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Appendix:Tagalog *kali/qali words

A significant number of Tagalog words begin with the Proto-Austronesian prefix *kali/qali, which are described by Blust (2009:368) as implying a “sensitive connection with the spirit world.” The *kali/qali words present in the modern-day Tagalog language are a legacy of the Tagalog people’s animist past.

The Tagalog *kali/qali words below have been selected from Carl Rubino’s Tagalog-English, English-Tagalog Dictionary (2002).

Overview
*kali/qali words are widespread among Austronesian languages, and are found from Taiwan to Oceania. The majority of these words are four syllables long (Blust 2001).

Proto-Austronesian reconstructions of interest include *qanitu “spirit, soul” (Zorc) and *balian “shaman” (Blust).

Semantic categories
*kali/qali words include (Blust 2001:24-59):

 * Invertebrates
 * ant
 * bat
 * beetle
 * bumblebee
 * caterpillar/grub
 * centipede
 * cockroach
 * crab
 * dragonfly
 * earthworm
 * firefly
 * flea
 * gecko
 * grasshopper
 * honeybee
 * leech
 * millipede
 * scorpion
 * snake
 * spider
 * termite
 * wasp

 * Natural processes and prodigies of nature
 * aureole (lunar or solar halo)
 * dust in the air
 * shadow/reflection
 * sparks
 * storm
 * sunshower
 * rainbow
 * whirlwind/whirlpool
 * echo

 * Semantic contagion
 * restless
 * rustle
 * hair whorl
 * summit
 * dizzy
 * sling
 * go around in circles
 * confused (of vision, sound, the mind)
 * thick smoke or steam
 * turbid
 * far/disappear
 * lost
 * loud noise
 * drunk
 * conical

 * Body parts
 * clavicle or collarbone
 * palate
 * pupil of the eye
 * scapula

 * Various birds, fish, plants
 * fighting cock (variety)
 * omen dove
 * owl
 * swallow
 * woodpecker
 * mollusk, shellfish
 * nettle

 * Others
 * spirit
 * taboos
 * gargle/rinse the mouth
 * red clouds of sunset
 * skin disease
 * talk/walk in one's sleep
 * topsy turvy

Allomorphs
The allomorphs of *kali/qali below are from Blust (2001:34). The most commonly used ones are highlighted in bold. Are of the following are prefixes.

 * *bala
 * *bari
 * *banti
 * *buli
 * *dali
 * *daNi
 * *kaci
 * *kala
 * *kalaN
 * *kali
 * *kaliN
 * *kalu
 * *kaluN
 * *kaNa
 * *kaNi
 * *kara
 * *kari
 * *karu
 * *kanti
 * *kati
 * *kelu
 * *kula
 * *kuli
 * *kuliN
 * *kulu
 * *pali
 * *pati
 * *qandi
 * *qala
 * *qali
 * *qaliN
 * *qalu
 * *qaluN
 * *qaNa
 * *qaNi
 * *qara
 * *qari
 * *qariN
 * *qaru
 * *qata
 * *qanti
 * *qati
 * *qatiN
 * *qatu
 * *quCi
 * *quNi
 * *quri
 * *sala
 * *sali
 * *saliN
 * *sari
 * *sariN
 * *sulu
 * *tali
 * *taliN
 * *talu
 * *taNi
 * *tula

Blust (2001) also proposes the prefixes above may actually consists of two morphemes belonging to two different order classes.

 * Class 1
 * ba-
 * ka-
 * ku-
 * qa-
 * sa-
 * ta-

 * Class 2
 * 1) (-)la-
 * 2) (-)li-
 * 3) (-)ra-
 * 4) (-)ri-
 * 5) (-)ti-
 * 6) (-)lu-
 * 7) (-)Ni-
 * 8) (-)ta-

Life

 * halimaw - wild beast
 * palisán - female water buffalo (regional term)
 * salindayaw - young deer stag

Insects, invertebrates

 * alibangbáng - small yellow-winged butterfly; flirt (coll.)
 * alimango - species of crab
 * alimasag - species of crab smaller than the alimango
 * aliparó - species of small butterfly with bright multi-colored wings
 * alitaptáp - firefly
 * alupihan - centipede (ulupihan)
 * balakwít - species of heart-shaped mollusk (Strombus canarium)
 * balang - locust
 * halabós - slightly cooking shrimp in salty water (cf. halbós - half-boiled (usually referring to shrimps))
 * kaligay - species of snail; cowry
 * kalumismís - species of sand clam
 * kulagyá'  - species of small shrimp
 * kuliglíg - cricket
 * kulisap - insect; young louse
 * dalupapa - giant squid (Architeuthis sp.)
 * talangká'  - small, edible crab; moodiness, irrational behavior (fig.)
 * lintá'  - leech
 * salágintó'  - goldbug
 * salágubang - June beetle
 * salabay - octopus (pugita' )
 * ulapihan - scorpion (alakdán)
 * unós - wood borer, weevil

Reptiles

 * alimuranin - species of large snake
 * alipangyán - species of snake (bibitunan)
 * kalabukab (variant: kalakukab) - species of water snake
 * talimbilao - species of banded sea snake
 * manlilingkís - boa constrictor
 * paliás - species of turtle

Birds

 * alimbuyugin - red-colored rooster with black spots on the wing
 * dalusapi'  - rooster with blackish-yellow feathers
 * balangkawitan - species of brown migratory pond bird with long legs and a long bill (Numenius madagascariensis)
 * balantikis - bird of omen, believed to give warnings of misfortune
 * balinsasayaw - edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus)
 * batálà - Asian fairy bluebird (Irena cyrogaster), observed closely for omens. Regarded by precolonial Tagalogs as the harbinger and messenger of chief god Bathala
 * bulihala'  - a fowl with ashy feathers and black legs; (slang) management; care; responsibility
 * kalangay - cockatoo
 * kalapati - dove, pigeon
 * kalapnít - species of small bat
 * kalabyáng - kind of large bat
 * kulasisi'  - parrot
 * halubangsâ - a kind of chicken with yellow or orange feet
 * ulikbá'  - fowl with dark meat

Fish

 * aligasín - mullet fish (Mugil ceramensis)
 * alumahan - mackerel
 * alumbiberas - silvery pomfret fish
 * atulay - hardtail fish
 * balabala - decussated snapper fish
 * balang - flying fish
 * balangwán - mackerel scad fish
 * baliwis - siganid fish
 * baliga - eel goby
 * balila - cutlass fish, hairtail fish
 * bulinaw - anchovy; transparent sardine; (Vis.) species of bamboo
 * bulubuktó - cavalla fish (Caranx sp.)
 * dalangát - black-finned slipmouth fish
 * dalimanok - eagle ray
 * dalupani'  - wily slipmouth fish
 * kalangkáw - Indian turbot fish
 * kalapato - cavalla fish (Caranx sp.)
 * kalapáy - tassel; fin
 * kalaso'  - lizard fish
 * kilyóng - drepane fish (Drepane punctata)
 * malibanos - moray
 * malimango - cavalla fish
 * palatikat - long-finned cavalla fish
 * palimanok - cow-nosed ray
 * salaysaláy - crevalle fish (Caranx sp.)
 * saramulyete - goatfish
 * talakitilyo - immature cavalla fish
 * talakitok - species of cavalla fish
 * talangtalang - leather jacket fish
 * talimusák - long-finned goby fish (Oxyurichthys microlepis)
 * tulingan - tuna type fish (Thunnidae family); tulingan-putí'  - Oceanic bonito

Plants

 * alibangon - species of creeping plant
 * alikbangon - kind of weed with oval leaves that secrete a sticky, slimy fluid
 * alimbukád - the process or stage in which the flower or plant gradually opens its petals, showing its beauty and vitality; efflorescence; flowering; full bloom
 * alingaro - species of climbing shrub with sweet fruit (Eleaeanus philippinsis)
 * alitbangon - species of succulent herb (Cyanetis axillaris)
 * alibangbáng - kind of tree with long pods and pink to purple flowers
 * alupág - species of tree (Nephelium glabrum)
 * alugbati - Malabar night shade herb with red stems and edible spinach-like leaves
 * alusiman - purslane = any of a family (Portulacaceae, the purslane family) of cosmopolitan usually succulent herbs
 * kulasiman - species of purslane
 * balaba'  - whole leaf or joint of bananas or palms
 * balakbák - dried bark
 * balanoy - sweet basil
 * balanggót - species of aquatic reed
 * balatong - mungo bean (Phaseolus mungo)
 * balayong - species of tree (Pahudia rhomboidea; tindalo)
 * balinghóy - cassava (Manihot esculenta)
 * baliti'  - various strangler fig tree species (Ficus sp.), venerated or worshipped in precolonial periods as indwelling of anito; manacle, restraining object
 * balubad - cashew
 * balukanád - species of tree whose seeds are used for oil (Aleurites moluccana)
 * bantalínaw - species of tree whose bark is used for cough medicine (Diospyros pilosanthera)
 * bulakán - kind of vine whose leaves are used as a shampoo
 * bulung-ita - kind of shrub with edible fruits (Diospyros philosanthera)
 * dalupang - kind of shrub with reddish branches
 * daluro'  - cork tree
 * halibutbót - windmill bush (Tabernaemontana pandacaqui)
 * halimúmog - an endemic Philippine tree species with fragrant smell (Ehretia philippinensis)
 * halubágat - (Capparis micracantha)
 * kalamansí'  - calamansi
 * kalantás - species of tree with red aromatic wood
 * kalatsutsi - frangipani tree
 * kalatsutsi'  - temple flower tree
 * kalumpáng - wild almond tree
 * kalumpít - kind of tree
 * talang - species of tree
 * kalipkíp - kind of creeping vine
 * kalisag - spine; bristles
 * kalumbibít - kind of prickly vine
 * karadapdáp - kind of tree with red flowers
 * lingat - kind of fleshy herb with creepy, hairy rootstock
 * kulasiman - species of purslane
 * kulat - kind of fungus (taingang-dagá' )
 * kulatay - Bermuda grass
 * kulatkulat - species of fungus
 * kulis - kind of shrub whose roots are used for certain irregularities in menstruation
 * kulutan - Chinese burr shrub
 * kulutkutan - kind of shrub with reddish branches
 * malinggá - kind of vine, known also as kondól
 * maliputó - jackfish; pompano
 * maliputóng-laut - cavalla
 * nila'  - indigo plant
 * palisan - kind of small tree
 * pálukálay - a tall hardwood tree species (Alphonsea arborea)
 * salingbúbog - sacred garlic pear; temple tree (Crataeva religiosa)
 * salúyot - Jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius)
 * sulá-sulasihan (root: sulasi) - kind of fragrant herb (Leucas aspera)
 * talampúnay - devil's trumpet (Datura metel)
 * talisay - species of shade tree
 * taraumpalit - species of plant with purple flowers
 * talulót - petal

Twisting, circular motion
"Everything the Power of the World does is done in a circle. The sky is round, and I have heard that the earth is round like a ball, and so are all the stars. The wind, in its greatest power whirls. Birds make their nest in circles, for theirs is the same religion as ours. The sun comes forth and goes down again in a circle. The moon does the same and both are round. Even the seasons form a great circle in their changing, and always come back again to where they were. The life of a man is a circle from childhood to childhood, and so it is in everything where power moves. Our tepees were round like the nests of birds, and these were always set in a circle, the nation's hoop. — Black Elk in Black Elk Speaks (1961), Ch. 17: The First Cure."

 * aligutgót - entangled; trouble, mischief
 * alimpuso'  - knot of wood
 * alipuyó - whirlpool
 * alimpuyó - whirl, eddy
 * alimusod - cone; funnel-shaped object
 * alimulón - cone-shaped
 * alinugnóg - spinning
 * aliyun - an irregular action such as undulating, rippling or waving movement of groups, herds, clouds, wind, or smoke; eddy
 * aringkín - sudden trip, somersault
 * balabág - cast, throw
 * balaráw - dagger
 * baliad-ád - bent backwards
 * balibang - to throw upward
 * balikawkáw - twisted out of shape
 * balikukó'  - twisted
 * balikungkóng - curled upwards
 * baligtád (variant: baliktád) - inside-out; upside-down
 * balinsusó'  - ringlet, curl of hair
 * balintóng - somersault
 * balintuwád - upside-down
 * balintuwáng - falling head-first
 * balingadngád - twisted backward
 * balinganga'  - with a twisted neck
 * balinghád - partially rolled upward (edge of a leaf, pages of book)
 * balilíng - twisted neck
 * balisusó'  - curled (like a shell)
 * balisungsóng - funnel
 * balukaskás - roughness of a surface
 * balukaykáy - imperfect or unequal circle, spiral
 * balukí'  - crooked; twisted
 * balukiskís - peeled off
 * balukol - act of twisting the neck to kill (fish)
 * baluktók - crooked, bent; kink, curl; distortion
 * balumbón - woll; wad; thick crowd
 * dalagdág - species of vine also called kulambibíg
 * dalisdís - slope
 * dalapdáp - pruning of trees
 * halabíd - entangling
 * halibas - hurl
 * halikwát - lifting with a lever; turning things over in a pile
 * haligayót - flexible, pliant
 * halubidbíd - winding around, coiling around
 * hilihíd - awry, twisted to one side (hilihid = panorama)
 * hiliwíd - slanting, inclined
 * kiló'  - bent, crooked
 * kulót - curl
 * kulumbóng - head wrap
 * lingkís (with -um-: lumingkís) - to twine, coil around
 * ngawil - twisting of lips while speaking
 * pulupot - turn, twist
 * salikóp - surrounded, encircled
 * salungkawit - curved support; curved blade
 * salungkít - fish hook (attached at the end of a pole)
 * salupinít - knotty (wood); spoilt, stale; missed
 * talimusód - spiral and pointed at one end
 * talibugsó'  - bow knot, slipknot; snare
 * talikwás - tilted; upside down; turned over
 * salingsíng - curtain rings; ingrown toenails
 * salabíd - something that entangles
 * sulilíng (variant: sulindíng; with pa-: pasuliling) - sideways (adv.); sudden twisting of the neck (n.)
 * kulubót - wrinkle
 * kulumós - crumple
 * salubsób - splinter
 * salukbít - tucked in at the waist
 * saluksók - inserted at the waist; probing
 * ulak - reel, spool
 * ulbók - bulge, protuberance
 * uliuli - eddy (alimpuyó)
 * untáy - twisted (rope)

Floating, rising, scattering

 * aligíd - circling around, hovering
 * alikabók - dust (from *qali + *abúk)
 * alimpapayaw - gliding flight
 * alindayag - floating in air
 * alimbukay - swell of water; nausea
 * alimuóm - vapor wising from the ground; gossip (idiom)
 * alipato - flying ember
 * balikaskás - flayed; peeled off
 * balusbós (with ma-: mamalusbós) - to be spilled (grain)
 * bulatlát - careful search for something by removing the contents of a container
 * dalahik - point reached on the seashore by the waves
 * halabók - pulverized
 * kalatkát - act of spreading out
 * kalangkáng - disorderly pile
 * baludbód - scattering things sparingly
 * dalaydayan - framework used for drying fish nets
 * daluyong - surge of the sea, large wave
 * halawháw - disorderly
 * halbós - half-boiled (usually referring to shrimps)
 * halapáw - removing the top layer
 * halibuyak - diffusion of fragrance
 * halipáw - surface matter (on liquids)
 * haliryóng - transporting little by little
 * halughóg - close examination, search; ransacking search
 * halungkál - turning over contents while searching for something
 * halungkát - mischievous search; rummaging
 * halwát - searching by emptying the contents
 * hilab - swell, bulge; spasm
 * hilagpós - getting loose
 * hilahid - smear
 * hilat - stretching of an opening
 * hilatlát - making a hole wider
 * ilandáng - shooting up of water from a fountain
 * ilangláng - soaring
 * kalawkáw (with -um-: kumalawkáw' ) - to stir with a stick (liquids)
 * kalikaw (with -in: kalikawin) - to poke and stir liquid
 * kimbót - throb; slight muscular spasm; twitch
 * kulapol - smear
 * dalaydáy - fluid motion of liquids
 * talaytáy - flowing (blood, saliva)
 * saluysóy - spring of water; rivulet
 * kalutkót - act of searching through contents
 * ngalubakbák (with maN-: mangalubakbák) - to become detached (skin, bark)
 * ngalukabkáb - peeling off (bark, plaster, etc.)
 * palispís - clearing of a field before planting; dusting
 * salimbáy - flight of a bird without flapping; graceful flight or glide; soaring
 * salipadpád - fluttering
 * salwát - spilling liquid out of a container
 * tulakbahala'  - ballast
 * lingas - blaze, flame; shine; boasting, pride
 * walwál (variant: wangwáng) - spread out; wide open
 * waligwíg (with -in: waligwigán) - to sprinkle water on
 * undáp - flickering of light
 * undók - oscillation

Restlessness, uneasiness

 * alimpungát - half-awake
 * alimís - secret, furtive
 * alip-ip - anxious, in suspense
 * alumpihit (variant: alumihit) - restlessness
 * alikbobo - meddle; interfere with other people
 * alingaling - fickle, changeable
 * alipuypóy - act of sneaking around for attention or to get one's way
 * alibadbád - nausea
 * alitúkag - kneel that evinces guilt, remorse or supplication
 * alusiksík - resourcefulness; intensive search
 * balaghán - wonder, amazement
 * balangáy - swoon, fainting spell; backstroke
 * balasáng - confusion; overthrow; disorder
 * balasaw - riot, tumult
 * balawbáw - full, overflowing
 * balaybáy - cluster; fallen palm leaves; bedtime stories
 * balibat - unreasonably rebellious; unreasonably defiant; contrarian
 * baligyá'  - peddler; hawker
 * balihandá'  - loiterer; lascivious woman
 * balihantót - whore; harlot; prostitute (derogatory)
 * balino - restlessness, anxiety
 * balintuna'  - unnatural; contradictory; ironic
 * balisawsáw - painful discharge of urine; caprice, whim (fig.)
 * balubaló'  - pretense; fiction
 * bulabod - sprinkling; sowing
 * bulabog - disturbance, tumult; (with -in: bulabugin) - to rout, drive away; annoy
 * bulakból - vagabond, truant
 * bulagsák - careless; wasteful
 * bulahaw - tumult
 * bulalás - ejaculation; outburst; storm; (with i-: ibulalás) - to exclaim
 * bulastóg - boastful; lying, bluffing; rash
 * buligáw - with no sense of direction; short-sighted
 * bulindasín - temperamental; moody
 * dalimumot - irritable
 * dalin(g)síl - lost, astray; wrong, incorrect
 * dalirot - poking
 * halaghág - careless, negligent
 * halbót - sudden pulling
 * halimbukáy (variant: halibukáy) - nausea; surge of sea waves
 * halikhík - subdued laughter
 * haligutgót - naughty, mischievous
 * halihaw - ransacking; repeated stabbing
 * haliparót - flirtatious
 * halták - jerk, sudden pull
 * halubíd - spanking, flogging; tripping the feet
 * hilahil - hardship; grief
 * hiluká'  - languished, pale
 * himago - being unfamiliar with a new place
 * himagod - slight fatigue
 * himangláw - feeling of loneliness
 * kaligkíg - shiver
 * kilíd - tremble, shudder
 * kilití'  - ticklish feeling
 * kulabat - walking without the help of the arms and furniture (babies)
 * kulawít - act of tripping over something
 * kulimbát - act of stealing; (adj.) stolen
 * di-matalí - restless, anxious
 * lindayag - recovery of one's senses after a fright
 * ngalay - numbness; fatigue
 * ngaligkíg (with maN-: mangaligkíg) - to shiver from the cold
 * ngalo'  - numbness, fatigue
 * ngalóg - extreme weakness; fatigue
 * ngalóg (with maN-: mangalóg) - to tremble, quiver, shake
 * ngalungkóng - depression
 * palawingwíng - fringe
 * palingál-lingál (root: lingál) - rolling sideways (boats)
 * palindayag - state of calmness after surprise
 * pamamaligpíg (root: paligpíg) - shaking of the body
 * lingáw - confused
 * linggatong - perplexity; worry
 * lingmíng (with na-: nalingmíng) - confused
 * salaghati'  - displeasure; resentment
 * salangliping'  - loss of mental faculty or reason; a fit of confusion or mental disarray
 * salimakmak - meddle, intervene to give one's opinion unsolicited
 * salimuymoy - a person or animal playing near another and causing a nuisance or hindrance to them
 * salunga (with -um-: sumalungá) - to go against (current, etc.)
 * salugmók - meddle in an undertaking or task without being called to join
 * salumpóng - head-on collision
 * saramulyo - mischievous; disrespectful
 * saranggola - kite (for flying?)
 * suling (with -um-: sumuling-suling) - to do to and fro
 * kulukutó'  - whim
 * kulughóy - numb state caused by the cold
 * talilakaw - to go on a distant walk without a clear goal in mind, mulling over problems or anxiety
 * talipsáw -restless; fidgety; naughty
 * tulingág - stunned; stupefied; stupid
 * tuliró - confused; stunned
 * undót - falling back when startled

Crowds and swarms

 * kalibungbóng - group of people, crowd
 * kulumot - crowd, congestion
 * kulupón - crowd, swarm (of children)
 * kulisaw - school of fish
 * halubilo - mingling with the crowd
 * pulupón - small group

Religion

 * balani'  - charm; magnetism
 * bangungot - nightmare
 * alimuwáng - occultism
 * kaluluwá (*kali + *dua) - soul, spirit
 * kulam - witchcraft (mangkukulam = witch)
 * hilagyó'  - spirit, affinity; namesake; essence
 * hingálay - bliss; beatitude
 * malikmata'  - transfiguration; sleight of hand
 * niláy (with mag-: magnilay-nilay) - to meditate
 * palína - purification ritual; bark used for incense or purifying rituals
 * sulináw - excellent, outstanding; religious ceremony; ritual; propitiation
 * talibót - something that brings charm, fortune or luck; fortunate; a brief glance
 * ulirát - sense, consciousness

Odors, emissions

 * alisangsáng - strong, offensive odor
 * balintatáw (variant: alikmatá) - pupil of the eye
 * alimpuyók - strong emission of steam or smoke
 * alimusom - fragrance
 * alingasaw - reeking, giving off an odor; odor
 * halimunmón - fragrance, scent, aroma
 * halimuyák - fragrance; whiff
 * halpók - putrid

Echoes, sounds

 * alálad - resound; resonance; echo
 * alatíit - creaking (especially of bamboo)
 * alingawngáw - echo, reverberation; noise, clamor
 * alimaymáy - inaudible sound; not heard well
 * alunigníg - faint echo or idea
 * alulóng - distant howling
 * atungal - cry of cattle
 * bulukabok - gurgling sound
 * halakhák - loud laughter
 * hilhíl - loud laughter
 * kalatís - sound, noise
 * kalatóg - knocking noise
 * kalatóng - small drum; clash
 * kalatuwát - echo
 * kalasáw - wriggling movement
 * kalasíng - clinking sound
 * kalambóg - heavy thumping
 * kalamkám - tingling sensation
 * kalampág - clanking noise; speaking in a loud voice (fig.)
 * kalansín - jingling sound
 * kalantís - swishing sound
 * kalantóg - rattling sound
 * kalít - creaking sound
 * kalirawráw - disharmonious; discordant; dissonant; unmelodious song or tune
 * kalugkóg - muffled sound; distant roll of thunder
 * kaluskós - rustling sound
 * kulimbáng - act of ringing a big bell
 * kulós - rustling sound
 * halinghíng - neigh, whinny; moan, groan
 * haluyhóy - moan, groan
 * lagasáw - Homeric laughter; merry and boisterous laughter; sound of swift, flowing water over sand, pebbles, or rocks (as in rapids); sound of rippling water against an obstacle (as when one wades through water)
 * lingaw - clamor (lingáw = confused)
 * lingawngáw - murmuring
 * linggál - din, clamor
 * ngalitngít - sound of gnashing, crunching
 * ngalngál - wailing, grumbling
 * ngalót (with mag-: magngalót) - to crunch noisily
 * ngalubngób - noise of crunching brittle food
 * ngalutngót - crunching sound
 * saligawsaw - noisiness; restlessness; murmuring; boisterousness; garrulity (having connotations of idle-talk or topics of triviality)
 * salingagngág - very loud, disturbing, disruptive, or distracting noise in the neighborhood
 * talingasngás - a person of sharp hearing; keen hearing
 * waliswís - swishing sound of branches in the wind

Weather

 * alinagnág - hazy visibility
 * alinsangan - sultry weather
 * alisuwág - humidity
 * aluningníng - brilliance, resplendence
 * aluyô - tidal wave; tsunami
 * balangáw - rainbow (bahaghari' )
 * balangulan - blood-red smear or tint in the sky, especially during sunrise or sunset
 * bulalakaw - shooting star; meteor [cf. Proto-Philippines *bulalakaw 'kind of nature spirit, probably identified with the appearance of a comet' (Blust 2001:57)]
 * dalumóy - low, dark clouds
 * halumigmíg - humid, damp
 * talang - red skies at sunset
 * limbo - halo (of moon)
 * lintík - lightning strike
 * kulimlím - dark, overcast
 * palunghô - an extremely strong and devastating storm
 * unós - squall, strong wind with rain

Human and animal body

 * aligí - ovary of crustaceans
 * aliwaywáy - recovery of strength after an illness; convalescence; healing
 * alipungá - athlete's foot
 * balakáng - hip; loin, pelvis
 * balakubak - dandruff
 * balayubay - dark dandruff
 * balagat - collarbone, shoulder blade
 * balambán - membrane
 * balantukan - partially healed wound
 * balikaró - swelling of the lips; thickening of the edges (wounds)
 * balisaksák - healthy; hearty; robust; vigorous
 * balugbóg - nape of the neck of fowls; spine
 * balumbalunan - gizzard of fowls
 * bulagáw - with gray eyes
 * bulaid - hemorrhoids
 * bulalay - elephant's trunk
 * bulaló'  - kneecap
 * buliga'  - eyeball; mound of earth
 * buliglíg - swelling of the eyes (of fowls)
 * bulubok (with -um-: bumulubok) - to bubble; gurgle
 * bululós - diarrhea
 * bulutong - pockmarks; smallpox
 * bulutunggó - pockmarked
 * dalahit (variant: dalahik) - intense coughing attack
 * dalutdót - poking with the finger
 * halawán - half-gray (hair)
 * halimhím - brooding on eggs
 * halimurá (variant: halimorá) - hale; excellent quality of thought and health; vigour; vitality; mental acuity
 * halubaybáy - deep-bodied sardine
 * halukipkíp - with folded arms
 * hilahod - shuffling of the feet; limping
 * hilam - skin blemish on the face; pain in the eyes; turbidity
 * hilantád - lying on one's back without any clothes
 * kalá'  (with -um-: kumalá' ) - to gargle
 * kalagkág - gargle; hard scratching
 * kalaba'  - white spots on the eyeball; cataract
 * kalaghalá'  - phlegm
 * kalumatá - dark rings around the eyes from lack of sleep
 * kalingkingan - little finger
 * kaliskís - scales of fish
 * karangkál - distance between thumb and middle finger when stretched apart
 * kilabot - goosebumps; terror, fear
 * kilít - hunching of the shoulders
 * kulaba'  - white film over the eyes; film over liquids
 * kulamós - scratch on the face
 * kulani'  - swelling of a lymph gland; (slang) unwanted pregnancy
 * kulangot - dried snot
 * kuliti'  - sty in the eye
 * malikaskás - peeling off (skin)
 * maliputó'  - short person
 * ngalangalá - palate, roof of the mouth
 * ngalisag (with maN-: mangalisag) - to bristle (hair)
 * ngalit (with maN-: mangalit) - to grind the teeth
 * ngalumatá - with dark rings under the eyes due to lack of sleep; with haggard-looking eyes; gaunt
 * ngaluktíng'  (with paN-: pangangaluktíng) - clattering of the teeth due to cold
 * ngalumbaba'  (with paN-: pangangalumbaba' ) - pensive look (with the head supported by the palm)
 * palikpík - fin of a fish
 * palingá'  - with head turned sideways
 * pulikat - spasm, body cramps
 * pulíntapang - revitalization; renewal; rejuvenation; regeneration (of strength, courage, health, etc)
 * salingusô - a tendency or habit to pout one's lips whenever angry; a person who has the habit
 * salípod - crawling of infants
 * salugsóg - sliver in the hand or foot; detailed investigation
 * salumbabá'  - sling for a broken arm; bandage that supports the chin or a corpse
 * sulimpát - squinty-eyed
 * sulikap - cloven-hoofed foot
 * tálimpúsod - umbilical cord
 * talangkág - erection of the membrum verile
 * talírik - erection of the membrum verile; verticality; perpendicularity
 * talistís - intestines; bowels; innards
 * talukab - hard shell of crustaceans; loose or detached scab
 * talukap - eyelid; sheath of palm leaves
 * talungkô - seated in a squatting position
 * tulatód - coccyx
 * ulag - molting of fowls
 * untóg - bump on the head
 * waliwali - close to the time of delivery (pregnant women); defective eyesight caused by hunger

Miscellaneous

 * alembóng - coquettish; playfully flirtatious
 * alibugha - irresponsible; wasteful; neglectful
 * alibuybuyín - a person attracting many lovers; romantically or sexually attractive; comely (regional)
 * alimbatók - differing because they are not identical or not equal in measure or extent; unequal; dissimilar; unmatched; incomparable
 * alimuos - invisible; unseen; imperceptible
 * alinaynay - exceedingly mild; gentle; soft
 * alindóg - personal charm; attractiveness; beauty; gorgeousness
 * alintodong - veil
 * alipunya - indentured servant because of unpaid debts
 * alisaga - indolent; slothful; lazy
 * alisagság - neglectful, negligent
 * aliyamas (variant: haliyamas) - gold plating; gold leaf
 * alusithâ - verification; proof; evidence
 * balakyâ - a type of court song reserved for the listening of the maginoo; a specialist singer or poet in that type; bard
 * balakyót - wicked; evil; deceitful; crafty; cunning; sly and iniquitous
 * balantagi - punishment in accordance with the equivalent harm; lex talionis
 * balantay - proximity, distance
 * balangibang - contest, competition
 * balasubás - swindler
 * balatok - gold ore
 * balawis - scoundrel; rebel; fierce; ferocious
 * balayáng - a matrimonial folk ballad, sung during wedding feasts
 * balíga - malicious gossip; calumny
 * baligho - irrational; against reason; against common sense; absurdity
 * balíbabát - a light spear, used as weapon
 * balihandà - concern; care; anxiety
 * balikokò - throat-singing
 * balikongkong - sea shanty; rowing or paddling songs
 * balikutkót - rummaging through objects in order to know or discovering something
 * balino - intentionally mislead by false statements; deceive
 * balingkinitan - attractively slender; lean; long and thin (of one's body)
 * balita - news; bad news
 * balitaktak - heated fight; verbal joust; debate
 * balitok - gold
 * baliwag - profound; abstruse; difficult; slow flowing river current
 * balukitkít - thorough inspection; examination
 * balungkalíng - foundation; cause
 * bantilawan - undercooked
 * bulisík - vile; utterly contemptible; baseness; lowliness
 * labusakit - being strict in decision and governance; strictness; firmness; severity; stringency; resoluteness
 * lambanâ - altar; shrine
 * dalangin - prayer; supplication
 * dalisay - pure; unadulterated; without mixture; sincere; genuine; clear; clean; limpid; immaculate; without sin; distilled; purified
 * dalumat - very deep thought; suffering; toleration (of  pains); comportment; abide
 * halibyong - false news; misrepresentation or fabrication of details of events to deceive
 * halimbawà - example; sample; instance; model; illustration; class; kind
 * halimulâ - all who have died; all deceased (poetic)
 * halintulad - compare; comparison
 * halíraw - victory song
 * halugámit - renunciation of one's rights, powers or privileges; relinquish; abdicate
 * malasmás - awake to; aware to the existence, being, or nature of something; notice; know
 * palaná - a forcible stroke that kills a living thing; death blow; lethal strike
 * palígang - fallow land
 * palanâ - someone susceptible to death; mortal; human being
 * salambáy - to placate, soothe, or pacify someone's anger by stroking their hands.
 * salanggapáng - dishonest and worthless person; rogue; completely shameless; guiltless; brazen; rapist (archaic)
 * salaulâ - morally offensive; immoral
 * kulatád - abyss; deep pit
 * salansán - order; orderly; orderly arrangement; orderly filed
 * salagsáy - prevent someone from doing something; hinder; obstruct; inhibit
 * salantâ - badly damaged; completely ruined (as by a typhoon, earthquake, etc.)
 * salapang - trident; fishing spear
 * salimbóng - concealed; hidden; forgotten
 * salipanyâ - impertinence; irreverence; impiety; blasphemy; sacrilege
 * salirangdáng - distance of a thing from one end to another; dimension; measure; breadth; width; span
 * salubong - meeting; reception; welcoming upon arrival
 * salukoy - the prime or most excellent part of a thing; time of intensity; culminating part of an action; to be in the prime of youth; the flower of youth; adolescence; time of growth; most busy time of sowing, harvesting or thrashing; epoch, season, or time (of something)
 * salupakaná - vulgar, perverse, or obscene use of language
 * salupinít - not grown or reared well (plants, animals, humans); (by extension) an ill mannered person; bad; immoral; evil
 * salurapâ - obsession; extreme fondness, admiration, or love
 * salúsog - going down in the river in search of something
 * talagháy - courage to endure pain, suffering, misfortune
 * talamitam - intimacy
 * talampak - patent; frank; unreserved
 * talangkás - gracefulness or beauty of movement, gait, posture or expression
 * talibà - sentinel; guard; vanguard
 * talibadbád - error; mistake; misconstrue; miscalculate; misjudge facts; follow a wrong procedure
 * talikakás - unwavering persistence and determination
 * talikóp - encircle; besiege
 * talilos - coarseness of speech; rude; vulgarity
 * talimangmáng - hoax; ruse; deceit
 * talimbuhól - vow; promise; utterance and exchange of marriage vows during the ceremony
 * talimuwáng - pretend to be ignorant, especially to avoid responsibility; alternatively, use clever and sophistic reasoning to evade blame, duty, or responsibility
 * talingdáw - ancient, dramatic boat song sung during certain domestic activities
 * talinghagà - mystery; mystical significance; secret; concealed
 * talipandás - impudent; insolent; brazen; disrespectful; corrupt; immoral; evil
 * talisuyò - good relations or bonds of affection maintained by mutual exchange of favours (between persons, organizations, communities, or nations)
 * taliwakás - retraction; revocation; nullification; abandonment of what one agreed to do synonyms; breaking off; ending (of a relationship, speech, etc.)
 * talubatâ - early middle-aged: between twenty-five and thirty-five years old
 * talubò - fertile ground; appropriate, befitting and favourable place or environment to grow plants or rear and educate children
 * tálugantí - severe, harsh or grave words uttered in a heated debate or argument
 * taluhimig - ambiguous meaning or signification; equivocal; double-meaning
 * taluidyap - twinkling of the eye; in a short period of time; extremely fast; rapid
 * talukbóng - veil
 * taluktok - peak; summit; apex; uppermost; acme; pinnacle
 * talumpana - target (to be hit with arrow)
 * talumátà - to question, inquire or cast doubt someone of their genealogy, pedigree or noble stock
 * talumpatì - speech; oration; obedience; humility; act of daring to say or do something with compliance, respect, or care
 * talúngà - ritual funerary lamentation
 * talupapák - primary terms and conditions of an agreement, contract, or covenant
 * talusalíng - delicate; refined; highly sensitive (emotionally); easily hurt; hard to please
 * talundós - plain and level ground
 * talusira - breach of promise; violation of agreement, promise, contract, or covenant
 * tampalasán - wicked; perverse; roguish; knavish; rascal; destructive; vandalistic; brutal; evil
 * tuláli (modern pronunciation: tulalí) - unique; singular; alone; only one of its kind; sui generis
 * tulingáw - to indicate; to speak forth; to act presumptuously, immodestly or forwardly as if knowing or on close terms with a person of higher rank

title: Appendix:Tagalog *kali/qali words


text: abortuses

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: abortuses


text: abrachias

title: abrachias


text:
magic user

Etymology
magic + user, popularized in D&D.

Noun

 * 1)  One who uses (or has skill with) magic.

title: magic user


text:
Talk:naatʼáanii

Question
Can this refer to the president of a company or organization, or only of a nation-state? 71.66.97.228 02:39, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Leader or president of anything. —Stephen (Talk) 06:32, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

Chief
Can this also mean "chief" (as in the chief of a Native American tribe) or is there another word for that? 71.66.97.228 02:39, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Chief could be binantʼaʼí, naatʼááh (as in hashkééjí naatʼááh, war chief), ásizį́. —Stephen (Talk) 06:32, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:naatʼáanii


text:
naʼalkidí

Noun

 * 1) clock, watch

title: naʼalkidí


text:
eachwhere

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1)  Everywhere.

title: eachwhere


text:
Rambo knife

Etymology
Named after, a fictional Vietnam War veteran and protagonist of the film series .

title: Rambo knife


text: Rambo knives

title: Rambo knives


text:
猛料

Noun

 * 1)  sensational information; juicy tidbit

title: 猛料


text:
neuchaarjoilid

Noun

 * 1) unfriendliness

title: neuchaarjoilid


text:
neuchaarjys

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) unfriendliness

title: neuchaarjys


text:
neuchaarjee

Adjective

 * 1) unconciliatory

title: neuchaarjee


text:
neuchaarjagh

Etymology
From +.

Adjective

 * 1) unfriendly

title: neuchaarjagh


text:
neuchaarjoil

Adjective

 * 1) inimical

title: neuchaarjoil


text:
Thread:User talk:LA2/Swedish preloads./reply

I'm a Unix and Emacs person, used to editing large volumes of source code and text, and have mostly used the cut-and-paste method described by Anatoli, as you can also see from the top of my userpage. Putting preload templates in JavaScript does not make me work any faster than I already do. I can create one entry every 2-3 minutes (20-30 entries per hour) by preloading/pasting the section skeleton and filling out the content manually. The problem I see is that this is not fast enough. I would like to generate main entries by bot (as I already do for form entries), but then I would need some existing dictionary to start from.


text:
炭酸飲料

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) carbonated drink

title: 炭酸飲料


text: たんさんいんりょう

title: たんさんいんりょう


text: Category:Female

title: Category:Female


text: Category:Male

title: Category:Male


text: grand duchesses

title: grand duchesses


text:
éploré

Adjective

 * 1) tearful, grief-stricken

title: éploré


text: éplorée

title: éplorée


text: dry-nurses

title: dry-nurses


text: éplorés

title: éplorés


text: éplorées

title: éplorées


text:
User:Yair rand/watchlistnotifications.js

// Notifies the user when something new shows up on their watchlist. Desktop notifications only for Chrome and (I think) Firefox 5. function watchlistNotifier{ var t, nc = window.webkitNotifications || window.mozNotifications || window.oNotifications || window.msNotifications || window.notifications || null; function checkWatchlistForUpdates{ JsMwApi({action:'query',list:'watchlist',wlexcludeuser:wgUserName,wlprop:'user|title|timestamp',wlend:t?t:1,wlshow:mw.user.options.get("watchlisthidebots")=="1"?"!bot":""},function(r){     r = r.query.watchlist;      for(var i = 0; t && t < r[i].timestamp; i++){        if(nc && nc.checkPermission == 0){          var w=nc.createNotification('',r[i].title,'has been edited by ' + r[i].user)          w.show          w.onclick = function{w.cancel;window.focus;}          }        document.title = r[i].title+' has been edited by ' + r[i].user        onfocus = function{location.reload(true)}        }      t = r[0].timestamp;      setTimeout(checkWatchlistForUpdates, 15000)      }) } checkWatchlistForUpdates if(nc && nc.checkPermission == 1){ document.getElementById('firstHeading').appendChild(newNode('a',"Enable watchlist desktop notifications",{'style':'float:right; cursor:pointer; font-size: 13px;',click:function{nc.requestPermission(function{location.reload}); this.innerHTML = 'Waiting for permission to use desktop notifications...'}})) } }

wgPageName == "Special:Watchlist" && jQuery(document).ready(watchlistNotifier)


text: tansaninryō

title: tansaninryō


text: 自販機

title: 自販機


text:
Talk:嗯

RFV discussion: October 2013–May 2014
Rfv-sense for ân Vietnamese reading, as it's not listed either in the Unihan database nor at the Nom Foundation website. Bumm13 (talk) 03:28, 30 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Okay, I see that whoever added the Vietnamese section assumed that 嗯 matches its phonetic component (恩) character's primary reading. This assumes that it isn't somehow irregular or that linguistic drift hasn't occurred, so a citation would be very helpful. Bumm13 (talk) 03:34, 30 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Last call. bd2412 T 15:03, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

Deleted. bd2412 T 16:36, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

Xiandai Hanyu Cidian vs. Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian: 嗯

 * On the '新HSK（六级）（5000）'page of the '新汉语水平考试（HSK）词汇（2012年修订版）' ('HSK-2012.xls') spreadsheet provided at http://chinesetest.cn/godownload.do, the character 嗯 follows 能源 (néngyuán) and is followed by 拟定 (nǐdìng).
 * This could only be the case if the pinyin used in alphabetizing the list was based on a standard in which 嗯 was to be read as 'ng'.
 * The 现代汉语规范词典第二版 (from 2010) page 348 and the 现代汉语规范词典第三版 (from 2014) page 348 gives the readings éng, ěng, and èng for the character 嗯. There is no indication given that there are other readings.
 * 现代汉语规范词典第三版 (from 2014) page 955 does not have any characters listed with a pronunciation 'ng'. Further, 嗯 is not found among the characters with the pronunciation 'en' on page 348, and page 939 does not have any characters listed with a pronunciation 'n'.
 * I only have 现代汉语规范词典第二版 (from 2010) to page 889. 嗯 is not found among the characters with the pronuncation 'en' on page 348.
 * The 现代汉语词典第五版 (from 2005) pages 990-991 (and page 974), the 现代汉语词典第六版 (from 2012) page 942 (and page 926) and the 现代汉语词典第六版 (from 2016) page 947 (and page 931) give 嗯 six pronunciations: ńg, ń, ňg, ň, ǹg, and ǹ.
 * These six pronunciations are also found on page 1653 of 辞海第六版(from 2009). 嗯 is not found among the characters with the pronunciation 'en' on pages 537-539, and page 539 does not have any characters listed with a pronunciation 'eng'. Page 1623 does not have any characters listed with a pronunciation 'n'.
 * The 普通话异读词审因表 and it's 初稿s seem not to explicitly touch on the pronunciation of 嗯.
 * The 现代汉语词典第五版 (from 2005) pages 358-9, the 现代汉语词典第六版 (from 2012) page 342 and the 现代汉语词典第六版 (from 2016) page 343 don't have 嗯 listed among the characters pronounced 'en' or 'eng'.
 * Therefore, at least in the case of 嗯, the HSK vocabulary list did not follow the pinyin given in the 现代汉语规范词典 and did follow the pinyin given in a standard that is consistent with 现代汉语词典 and 辞海. --Geographyinitiative (talk) 09:57, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

13 pronunciations
I would say add all variant pronunciations and then add on detailed notes. I count 13 pronunciations: ńg, ń, ňg, ň, ǹg, ǹ, éng, ěng, èng, én, ěn, èn and en. I would say add them all with clear usage notes etc and then let the reader sort it out. --Geographyinitiative (talk) 12:11, 20 April 2018 (UTC)

pinyin input
I feel like it should be mentioned somewhere that this character is typed using pinyin input software as "en" and never as "n" or "ng". AFAIK this is the only character that is typed very differently to the way it is officially transcribed. ---> Tooironic (talk) 13:53, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree that some kind of mention should be made. --Geographyinitiative (talk) 14:16, 8 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:嗯


text:
abuilding

Alternative forms
a-building

Adjective

 * 1)  Being built or under construction, as a structure or a vessel.
 * 2)  Developing or arising, as a trend or an idea.
 * 1)  Developing or arising, as a trend or an idea.
 * 1)  Developing or arising, as a trend or an idea.

title: abuilding


text:
-mentum

Etymology
Derived from the Latin suffix in collective nouns like. Latin -menta is from Latin -mentum (singular), from Proto-Italic *-məntom, from the plural ( +, plural of *-mn̥-to-).

Suffix

 * 1) instrument, medium, or result of; e.g. monumentum

Descendants

 * Balkan Romance:
 * Italo-Romance:
 * Padanian:
 * Gallo-Romance:
 * Ibero-Romance:
 * Borrowings:
 * Padanian:
 * Gallo-Romance:
 * Ibero-Romance:
 * Borrowings:
 * Ibero-Romance:
 * Borrowings:
 * Ibero-Romance:
 * Borrowings:
 * Ibero-Romance:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:
 * Borrowings:

title: -mentum


text:
じはんき

Noun

 * 1)  vending machine

title: じはんき


text: jihanki

title: jihanki


text: kummatkin

title: kummatkin


text:
Category talk:Fictional dogs

Category:Fictional dogs
Fucking what? < class="latinx" >Ƿidsiþ 07:36, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Right, delete. —msh210℠ (talk) 07:44, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Keep per my argument from a discussion above: We do have policies for including fictional characters into appendices or entries. Once they're created, it's natural to categorize them. If we keep Pluto, Lassie and Snoopy but delete Category:Fictional dogs, then these entries simply will have to be members of Category:Fiction and of Category:Dogs, merely losing that connection of being simultaneously "fictional" and "a dog". --Daniel. 08:53, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * But so what? < class="latinx" >Ƿidsiþ 08:56, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Is this your best argument? :p --Daniel. 09:04, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Au contraire, Widsith was asking you to finish yours, Daniel, and I do the same hereby. You started an argument, saying that entries will lose the "connection of being simultaneously 'fictional' and 'a dog'" — and then never finished the argument, saying what's wrong with that. —msh210℠ (talk) 20:57, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Having a category to display a meaningful relationship between certain terms that would be otherwise members of two separate categories enhances navigability. It's easier to find the fictional dogs if they are together as members of that category. And it usually means less categories shown at the bottom of each entry; in this case, we would have to eventually clean up Category:Fiction and Category:Dogs to avoid redundancy. Then, the latter would be probably restricted only to "real" dogs, which would enhance navigability too.
 * It's like having a Category:Punctuation marks to contain certain terms like "comma" and "hyphen", that otherwise would be scattered through Category:Typography and Category:Orthography. --Daniel. 03:47, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Delete Can be recreated when well populated. HotCat makes it easy to populate categories once there is a need. If we have a deep multi-layer category structure we will either have many categories cluttering the category section of many of our entries or we will force users to go through many page loads, which are particularly slow for categories, to get to higher-level categories. DCDuring TALK 13:02, 18 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I've populated it a bit. It has 15 members now. --Daniel. 03:47, 19 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Delete. No matter how many names of fictional dogs might potentially warrant dictionary entries, it will never be reasonable for anyone to come looking here for names of fictional dogs. —Ruakh TALK 04:15, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Authors of books like Famous Dogs in Fiction might use some material for research, but they're a small target group. Also, there is the pop-culture phenomenon of giving names of iconic fictional dogs to iconic dogs, so dog owners may want to navigate a category like this. --Daniel. 04:46, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * In addition, one possible reason I gave to keep this category is eventually removing these words from Category:Dogs and Category:Fiction per the arguments stated above. --Daniel. 04:49, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Delete, nobody's saying there aren't any fictional dogs, just that this category is not dictionary material. Mglovesfun (talk) 14:42, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

 * My test for whether a topical category is too specific is if it can include only one part of speech. These would all be nouns, making it more of a list than a topic. Delete. DAVilla 19:32, 22 February 2011 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, generally, having only one part of speech is not a good reason to call any category "too specific", not to mention deleting it on that basis. For example, Category:Animals and its subcategories most likely are going to have only nouns and I don't perceive it as being too specific.
 * Contrariwise, if having only nouns was strictly a legitimate reason to delete any category, then Category:Dogs, Category:Canids, Category:Mammals, Category:Vertebrates and Category:Animals would be deleted, leaving dogs only in one or more huge supercategories, such asCategory:Nature. --Daniel. 23:44, 22 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't lactate: be in Mammals? —msh210℠ (talk) 04:24, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I'd rather not expect "lactate" to be a member of Category:Mammals. Similarly, I don't expect "day" or "week" to be members of Category:Days of the week. When the name of a topical category is a pluralized noun, it seems natural to populate it only with hyponyms, rather than with synonyms, hypernyms, meronyms, holonyms, actions, contexts and characteristics. However, this guideline is not implemented consistently in all or most topical categories, so other editors probably disagree with me. --Daniel. 08:31, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Relatedly: Category:Greens apparently follows my guideline by having only names of shades of green. It doesn't have names of green objects or of green animals. --Daniel. 11:43, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * But lactate has to do with mammals: a mammal is precisely (except maybe platypodes?) an animal such that the female of the species lactates. A cucumber does not belong in cat:Greens in the same way. —msh210℠ (talk) 16:55, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Categorizing lactate, perhaps hair or even placenta into Category:Mammals is misleading: if these terms are meant to teach about characteristics, or distinguishing characteristics, of mammals, then the study becomes hard due to the excess of names of mammals categorized.
 * An encyclopedia would be a better place to describe mammals detailedly. An appendix, possibly with glosses or explanations, or an improved version of WS:mammal, would be a better place to list terms directly related to mammals. It may or may not be complemented by a highly specialized category, such as Category:Characteristics of mammals, if necessary. --Daniel. 17:13, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

Delete. --Vahag 17:21, 24 February 2011 (UTC) Deleted. Mglovesfun (talk) 20:28, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Fictional dogs


text:
conscribendus

Etymology
Future passive participle of.

Participle

 * 1) which is to be enrolled

title: conscribendus


text: abutilons

title: abutilons


text: conscribenda

title: conscribenda


text: conscribendum

title: conscribendum


text: conscribendi

title: conscribendi


text: conscribendae

title: conscribendae


text: conscribendorum

title: conscribendorum


text: conscribendarum

title: conscribendarum


text: conscribendo

title: conscribendo


text: conscribendis

title: conscribendis


text: conscribendam

title: conscribendam


text: conscribendos

title: conscribendos


text: conscribendas

title: conscribendas


text: conscribende

title: conscribende


text: consentaneum

title: consentaneum


text: consentaneae

title: consentaneae


text: consentaneorum

title: consentaneorum


text: consentanearum

title: consentanearum


text: consentaneis

title: consentaneis


text: consentaneam

title: consentaneam


text: consentaneos

title: consentaneos


text: consentaneas

title: consentaneas


text:
Wiktionary:Votes/pl-2011-04/Commercial terms

Commercial terms

 * Voting on: Removing the sections in the Criteria for Inclusion under the headings Company names and Brand names, and adding the following section before Names of specific entities:

Terms with commercial interest Terms with commercial interest include company names, brand names, trademarks and service marks. A term with commercial interest should be included if it has become part of the vocabulary that is used by or known to general population. Companies are considered specific entities and may have further restrictions.

The required pervasiveness is measured objectively by the term’s use in at least three independent durably archived citations, each of which meet the following requirements, spanning a period of at least three years. Below, the REFERENT stands for the product, service, or organization to which the term refers. The TYPE refers to the type of product or service, or to the industry, as applicable.

See examples of brand names.
 * 1) The source of the citation must not indicate that the term has legal protection, nor so much as identify any parties with economic interest in the REFERENT.
 * 2) The subject matter must not generally concern any person or group specifically associated with the REFERENT.
 * 3) An understanding of the term’s purpose within the context of the work must rely on knowledge of the REFERENT that cannot be surmised from the content preceding and surrounding the citation. In other words, it must be implausible for one unfamiliar with the REFERENT to infer the intent of the citation from what is present before and immediately after. For instance, if the author uses the REFERENT as a general instance of the TYPE, then the TYPE is central to the meaning and the citation must not identify the TYPE, implicitly or explicitly.

 * Vote starts: 00:00, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Vote ends: 24:00, 1 July 2011 (UTC)

 * Vote created: DAVilla 08:31, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Discussion:
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] Beer parlour archive/2010/December (archived)
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] Beer_parlour
 * [[Image:Wikt rei-artur3.svg|20px]] Wiktionary talk:Votes/pl-2011-04/Commercial terms

Support

 * 1) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support DAVilla 15:01, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * 2) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support --Daniel 23:40, 2 June 2011 (UTC)
 * 3) [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support. I don't think it's perfect, but it certainly seems to be an improvement. —Ruakh TALK 23:50, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

Oppose

 * 1) [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.svg|20px]] Oppose  Dan Polansky 08:36, 3 June 2011 (UTC) The proposed phrasing easily lends itself to excluding most single-word company names and most single-word brand names from Wiktionary, regardless of whether useful lexicographical information can be recorded on them. The phrasing disregards the pronunciation, the etymology and the semantics of the commercial term, instead focusing on "the term's purpose" in the concerned quotation and "the intent of the citation". The citation "According to Wiktionary, anger is a strong feeling of displeasure, hostility or antagonism towards someone or something, usually combined with an urge to harm" (link to Google books for context) does not satisfy the third requirement according to DAVilla, despite the fact that neither the citation nor the text around it introduces the term "Wiktionary" or describes what "Wiktionary" is; the ability of the reader to guess that the entity in question is a dictionary is sufficient to disqualify the quotation. As a result, it will be very rare that a quotation of a commercial term--whether a company name or a brand name--satisfies the third requirement. One class of brand names that is likely to be mostly excluded per this proposal are brand names of pharmaceuticals, regardless of their often having a pronunciation that is non-trivial for a non-native speaker, and regardless of their being more used by their users to refer to the drugs than the generic names. I admit that, for brand names, the proposed text could be an improvement over what we currently have in CFI, as it is less complex. However, there is no voted-on regulation for company names in CFI, and this proposal installs this mostly excluding regulation also for company names. Furthermore, in its effects, this proposal seems mostly identical to the current CFI for brand names. More detail to my objections can be found on the talk page of this vote. --Dan Polansky 08:36, 3 June 2011 (UTC)
 * 2) [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.svg|20px]] Oppose  Mglovesfun (talk) 19:01, 17 June 2011 (UTC). Apart from opposing have criteria this lenient in the first place, I don't think these would stand up to scrutiny anyway. Likely they'll just cause more arguments about which citations are valid and which are invalid. --Mglovesfun (talk) 19:01, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * 3) [[Image:Symbol oppose vote.svg|20px]] Oppose OrenBochman 13:32, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

Comments

 * I'm starting to realize this vote is completely irrelevant. Lassie meets CFI, yet it was deleted. Not only that, but each trait was attested at the request of the same people who voted it out. Why would anyone bother finding citations in such a hostile environment? The point of the criteria is to objectively distinguish what belongs from what does not. If people do not agree then they should vote it down here. DAVilla 15:32, 10 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The vote is not irrelevant at all. Next time someone nominates a company name for deletion, I will no longer be able to say this: "Keep. There is no voted-on regulation for company names. This is a one-word name that can include useful lexicographical information such as pronunciation and etymology". Next time, I will be only able to vote "keep" in spite of CFI, which I am not sure I will want to do. --Dan Polansky 17:27, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Decision

 * Fails 3-3-0. --Yair rand 00:05, 4 July 2011 (UTC)


text: consessiones

title: consessiones


text: consessionis

title: consessionis


text: consessionum

title: consessionum


text: consessioni

title: consessioni


text: consessionibus

title: consessionibus


text: consessionem

title: consessionem


text: consessione

title: consessione


text:
consociatus

Etymology
Perfect passive participle of.

Participle

 * 1) associated, connected

title: consociatus


text: consociatum

title: consociatum


text: consociatae

title: consociatae


text: consociatorum

title: consociatorum


text: consociatarum

title: consociatarum


text: consociatam

title: consociatam


text: consociatos

title: consociatos


text: consociatas

title: consociatas


text:
consonanter

Adverb

 * 1) concordantly, in concert
 * 2) agreeably
 * 3) harmoniously

title: consonanter


text: consonantius

title: consonantius


text: consonantissime

title: consonantissime


text:
conspicuus

Etymology
From, from +.

Adjective

 * 1) visible
 * 2) striking, conspicuous, distinguished, illustrious, remarkable (attracting attention)
 * 1) striking, conspicuous, distinguished, illustrious, remarkable (attracting attention)
 * 1) striking, conspicuous, distinguished, illustrious, remarkable (attracting attention)

title: conspicuus


text: conspicua

title: conspicua


text: conspicuum

title: conspicuum


text: conspicui

title: conspicui


text: conspicuae

title: conspicuae


text: conspicuorum

title: conspicuorum


text: conspicuarum

title: conspicuarum


text:
conspicuo

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) eminent
 * 2) conspicuous

title: conspicuo


text: conspicuis

title: conspicuis


text: conspicuam

title: conspicuam


text: conspicuos

title: conspicuos


text: conspicuas

title: conspicuas


text: conspicue

title: conspicue


text:
conspiratio

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) union, unanimity, concord, harmony
 * 2) plot, mutiny, conspiracy
 * 1) plot, mutiny, conspiracy
 * 1) plot, mutiny, conspiracy

title: conspiratio


text: conspirationes

title: conspirationes


text: conspirationis

title: conspirationis


text: conspirationum

title: conspirationum


text: conspirationi

title: conspirationi


text: conspirationibus

title: conspirationibus


text: conspirationem

title: conspirationem


text: conspiratione

title: conspiratione


text:
consubstantialis

Adjective

 * 1) consubstantial

title: consubstantialis


text: consubstantiale

title: consubstantiale


text: consubstantiales

title: consubstantiales


text: consubstantialia

title: consubstantialia


text: consubstantialium

title: consubstantialium


text: consubstantiali

title: consubstantiali


text: consubstantialibus

title: consubstantialibus


text: consubstantialem

title: consubstantialem


text:
μηνύω

Etymology
Perhaps from, from , from or.

Verb

 * 1) to show, to inform
 * 2) to denounce

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to sue; file a lawsuit against somebody

title: μηνύω


text:
fourvoyer

Etymology
. Equivalent to. Perhaps a calque of (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬).

Verb

 * 1)  to mislead
 * 2)  to make a mistake, go astray, err
 * 3) to cloak
 * 1) to cloak
 * 1) to cloak

title: fourvoyer


text:
consultatio

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) deliberation, consideration, consultation
 * 2) inquiry

title: consultatio


text: consultationes

title: consultationes


text: consultationis

title: consultationis


text: consultationum

title: consultationum


text: consultationi

title: consultationi


text: consultationibus

title: consultationibus


text: consultationem

title: consultationem


text: consultatione

title: consultatione


text:
convergentia

Noun

 * 1) convergence

title: convergentia


text: convergentiae

title: convergentiae


text: convergentiarum

title: convergentiarum


text: convergentiis

title: convergentiis


text: convergentiam

title: convergentiam


text: convergentias

title: convergentias


text:
cooperatio

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) cooperation

title: cooperatio


text: cooperationes

title: cooperationes


text: cooperationis

title: cooperationis


text: cooperationum

title: cooperationum


text: cooperationi

title: cooperationi


text: cooperationibus

title: cooperationibus


text: cooperationem

title: cooperationem


text: cooperatione

title: cooperatione


text:
correspondeo

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to correspond
 * 2) to harmonize
 * 3) to reciprocate

title: correspondeo


text: correspondet

title: correspondet


text: correspondemus

title: correspondemus


text: correspondetis

title: correspondetis


text: correspondebo

title: correspondebo


text: correspondebis

title: correspondebis


text: correspondebit

title: correspondebit


text: correspondebimus

title: correspondebimus


text: correspondebitis

title: correspondebitis


text: correspondebunt

title: correspondebunt


text: correspondebam

title: correspondebam


text: correspondebas

title: correspondebas


text: correspondebat

title: correspondebat


text: correspondebamus

title: correspondebamus


text: correspondebatis

title: correspondebatis


text: correspondebant

title: correspondebant


text: correspondi

title: correspondi


text: correspondisti

title: correspondisti


text: correspondimus

title: correspondimus


text: correspondistis

title: correspondistis


text: corresponderunt

title: corresponderunt


text: correspondero

title: correspondero


text: corresponderis

title: corresponderis


text: corresponderit

title: corresponderit


text: corresponderimus

title: corresponderimus


text: corresponderitis

title: corresponderitis


text: corresponderint

title: corresponderint


text: corresponderam

title: corresponderam


text: corresponderas

title: corresponderas


text: corresponderat

title: corresponderat


text: corresponderamus

title: corresponderamus


text: corresponderatis

title: corresponderatis


text: corresponderant

title: corresponderant


text: correspondeam

title: correspondeam


text: correspondeas

title: correspondeas


text: correspondeat

title: correspondeat


text: correspondeamus

title: correspondeamus


text: correspondeatis

title: correspondeatis


text: correspondeant

title: correspondeant


text: corresponderem

title: corresponderem


text: corresponderes

title: corresponderes


text: corresponderet

title: corresponderet


text: corresponderemus

title: corresponderemus


text: corresponderetis

title: corresponderetis


text: corresponderent

title: corresponderent


text: corresponderim

title: corresponderim


text: correspondissem

title: correspondissem


text: correspondisset

title: correspondisset


text: correspondissemus

title: correspondissemus


text: correspondissetis

title: correspondissetis


text: correspondeto

title: correspondeto


text: correspondete

title: correspondete


text: correspondetote

title: correspondetote


text: correspondento

title: correspondento


text:
quylthulg

Noun

 * 1)  In some roguelike games, a type of fictional invisible monster that summons other monsters.

title: quylthulg


text:
Wiktionary talk:Votes/pl-2011-04/Commercial terms

Rephrasing
Per your (DAVilla's) "The title is the 10% inspiration. You are to provide the 90% perspiration", I have provided part of the perspiration and rephrased the requirements, trying hard to keep the semantics intact; see this. I see you as the owner of and the person responsible for the vote, so you should revert me as you see fit. --Dan Polansky 09:20, 6 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Hopefully I went even further, and hopefully we can go even further. The goal is to simplify. DAVilla 08:33, 17 April 2011 (UTC)

Type
What TYPE refers to is not wholly clear to me from the following, and IMHO has to be supplemented with examples of types directly stated in the proposed regulation:
 * "Below, IT stands for the product, service, or organization to which the term refers. The TYPE refers to the type of product or service, or to the industry, as applicable."

What is unclear is the level of generality of the type. From some earlier discussions, it seems that people consider "car" to be the type of the product. --Dan Polansky 12:50, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think that's a problem, and it can be addressed by removing TYPE entirely from discussion, eliminating item 3 (production by one associated with TYPE) and the first part of item 4 (generally concerned with TYPE). I've reworded the last and main item so that it doesn't rely heavily on TYPE, a concept introduced by bd but never really central to the way I thought of it, just a good starting point for exemplification. If the source generally concerns the TYPE, then doesn't that mean that the TYPE is implicitly identified? DAVilla 03:06, 24 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I for one am okay with all requirements referring to type being removed. My point is that if you decide to include references to type, you should clarify what type refers to with examples and counterexamples directly in the proposed text. I am not saying that you should expand the proposed text with whole example quotations, merely with examples of types. --Dan Polansky 07:10, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Type and context
The following requirement is rather complex, and hard to satisfy:
 * The content preceding and surrounding the citation must not identify the TYPE, whether by stating explicitly or implicitly some feature or purpose from which the TYPE may be surmised, or some inherent quality that is necessary for an understanding of the author’s intent.

What it seems to be trying to say is this:
 * It must be impossible for the reader to infer the TYPE from what is written before and after the citation.

But it follows that if the reader can discerns that the name refers to a company, he has already figured the type--"company". I do not think this requirement and its likes are acceptable to me, but it can be acceptable to those voters who actually want to have almost all company names and brand names excluded. --Dan Polansky 12:50, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

 * No, for a company the TYPE is the industry. Using your structure, I would say it more like:
 * It must be impossible for one unfamiliar with IT to infer the author's intent or meaning from what is present before and immediately after the citation.
 * I've changed the wording around a little on the page, but not as much as above, so maybe not enough. DAVilla 03:11, 24 April 2011 (UTC)

 * I do not understand the role of "author's intent". What intent? The answer could be "author's intent concerning the use of the commercial term in the sentence", but I still do not know what that refers to. --Dan Polansky 07:13, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Intent is what the author means to say, what the purpose of the term is linguistically within the citation. DAVilla 14:43, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Can you give some examples of "purposes of the term"? By "the purpose of the term is linguistically"--do you mean the semantics AKA meaning AKA sense of the occurrence of the term in the citation? Is there any difference between "the linguistic purpose of the term in the citation" and "the term's meaning intended in the citation"? In the sentence "Verizon may sell $17 billion directory services" (which I am quoting from elsewhere), what is "the purpose of" the term Verizon? --Dan Polansky 15:28, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Mostly, yes. They're identical in the example you give. I'm shying away from semantics, maybe unnecessarily, because in many cases the work could be taken literally to mean a Porsche or a Mack truck in the specific make, but the real intent is a car with pizazz or a big 18-wheeler, and the make is mostly irrelevant. Does semantics consider context? For your example, one source called Turkcell "the Verizon of Turkey". What does Verizon mean in that phrase? DAVilla 04:40, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * If "the real intent of the term 'Mack' in some phrase is 'a big 18-wheeler'", than the real intent of the occurence of the term in the phrase is the same as the meaning of the occurrence of term in the phrase. Maybe am I just not used to the phrases "the intent of a term" and "the intent of an occurrence of a term", while I am used to "the meaning of a term" and "the meaning of an occurrence of a term". More in the long response in the section "Entering lexicon".
 * Re: "Does semantics consider context"? I am not sure what you mean by the question, as "context" is a horribly ambiguous word. Most occurrences of terms have one meaning out of several possible meanings of the term. It is the text that immediately surrounds the occurrence and other context information that helps select the meaning of the occurrence. The immediate physical and other surroundings of the speaker shared with the receiver can also be called "context" and help select the meaning. So the selection of the meaning is often largely driven by various things called context, but I am not sure this is where you headed with the question. I estimate that various things called context also generate on-the-fly meanings of terms that mildly deviate from the major standard senses entered into a dictionary, but I know very little or nothing about this, and it is unclear that dictionaries can be concerned too much with these deviations. --Dan Polansky 09:01, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

Entering lexicon
I have difficulties with the predicate "has entered the lexicon". I do not understand what it means, and what definition of "lexicon" I should apply to it. The presence of the following sentence is one reason, among others, for me to oppose the vote: --Dan Polansky 07:00, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
 * "A term with commercial interest should be included if it has entered the lexicon."

A version after update: Is "common lexical knowledge of the meaning of a word" the same as "common knowledge of the meaning of a word"? If not, what distinguishes lexical knowledge of meanings of words from non-lexical knowledge of meanings of words? Is the intended meaning this:? "A term with commercial interest should be included if many people know what it refers to"? --Dan Polansky 15:32, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
 * "A term with commercial interest should be included if it has become a household word, that is, if there is common lexical knowledge of its meaning."

 * Yes, basically. I was using lexicon in sense 5, except applying it to the general population instead of one individual.
 * We qualify "many people" by looking for citations where the author takes the risk in assuming that his or her audience will understand. DAVilla 04:24, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

The sense five of "lexicon" is "The vocabulary used by or known to an individual. (Also called lexical knowledge)" Applied to general population, the definition becomes "The vocabulary used by or known to general population", and "to have entered lexicon" becomes, now on a dedicated bullet point: If that is what you mean by "have entered the lexicon", let us use this phrase. Checking other dictionaries, I do not see that "general population" is entailed in "lexicon" (the dictionaries subsume both the vocabulary of an individual and the vocabulary of a group under "lexicon", but the group is not necessarily general popularion), so you have to be explicit about "general population".
 * "to have become part of the vocabulary that is used by or known to general population".

I shy away from "intent", "lexical", and "lexical knowledge" rather than from "word", "meaning", "sense" and "semantics". A person who does definitions in a dictionary has to have an idea of the latter terms, but does not need to be concerned with the former terms. I think that the word "Verizon" in the phrase "the Verizon of Turkey" has a common-noun meaning AKA sense; Wiktionary editors have been entering common-noun definitions of this sort of usage to proper nouns. So there, I see no problem with "meaning", "sense" or "semantics". Nonetheless, I do not see how the existence of "the Verizon of Turkey" justifies a proper noun definition for "Verizon" or that the proposed regulation refers to these sorts of cases in any particular way; if it does refer, I would oppose it.

As regards "lexical knowledge", I am not even sure what the term refers to exactly and what it is contrasted to. Like, are all classes of information entered into Wiktionary part of lexical knowledge? Are there some properties of words that are not part of lexical knowledge? Are word frequencies and statistically determined collocations part of lexical knowledge? I don't know. The phrase "lexical knowledge" seems to be a less transparent way of saying "knowledge of words" as opposed to, say, knowledge of grammar; alternatively, it is a phrase that satisfies the construction, so you get "lexical knowledge", "grammatical knowledge", etc. Furthermore, "knowledge" is an often-needless nominalization (noun-making) of "to know", which is done without in the last bullet point.

Sorry for the rather long response. --Dan Polansky 08:44, 26 April 2011 (UTC)

 * From your feedback I think this can be written a lot more simply and transparently. It felt good to write something that became policy the first time around, but I rather hate that people have to come back to me to ask me what it means. Now that you have peered inside my mind, you have the ability to "translate" the wording for everyone else. Honestly I wouldn't mind if the substance was changed too. I just wish we had more ideas to draw from. Where are all the people who have complained about the complexity of the rules? DAVilla 15:51, 26 April 2011 (UTC)
 * If you agree with my feedback (which is one of a single person, disregarding views of everyone else, as these have not been presented), you should replace
 * "A term with commercial interest should be included if it has become a household word, that is, if there is common lexical knowledge of its meaning."
 * with
 * "A term with commercial interest should be included if it has become part of the vocabulary that is used by or known to general population"
 * doing so for clarity. Nonetheless, this raises the question of why the term needs to be known to general population rather than to specialists. After all, names of chemicals are included in Wiktionary even when they are unknown to general population. --Dan Polansky 09:18, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

IT or REFERENT
In the vote, a macro is introduced for the phrase "the product, service, or organization to which the term refers". The macro is named "IT", which is the capitalized pronoun "it". It seems "REFERENT" would be a better name of the macro: "that to which a term refers" is known as referent. "referent" sounds academic, admitted, but it is easier to remember than "it", to me anyway: "it" could refer to the product etc., to the term, to the citation, to the source of the citation, whatnot. --Dan Polansky 09:12, 2 May 2011 (UTC)

The context bullet point
Text: I am still unconfortable with the use of "intent" in the second sentence of the context bullet point (which is currently the third bullet point): "In other words, it must be implausible for one unfamiliar with the REFERENT to infer the author's intent from what is present before and immediately after the citation." Let us test this sentence on the citations collected at Citations:Wiktionary. Does the citation "According to Wiktionary, anger is a strong feeling of displeasure, hostility or antagonism towards someone or something, usually combined with an urge to harm" (link to Google books for context) satisfy that "it is implausible for one unfamiliar with the REFERENT to infer the author's intent from what is present before and immediately after the citation"? Given my understanding of "intent", I don't know, and I do not see how the definitions of "intent" present in dictionaries guarantee that the sentence is going to be read unambiguously by those who apply CFI. --Dan Polansky 11:02, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes, feel free to change that language. As to the quotation, see my comments in the RFV discussion at Talk:Wiktionary for why I wouldn't count it. DAVilla 16:45, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I need your comments as referring to the sentences of the current proposal. I need to know how am I and other people to determine whether the mentioned citation meets the third point any why. If you say that for "According to Wiktionary, anger is a strong feeling of displeasure, hostility or antagonism towards someone or something, usually combined with an urge to harm" it does not hold that "it is implausible for one unfamiliar with the REFERENT to infer the author's intent from what is present before and immediately after the citation", that is a good reason for opposing the vote. If there is another sentence of the point 3 that the citation does not meet, I need to know which sentence. The reader of the mentioned citation does not know what Wiktionary is in particular from the citation. --Dan Polansky 08:41, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

 * "According to ______, anger is a strong feeling of displeasure, hostility or antagonism towards someone or something, usually combined with an urge to harm."
 * The meaning of this sentence is obvious even without Wiktionary. What would you fill in here but a source for the definition of anger? The intent is to cite a more authoritative work. The fact that it's Wiktionary as opposed to some other dictionary is not meant to color the perception at all.
 * "According to Wiktionary, anger is FUCK YOU ADMINS! adding that George Bush is gay." Now the role of Wiktionary is important to an understanding of the quotation. 70.124.61.238 06:11, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The meaning of the sentence "According to Wiktionary, anger is ..." is not completely known when Wiktionary is removed, and thus is nowhere obvious; the meaning of the sentence differs with varying ______. When ______ is replaced with "Wiktionary", you get one meaning of the sentence; when ______ is replaced with "OED", you get another meaning of the sentence; when ______ is replaced with "OmegaWiki", you get yet another meaning of the sentence. I do admit that most of the semantics of the sentence is already known without knowing ______, but the one semantic piece is still missing.
 * Furthermore, the proposed regulation refers to "term’s meaning" rather than the meaning of the whole sentence. In the sentence, "Wiktionary" does not stand for "a dictionary" or even "a wiki dictionary"; it stands for the particular dictionary.
 * On intent, your comment above shows how your understanding of "intent" differs from my understanding of "meaning" AKA "semantics", and why I would like to see the word "intent" removed altogether. One source of confusion is the polysemy of "meaning", a word used to refer to (a) semantics, (b) intents and purposes, (c) logically necessary consequences, (d) empirically probable consequences, (e) bearing of found facts and accepted hypotheses to candidate actions, (f) other things. Nonetheless, in the context of a dictionary such as Wiktionary, "meaning" should IMHO be read as "semantics", unless it is obvious from the immediate sentence context that it should be read otherwise.
 * This disagreement about the application of the current wording of the proposed regulation aside, and bearing in mind that you may modify the current wording in order to avoid misunderstanding: if you want to create such requirements on the citations that "According to Wiktionary, anger is a strong feeling of displeasure, hostility or antagonism ..." does not satisfy them (and given that in the immediate context of the citation, "Wiktionary" is not introduced), I am going to oppose. --Dan Polansky 08:10, 11 May 2011 (UTC)

 * "According to the Book of True Black Magic, the staff should be of cane and the wand or rod of hazel, both virgin—that is, having no branches or offshoots."
 * "According to Restaurants and Institutions magazine, Poppers were the # 1 food item added to restaurant menus in 1995, with restaurants purchasing over 700."
 * "According to Harte-Hanks, Texas Weekly had the largest circulation of any publication in the state, and was marketed as a means for reaching a large number of non-metro Texas residents at a low cost."
 * Your interpretation opens the floodgates. I have no choice but to lose your support. I'm not going to create a vote that shifts the balance, let alone topples it. But we can hope at least the wording will be clear. That's been the problem all along. DAVilla 07:16, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I see what you mean. I think the problem I have is one with the overall method by which you want to draw the line: the method starts with requiring the general population to know the term (why general population), and continues by using "intent" and "purpose", subsequently equivocated as "meaning", to draw the line. A method that I would like to see is quite different: a commercial term should be included if it is attestable and if some information other than definition can be recorded on it that is of lexicographical interest. Taking your examples, "Restaurants and Institutions" is of no lexicographical interest: its pronunciation is sum-of-parts, and so is its etymology. By contrast, "Wiktionary" is of lexicographical interest, as it has pronunciation, and etymology. Brand names of pharmaceuticals are of interest, as they are actually used more often by consumers to refer to the drugs than the generic names, and they often are single-word, have pronunciation, and sometimes even the etymology is known. I would just like to see the regulation on brand names removed from CFI, together with the section on company names, and let such terms be discussed on individual basis, above all with reference to useful lexicographical information. Furthermore, I do not see why terms of commercial interest should have a regulation that is separate from names of specific entities in general, other than possibly excluding certain types of citations such as those from the selling materials of the manufacturer.
 * So I think you are right: the way the whole proposal is going, you cannot gain my support unless you lose your support, so to speak. I hope my input was not a sheer waste of your time. --Dan Polansky 07:46, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Not a waste at all. And if it would clarify the meaning, you're still welcome to edit the vote, despite not supporting it. DAVilla 08:03, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

As regards clarification of meaning, I post some more notes.

1. I would remove this: I do not really think "in other words" fits: I read this sentence rather differently from the leading sentence of the third bullet. In a dictionary, "meaning" should above all refer to "semantics", but that is what you do not seem to have in mind. The meaning AKA semantics of the whole citation does dependend on the choice of a particular dictionary; the meaning AKA semantics of the whole sentence does depend on whether you put "Wiktionary" or "OED" in the sentence.
 * "In other words, it must be implausible for one unfamiliar with the REFERENT to infer the meaning of the citation from what is present before and immediately after."

2. Another thing I would remove is this: It is misleading by introducing an instance that is not most typical. In this discussion, you made it clear that you want to exclude citations in which "Wiktionary" is not used as a substitute for the TYPE in general, and there are many more citations of Wiktionary sort than those that use the term as a substitute for the TYPE. Giving the Wiktionary sentence as an example of a citation to be excluded would be much more useful for clarifying the intent of the third bullet point, IMHO anyway; a suitable sentence to be excluded that uses ather commercial term than Wiktionary might be better, though. --Dan Polansky 08:44, 12 May 2011 (UTC)
 * "For instance, if the author uses the REFERENT as a substitute for the TYPE in general, then the TYPE is central to the meaning and the citation must not identify the TYPE, implicitly or explicitly."

3rd bullet point
Can someone please take the third bullet point and write a one-line summary followed below the bullet points by a one-paragraph abstract employing a link to the full-length research paper detailing when a blank can be filled in versus when the meaning of a term is not only necessary but cannot be deduced? DAVilla 05:43, 18 May 2011 (UTC)


text:
cosmicus

Adjective

 * 1) mundane
 * 2) fashionable
 * 3) cosmopolitan

title: cosmicus


text: cosmicum

title: cosmicum


text: cosmicae

title: cosmicae


text: cosmicorum

title: cosmicorum


text: cosmicarum

title: cosmicarum


text: cosmicis

title: cosmicis


text: cosmicam

title: cosmicam


text: cosmicos

title: cosmicos


text: cosmicas

title: cosmicas


text: cosmice

title: cosmice


text:
credendus

Etymology
Future passive participle of.

Participle

 * 1) which is to be loaned or entrusted to
 * 2) which is to be believed (in)

title: credendus


text: credenda

title: credenda


text: credendi

title: credendi


text: credendae

title: credendae


text: credendorum

title: credendorum


text: credendarum

title: credendarum


text: credendis

title: credendis


text: credendam

title: credendam


text: credendos

title: credendos


text: credendas

title: credendas


text: credende

title: credende


text:
credibilitas

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  credibility

title: credibilitas


text: credibilitates

title: credibilitates


text: credibilitatis

title: credibilitatis


text: credibilitatum

title: credibilitatum


text: credibilitati

title: credibilitati


text: credibilitatibus

title: credibilitatibus


text: credibilitatem

title: credibilitatem


text:
credibilitate

Etymology
. Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) credibility

title: credibilitate


text: mótuō

title: mótuō


text: decursu

title: decursu


text:
defigendus

Etymology
Future passive participle of.

Participle

 * 1) which is to be fastened, attached etc.

title: defigendus


text: defigenda

title: defigenda


text: defigendum

title: defigendum


text: defigendi

title: defigendi


text: defigendae

title: defigendae


text: defigendorum

title: defigendorum


text: defigendarum

title: defigendarum


text: defigendo

title: defigendo


text: defigendis

title: defigendis


text: defigendam

title: defigendam


text: defigendos

title: defigendos


text: defigendas

title: defigendas


text: defigende

title: defigende


text:
definitivus

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) definitive, explanatory
 * 2) definite, distinct, plain

title: definitivus


text: definitivum

title: definitivum


text: definitivae

title: definitivae


text: definitivorum

title: definitivorum


text: definitivarum

title: definitivarum


text: definitivis

title: definitivis


text: definitivam

title: definitivam


text: definitivos

title: definitivos


text: definitivas

title: definitivas


text:
denotandus

Etymology
Future passive participle of.

Participle

 * 1) which is to be marked or observed
 * 2) which is to be indicated or implied

title: denotandus


text: denotanda

title: denotanda


text: denotandum

title: denotandum


text: denotandi

title: denotandi


text: denotandae

title: denotandae


text: denotandorum

title: denotandorum


text: denotandarum

title: denotandarum


text: denotandis

title: denotandis


text: denotandam

title: denotandam


text: denotandos

title: denotandos


text: denotandas

title: denotandas


text: denotande

title: denotande


text:
depositarius

Noun

 * 1) depositor
 * 2) trustee, depositary

title: depositarius