cotton wicks, on which burning oil gives a very yellow light.

yellow earth
 * a. Impure yellow ocher.

b. Loess of northern China.

yellow gravel
 * Eng. The lower subdivision of the Aptian sponge gravel; Faringdon, Berkshire.

yellow ground
 * Oxidized kimberlite of yellowish color found at the surface of diamond pipes (e.g., South Africa), above the zone of blue ground.

yellow heat
 * A division of the color scale. generally given as about 2,000 degrees F (1,090 degrees C).

yellow lead ore
 * See: wulfenite.

yellow ocher
 * a. A mixture of limonite usually with clay and silica. Used as a pigment.

b. A moderate orange yellow that is yellower and darker than deep chrome yellow. c. See: goethite; limonite.

yellow ore
 * See: carnotite; chalcopyrite.

yellow ozokerine
 * A product resembling vaseline, but less homogeneous; produced from crude ozokerite.

yellow pyrite
 * See: chalcopyrite.

yellow ratsbane
 * See: orpiment.

yellow sands
 * Eng. The basal part of the Permian, Durham.

yellow tellurium
 * See: sylvanite. Also spelled yellow tellurim.

yenite
 * A rejected syn. for ilvaite.

yield
 * a. The proportion of coal or ore obtained in mining; the product of a metallurgical process; extraction; recovery.

b. The percentage of "run-of-mine" material that is marketable. c. The amount of a product obtained from any operation expressed as a percentage of the feed material.

yielding arch
 * Steel arch installed in an underground mine. Arches are employed to support loads caused by changing ground movement or faulted and fractured rock. They are designed so that when the ground load exceeds the design load of the arch as installed, yielding takes place in the joint of the arch, permitting the overburden to settle into a natural arch of its own, thus tending to bring all forces into equilibrium.

yielding floor
 * A soft floor that heaves and flows into open spaces when subjected to heavy pressure from packs or pillars. See also: creep.

yielding prop
 * An adjustable steel prop that incorporates a sliding or flexible joint that comes into operation when roof pressure exceeds a set load or value. See also: hydraulic chock; hydraulic prop.

yielding support
 * A support that incorporates a sliding or flexible joint or stilt to accommodate early pressure and thus delays damage and distortion of the support. Friction or hydraulic devices may be used so that a support, when subjected to a load above its set load, yields mechanically rather than by distorting. See also: stilt.

yield loss
 * The difference between the actual yield of a product and the yield theoretically possible (based on the reconstituted feed) of a product with the same properties (usually percentage of ash). Also called washing error.

yield-pillar system
 * A method of roof control whereby the natural strength of the roof strata is maintained by relieving pressure in working areas and controlling transference of load to abutments that are clear of workings and roadways. The method consists of causing certain coal pillars to yield in small amounts. See also: double packing.

yield point
 * The differential stress at which permanent deformation first occurs in a material. Syn: yield stress; yield strength.

yield strength
 * The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of stress and strain. An offset of 0.2% is used for many metals. See also: yield point.

yield stress
 * a. The lowest stress at which extension of a tensile test piece increases without increase in load. It is determined by observing the fall of the testing lever and checked by a pair of dividers on the original gage length. Many materials do not indicate a defined yield stress and in such cases the proof stress is used. See also: working stress; high-tensile steel; mild steel; yield point.

b. Minimum stress required to shear (that is, exceed elastic recovery) a suspension, such as the dense media used in mineral concentration.

YIG
 * Acronym and abbrev. for yttrium-iron garnet.

yoderite
 * A monoclinic mineral, (Mg,Al) (sub 8) Si (sub 4) (O,OH) (sub 20) ; purple; highly pleochroic; in a quartz-yoderite-kyanite-talc schist at Mautia Hill, Kongwa, Tanzania.

Yogo sapphire
 * Dark-blue corundum from Yogo Gulch, MT.

yoke
 * a. An interconnecting link between the twin cylinders of a hydraulic-feed diamond drill through which the action of the hydraulic-feed cylinders is transmitted to the drill rods and bit.

b. A clamp fitted to the casing at the collar of a drill hole, which when anchored by means of wedge bolts prevents grout pressure from forcing the casing out of the hole.

yolk
 * Nodule; occurs at Forest of Dean, U.K.

Yorkian
 * A term which has been proposed (instead of Westphalian) for the Coal Measures strata between the Lanarkian and the Staffordian.

yoshimuraite
 * A triclinic mineral, (Ba,Sr) (sub 2) TiMn (sub 2) (SiO (sub 4) ) (sub 2) (PO (sub 4) ,SO (sub 4) )(OH,Cl) ; forms orange-brown tabular crystals or stellate groups; occurs in an alkali pegmatite at the Noda-Tamagawa Mine, Iwate prefecture, and the Taguchi Mine, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

yowah nut
 * Walnut-to almond-size pebble with an opal center; ironstone covered with a thin band of opal, or hollow; near Yowah station, western Queensland, Australia. A subvariety of boulder opal.

ytterbite
 * See: gadolinite.

ytterbium
 * A rare-earth element that has a bright silvery luster, is soft, malleable and quite ductile. Symbol, Yb. Occurs with other rare-earths in a number of rare minerals. Commercially recovered from monazite sand. Has a possible use in improving the mechanical properties of stainless steel; few other uses have been found.

yttergranat
 * A calcium-iron garnet containing a small amount of yttria. A variety of andradite.

yttrialite
 * A possibly hexagonal mineral, (Y,Th) (sub 2) Si (sub 2) O (sub 7) ; olive green tarnishing to orange-yellow; occurs in Texas.

yttrium
 * A rare-earth element that has a silvery-metallic luster. Symbol, Y. Occurs in nearly all of the rare-earth minerals. Recovered commercially from monazite sand and from bastnasite. Widely used: in color television tubes; to reduce the grain size in chromium, molybdenum, zirconium, and titanium; to increase the strength of aluminum and magnesium alloys; as a deoxidizer for vanadium and other nonferrous metals; in nuclear technology for its high neutron transparency.

yttrium-aluminum garnet
 * Synthetic; Y (sub 3) Al (sub 5) O (sub 12) ; has useful magnetic properties. Actually not a true garnet and should not be confused with any of the silicate minerals called garnets in the garnet group of minerals. Manufacture of yttrium-aluminum garnets is a commercial use of yttrium. Used in lasers and in microwaves and other electronic applications. Acronym and abbrev., yag.

yttrium garnet
 * A variety of garnet containing a small amount of yttrium earths. Syn: yttrogarnet. See also: yttergranat.

yttrium-iron garnet
 * Synthetic; Y (sub 3) Fe (sub 5) O (sub 12) ; has useful magnetic properties. Actually not a true garnet and should not be confused with any of the silicate minerals called garnets in the garnet group of minerals. Manufacture of yttrium-iron garnets is a leading commercial use of yttrium. Used as electronic transmitters, as filters for selecting or tuning microwaves, and as transmitters and transducers of acoustic energy. Acronym and abbrev., yig.

yttrocrasite
 * An orthorhombic mineral, (Y,Th,Ca,U)(Ti,Fe) (sub 2) (O,OH) (sub 6) ; also contains Th, U, Fe; radioactive; black altering to a dull brown coating; in granite pegmatites.

yttrogarnet
 * See: yttrium garnet.

yttromicrolite
 * A discredited mineral name for an amorphous mixture of calcium sulfate, tantalite, and heterogeneous microlite.

yttro-orthite
 * See: allanite.

yttrotantalite
 * An orthorhombic mineral, (Y,U,Fe) (Ta,Nb)O (sub 4) ; radioactive; black to brown: in pegmatites.

yttrotungstite
 * A monoclinic mineral, YW (sub 2) O (sub 6) (OH) (sub 3) . Syn: thorotungstite.

yugawaralite
 * A monoclinic mineral, CaAl (sub 2) Si (sub 6) O (sub 16) .4H (sub 2) O ; zeolite group; colorless to white; in low-grade metamorphosed tuffs near the Yugawara hot spring, Kanagawa, Japan.

yukonite
 * a. A noncrystalline mineral: Ca (sub 2) Fe (sub 3) (AsO (sub 4) ) (sub 4) OH.12H (sub 2) O.

b. An obsolete term originally assigned to an igneous rock intermediate in composition between a tonalite and an aplite. It is named after the Yukon River, Alaska.

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text:
Appendix:Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms/Z/1

z-coordinate
 * One of the three coordinates in a three-dimensional rectangular coordinate system.

z-direction
 * One of three orthogonal optic directions in biaxial crystals. Light with its electric vector (vibration direction in early terminology) parallel to the z-direction has the highest refractive index (n (sub gamma ) ) for a given crystal and is called the slow ray. In orthorhombic crystals, the z-direction is constrained by symmetry to correspond to one of the crystallographic directions, the correspondence determined empirically. In monoclinic crystals, one optic direction, commonly the y-direction, is constrained by symmetry to correspond to the unique diad. In triclinic crystals, there is no symmetrical constraint relating optic directions to crystallographic axes.

zeasite
 * Wood opal, formerly a name for fire opal.

zebra dolomite
 * A term used in the Leadville district of Colorado for an altered dolomite rock that shows conspicuous banding (generally parallel to bedding) consisting of light-gray coarsely textured layers alternating with darker finely textured layers. See also: zebra rock.

zebra rock
 * a. A term used in the Colville district of NE Washington State for a dolomite that shows narrow banding consisting of black layers (indicative of organic matter) alternating with white, slightly coarse-grained, and somewhat vuggy layers. See also: zebra dolomite.

b. A term used in Western Australia for a banded quartzose rock of Cambrian age.

Zeiss konimeter
 * A portable dust-sampling instrument. See also: konimeter.

Zellweger furnace
 * A long-hearth reverberatory furnace used at Iola, KS.

Zemorrian
 * Lower Lower Miocene.

zeolite
 * A generic term for class of hydrated silicates of aluminum and either sodium or calcium or both, of the type Na (sub 2) O.Al (sub 2) O (sub 3) .nSiO (sub 2) .xH (sub 2) O . The term originally described a group of naturally occurring minerals. The natural zeolites are analcite, chabazite, heulandite, natrolite, stilbite, and thomsonite. Artificial zeolites are made in a variety of forms, ranging from gelatinous to porous and sandlike, and are used as gas adsorbents and drying agents as well as water softeners. Both natural and artificial zeolites are used extensively for water softening. The term zeolite now includes such diverse groups of compounds as sulfonated organics or basic resins, which act in a similar manner to effect either cation or anion exchange.

zeolite mimetics
 * The dachiardite group of zeolites.

zeolite process
 * a. A base exchange method of treating hard water, in which zeolites, contained in a tank, remove salts. The zeolite layer is regenerated by backflushing with brine.

b. See: base exchange.

zeolitic deposit
 * A deposit, particularly of native copper, that occurs in basalt accompanied by minerals of the zeolite group.

zeolitization
 * Introduction of, alteration to, or replacement by, a mineral or minerals of the zeolite group. This process occurs chiefly in rocks containing calcic feldspars or feldspathoids, and is sometimes associated with copper mineralization.

zeophyllite
 * A triclinic mineral, Ca (sub 4) Si (sub 3) O (sub 8) (OH,F) (sub 4) .2H (sub 2) O ; pseudohexagonal; forms white spherical, radiated folia; at Cross-Preisen, Bohemia, Czech Republic.

zero air voids curve
 * The curve showing the zero air voids unit weight as a function of water content. Syn: saturation curve.

zero air voids unit weight
 * The weight of solids per unit volume of a saturated soil mass. See also: unit weight.

zero-length spring
 * Special type of gravimeter spring for which the length is proportional to the applied force.

zero-point energy
 * The kinetic energy remaining in a substance at a temperature of absolute zero.

zero potential
 * The actual potential at the surface of the Earth taken as a point of reference.

zero time
 * When conducting a mine ventilation pressure survey, zero time is the time of the commencement of the survey from the base station, and the reading of the control barometer there is taken as the pressure datum to which subsequent pressures are referred.

zero-zero gel
 * A condition wherein a drilling fluid fails to form measurable gels during a quiescent 10-min time interval.

zeta potential
 * The potential difference across an electric double layer, usually between a solid surface and a liquid. Syn: electrokinetic potential See also: surface.

zeta-potential layer
 * The zone of shear surrounding a particle immersed in an electrolyte.

zeunerite
 * A tetragonal mineral, Cu(UO (sub 2) ) (sub 2) (AsO (sub 4) ) (sub 2) .10H (sub 2) O ; autunite group.

zeylanite
 * See: ceylonite.

zhemchuzhnikovite
 * A trigonal mineral, NaMg(Al,Fe)(C (sub 2) O (sub 4) ).8H (sub 2) O ; an oxalate occurring in green crystals that appear violet in artificial light; in veinlets in coal in the Chaitumusuk deposits, Siberia, Russia.

Ziervogel process
 * The extraction of silver from sulfide ores or matte by roasting in such a way as to form sulfate of silver, leaching this out with hot water, and precipitating the silver by means of metallic copper.

zietrisikite
 * Incorrect spelling of pietricikite, a waxlike hydrocarbon similar to ozokerite.

zigzag car loader
 * A form of vertical chute in which the chute is divided into independent sections that can be raised or lowered on a track arrangement. It is flexible and can be lowered to the bottom of the car, giving a solid stream of coal from loading pocket to car.

zigzag fold
 * See: chevron fold.

zigzag rule
 * A wooden rule (generally 2 m or 6 ft long, folded zigzag fashion in 15-cm or 6-in lengths), used by drillers, craftsmen, etc., to measure short distances. The rule usually is graduated in centimeters or in feet, inches, and fractions of an inch (sometimes in feet, tenths of a foot, and hundredths of a foot).

zigzag transformer
 * A zigzag transformer is a transformer intended primarily to provide a neutral point for grounding purposes. Syn: grounding transformer.

ziment water
 * Water impregnated with copper; found in copper mines.

Zimmermann's rule
 * A graphical method for finding the lost part of a vein on the other side of a fault.

zinc
 * a. The native metallic element, Zn.

b. A bluish-white, lustrous metal. Employed to form numerous alloys with other metals including brass, nickel silver, commercial bronze, spring brass, soft solder, and aluminum solder. Used extensively by the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries.

zincaluminite
 * A light-blue mineral, Zn (sub 6) Al (sub 6) (SO (sub 4) ) (sub 2) (OH) (sub 26) .5H (sub 2) O.

zinc blende
 * See: sphalerite.

zinc bloom
 * See: hydrozincite; zinc oxide.

zinc box
 * Wooden or enamel-ware rectangular box, with a bottom grid that supports zinc shavings. Used in the cyanide process to precipitate dissolved gold from a pregnant solution. Its place was taken by use of zinc dust. See also: Merrill-Crowe Process.

zinc carbonate
 * White; ZnCO (sub 3) ; soluble in acids, in alkalies, and in ammonium salt solutions; insoluble in water; and dissociates losing carbon dioxide at 300 degrees C. Used in ceramics and as a pigment. Also used less accurately to refer to any of several basic carbonates of zinc, which include the zinc-ore mineral hydrozincite, Zn (sub 5) (CO (sub 3) ) (sub 2) (OH) (sub 6) or Zn (sub 5) (OH) (sub 6) (CO (sub 3) ) (sub 2) and synthetically prepared pigments of the same or similar composition. Syn: smithsonite; calamine; zinc spar.

zinc chloride
 * White; hexagonal; ZnCl (sub 2) ; poisonous. Obtained by the solution of zinc, or zinc oxide, in hydrochloric acid, or by burning zinc in chlorine. Used in galvanizing iron, as a catalyst, as a dehydrating agent, as a condensing agent, as a wood preservative, as an ingredient in soldering fluxes, in burnishing and polishing compounds for steel, in electroplating, in glass-etching compositions, in petroleum refining, and in pigments.

zinc chromate
 * ZnCrO (sub 4) ; a golden-yellow pigment. Of variable composition; the chemically pure zinc chromate, a yellow crystalline powder is said to be zinc chromate heptahydrate, ZnCrO (sub 4) .7H (sub 2) O . Called zinc yellow, but this term is also applied to hydrated zinc chromate and to hydrated zinc-potassium chromate. Another zinc chromate is dark green to black and has a different composition; isometric. ZnCr (sub 2) O (sub 4) . Syn: zinc chrome; zinc yellow.

zinc chrome
 * See: zinc chromate; zinc yellow.

zinc dust
 * Finely divided zinc that usually contains small amounts of zinc oxide and impurities. Also called powdered zinc; zinc gray.

zinc gray
 * See: zinc dust.

zinc hydrosulfite
 * White; amorphous; ZnS (sub 2) O (sub 4) ; and soluble in water. Used as a depressant in flotation.

zincite
 * A red to yellow brittle mineral; (Zn,Mn)O. It is an ore of zinc, as in New Jersey where it is associated with franklinite and willemite. Syn: red zinc ore; red zinc oxide; ruby zinc; spartalite.

zinckenite
 * See: zinkenite.

zinckiferous
 * Carrying zinc.

zinc-magnesia chalcanthite
 * A variant of chalcanthite with the formula, (Cu,Zn,Mg)SO (sub 4) .5H (sub 2) O.

zinc melanterite
 * A member of the monoclinic melanterite group, in which iron is partially replaced by zinc.

zinc-melanterite
 * A monoclinic mineral, (Zn,Cu,Fe)SO (sub 4) .7H (sub 2) O.

zinc minerals
 * The principal ore is sphalerite, ZnS ; other important ore minerals are smithsonite, ZnCO (sub 3) ; hemimorphite, Zn (sub 4) Si (sub 2) O (sub 7) (OH) (sub 2) .H (sub 2) O ; franklinite, (Zn,Mn,Fe)(Mn,Fe) (sub 2) O (sub 4) ; willemite, Zn (sub 2) SiO (sub 4) ; and zincite, ZnO.

zinc oxide
 * White or yellowish-white; white turns yellow on heating; ZnO; odorless; absorbs carbon dioxide from the air; used in pigments, ceramic glazes, and opaque glass and in the manufacture of magnetic ferrites and specialized ceramics. Zinc oxide is a common constituent in high-grade fluoride opal glass, in tank-window glass, and in some optical glass. Commonly used in dry-process, cast-iron enamels. Syn: zincite; zinc bloom; zinc white.

zincrosasite
 * A monoclinic mineral, (Zn,Cu)(CO (sub 3) )(OH) (sub 2) ; rosasite group; at Tsumeb, Namibia.

zinc scum
 * The zinc-silver alloy skimmed from the surface of the bath in the process of desilverization of lead by zinc.

zincsilite
 * A monoclinic mineral, Zn (sub 3) Si (sub 4) O (sub 10) (OH) (sub 2) .4H (sub 2) O(?) ; smectite group; in Batystau, Kazakhstan.

zinc spar
 * See: smithsonite; zinc carbonate.

zinc spinel
 * See: gahnite.

zinc sulfate
 * Orthorhombic ZnSO (sub 4) ; used in flotation.

zinc sulfate heptahydrate
 * Colorless; needles; ZnSO (sub 4) .7H (sub 2) O ; odorless; astringent, metallic taste; effloresces in air; sp gr, 1.9661; melting point, 50 degrees C if heated rapidly; soluble in water and in glycerol; insoluble in alcohol; and its solutions are acid to litmus. Used in preparing zinc chemicals. Orthorhombic; molecular weight, 287.54; sp gr, 1.957 (at 25 degrees C, referred to water at 4 degrees C) and ranges from 1.9 to 2.1; Mohs hardness, 2.0 to 2.5; melting point, 100 degrees C; loses 7H (sub 2) O on heating to 280 degrees C; and slightly soluble in alcohol and in glycerol. Occurs as the mineral goslarite, which is white or yellowish; formed by the oxidation of sphalerite (ZnS) in damp locations, esp. in the presence of iron sulfides.

zinc sulfide
 * a. Alpha zinc sulfide is the hexagonal mineral wurtzite. See also: alpha zinc sulfide; wurtzite.

b. Beta zinc sulfide is the isometric mineral sphalerite. See also: beta zinc sulfide.

zinc sulfide monhydrate
 * Colorless, white, or yellowish; crystalline; ZnSO (sub 4) .H (sub 2) O ; molecular weight, 115.45; sp gr, 3.98; melting point, 1,049 degrees C; insoluble in water; and soluble in acids. Used as a pigment and in white glass and in opaque glass.

zinc vitriol
 * See: goslarite.

zinc white
 * Used as a pigment. It is the whitest of all pigments; permanent, not poisonous, but lacks the opacity and covering power of white lead or titanium dioxide. See also: zinc oxide.

zinc yellow
 * A greenish-yellow pigment. See also: zinc chromate. Syn: zinc chrome.

zinkazurite
 * A mineral found in small, blue crystals; probably a mixture of sulfate of zinc and carbonate of copper.

zinkenite
 * A hexagonal mineral, Pb (sub 9) Sb (sub 22) S (sub 42) ; in steel-gray crystals or exceptionally thin folia in fibrous masses. Also spelled zinckenite. Syn: keeleyite.

zinkite
 * See: zincite.

zinkosite
 * Orthorhombic ZnSO (sub 4).

zinn
 * Native tin. Syn: gediegen. See also: tin.

zinnwaldite
 * A monoclinic mineral, KLiFeAl(AlSi (sub 3) )O (sub 10) (F,OH) (sub 2) ; mica group; basal cleavage; pale violet, yellowish or grayish brown; in granites, pegmatites, and greisens.

zippeite
 * An orthorhombic mineral, K (sub 4) (UO (sub 2) ) (sub 6) (SO (sub 4) ) (sub 3) (OH) (sub 10) .4H (sub 2) O ; radioactive; orange-yellow to bright yellow; an alteration product of uraninite occurring with gypsum, uranopilite, and limonite. Formerly called dauberite.

Zipper
 * Trade term for a conveyor belt lacing or fastening appliance, which can be applied to any thickness and width of belt. A lever mechanism is used to supply the pressure. The appliance is totally enclosed and grease-filled to protect against dust and damage.

zircon
 * A tetragonal mineral, ZrSiO (sub 4) ; occurs widely in granite, granite pegmatite, other felsic igneous rocks, and placers; the chief source of zirconium; a refractory; if cut and polished, the colorless varieties provide exceptionally brilliant gemstones. Syn: azorite; zirconite; hyacinth; jacinth.

zircon flour
 * Finely milled zircon sand.

zircon group
 * Zircon, along with rutile, ilmenite, and monazite, constitutes a group of heavy minerals that are usually considered together because of their occurrence as black sands in natural beach and dune concentrations. For marketing, complete separation of the rutile and zircon as high-grade products is necessary. Separation is effected by combinations of electromagnetic and electrostatic processes, together with gravity concentration.

zirconia brick
 * Brick containing zirconium oxide; used in metallurgical furnaces.

zirconiferous
 * a. Containing zircon or yielding zircon.

b. Containing zirconium or yielding zirconium.

zirconite
 * A gray or brownish variety of zircon.

zirconium
 * A grayish-white lustrous metallic element. Symbol, Zr. Occurs widely, but only in combined form, esp. in the minerals zircon, (ZrSiO (sub 4) ), and baddeleyite, (ZrO (sub 2) ). Uses include resisting corrosion, as a structural material in nuclear reactors, as an alloying agent, deoxidizer, bonding agent, refractory material, and in low-temperature superconductive magnets.

zirconium minerals
 * Principal ore minerals are zircon and baddeleyite. Main uses are as refractories, ceramics, opacifiers, abrasives, enamels, insulators, and alloys. They are also a source of hafnium. Transparent zircon is a gemstone.

zirconium phosphate
 * Normal zirconium phosphate, ZrP (sub 2) O (sub 7), has a reversible inversion at 300 degrees C and at 1,550 degrees C dissociates into zirconyl phosphate, (ZrO) (sub 2) P (sub 2) O (sub 7) , with loss of P (sub 2) O (sub 5) as vapor. Zirconyl phosphate is stable up to about 1,600 degrees C and has a very low thermal expansion--1 x 10 (super -6) (20 to 1,000 degrees C).

zirconium silicate
 * ZrSiO (sub 4), natural silicate of zirconium found in Brazil and elsewhere. One such deposit known as brazilite is said to contain about 80% zirconium oxide in a semimanufactured form. This product is employed as a refractory in the making of "zirkite" bricks and cement. In rare cases, used as a cobalt groundcoat constituent. Zirconium silicate is used in formulation of zircon enamels that depend upon crystallization of zircon compounds for opacity development. See also: zircon sand.

zirconium-vanadium blue
 * A pigment for use in ceramic glazes. The composition is (parts by weight): ArO (sub 2), 60% to 70%; SiO (sub 2) , 26% to 36%; V (sub 2) O (sub 5) , 3% to 5%. Alkali must also be present; e.g., 0.5% to 5% Na (sub 2) O. In the absence of alkali, a green color is produced. Syn: vanadium-zirconium turquoise.

zirconolite
 * A discredited syn. of zirkelite.

zircon sand
 * a. A very refractory mineral, composed chiefly of zirconium silicate, having low thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity.

b. A natural zircon-bearing material found in Australia, India, and Florida. See also: zirconium silicate.

zirkelite
 * a. A monoclinic mineral, (Ca,Th,Ce)Zr(Ti,Nb) (sub 2) O (sub 7) ; pseudocubic; dimorphous with calciobetafite of the pyrochlore group; radioactive; occurs in pyroxenite and alluvial deposits.

b. An obsolete name for altered basaltic glass.

Zirkite
 * A trade name for a mixture of zircon and baddeleyite.

zirklerite
 * A trigonal mineral, (Fe,Mg) (sub 9) Al (sub 4) Cl (sub 18) (OH) (sub 12) .14H (sub 2) O ; massive fine granular; at Hanover, Germany.

zoisite
 * An orthorhombic mineral, CaAl (sub 3) (SiO (sub 4) ) (sub 3) (OH)] ; epidote group; dimorphous with clinozoisite; vitreous or pearly; varicolored; a common rock-forming mineral in medium-grade metamorphic rocks. The rose-red variety has been called thulite.

zonal axis
 * See: zone axis.

zonal structure
 * A term used esp. in miscroscopic work to describe those minerals whose cross sections show their successive concentric layers of growth.

zonal theory
 * A theory of hypogene mineral-deposit formation, and the spatial distribution patterns of mineral sequences to be expected from change in a mineral-bearing fluid as it migrates away from a magmatic source. It also deals with thermal-chemical gradients associated with the genesis of ore deposits, whether of direct magmatic origin or not, and with metallogenic zoning on a regional scale.

zone
 * a. A belt, band, or strip of earth materials, however disposed; characterized as distinct from surrounding parts by some particular property or content; e.g., zone of saturation, fault zone, or a zone of secondary enrichment. CF: belt.

b. See: aureole. c. A minor interval in any category of stratigraphic classification. There are many kinds of zones, depending on the characteristics under consideration--biozones, lithozones, chronozones, mineralized zones, metamorphic zones, zones of reversed magnetic polarity, etc. The term should always be preceded by a modifier indicating the kind of zone to which reference is made. d. A metal zone is equivalent to a mineral zone, yet the terms mineral and metal are not synonymous. e. The ground or mass bounded by horizontal or inclined planes or curved surfaces in which given chemical or physical conditions exist, such as zone of saturation or zone of weathering. f. A group of beds characterized by the presence of one or more specific fossils; e.g., zonal fossil or fossils. g. Geologically, a distinctively mineralized area, region, or level. In a specific lode or other deposit, the progressive change from upper to lower horizons. At the top is outcrop or gossan, oxidized or weathered. Next is the leached zone, impoverished by dissolution of its values (or part of them), which may be redeposited below in the zone of secondary enrichment. Below this is the primary, or unaltered zone, which consists of the original sulfide formation. h. An area or region more or less clearly set off or characterized as distinct from surrounding or adjoining parts; e.g., the mineral zone in a metalliferous region. i. A series of faces of a crystal whose intersection lines with each other are all parallel. j. See: zones.

zone axis
 * That crystallographic direction through the center of a crystal which is parallel to the intersection edges of the crystal faces defining the "crystal zone." Syn: crystal axis; zonal axis.

zone melting
 * Highly localized melting, usually by induction heating, of a small volume of an otherwise solid piece. By moving the induction coil along the rod, the melted zone can be transferred from one end to the other. In a binary mixture where there is a large difference in composition on the liquidus and solidus lines, high purity can be attained by concentrating one of the constituents in the liquid as it moves along a rod.

zone of accumulation
 * See: B-horizon.

zone of aeration
 * A subsurface zone containing water under pressure less than that of the atmosphere, including water held by capillarity, and containing air or gases generally under atmospheric pressure. This zone is limited above by the land surface and below by the water table. It contains vadose water. CF: zone of capillarity.

zone of capillarity
 * A subsurface zone that overlies the zone of saturation in which capillary voids hold water above the zone of saturation by molecular attraction acting against gravity. CF: zone of aeration.

zone of cementation
 * The layer of the Earth's crust below the zone of weathering in which percolating waters cement unconsolidated deposits by the deposition of dissolved minerals from above.

zone of discharge
 * A term suggested for that part of the zone of saturation having a means of horizontal escape.

zone of enrichment
 * See: zone of secondary enrichment.

zone of faces
 * All faces, belonging to one or more forms, the normals to which lie in one plane (the zone plane) and whose edges of intersection are parallel to the zone axis. See also: zone axis.

zone of flow
 * See: zone of plastic flow.

zone of fracture
 * a. The outer, rigid part of a glacier, in which the ice is much fractured.

b. The upper, brittle part of the Earth's crust in which deformation is by fracture rather than by plastic flow; that region of the crust in which fissures can exist. CF: zone of plastic flow. Syn: zone of rock fracture.

zone of illuviation
 * See: B-horizon.

zone of influence
 * The zone of rock surrounding an excavation, in which the additional stresses caused by the excavation are above a certain arbitrary value, is termed the zone of influence.

zone of mobility
 * See: asthenosphere.

zone of oxidation
 * See: oxidized zone.

zone of plastic flow
 * That part of the Earth's crust that is under sufficient pressure to prevent fracturing, i.e., is ductile, so that deformation is by flow. CF: zone of fracture. Syn: zone of flow; zone of rock flowage.

zone of rock flowage
 * See: zone of plastic flow.

zone of rock fracture
 * The upper part of the lithosphere in which rocks are under stresses less than the stresses required to close their interstices by deformation of the walls of the interstices.

zone of saturation
 * A subsurface zone in which all the interstices are filled with water under pressure greater than that of the atmosphere. This zone is separated from the zone of aeration (above) by the water table. Syn: saturated zone; phreatic zone.

zone of secondary enrichment
 * The zone in which supergene enrichment has taken place.

zone of substantial deformation
 * See: destressed area.

zone of weathering
 * The superficial layer of the Earth's crust above the water table that is subjected to the destructive agents of the atmosphere and in which soils develop. CF: zone of cementation.

zone refining
 * A purification technique in which a molten or high-temperature zone is moved along a length of material to be purified to bring about impurity segregation; the impurities become concentrated in the slowly moving hot zone, leaving behind the cooler solidified material that has a higher purity than the original material. The technique depends on differences in composition of liquids and solids in equilibrium and may be repeated to attain high degrees of purity. It usually is applied to crystalline materials, such as germanium or silicon.

zones
 * In a shaft furnace, the different portions (horizontal sections) are called zones, and are characterized according to the reactions that take place in them, as the zone of fusion or smelting zone, the reduction zone, etc.

zones of lode
 * A lode may be divided into three main zones: (1) unaltered ore at depth; (2) gossan or altered surface portion of the lode, which contain native metals, oxides, and oxysalts that result from weathering of the ore; and (3) secondary enrichment which lies between the first two zones, where interaction between waters from the gossan and the unaltered ore have produced new materials, often of considerable economic value.

zone time
 * Standard time applied at sea in which the surface of the globe is divided into 24 zones of 15 degrees, or of 1 h, each. The "0 zone" extends 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian of Greenwich (England), (the Prime Meridian); the zones are designated by the number of hours that must be applied to the local time to obtain Greenwich time. Abbrev., ZT.

zoning
 * a. In ore deposits, the spatial distribution patterns of elements, minerals, or mineral assemblages.

b. A variation in the composition of a crystal from core to margin, due to a separation of the crystal phases during its growth, by loss of equilibrium in a continuous reaction series. The higher-temperature phases of the isomorphic series form the core, with the lower-temperature phases toward the margin. Syn: zonal structure. c. Concentric layering parallel to the periphery of a crystal, shown by color banding, such as in tourmaline, and by differences in optical reactions to polarized light, such as in plagioclase feldspar. CF: undulatory extinction. d. In a mineral deposit, the occurrence of successive minerals or elements outward from a common center. e. The development of areas of metamorphosed rocks that may exhibit zones in which a particular mineral or suite of minerals is predominant or characteristic, reflecting the original rock composition, the pressure and temperature of formation, the duration of metamorphism, and whether or not material was added or removed.

zoning of ore deposits
 * Spatial distribution patterns of elements, minerals, or mineral assembalages; paragenetic sequences, either syngenetic or epigenetic. Zoning is esp. well developed in the mineralization-alteration assemblages about subvolcanic occurrences such as porphyry base-metal deposits. See also: zonal theory. Syn: mineral zoning.

zonite
 * A name that has been used in Arizona for locally occurring jasper or chert of various colors.

zonochlorite
 * A light and dark green variety of pumpellyite in green pebbles of banded structure; occurs in the Lake Superior region, MI.

Zonolite
 * A trade name for a light, flaky material obtained by roasting vermiculite, which swells to 15 times its original volume, forming golden yellow scales; from Libby, MT. A titanium-bearing jefferisite from Westcliffe, CO., is similar.

zooplankton
 * The animal forms of plankton, e.g., jellyfish. They consume phytoplankton.

zorgite
 * A brass-yellow metallic mineral with dark yellow streak; possibly clausthalite with umangite.

Z reagent
 * Any of the Dow series of xanthate flotation reagents.

zunyite
 * An isometric mineral, Al (sub 13) Si (sub 5) O (sub 20) (OH,F) (sub 18) Cl; occurs in transparent tetrahedral crystals, also minute cubes; at the Zuni Mine, Silverton, CO. Also spelled zungite.

zurron
 * A rawhide sack that holds about 150 lb (68.1 kg); used by miners for carrying ore.

zwieselite
 * A monoclinic mineral, (Fe,Mn) (sub 2) (PO (sub 4) )F; forms a series with triplite; clove-brown.


text:
Talk:福縛

A made-up word?
Also: 福縛の書籍. Hbrug 01:57, 2 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks Hbrug, I'm sure it is. I'll put it in Requests for Verification and when nobody can verify it, it will be deleted. Thanks for the link too--that and the pages that point to it look fishy too. Haplology 03:59, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

福縛
Thanks to Hbrug for pointing this out. From the magic-obsessed IP user's most productive period, this is a made-up word. Searching Google Books gives us books in Chinese. It has the signature issues of quality as well. Furthermore I assert that 福縛の書籍 is SoP (literally "book of spells") in addition to being made with a made-up word. Same for the pages that link to it: Special:WhatLinksHere/福縛の書籍. A quick search for "magic book" in a dictionary reveals that the real words for magic book are グリモワール, 魔術書, 奥義書, 魔導書, or 魔法書. Haplology 04:08, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Gah, what a dog's breakfast. Shot 福縛の書籍 on sight as SOP and pure rubbish to boot, now going through the list at Special:WhatLinksHere/福縛の書籍 to do the same.

 * Hint to other editors for identifying possible SOP Japanese entries: Any Japanese entry with の in it and that was created by an anon should be reviewed. の in Japanese is like English, only backwards: A of B in English becomes BのA in Japanese.  But just like English , the inclusion of の in a headword is a suggestion of possible SOP-ness.  -- Eiríkr Útlendi │ Tala við mig 17:17, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * And as a PS: gets all of 19 hits, only one with any Japanese, and that one is full of scannos and only mentions 福縛 in a case where the two characters belong to separate words.   gets six hits, five in Chinese and one (confusingly) in English (but that one with no context or visible text at all).  This just isn't a Japanese word, except possibly in the world of manga, where protologisms and borrowings are rife.  -- Eiríkr Útlendi │ Tala við mig 17:24, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Having seen some of the IP's other dubious entries. I'd say we should start putting constraints on the entries this person creates. From now on, all obscure terms like this need to be cited by the author, if they cannot be cited, they will be shot on sight, as we cannot waste any more time trying to verify every single term he/she creates ourselves. It's just too time-consuming. Jamesjiao → T ◊ C 20:54, 3 November 2011 (UTC)

 * James, thank you, I certainly agree. There seem to be two IP users who are quite interested in magic, fantasy, and Japanese, but who have very limited Japanese skills, and no apparent understanding of WT:CFI.  Coming up with a faster way of dealing with their copious additions would be a good idea.
 * A question for you: what with me being a new admin and it occurring to me that I might be moving too fast with 福縛の書籍, how long should I let uncitable entries like this sit at RFV before deleting them? -- Eiríkr Útlendi │ Tala við mig 19:58, 5 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Failed. Haplology 17:30, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:福縛