text: shǐzhōng

title: shǐzhōng


text:
pa amb tomàquet

Etymology
Literally, “bread with tomato”.

Noun

 * 1) a Catalonian dish consisting of a slice of bread soaked in tomato, seasoned with olive oil and salt

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: pa amb tomàquet


text: folkestyret

title: folkestyret


text: folkestyra

title: folkestyra


text: folkestyri

title: folkestyri


text:
roll around

Verb

 * 1)  To move about on the ground while rotating and turning one's body.
 * 2)  To be considered, without much coherence, in someone's mind.
 * 3)  To indulge in sexual intercourse (with).
 * 4)  To laugh very heartily.
 * 5)  Of a time or event: to come up; to happen.
 * 1)  To laugh very heartily.
 * 2)  Of a time or event: to come up; to happen.
 * 1)  To laugh very heartily.
 * 2)  Of a time or event: to come up; to happen.
 * 1)  Of a time or event: to come up; to happen.
 * 1)  Of a time or event: to come up; to happen.

title: roll around


text:
tb

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) brick

title: tb


text:
𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰

Etymology
From, more specifically from the compound form , which seems to have analogically replaced the form of the preposition. Cognate to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Preposition

 * 1)  against

title: 𐍅𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰


text:
𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂

Etymology
From.

Preposition

 * 1)  under, beneath stationary
 * 2)  under direction

Adverb

 * 1) under, beneath

title: 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂


text: gynæcea

title: gynæcea


text: gynaecea

title: gynaecea


text:
𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷

Etymology
From whence also 🇨🇬. Cognate to 🇨🇬 whence 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Preposition

 * 1)  through
 * , Luke 4.30:
 * "got"

- 𐌹𐌸 𐌹𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰,

 * 1)  by
 * , Luke 18.31:
 * "got"

- 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐌷𐌰𐌳𐌰 𐌰𐌻𐌻 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 𐌲𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌻𐌹𐌳𐍉 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷 𐍀𐍂𐌰𐌿𐍆𐌴𐍄𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌱𐌹 𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌿 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐍃.

title: 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷


text:
𐌼𐌹𐌸

Etymology
From.

Preposition

 * 1)  together with

Adverb

 * 1) along, together

title: 𐌼𐌹𐌸


text:
𐌰𐌽𐌳

Preposition

 * 1)  along, through, into, against

title: 𐌰𐌽𐌳


text:
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂

Etymology
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬,.

Preposition

 * 1) before
 * 2) for, in favour of, on behalf of
 * 3) near, next to, by

title: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂


text:
感知

Verb

 * 1) to perceive; to be aware

Noun

 * 1) perception; awareness
 * 2) sense
 * 1) sense

Noun

 * 1) perception

Verb

 * 1) to distinguish, sense, become aware of (see someone or something clearly or distinctly)

title: 感知


text:
ószeres

Noun

 * 1)  secondhand dealer

title: ószeres


text: ószeresek

title: ószeresek


text:
ószer

Noun

 * 1)  flea market

title: ószer


text: ószerek

title: ószerek


text:
𐌹𐌽𐌿

Etymology
From.

Preposition

 * 1)  without, except

title: 𐌹𐌽𐌿


text:
zsib

Etymology
Its independent usage is obsolete, but it can still be found in compound words.

Noun

 * 1)  thief
 * 2)  junk, odds and ends

title: zsib


text:
slow roll

Verb

 * 1)  To make a long pause before calling an all-in bet with a strong, usually very strong, hand.
 * 2)  To make a long pause before revealing one's winning hand.
 * 3)  To obstruct by delaying; to slow-walk.

Noun

 * 1)  An instance of slow rolling
 * 2)  A maneuver in which the aircraft makes a complete rotation around its roll axis while maintaining a straight and level flight path.
 * 1)  A maneuver in which the aircraft makes a complete rotation around its roll axis while maintaining a straight and level flight path.

Usage notes

 * slow rolling is considered bad etiquette by many players, so the term is often used pejoratively

title: slow roll


text:
𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰

Etymology 1
From.

Conjunction

 * 1) than, except, unless

Preposition

 * 1) besides, apart from

title: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰


text: 摧く

title: 摧く


text:
解毒薬

Noun

 * 1) antidote

title: 解毒薬


text:
𐌳𐌿

Etymology
Isolated in Gothic among the Germanic languages. Probably related to somehow, but the exact etymology is unclear. If this is a non-Germanic loan in Gothic that was not transmitted through Proto-Germanic, its use would prove the existence of the verb as simplex in Gothic (see ).

Lehmann argues that “Among attemped etymologies the most likely takes du as the proclitic of PGmc tō in verbs like *du-ginnan; cf ga- (J Schmidt 1883 ZVS 26:24; Delbrück 1907 IF 21:355f; Rolffs 1908:46ff). Less likely sources, G Schmidt 1962:240 assumes non-Gmc origin; Voyles 1967 JEGP 66:173-74 derives du and und from PIE n̥-dʰ- + unidentified vowel, possibly u.”

Preposition

 * 1)  to, towards

title: 𐌳𐌿


text:
gynécée

Noun

 * 1) gynæceum
 * 2) gynoecium

title: gynécée


text:
semondre

Etymology
From, cognate with.

Verb

 * 1) to invite
 * 2) to convoke
 * 3) to convene
 * 1) to convene

Etymology
From, present active infinitive of.

Verb

 * 1) to summon; to beckon; call for
 * 2) ; to summon; to serve a summons.
 * 3)  to beg; to implore

title: semondre


text:
get one's hands dirty

Verb

 * 1)  To get involved with the unpleasant parts of a task, such as manual labour or unethical activities.

Translations

 * Finnish: liata kätensä
 * French:, , ,
 * German: sich die Hände schmutzig machen,
 * Polish: brudzić sobie ręce, ubrudzić sobie ręce
 * Spanish: ensuciarse las manos, no caérsele los anillos

title: get one's hands dirty


text: Çağdaş

title: Çağdaş


text:
𐌿𐍃

Etymology
From. Cognate to 🇨🇬 and.

Preposition

 * 1)  out of, from, away from, proceeding from

title: 𐌿𐍃


text: Serkan

title: Serkan


text:
praeclarum theorema

Etymology
So named by in his unpublished papers of 1690 (later published as Leibniz: Logical Papers in 1966), meaning "splendid theorem" in Latin.

Noun

 * 1)  The following theorem of propositional calculus: (A → B) ∧ (C → D) → (A ∧ C → B ∧ D).
 * The praeclarum theorema can be seen to correspond with the rule $$R \otimes$$ of linear logic; given two sequents $$ A \vdash B$$ and $$C \vdash D$$ one may infer (through the said rule) that $$ A, C \vdash B \otimes D$$. Then one may further infer, through the rule $$L\otimes$$, that $$A \otimes C \vdash B \otimes D$$.

title: praeclarum theorema


text: Tuncay

title: Tuncay


text: Tunç

title: Tunç


text:
get back on the horse that bucked one

Verb

 * 1)  To return to something that previously caused harm.

title: get back on the horse that bucked one


text:
Necati

Etymology
From

title: Necati


text:
gnaw someone's vitals

Verb

 * 1)  To deeply trouble (someone).

title: gnaw someone's vitals


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 摧

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 摧


text:
golden touch

Etymology
From the Greek legend of King Midas, related in chapter XI of ’s Metamorphoses (8 ), whom Dionysus (the god of, among other things, wine and winemaking) gave the power to turn things to gold by touching them. Compare.

title: golden touch


text: Ufuk

title: Ufuk


text:
𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰

Etymology
From.

Preposition

 * 1) before
 * 2) for (benefactive)
 * 3) for (causal): because of

Adverb

 * 1) in front, before

title: 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰


text: Tolgay

title: Tolgay


text: Kamber

title: Kamber


text: Sertaç

title: Sertaç


text: Aytaç

title: Aytaç


text: Pardew

title: Pardew


text: Ertuğrul

title: Ertuğrul


text: Göksu

title: Göksu


text:
Ayetullah

Etymology
From.

title: Ayetullah


text: Bulut

title: Bulut


text:
İrfan

Etymology
From.

title: İrfan


text: Alphan

title: Alphan


text: Ogün

title: Ogün


text:
conteor

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) storyteller

title: conteor


text:
Tevfik

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

title: Tevfik


text:
𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰

Etymology
From.

Preposition

 * 1)  close to, near

title: 𐌽𐌴𐍈𐌰


text:
Salih

Etymology
Variant of.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Salih is the 19997th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 1339 individuals. Salih is most common among White (50.19%) and Black/African American (36.97%) individuals.

Etymology
From

title: Salih


text:
Ersoy

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬 and surname 🇨🇬.

title: Ersoy


text:
fableor

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) storyteller

title: fableor


text: Yiğitcan

title: Yiğitcan


text:
İskender

Etymology
From, from , from.

title: İskender


text: Sertuğ

title: Sertuğ


text:
Selim

Etymology
Borrowed from. This surname is mostly found in Egypt.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Selim is the 34272nd most common surname in the United States, belonging to 662 individuals. Selim is most common among White (79.61%) and Asian/Pacific Islander (9.67%) individuals.

title: Selim


text: Sevim

title: Sevim


text: Sevinç

title: Sevinç


text:
Cafer

Etymology
From.

title: Cafer


text: Gülsu

title: Gülsu


text: Gülcan

title: Gülcan


text: Güler

title: Güler


text: Gülüş

title: Gülüş


text:
Wiktionary:Tutorial (Formatting)/sandbox

More equals signs please
We actually use the 1 equals sign to separate discussions by months in various project pages, but it is not worth getting worried about that

Wow
The

Second heading
Test main

second-1
second 1 test

second-2
second 2 test

=It might be a good idea=

to the top of the page (and do the same for all the pages)
====I didn't see it until I'd already used the other sandbox for the "Tutorial (Formatting)" part (I'm assuming it can't possibly matter that I used the "wrong" sandbox unless sandboxes work very differently here than on WP, but presumably having a different one for each part of the tutorial must serve some sort of purpose that I'm simply not aware of...so I thought I would talk about it in a sandbox edit that no one is going to actually read...)====

Here
—> 5 ='s is the same as no ='s

This is a test.


text:
𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰

Etymology
From, from , from.

Preposition

 * 1)  far away from

title: 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰


text: Gülüm

title: Gülüm


text: Erdi

title: Erdi


text: Erim

title: Erim


text: Ergenekon

title: Ergenekon


text:
Wiktionary:Tutorial (Related links)/sandbox

en:SEND - שלח

BREAD - he:לחם

santali


text:
𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍉

Etymology
From.

Preposition

 * 1)  under

title: 𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍂𐍉


text: Erge

title: Erge


text:
ひしきじ

Noun

 * 1)  illiteracy

title: ひしきじ


text: hishikiji

title: hishikiji


text: Şenol

title: Şenol


text: Kutsal

title: Kutsal


text:
maaottelu

Noun

 * 1)  A match, game or contest between two national teams of any sport.
 * 2) cap player's appearance in such game

title: maaottelu


text: Ayhan

title: Ayhan


text: じっけん

title: じっけん


text: jikken

title: jikken


text: Aycan

title: Aycan


text: Alım

title: Alım


text:
𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃

Etymology 1
From.

Preposition

 * 1)  opposite

title: 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹𐍃


text: Aysu

title: Aysu


text: Aysun

title: Aysun


text: Uysal

title: Uysal


text:
Recep

Etymology
From, from.

Proper noun

 * , 12th and current of  (2014–present).
 * , 12th and current of  (2014–present).

title: Recep


text:
turkoshak

Noun

 * 1)  A racial slur used against Turks

title: turkoshak


text: Taşkın

title: Taşkın


text: Sedat

title: Sedat


text: Energin

title: Energin


text: Ergin

title: Ergin


text: Ertuğ

title: Ertuğ


text: Olcan

title: Olcan


text:
kombësi

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) nationality, national identity
 * 2) ethnicity, ethnic identity

title: kombësi


text: Oğul

title: Oğul


text: henkō

title: henkō


text: Template:sq-adv

title: Template:sq-adv


text:
偏向

Verb

 * 1) to deviate towards; to slant to
 * 2) to be partial to; to prefer

Noun

 * 1) deviation

Noun

 * 1) propensity
 * 2) deviation, tilt
 * 3) deflection

Verb

 * 1) slant, be deflected
 * 2) be biased

title: 偏向


text:
kombëtarisht

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) nationally
 * 2) ethnically

title: kombëtarisht


text:
sabbiatrice

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sandblasting machine

title: sabbiatrice


text: Nihat

title: Nihat


text:
Nur

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Synonyms

 * Nu'er

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 奴爾
 * Japanese:
 * Uyghur:

Etymology
From

Etymology
From.

title: Nur


text:
偏好

Adverb

 * 1) it so happened that

Verb

 * 1) to be partial to; to favour; to show favouritism to; to prefer; to have a preference for

Noun

 * 1) partiality, having a one-sided interest in something, or that interest

title: 偏好


text: Nuh

title: Nuh


text:
偏光

Noun

 * 1) polarized light
 * 2) polarization of light

Noun

 * 1) polarized light
 * 2) polarization of light

title: 偏光


text:
sabbiera

Noun

 * 1) sandbox (for metal casting)

title: sabbiera


text:
変項

Noun

 * 1)  a variable

title: 変項


text:
İsa

Etymology
From.

title: İsa


text:
sabbietta

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cat litter

title: sabbietta


text: Category:Albanian terms suffixed with -isht


text: Yıldıray

title: Yıldıray


text:
Yıldırım

Etymology
From.

title: Yıldırım


text: щялото

title: щялото


text: Yıldır

title: Yıldır


text:
zoumaachen

Verb

 * 1) to close

title: zoumaachen


text:
sabbione

Etymology
From or from, from. Compare archaic 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) coarse or sharp sand
 * 2) sandy soil or land

title: sabbione


text: щели

title: щели


text:
sabello

Noun

 * 1) Sabellian a member of a group of early Italian peoples

Noun

 * 1) Sabellian language

title: sabello


text: щелите

title: щелите


text:
Rıza

Etymology
From, from.

title: Rıza


text: щейки

title: щейки


text:
anțărț

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬 /.

Adverb

 * 1)  two years ago

title: anțărț


text:
救済

Noun

 * 1) rescue; relief; aid

Verb

 * 1) to relieve; to give help

title: 救済


text:
くだ

Noun

 * 1)  pipe, tube

title: くだ


text:
sabellico

Etymology
..

Adjective

 * 1)  Sabellian, Sabellic

title: sabellico


text: щеш

title: щеш


text: Korcan

title: Korcan


text: щем

title: щем


text:
触発

Noun

 * 1) inspiration

Verb

 * 1) to inspire

title: 触発


text: щете

title: щете


text:
rebud

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  To bud again (send forth a second group of buds)

Translations

 * Italian: rigermogliare

title: rebud


text:
-isht

Etymology
from from. unrelated to Slavic as it developed from.

Suffix

 * 1) used to form secondary suffix.

Suffix

 * 1) Forms adverbs from adjectives. Frequently corresponds to English -ly
 * Note that adjectival suffixes are dropped when -isht is added.
 * Note that adjectival suffixes are dropped when -isht is added.

title: -isht


text:
Yağmur

Etymology
From.

title: Yağmur


text: щат

title: щат


text:
占拠

Noun

 * 1) occupation act, process or state of possessing a place

Verb

 * 1) to occupy

title: 占拠


text:
Feridun

Etymology
From.

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Fereydun, Thraitauna/Thraetaona

title: Feridun


text:
saccarico

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  saccharic

title: saccarico


text:
Rıdvan

Etymology
From, from.

title: Rıdvan


text:
Mutlu

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) a person from or living in Mut
 * 1) a person from or living in Mut
 * 1) a person from or living in Mut

title: Mutlu


text: щях

title: щях


text:
Okay

Etymology
From, from , from.

title: Okay


text:
saccarinato

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  saccharated

title: saccarinato


text: Basri

title: Basri


text: щеше

title: щеше


text:
Tufan

Etymology
From.

title: Tufan


text:
saccata

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sackful

title: saccata


text: Caner

title: Caner


text:
saccatura

Noun

 * 1) trough (on a weather map)

title: saccatura


text: щяхме

title: щяхме


text: Borakan

title: Borakan


text: щяхте

title: щяхте


text:
saccentemente

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) presumptuously

title: saccentemente


text: Hürriyet

title: Hürriyet


text: щяха

title: щяха


text: 偏る

title: 偏る


text: 片寄る

title: 片寄る


text:
щя

Etymology
Cognate to Mandarin Chinese.

title: щя


text:
sacchetta

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) nosebag (for a horse)
 * 2) pouch

title: sacchetta


text:
かたよる

Verb

 * 1) lean, incline
 * 2) be biased, be prejudiced

title: かたよる


text: Kürşat

title: Kürşat


text: katayoru

title: katayoru


text:
sacchettino

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) small bag or pouch

title: sacchettino


text:
Ethem

Etymology
, from.

Etymology
, from.

title: Ethem


text:
Edhem

Etymology
From, cognate with 🇨🇬. See for more.

Etymology
From.

title: Edhem


text:
saccopelista

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) person who sleeps in a sleeping bag
 * 2) backpacker

title: saccopelista


text: Gürkan

title: Gürkan


text:
finnochio

Noun

 * 1) * 1857, Proceedings of the Literary & Philosophical Society of Liverpool, During the Forty-Sixth Session, 1856–57 (Henry Greenwood), № 11, page 95
 * Finnochio is sometimes grown in this country. Its seed or fruit, and the essential oil distilled from it, find a place in our pharmacopœias, but are rarely used. Their warm stimulant properties lead to their employment in the flatulent colic of infants.
 * 1) * 1893, Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist (Haymarket Publishing), page 366
 * We are sure that, when Finnochio is better known in northern countries, it will be as much appreciated as Celery.
 * 1) * 1893, Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist (Haymarket Publishing), page 366
 * We are sure that, when Finnochio is better known in northern countries, it will be as much appreciated as Celery.
 * 1) * 1893, Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist (Haymarket Publishing), page 366
 * We are sure that, when Finnochio is better known in northern countries, it will be as much appreciated as Celery.

title: finnochio


text: Güray

title: Güray


text: Giray

title: Giray


text:
証拠

Noun

 * 1) evidence

title: 証拠


text:
existential instantiation

Noun

 * 1)  In predicate logic, an inference rule of the form ∃x P(x) ⊢ P(c), where c is a new symbol (not part of the original domain of discourse, but which can stand for an element of it (as in )).

title: existential instantiation


text:
Cameroonian Pidgin English

Proper noun

 * 1) A creole spoken in Cameroon

Usage notes
Despite the literal meaning of the word pidgin, the language is instead considered by linguists to be a well developed creole, because a creole is the native language of a group of people, whereas a pidgin has no native speakers, and is a blended, ad-hoc trade language used when two groups of people have no other common language to communicate. Creoles develop from pidgins, and this language is no longer in the pidgin stage.

title: Cameroonian Pidgin English


text: sacramentando

title: sacramentando


text: sacramentante

title: sacramentante


text:
sacramentare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to administer the sacrament
 * 2)  to vow; to swear an oath
 * 3)  to swear, to curse

title: sacramentare


text: sacramentato

title: sacramentato


text: sacramentati

title: sacramentati


text: sacramentata

title: sacramentata


text: sacramentiamo

title: sacramentiamo


text: sacramentate

title: sacramentate


text: sacramentano

title: sacramentano


text: sacramentavo

title: sacramentavo


text: sacramentavi

title: sacramentavi


text: sacramentava

title: sacramentava


text: sacramentavamo

title: sacramentavamo


text: sacramentavate

title: sacramentavate


text: sacramentavano

title: sacramentavano


text: sacramentai

title: sacramentai


text: sacramentasti

title: sacramentasti


text: sacramentò

title: sacramentò


text: sacramentammo

title: sacramentammo


text: sacramentaste

title: sacramentaste


text: sacramentarono

title: sacramentarono


text: sacramenterò

title: sacramenterò


text: sacramenterai

title: sacramenterai


text: sacramenterà

title: sacramenterà


text: sacramenteremo

title: sacramenteremo


text: sacramenterete

title: sacramenterete


text: sacramenteranno

title: sacramenteranno


text: sacramenterei

title: sacramenterei


text: sacramenteresti

title: sacramenteresti


text: sacramenterebbe

title: sacramenterebbe


text: sacramenteremmo

title: sacramenteremmo


text: sacramentereste

title: sacramentereste


text: sacramenterebbero

title: sacramenterebbero


text: sacramentiate

title: sacramentiate


text:
sacramentino

Adjective

 * 1) Sacramentine

title: sacramentino


text: sacramentassi

title: sacramentassi


text: sacramentasse

title: sacramentasse


text: sacramentassimo

title: sacramentassimo


text: sacramentassero

title: sacramentassero


text:
alamă

Etymology
, probably from, compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Possibly influenced by and. Compare also 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,.

Noun

 * 1)  brass alloy of copper and zinc
 * 2)  object made of brass
 * 3)  musical instruments made of brass

title: alamă


text: Welwyn

title: Welwyn


text: Welwyn Garden City

title: Welwyn Garden City


text:
catholicate

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  The jurisdiction of an Armenian catholicos.

Synonyms

 * catholicosate

title: catholicate


text: catholicates

title: catholicates


text:
garden city

Etymology
Coined in the 1890s by (1850-1928).

Noun

 * 1)  Any of several planned, self-contained communities, surrounded by "green belts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 花園城市
 * Finnish: puutarhakaupunki
 * German: Gartenstadt
 * Portuguese: cidade-jardim
 * Spanish: ciudad jardín
 * Swedish: trädgårdsstad

title: garden city


text:
viimevuotinen

Etymology
🇰🇲

Adjective

 * 1) of or pertaining to the last year, i.e. the year before the current one

title: viimevuotinen


text:
sacramentario

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Sacramentarian, Sacramentalist

title: sacramentario


text: Mamluk

title: Mamluk


text:
under the cosh

Prepositional phrase

 * 1)  subjected to (figurative) pressure; under the gun

title: under the cosh


text:
ένταξη

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) accession, integration, incorporation

title: ένταξη


text:
հիանալի

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) awesome, wonderful, splendid

title: հիանալի


text:
Ladakh

Etymology
From, the 🇨🇬 transliteration of the region's name,.

Proper noun

 * 1) The mountain range situated in the union territory of the same name.
 * 1) The mountain range situated in the union territory of the same name.

Translations

 * Bengali: লদ্দাখ
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dzongkha: ལ་དྭགས
 * French:
 * German: Ladakh
 * Hindi: लद्दाख़
 * Kannada: ಲಡಾಖ್
 * Manchu: ᠯᠠᡩᠠᡴ
 * Marathi: लडाख
 * Odia:
 * Russian:, Ладак
 * Tibetan: ལ་དྭགས
 * Urdu: لدّاخ

title: Ladakh


text:
fielding circle

Noun

 * 1)  A line, marked on the field, consisting of two semicircles around each wicket joined by parallel lines, outside of which there may be no more than two fielders

title: fielding circle


text:
根拠

Noun

 * 1) basis (of a theory), grounds

Verb

 * 1) to be grounded on

title: 根拠


text:
mbikëqyr

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to supervise, oversee

title: mbikëqyr


text: Category:Albanian terms prefixed with mbi-


text:
準拠

Noun

 * 1) conformance

Verb

 * 1) to conform to, to comply with

title: 準拠


text:
人的証拠

Noun

 * 1) personal evidence, testimony of a witness

title: 人的証拠


text:
物的証拠

Noun

 * 1) physical evidence

title: 物的証拠


text:
mbinatyrshëm

Adjective

 * 1) supernatural

Adverb

 * 1) supernaturally

title: mbinatyrshëm


text:
natyrshëm

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) natural

Adverb

 * 1) naturally

title: natyrshëm


text:
edellisvuotinen

Etymology
🇰🇲

Adjective

 * 1) of or pertaining to the year before the year of the event referred to

title: edellisvuotinen


text: suǒyǒuquán

title: suǒyǒuquán


text:
User:Frigotoni

Hello, I am Frigotoni ... i'm here. I'm a member of the Small Wiki Monitoring Team and globally active in countervandalism. Feel free to leave me a message on meta or on my home Wiki. [//toolserver.org/~pathoschild/crossactivity/?user=Frigotoni Crossactivity] & [//toolserver.org/~pathoschild/stalktoy/?target=Frigotoni StalkToy] • If you need further information, you can click here. Have I done something wrong? I apologise for this. Report it to me please.

title: User:Frigotoni


text: zhǔquán

title: zhǔquán


text: rénquán

title: rénquán


text:
o-dark-thirty

Etymology
By analogy with "o-three-thirty" (0330), "o-four-thirty" (0430), "o-five-thirty" (0530), and similar times as often expressed on the —early morning hours that archetypally share the characteristics of a still-dark/nighttime sky and a distastefully early time of rising/arousal; the letter o in these terms comes from the /oʊ/-for-zero pronunciation, which (despite its conflated nature) is idiomatically widespread (just as it also is in "two-point-oh" for "2.0", for example); thus, it is not homologous to the  in.

Noun

 * 1)  The wee hours.

title: o-dark-thirty


text:
Talk:polybag

I've never heard this term used in the US. Where is this term generally used? 109.246.254.186 17:45, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:polybag


text:
ευχαριστούμε

Interjection

 * 1) we thank you!, thanks!

title: ευχαριστούμε


text:
User talk:Kitsunegami

Welcome!

Hello, welcome to Wiktionary, and thank you for your contribution so far. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page is a concise list of technical guidelines to the wiki format we use here: how to, for example, make text boldfaced or create hyperlinks. Feel free to practice in the sandbox. If you would like a slower introduction we have a short tutorial.
 * Entry layout explained (ELE) is a detailed policy documenting how Wiktionary pages should be formatted. All entries should conform to this standard, the easiest way to do this is to copy exactly an existing page for a similar word.
 * Our Criteria for inclusion (CFI) define exactly which words Wiktionary is interested in including. There is also a list of things that Wiktionary is not for a higher level overview.
 * The FAQ aims to answer most of your remaining questions, and there are several help pages that you can browse for more information.
 * We have discussion rooms in which you can ask any question about Wiktionary or its entries, a glossary of our technical jargon, and some hints for dealing with the more common communication issues.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wiktionarian! If you have any questions, bring them to the Information desk, or ask me on my talk page. If you do so, please sign your posts with four tildes: ~ which automatically produces your username and the current date and time.

Again, welcome! JackPotte 18:06, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kitsunegami


text:
Großer Bruder

Proper noun

 * 1) Big Brother

title: Großer Bruder


text:
Zwischenablage

Noun

 * 1)  clipboard

title: Zwischenablage


text:
demnächst

Adverb

 * 1) soon, in a near time, in a short while, in near future

title: demnächst


text:
ܝܘܡܢܐ

Noun

 * 1) * Matthew 12:40:
 * "aii"
 * 1) * Matthew 12:40:
 * "aii"
 * "aii"

- ܕܵܐܟ݂ܝܼ ܕܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܝܵܘܢܵܢ ܓܵܘ ܟܹܪ݇ܣܵܐ ܕܢܘܼܢܵܐ ܬܠܵܬܵܐ ܝܵܘܡܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܘܬܠܵܬܵܐ ܠܲܝܠܵܘܵܬܹ̈ܐ، ܗܵܕܟ݂ܵܐ ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܒܪܘܿܢܵܐ ܕܐ݇ܢܵܫܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܠܸܒܵܐ ܕܐܲܪܥܵܐ ܬܠܵܬܵܐ ܝܵܘܡܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܘܬܠܵܬܵܐ ܠܲܝܠܵܘܵܬܹ̈ܐ.

Etymology
A contraction of +.

Adverb

 * 1) today

title: ܝܘܡܢܐ


text:
氣憤

Adjective

 * 1) furious; indignant

title: 氣憤


text: 气愤

title: 气愤


text:
seenen

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to bless

title: seenen


text:
Datenverlust

Noun

 * 1) data loss, loss of data

title: Datenverlust


text:
Zufuhr

Noun

 * 1) supply
 * 2) influx, intake
 * 3) feed

title: Zufuhr


text:
顯出

Verb

 * 1) to display; to reveal; to show; to appear

title: 顯出


text: 显出

title: 显出


text: ܝܘܡܢ

title: ܝܘܡܢ


text:
Özkan

Etymology
From

title: Özkan


text:
Ferhat

Etymology
From.

title: Ferhat


text:
老譜

Noun

 * 1) old refrain; familiar song
 * 2) old method; old rules

title: 老譜


text: 老谱

title: 老谱


text: Şirin

title: Şirin


text: Nedim

title: Nedim


text:
氣憤憤

Adverb

 * 1) angrily

title: 氣憤憤


text: Necmi

title: Necmi


text: 气愤愤

title: 气愤愤


text: Tümer

title: Tümer


text: Yiğiter

title: Yiğiter


text: Erhun

title: Erhun


text:
獵人

Noun

 * 1) hunter

title: 獵人


text: 猎人

title: 猎人


text:
ܝܘܢܐ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) dove (bird)

Proper noun

 * 1) Jonah

title: ܝܘܢܐ


text:
Baki

Etymology
From, Cebuano equivalent of , an alteration of.

Etymology
From, the definite form of , referring to God.

title: Baki


text:
Mecnun

Etymology
From, borrowed from. Originally the nickname of an Arab poet as recounted in.

title: Mecnun


text:
趕走

Verb

 * 1) to kick out; to make leave; to chase away; to drive away

title: 趕走


text: Ersen

title: Ersen


text: 赶走

title: 赶走


text: İlhan

title: İlhan


text:
Hami

Etymology
From   romanization: Ha¹-mi⁴, reinforced by Hanyu Pinyin.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Cantonese: 哈密
 * Mandarin:
 * Japanese:
 * Kazakh: Құмыл
 * Korean:
 * Manchu: ᡥᠠᠮᡳ
 * Russian:
 * Uyghur: قۇمۇل

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  sea

Etymology
From. Compare.

title: Hami


text:
椽子

Noun

 * 1) rafter

title: 椽子


text:
發抖

Verb

 * 1) to shake; to shiver

title: 發抖


text: 发抖

title: 发抖


text:
Tanju

Etymology
From.

title: Tanju


text: Suat

title: Suat


text:
siedegen

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to satiate, to satisfy
 * 2)  to saturate

title: siedegen


text:
萬分

Adverb

 * 1) extremely

title: 萬分


text: 万分

title: 万分


text:
İzzet

Etymology
From, from.

title: İzzet


text:
動彈

Verb

 * 1) to move; to budge; to stir

title: 動彈


text: 动弹

title: 动弹


text:
Hamza

Etymology
From, from the Arabic root.

Proper noun

 * 1) The Muslim Sahabi Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib.
 * 1) The Muslim Sahabi Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib.

Etymology
, from.

title: Hamza


text: Ünal

title: Ünal


text: 掙紮

title: 掙紮


text: Vedat

title: Vedat


text:
掙扎

Verb

 * 1) to struggle; to strive

Adjective

 * 1) involving a struggle; difficult; challenging

Noun

 * 1) struggle

title: 掙扎


text: 挣扎

title: 挣扎


text:
Aydın

Etymology
.

Etymology
From. As a city, named in honor of upon his dynasty's conquest of Güzelhisar.

title: Aydın


text: Sancak

title: Sancak


text:
ܝܚܛܐ

Etymology
From the root related to miscarrying.

Noun

 * 1)  miscarriage, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth
 * 2) miscarried fetus, stillborn

title: ܝܚܛܐ


text: Ergün

title: Ergün


text:
echage

Noun

 * 1)  The chief official in the monastic system of Ethiopia.

title: echage


text: Rüştü

title: Rüştü


text:
Emin

Adjective

 * : Ema's, Emma's

Etymology
, from.

title: Emin


text: Burcu

title: Burcu


text: derogatories

title: derogatories


text:
Mahmut

Etymology
From.

title: Mahmut


text: Sefa

title: Sefa


text: Çetin

title: Çetin


text:
ܝܠܝܕܘܬܐ

Etymology
From the root related to bearing children.

Noun

 * 1) childbirth, birth
 * 2) origin
 * 3) genealogy, ancestry, descent
 * 4) generation

title: ܝܠܝܕܘܬܐ


text:
Wuecht

Etymology
From, from , from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) watch (period of guarding)

title: Wuecht


text: Müjdat

title: Müjdat


text:
Fevzi

Etymology
From, from.

title: Fevzi


text:
Kerim

Etymology
From.

title: Kerim


text: Merter

title: Merter


text: Mertkan

title: Mertkan


text:
małżeński

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  marriage; marital, matrimonial

title: małżeński


text:
przedmałżeński

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) premarital

title: przedmałżeński


text: Hakkı

title: Hakkı


text: Öz

title: Öz


text:
Wuechthond

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) guard dog, watchdog

title: Wuechthond


text:
aŭtografio

Etymology
From, in turn from.

Noun

 * 1) facsimile

title: aŭtografio


text: aŭtografioj

title: aŭtografioj


text: aŭtografion

title: aŭtografion


text: aŭtografiojn

title: aŭtografiojn


text:
日日

Adverb

 * 1)  daily; every day; day by day

Etymology 1
Reduplication of.

This is generally the most common reading for this kanji compound.

Adverb

 * 1) day by day

Noun

 * 1) every day, daily

Etymology 2
Reduplication of, using the on'yomi pronunciation.

This is a less-common reading for this kanji compound.

Adverb

 * 1) day by day

Noun

 * 1) every day, daily

Derived terms

 * : : Madagascar periwinkle, rosy periwinkle
 * : : Madagascar periwinkle, rosy periwinkle

Etymology 3
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1) a specific date
 * 2) days
 * 1) days

Usage notes
Often spelled to avoid ambiguity.

title: 日日


text:
aŭtografi

Verb

 * 1) to autograph

title: aŭtografi


text:
kauppakamari

Noun

 * 1) chamber of commerce

title: kauppakamari


text:
妹子

Noun

 * 1)  younger sister
 * 2)  daughter
 * 3)  young lady; miss
 * 4)  sister-in-law wife's sister
 * 5)  slavegirl
 * 1)  slavegirl

Noun

 * 1)  little girl
 * 2)  young female (usually one who is intimate to the speaker), babe; girlfriend

title: 妹子


text:
zweiwelen

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to doubt

title: zweiwelen


text: Altan

title: Altan


text:
眼前

Noun

 * 1) before one's eyes
 * 2) the present; the current moment; right now; immediate

title: 眼前


text:
Tay

Proper noun

 * , originating on the slopes of Ben Lui and flowing eastwards through the city of Perth before becoming an estuary, the Firth of Tay.
 * , a left tributary of the Rideau.
 * , a left tributary of the Rideau.

Etymology 2
Borrowed from,  , or a variant of the English surname.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Tay is the 16,536th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 1736 individuals. Tay is most common among Asian/Pacific Islander (58.12%) and White individuals (19.47%).

Etymology 3
.

title: Tay


text:
wierklech

Etymology
From, from earlier , from the verb (whence Luxembourgish ).

Adjective

 * 1) real
 * 2) true

title: wierklech


text: Tamkut

title: Tamkut


text: Gökbörü

title: Gökbörü


text: Özhan

title: Özhan


text: Orhun

title: Orhun


text:
padawan

Etymology

as early as 1973 (in the manuscript Journal of the Whills, where it was spelled padawaan), but not used in his ' film franchise until ' which premiered on 16 May 1999. The origin is unclear; suggestions include a derivation from 🇨🇬 or.

Noun

 * 1) An apprentice or student Jedi.
 * 2)  Any apprentice or student.
 * 1)  Any apprentice or student.
 * 1)  Any apprentice or student.
 * 1)  Any apprentice or student.

Translations

 * Esperanto: padavano
 * French:
 * Japanese: パダワン
 * Korean: 파다원
 * Russian:

Etymology
Borrowed from.

title: padawan


text:
Teoman

Etymology
From.

title: Teoman


text:
過意不去

Idiom

 * 1) to feel apologetic; to feel sorry

title: 過意不去


text: 过意不去

title: 过意不去


text:
ylikuumeneminen

Noun

 * 1) overheating becoming excessively hot
 * Kiinan taloutta uhkaa ylikuumeneminen.
 * Chinese economy risks overheating.
 * Chinese economy risks overheating.

title: ylikuumeneminen


text:
不得而知

Idiom

 * 1) to be unable to know or find out; to remain unknown; to be unable to ascertain

title: 不得而知


text:
ܝܡܐ

Etymology 1
Variant of, from with a shift from an initial /ʔ/ to /j/, from ; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and.

The second sense is from. The first element, ummat, is the construct form of while the second element erî is the genetive form of. Based on folk etymology or a reinterpretation of the Akkadian term, the word was reinterpreted as “mother” in Aramaic. In some dialects, the fourth sense then evolved from this.

Noun

 * 1) mother female parent who gets pregnant and gives birth to a child
 * 2) lower millstone of a mill; lower grindstone of a hand-mill
 * 3)  colostrum, first milk
 * 4)  boulder that has rolled or is rolling down a slope
 * 5) malignant tumor

Etymology 2
A Northwest Semitic innovation from, from ; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and also borrowed into 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) sea large body of salt water
 * 2) beach pebbly or sandy shore, especially by the sea between high- and low-water marks
 * 1) beach pebbly or sandy shore, especially by the sea between high- and low-water marks

Usage notes

 * This term is grammatically masculine, either gender in the Alqosh/Nineveh Plains dialect(s), and may be feminine in others.

Etymology 3
From.

Verb

 * 1) to swear, vow

Etymology
A Northwest Semitic innovation. From. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. The word as it appears in Arabic is a borrowing.

Noun

 * 1) sea, large lake
 * 2) pond, swamp, marsh

Etymology
From

Noun

 * 1) sea

title: ܝܡܐ


text: Sezgin

title: Sezgin


text:
乘涼

Verb

 * 1) to relax in a cool place

title: 乘涼


text:
ylikuumeta

Verb

 * 1)  to overheat become excessively hot

title: ylikuumeta


text:
爺娘

Noun

 * 1)  parents

title: 爺娘


text: 爷娘

title: 爷娘


text:
kovácsol

Verb

 * 1)  to forge, hammer

title: kovácsol


text:
dunn

Etymology
From, alternative form of. The final -n by analogy with, as also in cognate 🇨🇬. Also cognate with 🇨🇬 (merged with another Middle High German word).

Adverb

 * 1) then after that
 * 2) then; that’s when at that moment
 * 3) back then in those days
 * 1) back then in those days
 * 1) back then in those days

Usage notes
The word refers to the past. For the present and future use.

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Compare also 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) brown
 * 2) bleak, dark, dim

title: dunn


text: Dayı

title: Dayı


text:
ܝܡܬܘܢܝܬܐ

Etymology
Diminutive of, itself a diminutive of.

Noun

 * 1) lakelet, small pool

title: ܝܡܬܘܢܝܬܐ


text: ܝܡܡܐ

title: ܝܡܡܐ


text: ܝܡܡܬܐ

title: ܝܡܡܬܐ


text:
calquer

Noun

 * 1) One who calques.

Etymology
, from.

Verb

 * 1) to model, to imitate, to copy
 * 2) to trace, to copy onto a sheet of paper superimposed over the original, by drawing over its lines

title: calquer


text: Tuğ

title: Tuğ


text: ܝܘܡܬܐ

title: ܝܘܡܬܐ


text:
Tun

Etymology
From.

Etymology
Nominalized infinitive of.

Noun

 * 1) ; doing, deeds, behaviour

Etymology
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) fence

Derived terms

 * (fence post)
 * (stile)
 * (fencing, enclosure)
 * (snow fence)
 * (garden fence)

title: Tun


text: Tutku

title: Tutku


text:
átfésül

Verb

 * 1)  to comb out (one's hair)
 * 2)  to touch up to make finishing touches
 * 3)  to rake to search thoroughly

title: átfésül


text: Erbil

title: Erbil


text:
mateneen

Adverb

 * 1) together, with each other, with one another

title: mateneen


text: Gök

title: Gök


text: Günay

title: Günay


text:
fésületlen

Adjective

 * 1) uncombed, unkempt

title: fésületlen


text: fésületlenebb

title: fésületlenebb


text: legfésületlenebb

title: legfésületlenebb


text: Kuzay

title: Kuzay


text: Şansal

title: Şansal


text: Ünver

title: Ünver


text:
beieneen

Adverb

 * 1) together
 * 2) side by side, by one another, by each other

title: beieneen


text: Erdal

title: Erdal


text: Enes

title: Enes


text: Ener

title: Ener


text:
openeen

Adverb

 * 1) consecutively, successively
 * 2) on top of each other, on top of one another

title: openeen


text: Kahraman

title: Kahraman


text:
Upholland

Usage notes
This spelling is used for.

title: Upholland


text: Mithat

title: Mithat


text:
cumul

Noun

 * 1) accumulation
 * 2) multitasking

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) accumulation

title: cumul


text: copinages

title: copinages


text:
dispensaire

Noun

 * 1) dispensary

title: dispensaire


text:
Ilmailulaitos

Proper noun

 * 1) Finnish Civil Aviation Administration; a former authority of the Finnish government with the responsibility for managing Finland's passenger airports and air traffic control. In the beginning of 2010 it was reorganized to a publicly held company and operates under the name.
 * 2) A similar authority in another country; in this usage often uncapitalized.

title: Ilmailulaitos


text:
dépassement

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) excess, exceeding
 * 2) passing, overtaking
 * 3) overrun
 * 4) overflow

title: dépassement


text: embarrassée

title: embarrassée


text: embarrassés

title: embarrassés


text: embarrassées

title: embarrassées


text:
essoufflement

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) breathlessness, panting
 * 2)  running out of steam

title: essoufflement


text:
acoso sexual

Noun

 * 1) sexual harassment

title: acoso sexual


text:
molestia sessuale

Noun

 * 1) sexual harassment

title: molestia sessuale


text:
klasifikācija

Noun

 * 1) classification

title: klasifikācija


text:
recifeño

Adjective

 * 1) from Recife

title: recifeño


text:
toledano

Adjective

 * 1) Toledan from Toledo, Spain

Noun

 * 1) a Toledan someone from Toledo

title: toledano


text:
fifth columnist

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) someone who belongs to a group that secretly undermines another organization

Translations

 * Catalan: ,
 * Danish: femtekolonnemand
 * Macedonian: петтоколона́ш
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Portuguese: quinta-colunista
 * Swedish:, ,

title: fifth columnist


text:
esterilización

Etymology
From (compare 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) sterilization

title: esterilización


text:
Lala

Proper noun

 * 1) A language spoken in Papua New Guinea.

title: Lala


text:
dinástico

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) dynastic

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) dynastic

title: dinástico


text:
ilmavoima

Noun

 * 1) military force applied from the air
 * 2) In plural, air force; see.

title: ilmavoima


text: concomitantes

title: concomitantes


text:
霊化

Noun

 * 1) The soul
 * 2) A spiritual transformation

title: 霊化


text:
Wiktionary:Votes/2011-10/CFI for Mandarin proper nouns - banning entries not in Chinese characters

CFI for Mandarin proper nouns - banning entries not in Chinese characters

 * Voting on: Critera for including Mandarin proper nouns. The occurrence of a non-Chinese word in non-Chinese script in a Chinese text, with the same meaning that word has in the non-Chinese language, shall not be considered a use of that word in Chinese.
 * For example, the lines "首先看到的是Thames河的出海口," and *"London 是欧洲第三大都市. ", which contain the English word "Thames" (with its standard English meaning) and the English word "London" (with its standard English meaning), shall not be considered uses of "Thames", "Thames河" or "London" as Chinese words.
 * For another example, the line "新三K党抹去了憎恶形象的集团" will continue to be considered a use of the Chinese word "三K黨" in Chinese.
 * One of our Criteria for the inclusion of words is proof that the words are used in the languages in which they are said to be words. If this vote passes, terms like "Thames", "Thames河" and "London" (when defined as Chinese words having the meanings they do in English) will not be able to meet our CFI.
 * Pinyin entries, using tone-marking diacritics, will continue to be allowed whenever we have an entry for a traditional-character or simplified-character spelling, to the same extent as they are allowed by Votes/2011-07/Pinyin entries. Romanizations of words which do not meet CFI will still not be allowed. For example, "Thames Hé" will not be allowed because "Thames河" will not meet CFI.
 * This vote only affects proper nouns and common nouns using non-Chinese proper nouns as part of a common noun, e.g. "Planck常数", people's and place names are to be translated into Mandarin using Chinese characters, e.g. "Planck" - "普朗克", so "Planck's constant" is "普朗克常数:", not "Planck常数", "Alzheimer's disease" - "阿尔茨海默病:" (阿尔茨海默 + 病), not "Alzheimer病".
 * "Thames河", "Planck常数", "Alzheimer病", etc. could be made soft redirects to the correct Mandarin entries, if they exist. No categories and links to the traditional/simplified version, synonyms, antonyms, "see also" sections.

EXAMPLE

Noun

 * 1)  (Pǔlǎngkè chángshù).
 * 2) * 1997, Gravitation: 引力論, page 588:
 * 式中h為 Planck常數 (參看圖22.2) [...]
 * 1) * 1998, 物理化学中的公式与概念, page 44:
 * [...],h为 Planck常数 (h = 6.6262 × 10-34 J · s),nx,ny [...]
 * 1) * 2004, Modern Physics, Part 1, page 94:
 * (1) 寫下你所瞭解的和 Planck常數 h [...]

Usage notes
This form, which mixes the Latin-script Planck: with the Mandarin 常数:, is proscribed (regarded as incorrect, and not recognised by other Chinese dictionaries). It is unlikely to be understood by monolingual speakers of Chinese. The form 普朗克常数 should be used instead.

END EXAMPLE

 * Vote starts:
 * Vote ends:

 * Vote created: Atitarev (talk) Anatoli 22:19, 2 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Discussion:
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] WT:BP
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] Requests_for_deletion
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] Wiktionary_talk:About_Sinitic_languages
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] Wiktionary talk:Votes/2011-10/CFI for Mandarin proper nouns - banning entries not in Chinese characters

Some arguments in favour of the vote

 * 1) we already have a record of Thames: and a record of 河:;
 * 2) using a term from one language in a sentence of another language may represent w:code-switching instead of borrowing;
 * 3) there is nothing intrinsically Chinese about Thames:; 泰晤士河: is a Mandarin translation of Thames;
 * 4) the use of Thames: in "Thames河" is an example of an English term used as an English term in a Chinese context;
 * 5) the use of Thames: in "Thames河" is a collocation of two independent terms in two languages;


text:
霊鬼

Noun

 * 1) a spirit of the dead (particularly malevolent)

title: 霊鬼


text:
conditional proof

Noun

 * 1)  A proof showing that if an assumption A is true then a consequent statement or conclusion B must also be true, i.e. B is true on the condition that A is true.
 * A conditional proof corresponds to the application of what Douglas Hofstadter calls the "Fantasy Rule" in his masterwork "GEB:EGB". Surprisingly, the theory of propositional calculus which he develops in GEB:EGB employs several inference rules but no axioms: the need for any axioms is done away with through application of the Fantasy Rule.

Translations

 * Finnish: ehdollinen todistus

title: conditional proof


text:
축하하다

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to congratulate, to celebrate, to felicitate

title: 축하하다


text:
User talk:76.118.229.28

German
Please always include German nouns with gender, and if you don't know the genitive or plural, use. Mglovesfun (talk) 22:50, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Zufuhr
Hallo. What are your sources for plural: Zufuhren? My Langenscheidts Großwörterbuch lists it as nur Sg, singular-only. The uſer hight Bogorm converſation 06:17, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:76.118.229.28


text:
водоросль

Etymology
From, based on a difficult-to-explain combination with (compare the past feminine singular ). A parallel construction occurs in, also found as , with cognates 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  seaweed, algae

title: водоросль


text:
קוקסינל

Etymology
From, the Hebrew transliteration of , the stage name of a famous French singer and transgender woman Jacqueline Charlotte Dufresnoy, who visited Israel circa the 1960s.

title: קוקסינל


text:
entreferir

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to hit one another

title: entreferir


text: Category:Hebrew eponyms

title: Category:Hebrew eponyms


text:
poroffrir

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to offer

title: poroffrir


text: South Sami

title: South Sami


text:
julevsábme

Proper noun

 * 1) Lule Sami person
 * 2)  Lule Sami language

title: julevsábme


text: huòmiǎnquán

title: huòmiǎnquán


text: מהנדסים

title: מהנדסים


text: Category:Lule Sami pronouns

title: Category:Lule Sami pronouns


text: מהנדסי

title: מהנדסי


text:
buoris

Etymology
From.

Interjection

 * 1) hello, good day

title: buoris


text: Category:Lule Sami interjections

title: Category:Lule Sami interjections


text:
mouvman

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) movement

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) movement

title: mouvman


text:
monn

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) world

Noun

 * 1) degree, extent

Etymology
From, , from.

Noun

 * 1) mouth

title: monn


text:
orijin

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) origin

title: orijin


text:
kūora

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ear hearing organ
 * īdst kūorast sizzõl, tuoizõst ulzõ
 * to go in one ear and out the other
 * kūora tagān pānda
 * to note something for future reference (lit. "to put behind one's ear")
 * kūorad pistõ ajjõ
 * to prick up one's ears
 * kūora vīngõb
 * [my] ear is ringing
 * kūora um vizās
 * [my] ear is popped (lit. "ear is closed")
 * kūorad sadābõd vizzõ
 * [your] ears get popped (lit. "ears become closed")
 * ta äb nustā mittõ kuorrõ
 * he pretends not to hear (lit. "he won't lift an ear")
 * se lekš tikkiž min kūorastõ piddõz
 * I wasn't paying attention, I missed all of it (lit. "it all went past my ear")
 * ma kūliz siedā pūol kūoraks
 * I heard it through the grapevine (lit. "I heard it with half of an ear")
 * I heard it through the grapevine (lit. "I heard it with half of an ear")

title: kūora


text: Category:Akkala Sami proper nouns

title: Category:Akkala Sami proper nouns


text:
kril

Noun

 * 1)  krill

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) krill

title: kril


text: İnanç

title: İnanç


text:
ūļ

Etymology
From, cognates including Estonian , Finnish. Possibly from ; compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) lip
 * ūļi nūolõ
 * to lick lips
 * ta vȭidab tuoizõn mietā ūl pǟlõ siz, ku touzõb
 * he is spreading honey on another's lips, that's when he's tricking you
 * he is spreading honey on another's lips, that's when he's tricking you

title: ūļ


text: Arın

title: Arın


text:
deduction theorem

Noun

 * 1)  A procedure for "discharging" assumptions from an inference, causing them to become antecedents of the conclusion; or vice versa. Symbolically, the conversion of an inference of the form $$ P, A \vdash C$$ to an inference of the form $$ P \vdash A \rightarrow C $$ or vice versa, where $$\vdash$$ is the turnstile symbol. The validity of the procedure is a metatheorem of the given logical theory.
 * The deduction theorem reveals the relationship between logical entailment and material implication: it allows to one to "pack" or "record" an inference into a tautology, and conversely, to "unpack" or "play back" a tautology as an inference process.

title: deduction theorem


text: suorm

title: suorm


text:
Hüsnü

Etymology
.

Etymology
, from, from.

title: Hüsnü


text:
koz

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) trump

title: koz


text: Gür

title: Gür


text:
Ercüment

Etymology
From. Related to. Ultimately from 🇨🇬.

title: Ercüment


text:
Ulaş

Etymology
From.

title: Ulaş


text:
luneta

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  spyglass
 * 2)  lunette

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) spyglass portable telescope

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) lens
 * 2) box seating compartment in a theater
 * 3)  lunette
 * 4)  a lens-shaped colour-varied sugar-coated chocolate confectionery
 * 1)  lunette
 * 2)  a lens-shaped colour-varied sugar-coated chocolate confectionery

title: luneta


text:
lunetas

Noun

 * 1) eye-glasses

title: lunetas


text:
kež

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) hand, arm
 * jõvā kež
 * right hand
 * kurā kež
 * left hand
 * vȯndzi kež
 * lucky hand
 * käd tutkāmõs
 * [at a distance of a] stretch of an arm
 * kädūd jūrõ pānda ~ kežži jūrõ pānda
 * to have one's involvement in something / to be someone's doing / to have had someone's hand in something
 * kätā nustõ
 * to raise a hand
 * kīndidi käddõ pānda
 * to put on gloves
 * kädkõks eitõ
 * to walk away, throw in the towel, give up, withdraw, bail (lit. "throw with hand")
 * kežži lagtõ
 * to brag ~ to throw around one's hands
 * kežži pūdõks piezzõ
 * to wash one's hands in innocence (lit. "to wash one's hands clean")
 * kežži piddõ ripsõ
 * to be unengaged, sit on one's ass (lit. "to keep one's hands on one's lap")
 * eņtš käds piddõ
 * to keep to oneself (lit. "to keep in one's hand")
 * iļ käd
 * sloppily (lit. "on, by hand")
 * sloppily (lit. "on, by hand")

title: kež


text: Kaan

title: Kaan


text: Öztaş

title: Öztaş


text: Öztay

title: Öztay


text:
Arzu

Etymology
Either directly from or via Turkish.

title: Arzu


text: lúnulas

title: lúnulas


text:
kote

Pronoun

 * 1) you will never
 * 2) so you do not

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) place
 * 2) side
 * Yon kare gen kat kote A square has four sides

Conjunction

 * 1) where

title: kote


text:
rōntõz

Noun

 * 1) book
 * ta istāb rōntõ tagān
 * he is sitting by a book
 * he is sitting by a book

title: rōntõz


text:
vȯl

Etymology
From, possibly from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) beer
 * miedvȯl
 * mead (lit. honey beer)
 * ne attõ vȯl rabād
 * that's brewer's grain from beer
 * vȯllõn ka um vō
 * beer too has foam
 * beer too has foam

title: vȯl


text:
э̄ллманнт

Etymology
Related to.

Noun

 * 1) the world

title: э̄ллманнт


text:
mȭka

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) sausage
 * ma sīeb mõukõ
 * I'm eating sausage
 * I'm eating sausage

title: mȭka


text:
Talk:Zēng Yìnquán

Pinyin is wrong. 60.240.101.246 00:40, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zēng Yìnquán


text:
лаввьн

Etymology
From, likely of origin. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) turf, sod
 * 2) soil
 * 3) peat
 * 1) peat

title: лаввьн


text:
sȭira

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cheese
 * sȭira – juust, sõir – siers, svaigais siers
 * cheese – cheese – cheese, cottage cheese
 * cheese – cheese – cheese, cottage cheese

title: sȭira


text:
ázoe

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  nitrogen

title: ázoe


text:
Talk:zhūdùròu

Pinyin is wrong. 60.240.101.246 00:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:zhūdùròu


text:
Talk:zhūkē

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 00:54, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:zhūkē


text:
Talk:zhūxiàshuǐ

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 00:54, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:zhūxiàshuǐ


text:
Talk:jièjī

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 00:58, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:jièjī


text:
Talk:duōbiān

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 00:59, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:duōbiān


text:
Talk:duōyònghù

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:00, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:duōyònghù


text:
Talk:rǔgē

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:02, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:rǔgē


text:
Talk:pīngdǐhuò

Both pinyin and hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:04, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:pīngdǐhuò


text:
Talk:zhuāntóu

Pinyin or hanzi is wrong here. 60.240.101.246 01:05, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:zhuāntóu


text: shǒuwàn

title: shǒuwàn


text:
Talk:rénzàohuángyóu

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:06, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:rénzàohuángyóu


text:
Talk:天上

It's more of "on the sky". 60.240.101.246 01:09, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

'天上' versus '天' space '上'
I believe that the word '天上' (tian1shang4) means the noun 'sky' (天空) (cf. 现代汉语词典7 p1293 "名 天空. " http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/cbdic/gsweb.cgi?o=dcbdic&searchid=Z00000053260 "天空. "), while the two character phrase '天' space '上' (tian1 shang5/4) means 'on high; in the sky'. Therefore, the two definitions might need to be split into two pronunciations. But I'm not certain enough to make the edit because 现代汉语规范词典3 p1295 has "名 天空中. ". It may be good to collect some example usages to see if there is any pattern there. --Geographyinitiative (talk) 12:49, 8 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:天上


text:
Talk:lùbiān

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:12, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:lùbiān


text:
Talk:zhūbí

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:12, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:zhūbí


text:
Talk:zhūxīn

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:12, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:zhūxīn


text:
Wiktionary talk:Votes/2011-10/CFI for Mandarin proper nouns - banning entries not in Chinese characters

feedback from -sche

 * 1) As written and titled, this vote would ban Romanizations / Pinyin like Běijīng (because they are "not in Chinese characters" and are not "entirely in Chinese characters"). I imagine that is not your intention (and even if it is your intention to ban Romanizations, that is a separate issue and should be a separate vote). With this vote, we want to exclude mixed-script entries like Thames河, and entries like *London / *Москва (non-Pinyin, non-Hanzi script), but we shouldn't affect Pinyin like Běijīng and Sān-K Dǎng.
 * 2) I would ban entries only if the non-Chinese part was present in another language with the relevant meaning. (Not "only if we had an entry for it in another language", but if it was present, regardless of whether we had an entry or not.) In other words, I would keep *Taymz河 (if it was attested, and if no language called the river "Thames" the "Taymz"), because such a term could not be considered code-switching or even borrowing, but would have to be considered a Chinese invention. This would "take care of" entries like "三K黨" (that is, it would allow them to be included), because "K" does not mean "Klu Klux Klan" in any Latin-script language.
 * 3) I suggest we remove the section "The user User:Engirst (aka User:123abc, User:Ddpy, and a large number of anonymous IP's)  who creates entries like Thames河: is known for creating Mandarin entries only in pinyin romanization, not following Wiktionary rules, generating IP's to avoid administrative bans." It seems irrelevant and ad hominem; at best, it is background information which everyone should have acquired by reading the RFD discussion. - -sche (discuss) 01:13, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Ok, I agree with all three. Do you want to have a go or want me to change the wording? This is the first vote I have set up, I could use some help. --Anatoli 01:24, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * OK, I'll take out the second paragraph and make changes to the first paragraph. I'll think about how we can best word it, so that it excludes Thames河 and London (eg if someone found the line *"London 是欧洲第三大都市. ") but does not affect Běijīng, 三K黨, Sān-K Dǎng, or a hypothetical *Taymz河. - -sche (discuss) 05:24, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I changed the mechanism by which the entries are excluded: I worded it so that it is a vote to consider "首先看到的是Thames河的出海口," not a use of "Thames"/"Thames河" as a Chinese word, with the effect that "Thames"/"Thames河" cannot meet WT:CFI (unless someone finds three citations of "Thames" being used with some meaning other than its English meaning, for example being used as a verb "to swim"). I find it hard to formulate the vote such that it does not affect "三K黨": you had written "an exception could be where there is no other way to write the proper name", but I think that seems likely to allow all small, unimportant placenames that occur in Roman or other script on Chinese maps of the world (being too small to have Hanzi names). :/ Hopefully other editors give input. - -sche (discuss) 06:14, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * For your reference 英國 London 大學地質學博士 Engirst 09:01, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

In the UK, there are a lot of spoken and written usages of mixed scripts, can we ban them? Engirst 11:30, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Correction: In the UK, there are a lot of spoken and written usages of mixed scripts/terms, can we ban them? Engirst 11:57, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * That is literally impossible: scripts cannot be spoken. —Ruakh TALK 11:36, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * As I predicted, we may now expect entries like London市 - city of London, London大学 - London University, what's next? Engirst, Perhaps you should start a language that doesn't use complex scripts? Difficulty in transcribing foreign words in Mandarin is not a good reason to try and force it in Roman. --Anatoli 11:40, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * The fact is the people speaking and writing mixed scripts/terms, why not? Are you want to ban the people of the UK speaking and writing Chinese like this?  Engirst 13:21, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * This is not about what script is used. This is about what language is used, and how to categorize terms used in mixed-language contexts.
 * The script used is immaterial -- as described (I think accurately) by -sche above, the issue is whether these are examples of Chinese words, or examples of foreign words used in a Chinese context. Most of us here seem to be of the view that these are examples of foreign words used in a Chinese context.  Note that this does not make these words Chinese.  In Thames河:, "Thames" is still English.  In London大学:, "London" is still English.
 * These examples show mixed languages more than mixed scripts or terms, and they should be treated as such. There are no grounds for creating London or Thames entries.  By the same argument, there are no grounds for creating Москва or natsukashii entries.  -- Eiríkr Útlendi | Tala við mig 20:23, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * For your references: OK, pizza and Hyde公园. Engirst 20:41, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * This proposal is about proper nouns, not common. Common nouns: OK is standard, pizza may be OK in non-standard Mandarin (to address the formatting and/or CFI later). The proepr noun Hyde公园 is an example of SoP, code-switching and to be disallowed if this vote is passed, regardless whether there is a citation, it's an example of English names inside Mandarin, they are not Mandarin names. --Anatoli 21:45, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * -she, probably need to add a clause about citations on the page. --Anatoli 21:47, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * It's there; the vote, as worded, prevents *"London 是欧洲第三大都市. " and similar things from being considered citations (meaning that London and similar terms simply cannot meet CFI as Mandarin words, unless they take on new meanings in Chinese). - -sche (discuss) 22:17, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks, is something to be done before the vote apart from spreading the word? I will try to check the wording again, some time before the votes starts, allowing everyone to discuss. --Anatoli 22:31, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Is Hyde Park (海德公园, Hyde公园) really sum of parts? Engirst 22:03, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * @Engirst --
 * I realize there is some dispute about what constitutes SOP for place names. That said, "Hyde" in Hyde公园 is *still English*.  Consequently, Hyde公园 has no place under a "Mandarin" heading.  -- Eiríkr Útlendi | Tala við mig 23:09, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I think we can classify this as a "hybrid language" or "mixed language", common with people living outside their home country, where one of the parts is not an assimilated part of the main language. If Hyde Park meets CFI then /  (Hǎidé Gōngyuán) also could but not Hyde公园 where "Hyde" part (the actual name) is in English, not in Mandarin.  /  (gōngyuán) is simply attached to the names of parks, like  to the names of rivers and  to the names of the cities but these suffixes or words don't convert the preceding words into Mandarin. Don't know if Wiktionary caters and should cater for mixed languages. --Anatoli 23:31, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

Can we generalize?
This is all specific to the Mandarin language, but does it make sense for us to create a more general rule governing this type of word going forward? When is it OK to include a mixed language word? A mixed script word? A mixed code word? I would hate to see this vote take place and the CFI updated only to have the same debate spring up in Japanese next week and Arabic the week after that. - 10:31, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I know what you mean. I felt that even including all words, not just proper noun may be too difficult. The situation with proper nouns will be similar with all languages using non-Roman letters - all foreign names are written in the native script. The level of acceptance and tolerance of non-native script is different. Chinese is definitely the hardest language to transliterate a foreign name into, so, out of laziness, lack of knowledge, for clarity or just for fashion, people may occasionally write a name in Roman letters, less commonly in Cyrillic, even less Greek or Korean Hangeul.

 * Not sure if the community will look at it differently but see:

 * All brand and company names can be written in Roman letters in all languages along with the transliteration, sometimes translation - 微软 (Wēiruǎn) - Microsoft, 谷歌 (Gǔgē) - Google.

 * Japanese use katakana for foreign names. English words, sometimes very long penetrate Japanese in katakana form, Japanese create their own "English" words from existing roots, parts of word. I digress, all proper nouns are in katakana, unless they are a Japanese invention, except for abbreviation and company names, like JR/ＪＲ. Some brands like Sony are written in Romaji officially, making it difficult to decide whether the term "Sony" is Japanese or English or international.
 * Russian (also Belarusian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Macedonian), Korean, Arabic, Hindi, Greek, Persian as far as I know, transliterate proper nouns into native scripts. Company names and brands are a contentious issue.

 * If the current vote passes, it may serve as a basis for other but I think other languages will have less issues. Mandarin is known for the difficulties in proper nouns. In literature, some names may have a big variety of translations, multiplying by the number of standards across Greater China. --Anatoli 11:10, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

 * It's a very good point that mixed-script code-switching occurs in other languages, but like Anatoli says, we should have a narrow vote on Mandarin first. In part, this is because we've had a strong and coherent consensus in the discussions regarding Mandarin, but seen less coherent positions expressed regarding other languages. If this vote passes and voters want to generalise (or if it fails because voters do not want to estasblish criteria for only one language, but want general criteria), it can be a basis for another vote. - -sche (discuss) 18:04, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

soft redirects
If we cannot agree to soft redirects as a compromise (which is not clear yet), I think it is best to hold the vote to ban mixed-script entries, without the option of soft redirects. (That option neutralises the vote.) Wiktionary's Chinese-speaking editors (except Engirst) agree the entries should be banned, and many other editors support or defer to the same view, so a ban will probably pass. It won't affect mixed-script, non-SOP common nouns, but I think banning the biggest class of potentially not-SOP mixed-script entries, and then handling (possibly keeping or possibly banning) the presumably much smaller number of possibly not-SOP entries that do not contain proper nouns, is a good approach. - -sche (discuss) 09:30, 8 October 2011 (UTC)

 * The vote has started: Votes/pl-2011-10/Mixed script Mandarin entries. --Anatoli 04:27, 18 October 2011 (UTC)


text:
Talk:huángjīn

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:17, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:huángjīn


text:
Wiktionary:Votes/pl-2011-10/Romanization of Gothic

Romanization of Gothic

 * Voting on: Romanizations of Gothic words will be allowed entries. The traditional system of Romanization (outlined here) will be used.
 * For example: qino, a Romanization of the Gothic word 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉, will be allowed.

 * Rationale: This ancient, dead language was written in a script that is no longer used or widely understood. Texts which were written in this language are now more commonly quoted and reproduced in Romanized form. Modern readers will most likely want to look up words in their Romanized form; these readers will not necessarily know or be able to input the words' original-script forms. Romanizations will help Wiktionary-users find the original-script entries.

 * Technical note: If this vote passes, Romanizations of Gothic words will be allowed entries, even if Votes/pl-2011-09/Romanization of languages in ancient scripts 2 fails.
 * Second technical note: the system that vote proposes to use to Romanize Gothic is the same system this vote proposes to use.

 * Vote starts: 00:01, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Vote ends: 23.59, 8 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Vote created: - -sche (discuss) 01:17, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Discussion:
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] Wiktionary talk:Votes/pl-2011-08/Romanization of languages in ancient scripts
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] WT:BP
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] Beer parlour archive/2011/March
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] Wiktionary talk:Votes/pl-2011-10/Romanization of Gothic

Support

 * 1) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support —CodeCat 23:44, 9 October 2011 (UTC)
 * 2) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support However, I wonder what the format of the entries are going to be. Could we have an example? Could the entry also explicitly say that it is the romanisation only? Will the original spelling be provided, if known? A link to a working font is good to have.  --Anatoli 01:33, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * 3) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Prosfilaes 13:04, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * 4) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support —Ruakh TALK 13:48, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * 5) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support MaEr 19:21, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * 6) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support - -sche (discuss) 19:43, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

Oppose

 * [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.svg|20px]] Oppose. I actually don't mind supporting the "Voting on" statement above — or at worst abstaining. But the use to which passage of this vote will be put will be to include mentions as much as uses or more, as is evident from CodeCat's statement below (of 10:41, 17 October 2011 (UTC), "The issue is whether transliteration for the purposes of study consists an attestation. Some say only the original manuscripts count, others say the modern transliterations count as well.") and from the "Rationale" statement above ("Texts which were written in this language are now more commonly quoted and reproduced in Romanized form."). —msh210℠ (talk) 22:24, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I think you're misunderstanding. This is not a vote to allow transliterations to be quoted and used to verify Gothic words. This is a vote to allow Gothic words to be Romanized. When this vote passes, we'll take Gothic words and Romanize them. If three transliterations of Gothic texts can be found which for mysterious reasons transliterate a particular Gothic word like 𐌵𐌹𐌽𐍉 as uinex even though they otherwise transliterate 𐌵 as q, 𐌹 as i, 𐌽 as n, and 𐍉 as o, we'll have an entry for qino, not for uinex, because the we're using (a) traditional system(s) to Romanize Gothic, and we're not using transliterations to attest "spellings". (If numerous scholarly transliterations uniformly render all 𐍉s as exs, on the other hand, we might discuss on WT:About Gothic whether to admit 𐍉=ex to our system of possible Romanizations.) That "Texts which were written in this language are now more commonly quoted and reproduced in Romanized form" is argument in favour of providing Romanizations of Gothic words so that users of Wiktionary, who are familiar with Romanizations of Gothic words, can look up the words. The argument over "whether transliteration for the purposes of study [count as] attestation" shut off an unrelated avenue of allowing entries like qino. This vote takes an avenue (namely: allow Gothic words, even ones which have never before been transliterated or Romanized, to be Romanized by a system) unrelated to that would-be avenue (allow Latin-script entries to point to Gothic entries, or to contain content, whenever particular spellings could be found in three works). It should also be noted that this vote does not propose hosting the content in the Latin-script entries, only creating Romanizations to help users find the Gothic-script entries. - -sche (discuss) 01:10, 18 October 2011 (UTC)
 * If all that is the case, then I was indeed misunderstanding. I've now de- ed my vote, above, so it doesn't count, and I abstain. —msh210℠ (talk) 01:29, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Abstain

 * 1) [[Image:Symbol abstain vote.svg|20px]] Abstain, one because I don't edit Gothic, and two because as I understand it, Gothic can be attested in the Latin script, so such entries would meet WT:CFI anyway. Mglovesfun (talk) 16:34, 10 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Gothic can be attested in the Latin script, but some have argued it shouldn't be accepted in that form. Hence the vote. - -sche (discuss) 01:39, 14 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Why does this vote decide on a romanization if the language is already written in that script? If a word can be attested that does not follow the romanization scheme, would it not be allowed? That sounds very prescriptive to me. DAVilla 07:05, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * The issue is whether transliteration for the purposes of study consists an attestation. Some say only the original manuscripts count, others say the modern transliterations count as well. —CodeCat 10:41, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Perhaps that's the question we should be resolving. I for one think that any printed source should be good for attestation, and that the original manuscripts don't even count except for their reproduction in print, in permanently archived sources.--Prosfilaes 19:23, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I disagree with your last point: we want durably archived sources (per CFI), and many manuscripts are very durably archived, in climate-controlled glass cases in museums.
 * The exact wording CFI uses on this is a little confused. If there's but one copy, it's not really durably archived; one fire, one vandal, or one plane crash could destroy it, and the museum could easily pull it and hide it away.--Prosfilaes 20:08, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * (Indented to be a response to CodeCat (10:41, 17 October 2011 (UTC)).) By "transliteration for the purposes of study" do you mean that some anglophone scholar of Gothic transliterates a Gothic work into English in order that others, who can't read Gothic otherwise, can study it? That's a mention, not a use — he's saying not "I went to war" but (at least implicitly) "Here's a text: 'I went to war'" — so we wouldn't include it anyway. —msh210℠ (talk) 20:19, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Every edition of Gothic text that's been published is in Latin script. If you buy a printed copy of the Gospel of Mark in Gothic, it will in the Latin script.--Prosfilaes 20:25, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Because someone transliterated a Gothic-script Gothic Mark, or because someone translated a Greek Mark into Latin-script Gothic? The former is a mention. The latter is a use. At least I think so. —msh210℠ (talk) 20:32, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * This is an example of the format that Gothic texts are published in. Each Gothic letter is transliterated one-to-one to Latin, but the words are left unchanged. —CodeCat 20:39, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Then how do you know they're using Latin script as opposed to a Latin-looking font for Gothic script? (It would have been nice if all this was clear before the vote started, incidentally.) —msh210℠ (talk) 21:24, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * That's really a matter of computer encoding more than anything. The Gothic alphabet certainly doesn't resemble the Latin alphabet in detail as it was based on Greek (and the first three letters are A, B, G...). The letter Ƕ was even invented specifically to transliterate one Gothic letter that had no Latin equivalent. —CodeCat 21:34, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Right, encoding. - -sche (discuss) 21:58, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * It's Latin Script because it uses the format and conventions of the Latin script. For one thing, it uses small and capital letters where Gothic is unicameral. I don't see the distinction you're making. When an entire text is printed in a script convenient to its target audience, whether that be Gothic or Turkish in Latin, it's use, not mention. It's just like transcribing from the "script" of audio.--Prosfilaes 00:15, 18 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree with the suggestion by Prosfilaes. We're resolving the wrong question. But without researching the subject further, I won't oppose. DAVilla 03:23, 18 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Anyway, @Davilla and Mglovesfun, read this discussion, especially Prince Kassad's comment "I will not support this without a VOTE." Hence this vote. - -sche (discuss) 19:32, 17 October 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) [[Image:Symbol abstain vote.svg|20px]] Abstain Dan Polansky 08:03, 18 October 2011 (UTC), only because I do not want to look more closely into the issue; looks okay; inclined to support. --Dan Polansky 08:03, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Decision

 * Passes 6-1-2. —CodeCat 15:12, 9 November 2011 (UTC)


text:
Talk:xǐyījīfěn

Pinyin is wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:17, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:xǐyījīfěn


text: zhīmayóu

title: zhīmayóu


text: Category:Kildin Sami proper nouns

title: Category:Kildin Sami proper nouns


text:
inattentional blindness

Noun

 * 1) The phenomenon of not being able to perceive things that are in plain sight.

title: inattentional blindness


text:
Buse

Etymology
From, from.

title: Buse


text:
major second

Noun

 * 1)  An interval in Western music that approximates a frequency ratio of 9/8 or 10/9, less commonly 8/7.

Synonyms

 * M2

title: major second


text: zhīma

title: zhīma


text: major seconds

title: major seconds


text:
Talk:gǎntànhào

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:23, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:gǎntànhào


text:
Talk:huángdào

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:24, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:huángdào


text: cleptocracy

title: cleptocracy


text:
minor second

Noun

 * 1)  an interval that is equivalent to the difference between the third and fourth degrees of a diatonic major scale.

Synonyms

 * m2

title: minor second


text:
Talk:xìnghùi

Pinyin is wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:27, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:xìnghùi


text: minor seconds

title: minor seconds


text:
Talk:cōnghuā

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:28, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:cōnghuā


text: half steps

title: half steps


text:
Talk:Huáng Hé

Hanzi forms are wrong. 60.240.101.246 01:32, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Huáng Hé


text:
cumpleañero

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) birthday boy or -girl person whose birthday it is

title: cumpleañero


text:
Wiktionary:Votes/2011-10/Unified Romanian

Unified Romanian

 * Voting on: unifying Category:Romanian language and Category:Moldavian language into a single Category:Romanian language. This will involve the emptying and eventual deletion of all of the subcategories of Category:Moldavian language including topical categories that start with Category:mo:. The L2 header ==Moldavian== will be changed to ==Romanian==.
 * Moldavian (also called Moldovan, Moldovian) will be treated as a form of Romanian.
 * Romanian words which meet Wiktionary's general Criteria for Inclusion will be allowed, whether they are written in the Latin script, in the historical Cyrillic script (in use before 1860), or in the modern Cyrillic script (in use before 1989 in Moldova and still in use in Transnistria).

 * Vote starts: 00:01, 31 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Vote ends: 23.59, 21 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Vote created: - -sche (discuss) 01:45, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Discussion:
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] WT:BP
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] WT:BP
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] Wiktionary talk:Votes/2011-10/Unified Romanian

Support

 * 1) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support. --JorisvS 11:48, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 2) No votes yet? [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support -- Liliana • 11:52, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 3) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support. --Anatoli 12:01, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 4) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support. --Vahag 14:18, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 5) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] A weak support. I don't know much about the issue: I am voting in support based on the discussion on the talkpage. —msh210℠ (talk) 16:29, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 6) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support --LaPietre 10:24, 22 November 2011 (UTC)
 * There is no issue. There is no Moldovan language. The fact that this has to be voted on is nothing short of ridiculous. —  [Ric Laurent] — 18:25, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Is that why you haven't voted in support? —msh210℠ (talk) 20:33, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I actually thought about voting oppose. This vote is bureaucratic masturbation. But ultimately I figured that an oppose vote (by the only person speaking Romanian commenting here so far, I might add) wouldn't be any less ridiculous than the vote itself, and for some reason I didn't feel that particular bit of irony would have been pleasing to me. —  [Ric Laurent] — 20:40, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * There are many more ridiculous things in life, like creation of the Montenegrin language. The vote is just to oppose these stupid things created by polititians and supported by a layer of populace. On the subject, there are still some people in Moldova who think they speak Moldavian/Moldovan, especially if they never learned the Roman alphabet properly. Interesting enough, they also argue that Romanian Roman spelling is far more complicated than the Cyrillic Moldovan. I heard, for example that they wouldn't have a clue how to pronounce Chișinău, they got used to Кишинэу.--Anatoli 22:06, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Montenegrin...ugh lol. I don't think we have anybody from Moldova here, and I don't think that the people who believe they speak Moldovan know what the internet is, so we probably won't have to worry about them :D —  [Ric Laurent] — 22:11, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * We are lucky that the change from Moldavian to Romanian was official and popular with the majority of Moldovans, quite the opposite to Serbo-Croatian unification in the Wiktionary. There was also some noteable resistence to latinisation by the minority, well, including on the internet. "We are Romanians" and "We are NOT Romanians" were the two common opposing phrases. The script (Cyrillic/Roman) and the name of the language (Romanian/Moldavian) were the major issues. --Anatoli 22:25, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * POPOR ROMÂN - LIMBǍ ROMÂNǍ - lol. —  [Ric Laurent] — 22:33, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I know, I know. The movement was also quite hurtful for people of mixed origin (Russian, Ukrainian) or heavily russified. Well, the reunification movement is quite weak now and most Moldavians seek employment and education in Russia, not in Romania. This has little to do with the vote, I'm just mentioning this to show that it's not so straightforward. --Anatoli 22:45, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Maybe not socio-politically that simple, but linguistically, it so is lol... Btw that last response you made was 420 bytes haha :D —  [Ric Laurent] — 22:48, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Ivan Štambuk 22:25, 20 November 2011 (UTC)
 * 1) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support Ivan Štambuk 22:25, 20 November 2011 (UTC)

Oppose
I oppose it. The issue is controversial, however the people of Moldova(at least some) have their right for self-determination including the name of the language. Not to mention the Constitution where it's stated that the language is Moldavian. There is also Cyrillic version that was used in MSSR and still used in Transnistria. Please re-open this page!!!

 * Do you wish to say that according to the Moldovan constitution Moldova uses the Moldovan language? Can you provide the source. Also, here we don't decide the fate of the language, just making the efforts easier - treating Moldavian and Romanian together in Cyrillic and Roman scripts. --Anatoli (обсудить) 23:57, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Decision

 * Passes, unanimous support. --JorisvS 09:51, 22 November 2011 (UTC)


text: Gürcan

title: Gürcan


text: Anar

title: Anar


text:
fecha de nacimiento

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) birthdate

title: fecha de nacimiento


text: hěnjiǔméijiàn

title: hěnjiǔméijiàn


text: fechas de nacimiento

title: fechas de nacimiento


text: cumpleañeros

title: cumpleañeros


text: terrawatts

title: terrawatts


text: cumpleañera

title: cumpleañera


text: cumpleañeras

title: cumpleañeras


text:
Wiktionary talk:Votes/pl-2011-10/Romanization of Gothic

About Gothic
Could someone knowledgeable put together a simple About Gothic that explains the romanization scheme to be used? It could be something as simple as "the usual romanization scheme", if there is one, but a table of letter-mappings or a pointer to some publically-available standard would be better IMHO. —Ruakh TALK 02:00, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I have copied Wikipedia's table to About Gothic; it contains the usual system of transliteration. (Some scholarship, eg, uses þ and ƕ instead of th and hw, and I suppose we could allow editors of Gothic to decide on WT:About Gothic/Wiktionary talk:About Gothic which system they would like to use, but I expect we will use th and hw for the ease of input that is one of our reasons for allowing Romanizations in the first place.) - -sche (discuss) 02:50, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Seriously? There's scholarship that doesn't use þ and ƕ? Ease of input is not a big reason for me; it's about recording the words as they are actually printed.--Prosfilaes 07:32, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Many printed sources don't use ƕ, but sources that don't use th are much more rare. It's also traditional to put macrons over vowels that are known to be long, and accent marks to differentiate the different etymologies of ai and au. But since we don't do this for other languages I don't think it should be done here (qino and not qinō). We should of course provide macrons in the headword line. —CodeCat 10:31, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * According to the Gotische Grammatik by Braune and Ebbinghaus (1981) there is a de facto standard for transcription of Gothic script, with 𐍈 = ƕ and 𐌸 = þ (§1, Anm. 4).
 * Nevertheless, I would like to avoid these in article names and use them only in the headword line (as CodeCat suggests) and in the tr= part of templates (term, l...). The same applies to e, o versus ē, ō.
 * Ease of input is a big reason for me. In a paper dictionary you can browse for words without typing them. In an electronical dictionary you have to be able to type the words correctly, or you have to master the search function. Yesterday I tried to look for a transcribed form the Gothic word 𐌰𐌽𐌳: looking for and didn't help me and looking for Gothic and returned only Gothic stuff (no and). The non-transcribed form of <tt>𐌰𐌽𐌳</tt> is even worse to search for because it didn't find <tt>𐌰𐌽𐌳-</tt> (with hyphen). Accidental users will have more problems with finding Gothic words in Gothic script. --MaEr 11:20, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * If I were to look up 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂 I would most likely be searching for hwaþar, though. To give an indication of the relative use of the characters, "hwaþar" gives 274 hits on Google while "hwathar" gives 142, and "ƕaþar" gives only 147 and "ƕathar" none at all. This shows that the form with þ and hw is the most common. But we could have entries for hwaþar, hwathar and ƕaþar. —CodeCat 11:44, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * We have to distinguish between two cases (maybe more): a) Someone finds a Gothic word in a paper dictionary (for example ƕaþar) and looks it up in this wiktionary. In this case the user won't be able to input special characters like ē, ō or þ, let alone the Gothic-only character ƕ. Therefor the article name should not contain these characters. b) Someone is already in the article (for example 𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂) and needs the transliteration because he or she cannot read Gothic script. In this case we should present the common linguistic transliteration (in this example ƕaþar).
 * Indeed: variants like hwaþar, hwathar and ƕaþar could help to solve the problems.
 * CodeCat, the results of your Google search are ambiguous: I'd rather say that the above-mentioned 274 hits of hwaþar show that many people have no idea how to enter the Gothic-only character ƕ. However, printed books used at universities usually have ƕ, not hw. --MaEr 17:55, 5 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Statement of legislative intent: It is my intention that the editors of Gothic decide the precise scheme of Romanization to be used; and I interpret the vote I wrote as allowing this discretion (th, þ, ƕ and hw are all traditional Romanizations). - -sche (discuss) 01:02, 6 October 2011 (UTC)

Votes/pl-2011-09/Romanization of languages in ancient scripts 2
A simple enough solution would be to run that vote first, and only run this one if the former fails. --Mglovesfun (talk) 16:22, 3 October 2011 (UTC)


text:
Wiktionary talk:Votes/pl-2011-09/Romanization of languages in ancient scripts 2

Romanization schemes
Should we document which romanization schemes are to be allowed, or will that be self-evident to anyone familiar with the affected languages? (Or do we intend to simply allow all plausible romanization schemes?) —Ruakh TALK 02:01, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, we should document the systems to be used. I've removed languages with complex systems from this vote and begun to tabulate the standard systems for the simple-system languages. - -sche (discuss) 03:12, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks! —Ruakh TALK 03:14, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Statement of legislative intent: It is my intention that the editors of the specific languages decide the precise schemes of Romanization to be used, from the (narrow) range of traditional Romanizations (for example, sometimes s is used rather than ṣ, and s may be more appropriate in article names); and I interpret the vote I wrote as allowing this discretion. - -sche (discuss) 01:04, 6 October 2011 (UTC)


text:
date de naissance

Etymology
From "date" +  "birth".

Noun

 * 1) birthdate

title: date de naissance


text:
weitersagen

Etymology
From, lit. 'to say further'.

Verb

 * 1) to share, to pass on

title: weitersagen


text: dates de naissance

title: dates de naissance


text:
fòme

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to form

title: fòme


text:
uvulectomy

Noun

 * 1)  The removal of the uvula.

title: uvulectomy


text:
rezilta

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) result

title: rezilta


text:
ܝܡܝܢܐ

Etymology
From, from ; compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. .

Noun

 * 1)  right
 * 2)  right hand
 * 3) pledge, promise, oath, compact
 * 4) ordination
 * 5) arranging, ordering
 * 1) arranging, ordering

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) right (direction)
 * 2)  right hand
 * 3) pledge, promise, oath, compact
 * 4) ordination
 * 5) arranging, ordering

title: ܝܡܝܢܐ


text: tripoding

title: tripoding


text: tripoded

title: tripoded


text:
Wiktionary:About Gothic

Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language, and the oldest Germanic language for which significant texts are known. It is a descendant of Proto-Germanic. The aim of this page is to standardize the layout of Gothic entries and explain the rationale behind that standardization.

Script
Gothic was written in its own alphabet, which resembled the Greek and Latin alphabets. By Wiktionary policy, Gothic entries are entered in Gothic script, not in Latin script.

However, since most students of Gothic learn it in transliterated form, and most dictionaries and grammars similarly consider only transliterations, this vote was passed. As a consequence, romanization entries (soft redirects) may be created for Gothic words in their Latin script versions. The purpose of such entries is to make it easier to find the right Gothic-script entry for users who are not familiar with the Gothic script or are unable to enter it on their computers. As such, they must not contain grammatical information of any kind, and should simply link to the equivalent Gothic script entry, using the special ===Romanization=== part-of-speech header, along with the templates and. For example, for qino:

Romanization

The names of the transliterated entries are in 'raw' transliterated form, which uses a one-to-one mapping of the Gothic alphabet to the standard Latin alphabet letters, along with þ and ƕ. As in other old languages, macrons are not used in these entry names, although the template allows a head= parameter to display them if necessary. No consensus has been reached yet on whether to allow the combinations ⟨th⟩ and ⟨hw⟩ alongside the de facto standard of ⟨þ⟩ and ⟨ƕ⟩. If allowed, these combinations may create ambiguities with the Gothic combinations ⟨𐍄𐌷⟩ and ⟨𐌷𐍅⟩. Please note that Wiktionary does not indicate the different etymological origins of the digraphs ⟨𐌰𐌹⟩ (ai) and ⟨𐌰𐌿⟩ (au), so we transliterate them simply as e.g. augō, not áugō, and dauhtar, not daúhtar.

Vowel length
Even though distinctions in vowel length between ū and u (as in ) and ā and a (as in ) are not indicated in Gothic orthography, we do show them in our transliterations as much as possible. There is no internal evidence from Gothic clearly indicating vowel length in these cases, so the only way to tell where one of these vowels is long is based on etymology. Only these two letters require manual addition of transliterations with macron, as the transliteration module used on Wiktionary cannot predict when to insert them.

The rest of the vowels is automatically transliterated correctly with macrons added where appropriate. The letter ⟨𐍉⟩ is always transliterated as a long ō, ⟨𐌹⟩ is always a short ĭ when not part of a digraph, but may also be found in digraphs which represent long vowel sounds. For example: ⟨𐌴𐌹⟩ (ei) indicates a long ī sound. ⟨𐌴⟩, which is not marked with a macron when found in the aforementioned digraph, is always long and thus marked with a macron as ē when found by itself.

Diaeresis
The diaeresis found on word-initial i (as well as rarely to disambiguate syllable borders which could be misinterpreted as diphthongs, e.g. in gaïus) in most known manuscripts should not be included in inflection tables, page names or similar. Arguably, one might add it to direct quotes added as citations to be truer to the manuscripts from which the words are taken. However, following that same logic, one might as well exclude spaces between words as Gothic texts use scriptio continua. When one does decide not to use scriptio continua but instead inserts spaces, the need for diaeresis is also removed. It is thus better not to include diaeretic punctuation, following Streitberg's standard edition which also inserts spaces and avoids diaeresis (except in cases such as the aforementioned gaïus, where we still want to avoid it in entry titles at the very least).

Imported romanizations
Some time ago, all words occurring in the Gothic Bible of Ulfila were imported in the form of romanizations. This means that in essence, nearly all attested Gothic words/forms are present on Wiktionary. A small minority of words was not imported, mainly those that are first attested in some minor fragments amounting to less than a percent of the corpus but also a lot of proper nouns seem to have been skipped (e.g. abraham was not initially imported). Generally if a romanization entry exists, it is safe to say that the word is attested (although it doesn't hurt to check: something may have gone wrong in the importing of romanizations, or people may have erroneously created a romanization for an unattested form). However, a significant amount of the actual Gothic script entries has not been created yet. The ones that are missing are listed in Category:Gothic romanizations without a main entry, which still contains hundreds of words.

Words that were not imported
Besides the proper nouns mentioned above, words that were not imported in romanized form include any form unique to one of the texts below; they must be added manually. Note, however, that many of the readings in the minor fragments are uncertain and disputed due to the fragmentary nature and near-illegibility of the surviving words. Uncertain readings may be added if they have scholarly support, but note their uncertainty on the entry.

 * Fragmenta Pannonica (a.k.a. Hacs-Bendekpuszta tablet, Tabella Hungarica)
 * Gothic Calendar
 * Gotica Bononiensia (a.k.a. Codex Bononiensis, Sermo Bononiensis, Gothica Bononiensia)
 * Gotica Parisina
 * Gotica Veronensia (and glosses to other manuscripts were not imported either!)
 * Gotica Vindobonensia
 * Mangup-Kale inscriptions
 * Naples and Arezzo Deeds
 * Runic inscriptions

Unattested lemma forms
The normal practice on Wiktionary is to include the main definition, along with inflection tables and etymology, on the lemma form of a word (infinitive for verbs, nominative singular for nouns, and so forth). However, as the lemma form is not always attested for every Gothic word, this means that the lemma is not always present among the imported romanizations. This means that some romanizations that should exist currently do not, because they are lemmas which are not attested in the lemma form but only in inflected forms. One should create the lemma entry, however, as long as at least one of its inflected forms is attested; it does not need to be marked as reconstructed.

If there is ambiguity about the lemma form because the attested forms allow for more than one possibility, this should be indicated in the entry; presumably entries for each possible reconstruction should be created and linked to one another through. An alternative method of dealing with such cases is not to create a lemma entry and provide all relevant information on the attested non-lemma page, as at.

Unattested non-lemma forms
As with the lemma forms, many seemingly predictable inflected forms remain unattested in the corpus. Unattested non-lemma forms do not merit an entry, and please note that Gothic is unlike Latin in its treatment on Wiktionary in that all predicted non-lemma forms are not just assumed to exist, whereas Latin non-lemma entries are typically created indiscriminately until challenged at WT:RFVN and proven unattested. Thus, only those Gothic non-lemma forms which are known to be attested should have a form-of entry created.

Unattested participles
An exception to the above guideline is made under specific circumstances for participle entries, which are categorized as non-lemma forms as well but treated slightly differently. Its uninflected (base) form gets an entry if (and only if) there is an attested inflected form of that participle, even when the uninflected form itself is not attested. An example of this is found at, which is unattested in the corpus but which has an attested inflected form. This is mainly for ease of navigation: inflected forms of participles are not found on the main entry for a verb, but only in the inflection table on the participle entry. (Participles are thus treated as sublemmas.)

Crimean Gothic
The Crimean Gothic language is not considered a direct descendant of regular (Wulfilan) Gothic and is not treated as such on Wiktionary, although of course cognacy can be noted in etymology sectons. It has a separate language code,, and the words are added in Latin script (example).

Wulfilan Gothic words attested in Crimea, such as the ones attested in the early medieval Mangup-Kale inscriptions (example), are included as Gothic and not Crimean Gothic, as the latter is taken to refer specifically to the demotic vernacular recorded by De Busbecq in the the 16th century.

Books

 * [Codicological reference] Falluomini, Carla, The Gothic version of the Gospels and Pauline Epistles (Berlin/Boston 2015)
 * [Etymological reference] Lehmann, Winfred, A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (Leiden 1986)
 * [Grammatical reference] Wright, Joseph, Grammar of the Gothic Language, 2nd ed. (Oxford 1966)
 * [Grammatical reference] Miller, Gary, The Oxford Gothic Grammar (Oxford 2019)

Wikipedia

 * Gothic language
 * Gothic alphabet

Web

 * Gotica.de: a lot of relevant bibliography per fragment/codex & more
 * Gotisches Wörterbuch: Köbler's comprehensive dictionary in digital form, does not include words from the Gotica Bononiensia or Mangup graffiti
 * Introduction to Gothic: basic course at the UT Austin website
 * Silver Bible online: high-res images of the Codex Argenteus
 * Wulfila.be: online searchable corpus, lacking only some minor fragments, with clickable words & more

title: Wiktionary:About Gothic


text:
operasyon

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) operation

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) operation
 * 2) act of operating
 * 3) state of being operative, predominant, or prevalent
 * 4) management; administration
 * 5)  operation
 * 6)  operation
 * 7)  operation
 * 1)  operation
 * 2)  operation
 * 3)  operation
 * 1)  operation
 * 2)  operation
 * 1)  operation

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) operation

title: operasyon